Present future simple tense ظ١اٌّغزمجً اٌجغ :ُٕٙ١ االعزخذاَ ثٟغ ٌىٓ ٕ٘بن فشق ف١ش ػٓ اٌّغزمجً ثبعزخذاَ أسثؼخ ص١ّىٓ اٌزؼج٠ * - S + will - shall + اٌّصله - S + am - is - are going to + اٌّصله - S + am - is - are + v + ing ِعبهع َِزّو - S + ًي ٌٍفؼٚف األ٠( اٌزصوPresent simple ػ١َ)ِعبهع ث : ٓش ػ١ ٌٍزؼجwill َ رغزخذً اٌَّزمجٟمخ ف١ ؽم-1 .ً اٌَّزمجٟ ٌٍزٕجإ ثبألؽلاس ف-2 .غ٠ الرقبم لواه ٍو-3
- He will be 30 next month. - He will arrive in an hour. - I’ll have some tea, please. - I’ll open the door for you. - Will you post this letter for me, please? . ءّٟ ًفؼ٠ ْ رطٍت ِٓ ّقص أٟ ٌى-4 - I'll visit him tomorrow. جبد١ ٌؼًّ رور-5 - You will be punished if you don’t stop making noise. ل٠لٙ ٌؼًّ ر-6 - I'll clean this room for you. اٌؼوض-7 - You'll break it if you aren't careful. اٌْوغ-8 - I will be there, don't worry. كٛػٚ -9 :ٗ١ر٢ِغ اٌىٍّبد أٚ -10 - I think / I'm sure - I hope / I expect will + ِصله - Probably - perhaps Ex: 1- I expect we will win the match. 2- I’m sure it’ll be all right. 3- Mai will probably arrive at about 8 o’clock. - S + am/ is / are going to + ِصله
َ اعزخذا-
. فطخ َِجمخ/ َ ارقبم لواه ثْأٔٗ لجً ٌؾظخ اٌىالٚ ًػ ٌٗ ِٓ لج١ء رُ اٌزقطّٟ ٓ رَزقلَ ٌزؼجو ػ-1 Ex: - I’m going to be a famous doctor one day. ً اٌَّزمجٟػ فّٛغ - - I’m going to have a meal with my friends. فطخ َِجمخ - My brother is going to join the faculty of pharmacy. - I have bought the tickets, I'm going to travel to London next month.
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:ْ٢ً ا١ٌجذ ٌٗ دٛ٠ ٚ ً اٌّغزمجٟ ٌٍزٕجؤ ثحذس ف- 2 - Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. - I feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. The present continuousاٌّضبسع اٌّغزّش - ً فبػ+ am / is / are + v + ing .فخٚ ِؼوٚ ِؾلكحٟ٘ٚ بٌٙ ت١ اٌَّزمجً ِىزٍّخ رُ اٌزورٟو ػٓ فطػ ف١َزقلَ اٌّعبهع اٌَّزّو ٌٍزؼج٠ ) 100% ل عب٘ي١ أو- ِقطػ- ِورت-خ ثً ؽلس ِإول١ٔ َذ ِغوك١ٌ( Ex: arranged / prepared / arrangments / preparation بٔب١ٔغل اؽ - They are travelling to Paris tomorrow. They have arranged everything. - The class is visiting the museum next week. We have prepared everything. The present simple ظ١اٌّضبسع اٌجغ :ً ثؤبِظ ِضٚل أ١اػِٛ يٚ اٌَّزمجً ثَجت علٟو ػٓ ؽلس ِإول ف١ػ ٌٍزؼج١ََزقلَ اٌّعبهع اٌج٠ * - بد١ اٌَّوؽ- َ االفال- اٌجواِظ- اٌٍََّالد- بد٠ اٌّجبه- اٌّؾالد- اٌطبئواد- اٌجبصبد- اٌمطبهاد .ً ِغ أفؼبي ِضٟبر٠ٚ اٌّؾبظواد (Open / close / begin / end / start / finish / arrive / leave / come / return) Ex: 1- The film starts at 9 o'clock and ends at 11 o’clock. 2- The plane takes off at 2 o’clock and arrives at 7 o’clock. :ً اٌّغزمجٍٝخ ٌٍذالٌخ ػ١ِٕاثظ اٌضٚظ ثؼذ اٌش١غزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌجغ٠ * Ex: 1- I will call you the moment he arrives. 2- She will go to bed when she finishes / has finished her work. :ذا١ جٟر٢ي اٚ* الحع اٌجذ ػٕلِب ٔغل ثبٌغٍّخ ٔقزبه/ ٔعغ - I have decided now = will + ِصله - I have decided/ planned / intended = am / is / are going to + ِصله before. - Plan / intention/ decision - I have arranged - prepared = am /is / are + v + ing ِعبهع َِزّو - What's your plan……….………? = What are you going to do? - Do you intend to + ………ِصله.? = Are you going to + ……ِصله..? - Key words: اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ - Tomorrow غلا/ next week َع اٌمبكٛ األٍج/ next month / soon ؽبال/ shortly جب٠لو - in a few minuets فالي/ ْٛ غعٟ ف/ days / weeks / I expect لغٛ أر/ I think / - I hope / I’m sure / perhaps / probably ًّ ِٓ اٌّؾز/
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: ٓ١ٓ اٌجٍّز١ٓ ٘بر١الحع اٌفشق ثٚ ظخ ٘بِخ جذاٛ* ٍِح - We are having a party soon. - We are going to have a party soon. - Are you going to buy a new car? =
(We have arranged) (We have decided before) - Do you intend to buy a new car?
Future continuous tense اٌّغزمجً اٌّغزّش .ً اٌّغزمجٟلذ ِحذد فٚ ٟغزّش ف٠ٚ حذس٠ فٛش ػٓ حذس ع١غزخذَ ٌٍزؼج٠ Formation ٕٗ٠ٛرى - S + will be + v + ing Ex: - I will be sleeping between 3 to 5 tomorrow. - She will be wearing a yellow hat at the party tonight. - I will be waiting for you from 6 to 7 tomorrow. (Countable - Uncountable) حبالد خبصخ-ًارفبق اٌفؼً ِغ اٌفبػ : جّغْٚ ِفشد أٛ رىٚ رجّغ/ رُؼذٟ األعّبء اٌز جّغ - He bought 3 cars.. - I studied 4 novels last year.
ِفشد - He bought a car. - I studied a novel last year.
:خ١ر٢ّىٓ جّؼٗ) ٔغزخذَ ِؼٗ اٌىٍّبد ا٠( ُؼذ٠ ُ اعٞأ- 1 a an the many few a few were have has
one two this that doesn’t don’t
three four these those How many
five is
any are
some was
Ex: - A train / an accident / an egg / one minute / two cars / three boys / 4 books. Ex: - I watched a film last night? - Were there any mistakes in your homework? - Some boys are having a picnic in the park. - There aren't many cars on the road this morning. - How many students / boys / girls are there in your class? - There are four pens and three books on the table. :ب صفخٍٙ إرا جبءد لجa / an بّٙىٓ أْ رغجم٠ ال رُؼذٟ ثؼض اٌىٍّبد اٌز-2 a / an + صفخ+ ف ِفشدٛصِٛ ) ؼذ٠ الٚؼذ أ٠ اءٛ( ع
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Ex: - She had a good education in the government school. - We had a wonderful lunch at a big restaurant yesterday. - My dad built a furniture factory in 6th October city last year. :بُٙغزخذَ ِؼ٠ٚ ثؼذ٘ب ِفشد/ بٙاٌفؼً ِؼٚ ال رجّغٚ ِفشدٟ٘ٚ خ ال رُؼذ١ر٢ اٌىٍّبد ا-3 (The /any / some /much / how much / this / that /is / was / has / ً فؼ+ s / doesn't + inf / little / a little) Baggage أِزؼخLightning ثوقSoup ؽَبءMacaroni ٔخِٚىو Luggage أِزؼخThunder هػلSoap ْٛ صبثFurniture أصبس Grass ػْتMud ٓ١ غ/ ًؽٚ Knowledge ِؼوفخClothing ٍبدٍِٛج Hair ّؼوFreedom خ٠ ؽوInformation ِبدٍٛ ِؼThe mail ل٠اٌجو Beauty عّبيHonesty أِبٔخ/ صلقBehaviour نٍٍٛ Damage ظوه/ ٜأم Gold م٘تBlood َ كCloth=Material ُ لّبWood فْت/ غبثخ Sugar ٍىوLuck ؽعMachinery آالدCash ٔملا Beer وح١ ثWork ًّ ػHomeworkٌٟاعت ِٕيٚ Flu ٔياٍٛاألٔف Jam ٝ ِوثJewellery ٘وادٛ ِغHousework ػًّ إٌّييMeat ٌُؾ Advice ؾخ١ ٔصPaper هقٚ Accommodation ئلبِخBread فجي Laughter ظؾهElectricity وثبءٙ اٌىEquipment ِؼلادMusic ٝم١ٍِٛ Rubbish لّبِخTea ٞ ّبGlass ىعبطProgress َرمل Rice أهىTuna ٔخٛ رTraffic هٚ اٌّوWater ِبء Money كٛ ٔمArabic خ١ اٌؼوثOxygen ٓ١ اوَغChemistry بء١ّ١اٌى Tennis ٌٕ اٌزChinese خ١ٕ١ اٌصSteam ثقبهLiterature األكة Chess ّطؤظEnglish خ٠ي١ٍ اإلٔغNitrogen ٓ١عٚزو١ٔ Biology بء١ألؽ Ice ل١ٍ عSpanish خ١ٔ األٍجبPollution سٍٛ رDriving بكح١اٌم Cotton ٓ لطJapanese خ١ٔبثب١ٌ اCourage ّغبػخWalking ٌّْٟا Copper ً ٔؾبGerman خ١ٔ األٌّبVolleyball ووح اٌطبئوحRunning ٌٞغو Iron ل٠ ؽلCoffee حٛٙ لBasketball ووح اٌٍَخStudying اٌلهاٍخ Snow صٍظMilk ٓ ٌج- ت١ٍ ؽEvidence ْ ثو٘ب- ً١ٌ كSwimming اٌَجبؽخ Wind بػ٠ هOil ذ٠ ىEducation ُ١ٍ اٌزؼJumping اٌمفي Heat ؽواهحRain ِطوEngineering ٕلٍخٌٙ اBoxing ِالوّخ Peace َ اٌَالEnjoyment اٌّزؼخSunshine ٌٌّْق اٚ ّوPatience اٌصجو Light ءٛ اٌعConfidence اٌضمخFootball َ ووح اٌملAir اءٛ٘ Pride اٌفقوSalt ٍِؼSoccer َ ووح اٌملHelp َِٖبػل Chalk و١ّ غجبDust غجبهChocolate ٗالرٛى١ّ Weight lifting هفغ األصمبيCarbon dioxide ْٛل اٌىوث١َ أؤٟصب Ex: 1- The grass is long. It needs cutting. 2- He gave me some advice. 3- My luggage is heavy. I need someone to help me.
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:ً ِضٟٕ ِغ اخزالف اٌّؼuncountable ٚ أcountable ّْٛىٓ أْ رى٠ ٗ١ر٢ اٌىٍّبد ا-4 ال رؼذ هق ٌٍىزبثخٚ ىعبط حٛٙ ؽت اٌم- ٓث لذٚ ِبّٛاٌجوك ػ ءٛاٌع ) صفخ/ ٌْٛ( ٌٟثورمب ل٠ؽل ٌؾُ كعبط ٗ اٌطالة١زؼٍُ ف٠ ٞاٌّىبْ اٌن فجوح
Uncountable Paper Glass Coffee Time Cold Light Orange Iron Chicken School Experience
Countable
رؼذ
A paper لح٠عو A glass ةٛو A coffee حٛٙفٕغبْ ِٓ اٌم A time ِوح A cold ٔيٌخ ثوك A light ٌّجخ An orange )اؽلح اٌجورمبيٚ( ًثورمبٌٗ ٌألو An iron احِٛى A chicken )كعبعخ (غبئو A school ٟٕاٌّلهٍخ وّج An experience ِغبِوح- رغوثخ- لفِٛ
: ٍُ جّغ طجمب ٌمصذ اٌّزىٚ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد رغزخذَ ِفشد أ-5 Family ػبئٍخ Army ِ١اٌغ Class ًاٌفص Company ّووخ Group ػخِّٛغ Firm ّووخ Navy خ٠اٌجؾو Staff ئخ أٍبرنح١٘ Government ِخٛ اٌؾىCommunity ِغزّغ Population ْ اٌَىبGang ػصبثخ Orchestra خ١م١ٍِٛ فولخCrowd ؽْل Council ٌٍ ِغManagement اإلكاهح Union ارؾبكPress اٌصؾبفخ
Team ك٠فو Committee ٌؾٕخ Couple ْعبٚى Crew ُغبل University عبِؼخ Public هّٛٙاٌغ Majority خ١األغٍج Minority خ١ٍاألل Audience هّٛٙاٌغ Ex: - The home team is winning the match. اؽلحٚ ؽلحٛك و٠ٕ٘ب اٌىالَ ػٓ اٌفو - The team are travelling tonight to their next match. ك وأفواك٠ٕ٘ب ٔمصل اٌفو - My family is very rich and powerful. اؽلحٚ ؽلحٕٛ٘ب اٌىالَ ػٓ اٌؼبئٍخ و - My family are very delighted with my success. ٕ٘ب ٔمصل اٌؼبئٍخ وأفواك
Clothes Goods Remains Thanks Surroundings
ٌِالث ثعبئغ ب٠ثمب ّىوا ئخ١اٌج
:غخ اٌجّغ١ صٟب فؼً فٙ رأخز ِؼٚ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد دائّب جّغ-6 Congratulations نٚ ِجوWeapons -Arms أٍٍؾخ Police اٌْوغخCattle خ١ِّب Belongings ِّزٍىبد People ًأٔب Earnings أهثبػ Customs اٌغّبهن Soldiers كٕٛ عTroops ادٛل
Ex: - The police are looking for two terrorists. - My clothes are very clean.
