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English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook Gianfranco Catanzaro
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Gianfranco Catanzaro
English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook
GIANFRANCO CATANZARO
ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 2: A HANDBOOK
UNIVERSIDAD CESAR VALLEJO ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS, TRADUCCION E INTERPRETACION
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Gianfranco Catanzaro
Catanzaro Vargas, Gianfranco English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook, 1ra. Ed. Piura: Universidad Cesar Vallejo. Escuela de Idiomas, Traducción e Interpretación, 2010. 174 p.
GRAMATICA Y REDACCION
Gianfranco Catanzaro Vargas. 2010. Primera compilación.
La reproducción total o parcial de este libro, su tratamiento informático, la transmisión de cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrónico, por fotocopia, por registro u otros métodos, está permitida siempre que se cite la fuente de compilación
English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook
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CONTENTS
1. Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast Past simple.................................................................................................... Past Continuous............................................................................................ Exercise 1.1....................................................................................... Exercise 1.2....................................................................................... Exercise 1.3....................................................................................... Exercise 1.4....................................................................................... Exercise 1.5....................................................................................... Exercise 1.6....................................................................................... Past Simple and Past continuous in Contrast................................................ Exercise 1.7........................................................................................ Exercise 1.8........................................................................................ Exercise 1.9........................................................................................ Exercise 1.10...................................................................................... Exercise 1.11...................................................................................... Exercise 1.12...................................................................................... Exercise 1.13...................................................................................... Exercise 1.14......................................................................................
09 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20
2. Present Perfect and Past simple in Contrast Present Perfect.............................................................................................. Exercise 2.1....................................................................................... Exercise 2.2....................................................................................... Exercise 2.3....................................................................................... Exercise 2.4....................................................................................... Exercise 2.5....................................................................................... Exercise 2.6....................................................................................... Exercise 2.7....................................................................................... Present Perfect and Past simple in contrast.................................................. Exercise 2.8....................................................................................... Exercise 2.9....................................................................................... Exercise 2.10.....................................................................................
21 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27
3. Present Perfect Modifiers Ever & Never.................................................................................................. Exercise 3.1........................................................................................ Exercise 3.2........................................................................................ Exercise 3.3........................................................................................ Exercise 3.4........................................................................................ Exercise 3.5........................................................................................
29 29 30 30 31 31
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Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercise 3.6....................................................................................... Exercise 3.7....................................................................................... How long, For & Since................................................................................... Exercise 3.8....................................................................................... Exercise 3.9....................................................................................... Exercise 3.10..................................................................................... Exercise 3.11..................................................................................... Exercise 3.12..................................................................................... Exercise 3.13..................................................................................... Exercise 3.14..................................................................................... Exercise 3.15.....................................................................................
32 33 34 35 35 36 36 37 38 38 39
4. The Formal Letter Exercise 4.1................................................................................................... Exercise 4.2................................................................................................... Exercise 4.3................................................................................................... Exercise 4.4................................................................................................... Exercise 4.5................................................................................................... Exercise 4.6................................................................................................... Exercise 4.7................................................................................................... Exercise 4.8................................................................................................... Exercise 4.9................................................................................................... Exercise 4.10................................................................................................. Exercise 4.11................................................................................................. Exercise 4.12................................................................................................. Exercise 4.13................................................................................................. Exercise 4.14................................................................................................. Exercise 4.15................................................................................................. Exercise 4.16................................................................................................. Exercise 4.17.................................................................................................
44 44 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 62 63
5. Letter of Application Exercise 5.1................................................................................................... Exercise 5.2................................................................................................... Exercise 5.3................................................................................................... Exercise 5.4................................................................................................... Exercise 5.5................................................................................................... Exercise 5.6................................................................................................... Exercise 5.7................................................................................................... Exercise 5.8................................................................................................... Exercise 5.9................................................................................................... Exercise 5.10................................................................................................. Exercise 5.11................................................................................................. Exercise 5.12................................................................................................. Exercise 5.13.................................................................................................
67 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
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6. Letter of Complaint Exercise 6.1................................................................................................. Exercise 6.2................................................................................................. Exercise 6.3................................................................................................. Exercise 6.4................................................................................................. Exercise 6.5................................................................................................. Exercise 6.6................................................................................................. Exercise 6.7................................................................................................. Exercise 6.8................................................................................................. Exercise 6.9................................................................................................. Exercise 6.10............................................................................................... Exercise 6.11...............................................................................................
82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 94 95
7. Gerunds and Infinitives Exercise 7.1................................................................................................. Exercise 7.2................................................................................................. Exercise 7.3................................................................................................. Exercise 7.4................................................................................................. Exercise 7.5.................................................................................................
98 98 99 99 100
8. The Article Exercise 8.1.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.2.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.3.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.4.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.5.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.6.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.7.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.8.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.9.................................................................................................. Exercise 8.10................................................................................................ Exercise 8.11................................................................................................ Exercise 8.12................................................................................................ Exercise 8.13................................................................................................ Exercise 8.14................................................................................................ Exercise 8.15................................................................................................
104 107 109 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
9. Articles The................................................................................................................ a/an and The................................................................................................. Exercises 9.1................................................................................................. Exercises 9.2................................................................................................. Exercises 9.3................................................................................................. Exercises 9.4................................................................................................. Exercises 9.5................................................................................................. Exercises 9.6................................................................................................. Exercises 9.7.................................................................................................
123 124 124 125 126 126 127 127 128
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Gianfranco Catanzaro Exercises 9.8................................................................................................ 10. Quantifiers A lot of, much and Many............................................................................... Exercise 10.1.................................................................................... Exercise 10.2.................................................................................... Little and Few................................................................................................ Exercise 10.3..................................................................................... Exercise 10.4..................................................................................... Exercise 10.5..................................................................................... Exercise 10.6.....................................................................................
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129 129 129 130 131 131 132 132
11. The Past Perfect Exercise 11.1................................................................................................. 134 Exercise 11.2................................................................................................. 134 Exercise 11.3................................................................................................. 135
12. Short Story Developing Narrative...................................................................................... Exercise 12.1.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.2.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.3.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.4.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.5.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.6.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.7.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.8.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.9.................................................................................................. Exercise 12.10................................................................................................ Exercise 12.11................................................................................................
139 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
13. Relative Clauses Exercise 13.1.................................................................................................. Exercise 13.2.................................................................................................. Exercise 13.3.................................................................................................. Exercise 13.4..................................................................................................
153 154 154 155
Appendix 1: List of Irregular Verbs Appendix 2: List of regular Verbs Appendix 3: Phrasal Verbs Bank
Bibliography
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1 Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast
PAST SIMPLE Look at this example:
Cesar Vallejo was a Peruvian writer and journalist. He lived from 1892 – 1938. He wrote several books, poems, stories and essays but only published three books in his lifetime. He died in Paris – France when he was 46 years old Was / lived / wrote / published / died are all in past simple
There are two types of verbs regular and irregular verbs: Regular verbs are followed by an –ed at the end:
I study at the University now, before I studied at secondary school. John worked in a Bank from 1982 to 2009 We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
There are two spelling rules: 1. If a verb finishes in Y and before there is a constant (e.g. study, carry, try), we change the Y for an I and then we add –ed Study studied Carry carried Try tried. If the verb finihes in Y and before there is a vowel (play, enjoy), we only add –ed Play played Enjoy enjoyed
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2. If a verb has one syllable and the last three letters and consonant + vowel + consonant (stop, plan, rub), we double the last consonant and then we add –ed. Stop stopped Plan planned Rub rubbed
Irregular verbs do not end in –ed, they change completly:
Write wrote See saw Go went
Cesar Vallejo wrote several books. We saw Kevin at the supermarket I went on vacation last month
There are some verbs which do not change to make the past simple:
Read read Cut cut Cost cost Hit hit Let let Put put Shut shut
For negative and questions we use the auxiliary did / didn’t + the verb in present.
A: Did you go out last night? B: Yes, I went to Cineplanet, but I didn’t like the movie
They didn’t invite me to the party
The past tense of be (am, is, are) is was / were I / he / she / it
was / wasn’t
We / you / they were / weren’t
Was
I / he / she / it ?
Were we / you / they ?
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PAST CONTINUOUS Look at this example
Yesterday Ann and Robert played tennis. They began at 8.00 and finished at 10.00 So, at 9.00 they were playing tennis They were playing = they were in the middle of the action. They had not finished playing Was / were + -ing is the past continuous
I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time, but had not finished.
I started doing
I was doing
I finished doing
past
past
now
This time last year, I was living in Lima What were you doing at 8.00 pm last night?
Exercise 1.1. What were you doing at these times? Write true sentences: 1. (at 8.00 yesterday evening) 2. (at 5.00 last Monday)
I was reading a book. _______________________________________
3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning) _______________________________________ 4. (at 4.30 this morning)
_______________________________________
5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening)
_______________________________________
6. (half an hour ago)
_______________________________________
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Exercise 1.2 Look at the pictures. Where were thse people at 3.00 yesterday afternoon? What were they doing?
1. Ann was at home. She was watching TV. 2. Sue and Jack ____________________________________________________ 3. Tom ___________________________________________________________ 4. Linda __________________________________________________________ 5. Sam and Liz _____________________________________________________
Exercise 1.3 Joanne did a lot of things yesterday morning. Write a sentence for each picture.
1. At 9.45, she was washing her car. 2. At 11.45 ___________________________________________________________ 3. At 09.00 __________________________________________________________ 4. At 12.50 __________________________________________________________ 5. At 8.15 ___________________________________________________________ 6. At 10.30 __________________________________________________________ Exercise 1.4 Write the questions using was / were + -ing 1. (what / Tim / do / when you saw him?) What was Tim doing when you saw him? 2. (what / you / do / at 11,00?) __________________________________________________________________
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3. (what / she / wear / yesterday?) _________________________________________________________________ 4. (it / rain / when you went out?) _________________________________________________________________ 5. (where / you / live / in 1991?) _________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1.5 Write questions and answers using the past continuous Q: what was Rob doing on Sunday at 11.00? A: He was listening to a CD
Q: __________________________ A: ___________________________
Q: __________________________ A: ___________________________
Q: __________________________ A: ___________________________
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Exercise 1.6 Read the text and correct the information. Craig was sitting in front of the TV yesterday evening. He wasn’t watching the program because he was putting a new battery on his mobile phone. He was feeling angry because he was waiting for his girlfriend Jennifer to come to dinner and as usual, she was late. Suddently he heard the name Jennifer Murray. He looked at the TV and he saw his girlfriend. Jennifer was stanging on the beach. She was wearing shorts and a t-shirt but they were wet. She was holding a little boy’s hand and she was smiling. The TV man said ‘Four-year-old Martin Mulligan can’t swim. He was playing on the beach when a big wave pulled him out to the sea. Jennifer saved him. She swam out to him and brought him back’.
1. Craig was sitting in front of his computer He wasn‟t sitting in front of his computer. He was sitting in front of the TV. 2. He was feeling happy. __________________________________________________________ 3. He was waiting for his parents to come to dinner __________________________________________________________ 4. Jennifer was standing outside a bank __________________________________________________________ 5. She was wearing a party dress. __________________________________________________________ 6. She was crying __________________________________________________________
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PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN CONTRAST Look at the example
What happened? What was Jack doing when the phone rang? What did he do when the phone rang?
