MISSION PLAN EMPOWER, MAKE AND SELL MEDICAL AND HIGHER GRADES OF HEMP OILS, SALVES AND TINCTURES, LEGAL AS HEMP FOODS This linkable edition is to more information on underlined keyword

Written by J. Nayer Hardin Richard M. Davis, USA Hemp Museum and Sherwood Akuna Email: [email protected]—Blog: hempfoodmission.blogspot.com

CONTRIBUTIONS OF IDEAS & PRAYERS ARE REQUESTED CLICK HERE TO $ CONTRIBUTE—NOT TAX DEDUCTIBLE You can also support this work via purchasing linked products Computer Underground Railroad™ Enterprises (CURE) © Moses A Movement To Freedom – PAu2-759-072 All rights reserved

Published Spring, 2012—Projected Business Plan Summer, 2012

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FOUNDATION PLANS HEMP EMPOWERMENT MISSION PROGRAM: FOOD Use hemp foods to solve the UN declared global food crisis ACTIVIST ALERT: RADIATION & HEMP

Problem Medical, recreational and spiritual grades of hemp oil are not easily available on the mass market, not even on Amazon, though legal as food. Solution Grow, process and sell high THC level hemp oil products. Empower individuals and companies to make and sell the oils. Opportunity Help people be healthy, happy and those who choose, holy. Earn capital by helping folks start businesses, sell products. Mission Purpose Empower many companies and individuals, including ourselves, to make and sell legal medical, recreational and spiritual grades of Hemp Oils, Salves and Tinctures “On March 28, 2003, the Hemp Industries Association, several hemp food and body care companies and the Organic Consumers Association filed an Urgent Motion for Stay in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. The industry was optimistic that the Court would grant the Stay, given previous Court action on the issue. In the meantime, the law of the land affirming hemp food's legality remained in effect. On February 6, 2004 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous decision in favor of the HIA in which Judge Betty Fletcher wrote, "[T]hey (DEA) cannot regulate naturally-occurring THC not contained within or derived from marijuana-i.e. nonpsychoactive hemp is not included in Schedule I. The DEA has no authority to regulate drugs that are not scheduled, and it has not followed procedures required to schedule a substance. The DEA's definition of "THC" contravenes the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and cannot be upheld". On September 28, 2004 the HIA claimed victory after DEA declined to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States the ruling from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals protecting the sale of hemp-containing foods. Industrial hemp remains legal for import and sale in the U.S., but U.S. farmers still are not permitted to grow it. The summary "Agency Issues Legislative Rule in Violation of Administrative Procedures Act" by Harrison M. Pittman of the National Agricultural Law Center is an excellent overview of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in HIA v. DEA.”

Source VOTE HEMP: http://www.votehemp.com/legal_cases_DEA.html 2

Table of Contents Executive Summary

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General Project Description

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Products and Services

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Research

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Manufacturing Processes Overview

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Manufacturing Equipment

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Marketing Plan

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Operational Plan

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Management and Organization

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Financial Projections

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Appendix Product Lines Include—Modify & Make Your Own:

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Medical Grade Hemp Seed Oil—Somayah’s Way Recreational Grade Hemp Seed Oil—Freedom Oil Sacramental Grade Hemp Seed Oil— Qaneh-Bosm also known as Kaneh Bosm Medical Grade Hemp Salve in Shea Butter Rainbow Valley Farm Brand – Richard M. Davis, owner Medical Grade Hemp Tincture Rainbow Valley Farm Brand – Richard M. Davis, owner Hemp Healing Comfort Oil– Rick Simpson style Oil pulled via supercritical CO2 extraction – then heat concentrated (Rick Simpson said or other solvent—Supercritical CO2 extraction) No endorsement from Rick Simpson on this method is intended or implied.

Recreational Hemp Bud Oil Hemp bud oil for medical, recreational, culinary & spiritual use 3

Executive Summary The HEMP FOR VICTORY (H4V) mission is a collective of multi decade cannabis activists achieving social and financial goals. The mission began as a series of HEMP FOR VICTORY books A GLOBAL WARMING SOLUTION, THE WONDER HERB and THE TRILLION DOLLAR CROP by Richard M. Davis. The exciting product line in development either re-creates classic hemp or innovates new applications to this ancient healing, recreational and spiritual plant. H4V is a mission in process, working on developing sustainable markets for hemp products while changing the hemp law. The strategy is to apply old school wisdom via social media to create & close customers by providing quality products at a fair price and profit. Traditional if not higher than medical grade standards are required of all food and body products with 24/7 live webcam broadcast from production facilities educating and truthfully assuring quality. Hemp’s over 5,000 years of healing power is documented. In addition to “medical marijuana”, hemp oils, salves, seeds, foods, tinctures and buds present golden opportunities for growing new, profitable without greed markets. If you are not hip to “Rick Simpson”, in addition to the links in this document, Google him. Simpson has a traditional recipe for his cancer cure oil that he uses. The change we are researching is using supercritical CO2 extraction to remove the bud oil, as suggested to this mission by THC Ministry activist Ray Christl. National Geographic is selling a DVD called Marijuana Gold Rush. The Discovery Channel has a reality show called Weed Wars. ‘The marijuana industry is growing up fast.’ The H4V business model is ‘engage, encourage and empower folks to create legal hemp business i.e. medical, recreational and spiritual grades of initially hemp oils, salves & tinctures. Since hemp is legal when classified as food, paper, building materials, etc. it can be made co-op style by communities: A team of neighbors grow. Another certify and process. Another presses and manufactures the oil or other products. Yet another in the same neighborhood sells the oil on line, bars and restaurants, dispensaries, events, parties, etc. Seal Of Approval branding is a consideration. Though there are good hemp oils on the market, at this time not even on Amazon can one find medical or higher grades of hemp seed oil. This plan covers seven key cannabis products that offer people a healthy alternative to the toxic lifestyle most of us are forced to live today. Products: 1. Medical grade hemp seed oil. 2. Recreational/religious grades hemp seed oil for use as a comforter and/or a prayer tool in espresso or strong tea, marketed as ‘Bitch’s Brew’ or ‘Angel’s Smile’. 3. Modified Rick Simpson method for making his healing oil using supercritical CO2 extraction. 4 & 5. Sell Hemp Salve & Strong Tincture from Rainbow Valley Farm. 6. Hemp Healing (Bud) Comfort Oil raw from supercritical CO2 extraction. 7. Website for the aforementioned products & others. This project is designed to co-create Prosperity for many. In 1937 hemp was estimated to be a billion dollar crop. By any financial calculator that makes hemp at least a trillion dollar crop today. That number does not factor in markets that have grown exponentially with new products like paper, food, fabric, energy and plastics. In a market this big, the more hands & quality tools the better. H4V combines the skills of Richard M. Davis, founder and curator of the USA Hemp Museum , inventor and musician Sherwood L. Akuna, J. Nayer Hardin, inventor, founder the Computer Underground Railroad and many others listed here and in the Food Mission Plan. 4