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دسجبد اٌحشاسحٚ ْصٌٛ اٚ اٌّغبفخٚ ّٓ اٌضٚ ِٓاٌضٚ خ١ٌ اٌّجبٌغ اٌّبٚ خ١ّ اٌىٍٟ اٌؼجبساد اٌذاٌخ ػ-7 :ًرُؼبًِ ِؼبٍِخ اٌّفشد ِغ اٌفؼ Ex:- Ten million pounds is a lot of money. - Fifty litres of petrol fills my car. - Two hours is a long time to wait. - Five kilometres is a long way to walk. - Fifty degrees is a very high temperature. :يٛ الؽع إٔٔب ٔم - Three one-pound coins are on the desk. ٗ١ٕخ ِٓ فئخ اٌغ١ٔصالس ػّالد ِؼل : رؼبًِ وّفشدٚ ب فؼً ِفشدُٙغزخذَ ِؼ٠ٚ ب ِفشدحٌٕٙى Athletics ٞٛ أٌؼبة اٌمNews األفجبه Politics بٍخ١ٌَ اEconomics ػٍُ االلزصبك Genetics هاصخٌٛ ػٍُ اPhysics بء٠ي١اٌف Statistics اإلؽصبءGymnastics خ١بظ٠أٌؼبة ه Cards ٕٗ١ْرٛ وMeasles اٌؾصجخ Ex: - Politics was my best subject at university. - Athletics is my favourite sport.
s ب ثحشفٙبئٙ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد سغُ أز-8 Classics ٟ ػًّ هال-و١٘أػّبي ِْب Electronics بد١ٔٚػٍُ اٌىزو Maths بد١بظ٠ اٌو/ اٌؾَبة Mathematics بد١بظ٠اٌو
: ال رؼلٟ اٌىٍّبد اٌزٚ رؼذٟ اإلصجبد ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌزٟ رغزخذَ فlots of /a lot of / plenty of -9 Ex: - I've got a lot of books. ؼل٠ ٍُا - I've got a lot of money. ؼل٠ اٍُ ال - He bought a lot of sugar / books / chairs / rice. - He needs plenty of books / water / rice / chairs. . ال رؼل فمػٟ ِغ اٌىٍّبد اٌزa great deal of َ رَزقلEx: - There's a great deal of money in the safe. :ذا١ جٟر٢ الحع ا-10 . عؤايٚخ أ١ جٍّخ ِٕفٟؼذ ف٠ ُ لجً اعmany َ* رغزخذ - I haven't got many books. - Have you got many books? . عؤايٚخ أ١ جٍّخ ِٕفٟؼذ ف٠ لجً اعُ الmuch َ* رغزخذ - I haven’t got much money. - Have you got much money? too / so / very خ١ر٢ اٌىٍّبد اّٜب إحذٍٙ اإلصجبد إرا جبء لجٟ فmany/ much َ* رغزخذ - There is so much sugar in my coffee. A Little خ١ّ ٌٍى/ a few = ٌٍؼذدsome )ٟىف٠ٚ ً١ٍل اإلصجبد (ل١رف - I have a little money. = I have some money. (Positive )عٍّخ ِضجزخ - He has a few books. = He has some books. - He has a little furniture. - They work a few hours a week.
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little / few = hardly any = almost no / not )ٟىف٠ الٚ ً١ٍ (لٟل إٌف١رف - She has few friends. = She has hardly any friends. - She had little money. = She had almost no money. - They got little information, did they? = He writes few letters, does he? :َ أعّبء رؼذ ثبعزخذاٌٟ ال رؼذ إًٟ األعّبء اٌز٠ّٛىٓ رح٠ -11 Partitives اد اٌزجضئخٚأد A piece of / a bit of / an item of ٌٍّفشد Pieces of / bits of / items of ٌٍجّغ A sheet of paper هقٌٛفوؿ ِٓ ا A slice of meat ُؾخ ِٓ اٌٍؾ٠ّو A cup of coffee حٛٙفٕغبْ ِٓ اٌم A slice of toast ؾخ ِٓ فجي٠ّو A slice of cheese ٓؾخ ِٓ اٌغج٠ّو A loaf of bread ف ِٓ اٌقجي١هغ A bag of flour / sugar ك١ٌ ِٓ اٌلل١و A tin of tuna ٔخٛػٍجخ ر A bottle of milk - water ٓىعبعخ ِٓ اٌٍج A lump of sugar ِىؼت ِٓ اٌَىو A packet of cigarette ػٍجخ ِٓ اٌَغبئو A box of matches ذ٠ػٍجخ وجو A bar of soap / chocolate ْٛ لطؼخ ِٓ اٌصبثA piece of advice A glass of lemonade / water ِٓ ةٛو A piece of jewellery A tube of toothpaste ْْ إٍٔبٛثخ ِؼغٛأٔج A piece of furniture A jar of jam ٟثوغّبْ ِٓ اٌّوث A piece of luggage A reel of cotton ػ١ٍّخ ِٓ اٌق A piece of information :ًُ رُؼزجش ٘زٖ اٌىٍّبد ِفشد ِضٍٙ لجa pair of َػٕذ اعزخذاٚ ْ جّغٛ ٘زٖ األعّبء رى-12 A pair of ِٓ طٚى Pyjamas غبِخ١ ثjeans Trousers = pants ٍْٛثٕط Shoes ؽناء binocular خ٠ِٕظبه اٌوؤ scissors ِمص Ex: - His trousers are dirty. فؼً عّغ - A pair of trousers is too expensive for me to buy. - A pair of socks doesn't cost much money.
Socks Glasses gloves
ّواة ٔظبهاد لفبى
فؼً ِفوك فؼً ِفوك
Present simple tense ظ١اٌّضبسع اٌجغ :ِٗاعزخذا - The sun gives us heat and light. مخ١ؼجو ػٓ ؽم٠ * - He gets up early every day. ؼجو ػٓ ػبكح ِزىوهح٠ * :ذ صبثزخ١اػِٛ ٚ أِٟٕي صٚ اٌَّزمجً غجمب ً ٌجذٟو ػٓ ؽلس ف١ػ ٌٍزؼج١َ*َٔزقلَ اٌّعبهع اٌج - The train leaves at 6 o'clock. - The final exams take place / happen on 7 /6 /2013.
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:ٕٗ٠ٛرى ِغ ظّبئو اٌّفوك اٌغبئتies /es / s ًعبف ٌٍفؼ٠ٚ )ي ٌٍفؼً (ِصلهٚف األ٠ْ ِٓ اٌزصوٛزى٠ * اٍـُ عّغ) فال/ They / we / you ) ً ِضٜ( أِب اٌعّبئو األفوHe /She / It / ( اٍـُ ِفوك . ئظبفخٞ اٌّصله ثال أٟظغ اٌفؼً فٛ٠ٚ ءّٟ بٌٙ عبف٠ Go + s = goes Finish + s = finishes Catch + s = catches
:ً ِضes ( رأخزo / sh / ch / ss / x / z ) ثــٟٙ رٕزٟ* األفؼبي اٌز Cross + s = crosses mix + s = mixes Buzz + s = buzzes
Ex: - He goes to school everyday. - She always crosses the street. - They always get up early.
ءّٟ ل اٌفؼً ٕ٘ب٠ ٌُ ٔيThey
الْ اٌغٍّخ رجلأ ثـ
:ظخٍِٛح حشف عبوٕخ21 فٚ اٌحشٟ( ثبلa - e - i - o - u) حشف خّغخ ِزحشوخ26 خ٠ض١ٍف اٌٍغخ اإلٔجٚ* حش Study + s = studies Key words:
:ً ِضies ف١ٔضٚ بٙب حشف عبوٓ ٔحزفٍٙ لجy ثــٟٕٙز٠ ً فؼٞ* أ Try + s = tries Cry + s = cries
ً ِفزبح اٌح/ اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ
- Always كائّب- often غبٌجب- - sometimes بٔب١ أؽ- occasionally فو٢ لذٚ ِٓ - usually ػبكح- every day َٛ٠ ً و/ اٌؾمبئك اٌضبثزخ ْ إضبفخٚ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ِصذس ثذdon’t َظ ٔغزخذ١ صِٓ اٌّضبسع اٌجغٟ جٍّخ فٞ أٟ* ٌٕف Ex: ُٙ ِغ حزفes ٚ أs ٗ إرا وبْ اٌفؼً ثdoesn’t ٚ - They play tennis well. ف١ِعبهع ٔظ - They don’t play tennis well. - He goes to school on foot. s ِٗعبهع ث - He doesn’t go to school on foot. . ُ٘ظغ ثؼلٛ٠ فؼً آفوٞ أٚ ف اٌزىواهٚظغ لجً ظوٛ٠ اٌغٍّخٟ فٍٟ وفؼً أٍبam / is / are * أفؼبي ٍُٙ لجٟأر٠ ف اٌزىواهٚظو ُ٘ ثؼلٟبر٠
am - is - are
always usually often sometimes
Ex: 1 - He is always late. اٌغٍّخٟ فٍٟفؼً أٍب 2 - He always comes early. ٞفؼً ػبك 3- He usually helps us when we need him. ٞفؼً ػبك
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go - goes eat - eats come - comes play - plays
: ًظ ِض١ب ِغ اٌّضبسع اٌجغٙز٠بٙٔ ٚخ اٌجٍّخ أ٠ ثذاٟ فٝخ رأر١ِٕف اٌضٚ* اٌظش - Every day /every week, / at night/ in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening. Ex: - We walk to school every day. - Every day we walk to school. :ًخ ِض١ِٕاثظ اٌضٚظ ثؼذ اٌش١غزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌجغ٠ * (After - before - when - the moment - as soon as - till - until) Ex: - He will go to bed after he finishes / has finished his work. - We will have a meal the moment the plane takes off / has taken off. : ٟر٢ْ وبٛي رىٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌصٟ جٍّخ فًٞ أ٠ٛ* ٌزح - S + am / is / are + PP Ex: - The house is cleaned every day. - The streets are swept every day.
- The film is watched every night.