The phone rang (simple past) He was reading a book (past continuous) He stopped reading and answered.
Jack began reading before the phone rang, so: When the phone rang, he was reading.
The phone rang
He began reading
He stopped reading
He answered the phone
He was reading
We often use the past simple and the past continuous to say that soething happened in the middle of something else:
John phone while we were having dinne It was raining when I got up
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Exercise 1.7 Look at the pictures and write the sentences. Use the past continuous or the past simple.
1. (Tom / walk / down the street) ________________________________________ (He /see / Jack) ___________________________________________________ (He / say / hello) __________________________________________________ 2. (They / sit / in the garden) ___________________________________________ (It / start / to rain) __________________________________________________ (They / go / into the house) __________________________________________ 3. (Mary / paint / the room) _____________________________________________ (She / fall / off the ladder) ____________________________________________ (She / break / her arm) _______________________________________________ Exercise 1.8 Complete the sentences in past continuous or past simple. 1. When we went (go) out, it was raining (rain) 2. I wasn‟t hungry last night. I ________________ (not / eat) anything 3. ___________________ (you / watch) television when I _______________ (phone) you? 4. Jane was busy when I went to see her. She _______________________ (work) 5. I _______________ (get) up early this morning.
________________ (wash),
______________ (get) dressed and then I ________________ (have) breakfast 6. The mail _______________(come) while I ___________________ (have) lunch 7. We ______________ (meet) Joan at the party. She ____________(wear) a red dress 8. The boys____________ (break) the window while they _____________ (play) baseball
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9. I was late, but my friends ____________(wait) for me when I ______________ (arrive) 10. I ___________ (get) up at 7 o‟clock. The sun _____________ (shine), so I __________ (go) for a walk 11. He ________________ (not / drive) fast when the accident ______________ (happen) 12. “What ______________ (you / do) on Saturday evening?” “ I went to the movies”
Exercise 1.9 Put the verb into the correct form, past simple or past continuous
I _____________ (see) Sue in town yesterday, but she
______________
(not/see).
She
______________ (look) the other way
I _____________ (meet) Tom and Jane at the airport a few weeks ago. They _______________ (go) to Paris and I ______________ (go) to Rome. We ______________ (have) a chat while we ________________ (wait) for our flights.
I _______________ (cycle) home yesterday when a man _______________ (step) out into the road in front of me. I _______________ (go) quite fast, but luckily I _________________ (manage) to stop in time and ______________ (not / hit) him.
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Exercise 1.10 Put the verbs into the correct form, past simple or past continuous 1. Jenny ________________ (wait) for me when I ________________ (arrive) 2. “What ___________________ (you / do) at this time yesterday?” “I was asleep” 3. “__________________ (you / go) out last night?” “No, I was too tired” 4. How fast ___________________ (you /drive) when the accident __________ (happen)? 5. Sam __________________ (take) a photograph of me while I ___________ (not / look) 6. We were in a very difficult position. We ____________________ (not / know) what to do 7. I haven‟t seen Alan for ages. When I last ______________ (see) him, he ____________ (try) to find a job 8. I _______________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I ______________ (hear) footsteps‟ behind me. Somebody ________________ (follow) me. I was scared and I _______________ (start) to run 9. When I was young, I __________________ (want) to be a pilot. 10. Last night I ________________ (drop) a plate when I _______________ (do) the washing up. Fortunately it _________________ (not / break) Exercise 1.11 Write the sentences using the prompts. 1. I / in the Red Sea / when / I / a shark I was swimming in the Red Sea when I saw a shark 2. While / I / on the phone / the cat / my dinner While I was talking on the phone, the cat ate my dinner 3. I / in the garden / when / it / to rain __________________________________________________ 4. Where / you / when / you / your earring? __________________________________________________ 5. She / to work / when / she / an old school friend __________________________________________________ 6. Where / you / when / you / the spaceship? __________________________________________________ 7. Dave / on the phone / when / his girlfriend / into the room __________________________________________________ 8. Who / when / they / the accident? __________________________________________________ 9. We / TV / when / we / a loud scream __________________________________________________ 10. I / a shower / when / you __________________________________________________ 11. While / we / in the garden / a big dog / over the wall __________________________________________________ 12. While / you / in America / they / married __________________________________________________
(swim, see) (talk, eat) (sit, start) (run, lose) (walk, meet) (see, stand) (talk, walk) (drive, have) (watch, hear) (have, arrive) (work / jump) (live, get)
English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 13. While / Mark / the room / he / off the ladder __________________________________________________ 14. While / Eva / tennis / she / down __________________________________________________ 15. While / Steve and Sandra / in the lake / somebody / their clothes __________________________________________________ 16. While / I / an e-mail / the computer / suddenly / down __________________________________________________
19 (paint, fall) (play, fall) (swim, take) (write / crash)
Exercise 1.12 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous I ______________ (have) an accident last week. I ______________ (play) football on the beach with my friends and I ______________ (not wear) shoes. I ______________ (run) after the ball when suddenly I ______________ (stand) on a piece of glass and I ______________ (cut) my foot.
I ______________ (sit) down on the sand and ______________ (start) to scream. My friend Andy ______________ (come) to help me. He ______________ (look) at my foot and ______________ (see) the glass in it. While Andy ______________ (get) the glass out of my foot, he ______________ (tell) me funny stories. Then he ______________ (take) me to hospital in his motorbike. At the hospital, the nurse ______________ (ask) m lots of questions while she ______________ (clean) my foot. One question was „Where ______________ (you play) football when it ______________ (happen)?‟ Her next question was „haven‟t you got any shoes, dear?‟ I ______________ (not answer) her.
Exercise 1.13 Write the sentences using the verbs in brackets into past simple or past continuous 1. She (wait) to pay for her shopping when somebody (steal) her purse She was waiting to pay for her shopping when somebody stole her purse. 2. Who fast (he/drive) when he (hit) the other car? __________________________________________________________ 3. The phone (ring) while we (watch) a program about surfing __________________________________________________________ 4. As she (get) ready to dive, somebody (push) her in __________________________________________________________ 5. I (not go) very fast when I (fall) off my motorbike.
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Gianfranco Catanzaro __________________________________________________________ 6. When you (pull) her out of the water (she / breathe)? __________________________________________________________ 7. (You / live) in Spain when you (meet) your girlfriend? __________________________________________________________ 8. She (drown) when he suddenly (see) her and (rescue) her. __________________________________________________________ 9. He (take) my bag while I (not look) __________________________________________________________
Exercise 1.14 Complete the text by writing the verbs in parentheses in past simple or past continuous
Last
summer,
I
_________________ (go) to stay with a friend in Scotland. Her family lives in a very old house next to a lake. One evening, while my friend
_________________
(talk) on the phone and her parents
_________________
(watch) television, I _______________ (decide) to go for a walk around the lake. I _________________ (walk) down the stairs from my room when I _________________ (see) a girl in a long white dress.
She _________________ (carry) an old lamp and she _________________ (sing) quietly. I _________________ (smile) at her and _________________ (say) „Hello‟, but she _________________ (walk) past me quickly. While I _________________ (walk) around the lake. I suddenly _________________ (notice) a strange light in my bedroom window I _________________ (look) at the window when it suddenly _________________ (open) and I _________________ (see) the girl from the stairs. She _________________ (wear) my green hat and scarf. I _________________ (run) back to the house and _________________ (ask) my friend about her. „Don‟t worry‟ she _________________ (say). „That girl is Dora. She _________________ (die) in your room 100 years ago, but she sometimes comes back and tries on people‟s clothes. Most people don‟t see her. You were luck‟. Lucky? I wasn‟t sure about that!
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2 Present Perfect and Past Simple in Contrast
PRESENT PERFECT Look at the following examples: John is looking for his keys. He can’t find them. He has lost his keys He has lost his keys = He lost the keys recently and he can’t find them now. Have / has + participle is the present perfect.
The present perfect is have / has + participle. We say that something has happened when something started in the past and has a connection with the present Look at the following two examples:
His shirt is dirty
They are at home
He is washing his shirt
He has washed his shirt (The shirt is clean now)
They are going out
They have gone out (= they are not home now)
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The action in the past has a result now: Where is your key? I don‟t know. I have lost it (I can‟t find it now) He told me his name, but I have forgotten it (I can‟t remember now) “Is Sally here?” “No, she has gone out” (she is out now)
Exercise 2.1 Read the situations and write the sentences using the verbs from the box
Arrive
break Improve lose
fail
go up grow
1. Tom is looking for his key He can‟t find it _________________________________________________________________ 2. Margaret can‟t walk and her leg is in plaster _________________________________________________________________ 3. Last week the bus fare was 2 soles. Now it is 3. _________________________________________________________________ 4. Maria‟s English wasn‟t very good. Now it is better _________________________________________________________________ 5. Dan didn‟t have a beard before. Now he has a beard _________________________________________________________________ 6. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it _________________________________________________________________ 7. The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12 _________________________________________________________________ Exercise 2.2 Look at the pictures. What has happened? He / wash / his shirt He has washed his shirt
She / close / the door She ____________________________
They / go / to bed They ___________________________
It / stop / raining It ______________________________
He / take / a bath He_______________________________
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Exercise 2.3. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list. Use the present perfect Break
buy Go
do lose
finish paint
go read
take
1. “Are they still eating dinner?” “No, they ______________________ 2. I _______________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3. “Is Tom here?” “No, he ______________________ to work” 4. “__________ you ________________ the shopping?” “ No, I‟m going latter” 5. “Where is your key?” “I don‟t know, I __________________ it” 6. Look! Somebody ________________ that window 7. Your house looks different. ___________ you ____________ it? 8. I can‟t find my umbrella. Somebody _____________________ it 9. I‟m looking for Maria. Where ________________ she ___________________? 10. “Do you want the newspaper?” “No thanks. I _________________ it”
Exercise 2.4. Write the answers to this questions Use the present perfect and one of the verbs Be
have
hear
see
tell
1. Did you enjoy the party? I don‟t know. He _____________________________ me. 2. What‟s their new album like? I don‟t know. I _____________________________ it 3. Did he like the film? He ______________________ it yet. He‟s going to see it this week. 4. Is Stella enjoying her holiday? I don‟t know. She ________________________ to us 5. What‟s Ireland like? I don‟t know. I _____________________________ there 6. Are you hungry? Yes. They _________________ anything to eat today.
write
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Exercise 2.5. Match the statements to the questions. Then write the questions in the present perfect. Statements
F
I can‟t see anything. Have you lost your glasses?
1. My exam is this afternoon ___________________________________________________________ 2. We‟re going on holiday tomorrow ___________________________________________________________ 3. It‟s Ruby‟s birthday ___________________________________________________________ 4. Do you want to come out on my motorbike? ___________________________________________________________ 5. I‟m not coming to school tomorrow ___________________________________________________________ 6. Let‟s go out ___________________________________________________________ 7. I feel really healthy ___________________________________________________________ 8. That was delicious ___________________________________________________________
Questions a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)
(you pass) your driving test? (it stop) raining? (you have) enough to eat? (you learn) your vocabulary? (you make) her a cake? (you lose) your glasses? (you tell) the teacher? (you be) to the gym today? (your brother find) his passport?
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Exercise 2.6 Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the present perfect 1. A:
It‟s Julie‟s birthday on Saturday?