General Project Description Overview: H4V is a citizen’s movement applying the lessons of the successful WWII US Hemp For Victory program to solve modern problems. The work is designed as a co-operative hemp business that presses medical and recreational grades of hemp seeds and buds into food grade healing, spiritual and recreational oils. One of the specialty products developed is “Bitch’s Brew™ ” or “Angel’s Smile™” 2 tablespoons of medical+ hemp oil in espresso (bitch) or strong tea (angel). THC & CBD levels will be listed. Purpose: Assist in building the hemp industry, including our own brands, using high quality systems, standards & style, starting with oils and other foods. Goals and Objectives: Make, sell and resell hemp products to fill the needs created by our health care and other crisis situations. Empower as many small business in various hemp fields, beginning with oils, and where legal, bud and leaf sales. Create and co-promote hemp activists, companies, media and products through various media, producing project management programs with the message hemp helps heal. H4V is also setting industry standards concerning immaculate quality control procedures. Business Philosophy: “Hire good people, pay them well and let them do their job.” Bill Paley - Like Paley, H4V is already utilizing some of the best minds in hemp activism to research and develop this & other ideas. Customers: The reason for this mission’s existence is the customers we serve. Since hemp oils are legal under foods, initial customers are people who already use marijuana, or are sick desirous of using effective hemp medicine. With the end of prohibitionist based capitalism in sight, the market is large. Customers can include individuals, dispensaries, health food stores, churches, on line sales and restaurants. Industry: Because of the drug war, many don’t understand that the back door called hemp food is legal. Search “hemp food” on Amazon. Medical grade hemp foods, starting with oils, can evolution-ize the industry quickly using social media tools including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Blog Radio & TV, books already published, expert/star building (artist management), etc. Products will also be promoted through traditional media, community events, civic and on line meetings. Special attention is being focused on co-opting with medical marijuana clubs & delivery services. Strengths & Core Competencies: This venture’s biggest strengths are the vista and quality of nature’s longest fiber plant, hemp, plus the activist involved. All involved are multi-decade activists, committed to making life better for all. The initial product line, Rainbow Valley Farms is also excellent starting strength, followed up by Somayah’s Way Oil, named after the late hemp activist Sister Somayah Kambui, a medical grade hemp seed oil that she successfully used to live double her lifespan plus 8 years. Anticipated equipment of an electric hemp seed oil pressing machine and the later addition of a supercritical CO2 extraction machine upgrading the team’s abilities to pull high quality hemp bud oil for use as a concentrate, recreation or spiritual purposes. Independent consultants will be contracted throughout the process. Legal form of ownership: This is a citizens’ initiative, part of USA Hemp Museum and Computer Underground Railroad’s copyright Moses – A Movement To Freedom PAu2-759-072. A full list of participants is in the founding proposal Hemp Empowerment Mission Program: Food. Work is in process to transform part of this mission into a traditional business structure that empowers others too. 5

"In order to change the circumstances within any community, you must first change the energy within the community. You change the energy in the community by changing what is being preached and taught within the community. Subsequently, the thoughts and feelings of the community change. Then and only then will you see change!" Suga Ray, President of The Good Foundation Facebook posting 2/11/12 by Iro I-Shyne Lewis

Hemp Empowerment Mission Program ‘With a market this big, there is no need for greed’ Sell legal hemp products and services on line & in other market places i.e. medical marijuana dispensaries Empower small business and individuals to make editable marijuana products, initially oils, salves & tinctures & other medicine Provide computer / product standards and training to help co-create & innovate successful hemp food and oil businesses Develop, manufacture and sell our own mission brand of hemp products & services too Sell Rainbow Valley Farm, Somayah’s Way oil and other products through affiliate sales Seed Sources Medical Marijuana Seeds

Nirvana Shop

Marijuana Weed Seeds

Medical Seed Bank

California Dream

Independent Hemp Farmers 6

Products and Services Medical Grade Hemp Healing Oil: This oil is inspired by the late activist and Executive Producer of the 1st and subsequent 8 Million Marijuana Marches in Los Angeles, Sister Somayah Kambui. A member of the Prop. 215 team, Somayah is also known for her hemp, pain and sickle cell research. Somayah’s Way Oil is owned by her brother R. W. Akile, pressed from her machine. Non-THC grades of hemp seed foods and oil are healthy, i.e. Hippie Butter, that H4V will be reselling. This phase of the work addresses the untapped market of medical grade plus hemp seed oil, made to immaculate standards, with a 24/7 web cam from the production room. Hemp Healing (Bud) Comfort Oil: Richard M. Davis explained Hemp Hero Rick Simpson’s process of making his cancer cure oil as ‘take the oil from a pound of high quality buds and leaves then cook it down to about 2 ounces of oil.’ While looking for a safer way to make the oil, Ray Christl suggested supercritical CO2 extraction, the technique used to pull caffeine from coffee, to pull the oil from the pound of buds. Once we have the oil, the rest of the process is to cook it down in a rice cooker or crock pot to the 2 ounce level. Estimated high quality hemp bud costs approximately $3,500 lb. Activist Todd McCormick said it can be grown for about $560 a pound ($35 an ounce). As legal, remaining bud material can be sold as ground food with low to no THC. Hemp Recreational Grade Seed Oil Millions of marijuana smokers will perk up at the opportunity to obtain legal recreational grade hemp seed oil. This oil is to be pressed from recreational grade seeds and marketed as an add-on to many beverages and foods. Relaxing, entertaining, wonderful, natural sensations. Hemp Recreational Bud Grade Oil In addition to the healing oil obtained from supercritical CO2 extraction technique used to make the comfort oil, the unprocessed oil can have value in the recreational marijuana marketplace. Hemp Salve Marketed and sold by H4V, made by Richard M. Davis, Rainbow Valley Farm in Mendocino County. This excellent salve is a blend of high quality shea butter and healing hemp. The Rainbow Valley Farm brand is made to specifications found in CA Health and Safety Code 11362.5 Hemp Tincture Also made by Rainbow Valley Farm, this triple strong tincture brings instant relief to the stress that is at cause for many diseases. Hemp Sacramental Oil As in the kosher food business, oil that meets a prayer person’s standards and has been prayed over by an awakened soul, is sacramental oil. Qaneh-Bosm is an anointing hemp oil used by Moses & Jesus as documented in the Bible.

Qaneh-Bosm also known as Kaneh Bosm

Hemp Club Store Retail outlets that combine hemp products and free computer education and low to no cost access. The computer training allows participants to order products through store affiliates on line and increase store traffic. 7

Research Links for Rick Simpson’s Oil Basis for Hemp Healing Comfort Oil Run From The Cure - Movie Rick Simpson on Facebook Rick Simpson Website Rick Simpson YouTube Channel Rick Simpson Blog How to make the oil 420 Times Rick Simpson Article United We Stand Radio Interview

Rick Simpson at the Million Marijuana March 2010 in Prague Rick Simpson, Zeleny Stvrtok in Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 17.6.2010 “The Cure” Re-Introduced by Rick Simpson on a 3rd Degree Burn – Part 1 “The Cure” Re-Introduced by Rick Simpson on a 3rd Degree Burn – Part 2 Radio Show with Rick Simpson and Bob Melamede Rick at the High Times Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam, 2009 Cannabinoids Cure Cancer and the Government Has Known About It For 36 Years Skin Nose Cancer Treatment Patients Out of Time YouTube Channel EssiacHempLaetrile’s YouTube Channel

Cannabis Curing Cancer- More Proof

A Cure For Cancer - Max Igan talks with Rick Simpson - Hemp & Cannabis Miracle Cures Christian Laurette´s YouTube Channel Hemp Oil Essentials Crush Cancer with Hemp and Truth – A Seminar with Rick Simpson Whose Oil Can You Trust Hempcosmetics YouTube Channel Paula Gloria´s YouTube Channel Above titles are linkable

“IMPORTANT MESSAGE: To everyone who thinks that Rick Simpson and Jindrich Bayer own a large growing facility which is able to supply oil and post it to patients from the around the world: no, we don’t and we cannot and are unable to supply the oil to anyone at the moment. So please do not even ask us, it is not that we would not like to. Go talk to your government, tell them that you know of world-class experts that could make a dramatic change to the health and economy of the country and know how to do it, if they are allowed to do what they want. Could we make better oil and have better results than most others? You bet. Until then, all you will hear from us is: no, we cannot and will not supply the oil, it is up to you to make it. We do not recommend buying it, make your own, learn how to produce the oil, find your local contacts or grow your own so that you would not have to depend on anyone. All instructions on how to make and use the oil are on our site www.phoenixtears.ca and more information is coming soon in two books. We can’t do anything more than supply advice and information.

