23rd TWG - GCR Meeting, IAEA Headquarters, Vienna, 5 - 7 March 2013
Global Development Trends, Prospects and Issues for SMRs Deployment Dr. M. Hadid Subki Technical Lead, SMR Technology Development Nuclear Power Technology Development Section, Division of Nuclear Power, Department of Nuclear Energy
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
Outline • • • • • • •
Status of Countries on Nuclear Energy Initiatives What’s new in global SMR development and deployment? Options of SMR Design & Technology Perceived Advantages and Challenges Specific Advantages and Challenges in GCR deployment Newcomer Countries’ Considerations and Plan Contribution to Nuclear Safety Action Plan #12 on Utilize Effective R&D • IAEA Events on SMR in 2013 • Summary IAEA
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Status of Countries on NE Initiatives
Which countries deploy SMRs?
Technology developer countries (NPPs in operation) Countries with NPPs Newcomer countries
Asia Europe Africa
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Latin America
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What’s New in Global SMR Development? mPower NuScale W-SMR Hi-SMUR
B&W received US-DOE funding for mPower design. The total funding is 452M$/5 years for two (2) out of the four (4) competing iPWR based-SMRs. Some have utilities to adopt in specific sites.
SMART
On 4 July 2012, the Korean Nuclear Safety and Security Commission issued the Standard Design Approval for the 100 MWe SMART – the first iPWR received certification.
KLT-40s SVBR-100 BREST-300 SHELF
2 modules marine propulsion-based barge-mounted KLT-40s are in construction 98%; Lead-bismuth eutectic cooled SVBR-100 & BREST-300 deploy by 2018, SHELF seabed-based conceptual PWR-SMR design
Flexblue
DCNS originated Flexblue capsule, 50-250 MWe, 60-100m seabed-moored, 5-15 km from the coast, off-shore and local control rooms
CAREM-25
Site excavation for CAREM-25 was started in September 2011, construction of a demo plan starts soon in 2012
4S
Toshiba had promoted the 4S for a design certification with the US NRC for application in Alaska and newcomer countries.
PFBR PHWRs: 220, 540 & 700, AHWR300-LEU
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The Prototype FBR is preparing for commissioning and start-up test. 4 units of PHWR-700 under construction, 4 more units to follow. The AHWR300-LEU 4 is on final detailed design stage and prepared for construction.
What’s New in Global SMR Development? (cont’d) CEFR HTR-PM ACP-100
IRIS
2 modules of HTR-PM are under construction; CNNC developing ACP-100 conceptual design, fast progress, preparing for deployment by 2018 Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI) and universities in Croatia & Japan are continuing the development of IRIS design - previously lead by the Westinghouse Consortium
Recently introduced at the 2012 IAEA SMR Meetings: ACP-100, CNNC, China
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Flexblue, DCNS, France
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Reactors Under Construction with SMR category Country
Reactor Model
Output (MWe)
Designer
Number of units
Argentina
CAREM-25 (a prototype)
27
CNEA
1
CAREM-25
2017 ~ 2018
China
HTR-PM (GCR)
200
Tsinghua Univ./Harbin
1
Shidaowan unit 1
2017 ~ 2018
PHWR 700
640
NPCIL
2
Kakrapar 3 and 4
6/2015 and 12/2015
PHWR 700
640
NPCIL
2
Rajashtan units 7 and 8
6/2016 and 12/2016
PFBR 500 (LMFBR)
500
IGCAR
1
PFBR Kalpakkam
2015
Pakistan
CNP-300
300
CNNC China
2
Chasnupp 3 and 4
12/2016
Romania
CANDU-6
620
AECL
3
Chernavoda units 3, 4 and 5
2016, 2017, 2018
Russian Federation
KLT-40S (ship-borne)
30
OKBM Afrikantov
2
Akademik Lomonosov
2012
Slovakia
VVER-440 (V213)
405
OKB Gidropress
2
Mochovce 3 and 4
~ 2018
India
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Site, Plant ID, and unit #
Commercial Start
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Light Water Cooled SMRs
CAREM-25 Argentina
mPower USA
IMR Japan
NuScale USA
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SMART Korea, Republic of
Westinghouse SMR - USA
VBER-300 Russia
WWER-300 Russia
CNP-300 China, Peoples Republic of
KLT-40s Russia
ABV-6 Russia
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Heavy Water Cooled SMRs
EC6 Canada
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PHWR-220, 540, & 700 India
AHWR300-LEU India
8
Liquid Metal Cooled SMRs
CEFR China
4S Japan