B:
____________________ (you make) her a cake?
A:
No, I _____________, but Suzy _______________ (make) her one. I ____________ (buy) her a nice present.
B:
I ________________ (not buy) her anything. Can you give me some ideas?
A:
___________________ (you see) the blue earrings in Pretty Things?
B:
Yes, ______________________ They are really nice.
A:
Why don‟t you buy them for Julie?
2. A:
We‟ve got our Geography exam this morning
B:
____________________ (you learn) everything in the book?
A:
No, ____________________. I ___________________ (look) at the book, but I ______________________(forget) all the important things!
B:
James _______________________ (work) really hard this year.
A:
Yes, ________________ I‟m sure he‟s going to get a good mark.
3. A:
I‟m going to go to New York in the summer
B:
_______________________ (you buy) your plane ticket?
A:
No, ______________________ but I _________________ (write) to my American cousins and they ______________________ (say) I can stay with them.
B:
_______________________ (you look) at any books about New York?
A:
yes, _________________ but there is one problem. I think I ____________ (lose) my passport
B:
Don‟t worry! You‟ve got three or four months to find it.
Exercise 2.7 Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box
See
spend Go
meet lose
do buy
finish find
1. “I _______________ my book” “Can I read it now?” 2. He can‟t see the board. He ______________________ his glasses. 3. “I __________________________ Caroline‟s telephone number”. “Let‟s phone her”
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Gianfranco Catanzaro 4. She doesn‟t want to watch that video. She _______________ it three times. 5. My parents _______________ to work. They left at 8.00 am 6. Rosie _______________ all her homework. She‟s going out now 7. I‟m sure you ________________ my boyfriend, her name is John 8. We __________________ three new CDS. Do you want to listen to them? 9. Can you lend me some please? I ________________ all mine
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE IN CONTRAST
We use the past simple with a finished time, for example yesterday, last month, in 1982, six months ago. We don‟t use the present perfect with time expressions Compare:
Specific Time
Time until now Past
Now
I have lost my keys Bill has gone home Have you had lunch?
Past or
Now
I lost my keys yesterday Bill went home ten minutes ago Did you have lunch yesterday?
Exercise 2.8 Complete the dialogues using the verbs in parentheses 1. A: B:
Have you lost your key? (yesterday) Yes, I lost it yesterday
2. A: B:
Have you seen Bob? (ten minutes ago) _______________________________________
3. A: B:
Have you painted the room? (last week) ____________________________________________
4. A: B:
Has Jane gone to France? (on Friday) ____________________________________________
5. A: B:
Have the children had dinner? (at 9.00) ______________________________________________
6. A: B:
Has he started his new job? (yesterday) ___________________________________________
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Exercise 2.9 Put a check if the sentence is correct. Correct the wrong sentences. 1. Tom arrived last week.
__√________
2. Have you seen Pam last week?
Did you see
3. I have finished my work
_________________
4. I have finished my work at 2.00 pm
_________________
5. When have you finished your work?
_________________
6. George has graduated from school last year
_________________
7. “Where‟s Ann?” “ She‟s gone to bed”
_________________
8. Napoleon has died in 1821
_________________
9. Have you been to Argentina?
_________________
10. The weather has been very good last week
_________________
11. My mother has grown up in Scotland
_________________
12. How many plays has Shakespeare written?
_________________
13. I‟ve cut my finger! It‟s bleeding!
_________________
14. Drugs have become a big problem everywhere
_________________
15. The Chinese have invented paper
_________________
16. Where have you been born?
_________________
17. Mary isn‟t at home. She‟s gone shopping
_________________
18. Albert Einstein has been a scientist
_________________
Exercise 2.10 Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses. Use the past simple or the present perfect. 1. It __________________ raining for a while, but now it‟s raining again (stop) 2. The town is very different now It __________________ a lot (change) 3. I did German at school, but I ____________________ most of it now (forget) 4. The police _________________ three people, but later they let them go (arrest) 5. What do you think of my English? Do you think it __________________? (improve) 6. A: B:
Are you still reading the paper? No, I ________________ with it. You can have it (finish)
7. I __________________ for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn‟t successful (apply) 8. Where‟s my bike? It _______________ outside the house, but it‟s not here now (be) 9. Look! There‟s an ambulance over there. There _______________ an accident (be)
10. A:
Have you heard about Ben? He _____________ his arm (break)
B:
Really? How ___________ that ____________________? (happen)
A:
He ______________________ off a ladder (fall)
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3 Present Perfect Modifiers
EVER & NEVER We can use the present perfect with ever in questions and with never in answers.
Have you ever been to New York? Time from the past until now Past
Now
Have you ever been to Singapore? (in your life) I‟ve been to Canada, but I have never been to the US. Has your mother ever played Golf? I have never ridden a camel (in my life)
No, I have never Yes, once
Exercise 3.1 Write the questions for the following answers
1. (Montreal? Have you ever been to Montreal
No, never
2. (play / golf) _________________________________________?
Yes, twice
3. (Poland) ___________________________________________ ?
No, never
4. (lose your passport) __________________________________ ?
Yes, once
5. (ride a horse) _______________________________________ ?
No, never
6. (eat Chinese food) ___________________________________ ?
Yes, a lot
7. (travel by train) ______________________________________?
Yes, twice
8. (Break your leg)______________________________________?
Yes, once
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Exercise 3.2 Write the sentences about Ann‟s answers in exercise 3.1 and about you. Ann 1. Ann has never been to Montreal 2. Ann has played golf twice 3. __________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ 8. __________________________________________________________________ You 1. __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ 8. __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3.3 Complete the answers using the verbs from the box Be
be Play
eat read
happen see
have see
meet try
1. What‟s Mark sister like?
I‟ve got no idea. I‟ve never met her
2. How is Diane these days?
I don‟t know. I ______________________ her recently
3. Are you hungry?
Yes, I ____________________________ much today
4. Can you play chess?
Yes, but I ____________________________ for ages
5. Are you enjoying your holiday? Yes, It‟s the best holiday ______________________ 6. What‟s that book like?
I don‟t know. I _______________________________it
7. Is Brussels a good city?
I‟ve no idea. I ____________________________there
8. Mike was late again.
Again? He _______________________ late everyday this week I don‟t know. I_______________________________ it
9. Do you like caviar? 10. I hear you car broke down 11. Who‟s that woman?
Yes, It‟s the second time_______________________ this week I don‟t know. I____________________ see her before
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Exercise 3.4 Read the situations and write the questions and the answers. 1. Jack is driving a car, but he‟s very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: Have you ever driven a car? He says: No, this is the first time I‟ve driven a car. 2. Ben is playing tennis. He‟s not good at it and he doesn‟t know the rules You ask
______________________________________________________
He says
______________________________________________________
3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn‟t look very confident or comfortable You ask
______________________________________________________
He says
______________________________________________________
4. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it‟s very new for her You ask
______________________________________________________
He says
______________________________________________________
Exercise 3.5 Write true sentences with never about you, your family or your friends A Game (play)
1. Food (eat) (try) (make)
I‟ve never played rugby
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
2. A place (be to) (visit)
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
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3. Clothes (wear) (buy)
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
4. Car (drive) (travel by) (ride in)
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
5. A sport or activity (do) (swim) (run)
_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
Exercise 3.6 Jessica Dale is having an interview for a new job with a travel company. Write the interviewer‟s questions using ever. 1. ____________________________________________________________abroad? Yes, I‟ve been to Spain, Italy, the USA and Australia 2. ________________________________________________ for a travel company? No, but I‟ve worked as a tourist guide in London. 3. _________________________________________________ German or Spanish? I‟ve never learnt German, but I learnt Spanish at school. 4. ________________________________________________________ seriously ill? No, I‟ve never been ill for more than a week 5. _______________________________________________________ a computer? Yes, I use a computer all the time at home.
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Exercise 3.7 Write the questions and your answers to the quiz. Use the expressions from the box
Dance
hold Make
watch wear
sing in front of write
jump off spend
Have you ever held a snake? Yes, I have 1. ________________________________________________ a crazy hat to school? ____________ 2. _______________________ a love letter to the most popular guy or girl at school? ____________ 3. ________________________________________a video of Scream on your own? ____________ 4. _________________________________________________ on a table at a party? ____________ 5. ______________________________________________ supper for thirty people? ____________ 6. _________________________________ the highest board at the swimming pool? ____________ 7. ____________________________________________ the night alone in a forest? ____________ 8. ___________________________________________________ the whole school? ____________
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HOW LONG, FOR & SINCE Look at the following situation
Mary is on Vacation in Rio. She arrived in Rio on Monday. Today is Friday
How long has she been in Rio de Janeiro? She has been in Rio since Monday She has been in Rio for four days
Compare: She is in Rio now
(is = present)
She has been n Rio since Monday For four days
(has been = present perfect)
She is in Rio now She has been in Rio Past
since Monday For four days
Now (Friday)
Monday
We use for or since to say how long We use for + a period of time
For four days 1
Past
2
3
For
4
Now
Four days An hour A week A month Five years
Ten minutes Two hours Three weeks Six months A long time
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We use since + the start of the period of time.
Start of the period Since
Since Monday Monday Past
Monday 9 o´clock July 26th December 1982
Wednesday 12.30 October 13th Christmas I got up I was 10
Now
Compare David has been in The USA since June (= from June to now) David has been in The USA for three months ( not since three months) I‟ve known my wife since I was in primary (= from primary to now) I‟ve known my wife for a long time (not since a long time)
Exercise 3.8 Complete the sentences 1. Mary is in Rio. She has been in Rio since Monday 2. I know Bob. I have known him for a long time 3. They are married. They___________________________ ___ married since 1988 4. Ted is sick. He ______________________________________ for a week 5. We live in this house. We ______________________________ here for ten years 6. I know Tom very well. I ____________________________ him since we were kids 7. Jane works in a bank. She __________________________ in a bank for five years 8. She has a headache. She _____________________ a headache since she got up
Exercise 3.9 Make the questions with how long 1. Mary is in Rio. Have long has she been in Rio? 2. I know Bob. How long have you known him? 3. Mike and Judith are in Indonesia _______________________________________? 4. My brother lives in Greece _______________________________________? 5. Bill is a teacher _______________________________________? 6. I know Nancy _______________________________________? 7. I have a motorcycle _______________________________________? 8. Linda and Frank are married _______________________________________? 9. Allan works in Vancouver _______________________________________?
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Exercise 3.10 Read the situations and write the questions with the words in brackets 1. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him: (be in hospital) How long has your mother been in hospital? 2. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her: (teach English) _____________________________________________________ 3. You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroline‟s. You ask her (know Caroline) _____________________________________________________ 4. Your friend‟s brother went to Australia some time ago and he‟s still there. You ask (be in Australia ) _____________________________________________________ 5. Time always wears the same jacket. It‟s a very old jacket. You ask him (have that jacket) ____________________________________________________ 6. You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask: (work at the airport) __________________________________________________ 7. A friend of yours is learning to drive You ask him: (Learn to drive) _____________________________________________________ 8. You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask (Live in Chicago) _____________________________________________________ Exercise 3.11 Complete the dialogues 1. A: Bill is in hospital, isn‟t it? B: Yes, he has been in hospital since Monday 2. A: Do you see Ann very often? B: No, I haven‟t seen her for three months 3. A: Is Margaret married? B: Yes, she __________________________________ married for ten years 4. A: You know Linda, don‟t you? B: Yes, we ____________________________________ each other for a long time 5. A: Do you still play tennis? B: No, I __________________________________________ tennis for years 6. A: Do you watch TV a lot?