Best wishes, Rick Simpson and Jindřich Bayer” Facebook posting, Friday, January 20, 2012. 8

Medical Marijuana may help with MRSA infections If you or someone you care about is dealing with MRSA infection, you should know that medical marijuana can help heal MRSA according to international researchers. A general article on healing with cannabis was reported in 2008 by ABC News: Cannabis plant extracts can effectively fight drug-resistant bacteria. by Nora Schultz “MRSA, short for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a bacterium that can cause difficult-totreat infections since it does not respond to many antibiotics. Many healthy people carry S. aureus on their skin, but problems arise when multi-drug-resistant strains infect people with weak immune systems through an open wound. In the worst cases, the bug spreads throughout the body, causing a life-threatening infection. To make matters worse, resistance to antibiotics is rapidly increasing, and some strains are now even immune to vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic that is normally used only as a last resort when other drugs fail.” “Substances harvested from cannabis plants could soon outshine conventional antibiotics in the escalating battle against drug-resistant bacteria. The compounds, called cannabinoids, appear to be unaffected by the mechanism that superbugs like MRSA use to evade existing antibiotics. Scientists from Italy and the United Kingdom, who published their research in the Journal of Natural Products last month, say that cannabis-based creams could also be developed to treat persistent skin infections.” Web MD: "Chemicals in Marijuana May Fight MRSA - Study Shows Cannabinoids May Be Useful Against Drug-Resistant Staph Infections" by Caroline Wilbert - Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD Sept. 4, 2008 -- Chemicals in marijuana may be useful in fighting MRSA, a kind of staph bacterium that is resistant to certain antibiotics. “Researchers in Italy and the U.K. tested five major marijuana chemicals called cannabinoids on different strains of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). All five showed germ-killing activity against the MRSA strains in lab tests. Some synthetic cannabinoids also showed germ-killing capability. The scientists note the cannabinoids kill bacteria in a different way than traditional antibiotics, meaning they might be able to bypass bacterial resistance." "Researchers Tackle MRSA Using Cannabis Extracts" - "According to a new study, published August 6, 2008 in the Journal of Natural Products, cannabis has powerful antibiotic properties against several forms of MRSA strains, “of clinical relevance.” "Cannabis and MRSA Cannabis plant extracts can effectively fight drug-resistant bacteria. Scientists Say Substances Derived From Cannabis Could Outdo Conventional Antibiotics In Killing Some Bacteria." - Also BIOMEDICINE A New MRSA Defense Marijuana extracts kill antibioticresistant MRSA without a high parrots Nora Schultz "Substances harvested from cannabis plants could soon outshine conventional antibiotics in the escalating battle against drugresistant bacteria." World Health - Cannabinoids kill hospital superbug MRSA “Chemicals found in marijuana called Cannabinoids may prove useful in the fight against the antibiotic-resistant superbug MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), new research suggests. - Results of a study by researchers in Italy and the UK has revealed that the five major cannabinoids in the Cannabis sativa plant are effective against different strains of MRSA. Two of the cannabinoids tested are nonpsychotropic, which means that they do not possess the mood-altering properties associated with marijuana. Furthermore, the researchers found that the cannabinoids kill bacteria in a different way to traditional antibacterial drugs, thus meaning that MRSA may not be able to develop resistance against them.” 9

Manufacturing Process Overview MEDICAL GRADE HEMP SEED OIL Purchase medical grade hemp seeds in bulk Clean & select live (floating) hemp seeds Press in immaculate, on camera environment seed oil Quality check oil for THC level—Bottle, label and box oil. HEMP COMFORT OIL 1 pound of Medical grade buds per 2 ounce of oil Supercritical CO2 Extraction process—Harvest Oil Slow cook oil from 1 pound of buds down to 2 ounces Quality check, bottle or put in vegetable cased pills Label and box comfort oil HEMP RECREATIONAL GRADE SEED OIL Purchase recreational grade hemp seeds Clean & select live (floating) hemp seeds Press in clean, on camera environment seed oil Quality check oil for THC level Bottle, label and box oil. HEMP RECREATIONAL GRADE BUD OIL Recreational buds Supercritical CO2 Extraction process—Harvest Oil Slow cook oil from 1 pound of buds down to 2 ounces concentrated oil Quality check, bottle or put in vegetable cased pills HEMP SALVE & TINCTURE Purchased & resell from Rainbow HEMP SACRAMENTAL OIL Highest grade hemp buds, high THC level Supercritical CO2 Extraction process—Harvest Oil Quality check, bottle or put in vegetable cased pills Prayer soul to pray over the oil – i.e. Rasta Rabbi The above list is just an overview of processes. If Job One must be broken down to only one element, it is clean high quality production. Immaculate, can’t say it enough, conditions, equipment and raw materials, are essential for all product success. This commitment is an outstanding competitive edge…like McDonalds’s use to advertise, we must have ‘a department of clean.’ The economic insight of Jay Greathouse & wisdom of Liz O’Garvey, founders of the Willie Nelson Peace Research Institute, are treasured and instrumental in this process. FarmAid will be contacted for hemp farmers we can share business with. Hemp Hero Lee Riesch, producer of the soon to be released 21st Century edition of a HEMP FOR VICTORY movie is covering initial packaging costs through PilotViles in exchange for these and other products when in production. For more on the many great souls involved and product ideas read How To Use Hemp Food To Solve UN Food Crisis. 10

Manufacturing Equipment Start-up equipment costs under $10,000 for folks to set up their businesses.