Past simple tense ظ١ اٌجغٟاٌّبض :ِٗاعزخذا / ٟ اٌّبظٟ رّذ فٚ الف ؽلصذِٛ ٚ أؽلاس أ/ٝٙ أزٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟؼجو ػٓ ؽلس ؽلس ف٠ * .ْ٢ٌُ رؼل رؾلس اٚ ذٙأزٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟػبكح ف :ٕٗ٠ٛرى ً اٌّصله ِضٌٝ ئed ٚ أd ٗ ثاظبفخ١ٍػبكح ٔؾصً ػٚ ً ٌٍفؼٟٔف اٌضب٠ْ ِٓ اٌزصوٛزى٠ * (Played / walked / heard / visited /talked / arrived / reached) .و لٍتٙ* األفؼبي اٌْبمح رؾفع ػٓ ظ Live Hear Enjoy Stay Hurry Carry Plan
ed ٚ آd بٌٙ ف١األفؼبي إٌّزظّخ ٔض lived Help helped heard Want wanted ءٟش ش١ال ٔغٚ ٌٍفؼً فمطـed ف١لجٍٗ حشف ِزحشن ٔضٚ y اٌفؼً ثـٝٙإرا أز enjoyed Employ employed stayed play played ed ف١ صُ ٔضi ٌٝ إy لجٍٗ حشف عبوٓ رمٍت اٌـٚ y اٌفؼً ثـٝٙإرا أز hurried Study studied carried Cry cried ed ً ثحشف عبوٓ ٔىشس اٌحشف اٌغبوٓ لجٟٕٙز٠ ٚ إٌطكٟاحذ فٌٛ اٌّمطغ اٚاٌفؼً ر planned Grab grabbed
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Key words اٌىٍّبد اٌذاٌخ Yesterday ٌِ أago ِٟع in the past ٟ اٌّبظٟ فٟ اٌّبظٟـ ف٠اهٛر Last ٟ اٌّبظonce ماد ِوح the other day َ اٌَبثكٛ١ٌ اa long time ago in + ٟـ ِبظ٠ربه from…… ٟـ ِبظ٠… ربه.to……… ٟـ ِبظ٠……… ربه Ex: - Samy phoned Ali a moment ago. - Hoda left for London yesterday. :* ِالحظبد ٘بِخ .ُٗ صفٙ١ٍ٠ was / were ٚب ِصذس اٙ١ٍ٠ did ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٔغأي ػٕٗ ثىٍّخٟ فؼً فٞ أ- Did you see Ahmed last week? - Was he ill yesterday? .ب ِصذسٙ١ٍ٠ didn’t َ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٔغزخذٟ جٍّخ فٞ أٟ ٌٕف- He didn’t see Ahmed last week. - She didn’t tell the truth. ب ثــٕٙخ ٔغأي ػ١ِٕب ِذح صٙ ِؼٚ اٌجٍّخٟ فago د وٍّخٛجٚ ػٕذ- How long ago did + sub + inf…………..? - The plane left for Paris 15 minutes ago. (How long) - How long ago did the plane leave for Paris? - S + used to + أْ ) ِصذس/ ٍٝ( إػزبد ػ ْ٢ ال رؾلس اٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟ* رؼجو ػٓ ػبكح ف - He used to play tennis when he was young. He doesn’t play now. : ٟر٢ْ وبٛي رىٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌصٟ جٍّخ فًٞ أ٠ٛ* ٌزح - S + was / were + PP Ex: - The house was cleaned last night. - The film was watched last night. - The house was built by the builder last year. The past continuous tense اٌّغزّشٟاٌّبض :ِٗاعزخذا .اؽلٚ لذٚ ٟ اٍزّوا فٚ ؽلصبْ ؽلصب. لطؼٗ ؽلس آفوٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟؼجو ػٓ ؽلس وبْ َِزّو ف٠ * ٕٗ٠ٛرى - ً فبػ+ was / were + ً اٌفؼ+ ing Key words - When
ػٕذِب
When َِزّوِٟبظ When ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
/
(While = as = just as ّٕب١)ث
ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
َِزّوِٟبظ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
when َِزّوِٟبظ
ػ١َ ثِٟبظ when
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َِزّوِٟبظ
While َِزّوِٟبظ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ While َِزّوِٟبظ َِزّوِٟبظ While + v + ing ػ١َ ثِٟبظ During + noun / v + ing ,
ػ١َ ثِٟبظ while while
َِزّوِٟبظ َِزّوٟاحذ ِبظٚ لذٚ ٟحذصبْ ف َِزّوِٟبظ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
while + v + ing s + ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
Ex: 1- When I was having breakfast, he arrived. 2- He arrived when I was having breakfast. 3- When I entered the office, the secretary was typing the letter. 4- The secretary was typing the letter when I entered the office. 5- While he was playing tennis, he fell down. 6- He fell down while he was playing tennis. 7- While Hoda was reading the newspaper, her mum was cooking the food. 8- While playing tennis, he fell down. was عل فبػً ٌنٌه ٌُ ٔعغٛ٠ ال 9- During my stay in Alex., I swam in the sea. ٟأر١خ ف١ اٌغٍّخ أِب اٌىٍّبد اٌجبلٕٝ َِزّو غجمب ٌّؼٟ ِبظٚػ أ١َ ثٟ ثؼل٘ب ِبظٟأر٠ when * وٍّخ )ػ١َفو ث٢اٚ َِزّوْٟ ِبظٛس ثىٚ اٌؾلًٟ ف٠ٛ َِزّو ( اٌيِٓ اٌطٟثؼلُ٘ ِبظ
Write + ing Come + ing Have + ing
:ظخٛ* ٍِح :ٟ٘ فزظً وّبee أِب ئما وبٔذ. بٙ رؾنفe ٖ فؼً أفوٌٝ ئing ػٕل ئظبفخ = writing Oversee + ing = overseeing ْوف٠ / والت٠ = coming Flee + ing = fleeing وةٙ٠ / فو٠ = having Foresee + ing = foreseeing زٕجأ٠ :ظخٛ* ٍِح :ًش ِض١ب ٔىشس اٌحشف األخٌٙ ing ثؼض األفؼبي ػٕذ إضبفخ Get ًؾص٠ Rid قٍص٠ Split ْٕػ٠ Hit ت١ص٠ Run ٞغو٠ Spit جصك٠ Knit ػ ثبإلثوح١ق٠ Set ُ١م٠ - رغوة- ؼل٠ Stop مف٠ Let لع٠ Sit ٌٍغ٠ Swim َٛؼ٠ Outbid Slit ْوغ٠ - ْك٠ Wed طٚزي٠ Over-run ىزَؼ٠ Shed نهف٠ Wet ًٍج٠ Put عغ٠ Shut غٍك٠ Win ىَت٠ Quit زون٠ Spin غيي٠ Upset يػظ٠
Bid ملَ ػوض٠ Beset ًَجت ِْبو٠ Bet ٓ٘وا٠ Cut مطغ٠ Dig ؾفو٠ Forbid ّٕغ٠ Drop َمػ٠ Forget َٕٝ٠ Ex: - He is running now. - They are sitting in the garden at the moment.
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األىِٕخ اٌَّزّوحٟظغ فٛخ ال ر١٘اٌىواٚ اٌؾتٚ اٌزٍّهٚ و١ اٌزفىٚ اٌؼبغفخٚ هٛ اٌْؼٚ ًاٛ* أفؼبي اٌؾ v. to. be بَٙجم٠ الٚ ing بٙ١ٌعبف ئ٠ الٞأ Agree افكٛ٠ Assume ُيػ٠ Prefer ًفع٠ Resemble ْٗج٠ Hope ًِأ٠ Cost ىٍف٠ Realise لهن٠ Appear-Seem ٚجل٠ Matter ُٙ٠ / ٟٕؼ٠ Contain ٞٛؾز٠ Consist ْٛزى٠ Regret أٍف٠ Think understand expect Possess ٍّه٠ believe remember Own ٍّه٠ Have ٍّه٠ ٕٝثّؼ know forget Belong قص٠ Like - love See smell feel hate hear notice wish want :ٟر٢ْ وبٛي رىٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌصٟ جٍّخ فًٞ أ٠ٛ* ٌزح - S + was being / were being + PP Ex: - The house was being cleaned when I arrived. - The film was being watched when my dad came in. - The house was being built when it rained. Present perfect simple َاٌّضبسع اٌزب ٕٗ٠ٛرى Have + pp Has + pp
- I / we / they / you / اٍـُ عّغ - He / she / it / اٍـُ ِفوك
-:ٓؼجش ػ٠ .ٍُ ٌؾظخ اٌزىٟٙ أزٚ ٌؾظخ اٌزىٍُ أِٝب ىاي َِزّو ؽزٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟ ؽلس ثلا ف- I have taught English for 30 years. - He has just finished his work. وح١بء ؽلصذ ِٕن فزوح لص١ّ أ- The plane hasn’t taken off yet. بء ٌُ رؾلس ثؼل١ّأ- He has bought a car. ؽلسٝزؾلك ِز٠ ٌُٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟلذ ِب فٚ ٟء ؽلس فّٟ: ًخ ِض١ِٕاثظ اٌضٚغزخذَ اٌّضبسع اٌزبَ ثؼذ اٌش٠ * (After - before - when - the moment - as soon as - till - until) Ex: - He will go to bed after he has finished his work. Key words وٍّبد داٌخ/ ًِفزبح اٌح Already ) ؽبال-اٛ)ر اإلصجبدٟرَزقلَ ف Yet )(ثؼل ٟ إٌفٚ اٌَإايٟرَزقلَ ف Recently )ت (ئصجبد٠ اٌموٟرؼجو ػٓ اٌّبظ Lately )ٟت (عًّ ٔف٠ اٌموٟرؼجو ػٓ اٌّبظ
For ٌّلح Ever اٌَإايٟرَزقلَ ف Never ٟرَزقلَ ٌٍٕف This morning
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Up to nowْ٢ اٝؽز Since ِٕن So far ْ٢ اٝؽز Just ؽبال- اٛر
:ٟر٢*الحع ا - ً فبػ+ have / has ) already - just - ever- never - not ) + PP - We have already decorated the flat. - He has never been to the Temple of Karnak. :ٟالحع األر - Has been / have been - Has gone / have gone Ex: - She has gone to the market. - She has been to Paris.
)ْ٢ك ٕ٘ب اٛعِٛ( ب١ٔ ػبك صبٚ م٘ت ؼل ثؼل٠ ٌُ ( ِبىاي ٕ٘بنٚ م٘ت (She went and she is still there now) (She went and came back again) Since لبػلح
- Since + ً فبػ+ ٟٔف صب٠ رصو/ ػ١َ ثٟ ِبظ, ً فبػ+ َ ِعبهع رب/ ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو - ً فبػ+ ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو/ َ ِعبهع ربSince
ً فبػ+ ٟٔف صب٠ رصو/ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
Ex: - Since he left for Paris, I haven’t seen him. - I haven’t seen him since he left for Paris. Since ِغٝوٍّبد رأر year - day - month - week- century Ever since - since then - that time the first / the second world war 1980-1986-1960 / This morning yesterday - lunch - dinner - breakfast ي إٌَخٛ فص/ عٛبَ األٍج٠ أ/ هٌْٛٙوً ا 3 o’clock - 5 o’clock / the age of… His childhood ٌٗزٛغف - his birth ٌٖلِٛ Since last night / since last week /
For ِغٝوٍّبد رأر A year - a day - a week - an hour 3 hours - 4 days - 6 months A century - 3 years - half an hour A long time - A short time for ages - so long for ever over……ُ…هل........years / weeks more than…ُهل.......years / weeks for the last night - for the last week
:ٟالحـع األر . لذ ِؾلكٚ ثؼل٘بٟأر٠ٚ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ اٌَّزّوٚ ِغ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ أsince َ* رَزقل . اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ اٌَّزّوٚ ىِٓ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ أٟظغ ئِب فٛ٠ ٗٔ فبsince اؽل ِغٚ ً* ئما عبء فؼ فو٢ اٌفؼً اٚ ػ١َ اٌجٟ ىِٓ اٌّبظٟ فٟأر٠ ثؼل٘ب ِجبّوحٞٓ فبْ اٌفؼً اٌن١ٍ فؼsince * ئما عبء ِغ َ اٌّعبهع اٌزبٚ ىِٓ اٌّعبهع اٌزبَ اٌَّزّو أٟف Ex: 1- I have been working in this bank since 1998. ) ( ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو 2- I have worked in this bank since 1998. ) ( ِعبهع 3- He has done nothing since we met this morning. 4- She has been cleaning the house since we met this morning.
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:خ١ر٢الحع اٌجًّ ا * It’s + خ١ِٕ فزوح ى+ since + ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ - It’s a long / 3 years / 4 weeks time since I saw Ali. * I last + ػ١َ ثٟ ِبظ+ when + ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ - I last ate fish when I was on holiday. 2 years ago. in + ـ٠ربه
* The last time + ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثٟ ِبظ- ٟٔف صب٠ رصوwas Ex: - The last time I travelled abroad was in 2000 / was 9 years ago..
:خ١ر٢الحـع اٌجًّ ا - It is the first time Hala has ever seen a tiger. - I have never met such a tall girl. - She is the tallest girl I have ever met.
(ever) :ذا١ جٟر٢ الحع ا-
)ً ثبٌفؼٟٙ (أزalready ٔقزبهyou have been quick علٔبٚ به ئما١* ػٕل االفز ) ثؼلٟٕٙز٠ ٌُ( yet ٔقزبهHurry up علٔبٚ * ئما : ٟر٢ْ وبٛي رىٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌصٟ جٍّخ فًٞ أ٠ٛ* ٌزح - S + have been / has been + PP Ex: - The house has been cleaned since last night. - The film has been watched for 3 hours.
The Past Perfect Tense َ اٌزبٟاٌّبض
. لجً حذس آخشٟ اٌّبضٟؼجش ػٓ حذس حذس ف٠ *
Formation
had + pp
Key words - After - As soon as - When ػ١َ ثِٟبظ ً فبػ+ ٟٔف صب٠رصو
had + PP ً فبػ+ َ ربِٟبظ
,
after as soon as when
ٟٔف صب٠رصو ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ َ ربِٟبظ ً فبػ+ had + pp
Ex: - As soon as he had done his homework, he went out. - He wrote the reply after he had read the letter.
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ً فبػ+ ٝػ ِٕف١َ ثٟ ِبظ/didn’t + ِصلهtill / until ً فبػ+ had + pp َ ربِٟبظ ً فبػ+ wasn't / weren't + pp Ex: - He didn’t write the reply until he had read the letter. - Before - By the time - By + noun / ُ اع,
ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ
, ً فبػ+ َ ربِٟبظ
ً فبػ+ َ ربِٟبظ
Ex: - By the time he arrived, he had finished his work. - Before I went to school, I had had breakfast. - Having + PP, ً فبػ+ ـػ١َ ثِٟبظ Ex: - Having finished his work, he went out. . فمػing ٌٗ عبف٠ after / before *ئما عبء اٌفؼً ِجبّوح ثؼل - After cooking the food, she went out. - Before going out, she had done her homework. ٝ حز...... ْىذ أ٠ ٌُ * hardly when * ً فبػ+ had scarcely + PP when ً فبػ+ ظ١ ثغِٟبض barely when no sooner than Ex: - She had no sooner seen the thief than she cried. ُ ٔعغ األكاح صُ اٌفؼً اٌَّبػل ص. ّىً ٍإايٍٝظغ ػٛاد اٌَبثمخ رٚ ِٓ األكٞ* ئما ثلأد اٌغٍّخ ثأ ف اٌضبٌش٠اٌفبػً صُ اٌزصو - Hardly when - Scarcely + had + ً فبػ+ PP when ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ - Barely غخ عؤاي١ص when - No sooner than Ex: - No sooner had she seen the thief than she cried. :ذا١ٗ ج١ر٢الحع اٌمبػذح ا - It wasn’t until + ً فبػ+ had + PP------------------that + ً فبػ+ طـ١َ ثِٟبظ - It was only when + ً فبػ+ had + PP--------------that + ً فبػ+ طـ١َ ثِٟبظ
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.ٓ اٌغٍّزبْ فمػ١ ثthat ٌىٓ ٔعغAfter ٔفٌ لبػلحٟ٘ * اٌمبػلح اٌَبثمخ Ex: - It wasn’t until he had done his work that he phoned Ali. - It was only when he had done his work that he phoned Ali. :ٟر٢ْ وبٛي رىٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ٌصٟ جٍّخ فًٞ أ٠ٛ* ٌزح - S + had been + PP Ex: - The house had been cleaned before they arrived. - The film had been watched by the time they came in. - The house had been built before they sold it. The past perfect continuous اٌزبَ اٌّغزّشٟاٌّبض ٍٗلف لجٛ رٚلذ أٌٛ رٌه اٝغزّش حز٠ٚ ش٠لذ اٌحذٚ ًخ ٌحذس حذس لج١ِٕي اٌفزشح اٌضٛصف طٌٛ َغزخذ٠ * .ٟ اٌّبضٟزىشس حذس ف٠ غزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ػٕذِب٠ . ٌحذس لطؼٗ حذس آخشٚأ ٕٗ٠ٛرى had + been + v + ing (want- wish) ال رَزقلَ ِغ ىِٓ اٌّعبهع اٌَّزّو ِبػلاَٟزقلَ ٘نا اٌيِٓ ِغ األفؼبي اٌز٠ الEx: - She had been studying English for five years before she visited Canada. - We had been cooking all day for the party that evening and by 8 o’clock we still weren’t ready. - Ali had been watching the film for 2 hours before he went to sleep. - She had been cleaning the flat for 5 hours when the light went out. - Although Ali had been training for 6 years, he didn’t win the race. - He had been talking on the phone for an hour when the door bell rang. Ex: - She had tried three times to solve the problem. - She had been trying to solve the problem.