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B: No, I _________________________________________________ TV for ages 7. A: Have you got a headache? B: Yes, I _______________________________________ a headache all morning 8. A: George is never ill, is he? B: No, he _____________________________________- ill since I‟ve known him 9. A: Sue lives in London, doesn‟t she? B: Yes, she _______________________________ in London for the last few years 10. A: Do you go to the cinema a lot? B: No, I _______________________________________ to the cinema for ages 11. A: Would you like to go to New York one day? B: Yes, I ______always_______________________________ to go to New York
Exercise 3.12 Complete the sentences with for or since 1. She‟s been in Rio ______________ Monday 2. She‟s been in Rio _____________ four days 3. Mike has been sick ____________ a long time. He‟s been in the hospital ____________ October 4. My aunt has live in the USA ____________ 15 years 5. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ____________ many years 6. Mrs. Harris is in her office. She‟s been there ____________ 7 o‟clock 7. India has been an independent country ____________ 1947 8. The bus is late. We‟ve been waiting ____________ 20 minutes 9. It‟s been raining ____________ lunchtime 10. Sarah has live in Paris ____________ 1995 11. I0m tired of waiting. I‟ve been here ____________ an hour 12. Kevin has looked for a job ____________ he left school 13. I haven‟t been to a party ____________ ages 14. Jane is away. She‟s been away ____________ Friday 15. I wonder where Joe is. I haven‟t seen him ____________ last week 16. The weather is dry. It hasn‟t rained ____________ a few weeks
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Exercise 3.13 Complete the sentences with for... or since... 1. She is in Rio now. She arrived there four days ago. She has been there for four days 2. Jack is here. He arrived here on Thursday. He has ____________________________________________________________ 3. It is raining. It started an hour ago. It‟s been __________________________________________________________ 4. I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. I‟ve ____________________________________________________________ 5. I have a camera. I bought it in 2008. I‟ve ____________________________________________________________ 6. They are married. They got married six months ago. They‟ve __________________________________________________________
Exercise 3.14 Use the prompts to write questions and answers with for and since. 1. Q: Annabel / be / an actress How long has Annabel been an actress? A: two years. She has been an actress for two years 2. Q: She/have/a mobile
__________________________________________
A: three months
__________________________________________
3. Q: you/know/Steve
__________________________________________
A: December
__________________________________________
4. Q: your grandma/ live /there __________________________________________ A: 1995
__________________________________________
5. Q: you/have/black eyes
__________________________________________
A: more than a week
__________________________________________
6. Q: that cafe / be /open A: three days 7. Q: you work / at the store A: January 21st
__________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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Exercise 3.15 Complete the letter by writing the verbs in brackets in present perfect and complete the remaining spaces with for or since
Hello Tom: I‟m sorry I haven‟t written (write) for a month. Life ________________________ (be) very different __________ I moved to the USA. ___________ my last letter, I ________________________ (find) an apartment to share with a girl named Debbie. I ________________________ (move) twelve boxes of clothes and books, and I ________________________ (not have) time for anything except for organizing
my
life.
__________
we
talked
on
the
phone.
I
________________________ (paint) the apartment white and Debbie and I ________________________ (give) a party. That was fun. We invited about 15 people.
Luckily, _____________ the beginning of term, we ___________________ (make) quite a few friends. But sadly I never have time to do any sport. I ____________________ (not play) tennis and I ______________________ (not go) swimming ____________ three months. I think I ______________________ (get) heavier ____________ August! ________________________ (you see) Kelly __________ the summer? I ________________________ (not hear) from her ______________ a very long time. If you see her, please tell her to write me. Love Ellie
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4 The Formal Letter
Letters are the most common form of written communication. There are many ways of planning and drafting a formal letter. All of them vary according to the country or even companies and organizations. Each place has its own rules. A formal or business letter may look like this: Mr. John Doe 555 Pilgrim Street Beverly Hills CA. 90210 USA Mr. Martin Anderson 320 Cypress Hill Road Kent CT34 0BL United Kingdom June 23rd, 2010 Reference: business partnership. Dear Sirs, I am writing to introduce our organization in hope we may form a business partnership with you. We are a marketing company based in the United States with offices worldwide. We have been in the business for more than 30 years and are one of the top marketing companies in the Top One Hundred Ranking listed in the Wall Street Journal. We work with many different companies designing strategies for all marketing needs. We pride ourselves on consistent, reliable and economic solutions to marketing problems. I am enclosing information on us and our company and hope to hear from you. Yours faithfully. Mr. Joe Doe Managing Director
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Formal letters always follow a common layout with the following characteristics
Address: Addressee (recipients) on the left; Addresser (sender) on the right
Date: Separated by a line under the address, Always follow the same format: Month day, year.
Reference: On the left Maximum three word summary of your letter
Greeting: On the left, Dear Sir, Dear Sir or Madam If you use Mr. or Mrs, they go followed by the last name, not the first or full name.
Introductory Paragraph: State the reason for the letter and should not have a lot of information.
The Body: Two or three paragraphs Explain with clarity why you write for. Be concise.
The concluding paragraph Ask the recipients to do something, to reply or to act on the information place on the letter body.
Closing Use: yours faithfully if you do not know the name of the person you are writing to Use: Sincerely yours, if you know who you are writing to. Use: Best regards, if you are writing a business email
Signature Write your name and last name in pen, never write your rubric.
On the next page, complete the letter plan with the name of each section
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Exercise 4.1 Read the following letter. Change the expressions in bold with a more formal expression from the list below Dear (1) whatever your name is (2) I’m writing about your (3) advert for pieces of land on the Moon, which I saw in „Planet Monthly‟ last Tuesday. (4) I’m thinking of buying one. (5) But I (6) want some more information first. (7) Tell me how much they cost. (8) Also, I (9) want you to send me further information (10) about transportation to the Moon. (11) Can you also me know (12) if I’ll be able to build a swimming pool on the land? (13) Please write back! (14) Lots of love (15) Annabel
a. b. c. d.
However Would like Secondly I am writing with regard to e. I look forward to hearing from you
f.
I would be grateful if you could tell me g. Whether I will h. Sir or madam i. Regarding j. Yours faithfully,
k. l. m. n. o.
I am interested in Could you Annabel Davis Advertisement I wonder if you could
Exercise 4.2. Based on the information of the following advertisement, complete the letter plan
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Using the notes you wrote on the previous page and the information of the advertisement, write your letter in about 120 words ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.3. Write a letter containing the following information You are Paula Davis, human resources manager for Omicron Consultants LTD, a company based in London. You write a letter to Vanessa Robinson, who you want to hire after her interview the day before. You tell her about the job conditions, salary and benefits and ask her to send in her details for the personnel office. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.4. Read the advert for the Safari and Leisure Park and the notes you have written on it. Write a letter asking for more information. Write between 120 – 180 words.
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.5. Read the advert for Ocean Safari and the notes you have written on it. Write a letter asking for more information. Write between 120 – 180 words.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.6 You work or your school magazine. A local chef has agreed to do an interview but wants more information. The editor of the school magazine has sent you this article from the local newspaper and asked you to write a letter to the chef. Using the information in the article and the notes you have made write your letter of between 120 – 180 words. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.7. You have read an article in your local newspaper in which your local MP talks about environmental problems. Read the extract from the article on which you have made some notes. Then write a letter to the editor of the newspaper, using all your notes.
Tourism still falling – sea dirty!
Then I asked Mrs. Collins about the environmental problems in her local area. ‘We have made a lot of progress recently’, she replied. ‘Our loca river, for example, is now much cleaner than it was two years ago. We have made a real effort to support local environmental groups and we help them in whatever we can. Our beach-cleaning scheme has also been a great success, with local young people helping to attract tourism. My party is proud of our record on these problems in my area.’
Not true
Didn’t help Greenpeace with advertising costs
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.8 You have seen this interview with a local businessman in your local paper. Write a letter to the newspaper editor including all your notes.
They only organized one meeting
Mr. Frank Yates, a local businessman, agrees. ‘The local council has done a lot in your area. They’ve done a very good job of cleaning up the city centre. They’ve also done all the work they promised to do on the local park, including building a new basketball court. I’m sure young people will welcome that. They have also worked very closesly with local people to plan for the future’
Not true – still lots of garbage! They promised a new youth club but didn’t build it
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.9. A friend has given you the address of Greenpeace and you are interested in the possibility of joining. You have decided to write them a letter to find out more about the organization
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.10 Your basketball team is interested n taking part in an international sports tournament for young people but only has the advertisement shown below and need more information. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.11 Your debating team at school is interested in attending an International Youth Conference Debate on global warming but you only have the advert below and so need more information. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.12 You are staying in Britain and have recently been to a music festival. You enjoyed the festival but you have some suggestions to make so that next one will be better. Read the advertisement for the festival and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to the organizer giving your opinion of this year‟s festival and making your suggestions for next year.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.13 You and your family are considering going on a cruise around the Mediterranean. You have seen the advertisement below and would like more information. Read the advertisement and the notes which you have made. Then write your letter to the travel agent covering the points in your notes and adding any relevant information about your family
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.14 The editor of your school magazine has asked you to arrange an interview with a local sportswoman. On the right there is part of a letter the sportswoman has sent you. Read the letter and the notes from the magazine editor on the right. Then write a letter to Ms. McDougal arranging the interview and answering her questions. ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.15 You help to run a basketball team for young people. A similar team from England is coming to Peru on a tour, during which they would like to arrange a match with your team. You have sent a letter to the manager of the team Leroy Donovan, saying that you are interested in having a match. Leroy has written back to you with some questions, and you have made notes about these questions. Read the extract from Leroy‟s letter and read the notes. Then write a reply to Leroy, giving all the necessary information.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.16
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 4.18
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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5 Letter of Application
A letter of application also known as a cover letter is a document sent along with your resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience. A letter of application typically provides detailed information on why are you are qualified for the job you are applying for. Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Our application letter should let the employer know what position you are applying for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and how you will follow-up. When writing an application letter you should include:
First Paragraph: Why you are writing - mention the job you are applying for and where you found the listing.
Middle Paragraph(s): What you have to offer the employer - mention why your skills and experience are a good fit for the job.
Last Paragraph: Say thank you to the hiring manager for considering you and note how you will follow up.
Look at the following situation:
Do you speak English? Do you like being with children? Do you want a job for the summer holidays? I’m looking for someone to help look after my 2 children ages 10 and 8, during the summer holidays. You must have some previous experience of looking after children, and you must be able to organize sports and games and ofther fun, healthy activities. My kids love sports! Please contact Mrs. Green
Look at the application letter Helen wrote on the next page and answer the questions:
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Dear Mrs. Green I am writing in response to your advertisement, which I saw in the ‘Daily news’ yesterday. I would be very interested in applying for this position. I am a nineteen year-old student, currently studying Maths at Warwick University. I love being with children. I have three younger brothers and sisters – who I regularly look after when my parents are at work They also love sports and games – basketball, swimming, tennis , hide-and-seek – and I would be very happy to organize similar activities for your children. I speak English very well. I was awarded an A grade in the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English examination last year. I would be very grateful if you could let me know what the rate of pay per hour would be, and which hours during the summer I would be expected to work. I could be free everyday if necessary from the beginning of June until the end of September. If you require further information, or wish me to attend an interview, please do not hesitate to let me know. Yours sincerely, Helen Taylor
1. The advertisement asked for someone who: a. Speaks English b. Likes being with children c. Wants a job for the summer d. Has previous experience e. Can organize sports and games Underline the parts of the letter where Helen responds to these points. Write the letters a – e next to them. 2. Hellen also gives three other pieces of relevant information about herself. What are they? Find and underline them. 3. Helen gives two pieces of information about the advertisement. What are they? Find and underline them. 4. She asks Mrs. Green two questions. Can you find them?