Medical, Recreational and Spiritual Grades of Hemp Seed Oil Press Hemp Seed Oil Pressing Machine Min. Order: 1 SetFOB Price: US $2000-3000 / Set 1. Widely used to press many kinds of oil crops 2. With cacuum oil filter 3. High oil yield...usage: extract edible oil from oilseeds Category: Machinery | Oil Pressers RelatedKeywords: Seed Oil Pressing |Oil Press | Oil Press Machine Zhengzhou Dingsheng Machine Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Manufacturer, Trading Company ] China (Mainland)

Recreational and Spiritual Grades Of Oil – Buds (Relax your body so your spirit can soar—more praising, less begging) Concentrated healing oil, recreational & spiritual grades of bud & leaf oils. For Bud & Leaf Oils—When we have the equipment we’ll try seeds too in it. TO BE PURCHASED – PRICE UNDER $10,000 used on eBay – Used – US $2,299.99 ISCO SFX 3560 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTOR INCLUDES EXTRACTION CELLS AND SOFTWARE TESTED TO POWER UP GOOD COSMETIC CONDITION. THIS EXTRACTOR DOES NOT REQUIRE A COMPUTER TO PERFORM EXTRACTIONS CLEANING EQUIPMENT AND OTHER QUALITY CONTROL MATERIALS Melaleuca solvent http://www.saferforyourhome.com/sol-u-mel.htm There are markets for traditional and non traditional applications, experiments and innovations. [Innovation of hemp products is fun and personally rewarding too.] We are limited only by our imaginations, which are vast 11

Supercritical CO2 Extractors - EBay Search 2/8/12 http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_lncat=0&_sacat=0&_from=R40&_nkw=supercritical&_sop=16

Isco SFX-220 supercritical CO2 extractor with accessories LN Returns: Not accepted $13,999.00 Free Shipping ISCO SFX 3560 SFX-3560 SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTOR Returns: Accepted within 7 days $6,700.00

ISCO SUPERCRITICAL SUPREX PREPMASTER GA NICE Returns: Accepted within 7 days $2,500.00+$175.00 shipping Suprex AP-44 Supercritical / Superficial Fluid Extractor Lab Extractor WOW !! Returns: Accepted within 14 days $2,000.00 +$150.00 shipping A supercritical CO2 extraction machine is used to pull the oil from 1 pound of buds to be either sold as pure hemp bud oil or processed down to 2 ounces per oil from 1 pound of buds cooked down to 2 ounces. 12

Hemp Seed Oil Pressing Machines http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/hemp-seed-oil-press.html Search date 02/08/12

Hemp Seed Oil Press 6YL-130

Min. Order: 1 SetFOB Price: US $790-6900 / Set hemp seed oil press 6YL-130 1 easy operation 2 less oil loss 3 strong adaptability 4 high adaptability .... Usage: all kinds of crude oil Category: Machinery | Oil Pressers ZL-120 Hemp Seed Oil Press

Min. Order: 1 Set FOB Price: US $2000-4000 / Set ZL-120 hemp seed oil press 1.oil press with oil filter 2.extract edible oil from various oil crops 3.low oil residual... Category: Machinery | Oil Pressers Hemp Seeds Oil Press

Min. Order: 1 Set FOB Price: US $1150-1750 / Set hemp seeds oil press 1.oil press for oil seed 2.press machine with high oil output rate 3.low price... Model Number: 6YL-95C edible oil Category: Machinery | Oil Pressers

Hemp Seed Oil Press/ oil pressmachine/ 0086-13663859267

Min. Order: 1 Piece FOB Price: US $1000-4000 / Piece hemp seed oil press 1.hemp seed oil press :500-550kg/h 2.cold oil seed press/oil seed press 3.hemp seed oil press... Type:: vegetable oil extraction plant Category: Machinery | Oil Pressers 2011 best sales Hemp Seed Oilpress 86 13071070895

Min. Order: 1 Set FOB Price: US $750-2000 / Set hemp seed oil press 1,press 100 kinds seed 2,less 6% oil in the cake 3,composed of feeder, gearbox, etc... Type: oil making machine Category: Agriculture | Initial seed oil production is from the restored hemp seed machine of the late Sister Somayah Kambui, owned by R. W. Akile, LA, CA. As budget and time permit, more equipment is anticipated to be added. As with anything else, price is determined at the point of purchase. Ebay and other on line sties have a plethora of deals. Because of the relative low cost and high yield potential of making oil, we believe this equipment can be a game changer for many now in poverty.

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Marketing Plan Market research - Why? Because even though illegal in many forms, hemp is still America’s number one cash crop. Having completed the research document How To Use Hemp Food To Solve UN Food Crisis it became clear the most profitable and under-developed market is the medical and higher (no pun intended) grades of hemp oil from seeds, leaves and buds. This legal product, since it is a hemp food, has tremendous potential as a community based profit center that can run rings around toxic medical companies. According to Medical Marijuana Markets, ‘the national market for medical marijuana was an estimated $1.7 billion in 2011, with the potential to reach almost nine billion dollars by 2016. California and Colorado constitute 92% of the legal medical marijuana sales, though opportunities in other states would expand the market exponentially.’ There is an explosion of interest in hemp products and H4V is poised to take a leadership role through social and traditional media, industry trade shows and gatherings, and one on one product presentations at community and web based events. Why such confidence in the potential found in the hemp marketplace? In 1937 according to Popular Mechanics Magazine (article published February, 1938) hemp was a billion dollar crop which, by any economic calculator makes it a trillion dollar plus crop today. According to the New York Times, there are more than 750,000 Californians who have obtained doctor “recommendations” The International Business Times reports that 77% of Americans support legalizing marijuana. Since hemp has a history of helping mankind in many ways, this is clearly a wide open market where product quality is the best way to establish brands…and we intend to help build many, many folks brands, services and community empowerment projects. For an excellent explanation of hemp’s profit potential, read the book HEMP FOR VICTORY: THE TRILLION DOLLAR CROP by Richard M. Davis. The book is a museum tour of some of the most powerful papers on the market size. Also part of this Hemp For Victory mission is the research found in the medical book THE WONDER HERB and the environmental/energy book A GLOBAL WARMING SOLUTION.

Market - How? Begin. Get products & vendors up and running between now and the beginning of June. Build website and shopping cart. Post and follow up with press releases. Book activists on Skype and Youtube based media tours. Initial Primary Market: Word of mouth and local sales through legal medical marijuana dispensaries where hemp is legal. Internet, restaurants, health food stores & other entertainment markets. Email and on line advertising are primary means for reaching customers. As experts in the field of hemp (pun intended), sell our original products and services also advertise in hemp related media i.e. Casper Leitch’s Time4Hemp and others. Initial Secondary Market: Government and institutional sales. Institutional sales include helping shift from soy to hemp based foods like a hemp based textured vegetable protein that replaces soy with hemp flour and oils. Throughout the process international replications and improvements of working models are encouraged. Build a database of hemp information with ads for various products we represent and make. 14

Operational Plan The operational plan, based on market standards for business reveals the fastest way to serve customers, earn profits and grow the industry at the level of cause. 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Tithe gross. Bootstrap financing is from sweat equity, until sales or investment. Begin. Leave the business plan as a mission plan and revisit in 90 days with realistic experience, financial projections and expenses with an eye on an IPO . Sell our own brand and resell existing medical grade hemp food, oil and other legal hemp products on line from existing social media channels. There is also room to sell industrial hemp products through the same profit channels. Assist in bringing on line original hemp activists, products & companies in exchange for a sales commission. Initial product lines to help with development include Somayah’s Way Oil owned by R.W. Akile and Rainbow Valley Farm owned by Richard M. Davis. Others include: Paul Benhaim’s How To Start A Hemp Business and Brad Irvin’s Hippie Butter affiliate program as well as the affiliates program offered by Amazon of the many hemp products they offer. Networking and pre-qualified outsourcing as product demand increases. Media promotional tours of various hemp heroes as needed. Continue campaigning for the unconditional end of prohibition. Make this Hemp For Victory mission available to all who need it.