)َ ربٟ(ِبظ (Past Perfect Cont)
. اٌزبَ اٌّغزّشٟاٌّبضٚ َ اٌزبٟٓ اٌّبض١* الحع اٌفشق ث اٌزبَ اٌَّزّو ال ٔؼٍُ اما وبْ اٌؾلس اوزًّ اَ ال؟ٟ اٌّبظ- .ٟٙأزٚ ٗػٛلٚ ًّ اٌزبَ اٌؾلس اوزٟ اٌّبظ- By seven o'clock, he had written the essay. - By seven o'clock, he had been writing the essay.
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. يٛٙ اٌّجٌٟي إٛح٠ ُ ربَ صٟ ِبضٌٟي إٛح٠ ٌٓىٚ يٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ صٟغزخذَ ٘زا اٌضِٓ ف٠ * ال Ex: - They had been studying English. (active) - English had been studied. (passive)
Active and Passive Voice يٛٙاٌّجٚ ٍَٛاٌّؼ - He
plays
- Tennis is
.يٛاٌّفؼٚ ًاٌفؼٚ ً اٌفبػٟ٘ َ صالصخٍٛغخ اٌّؼ١ صٟ*أسوبْ اٌجٍّخ ف tennis every day. played
by
him
every day.
:سحٛ ٘زٖ اٌصٍْٝ ػٌٛٗ) رىٛي (ِحٛٙ ٌٍّجٕٝغخ اٌّج١ صٟ* اٌجٍّخ ف يٛ اٌّفؼ+ V. to be حغت صِٓ اٌجٍّخ+ ف اٌضبٌش٠ اٌزصش+ by + ًاٌفبػ :ظخ ٘بِخ جذاٛ*ٍِح : دٛجٚ ِٓ ي الثذٛٙ ٌٍّجٕٝغخ اٌّج١ صٟ جٍّخ فٞبس أ١ الخز- am - is - are - was - were - be - been - being - to be + PP v to be ؽَت ىِٓ اٌفؼً ٔقزبه:ش لٍتٙحفع ػٓ ظ٠ٚ ُ جذاِٙ يٚ* جذ صِٓ اٌجٍّخ V. To Be ةٍٛ اٌّط/ د ثبٌجٍّخٛجِٛ / ٗ ِؼـٟأر٠ Present Simple Tens ػ١َ ِعبهع ثam - is - are + pp Past Simple Tense ػ١َ ثٟ ِبظwas - were + PP Present Cont.Tense ِعبهع َِزّوam being - is being - are being + PP Past Cont.Tense َِزّوٟ ِبظwas being - were being + PP Present Perfect Tense َ ِعبهع ربhave been - has been + PP Past Perfect Tense َ ربٟ ِبظhad been + PP will have + pp َ اٌَّزمجً اٌزبwill have been + pp )األفؼبي إٌبلصخ (ػششح ُ٘ ثؼذbe ْٚأخز٠ ٍُٙ فؼً و34 can - could - will - would can be -could be -will be -would be + pp shall - should - may - might shall be- should be- may be- might be +PP must - ought to must be- ought to be + pp have to - has to - had to have to be - has to be - had to be + PP am - is - are- was- were going to am -is - are - was - were going to be + PP am - is - are -was -were about to am -is - are - was - were about to be + PP am - is - are - was - were to am - is - are - was - were to be +PP need to - needn’t need to be - needn’t be + PP
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seem to - appear to is supposed to will have to + ِصله I You
me you
seem to be - appear to be + PP s) supposed to be + PP will have to be + pp He They
him them
:ٌٗٛ ٔجذ٘ب ِحٚ أٟر٢ي ناٛخ رح١ر٢* اٌضّبئش ا her She It it us We
Ex 1- The film was seen last night by him. 2- The food is being cooked in the kitchen by her. 3- A car is going to be bought by me. :ِالحظبد ٘بِخ am not / isn't /aren't + pp
بٙػ ٔغل ث١َ اٌّعبهع اٌجٟخ ف١ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ِٕف-1
Ex 1- English isn’t spoken by him. 2- Tennis isn’t played by them. wasn’t / weren’t + pp
بٙػ ٔغل ث١َ اٌجٟ اٌّبظٟخ ف١ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ِٕف-2
Ex 1- The film wasn't seen by them. 2- The door wasn't broken by them. :خ١ الحع األفؼبي األر-3 Make See Hear
to َْٚ اٌّصذس ثذٍٛ اٌّؼٟ ثؼذ٘ب فٟأر٠ خ١ر٢* األفؼبي ا to ٍٗ ثؼذُ٘ اٌّصذس لجٟأر٠ يٛٙغخ اٌّج١ صٟفٚ *
1- The teacher made me clean the white board.
ٍَٛعٍّٗ ِؼ
- I was made to clean the white board. 2- He made us do it again.
يٛٙعٍّٗ ِغ ٍَٛعٍّٗ ِؼ
يٛٙعٍّٗ ِغ :ٌٟٗ وب االرٛ ثبٌجٍّخ ٔجذ٘ب ِحlet د وٍّخٛجٚ – ػٕذ4 -ً فبػ+ let + ٟش أؼىبع١ّ ( ضhimself / myself ( + be + PP - We were made to do it again.
Ex: 1- She let herself be deceived. 2- He let himself be insulted. Hate
ٖىو٠
Like ؾت٠
Love
ؾت٠
Dislike
:خ١ الحع األفؼبي آالر-5 ٖىو٠
being + pp ثؼذ٘بٟأر٠ ٚ أ/ to be + pp ثؼذ٘بٟأر٠ ٚ أ/ ٌخٛخ ٔجذ٘ب ِح١ر٢* األفؼبي ا
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Ex: - I hate people to cheat me. - I hate people cheating me.
- I hate to be cheated. - I hate being cheated.
:ْالٛب ِفؼٙ ثٟ اٌجًّ اٌز-6 ) عٍّخٞ وأًٞ ػبك٠ٛٗ (رؾ٠ْ ػبكٛي اٌؼبلً رىٛ* ئما ثلأٔب اٌغٍّخ ثبٌّفؼ - I was given a book. ًي اٌؼبلٛ لجً اٌّفؼto / for to خ رأخز١ر٢األفؼبي ا Give Throw Write Sell
Take Bring Show Offer Ex: 1- He offered me a book. 2- He built me a house.
- I was sent a letter ظغٚ ٚك اٛعٚ ِٓ و ػبلً الثل١ي اٌغٛ* ئما ثلأد اٌغٍّخ ثبٌّفؼ for خ رأخز١ر٢األفؼبي ا Carry Buy Keep Get Lend Save Make Fetch Tell Build Order Leave Send Find - A book was offered to me. - A house was built for me.
ئب١ْ شٚؼزمذ٠ ْٚ أٌٛٛم٠ َجٗ ػبٛ أْ إٌبط ثًٕٝ ػٕذِب ٔؼ٠ٛ اٌزحٟمخ خبصخ ف٠ب طشٌٙ خ١ر٢ األفؼبي ا-7 Supposed فزوض٠ Feared ْٝق٠ Reported موه٠ Known ؼوف٠ Mentioned نوو٠ Hoped ًِأ٠ Understood ُٙف٠ Alleged ُيػ٠ Expected لغٛز٠ Thought فىو٠ Considered ؼزجو٠ Said يٛم٠ Announced ٍٓؼ٠ Claimed ُيػ٠ Believed صلق٠ Predicted رٕجأ خ١ر٢خ ا١ج١الحع اٌزشو - ً اٌفبػ+ think / say /hope / alleged / claimed ---that ……………………..(ٍَٛ)ِؼ - It is / was + p.p (said - hoped - believed ) that……………………… )يٛٙ(ِغ -و١ّ ظ/ ٍُ ا+ is / are / was / were + p.p + to + ِصله -و١ّ ظ/ ٍُ ا+ is / are / was / were + p.p + to have + p.p Ex: 1- People say that he is mad. - It is said that he is mad. - He is said to be mad. 2- People say that Ali will win the cup. - It is said that Ali will win the cup. - Ali is said to win the cup.
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)ً َِزمج- ػ١َ(ِعبهع ث )َ ِعبهع رب/ ػ١َ ثٟ(ِبظ
3- People said that he was rich. - It was said that he was rich. - He was said to have been rich. :ٓ١لٛظخ ٘بِخ جذا ٌٍّزفٛ*ٍِح :ًٕٗ ِض١ ِغ ثؼض أفؼبي ِؼbe ً ِحget ّىٓ أْ رحً وٍّخ٠ Arrested ٍٟمجط ػ٠ Caught َّه٠ Confused اهرجه Delayed رأفو
Divorced Dressed Elected Killed
غٍك ٞاهرل أزقت ًلز
Lost ٗم٠ظً غو Married طٚري Stuck ٌصك Beaten ظوة- َ٘ي
Burnt Hurt
ؽوق ٞأم
ب١بئٙٔ been ً ِحgot ً ال رح:ظخ ٘بِخ جذاٍِٛح Ex: - I got lost when I was shopping = I was lost ………….. - I got confused when I was doing this test = I was confused …. - Hoda got married in Canada = Hoda was married in Canada. Conditional Sentences خ١اٌجًّ اٌششط If ٌٛ – إرا If = Provided / providing (that) = As long as = On the condition that = Only if = In case. ثؼذُ٘ جٍّخ وبٍِخٟأر٠ ٚ if ًاػذ ِضٛٔفظ اٌمٚ ُٟٕ ٔفظ اٌّؼٍٙو فؼً اٌششط
If
اة اٌششطٛج عظ اٌجٍّخٚ ٟف If
اة اٌششطٛج
فؼً اٌششط
The zero conditional: اٌصفش/ ٚش٠حبٌخ اٌض If
ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ِعبهع ث/ يٚف أ٠رصو
ً فبػ+ يٚف أ٠ رصو/ ػ١َِعبهع ث
ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ِعبهع ث- يٚف أ٠رصو
عظ اٌجٍّخٚ ً فبػ+ يٚف أ٠ رصو/ ػ١َِعبهع ث if
. اٌفٍهٚ بء١ّ١ اٌىٚ بء٠ي١ اٌفٚ ؼخ١ٓ اٌطج١ٔاٛ لٚ ٗ١ٍّو ػٓ اٌؾمبئك اٌؼ١َزقلَ ٌٍزؼج٠ * .خ١ٍّو ػٓ اٌؾمبئك اٌؼ١ي ٌٍزؼجٛٙ ٌٍّغٕٝفعً اٍزقلاَ اٌّج٠ * - If water is heated to 100, it boils. - If water is boiled, it evaporates.رزجقو - If plants don't get enough water, they die.
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The first conditional:
ٌٝٚاٌحبٌخ األ
ً فبػ+will- shall -can - may + ِصذس If ً فبػ+ يٚف أ٠ رصو/ ػ١َِعبهع ث Ex: - If you study hard, you will succeed. - If he plays hard, he will win the cup. عظ اٌجٍّخٚ ً فبػ+ will - shall- can - may + ِصذس if Ex: - They will meet Ali if they arrive early. - He will win the cup if he plays hard.
ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ِعبهع ث- يٚف أ٠رصو
:) ثأِش (ِصذسٌٟٚ اٌحبٌخ األٟاة اٌششط فٛجذأ ج٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ – 1 Ex: - If you meet Ali, give him my regards. - If you see a thief, call the police. : ٟب ِصله وبألرٙ ثٟأر٠ٚ ٌٟٚ اٌؾبٌخ األٟ( فIf) ِٓ ( ثلالShould ) َّىٓ اٍزقلا٠ – 2 - Should + ً فبػ+ ِصله, S + will / shall / can / may + ِصله - Should he arrive early, he will meet us. The second conditional
خ١ٔاٌحبٌخ اٌضب
ً فبػ+ would /should/could/ might+ ِصذس If ً فبػ+ ثَجػِٟبظ Ex: - If you arrived early, you would see Ali. - If Hoda studied hard, she would pass the exam. عظ اٌجٍّخٚ ً فبػ+ would -should -could -might + ِصلهif ً فبػ+ past simple - ػ١َ ثِٟبظ Ex: - They could see Ahmed if they arrived early. - Hoda would pass the exam if she studied hard. االعزحبٌخ )زحمك٠ ّْىٓ أ٠ س فؼً اٌششط ( الٚ* ٕ٘ب اعزحبٌخ حذ - If I were
you / in your place in your position / shoes,
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I would + ِصله
Ex: - If I were you, I'd buy a car. - If I were a bird, I’d fly. :ظخ ٘بِخ جذاٛ* ٍِح :خ١ٔاة اٌششط حبٌخ صبٛجٚ to ك ثـ ْ َغج ْ ُ٠ ْ ثؼذ٘ب ِصذس الثذ أٝأرٚ Were إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ - Were + ً فبػ+ to + ِصذس, ً فبػ+ would / could / might + ِصذس if ِٓ خ١ٔاٌحبٌخ اٌضب Ex: - If he travelled = Were he to travel / - If she met = Were she to meet Ex: 1- Were he to travel to Alex, he would swim in the sea. 2- Were she to meet Ali, she would tell him the truth. 3- Were he to go to bed early, he wouldn't feel sleepy in the morning. : ظخٛ ٍِحاة اٌششطٛ جٚ ًظ فؼ١ٌ ٚ ٞب فبػً صُ والَ ػبدٙ١ٍ٠ Had خ ثـ١ٔ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبّٟىٓ اْ رجذأ اٌجٍّخ ف٠ would / could / might + ْ ِصذسٛى٠ - Had + ً فبػ+ ٞ والَ ػبد, ً فبػ+ would + ِصذس if ِٓ خ١ٔاٌحبٌخ اٌضب Ex: 1- Had he enough money, he would buy a car. 2- Had I enough time, I’d visit you. :ٟر٢ ثؼل٘ب ِصله وبٟبر٠ٚ خ١ٔ اٌؾبٌخ اٌضبٟ( فIf) ِٓ ( ثلالShould ) َّىٓ اٍزقلا٠ - Should ً فبػ+ ِصذس, ً فبػ+ would / could / should + ِصذس - Should he arrive early, he would meet us.