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PFBR-500 India
SVBR-100 Russian Federation
PRISM USA
9
Gas Cooled SMRs
GT-HTR300 Japan HTR-PM China
PBMR South Africa
12
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GT-MHR USA
EM2 USA
10
Concept of Integral PWR based SMRs Westinghouse SMR
SMART
pressurizer CRDM
pumps Steam generators
core + vessel
Steam generators
CRDM
pumps core + vessel
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Integral Primary System Configuration Courtesy: Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, All Rights Reserved
X X X X XX XX X Benefits of integral vessel configuration: • eliminates loop piping and external components, thus enabling compact containment and plant size reduced cost • Eliminates large break loss of coolant accident (improved safety)
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SMRs for Immediate Deployment Name
Design Organization
Country of Origin
Electrical Capacity, MWe
Design Status
1
PHWR-220
NPCIL
India
220
16 units in operation
2
PHWR-540
NPCIL
India
540
2 units in operation
3
PHWR-700
NPCIL
India
700
4 units under construction
4
KLT-40S
70
2 units under construction
5
HTR-PM
Tsinghua University
China, Republic of
200
Detailed design, 2 modules under construction
6
CAREM-25
CNEA
Argentina
27
Started site excavation in Sept 2011, construction in 2012
7
Prototype Fast Breed Reactor (PFBR-500)
IGCAR
India
500
Under construction – Commissioning in mid 2012
9
CNP-300
CNNC
China, Republic of
300
3 units in operation, 2 units under construction
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OKBM Afrikantov Russian Federation
SMRs for Near-term Deployment Organization
Country of Origin
Electrical Capacity, MWe
1
System Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART)
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Republic of Korea
100
2
mPower
Babcock & Wilcox
United States of America
design, to apply for 180/module Detailed certification - end of 2013
3
NuScale
NuScale Power Inc.
United States of America
45/module
Detailed design, to apply for certification - end of 2013
4
VBER-300
OKBM Afrikantov
Russian Federation
300
Detailed design
5
SVBR-100
JSC AKME Engineering
Russian Federation
100
Detailed design for prototype construction
6
Westinghouse SMR
Westinghouse
United States of America
225
Detailed Design
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Super-Safe, Small and Simple (4S)
Toshiba
Japan
10
Detailed design
Name
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Design
Design Status Standard Design Approval Received 4 July 2012
Example of SMRs for Long-term Deployment
1 2 3
Name
Design Organization
Country of Origin
Electrical Capacity, MWe
Design Status
IRIS
IRIS International Consortium
United States of America
335
Conceptual Design
GE Hitachi
United States of America
311
Detailed Design
BARC
India
300
Conceptual Design
Power Reactor Innovative Small Modular (PRISM) AHWR300-LEU using Thorium MOX Fuel
4
Integrated Modular Water Reactor (IMR)
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Japan
350
Conceptual Design
5
Flexblue
DCNS
France
50-250
Conceptual Design
6
FBNR
FURGS
Brazil
72
Conceptual Design
7
VK-300
RIAR
Russian Federation
100/300
Conceptual Design
8
EM2
General Atomics
USA
240
Conceptual Design
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Perceived Advantages and Challenges IAEA Observation Advantages
Challenges
Technological Issues Non-Technological Issues
• Shorter construction period (modularization) • Potential for enhanced safety and reliability • Design simplicity • Suitability for non-electric application (desalination, etc.). • Replacement for aging fossil plants, reducing GHG emissions
• Licensability (due to innovative or first-of-a-kind engineering structure, systems and components) • Non-LWR technologies • Operability performance/record • Human factor engineering; operator staffing for multiple-modules plant • Post Fukushima action items on design and safety
• Fitness for smaller electricity grids • Options to match demand growth by incremental capacity increase • Site flexibility • Reduced emergency planning zone • Lower upfront capital cost (better affordability) • Easier financing scheme
• Economic competitiveness • First of a kind cost estimate • Regulatory infrastructure (in both expanding and newcomer countries) • Availability of design for newcomers • Infrastructure requirements • Post Fukushima action items on institutional issues and public 16 acceptance