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Exercise 5.1 Write a word from the box in each gap to complete the phrases. Advertised grateful
apply attend contact position require Wonder
Forward experience
1. I am writing to__________ for the _________ of _______ as ________in ________ 2. I have ______________ at/in______________ 3. I ____________ if you could let me know / tell me ________________ 4. I would (also) be _______________ if you could let me know / tell me __________ 5. I would be more than happy to ____________ an interview 6. Please do not hesitate to ___________ me if you need any further information 7. I look ____________________ to hearing from you.
Look at the following advertisement. Before you start writing your letter, complete the letter plan.
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Exercise 5.2
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Exercise 5.3 ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 5.4 ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 5.5
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Exercise 5.6
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Exercise 5.7
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Exercise 5.8
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Exercise 5.9
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Exercise 5.10
___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 5.11
___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 5.12
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Exercise 5.13 _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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6 Letter of Complaint
An effective complaint letter is short and to the point and includes documentation. Written correctly it can also help make your voice heard and achieve your goals. How to write a complaint letter that gets results
Keep in mind that most errors are unintentional: and realize that most businesses and organizations want to address and clear up complaints quickly in order to have satisfied customers or members.
Address your letter to a specific person: Letters addressed to "Dear Sir" or "To Whom it May Concern" are not as effective and will likely not reach the right person. Call ahead and ask for the name of the manager and his or her administrative assistant. Writing to the assistant may ensure your letter reaches the manager.
Begin your letter on a positive tone. Consider how you'd react if an angry customer approaches you and shouts obscenities versus someone who smiles who begins the conversion with compliments.
Be brief: Keep your complaint letter to one page, and write short paragraphs rather than long ones.
Be honest and straightforward Include sufficient detail to back up your claim and to show that you have thoroughly researched the subject. However, omit irrelevant details.
Maintain a firm but respectful tone, and avoid aggressive, accusing language Keep your complaint letter concise and professional.
Do not threaten! If a company has repeatedly given you bad service and refuses to correct the situation and you feel that your only recourse is to pursue legal action, voice your feelings in a tactful but firm way. However, don't threaten legal action unless you are willing to follow through with it.
Avoid making generalizations: about the company or organization if your complaint letter focuses on a single individual.
Use tact, and be direct, but respectful If you need to make a complaint to or about people that you will still have contact with on a regular basis, your complaint needs to accomplish its purpose without destroying the relationship. With a well-written complaint letter you can:
Clearly make your complaint to the person(s) involved. State plainly and directly your reason(s) for making the complaint.
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Exercise 6.1 Read the following advertisement and answer the questions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is the cost for two people? Do you have to buy another train ticket? What kind of hotel can you stay in? Which meals are included in the price? Can someone in France go on one of these breaks?
Look at the advertisement again and answer T for true or F for False 1. They can always get your tickets for the London show you want to see 2. The train leaves at nine o‟clock on Saturday morning 3. You have to leave London before nine o‟clock on Sunday evening 4. The weekend costs more if you live a long way from London 5. The advert suggests that the hotels are close to the theatres 6. The advert says which hotel you will stay in
English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 7. You can choose to travel by train or bus 8. “+breakfast” means you have to pay extra for breakfast You recently went on a minibreak to London with Thornton travel. You were not happy with the service. Look again at the advertisement on the previous page and the notes you made on the right. Fill in the Letter plan and then write your letter.
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Exercise 6.2 You attended a summer course at the Queen‟s School of English. Look at the advert and the notes you made on it when you got back home. Write your complain letter ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 6.3 You recently bought a CD throw a magazine promotion. Look at the advertisement and the notes you have made. Write your complain note
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Exercise 6.4 You have returned from a Thomsun‟s Holiday camp which was very disappointing. You decided to write a letter to complain to the company about the holiday and ask for your money back. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 6.5
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Exercise 6.6
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Exercise 6.7
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Exercise 6.8
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 6.9 Read the following advertisement with the notes you have made. Then using the information write a letter to the coach company complaining about the excursion and asking for some money back
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Exercise 6.10 You bought a computer game from a mail-order catalogue but you were disappointed when it arrived. Read the advertisement carefully and the notes which you have made. Then write a letter to the manager of the company, complaining about the game and asking for your money back, or a better game.
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Exercise 6.11 You recently bought a pair of jeans from a mail-order catalogue, but you are not happy with them. Read the advertisement carefully and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to the manager of the company, complaining about the jeans and asking for your money back _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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7 Gerunds & Infinitives
When we need to write two verbs together, there are two different patterns: Verb + to + verb Want
decide
hope
expect forget plan Deserve agree manage Arrange fail learn
try
need
offer refuse promise afford threaten would love would like
What do you want to do tonight? I hope to go to college next year? You have decided to leave tomorrow morning You forgot to turn off the lights when you went out I tried to work but I was too tired.
Verb + ing Postpone admit consider deny Carry on keep Suggest
avoid risk keep on
imagine finish fancy enjoy mind
go on
I enjoy dancing (not I enjoy to dance) Mary suggested going to the cinema (not suggested to go) He tried to avoid answering my question
Verbs with two patterns
like
love hate
Start
continue
prefer
begin
Exception: Stop: I stopped to play soccer = I finished what I was doing to start playing soccer I stop playing soccer = I don‟t play soccer anymore.
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Exercise 7.1 Complete the sentences with the verbs at the end of each sentence 1. I enjoy __________________________
DANCE
2. Where do you want ___________________?
GO
3. What have you decided _____________________?
DO
4. I learned ____________ when I was five years old
SWIM
5. Would you prefer __________ now or later?
LEAVE
6. I‟m trying ___________, please stop ___________
WORK
7. Have you finished ___________ the kitchen?
CLEAN
8. I‟m tired. I want _______________ to bed
GO
9. The weather was nice, so I suggested _______ for a walk
GO
10.
Don‟t forget _________ me a postcard when you‟re away
SEND
11.
I‟d love ____________ you, but it‟s impossible
HELP
12.
Where‟s Bill? He promised ____________ here on time
BE
13.
Do you enjoy _______________ books?
READ
14.
I don‟t mind _________ by bus, but I prefer________
TRAVEL
15.
We invited Jane to the party but she didn‟t want ______
COME
16.
You should stop ____________ so hard, it‟s not good
WORK
17.
They were very angry and refused __________ to me
SPEAK
18.
Do you like ______________?
COOK
19.
Why did he start ___________________?
CRY
20.
He wasn‟t happy when he lost the game. He hates ____
LOSE
Exercise 7.2 Complete the sentences for each situation.
TALK
FLY
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Exercise 7.3 Complete the sentences with one of the verbs of the box
Answer
apply Lose
be make
forget read
try
listen use
live write
1. He tried to avoid _____________________ my question 2. Could you please stop ______________________ so much noise? 3. I enjoy ____________________ to music 4. I consider _______________ for the job, but in the end. I decided against it 5. Have you finished ________________ the newspaper yet? 6. We need to change your routine. We can‟t go on __________________ like this 7. I don‟t mind you ____________________ the phone as long as you pay for all your calls. 8. My memory is getting worse. I keep ____________________ things 9. I‟ve put off ________________ the letter so many times. I really must do it today 10. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anyone _______________ so stupid? 11. I‟ve given up _______________ to lose weight – it‟s impossible 12. If you invest your money on the stock market, you risk ______________ it
Exercise 7.4 Complete the sentences for each situation
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Exercise 7.5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs 1. When I‟m tired, I enjoy _______________ television. It‟s relaxing
WATCH
2. It is a nice day. Does anyone fancy__________ for a walk?
GO
3. It was a nice day, so we decided ____________ for a walk
GO
4. I‟m not in a hurry. I don‟t mind ______________
WAIT
5. They don‟t have much money. They can‟t afford __________ out Very often 6. I wish that dog would stop _____________ It‟s driving me mad
GO BARK
7. Our neighbor threatened _____________ the police if we didn‟t Stop making noise
CALL
8. We were hungry, so I suggested _____________ dinner early
HAVE
9. Hurry up! I don‟t want to risk _______________ the train
MISS
10. I‟m still looking for a job, but I hope ___________ something soon
FIND
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8 The Article
Articles expand on an idea or theme. They are published in magazines, newspapers or local newsletters. They are usually about a specific subject and try to show different sides of the story or argument. Articles can be written in a formal or casual tone, depending on the context and in what kind of publication it is published in. Read the following writing types and match them to who are going to read them. 1. A letter applying for a job 2. A composition about a project you‟ve done in class 3. A letter describing a film you‟ve just seen 4. An article for an international young people‟s magazine 5. A letter complaint to a hotel 6. A short story for a national magazine.
a. The hotel manager b. A friend or relative c. Someone interested in reading fiction d. A manager in a company e. A student in another country f. Your teacher
Read the extracts from the writing tasks and decide a. who the target reader is for each one b. what style the writing will be
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Read the following writing tasks and answer the questions
You have just seen the following announcement in a young people‟s magazine Have you ever taken part in a talent contest? If you have, we’d love to hear at your experience. What kind of act did you do? What happened? How did you feel? Did you win? We’ll publish the best article in the next month’s issue. Write your article
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Where was the talent contest (school, club, TV? When (last year, last week)? What did you do (sing, dance, tell jokes)? How did you feel (before, during, after)? Was it a success? (did people laugh, clap, etc) Did you win? (If yes, what was the prize)
After answering the questions, complete the composition planner
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English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook Read the writing task and complete the composition planner You saw the following advertisement in a young people‟s magazine. Write your article for the magazine
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Exercise 8.2 Match the connectors in list A with the words which have a similar meaning in List B. A
B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Nowadays In addition In conclusion So In my opinion
a. b. c. d. e. f.
In my view Therefore Today First of all To sum up As well
Now complete this composition with the appropriate connector
A good neighbor neither noisy nor nosy! A good neighbor is someone who respects other people and helps them if necessary. (1)______________________, good neighbors are rare and some people do not know who their neighbors are! (2)_________________, a good neighbor is not nosy or noisy: they do not ask you personal questions or gossips about you; (3)_______________, they do not make a lot of noise when you want to relax or sleep. Of course, they should invite you to the party because good neighbors are also friendly! (4)___________________, you should be able to pop in and chat to your neighbor and have a cup of coffee together. Good neighbors are also willing to help you if you need them, (5) ________________, if you need a doctor urgently, they are happy to call one for you. (6)_______________________, a good neighbor knows when to be friendly but also when to leave you alone. As the saying goes: good fences make good neighbors!
Read the article again and label the paragraphs Introduction topic Develops the topic (use this twice) Conclusion. You are going to answer the questions below. Before you write, make notes about your ideas. An international young magazine has asked for articles on: What makes a good friend?