The third conditional
اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ
If ً فبػ+had + pp َ ربٟ فبػً ِبظ+ would -should- could- might have +PP Ex: - If I had played well, I would have won the cup. - If they had studied hard, they would have passed the exam. عظ اٌجٍّخٚ ً فبػ+ would - should - could -might have + PP if ً فبػ+ had + pp - َ ربِٟبظ Ex: - He would have passed the exam if he had studied hard. - They could have won the cup if they had played hard.
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.ف صبٌش٠ب فبػً صُ رصشٙ١ٍ٠ Had ٔجذأ اٌجٍّخ ثـٚ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخٟ فif رحزف:ظخٍِٛح - Had + ً فبػ+ pp , ً فبػ+ would have + pp if ِٓ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ Ex: 1- Had he studied hard, he would have passed the exam. 2- Had he played hard, he would have won the match. In case of حبٌخٟف v + ing / noun
ُ ثؼذ٘ب اعٟأر٠ If ْ* رغزخذَ ِىب
Ex: - In case of playing hard, you will win the match. - In case of hard play, you'll win the match. * But for / Without + (noun ُ اع/ v + ing ) Ex: 1- Without doctors, many people would die. 2- Without doctors, many people would have died.
الٌٛ - ْٚثذ خ١ٔؽبٌخ صب ٗؽبٌخ صبٌض
:بِٕٙ ٔضغ ثذالٚ خ١ٔ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٟ فwithout - But for * رحزف - If it weren't for + v + ing / noun ٍُ……ا.., ً فبػ+ would + ِصله - Unless it were for + v +ing / noun ٍُ…ا., ً فبػ+ would (not) + ِصله :بِٕٙ ٔضغ ثذالٚ اٌحبٌخ اٌضبٌضخٟ فwithout - But for * رحزف - If it hadn't been for + v + ing / noun ٍُ ا, ً فبػ+ would have + pp - Unless it had been for + v + ing / noun ٍُا, ً فبػ+ would (not) have + pp Ex: 1- If it weren't for doctors, many people would die. - Unless it were for doctors, many people would die. 2- If it hadn't been for doctors, many people would have died. - Unless it had been for doctors, many people would have died. Unless = If + not = except if * Unless = If + ٟ = فؼً ِٕفexcept if
ٌُ إرا
ٕٝ اٌّؼٟ ٌىٓ االخزالف فIf اػذٛٔفظ ل : ِجبّوحUnless ٍٟ رٟ اٌغٍّخ اٌزٟ فٟظغ ٔفٛ٠ ال-
Ex: - Unless he gets up early, he will miss the train. - He would miss the bus except if he got up early. - Unless he got up early, he wouldn't catch the train.
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Deduction
االعزٕزبط
:%95 لا ثَٕجخ١ُ اٌغٍّخ عٙ فٍٟؼزّل ؽً عٍّخ االٍزٕزبط ػ٠ Must be + صفخ May be + صفخ Might be + صفخ Can't be
Present َ ضبسع ِزأولalmost / near certain و ِزأول١غ uncertain و ِزأول علا١ غvery uncertain ِزأول ال
Past ِٟبض must have been + صفخ may have been + صفخ might have been + صفخ can't have been + صفخ
been ْف صبٌش ِىب٠ رصوٞظغ أٚ ّٓى٠ * - The light is on. They must have returned back. . االعزٕزبط ِضبسعٚ ْ اٌجٍّخ ِضبسعّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ -1 - He is absent today, he must be ill. ِعبهع . ٟاالعزٕزبط ِبضٚ ْٟ اٌجٍّخ ِبضّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ -2 - He was absent yesterday, he must have been ill. ِٟبظ - He came two hours late. The bus must have broken down. ًرؼط . ٟاالعزٕزبط ِبضٚ ْ اٌجٍّخ ِضبسعّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ -3 - The cup is empty. He must have drunk the tea. . االعزٕزبط ِضبسعٚ ْٟ اٌجٍّخ ِبضّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ -4 - The plane arrived 2 hours ago, my dad must be on his way home. : يٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١ صٟضغ االعزٕزبط فٚ ّٓى٠ * - must have been + PP - may have been + PP - might have been + PP Ex: 1- The cup is empty. Tea must have been drunk. 2- There is no cheese in the fridge. It must have been eaten. Must be ثــــٟرٕف can't be Must have been ةــــٟرٕف can't have been Ex: - He isn't absent today, he can't be ill. ِعبهع - Ali wasn’t at the meeting. He can’t have read my e-mail. - The door can't have been open. I'd locked it and the key was in my pocket. - must have + PP
ٟ اٌّبضٟغخ ٌؼًّ اعزٕزبط ِضجذ ف١* رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌص = (I'm almost certain/ I’m nearly certain / sure he was ill)
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.ٟ اٌّبضٟء فٟس شٚخ حذ١ٔش ػٓ إِىب١غخ ٌٍزؼج١* رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌص - might have + PP = (I'm not certain / sure + ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثٟ) فؼً ِبظ = It's possible that perhaps + ً فبػ+ ػ١َ ثٟفؼً ِبظ Ex: - He might have left the country. = I'm not certain /sure that he left the country. - Rania wasn’t at school yesterday. She might have gone to the dentist. .)سٚو ِّىٕخ اٌؾل١ ( غٟ اٌّبظٟ فٟغخ ٌؼًّ اٍزٕزبط ِٕف١* رَزقلَ ٘نٖ اٌص - Can’t have +P.P. = (I'm nearly certain /sure it wasn't) Ex: - You have only been in the laboratory for 20 minutes. You can't have finished your experiment yet. Direct and Indirect speech / Reported Speech ش ِجبشش١ اٌغٚ اٌىالَ اٌّجبشش .ًاٛٓ أل١ظغ ثٛ٠ٚ َٗصله ِٓ اٌْقص ٔف٠ ٞ اٌىالَ اٌنٛ٘ :اٌىالَ اٌّجبشش .ًاٛٓ أل١ظغ ثٛ٠ الٚ ٌَبْ ّقص آفوٍٕٝمً ػ٠ ٞ اٌىالَ اٌنٛ٘ :ش ِجبشش١اٌىالَ اٌغ ٗاػٛٔأ Statement خ٠اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش
Order األِش
Question َبٙاالعزف
The Statement خ٠اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش Full stop ثـٟٙرٕزٚ ) ش١ّ ض/ ُخ دائّب رجذأ ثفبػً ( اع٠*اٌجٍّخ اٌخجش - “ I played tennis yesterday.” - “ Hoda went to the cinema yesterday.” :خ١ٌاد اٌزبٛش ِجبشش ٔزجغ اٌخط١ حبٌخ اٌغًٌٝ اٌجٍّخ ِٓ حبٌخ اٌّجبشش إ٠ٛ* ٌزح :ٟر٢ي وبٛح٠ يٛ فؼً اٌم-1Say Says Said
Say says Said
Say to + يٛو ِفؼ١ّظ Says to + يٛو ِفؼ١ّظ Said to + يٛو ِفؼ١ّظ .بّٙىٓ حزف٠ ٚ that
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tell + يٛو ِفؼ١ّظ tells + يٛو ِفؼ١ّظ told + يٛو ِفؼ١ّظ
ٔشثظ اٌجٍّخ ثىٍّخٚ اطٛ رحزف األل-2
I We You
he / she they I / he / she / you
. اٌىالَ غبٌجب ٌٍغبئتٕٝش حغت ِؼ١ اٌضّبئش رغ-3 his / her My Their Our my / his / her / your Your
.خ١ٔي ٌٍؾبٌخ اٌضبٛب رؾٙٔ فاٌٝٚ اٌؾبٌخ األٟ( فif) خ١ اٌّجبّو ّوغٟ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ف-4 .يٛ اٌضبٌضخ فال رزؾٚخ أ١ٔ اٌؾبٌخ اٌضبٟ( فif) خ١ اٌّجبّو ّوغٟ ئما وبٔذ اٌغٍّخ ف-5 :ٟر٢ٌٗ وبْٛ ِحٛ رىٚ أٟر٢ي وبٛ األصِٕخ رح-6 Direct ِجبشش ػ١َِعبهع ث ِعبهع َِزّو ػ١َ ثِٟبظ َِعبهع رب َِزّوِٟبظ ِعبهع ربَ َِزّو am - is are was - were don’t - doesn’t + ِصله didn’t + ِصله can will shall may must - have to - has to have got - has got must be may be might be can't be Direct ِجبّوIndirect و ِجبّو١غ that This those These there Here before Ago so Thus
ش ِجبشش١غ ػ١َ ثِٟبظ َِزّوِٟبظ َ ربِٟبظ َ ربِٟبظ ربَ َِزّوِٟبظ ربَ َِزّوِٟبظ was were had been didn’t + ِصله hadn’t + PP could would should might had to had must have been may have been might have been can't have been
Indirect
:ٟر٢ي وبٛخ رح١ر٢ف اٚ اٌظشٚ *اٌىٍّبد7 Direct ِجبّوIndirect و ِجبّو١غ then Now that day Today that night Tonight go Come take Bring
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Indirect ش ِجبشش١غ Direct ِجبشش the day before / the previous day Yesterday the night before / the previous night Last night the week before / the previous week Last week the year before / the previous year Last year the month before / the previous month Last month the next day / the following day Tomorrow the following week / the week after Next week in two days’ time The day after tomorrow two days before The day before yesterday Ex: 1- He told me that he had bought a new car the year before. 2- She told me that she was cooking the food then. 3- He told me that they would travel to Alex the following week. :ٌىٓ اٌعّبئو فمػ ئماٚ ) فٚال اٌظوٚ ًو ىِٓ اٌغٍّخ (اٌفؼ١ ال ٔغ:ظخٛ ٍِحمخ١ؼجو ػٓ ؽم٠ ًاٛ وبْ ِب ثلافً األل-1 ) tell - tells - say - says - say to - says to ( ػ١َي ِعبهع ثٛ وبْ فؼً اٌم-2 :خ١ر٢اً أؽل اٌىٍّبد اٛ وبْ لجً األل-3 (a moment ago / a minute ago /just now / now/ recently /a short time ago) Ex: 1- He says that he will give a party next week. 2- He tells me that he is reading a paper now. 3- He said just now that he has finished his work.
Order :ْػبٛٔ األِشٚ ًاْ رجذأ ثفؼٚ غخ األِش الثذ١ صٟ* اٌجٍّخ ف Don't open / Don't shut ٝ* أِش ِٕف Don’t sit / Don't play
Direct Said to Said to Said to Said to Said to Said to
Open / Shut Fire / Clean
* أِش ِضجذ
:ش ِجبشش١ غًٌٝ ِٓ ِجبشش إ٠ٛمخ اٌزح٠* طش :ٌٟي إٛح٠ يٛ فؼً اٌم-1 Indirect ordered / commanded ) ً ّقص الٌٝ ئٍٝأِو ( ِٓ ّقص أػ begged /prayed ) ٍٝ ّقص أػٌٝ ( ِٓ ّقص الً ئٝ روع- ًٍٛر asked / requested ) ( غٍت advised ) األغجبءٚ ٓ١ٍ اٌّلهٚ ثبء٢ْ ِٓ اٛؾخ رى١ٔصؼ ( إٌص told )ْب٠ٚافجو (ّقصبْ ِزَب warned ؽنه
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ُ اٌّصله صُٟ اٌفؼً فٙ١ٍ٠ not to خ ثـ١ اٌغٍّخ إٌّفٚ to ٔوثػ اٌغٍّخ اٌّضجزخ ثـٚ ًاٛ رؾنف األل-2 . اٌغٍّخٟثبل Ex: 1- Ali asked me to open the door. 2- The doctor advised me not to smoke much. 3- The officer ordered his soldiers to fire their guns. 4- The servant begged his master to give him one pound. 5- The teacher advised me not to waste my time.