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Advantages in GCR Commercial Deployment • Potential to provide stable energy prices, secure source and reduced GHG emissions • Industrial Applications • • • • •
Non-electric applications Petroleum refineries Chemical plants Bio- and synthetic-fuels productions Coal/shale oil/oil sands to liquid petroleum
• Options to Enhance Energy Supply Security using Hybrid Energy System based on SMRs (an on-going project with EC – JRC) • Synergizing renewable-electric plants, industrial applications and small reactors based on GCR technology, with a dynamic energy switching
• Economics • • • •
Producing electricity with higher efficiency Higher burn-up Burns uranium, plutonium, thorium and MOX Fuel form easy to dispose
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Advantages in GCR Commercial Deployment
Options to Enhance Energy Supply Security using Hybrid Energy System based on SMRs (an on-going project with EC – JRC)
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Challenges in GCR Commercial Deployment • Licensing & Regulation • Primarily China, Japan, Russian Federation and the USA currently have on-going • •
GCR design development for eventual deployment. Shared-location with industrial application Multi-module applications Control room staffing Security requirements Post-Fukushima safety lessons-learned for multiple-units and modules power station
• Economics • Cost Evaluation and Optimization available? • • •
Cost of nuclear should be competitive with other energy sources (LNG, coal, pipeline gas) locally Extrapolation from supplier country to siting/targeted country Merit and demerit of modularization vs stick-build in target country (promoting local content)
• Identification of Potential Global Market for GCRs • Standardization • R&Ds in Higher Temperature Applications • Reactor vessel and turbine materials • Advanced heat exchangers
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Newcomer Countries Considerations Robust Energy Policy
Security of Supply + GRID
Integrated Infrastructure
Affordability (Capital & electricity costs)
Proliferation resistance & physical protection
Introduction of the first Nuclear Power Plant
Economic Competitive ness
Public acceptance
Domestic Industry Participation
Nuclear Safety
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Viable financing scheme
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Current Newcomer Countries Plan Country Bangladesh
Grid Capacity in GWe 5.8
Vietnam
15.19
Jordan
2.6
Current Deployment Plan 2 x 1000 MWe PWRs in Rooppur in 2018 4 x 1000 MWe PWRs in Ninh Thuan #1 by 2020 4 x 1000 MWe PWRs in Ninh Thuan #2 by 2025 2 x 1000 - 1100 MWe PWR in + possible interest in SMR
UAE
23.25
4 x 1400 MWe PWR in Braka by 2018
Belarus
8.03
2 x 1200 MWe PWR in Ostrovets by 2018
Turkey
44.76
4 x 1200 MWe PWR in Akkuyu by 2022
Malaysia
25.54
2 x 1000 MWe LWRs, 1st unit by 2021
Indonesia
32.8
2 x 1000 LWRs, with potential interest of deploying Small Reactors for industrial process and non-electric applications by 2024
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Commercial unavailability limits Newcomer Countries in advanced SMR Technology Selection21
New entrants with active participation in IAEA’s Programme on SMR Country
Grid Capacity in GWe
Current Plan
Rationales (in addition to the small grid capacity)
Mongolia
0.83
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security + non-electric application(s)
Egypt
24.67
Had considered 1000 MWe Class LWR and/or SMR
Energy supply security + non-electric application(s)
Ghana
1.99
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
Kenya
1.71
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
Morocco
6.16
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
Nigeria
5.9
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security + non-electric application(s)
Sudan
2.34
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security + non-electric application(s)
Tunisia
3.65
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security + non-electric application(s)
Algeria
10.38
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security + non-electric application(s)
Albania
1.6
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
Croatia
4.02
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
Jamaica
<3