1. What does it mean to be a good friend to someone? 2. What does a good friend do and not do? 3. Think of one of your good friends. Why do you like them?
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Vocabulary box: Good listener Share things Make you laugh
give support lend money give advice
need help feel jealous stay loyal
find solutions
Now write your article using the following plan and the notes you make Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4:
What makes a good friend? Do you have a good friend? Give two examples of what good friends do Give two examples of what good friends do not do Conclusion: So what is the most important thing about good friends?
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Exercise 8.3 An international young people‟s magazine has asked its readers to write an article describing their perfect day. First look at the photos and then decide which of these things you would like to do in your perfect day.
Write your article using the following plan Paragraph 1: My perfect day. What it would be like Paragraph 2: How are you going to spend the morning? When? What would you do? Who would you be with? Is your dream based on reality of fantasy? Paragraph 3: In the afternoon. Where would you have lunch? What would you eat? What would you do then? Paragraph 4: In the evening. How and where would you end your perfect day?
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Exercise 8.4 You have been asked by an international students‟ magazine to write an article about problems caused by the weather n your country.
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Exercise 8.5 Look at the note your editor has sent you. Write your article about an athletic club for the school magazine. _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.6 A student‟s magazine has asked you to write an article imagining the advantages and disadvantages of being famous. Before you write here are some ideas: You can buy whatever you want You have no privacy You travel all over the world People are jealous of your success You are recognized wherever you go People want your autograph You need bodyguards You meet lots of other famous people People are interested in your opinions Journalists and photographers follow you around ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.7 Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title: Why I’m a fan of modern technology. Write an article to appear in the series expressing your opinion. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.8 Your school magazine has invited you to suggest ways in which ordinary people can help to protect the environment. Write an article for the magazine giving your suggestions. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.9 Your school magazine has invited you to suggest ways in which your school could be more environmentally friendly. Write an article for the magazine, giving your suggestions. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.10 A national student magazine has asked you to write an article on how young people might choose a career. Write your article for the magazine ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.11 Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title my dream job. Write your article to appear in the series describing your ideal job ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.12 A local newspaper has invited readers to write short articles about how they imagine the world of work will change over the decades. The best articles will be published in the newspaper ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.13 You have just seen this announcement in an international student magazine Does TV entertain us, or is it informative too? We are looking for articles on this subject. Write and tell us what you think
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.14 Your favorite magazine is running a writing competition this month. This prize is a tour round a televisions studio. To enter the competition, you have to write an article describing your favorite television program and explaining why you would recommend it to others.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 8.15 Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title Radio and Young people. You have been asked to write an article to appear in the series giving your views on how popular radio is with your people today. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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9 Articles
THE We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean:
Rome is the capital of Italy (there is only one capital of Italy) What is the name of this town? (the town has only one name Excuse me, where is the nearest bank? Who is the president of the US? Can you tell me the time, please? My office is on the first floor of that building.
We also use the for specific location: Write your name at the top of this page. The Beginning of the movie was not very good My house is at the end of this street The table is in the middle of the room. We use the before the word same It is on the same street (not on same street) Note:
The
The The The
The
The sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ocean / the ground / the country The sky is blue and the sun is shinning I like swimming in the ocean They live in a big city, but they want to live in the country The police / the fire department / the army My brother is a soldier. He is in the army Call the police! There‟s been a robbery The piano / the guitar / the trumpet, etc (musical instruments Tom is learning how to play the piano The radio, but television (without the) I listen to the radio a lot I like watching television (not the television) Breakfast / lunch / dinner I never have breakfast (not “the breakfast) What are you going to have for lunch? Dinner is ready
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A/AN AND THE We use a/an when there are many of the things we are talking about. We use the, when we refer to some of them specifically. Look at the examples:
Rome is a big city in Italy (there are many big cities in Italy and Rome is one of them)
Rome is the capital of Italy (there is only one capital of Italy)
When we were in Japan, we stayed in a small hotel (there are many small hotels in Japan)
We didn‟t enjoy our vacation. The hotel was awful (the specific hotel we stayed in)
Tim sat down on a chair when he arrived (there are many chairs in the room)
Tom sat down on the chair next to me.
Exercise 9.1 Complete the sentences with a/an or the 1.
I wrote to her but ________ letter never arrived
2.
Tahiti is ________ island
3.
What is ________ name of this town?
4.
Jane is ________ very nice person. You must meet her
5.
Montreal is ________ large city in Canada
6.
What is ________ largest city in Canada?
7.
“What time is it?” “I don‟t know. I don‟t have ________ watch
8.
When I went to Rome. I stayed with ________ Italian friend of mine
9.
You look very tired. You need ________ vacation
10. Don‟t sit on ________ floor. It‟s dirty 11. “Let‟s go to ________ restaurant this evening” “That‟s ________ good idea. Which restaurant shall we go to?” 12. Can you turn on ________ radio please? I want to listen to some music 13. This house is very nice. Has it got _________ garden? 14. It‟s a beautiful day. Let‟s sit in _________ garden 15. I like living in this house, but it‟s a pity that _________ garden is so small 16. Can you recommend _________ good restaurant? 17. We had dinner in _________ very nice restaurant 18. We had dinner in _________ best restaurant in town 19. She ahs _________ French name, but in fact she‟s English, not French 20. What‟s _________ name of that man we met yesterday?
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21. We stayed at a very nice hotel - I can‟t remember _________ name now 22. There isn‟t _________ airport near where we live. _________ nearest airport in 70 kilometers away 23. Our flight was delayed. We had to wait at _________ airport for three hours 24. Excuse me please. Can you tell me how to get to _________ airport? 25. Are you going away next week? No, _________ week after next 26. I‟m going away _________ week in September 27. Gary has a part-time job. He works three mornings _________ week. 28. Tom is in ________ bathroom. He‟s taking ________ shower 29. This is a nice room, but I don‟t like ________ color of ________ carpets 30. We live in ________ old house near ________ train station. Its two miles from ________ city center. 31. This morning. I bought _________ newspaper and _________ magazine. _________ newspaper is in my bag but I can‟t remember where I put _________ magazine 32. I saw _________ accident this morning, _________ car crashed into _________ tree. _________ driver of _________ car wasn‟t but but _________ car was badly damaged. 33. There are two cars parked outside _________ blue one and _________ grey one. _________ Blue one belongs to my neighbors, I don‟t know who _________ owner of _________ grey one is. 34. My friends live in _________ old house in _________ small village. There is _________ beautiful garden behind _________house. I would like to have _________ garden like this
Exercise 9.2 Put a/an or the where necessary in these sentences: 1. I turned off light, opened door and went out __________________________________________________________________ 2. Excuse me, can I ask you question, please? __________________________________________________________________ 3. Tim is best player on our soccer team __________________________________________________________________ 4. How far is it from here to airport? __________________________________________________________________ 5. Have a good vacation, and don‟t forget to send me postcard! __________________________________________________________________ 6. Do you have ticket for concert tomorrow night? __________________________________________________________________ 7. What is name of director of movie we saw last night? __________________________________________________________________
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8. Yesterday I bought jacked and shirt Jacket was cheap, but shirt was expensive __________________________________________________________________ 9. Peter and Mary have two children, boy and girl. Boy is seven years old and girl is three. __________________________________________________________________ Exercise 9.3 Complete the sentences using a/an or the and one of the words from the box Bicycle Difficult language
capital
cigarette nice day
play next train
roof
kitchen small hotel
1. Rome is _________________________________ of Italy 2. When we were in Japan, we stayed at ________________________ 3. Can you ride_________________________________? 4. What‟s that man doing on _______________ of that house? Is he repairing something? 5. We went to the theater last night, but _____________________ wasn‟t very good 6. Do you think English is _____________________ for people to learn? 7. “Would you like__________________?” “ No, thanks, I don‟t smoke” 8. “Where is Jack?” “He‟s in ____________________. He‟s cooking something” 9. Excuse me, what time is _________________________ to Toronto? 10. It‟s _____________________ today, let‟s go outside.
Exercise 9.4 Put a √ if the sentence is correct, write THE where necessary 1. Sky is blue and sun is shinning 2. What are you going to have for lunch? 3. Our apartment is on third floor 4. Help! Fire! Somebody call fire department 5. Who was first person to walk on moon? 6. Which city is capital of your country? 7. What is largest city in world? 8. Would you like to be in army? 9. Do you live near ocean? 10. After dinner we watched television 11. “Where is your dictionary?” “It‟s on shelf on right” 12. We live in country about five miles from nearest town 13. Ann is coming to see us at end of May 14. “Is this book cheaper than that one?” “No, they‟re same price”
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15. Prime Minister is most important person in Canadian government 16. I don‟t know everybody in this photograph. Who is man on left? 17. It was a very nice hotel, but I don‟t remember name 18. I didn‟t like her first time I met her 19. What do you usually have for breakfast? 20. “Do you have any milk?” “Yes, there‟s some in refrigerator”
Exercise 9.5 Complete these sentences with “the same” and one of the words from the box Age
color
day
problem
street
time
1. I live on Water Street and you live on Water Street. We live on ______________ 2. I arrived at 8.30 and you arrived at 8.30. We arrived at ____________________ 3. I have no money and you have no money. We have _____________________ 4. He‟s 25 and she‟s 25. They are ______________________________ 5. My shirt is dark blue and my jacket is dark blue. They are ___________________ 6. I‟m leaving on Monday and you‟re leaving on Monday. We‟re leaving on _________
Exercise 9.6 Complete the sentences with THE and one word from the box Breakfast Sun
dinner
lunch television time
police
radio trumpet
1. Can you tell me __________ please? Yes, It‟s six thirty 2. We had ___________ at a restaurant last night 3. _____________ is star. It gives us light and warmth 4. Did you see the movie on ________________ last night? 5. I was hungry this morning because I didn‟t have _____________ 6. _____________stopped me because I was driving too fast 7. Can you play___________? No, I can‟t play any musical instrument 8. What did you have for _______________? Just a salad 9. When I‟m working at home I like to listen to ____________________ 10. _______________ is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.
sky
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Exercise 9.7 Write a/an if necessary. If the sentence is correct write a √
1. Would you like apple? 2. How often do you to dentist? 3. Could you close door, please? 4. I‟m sorry. I didn‟t mean to do that. It was mistake 5. Excuse me, where is bus station, please? 6. I have problem. Can you help me? 7. I‟m just going to post office. I won‟t be long 8. There were no chairs, so we sat on floor 9. Have you finished with book I lent you? 10. My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester 11. We live in small flat in city centre 12. There‟s supermarket at end of street I live in. Exercise 9.8 Complete the sentences with a/an or the where necessary. If no word is needed write a – “Where did you have ___________lunch?” “We went to _________ restaurant” You‟ll find _________information you need at _________top of _________page 15 “Did you have _________nice holiday?” “Yes, it was _________holiday ever” Sarah spends most of her free time watching _________television “Where‟s _________nearest shop?” “There‟s on at _________end of the street” “Do you often listen to _________radio?” “No. In fact I haven‟t got _________radio “Would you like to travel in _______space?” “Yes, I‟d love to go to ________moon “Do you go to _________cinema very often?” “I watch films on _________TV” I lay down on _________ground and looked up at _________sky “I was _________nice day yesterday” “Yes. We went for walk by _________sea” _________television was on, but nobody was watching t “What did you have for _________breakfast?” “I never eat _________breakfast” “Where is room 505, please?” “It‟s on _________fifth floor” Lisa and I arrived at _________same time “We spent all our money because we stayed at _________most expensive hotel in town” “Why didn‟t you stay at _________cheaper hotel?” 16. Have you had _________dinner yet? 17. What‟s _________capital city of Canada? 18. I haven‟t been to _________cinema for ages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
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10 Quantifiers
A LOT, MUCH AND MANY We use much + uncountable nouns
Do you drink much coffee? How much money do you have? She doesn‟t have much time to answer these questions.