J. Nayer Hardin is responsible for the day to day operation of this phase of the mission. The first enterprise we represent, Rainbow Valley Farm line of medical grade hemp salves and tinctures, have been added and the web campaign is in development. R. W. Akile’s Somayah’s Way Hempseed oil is the second and a marketing strategy is in development for that product too. As product becomes available, stores, medical marijuana clubs, restaurants, social media and web based advertising, sales people, companies and organizations will be pitched to become customers. Orders comes in on line via PayPal and are transferred minus commission to the appropriate vendor who ships and sends us shipping numbers. Special apps will be built to automate the process and insure quality control. The immaculate conception ain’t just about Jesus. It’s about how we think about and make our products that serve our customer’s needs. All products are subject to frequent focus group evaluations to upgrade existing products and co-create new and effective items. For a company to have our stamp of approval, it must meet THC level, clean and other published quality control standards. Random batch testing is mandatory and first person customer testimonials promoted. An on line presence is sufficient during the start up phase. Top quality legal, accounting and sales alliances are required to assure the legality and fiduciary responsibility essential to making this venture a success. Of course in a perfect world we’re talking California’s Bruce Perlowin, Bruce Margolin and Steve Collett. They are the standards we aspire to for sales, legal and accounting operations. All orders are paid for in advance so no credit policies are needed or offered. Accounts Payable are assumed net 30 unless otherwise negotiated. Operative phrase is ‘if we have not earned it, don’t spend it.’ Initial project funding is anticipated to come from sales of hemp foods, medicines and other legal hemp products. 15

Management and Organization Richard M. Davis is the founder and curator of the USA Hemp Museum and author of the HEMP FOR VICTORY book series A GLOBAL WARMING SOLUTION, THE WONDER HERB and THE TRILLION DOLLAR CROP. Davis is also working on the 4th and 5th books in the series. A hemp activist since the 1960’s he holds a master’s degree in Biology from California State University at Los Angeles, and attended the School of Public Health at UCLA for four years under a US Public Health Service Fellowship. The USA Hemp Museum that he founded is an internationally respected collection that is housed on 1358 S. Flower Street in Los Angeles. Davis is a respected California hemp farmer and collector who was a protégée of Jack Herer, friend of most of the major hemp activists in the world and a leading innovator and speaker on everything hemp. Currently he is opening the physical USA Hemp Museum with thousands of hemp exhibits in downtown Los Angeles, CA. Plus, as he did with California’s historic Prop. 215, Davis is strategizing and accomplishing the election of Herer’s California Cannabis and Hemp Initiative, 2012. Davis is a media go to guy on the issue of hemp. He has been on as an expert on the Discovery Channel, the History Channel and a cameo appearance on CNBC-TV. He has co-produced most of the Los Angeles Million Marijuana Marches since the 1st one. Sherwood L. Akuna is a long term hemp activist, working with Sister Somayah Kambui, Dr. Jeri Rose and other respected LA activists to co-produce the first Los Angeles Million Marijuana March in 1999. He uses his computer to sell his invention that he manufacturers, the evolutionary Akuna Brass Catcher that catches pistol brass as shot. Akuna is also a respected musician ,whose work with Arthur Lee as a bass player is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and an in demand independent graphic artist. Since 1999, Akuna is also serving as a conductor on the Computer Underground Railroad, specializing in computer graphics and flight simulators, creating the covers for the HEMP FOR VICTORY book series and other titles on Amazon. J. Nayer Hardin is the founder of and a conductor on the Computer Underground Railroad since 1984. Under her leadership, the railroad has helped raise awareness of the many benefits of hemp and computers , co-published seven books, helped over 3,000 people learn computer skills from her system How To Compute, engaged in extensive environmental research, and is in pre-production for a movie project . Nayer is a patent holding inventor of an ergonomic keyboard stand that has kept her extensive computer injuries away since 1990, U.S. Patent No. 5,188,321 . Hardin’s experience highlights prior to 1984 includes: 1981-84 Assisted various start ups including RCA’s The Entertainment Channel, Blue Parrot Records and various small business executives; 1980-81 United Press International – Account Executive – Sold news wire service to broadcast media and corporations; 1977-1980 – ABC, Inc. WPLJ-FM Director of Sales Operations – Scheduled over $10 million worth of commercials and PSA’s for the ABC flagship FM station using a Marketron mid-sized computer; 1974-1977 – CBS, Inc. Television Network, Executive Secretary to the VP Special Programs, WCBS-TV Administrative Assistant to the Executive Producer, 60 Minutes – Secretary/Receptionist, Radio News Desk Assistant; 1974 Inner City Broadcasting – WLIB-AM – Traffic Manager manually scheduled commercials, on air community affairs host (Positive Vibes); 1973 National Black Network – Assistant Audio Tape Editor – Edit stories, assign stringers, phone news interviews; 1972 NBC, Page (Tour Guide). 16

Financial Projections Oil has always been a lucrative industry, and hemp oil is no exception. For an excellent education on how to use hemp to fix our economic problems read HEMP FOR VICTORY: THE TRILLION DOLLAR CROP by Richard M. Davis, founder and curator of the USA Hemp Museum. This page is a short no brainer on hemp and the economy. Hemp makes over 50,000 products. Ten companies per product is 500,000 new or expanded businesses. Ten jobs per company is 5,000,000 jobs, jobs, jobs, all crop financed. Of course this is a conservative projection based on the reality of items like medical marijuana, hemp fabric t-shirts and ropes, already have more than 10 companies with ten employees. The market potential is positively, exponentially explosive. “Hemp can save the world.” Just working with legal means is the first and a key step. Ending prohibition will create government prison savings of $7.7 billion according to Harvard’s Jeffrey A. Miron, author of DRUG WAR CRIMES. The almost million people who are now non-violent prisoners in jail will return to being tax paying citizens with their new found hemp companies and jobs. Hemp presents a simple solution to our health care crisis, a major economic trauma that’s bankrupting families daily. Since the problem is too many sick people and limited amount of high cost care available, the solution is to create a more healthy society. Stress kills an medical grades and higher of hemp reduces stress. The horrific reports we received from our Japan’s Fukushima Nuclear melt down that is in process do not have an intelligent effort to deal with the cancers and radiation sickness that can shatter our health services delivery systems to a grinding halt. All my research drives me to demand at least adequate testing while the hemp physical empowerment is in process. Since the radiation is here now, we don’t have time to waste. It is our duty to apply hemp and other natural (hydrotherapy, mushrooms, etc.) solutions to our health crisis. The most exciting possibility here though is the opportunity for families to become self sufficient, innovate with new and better hemp products, wealthy, healthy and should they decide, happy. The evolution is up to us. The only time is NOW! LIVE LONG AND PROSPER WITH HEMP OILS & OTHER HEMP PRODUCTS 17

Appendix Therapeutic Hemp Oil by Andrew Weil, M.D. http://www.ratical.com/renewables/TherapHoil.html

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ABOUT MEDICAL GRADE HEMP SEED OIL http://www.innvista.com/contact.htm—http://www.innvista.com

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RICK SIMPSON’S OIL

The Process Of Making Rick Simpson’s Oil by Rick Simpson http://phoenixtears.ca/make-the-medicine/ Page 29

National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®) Health Professional Version Last Modified: 12/14/2011 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/page2

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Therapeutic Hemp Oil by Andrew Weil, M.D. http://www.ratical.com/renewables/TherapHoil.html