Question َبٙ ثـؼالِخ اعزفٟٙرٕزٚ )wh / ho) َبٙ وٍّخ اعزفٚبَ رجذأ ثـفؼً ِغبػذ أٙغخ االعزف١ صٟ* اٌجٍّخ ف :ش ِجبشش١ غًٌٝ ِٓ ِجبشش إ٠ٛمخ اٌزح٠* طش :ٌٝ إsay يٛي فؼً اٌمٛح٠ ً ِغزمجٚي ِضبسع أٛ إرا وبْ فؼً اٌم-1 ( I ask - I want to know - I suggest - I wonder - I’d like to know - I don’t know- I inquire ) :ٌٟ إsaid يٛ رزحٟي ِبضٛ إرا وبْ فؼً اٌم-2 (I asked -I wondered -I inquired -I wanted to know -I suggested -I didn't know) ) wh / ho) كح ثبٌغٍّخٛعٌّٛبَ اٙ ٔوثػ اٌغٍّخ ثىٍّخ االٍزفٚ ًاٛ* رؾنف األل ٌشثظ اٌجٍّخwhether ٚ أif َ ٔبلص رَزقلٚ* ئما ثلا اٌَإاي ثفؼً َِبػل أ ) ٟٔف صب٠ػ ( رصو١َ ثٟ ٔغؼً اٌفؼً ِبظٚ بٙ ٔؾنفdo / does * ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ) had + pp( َ ربٟ ٔغؼً اٌفؼً ِبظٚ بٙ ٔؾنفdid اٌغٍّخٟ* ئما وبْ ف .ً٠ٛ اٌزؾُٟ فِٙ َٔزقلٚ ُٙ ) فال ٔؾنفv to be - v to have - * ئما ثلأ اٌَإاي ثـ (أفؼبي ٔبلصخ بٙف وّب ٍجك ّوؽٚ اٌظوٚ اٌعّبئوٚ * األىِٕخ يٛخ رجذأ ثفبػً صُ فؼً صُ ِفؼ٠ ّىً عٍّٗ فجوٍٝظغ اٌغٍّخ ػٛ* ر - ………………….…wh / ho / if / whether + ً فبػ/ ً فؼ/ يِٛفؼ Ex: خ٠عٍّخ فجو 1- He wanted to know if I was tired. 2- He asked me how I had gone to school the day before. 3- Ali inquired if I could speak German. إرا وبٔذ اٌجٍّخ رجذأ ثـ-3 (Would you like to + inf / How about + v + ing / What about + v + ing / Shall we + inf / Let’s + inf ) ( suggested + v + ing ) ٌٝي ئٛي فؼً اٌمٛٔؾ - She suggested having a glass of juice. - He suggested going to the club.
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جذأ ثـ٠ إرا وبْ اٌغؤاي-4 (Do you mind / Would you mind + v + ing / Can you / Could you + )ِصله ( wanted me to + inf / asked me to + inf ) ٌٝي إٛي فؼً اٌمٛٔح Ex: - He wanted me to open the door. - He asked me to open the door. (offered me +noun ) ٌٝ إsaid يٛ ( رزحWould you like + noun ) إرا ثذأ اٌغؤاي ثـ-5 - She offered me some coffee. :ش اٌضّبئش فمظ إرا١خ ٌىٓ ٔغ١ِٕف اٌضٚال اٌظشٚ ش األصِٕخ١ ال رزغ: ظخٛ* ٍِح شح١ ِٕز فزشح لصٝٙ* وبْ اٌىالَ لذ أز ) want to know - inquire - wonder - ask ( طـ١ي ِضبسع ثغٛ* وبْ فؼً اٌم خ١ر٢اط اٌىٍّبد اٛ* وبْ لجً األل (a moment ago / a minute ago /just now/now/ recently /a short time ago) Ex: 1- He wondered just now what Ali is doing. 2- He asked me a minute ago where I parked my car. 3- He asks us what we are doing now. ٟم١ش حم١ اٌغٟ اٌّبض/ ٌٟب١ اٌخٟاٌّبض I wish / If only ً – اٌّغزمجٟ اٌحبضش – اٌّبضٟ أعف فٚخ أ١ِٕش ػٓ أ١* رغزخذَ ٌٍزؼج * I wish / If only + ظ١ ثغِٟبض اٌّضبسع/ٌٟلذ اٌحبٌٛ اٟخ ف١ِٕرؼجش ػٓ أ Ex: - I wish it were sunny today / now) - I wish I met Hoda today. - If only I saw the film now. * I wish / If only + َ ربِٟبض Ex: - I wish I had met her yesterday. (last week) - I wish the weather had been fine last week. - 1f only I had passed my driving test yesterday. * I wish / If only + could / would +inf - I / we + could + inf - He - She - It -They -You + would + inf Ex: - I wish I could be a doctor. - I wish they would arrive soon.
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ٟ اٌّبضٟ إٌذَ ف/ رؼجش ػٓ األعف
ً اٌّغزمجٟخ ف١ِٕرؼجش ػٓ أ
:ذا١ جٟر٢* الحع ا َ ٔغزخذ/ ٔجذ/ٔضغ ًغخ اٌَّزمج١ رَزقلَ صI wish I - we could + ِصذس اٌضّبئشٟ ثبل+ would + ِصذس Ex: - I wish I could be a doctor. - I wish they would arrive soon.
ػٕذِب ٔجذ ثبٌجٍّخ - I’m sorry I can’t + inf - I’d like, but I can’t + inf - I expect - I look forward to + v + ing - My hope is to + inf - My goal is to + inf - I dream of + v + ing - I’m sorry I didn’t + inf - I regret + v + ing - I regret not + v + ing
- I wish I had + pp - I wish I hadn’t + pp - I wish I had + pp
Agree افكٛ٠ Arrange ورت٠ Decide موه٠ Demand طٍت٠ Expect لغٛز٠ Learn ٍُزؼ٠ Mean ثمصل/ ٕٝؼ٠ Offer ؼوض٠ Refuse وفط٠ Threaten لكٙ٠ Cause َجت٠ Allow َّؼ٠ Advise ٕصؼ٠ Remind نوو٠ Plan قطػ٠ Try يٚؾب٠ Help َبػل٠ Swear َُم٠ Hesitate زوكك٠ Pretend زظب٘و٠ Ex: - He decided to cancel the journey. - She agreed to help me. Enjoy َزّزغ٠ Imagine ً١زق٠ Suggest مزوػ٠ Practise ًّبه٠ Deny ٕىو٠ Own up ؼزوف٠ Confess ؼزوف٠ Admit ؼزوف٠ Mention نوو٠ Avoid زغٕت٠ Spend ٕفك٠ -ّٟع٠ Fancy ً١زق٠
: صُ ِصذسto ثؼذ٘بٟأر٠ خ١ر٢* األفؼبي ا Attempt يٚؾب٠ Dare غوؤ٠ Deserve َزؾك٠ Hope ًِأ٠ Long ْزبق٠ Manage ُزؾى٠ Pretend زظب٘و٠ Promise ػلٛ٠ Want ل٠و٠ Wish ّٕٝز٠ Force ُوغ٠ Intend ٕٞٛ٠ Warn ؾنه٠ Ask َأي٠ Afford )زؾًّ(ٔفمبد٠ Tend ًٌٝ ا١ّ٠ Seek َٝؼ٠ Resolve ُّص٠ Seem ٚجل٠ Invite ٛلػ٠
v + ing Finish ٟٕٙز٠ Prevent ّٕغ٠ Give up ٓلف ػٛز٠ Keep on ًاصٛ٠ Carry on ًاصٚٞ -َزّو٠ Recommend ثـٝصٛ٠ I can’t help َٟغ أْ إِغ ٔف١ال أٍزط I can’t stand ِخٚغ ِمب١ال أٍزط Postpone ًإع٠ Put off ًإع٠ Feel like ؾت٠ Don't feel like ؾت٠ ال
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ثؼذ٘بٟأر٠ خ١ر٢* األفؼبي ا Risk قبغو٠ Resent ّْئي٠ Go ن٘ت٠ Delay إفو٠ Detest ٖىو٠ Resist َٚمب٠ Go on َزّو٠ Miss فمل٠ Mind ّبٔغ٠ Come ٟأر٠ Involve ََزٍي٠/ًّْ٠ Consider ؼزجو٠ / فىو٠
Keep ٝجم٠ / ًظ٠ Anticipate Dislike ٖىو٠ / ؾت٠ الAppreciate Quit زون٠ / لفٛز٠ Cease Ex: - He suggested going to the cinema. - I feel like drinking coffee. - Fancy meeting you here.
لغٛز٠ مله٠ لفٛز٠ / لفٛ٠
Propose طٍت٠ / ٕٞٛ٠ Entail ََزٍي٠ Adore ؼْك٠
ٕٝ اٌّؼٟظ ف١ش ثغ١ ِغ رغto ٍِٗصذس لجٚ أing + ٗ ثؼذ٘ب فؼً ثٟأر٠ خ١ر٢* األفؼبي ا Begin جلأ٠ Start جلأ٠ Prefer ًفع٠ Like / love ؾت٠ Hate ٖىو٠ Continue َزّو٠ ْ فمظ٢ ا- حبٌخ خبصخ- ٕخ١ ِٕبعجخ ِؼٌٝش إ١ش٠ ٗٔ صُ ِصذس فبto ٖ* إرا جبء اٌفؼً ثؼذ (A particular occasion / now) Ex: - He began to sing, when he arrived at the party. ٖ ػبد/ دائّب- فىشح ػبِخٌٝش إ١ش٠ ٗٔ فبing ٗ ثؼذٖ فؼً ثٚ ً* إرا جبء ٔفظ اٌفؼ (A general statement / In general) Ex: - He began singing when he was ten. to ق ثـٛ ِصذس ِغجٚ أv + ing إرا جبء ثؼذ٘بٟٕخزٍف اٌّؼ٠ خ١ر٢*األفؼبي ا to + اٌّصله ٍٗفؼ٠ ُء صٌْٟزنوو ا٠ * Remember v + ing
ٟ اٌّبظٟء فٌْٟزنوو أٗ فؼً ا٠ -
Ex: - He remembered to post the letter. - He remembered posting the letter. to + اٌّصله
ًفؼٍٗ ِٓ األص٠ ٌُ ٗٔ اٞء أٌْٟفؼً ا٠ ْ إَٔٝ٠ -
* Forget ٍٗ أٔٗ فؼَٟٔٚ ءٌْٟفؼً ا
v + ing Ex: - He forgot to lock the door. - He forgot locking the door. to + اٌّصله
)ًفؼ٠ فٍٛ – فؼٍٗ ثؼل٠ ٌُ ( ءٌْٟفؼً ا٠ ْأٍف أ٠ -
* Regret v + ing
)ْ٢ٗ ا١ٍأٍف ػ٠ٚ ءٌْٟء (فؼً اٌْٟٕلَ أٗ فؼً ا٠ ٚأٍف أ٠ -
Ex: - I regret to tell you the bad news. - I regret telling you the bad news.
ئخ١ٌَ أفجون األفجبه اٟٕؤٍفٞ ئخ١ٌَ أفجوره األفجبه اٝٔ آٍف أ-
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to + ( اٌّصلهcouldn’t بَٙزقلَ ِؼ٠ٚ ًْف٠ ٓك ٌىٛٙجني ِغ٠( يٚؾب٠ * Try ًْف٠ للٚ ٕغؼ٠ ي للٚؾب٠ / غوة٠ -
v + ing
Ex: - I tried to stop him but he had already left. (I couldn't) - If you can't get up in the morning, try going to bed a bit earlier. to + اٌّصله
) فؼً ّئ آفو٠ ٟلف ٌغوض ( ٌىٛز٠ -
* Stop )ٍٗفؼ٠ ؼل٠ ٌُ ٞء ( أٌْٟلف ػٓ فؼً اٛز٠ -
v + ing Ex: - He stopped to buy a newspaper. - He stopped buying a newspaper.
لح٠ عوْٞزو٠ ٟلف ٌىٛر ب١بئٙٔ لف ػٓ ّواء اٌغوائلٛر
Relative clauses
ًصٌٛضّبئش ا
ٚش ػبلً أ١ غٚي ػبلً أٛ ِفؼْٚ فبػً أّٛىٓ أْ رى٠ اٌجٍّخٟ ضّبئش رحً ِحً وٍّخ ِىشسح فٟ٘ .ٖثؼذٚ ٍٗاٌضّبئش لجٚ صً إٌّبعت ٌٍجٍّخٌٛش ا١ّ االػزجبس ضٟضغ فٌٛجت ا٠ .ْ صِبِٚىبْ أ Who ٞاٌز .ٗ رصفٞضغ ثؼذ اٌفبػً اٌزٛ٠ٚ ً ثؼذ٘ب اٌفؼٟأر٠ٚ ً رحً ِحً اٌفبػً اٌؼبل.ب١بئٙٔ ب حشف جشٍٙضغ لجٛ٠ الWho + ًفؼ Ex: 1- Ali who cured my father is my friend. - Ali who is my friend cured my father. 2- I know Ahmed who is a football player. Whom ٞاٌز Whom + ش١ّ ض/ُاع .ً ثؼذ٘ب اٌفبػً صُ اٌفؼٟأر٠ٚ ًي اٌؼبلٛ رحً ِحً اٌّفؼ.ًصٌٛو ا١ّظؼٗ لجً ظٚ ّٓى٠ (with - from - to - about) ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ؽوف عوEx: 1- The driver whom we were talking about had an accident. 2- The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. 3- The driver about whom we were talking had an accident. .ب١بئٙٔب ؽوف عوَٙجم٠ ٌىٓ الٟٕ ٔفٌ اٌّؼٞرإكٚ whom ً رؾً ِؾwho * - The driver who we were talking about had an accident. - The driver about who we were talking had an accident. X اٌغٍّخ فطأ
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Which ٞاٌز اٌفبػً ثؼل٘بٚ اٌفؼً أٟأر٠ٚ ٗ رصفٞظغ ثؼل االٍُ اٌنٛرٚ ًو اٌؼبل١ي غٛ اٌّفؼٚ*رؾً ِؾً اٌفبػً أ (which) ًصٌٛو ا١ّظؼٗ لجً ظٚ ّٓى٠ * ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ؽوف عو Ex: 1- I found the camera which you were looking for. 2- I bought a car which was expensive. - The car which I bought was expensive. 3- He bought a new car which he made an accident with. - He bought a new car with which he made an accident. :ظخ ٘بِخٛ ٍِح.ُ٘كٛعٚ َ ؽبٌخ ػلٟ فٕٝ ٔفٌ اٌّؼٜ ٌزإكwho - whom - which ً ِؾthat َّىٓ اٍزقلا٠ :whom - which ًب ئما ؽٍذ ِؾ١بئٙٔ that ًظغ ؽوف اٌغو لجٛ٠ * ال - The driver that we were talking about had an accident. Ex: 1- Ali that / who cured my father is my friend. 2- The driver that / whom we were talking about had an accident. 3- I found the camera that / which you were looking for. :ظخ ٘بِخ جذاااااااٛ* ٍِح :ٍٟئْ وبْ أصٚ ٝصً آفو ؽزٚ و١ّ ظَٞزقلَ أ٠ الٚ خ١ٌعلٔب اٌىٍّبد اٌزبٚ ئماthat َ* رَزقل (all - any - only - it is - many - something - anything - nothing - none) (the tallest / the oldest / the most beautiful girl :ًٓ ِض١ٕٓ أوضو ِٓ اص١ً ث١)صفخ رفعٚ Ex: - This is all that I bought. Whose :خ١ر٢خ ا١رؾً ِؾً ظّبئو اٌٍّىٚ ًو ػبل١ غٚخ ػبلً أ١ رَزقلَ ٌٍٍّى(My / his / her / its / our / your / their / -’s - s' ) (whose) ًصٌٛو ا١ّظؼٗ لجً ظٚ ّٓى٠ ئما وبْ ثبٌغٍّخ ؽوف عو.ب١بئٙٔ whose ً ِؾthat ال رؾً وٍّخEx: 1- Huda whose father is a doctor is my friend. 2- My uncle whose house we live in travelled abroad. 2- My uncle in whose house we live travelled abroad.