We use much in questions and negative sentences. We do not normally use Much in positive sentences We use many + plural nouns
Do you know many people? How many photographs did you take? He doesn‟t have many friends.
We use a lot of + uncountable nouns or plural nouns I drink a lot of coffee We spent a lot of money We took a lot of pictures We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences.
Exercise 10.1 Complete the sentences with How much or how many 1.
How ___________ photographs did you take?
2.
How___________ money did you lose?
3.
How___________water did you drink?
4.
How___________mistakes did you make?
5.
How___________letters did you write?
6.
How___________food did you buy?
Exercise 10.2 In some of these sentences the word much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much to many or a lot (of) where necessary. Write a √ if the sentence is correct. 1. 2. 3.
We didn‟t spend much money. Sue drinks much tea. Joe always put much salt on his food
130 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Gianfranco Catanzaro We‟ll have to hurry. We haven‟t got much time It cost much to repair the car Did it cost much to repair the car? I don‟t know much people in this town I use the phone much at work There wasn‟t much traffic this morning. You need much money to travel round the world.
LITTLE AND FEW
We use a little + uncountable noun to refer there is some but not much: She didn‟t eat anything, but she drank a little water. I speak a little French. Little (without a) means nearly nothing.
There was little food in the refrigerator She eats very little food.
A little is a positive idea, little is a negative idea They have a little money (some but not much) They have little money (the are poor, nearly no money)
We use a few + plural noun to refer there is some but not many Last night I wrote a few emails We‟re going away for a few days I speak a few words of Polish Few (without a) means nearly nothing There were few people in the class A few means a positive idea and few means a negative idea I have a few friends (some but not many) I have few friends (nearly no friends, I‟m unsocial)
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Exercise 10.3 Complete the sentences with a little or a few and one word from the box Air
chairs Letters
days milk
friends houses Russian times
1. Last evening I wrote _____________ to my family and friends 2. Can I have ______________ in my office please? 3. “When did John go away?” “____________ ago” 4. “Do you speak any foreign languages?” “Yes, Italian and ____________” 5. “Are you going out alone?” “ “No, I‟m going with ________________” 6. “Have you ever been to Taiwan?” “Oh, yes__________________” 7. I live in a very small town. There is one store, a post office and __________________ that‟s all. 8. I‟m going out for a walk. I need ______________ fresh _____________ 9. There wasn‟t much furniture in the room – just a table and ________________
Exercise 10.4 Complete the sentences with Little, a little, few or a few 1. There was ____________ food in the refrigerator. It was nearly empty 2. When did you see Kim? ____________ days ago 3. He‟s very lazy. He does ____________work 4. They‟re not rich, but they have ____________money – enough to live 5. Last night I went to a restaurant with ____________ friends 6. The TV stations aren‟t very good. There are ____________good programs 7. I can‟t decide now – I need ____________ time to think about it 8. Nearly everybody has a job. There is ____________ unemployment in this town 9. He‟s not well known ____________ people have heard of him 10. Gary is very busy with his job. He has ____________ time for other things 11. Listen carefully. I‟m going to give you ____________ advice 12. Do you mind if I ask you ____________questions? 13. It‟s not a very interesting place to visit, so ____________ tourists come here. 14. I don‟t think Jull would be a good teacher. She‟s got ____________ patience 15. Would you like milk in your coffee? Yes, ____________ 16. This is a very boring place to live. There is ____________ to do 17. Have you ever been to Paris? Yes, I‟ve been there ____________ times.
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Exercise 10.5 Complete the sentences with much, many, few, little 1. She isn‟t very popular. She has ____________ friends 2. Ann is very busy these days. She has ____________ free time 3. Did you take ____________ photographs when you were on holiday? 4. I‟m not very busy today. I haven‟t got ____________ to do 5. This is a very modern city. There are ____________ old buildings 6. The weather has been very dry recently. We‟ve had ____________ rain 7. Do you know Rome? No, I haven‟t been there for ____________ years
Exercise 10.6 Write A where necessary, if the sentence is correct, write a √ 1. She‟s lucky. She has few problems 2. Things are not going to well for her. She has few problems 3. Can you lend me few dollars? 4. Here was little traffic, so the journey didn‟t take very long. 5. I can‟t give you a decision yet. I need little time to think 6. It was a surprise that he won the match. Few people expected him to win 7. I don‟t know much Spanish – only few words 8. I wonder how Sam is. I haven‟t seen him for ages
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11 The Past Perfect
Look at this situation
The past perfect is had + past participle. We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened before another past action.
When Sarah arrived to the party, Paul had gone home. (Paul left the party before Sarah arrived). When we got home last night, we found somebody had broken into the flat. Karen didn‟t want to go to the cinema with us because she had seen the film At first we thought I had done the right thing, but I soon realised that I had made a big mistake.
Compare the Present perfect and the past perfect
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Exercise 11.1 Read the situations and write sentences from the words 1.
You went to Sue‟s house, but she wasn‟t there (she go out) She had gone out when I went to her house
2.
You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn‟t the same as before (it change a lot) _____________________________________________________
3.
I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldn‟t come. (She arrange to do something else)______________________________________
4.
You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late (The film begin)______________________________________________________
5.
It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time (I not see him for five years) ____________________________________________
6.
I offered Sue something to but she wasn‟t hungry. (She just have breakfast) _______________________________________________
Exercise 11.2 Complete the text with the past perfect
We left the village of Moreton 15 years go. Last week, I went back there for the first time. I was shocked. It _______________________(change) a lot. It wasn‟t a village any more. It _______________________(grow) into a town. They _______________________(close) my old school. In its place, they _______________________(build) a sports centre. A lot of new
shops _____________(open) on the main street. My favourite toy shop
______________(become) a mobile phone shop. They _________________(plant) trees around the market square. They _____________________(make) Park Street wider. The cup and Saucer face _____________________(move) from Park Street to New Road. The New Inn _____________________(become) The Moreton Hotel. The people living in our old
house
_______________________(paint)
it
pink.
And
they
_______________________(put) a stupid sign on the front door – The Pink House. I didn‟t like the new Moreton, so I only spent an hour there. Then I got back on the train and came home.
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Exercise 11.3 Complete the sentences with verbs from the box in past perfect Leave
see Fly
eat do
break practise miss
rain
1. My mother was angry with my little brother because he _________________ her coffee pot 2. There wasn‟t anything for lunch because the cat _________________ everything 3. Suzie couldn‟t come out on Sunday evening because she _________________ her homework 4. My friend was nervous on the plane because she _________________ before 5. I played badly in my piano lesson because I _________________ 6. She took a taxi home because I _________________ 7. She took a taxi home because she _________________ the last bus 8. It was easy to get into the house because they _________________ a window open on the ground floor. 9. All the plants in the garden were dead because it _________________ for months
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12 The Short Story
1. Structure of Your Short Story: Novice writers are often given this advice on how to structure their short stories: Put a man up a tree Throw stones at him Get him down When you come to think of it, it's good advice for any writer. So follow the steps in the plan below to start writing great short stories.
2. Short Story Plan : Start with a situation - a problem to be resolved for your protagonist (the man up the tree). Then present the problems that can occur (throw some stones): Misunderstandings / mistaken identity / lost opportunities etc The final step is to show how you can solve the problem - get the man down from his leafy perch - safely. Love triumphs / good conquers evil / honesty is the best policy / united we stand
3. Short Story Theme: Every piece of writing must have a message or thread of meaning running through it, and this theme is the skeleton or framework on which you hang your plot, characters, setting etc. As you write, make sure that every word is related to this theme. It's tempting to use your short story to show off your talents at characterization, descriptive writing, dialogue or whatever, but every excess word is a word that dilutes the impact of your story. The best stories are the ones that follow a narrow subject line. Decide what the point of your story is and even though it's tempting to digress, you must stick to the point otherwise you end up with either a novel beginning or a mish-mash of ideas that add up to nothing.
4. Time Span for Your Short Story: An effective short story covers a very short time span. It may be one single event that is momentous in the life of your main character or the story may take place in a single day or even an hour. Try to use the events you depict to illustrate your theme.
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5. Setting for Your Short Story Because you have such a limited number of words to convey your message, you must choose your settings carefully ... there's no room for free-loaders in a short story! That doesn't mean you have to be trite or predictable when deciding on settings. For example, some of the most frightening settings for thrillers are not cemeteries or lonely alleys, but normal places where readers can imagine themselves. Appeal to your readers' five senses to make your settings more real.
6. Characters in Your Short Story: Around three main characters are all a short story can effectively deal with because too many will distract you from your theme. Don't give in to the urge to provide detailed background on your characters, decide on the characteristics that are important for your theme and stick to those. If you fall in love with your character, use him/her as the basis for a novel later on.
7. Short Story Dialogue: Never underestimate the power of dialogue in conveying character, but it must contribute to the main focus of the story - don't just use it to pad out your characters. Every word you put into the mouth of your characters must contribute to revealing your theme, if it doesn't, be ruthless and cut it. 8. Vivid Imagery for Your Short Story: Capture the reader's interest in, and empathy for, your characters. You need to paint such a vivid picture that the reader can imagine himself or herself to be in the scene. Again this goes back to placing yourself there and transposing this into your writing as we discussed earlier.
9. Plot for Your Short Story: Begin with an arresting first paragraph or lead, enough to grab the readers and make them curious to know what happens next. Make sure your plot works - there must be a beginning, middle and an end. But don't spend too much time on the build-up, so that the climax or denouement (as in the twist ending) is relegated to one sentence, leaving the reader bothered and bemused but sadly, not bewitched. And don't signal the twist ending too soon - try to keep the reader guessing until the last moment. If you're telling a fast-moving story, say crime, and then keep your paragraphs and sentences short. It's a trick that sets the pace and adds to the atmosphere you're conveying to the reader.
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DEVELOPING NARRATIVE
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You have decided to enter to short story competition. The rules of the competition states that your story must begin with the following phrase It was fool’s day so I decided to play a practical joke
Before you write your story, complete the composition plan
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.1 Write a description of an unforgettable day when you saw a great show. The story must end with the sentence It had been an unforgettable evening.