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
Uruguay
2.25 IAEA
Potential for future SMR deployment
Energy supply security
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IAEA Response to the Global Trend • Project 1.1.5.5: Common Technologies and Issues for SMRs • Objective: To facilitate the development of key enabling technologies and the resolution of enabling infrastructure issues common to future SMRs • Activities (2012 – 2013): • Formulate roadmap for technology development incorporating safety lessons-learned from the Fukushima accident • Review newcomer countries requirements, regulatory infrastructure and business issues • Define operability-performance, maintainability and constructability indicators • Develop guidance to facilitate countries with planning for SMRs technology implementation
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2014 – 2017 Vision, Challenges .. Etc. • Enhanced understanding on prioritized various safety action plans on Post-Fukushima (in-depth elaboration) • Operational Issues for SMRs – Overcoming Constraints: • • • •
Licensability of non-LWR technologies in newcomer countries Control room staffing and human factors Connection to the grid Site specific exclusion zones and EPZs
• Deploying SMRs in Developing / Newcomer Countries • • • • • •
Integrated infrastructure development International regulatory frameworks Fuel cycle preparations First of a kind cost estimate Integration with renewable energy resources Does SMR help Public Acceptance after Fukushima accident? IAEA M. Hadid Subki (NENP/NPTDS) - SMR Technology Development
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Contribute to NSAP #12: Utilize Effective R&D Identified Issues from Fukushima Nuclear Accident • Expanded scenario of Design Basis Accident (DBA) Multiple external initiating events and common cause failures • Station blackout mitigation • Ultimate heat sink for core and containment cooling in post severe accident • Reliability of emergency power supply • Optimization of the grace period (i.e. operator coping time) • Enhanced containment hydrodynamic strength • Hybrid passive and active engineered safety features • Safety viability of multiple-modules – first of a kind engineering • Accident management, emergency response capability and costs • Seismic and cooling provisions for spent fuel pool • Hydrogen generation from steam-zirconium reaction; recombiner system • Environmental impact assessment and expectation • Control room habitability in post accident transient IAEA 25
IAEA Events on SMR in 2013 1. Technical Meeting on Instrumentation and Control for Advanced SMRs, 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
in IAEA, Vienna, 21 – 24 May; INPRO Dialogue Forum on Licensing and Safety Issues of SMRs, in IAEA, Vienna, 29 July – 2 August; Technical Meeting on Small and Medium-sized Reactors (SMRs) Technology Development for Near Term Deployment, 2 - 4 September 2013, CNNC – Chengdu, People Republic of China Technical Meeting on Environmental Impact Assessment for Small and Medium sized Reactors (SMRs) Deployment in Newcomer Countries, in IAEA, Vienna 28 - 31 October Consultancy Meeting on Neutronics, Core Designs and Fuel Cycle Options for Advanced SMRs, 2 - 4 December Workshop on Design Requirements for SMR and Advanced Reactor Technologies in Post-Fukushima Era, initially on 17 - 21 December 2012 (EB – Japan PUI) – a postponed TM from 2012.
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Summary • SMR is an attractive option to enhance energy supply security in newcomer countries with small grids and less-developed infrastructure and in advanced countries requiring power supplies in remote areas and/or specific purpose; • Innovative SMR concepts have common technology development challenges: •
•
licensability, competitiveness, control room staffing for multi-modules plant, and so forth.
Domestic deployment in technology-developers’ countries is very important to encourage newcomer countries to adopt SMR (i.e. operability/safety record, provenness)
• Needs to address relevant lessons-learned from the Fukushima accident into the design development and plant deployment
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… Thank you for your attention.
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For inquiries, please contact: Dr. M. Hadid Subki
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