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Where ْ رَزقلَ ِغ اٌّىبWhere + place ْ( = ِىبin- on - at - to + which) Ex: 1- This is the hotel which we stayed in. (which) - This is the hotel where we stayed. (where) 2- I went to Sharm which I spent four days in. - I went to Sharm where I spent four days.
ؽوف اٌغو الٍزقلإِبٝجم٠ ٕ٘ب ٕ٘ب ؽنفٕب ؽوف اٌغو الٍزقلإِب
When When + time = (in - on + which - day - month - year) Ex: - September is the month which we go to school in. - September is the month in which we go to school. - September is the month when we go to school.
ِٓ رَزقلَ ِغ اٌي-
:ذاااااااا١ جٟر٢* الحع ا :ذ١غخ ٌٍزأو١رغزخذَ ٘زٖ اٌص - It was + اعُ شخص+ that + ً فؼ+ اٌجٍّخٟثبل Ex: 1- It was Marconi that invented the Radio. 2- It was Zeweil that discovered the femtosecond. 3- It was William Shakespeare that wrote Macbeth. :اٌفبئمبدٚ ٓ١ ٌٍفبئم:ظخ ٘بِخ جذاٍِٛح v to be ٗؾنف ِؼ٠ ٚ who / which ًصً ِضٌٛو ا١ّّىٓ ؽنف ظ٠ ًّ ثؼط اٌغٟ* ف .ف اٌضبٌش٠ اٌزصوٝزجم٠ ٚ Ex: 1- Cotton which is grown in Egypt, will be exported to Europe. - Cotton grown in Egypt, will be exported to Europe. 2- The food which was left in the kitchen has turned bad. - The food left in the kitchen, has turned bad.
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1. Both ------ and
)ِٓ ً ) و..... ٚ
.غخ اٌغّغ١ صْٟ فٛى٠ بٙاٌفؼً ِؼٚ ْ صفزبْ ِقزٍفزبٚٓ أ١ٓ ِقزٍف١ٍٓ ثفبػ١ٓ ِضجزز١ روثػ عٍّزEx: 1- Both Ali and Hoda are doctors. 2- Hoda is both clever and beautiful. 2 - Neither -------------- nor
) ٝال ( ٌٍٕفٚ - ال :ِٕٗ ت٠زجغ اٌفبػً اٌمش٠ بٙ اٌفؼً ِؼٚ ٓ١ز١ٓ ِٕف١ روثػ عٍّز-
Ex: 1- Neither he nor I am a doctor. 2- He can neither read nor write. 3- He neither plays the match nor wins the cup. :َبٙغخ االعزف١ صٟ فnor ثؼلٚ ظغ اٌفؼً ثؼل٘بٛ٠ ي اٌغٍّخٚ أٟ فNeither * ئما عبءد - Neither + فؼً ِغبػذ+ ً فبػ+ ٍٟ اٌفؼً األصnor + فؼً ِغبػذ+ ً فبػ+ ٍٟاٌفؼً األص Ex: - Neither does he play the match nor does he win the cup. وزٌهٚ َبٙ اٌفؼً لجً اٌفبػً ثؼذ٘ب وبالعزفٟأر٠ ٓ١ٍ اٌفبػٟٓ ف١ِخزٍفزٚ ٓ١ٓ ِضجزز١* رشثظ جٍّز - (V.to Be / V.to Have / ) أفؼبي ٔبلصخٟ٘ ظغ وّبٛر ) do - did - does ( ٗٔٔعغ ِىبٚ ٗ فؼً آفو ٔؾنفٞأ Ex: 1- I’m a teacher and so is he. 2- I have a car and so has he. 3- I play tennis and so does he. 3- and so
ظ وزٌه١ٌٚ *
4- and neither.
: َبٙ اٌفؼً لجً اٌفبػً ثؼل٘ب وبالٍزفٟأر٠ ٓ١ٍ اٌفبػٟٓ ف١ِقزٍفزٚ ْٟز١ٓ َ ٔف١ روثػ عٍّزEx: 1- He isn't a teacher and neither am I. 2- I don’t play tennis and neither does he.
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5 - In addition
ٌٟثبإلظبفخ ئ
- In addition + s + v, s + v + …….. ) ثؼذ٘ب جٍّخ وبٍِخٟأر٠( Ex: - The city has a fine theatre; in addition it has an art museum. ٌٟثبإلظبفخ ئ 6- In addition to v + ing - Besides , ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ ………… - As well as noun / ُاع Ex: 1- In addition to the art museum, the city has a fine theatre. 2- As well as working late, he goes to the office on holidays. ضب٠أ
7 - As well as = along with = together with
:ٌٝٚزجغ فبػً اٌجٍّخ األ٠ ًاٌفؼٚ ثصفخ فبصخٌٝٚ اٌغٍّخ األٍٝل ػ١ٓ ٌٍزأو١* روثػ عٍّز Ex: 1- I as well as he am a teacher. 2- They as well as she are clever. also + ً فؼ+ …. عب٠ٌىٓ أٚ .... ٌ ٘نا فمػ١ٌ * as well
8- ً فبػ+not only + ً فؼ+ ……….but
خ ثصفخ خبصخ١ٔذ اٌجٍّخ اٌضب١* رشثظ جٍّزبْ ٌزأو خ١ٔ ثؼل فبػً اٌغٍّخ اٌضبalso ٚ ْٓ اٌغٍّزب١ ثbutٚ ٌٝٚ لجً فؼً اٌغٍّخ األnot only ظغٛ* ر خ اٌغٍّخ٠بٙٔ ٟ فas well ٚ Ex: - He succeeded. - His father gave him a present. (not only) - He not only succeeded but his father also gave him a present. as well :َبْٙ ػالِخ اعزفٚ شىً عؤاي ثذٍٝضغ اٌجٍّخ ػٛي اٌجٍّخ رٚ أٟ فnot only * إرا جبءد - Not only + فؼً ِغبػذ+ ً فبػ+ ً اٌفؼ+.but ................... Ex: - He not only succeeded but his father gave him a present as well. - Not only did he succeed but his father gave him a present as well. 9 - Because / as + s + v + …….
) ثؼذ٘ب جٍّخ وبٍِخٟأر٠ٚ( ْ* أل
Ex: 1- He succeeded because / as / since he studied hard.
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10- Because of v+ ing * ثغجت - Due to - Owing to صفخ+ فٛصِٛ , ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ ......... - On account of - Thanks to خ١ش ٍِى١ّ ض+ noun / ُاع - Through Ex: - He succeeded owing to/due to / thanks to studying hard. / his hard study. ٟ* ٌى
11- So that - In order that - In the hope that - ً فبػ+ فؼً ِعبهع ً فبػ+ ٟفؼً ِبظ
so that in order that in the hope that
+ ً فبػ+ may + inf )(ِصله + ً فبػ+ might + inf.)(ِصله
may / might ً فؼً ٔبلص آخش ِحٞضغ أٚ ّٓى٠ * Ex: - He ran fast so that he might / could / would catch the train. 12- so as to - in order to - to - ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+
ٟ* ٌى so as to in order to to
+
inf ) ( ِصذس
Ex: 1- We go to school in order to / to / so as to learn. 2- We get up early in order to / to / so as to catch the train. : ثؼذ٘ب جٍّخ وبٍِخٟأر٠ ٚ ٟٕ اٌّؼٟدسثظ جًّربْ ِزٕبلضزبْ فٚ ٓ* ثبيسغُ ِـ 13- Although - Though - Even though
+ عٍّخ وبٍِخ , ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ يٛ ِفؼ, although though even though
عٍّخ وبٍِخ ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+…… Ex: 1- Although he is rich, he is unhappy. 2- Although she is beautiful, she is unmarried.
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عٍّخ وبٍِخ ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ يِٛفؼ عٍّخ وبٍِخ ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ ………
: ٟٕ اٌّؼٟرشثظ جٍّزبْ ِزٕبلضزبْ فٚ ٓ* ثبيسغُ ِـ 14 - Despite - In spite of - With all - For all
V + ing صفخ+ فٛصِٛ ,
عٍّخ وبٍِخ ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ …….
خ١ش ٍِى١ّ ض+ ُاع Ex: - In spite of being rich, he is unhappy. - In spite of his wealth / riches, he is unhappy. ٓ١ٓ ِزٕبلضز١* ( ٌىٓ) رشثظ جٍّز 15- but - yet - however - nevertheless - ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+…...…
, but , yet , however , nevertheless
ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+……...
Ex: 1- Winter is cold, but, yet, however summer is hot. 2- He was blind, but , however, nevertheless he could find his way. .ِغ رٌهٚ ِؼٕب٘بٚ عظ اٌجٍّخٚ ٟثؼذ٘ب فٚ ,however, ًد فبصٍخ لجٛجٚ ِٓ * الثذ Ex: 1- Mariam is rich, however, Jehan is poor. 2- She is beautiful, however, she is unmarried. ً حبي صُ فبػً صُ فؼ/ ٗ ثؼذ٘ب صفٝي اٌجٍّخ رأرٚ أHowever * ئما أرذ - However + حبي/ صفخ+ ً فبػ+ ً فؼ, ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+ ……………. Ex: - However high the tree is, he can climb it. .ش١ي وجٚعظ اٌجٍّخ ٌىٓ اٌحشف األٚ ٟ فHowever ّٟىٓ أْ رأر٠ * ______ __________عٍّخ وبٍِخ. However, S + v + …………….. Ex: - She is rich. However, she is miserable. 16- Whatever : ً ثؼذ٘ب اعُ صُ فبػً صُ فؼٟأر٠ ي اٌجٍّخٚ أWhatever * إرا أرذ - Whatever + ُ اعـ/ noun…… + ً فبػ+ ًفؼ Ex: - Whatever lies he tells, he is believed. - Whatever riches she has, she is miserable.
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17-Thus, so, therefore, hence, that’s why, consequently -ً فبػ+ً فؼ+….….
رٌهٍٝ ثٕبء ػ/ * ٌزٌه
ً فبػ+ ًفؼ+..….
thus, so, therefore, hence, that’s why, consequently,
)ٜ أداح رحً ِحً األخشٞخ (أ١ٔ عجت اٌضبٌٟٚ* رشثظ جٍّزبْ اٌجٍّخ األ .ٓ١ظغ اٌغٍّزٚ ئما ػىَٕبٟٕ اٌّؼٟ فbecause * ػىٌ لبػلح Ex: 1- He didn't have enough money, so he didn’t buy the computer. 2- He was very tired so, thus , therefore he couldn’t walk. 3- He worked hard, consequently he succeeded. Time conjunctions
17- Till / Until - The moment - When - After - Before - As soon as
خ١ِٕاثظ اٌضٚاٌش
ـػ١َِعبهع ث َِعبهع رب ػ١ََِزمجً ث present simple / Present Perfect , Future simple come / comes has - have come S + will + inf eat / eats has - have eaten arrive / arrives has - have arrived
Future simple S+ will + v
till / until the moment when after before as soon as
present simple / Present Perfect S+ ـػ١َِعبهع ث
/ َِعبهع رب
Ex: 1- I’ll wait for him till / until he comes / has come. 2- He’ll phone you when he arrives / has arrived. 18- so ….. that ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+…… Ex:-
ْ* ٌذسجخ ا So
ٗصف
that + ًفبػ
He is so clever that he can pass the exam.
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+ ً فؼ+……..
:َبٙغخ االعزف١ صٟ ثؼذ٘ب اٌصفخ صُ اٌفؼً فٟأر٠ so * إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ - So + صفخ+ ً فؼ+ ً فبػ+ that……………………… Ex: - So clever is he that he can pass the exam. 19- such a / an ……..that
ْ* ٌذسجخ أ
ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+…such a / an ٗ صف+ فٛصِٛ that+ ً فبػ+ ً فؼ+… Ex: - He is such a clever boy that he can pass the exam. .َبٙغخ االعزف١ صٟف ) صُ اٌفؼً فٛصِٛ + ثؼذ٘ب اعُ ( صفخٟأر٠ such *إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ - Such a / an + صفخ+ فٛصِٛ + ً فؼ+ + ً فبػ+ that…………… Ex: - Such a clever boy is he that he can pass the exam. :ذا١ جٟر٢* الحع ا - On + v + ing = ػٕذWhen ػٕلِب - صفخ+ as + ً فبػ+ ً فؼ, s + v + ………………. - Being + صفـخ, S + v + ………………….. Ex: 1- On seeing the police man, the thief ran away. 2- Having finished his work, he went out. 3- Cheap as the car was, he refused to buy it. 4- The day being hot, we decided to go for a swim. : َبْٙ ػالِخ اعزفٚ شىً عؤاي ثذٍٟضغ اٌجٍّخ ػٛخ ر١ر٢اد اٚ ِٓ األدٞ* إرا ثذأد اٌجٍّخ ثأ Helping Seldom and so Scarcely Vainly and neither Hardly Little Never Rarely Always So No sooner Only Such Not only Neither ٍإاي nor ٍإاي On no condition Nowhere On no account Only when In no circumstances Only by / then Ex: - I have never seen such a boring film. (Never) 1- Never have I seen such a boring film. 2- Hardly did I meet him, I told him the details. 3- Not only did he buy a new car but he also built a house.