The nutritional composition of oil from the marijuana plant could be beneficial to your health. To most people, Cannabis sativa is synonymous with marijuana, but the plant's Latin name means the "useful hemp." Species designated sativa (useful) are usually among the most important of all crops. In fact, the utility of hemp is manifold: the plant has provided human beings with fiber, edible seeds, an edible oil, and medicine, not just a notorious mind-altering drug. In our part of the world, these other uses of hemp are no longer familiar. We rarely use hemp fiber and know little about hemp medicine. (Some cancer patients have found it to be a superior remedy for the nausea caused by chemotherapy, and some people with multiple sclerosis are grateful for its relaxant effects on spastic muscles.) Hemp seed is sometimes an ingredient in bird food; otherwise, edible products from Cannabis sativa are virtually unknown. This may all change. In many parts of the country, promoters of hemp cultivation are working to educate people about the immense potential of this plant and to reintroduce it into commerce. They champion hemp as a renewable source of pulp for the manufacture of paper, as a superior fiber for making cloth, and as a new food that can be processed into everything from a milk substitute to a kind of tofu. Hemp seeds contain 25% high quality protein and 40% fat in the form of an excellent quality oil. Hemp oil is just now coming on the market. Produced by the Ohio Hempery in Athens, Ohio, it will be sold through natural food stores in small, opaque bottles to be kept under refrigeration. It has a remarkable fatty acid profile, being high in the desirable omega-3s and also delivering some GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) that is absent from the fats we normally eat. Nutritionally oriented doctors believe all of these compounds to be beneficial to health. Hemp oil contains 57% linoleic (LA) and 19% linolenic (LNA) acids, in the three-to-one ratio that matches our nutritional needs. These are the essential fatty acids (EFAs)-so called because the body cannot make them and must get them from external sources. The best sources are oils from freshly ground grains and whole seeds, but EFAs are fragile and quickly lost in processing. EFAs are the building blocks of longer chain fats, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that occur naturally in the fat of cold-water fish like sardines, mackerel, salmon, bluefish, herring, and, to a lesser extent, tuna. Adding these foods to the diet seems to lower risks of heart attacks because omega-3 fatty acids reduce the clotting tendency of the blood and improve cholesterol profiles. They also have a natural anti-inflammatory effect that makes them useful for people with arthritis and autoimmune disorders. Health food stores stock many brands of EPA/DHA supplements in the form of fish oil capsules. I usually do not recommend them because I think it's better to get your essential fatty acids in foods, and I worry about toxic contaminants in fish oil supplements. But what can you do if you choose, for one reason or another, not to eat fish? You can get some omega-3s in expeller pressed canola oil, the only common vegetable oil that contains them. 19

A much richer source is flax oil. Flax oil is pressed from the seeds of Linum utilitatissimum, the source of linen fiber and an oil better known in this country as linseed oil, the base for oil paints. Linseed oil is usually classified as a "drying oil" rather than a food oil because its chemical characteristics cause it to combine readily with oxygen and become thick and hard. This tendency to harden on exposure to air quickly turns linseed oil rancid and unfit to eat, but makes it useful as a vehicle for pigment on canvas. (The word "canvas" by the way is a relative of "Cannabis," because true canvas is made from hemp fiber.) For dietary purposes flax oil must be pressed at low temperatures, protected from light, heat, and air, stored at cool temperatures, and used quickly once the containers are opened. Most flax oil is not delicious. There is great variation in taste among the brands currently sold in natural food stores, but the best of them still leaves much to be desired. I have been recommending flax oil as a dietary supplement to patients with autoimmune disorders, arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions, but about half of them cannot tolerate it. Some say it makes them gag, even when concealed in salad dressing or mashed into a baked potato. These people have to resort to taking flax oil capsules, which are large and expensive. Udo Erasmus, author of the classic book, Fats and Oils (Alive, 1986), [and Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill, The Complete Guide to fats, oils, cholesterol and human health, Second Printing of Fats and Oils, (Alive, 1996). This book is a fabulous resource on nutrition --ratitor] says that the problem is freshness. Unless you get flax oil right from the processor and freeze it until you start using it, it will already have deteriorated by the time you buy it. Hemp oil contains more EFAs than flax and actually tastes good. It is nutty and free from the objectionable undertones of flax oil. I use it on salads, baked potatoes, and other foods and would not consider putting it in capsules. Like flax oil, hemp oil should be stored in the refrigerator, used quickly, and never heated. Unlike flax oil, hemp oil also provides 1.7% gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). There is controversy about the value of adding this fatty acid to the diet, but many people take supplements of it in the form of capsules of evening primrose oil, black currant oil, and borage oil. My experience is that it simulates growth of hair and nails, improves the health of the skin, and can reduce inflammation. I like the idea of having one good oil that supplies both omega-3s and GLA, without the need to take more capsules. One of the questions that people are sure to ask about hemp oil is whether it has any psychoactivity. The answer is no. The intoxicating properties of Cannabis sativa reside in a sticky resin produced most abundantly in the flowering tops of female plants before the seeds mature. The main psychoactive compound in this resin is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Strains of hemp grown for oil production have a low resin content to begin with, and by the time the seeds are ready for harvest, resin production has dropped even further. Finally, the seeds must be cleaned and washed before they are pressed. As a result, no THC is found in the final product. A second question that people may ask is, "Is hemp oil illegal?" The oil itself is perfectly legal. Hemp seeds are allowed in commerce if they have been sterilized in some way to prevent germination. This is usually done by subjecting them to heat. At the moment, the Ohio Hempery is importing sterilized seeds from Canada and extract20

ing the oil here, but it hopes to get some sort of exemption from this requirement in order to be able to use the freshest seeds possible in the future. Obviously, there is a political dimension to the appearance of this product. For many years, Cannabis sativa has been stigmatized as a satanic plant and its cultivation has been prohibited. As an ethnobotanist interested in the relationships between plants and human beings, I have always felt that making plants illegal was stupid, especially when the objects of these actions are supremely useful plants like hemp. The plant is not responsible for human misuse of it. The efforts of the Ohio Hempery and other groups to promote hemp cultivation are part of a campaign to rehabilitate this plant and change society's view of it. Whether or not you wish to join that campaign, it must seem counterproductive to deny ourselves access to the many benefits that hemp offers. Of those, the gift of an edible oil with superior nutritional and therapeutic properties is one of the most important. If you have a chance to try hemp oil, a long forgotten, newly rediscovered food, I think you will see why I am enthusiastic about it. Andrew Weil teaches at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, has a private medical practice, and is the author of Natural Health, Natural Medicine. Vacuum Processed Hemp Seed Oil, (The Purest Hemp Oil on the Market Today) 8.5 fl. oz./250 mL $20.00 Ohio Hempery, Inc. 14 North Court St. #328 Athens, Ohio 45701, Phone: 800-BUY-HEMP or 614-593-5826, Fax: 614-594-6446 This article hails from the Archives of the North Coast Xpress

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ABOUT MEDICAL GRADE HEMP SEED OIL http://www.innvista.com/contact.htm—http://www.innvista.com