Use the following plan: Paragraph 1: Background information. How old were you? Which show did you see? How did you feel? Paragraph 2: Where did the show take place? How did you feel as you arrived? Paragraph 3: What happened on stage? How did the audience react? Paragraph 4: How did the show end? How did the audience react? How did you feel? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.2 You have decided to enter to a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story must begin or end with the following words: If I had stayed at home, none of this would have happened Follow this plan: Paragraph 1: Set the scene, say what happened before Paragraph 2: Start the main part of the story, add more background Paragraph 3: Continue the story Paragraph 4: End the story ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.3 You have decided to enter to a short story competition. Before you begin, choose one of these phrases to finish your story
I didn‟t want to show I was afraid Now finally it was time to go into the house Suddenly, I heard a noise behind him, They had caught one of the most dangerous criminals
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.4 Write a story starting with the following phrase Matt picked up his brush and began to paint.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.5 Write a story whose last phrase is: Finally I had managed to explain the mystery
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.6 You have decided to enter to a short story competition. The rules state that your story must end with the following words We got off the ferry and looked around
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.7 Your teacher has asked you to write a story for the English Magazine. It must begin with the following words: When I first saw Louise, I got completely the wrong impression of her
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.8 Write a story beginning with the following phrase: As the door slowly opened, I was surprised to see Tom standing there.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise 12.9 Your school magazine has asked students to write a series of stories. Each story must begin with the following phrase: Martha knew she would never be the same after everything that had happened
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Exercise 12.10 A travel company is organizing a short story competition. To enter to the competition you have to write a story about an exciting journey. The story must begin like this: Rebecca knew from the beginning that this would be a journey to remember
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Exercise 12.11 Write ka story beginning with the following expression How are you going to get home? Asked Tim with a worried expression
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13 Relative Clauses
Look at the following example: I met a woman. She can speak six languages 2 sentences She who 1 sentence I met a woman who can speak six languages
Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him 2 sentences It which 1 sentence Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him
Who … is for people (not for things)
A thief is a person who steals things Do you know anybody who can play the piano? I know somebody who knows you The people who work in the office are very friendly.
Which… is for things An airplane is a machine which flies Jack lives in a house which is 100 years old.
Exercise 13.1 Write sentences about the people in box A… is a person who… chose an ending from B to complete the sentences:
A A thief A butcher A musician A patient
a dentist A genious A liar A photographer
B Takes photographs Sells meat Is sick in the hospital Steals things
is very intelligent plays a musical instrument doesn’t tell the truth takes care of your teeth
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1. __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________ 5. __________________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________ 8. __________________________________________________________________
Exercise 13.2 Make one sentence using who or which 1. A man called. He didn‟t give this name _________________________________________________________________ 2. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital _________________________________________________________________ 3. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient _________________________________________________________________ 4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt _________________________________________________________________ 5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released _________________________________________________________________ 6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour. _________________________________________________________________ 7. The woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress _________________________________________________________________ 8. Some people live next door to us. They are very nice _________________________________________________________________ 9. A police officer stopped our car. He wasn‟t very friendly _________________________________________________________________ 10. A boy broke the window. He ran away _________________________________________________________________
Exercise 13.3 Complete with who, which or where 1. I met a woman ____________ can speak six languages 2. What‟s the name of the man ____________ lives next door? 3. What‟s the name of the river ____________ flows through the town? 4. Everybody ____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much 5. Do you know anybody ____________wants to buy a car? 6. Where is the picture ____________was on the wall? 7. She always asks me questions ____________are difficult to answer 8. I have a friend ____________is very good at fixing cars
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9. The London Eye, _________ takes thirty minutes to go around, will give you an amazing view of the city 10. A coffee marker is a machine ____________ makes coffee 11. I don‟t like people ____________never stop talking 12. Have you seen the money ____________was on the table? 13. Why does he always wear clothes ____________ are too small for him? 14. Tate Modern is the art gallery _________ you can see the most exciting modern art. 15. Big Ben is the cock _________every visitor wants to photograph 16. Convent Garden _________musicians and actors perform at weekends is very popular with tourists 17. People _________are interested in fashion will love the clothes at Portobello Market 18. In London, there are parks _________ you can swim, ride horses or have boat rides 19. Camden Market _________you can shop, eat or look at people is a great place to go on Sunday 20. The writer Samuel Johnson _________was born in 1709 said: When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life.
Exercise 13.4 Complete the sentences. Choose one ending from the box and change it into a relative clause He invited the telephone She runs away from home They stole my car They were on the wall
it makes furniture it gives you the meaning of words it can support life it cannot be explained
1. Barbara works for a company_________________________________________ 2. The book is about a girl _____________________________________________ 3. What happened to the pictures _______________________________________ 4. A mystery is something _____________________________________________ 5. The police have caught the men ______________________________________ 6. A dictionary is a book _______________________________________________ 7. Alexander Bell was the man _________________________________________ 8. It seems that earth is the only planet ___________________________________
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Appendix 1: List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive
Simple Past Tense
Past Participle
awake
awoke
awoken
Be
was, were
been
bear
bore
born
beat
beat
beat
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
bet
bet
bet
bid
bid/bade
bid/bidden
bind
bound
bound
bite
bit
bitten
bleed
bled
bled
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
breed
bred
bred
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
build
built
built
burn
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
burst
burst
burst
buy
bought
bought
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
dive
dived/dove
dived
do
did
done
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drew
drawn
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
drive
drove
driven
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fit
fit
fit
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade
forbidden
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
Forsake
forsook
forsaken
Freeze
froze
frozen
Get
got
gotten
Give
gave
given
Go
went
gone
Grind
ground
ground
Grow
grew
grown
Hang
hung
hung
Hear
heard
heard
Hide
hid
hidden
Hit
hit
hit
Hold
held
held
Hurt
hurt
hurt
Keep
kept
kept
Kneel
knelt
knelt
Knit
knit
knit
Know
knew
know
Lay
laid
laid
Lead
led
led
Leap
leaped/leapt
leaped/leapt
Learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
Leave
left
left
Lend
lent
lent
Let
let
let
Lie
lay
lain
Light
lighted/lit
lighted
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Lose
lost
lost
Make
made
made
Mean
meant
meant
Meet
met
met
misspell
misspelled/misspelt
misspelled/misspelt
Mistake
mistook
mistaken
Mow
mowed
mowed/mown
overcome
overcame
overcome
Overdo
overdid
overdone
overtake
overtook
overtaken
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
Pay
paid
paid
Plead
pled
pled
Prove
proved
proved/proven
Put
put
put
Quit
quit
quit
Read
read
read
Rid
rid
rid
Ride
rode
ridden
Ring
rang
rung
Rise
rose
risen
Run
ran
run
Saw
sawed
sawed/sawn
Say
said
said
See
saw
seen
Seek
sought
sought
Sell
sold
sold
Send
sent
sent
Set
set
set
Sew
sewed
sewed/sewn
shake
shook
shaken
shave
shaved
shaved/shaven
shear
shore
shorn
shine
shone
shone
shoe
shoed
shoed/shod
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
showed/shown
shrink
shrank
shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
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Gianfranco Catanzaro sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slay
slew
slain
slide
slid
slid
sling
slung
slung
slit
slit
slit
smite
smote
smitten
sow
sowed
sowed/sown
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
sped
sped
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilled/spilt
spilled/spilt
spin
spun
spun
spit
spit/spat
spit
split
split
split
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang/sprung
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
sting
stung
stung
stink
stank
stunk
stride
strod
stridden
strike
struck
struck
string
strung
strung
strive
strove
striven
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swelled/swollen
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
thrive
thrived/throve
thrived
throw
threw
thrown
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden
understand
understood
understood
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uphold
upheld
upheld
upset
upset
upset
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
weave
weaved/wove
weaved/woven
wed
wed
wed
weep
wept
wept
wind
wound
wound
win
won
won
withhold
withheld
withheld
withstand
withstood
withstood
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written
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Appendix 2: List of Regular Verbs
The list below contains the 600 more common regular verbs in English
accept add admire admit advise afford agree alert allow amuse analyse announce annoy answer apologise appear applaud appreciate approve argue arrange arrest arrive ask attach attack attempt attend attract avoid back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe
battle beam beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake brake branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz calculate call camp care carry carve
cause challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect colour comb command communicate compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct
cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle damage dance dare decay deceive decide decorate delay delight deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy detect develop disagree disappear disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double
doubt drag drain dream dress drip drop drown drum dry dust earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage end enjoy enter entertain escape examine excite excuse exercise exist expand expect explain explode extend face fade fail fancy fasten
164 fax fear fedex fence fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool force form found frame frighten fry gather gaze glow glue google grab grate greet guarantee guard guess guide hammer hand handle hang happen harass harm hate haunt head
Gianfranco Catanzaro heal heap heat help hook hop hope hover identify ignore imagine impress improve include increase influence inform inject injure instruct intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent invite irritate itch jail jog joke juggle jam join judge jump kick kiss knit kill kneel knock label land last
laugh launch learn level license lick lie lighten like list listen live load lock long look love man manage march mark marry match mate matter measure melt memorise mend mess up milk miss mix moan move mug multiply murder nail need nod notice name nest note number obey
object observe obtain occur offend offer open order owe own pack paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform permit phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish pop possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present
preserve press pretend prevent prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push question queue race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce
English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook request rescue retire return rhyme risk rob rock roll rub ruin rule rush sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave
shelter shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin ski skip slap slip slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil spot spray sprout squash squeak squeal
squeeze stain stamp stare start stay step stir stitch stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch talk tap taste tease telephone terrify
165 test thank tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour trace trade train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip trot trouble trust try turn twist type
visit
undress unite unpack use unfasten unlock untidy
yawn yell
vanish
wait walk wander want warm warn wash waste watch water wave weigh welcome whisper whistle wink wish wonder work worry wrap wreck wrestle x-ray
zip zoom
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Appendix 3: Phrasal verbs Bank
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Bibliography
Barker C et al (2003) New Snapshot Elementary. Essex: Longman
Barker C et al (2003) New Snapshot Pre Intermediate. Essex: Longman
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Mann M. & Taylore – Knowles S. (2004) Laser FCE Oxford: Macmillan
Mann M. & Taylore – Knowles S. (2003) Skills for First Certificate: Writing. Oxford: Macmillan
Murphy R (1993) Basic Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Murphy R (2004) English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Norris R. (2001) Ready for First Certificate. Oxford: Macmillan
Prodromou L. (2000) Rising Star: A Pre – First Certificate Course. Oxford: Macmillan
Prodromou L. (2000) Rising Star: An Intermediate Course. Oxford: Macmillan
Stanton A. & Stephens M. (2001) Fast Track to FCE. Essex: Longman
Taylore-Knowles S. (2004) Laser Pre – FCE. Oxford: Macmillan
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Dr. Gianfranco Catanzaro, Ph.D Bachelor Degree of Education in English Language Teaching, Bachelor Degree of Arts in History, Bachelor Degree of Humanities in Philosophy and Master Degree of Education in Teaching English as a Foreign Language from The University of Piura, Peru. Diploma of Education in Distance Education Management from the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. Doctorate of Philosophy in Education from the Atlantic International University, USA. He holds The University of Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English and Teaching Knowledge Test and The University of Michigan Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English. Currently working on a Master Degree in Educational Theories and Practice at the University of Piura. Several years of experience in EFL teaching, teacher training, coordinating and designing language programmes in General English, Business English and Cambridge ESOL Examinations preparation courses at different prestigious schools and Universities in Peru. He has been the Academic Consultant for Macmillan Publishers for northern Peru; The Head of English Department for the three schools sponsored by Southern Peru Copper Corporation and The Centre Exams Manager for the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations for southern Peru. He is a regular contributor to the Language, Literature and Cultural Studies at the Military Technical Academy Publishing House in Bucharest, Romania. Currently he is an internal Assessor and script marker for English B High Level at the International Baccalaureate Organization.
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