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4- On no account should you walk home by yourself. 5- In no circumstances should you insult this polite man. 6- No sooner had the plane taken off than it crashed. 7- On no condition can we discuss this matter on any account. 8- Seldom do I see so many people keeping the environment clear. 9- Never have we enjoyed the latest show. 10- On no condition must people park here on any condition. The future perfect tense َصِٓ اٌّغزمجً اٌزب . ً اٌّغزمجٟٓ ف١ ِؼٚلذ ِحذد اٚ ٟ فٟٕٙز٠ ٚصٗ أٚزُ حذ٠ٚ مغ١ؼجشػٓ حذس ع٠ Formation: ٓ٠ٛاٌزى -ً اٌفبػ+ will / shall / might + have + p.p Ex: - I will have moved into a new villa in two weeks' time. - In five years’ time, the government will have built 500 schools. .َ صِٓ اٌّغزمجً اٌزبٟي فٛٙ ٌٍّجٟٕغخ اٌّج١* ص shall Object (ي اٌغٍّخٛ ( ِفؼ+ will + have + been + p.p + by +Subject )ً( اٌفبػ might Ex: - By next June, he will have written his second novel. (active) - By next June, his second novel will have been written. ( passive) - She will have prepared the reports before he leaves. (active) - The reports will have been prepared before he leaves. ( passive) - By 2050, petrol cars will have been replaced by electric ones. Key words: - In + period of time ( خ١ِٕ)فزشح ص - in a year's time - in a week's time / in 2 months' time - in 3 years’ time. - By + exact time ( لذ ِحذدٚ) - By next July - By next May - By 2018 - By next year - This time + exact time ( لذ ِحذدٚ) - This time next year - This time tomorrow - This time next April
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Modal verbs )ً (ِٓ األفع: اٌّضبسعٟحخ ِضجزٗ ف١ إلػطبء ٔص-1 1- should = ought to + = ِصلهIt is advisable / desirable to + ِصله Ex: - You should / ought to work hard. - You should / ought to look for a new job. - It is advisable to do your best to achieve your goal. 2- shouldn’t = oughtn’t to
)ًٌ ِٓ األفع١ٌ ( : اٌّضبسعٟخ ف١حخ ِٕف١ إلػطبء ٔص-2 + = ِصلهIt’s inadvisable/undesirable to + ِصله
Ex: - You shouldn’t / oughtn’t to waste your time. - It is inadvisable to get up late. 3- (Late advice) ؾخ ِزأفوح١ٔص )ٍٗفؼ٠ ٌُ ٌٕٗىٚ فؼً ونا٠ ْٗ أ١ٍغت ػ٠ ْ ( وب:ٟ اٌّبضٟحخ ِضجزٗ ف١ إلػطبء ٔص-3 - should / ought to + have + pp = It was advisable / desirable to + ِصله Ex: - He was at home yesterday. He should have been at work. - He got low marks. He should have studied hard. 4- Blame ػزبة- ٌَٛ )ٌٍٗىٕٗ فؼٚ ٟ اٌّبظٟفؼً ونا ف٠ ض االٚ (وبْ ِٓ اٌّفو:ٟ اٌّبضٟخ ف١حخ ِٕف١ إلػطبء ٔص-4 * - shouldn’t / oughtn’t to +have + pp = It was inadvisable / undesirable to +ِصله Ex: - He shouldn’t have / oughtn’t have forgotten his mobile. - He missed the bus. It was inadvisable to get up late. 5-Necessity in the present: - must + ِصله
)َ اٌّعبهع ( ئٌياٟهح فٚو ػٓ ظو١ ٌٍزؼج-5 * غ اٌضّبئش١ِّغ ج
- have to - have got to - need to
+ ِصذس
- has to - has got to - needs to
+ ِصذس
ِغ
ِغ
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( I - They - We - You - ) اعُ جّغ
(He - She - It - ) اعُ ِفشد
Ex: 1- He is ill, he must / has to / has got to / needs to see the doctor. 2- They are late, they must / have to / have got to / need to take a taxi. )َظ إٌضا١ٌ ( اٌّضبسعٟسح فٚ* ػذَ ضش
6- Lack of necessity in the present - needn’t + ِصذس
ِغ وً اٌضّبئش
- don’t have to - don’t need to - haven’t got to
+ ِصذس
ِغ
(I - They - We - You - ) اعُ جّغ
- doesn’t have to - doesn’t need to - hasn’t got to
+ ِصذس
ِغ
( He - She - It - ) اعُ ِفشد
Ex: 1- He isn’t ill, he needn’t / hasn’t got to / doesn’t have to / doesn’t need to see the doctor. 1- They aren’t late, they needn’t / don’t need to / don’t have to / haven’t got to take a taxi. 7- Necessity in the past:
)ٟ (اٌياَ ِبظٟ اٌّبضٟسح فٚش ػٓ ضش١* ٌٍزؼج
- had to + ِصله غ اٌضّبئش١ِّغ ج Ex: 1- He was ill; he had to see the doctor. 2- They were late; they had to take a taxi. )َظ اٌضا١ٌ( ٟ اٌّبضٟسح فٚ*ػذَ ضش
8- Lack of necessity in the past:
- didn’t have to / didn’t need to + ِصله Ex: - He wasn’t ill, he didn’t need to see the doctor. - They weren’t late, they didn’t have to take a taxi. 9- Necessity in the future
)ً اٌّغزمجً (اٌياَ َِزمجٟسح فٚش ػٓ ضش١* ٌٍزؼج
- will have to + ِصذس Ex: - You will have to go to school tomorrow.
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10- Lack of necessity in the future
)َظ اٌضا١ٌ( ً اٌّغزمجٟسح فٚش ػٓ ػذَ ضش١* يٌزؼج
- won’t have to + ِصذس Ex: - You won’t have to go to school tomorrow. 11- Prohibition ُ٠اٌزحش Mustn’t )ٗػ ثَِّٛ و١ء غّٟ / ظوهٚ اٜٗ أم١ٍزورت ػ٠ ٗء ئْ فؼٍزّٟ / ْٛٔ ظل اٌمب/ هٛ ِؾظ/ عِّٕٛ(:َش ػٓ رٌه ثبعزخذا١ّىٓ اٌزؼج٠ - It’s forbidden / prohibited /banned هٛ ِؾظ/ عِّٕٛ = It isn't permitted ػَِّٛ و١غ - It's not allowed to + = ِصلهYou aren’t allowed to + = ِصلهIt’s against the law. Ex: 1- You mustn’t smoke here, it’s forbidden, prohibited, banned. 2- Smoking is forbidden here. It’s against the law. 3- You mustn’t park here, it’s not allowed to park here. 12- Could have + pp )ًفؼ٠ ٌُ ٌٕٗىٚ فؼً ونا٠ ْ اٍزطبػزٗ أٟ (وبْ فٟ اٌّبظٟو ػٓ اٌملهح ف١ رَزقلَ ٌٍزؼجEx: - I could have traveled by plane but I didn't. - She could have bought the blouse, but she didn't.
.
13- Couldn't have + pp )فؼً ونا٠ ْ اٍزطبػزٗ أٟىٓ ف٠ ٌُ( ٟ اٌّبظٟس ّئ فٚ رَزقلَ ٌزؼجو ػٓ اٍزؾبٌخ ؽلEx: - Adel couldn't have scored the goal yesterday. He was injured. - Hoda couldn't have caught the train. She got up late. ػٕذِب ٔجذ ثبٌجٍّخ It is advisable / desirable It is inadvisable/ undesirable It was advisable / desirable It was inadvisable / undesirable It is necessary It isn't necessary It was necessary
:ذا١ جٟر٢الحع ابٙٔٔضغ ِىبٚ بٙٔحزف should / ought to + ِصله shouldn’t / oughtn’t to + ِصله should have + PP shouldn't have + PP must + بٙارٛأف needn’t + بٙارٛأف had to + ِصله
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It wasn’t necessary didn’t have to / didn’t need to + ِصله It will be necessary will have to + ِصله It won’t be necessary won’t have to + ِصله It’s banned /forbidden / prohibited mustn’t + inf ِصله Ex: 1- It is necessary for him to get up early. - He must / has to / needs to / has got to get up early. 2- It was necessary for them to clean the house. - They had to clean the house.
Causative خ١اٌجٍّخ اٌغجج ّْٗ روش اعٌٚىٓ لبَ ثٗ شخص آخش دٚ إٔٔب ٌُ ٔمُ ثبٌؼًّ أٔفغٕبٍٝ إرا أسدٔب أْ ٔؼجش ػٕٗ٠ٛرى ً فبػ+ V. to Have وً األصِٕخٟ ف+ )ءٟي (شٛ ِفؼ+ ف اٌضبٌش٠اٌزصش :ش لٍتٙحفع ػٓ ظ٠ٚ ُِٙ يٚ* جذ صِٓ اٌجٍّخ ػ١ِعبهع ثَـ ـػ١َ ثِٟبظ ِعبهع َِزّو َِزّوِٞبض َِعبهع رب َ ربِٟبظ ) أفؼبي ٔبلصخ ( ػْوح Have to - Has to Hade to Am Is . going to Are . about to Was . to Were - (Be) supposed to - Need to - Needn't -Appear to- Seem to -Will have to
V. To Have
ٗ ِؼٟأر٠ ٞاٌز
have - has had am having - is having - are having was having - were having have had - has had had had ُ٘ ثؼلhave ْ وٍّخٚأفن٠ ً فؼ34 ٍُٙو can have - could have - shall have - should have - will have - would have - may have - might have - must have ought to have - have to have - has to have - had to have are about to have - is to have - is about to have - am to have - are to have - was about to have - were about to have - is going to have - (be) supposed to have - need to have - needn't have - appear to have - seem to have - will have to have
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Ex: 1- The barber cuts my hair. - I have my hair cut. 2- The barber cut my hair. - I had my hair cut. 3- The worker is building my house. - I'm having my house built. 4- She was cleaning my house. - I was having my house cleaned. 5- The mechanic has repaired my car. - I have had my car repaired. 6- The mechanic had repaired my car. - I had had my car repaired. 7- The mechanic will repair my car. - I will have my car repaired 8- The mechanic is going to repair my car. - I’m going to have my car repaired. 9- He got someone to clean his flat. - He had his flat cleaned. Exercises: 1- The builder is building my house. 2- The worker has watered my garden. 3- The barber had cut my hair. 4- The dustman is going to dust my house. 5- The barber will cut my hair.
(I) ( had ) ( I'm ) ( have ) (I) ( had ) (I) ( have ) (He had)
ك١فٛ اٌزٌٟٚ هللاٚ طٚذاس١ػبطف ِحّذ ػ خ٠ض١ٍشاٌٍغخ اإلٔج١ِؼٍُ خج
(I) (I) (I) (I) (I)
أدػ١خ ِأصٛسح ػٕذ اٌّزاوشح: اٌٍ٠ ُٙـب ُِ َؼٍِــُِّ آكَ ػٍّّٕ٠ٚ ..ٟب ِفّ١ٍٍ ُّٙبْ ف ,,ّّٟٕٙاٌٍ ُٙال ٍٙـً ئال َ اٌؾيْ ئما ّئذ ٍٙال .فَ ٌٟ ًّٙأِو٠ ٞب ِب عؼٍزٗ ٍٙالٚ .أٔذ رغؼـً أهؽُ اٌواؽّ,,ٓ١ ثؼذ اٌّزاوشح: اٌٍ ُٙئٔ ٟاٍزٛكػزه ِب ؽفظذ ِٚب فّٙذ فو ّكٖ ٌ ٟػٕل ؽبعز ٟئٌ١ـٗ ئٔه ػٍ ٝوً ّٟء لل٠و,, َٛ٠االِزحبْ: اٌٍ ُٙئٔ ٟرٛوٍذ ػٍ١ــه ٍٍّٚذ أِو ٞئٌ١ـه ال ِـٍغـأ ِٕٚغِٕ ٝه ئال ئٌــ١ه,, ػٕذ دخـٛي اٌمـبػخ: هة أكفٍِٕ ٟلفً صلق ٚ ,أفوعِٕ ٟقوط صلق ٚ ,اعؼً ٌِٓ ٟ ٌلٔه ٍٍطبٔب ٔص١وا,, لجً اٌجذء ثبٌحــً: هة اّوػ ٌ ٟصلهَ٠ ٚ ,ٞو ٌ ٟأِو ٚ ,ٞاؽًٍ ػملح ِٓ ٌَبٟٔ ٠فمٛٙا ل,,ٌٟٛ ػٕـذ إٌغ١ــبْ: اٌٍ٠ ُٙب عبِغ إٌـبً ف َٛ٠ ٟال ه٠ت ف١ـٗ اعّؼٕ ٟثعبٌّز,,ٟ ػٕذ االٔزٙبء: اٌؾّل هلل اٌن٘ ٞلأـب ٌٙنا ِٚـب وٕـب ٌٕٙزلٌٛ ٞال أْ ٘لأب هللا,,