Overview Hemp seed oil is considered to be the best nutritional oil for health because its essential fatty acid (EFA) profile is closest to that required by the human body. Essential fatty acids are termed as such because the body cannot manufacture them. Therefore, they must continually be replenished in the diet. EFAs are not stored or used for energy as are other fats. Instead, they are used as raw materials for cell structure and as precursors for the synthesis of many of the body’s vital biochemicals, including hormones and prostaglandins. Because our brains are made of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, many assume that the only way you should obtain these is by eating such things as fish, which have the long-chain fats. Such plant sources as hemp seed oil, coconut oil, and flax seed oil are made up mainly of medium-chain fats, which non-vegetarians quickly point out. However, when long-chain fatty acids are eaten, they must be emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine before they can be absorbed into the body. Short- and mediumchain fatty acids are absorbed directly through the portal vein to the liver, where they are immediately available to the body. Hemp seeds are the only natural source to boast of having the ideal ratio of EFAs required by the human body, which is roughly 3:1 of omega-6 to omega-3, the two most important EFAs. Flax oil ranks second as a valuable EFA source, but flax seed is not in the optimal proportion. Rather, it has the opposite ratio – 1:3. After about two years of regular use, flax seed can evenually cause omega-6 deficiency symptoms. By weight, hemp seed is 30-35% oil, of which 80% consists of polyunsaturated EFAs, specifically the two most important ones – linoleic acid (LA – omega-6 at 60%) and linolenic acid (LNA or ALA – omega-3 at 20%). These are the parent compounds which build longer-chain fatty acids. LNA then converts to DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) – two of the most critically needed forms of EFA and LA converts to AA (arachidonic acid), which has opposite effects of those from DHA. An excess of AA – the result of too much omega-6 – ultimately leads to such health problems as inflammation and, more importantly, increases blood clotting, which can cause heart attack, stroke, or embolism. In the last 40 years, the American diet has become loaded with excess omega-6 from corn and soybean oil, margarine, and similar processed fats. At the same time, Americans eat 500 mg of omega-3 per day, much less than they need. Consequently, instead of the 3:1 ratio they should be getting, most people consuming the western-type diet, end up with a ratio of 50:1. Other fatty acids in hemp seed oil include: Palmitoleic acid, Heptadecanoic acid, Arachiditic acid, Eicosenoic acid, Behenic acid, Erucic acid, Lignoceric acid, and Nervonic acid; but it also contains several higher fatty acids. It is one of the only food oils to contain the direct metabolites of LA and LNA. Most notable are GLA (gamma linolenic acid from LA) and SDA (stearidonic acid from LNA), which serve as intermediaries in the formation of longer-chain fatty acids and vital hormone-like prostaglandins in the body. Because of this, hemp seed oil is able to circumvent the impaired EFA metabolism and physical compromise that can result from genetic factors, intake of other fats, aging, and lifestyle patterns. 22

Gamma Linolenic Acid GLA and SDA are not considered to be “essential” because the body is also able to convert some of the parent compounds into GLA and SDA, a process that happens through the enzymatic action of delta-6-desaturase. However, there are many health conditions and nutritional deficiencies that interfere with this process. Therefore, GLA may very well be an EFA for such individuals as the elderly, diabetics, those with excessive cholesterol, common viral infections, and a zinc deficiency. It is vital for those consuming an excess of saturated fats, refined oils, fried foods, alcohol, and sugar. Transfatty acids also inhibit the production of GLA and SDA. GLA is used in both the pharmacological and cosmetic industries. The most important use is in the area of chronic skin disorders such as neurodermatitis. Used both internally and externally, GLA can balance a lack of essential fatty acids and return the moisture loss of the skin back to normal hydration. The alleviating action of GLA on psoriasis, atopic eczema, and mastalgia are already well documented and GLA preparations are frequently prescribed for the treatment of them. GLA has also been researched for its beneficial effects in cardiovascular, psychiatric, and immunological disorders, particularly that of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, and premenstrual syndrome. GLA is found in minute quantities in most animal fats. Oats, barley, and wheat germ also contain small amounts, as does human milk. Excellent sources of GLA, though, are hemp seed and hemp seed oil (2-6%), blue-green algae (spirulina), evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil, borage oil, and some fungal oils. None are as tasty as hemp seed oil and consequently, not nearly as versatile either. In order to introduce hemp seed oil into medicinal preparations, it would be necessary to increase the GLA content in the seed from the present 2-4% to about a 10% level. Hemp oil with a 10% GLA content would immediately replace other oils. A seed-hemp cultivar (Finola) grown in Finland, and now in Canada, has GLA and SDA levels of 4% and 2% respectively. Symptoms of an LNA (omega-3) deficiency include: dry skin, growth retardation, weakness, impaired learning ability, poor motor coordination, behavioral changes, impaired vision, high blood pressure, sticky platelets, edema, mental deterioration, low metabolic rate, and immune dysfunction (see more under Hemp as Medicine) Although LA (omega-6) is present in our bodies in much greater quantities and because the western diet has an over-abundance, deficiencies are rare but can happen. Symptoms of an LA deficiency include: skin eruptions (acne and eczema-like), loss of hair, poor blood circulation, behavioral disturbances, liver and kidney degeneration, gallbladder problems, prostatitis, muscle tremors, abnormal water loss through the skin (sweating profusely), susceptibility to infections, impaired wound healing, male sterility, miscarriage, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and growth retardation. These deficiency symptoms are all reversible with adequate intakes of EFAs but if ignored for a long time, health problems can develop into more serious degenerative conditions.

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Saturated Fatty Acids While there are many pictures of the horrors of eating saturated fats being painted today, they are necessary to the body. It is the excess consumption of them from meat and fried foods that raise blood levels of LDL cholesterol. This excess contributes to the formation of arterial plaque, thus raising the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Saturated fatty acids (SaFAs) are an important source of calories. When our energy needs are met, our bodies metabolize excess fatty acids into SaFAs for storage as adipose tissue. There are only small quantities in vegetable oils – about the right amount that is actually needed. Hemp seed oil is composed of about 8% saturated fat. Foods grown closer to the equator have a higher quantity of SaFAs and less of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The reverse is true for foods that grow closer to the poles in the colder climates. The reason for this is that plants and seeds that must survive freezing temperatures produce fluids that remain liquid even below the freezing temperature. Tropical plants produce oils that will remain stable in hot conditions. This is the reason that SaFAs are often solid at room temperature while polyunsaturated fatty acids remain liquid at below-freezing temperatures. EFAs: link oxygen, electron transport, and energy in the process of oxidation. Oxidation “burns’ food to produce the energy required for life processes. EFAs are involved in the transporting of oxygen to all our cells and can be likened to magnets that pull oxygen into our body. EFAs appear to hold oxygen in cell membranes to act as a barrier to viruses, fungi, and bacteria. increase metabolic rates and burn more fat into carbon dioxide, water, and energy, sometimes resulting in weight loss. form cell membranes and function and keep them fluid, maintain hormone balance, prevent drying and cracking skin conditions, bring sheen to the hair, helps prevent cardiovascular disease, arthritis, auto-immune disorders and more,and help with wound healing, breast pain, pre-menstrual syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. help produce life energy in our body from food substances, and moving that energy throughout our systems, thereby governing growth, vitality, and mental state. particularly, ALA and its derivatives, can lower cholesterol up to 65%. disperse throughout the body, giving biological systems the power to carry such substances as toxins to the surface of the skin, intestinal tract, kidneys, or lungs, where these substances can be discarded. are vital since the brain is comprised of 12% fat, mother’s milk is 40% fat, and the eyes are 60% fat – of which, DHA from omega-3 is the most abundant! DHA stays in the body for only about a week so must be replenished frequently for optimal health. are very sensitive to light, heat, and oxygen. Therefore, hemp foods should be stored in cold, dark places to preserve potency. L substantially shorten the time required for fatigued muscles to recover after exercise. They also facilitate the conversion of lactic acid to water and carbon dioxide, which is especially important to athletes. 24

In hemp seed oil, they do not change when heated. The smoking point is 332°F (165°C), but the oil can be cooked at temperatures up to 475°F for no longer than 30 mintes. Tests have shown that this temperature does not change the configuration of fatty acids in the hemp seed oil as it does in some other edible oils. This ability to withstand heat is quite unique among polyunsaturated fats, since most oils – like canola, soy, flax, and fish oils – quickly convert to trans-fats when heated at much lower temperatures for far less time. Even fish, when cooked, can convert its omega-3 to transfats. Combining hempseed oil with temperature-stable oils increase the ability of the hempseed oil to withstand heat and provides the most ‘good’ fat and fewest trans-fats from cooking. The ideal oil for this is avocado oil, which has a smoke-point 50% higher than olive oil. It also has a large percentage of monosaturated fatty acids, which have a positive effect on health. Hemp seed oil maybe added to avocado oil at a 5-10% level (36 tbsp of hemp seed oil per quart of avocado oil). This amount will provide a good amount of omega-3 while still withstanding the heat of normal cooking. The use of this avocado-hemp seed oil blend is perhaps the most healthful choice possible, since it will displace the use of other less-healthful cooking oils and butter. EFAs have a slippery quality that helps make blood platelets less sticky. Sticky platelets clot more easily and can block blood vessels, causing stroke, heart attack, or embolisms. EFAs, on the other hand, help to clear the body’s arteries caused mainly by the imbalance of EFA ratios in the fats that are consumed. EFAs convert into hormone-like substances known as prostaglandins, which regulate such cellular functions as communication, cholesterol production, and blood platelet aggragation. Since different prostaglandins often have opposite effects, they are needed by the body in a delicate balance obtained from a balanced intake of the two essential fatty acids (omega-6 and omega-3). For instance, the prostaglandins that key up the body’s response to stress are all made by omega-6 fatty acids while the ones that gear down the body’s response to stress are nearly all made by omega-3 fatty acids. Not surprisingly, stress-related diseases tend to respond to omega-3 supplementation. EFAa are precursors to the prostaglandin series (PGE 1, 2, and 3). PGE1 inhibits the production of cholesterol and dilates blood vessels and prevents the blood clotting of platelets in arteries. A study reported in 1992 indicated that a diet of hemp seed causes the serum levels of total cholesterol to drop dramatically. Blood pressure also decreases after several weeks of eating hemp seeds, apparently because of the steady supply of EFAs. EFA Dosage Although there is no official recommended daily allowance (RDA) for EFAs, many experts recommend a minimum of 3% of calories from omega-6 and 1% from omega-3 fatty acids. Pregnant or lactating women should double this intake. One tablespoon of hempseed oil or 1 ounce of shelled hempseed supplies roughly 6.6 grams of omega-6 and 2.2 grams of omega-3 - just the amounts needed for a 2000-calorie diet. This is a suitable amount even for vegetarians and takes into account the conversion ration of 1% ALA to DHA, the currently accepted conversion rate for plant sources of omega-3s. However, those who lack such enzymes as ethnic groups with a history of high fish intake may have difficulty converting ALA to DHA. 25

EFA Labeling In the modern Western diet, omega-6 is plentiful to excess; but omega-3 is relatively rare. In Canada, there is a strange law that makes it illegal to disclose any omega or EFA content on a product label. Only polyunsaturated, monosaturated, and saturated fats are permitted. This is just one of the regulations in Canada designed to favour dairy concerns over public health. To make matters worse, it is illegal to favour dairy alternatives and promote them – ironically, in a land noted for its omega-rich canola, flaxseed, and hemp seed crops. Essential Fatty Acid Comparisons The ideal ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids (LA:LNA) in the human body is 3:1. Based on this, the following comparison is made among the most common edible oils: Flax seed oil -- 1:4 Canola oil -- 2:1 Hemp seed oil -- 3:1 Soybean oil -- 8:1 Olive oil -- 9:1 Wheatgerm oil -- 10:1 Sunflower oil -- 71:1 THC Content Many people still remain fearful that consuming hemp oil will cause a positive reaction in drug screening tests. Although this was possible at one time, the chances are very slim that could ever happen today. According to Dr. Jace Callaway, a Finnish scientist and developer of the FIN-314 variety of hempseed (Finola), in a personal correspondence, in the early days of hempseed processing, much of the hempseed oil was taken from Chinese hempseed where the THC (delta-9-tetra-hydro-cannabinol) was typically 1% or higher on un-cleaned seed. THC levels in those oils varied according to whether or not the seed was cleaned before pressing. Today, almost all hempseed oil is produced from clean, low THC varieties from the EU and other certified sources. Technically, there is no THC in hempseed. It is found only in the flowers, buds, and leaves of cannabis. However, since the seed is produced in those areas of the plant, resin can remain during harvesting and processing. Any levels of THC in seed and seed derivatives are residual and attributable to the plant variety and to the cleaning process. Extensive cleaning may lower THC levels, but some residual resin can remain on the seed. This problem is now dramatically minimized or even eliminated since the advent of very low THC varieties, as FIN-314 from Finland, Santhica from France, and many others. THC build-up, or bioaccumulation, in the body is really not relevant to health and only significant in the interpretation of urine tests. Hemp foods are generally processed to temperatures above 60°C (140°F). Because of this heating, a portion of the THC (if there is any) will be in its naturally free carboxylate form. This is important because the THC-carboxylate is not absorbed by the digestive system. Steam-sterilized seed, for example, has a higher percentage of its THC (if any exists) in this ‘free form’, compared to the fresh viable seed.

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Under the Industrial Hemp Regulations published by Health Canada, allowable THC content for oil and other derivatives is currently set at no more than 10 mcg/g of THC (that is, 10 milligrams per litre or 10 parts per million or 0.00001% or 10 ppm). Switzerland, on the other hand, has a limit of 50 ppm or 50 mg/kg for hemp oil products while hempseeds are set at 20 mg/kg. To reach even these conservative levels, a hemp food lover would have to consume more food than would be feasible. Some are worried about giving hemp foods to children since they are more sensitive to chemicals in general (see here). Cannabinoid receptors are developed during puberty. Therefore, since little or no THC exists in hemp foods today and what does exist is in a ‘free form’ and, since children would not be affected anyway, there is no reason why they cannot eat these healthy products. They obtain far more harm from all the processed foods already served to them on a daily basis. Dr. Gero Leson has worked on several projects that involve TCH urinalysis using hempseed oils. Some examples are found here: Evaluating the Impact of Hemp Food Consumption on Workplace Drug Tests Evaluating Interference of THC in Hemp Food Products With Employee Drug Testing TestPledge helps alleviate concerns that eating hemp foods or using hempseed products will cause positive drug tests. Hempseed producers that have signed with TestPlege are obligated to comply to their standards/ A 2001 assessement of THC in foods and cosmetics by Dr. James Geiwitz and an Ad-hoc committee. Low Fat Diets Reductions of essential fatty acids (EFAs) in ultra-low fat and fat-free diets actually cause people to feel hungrier than they did before going on such a diet. It can also begin the process of dangerous EFA deficiency which causes people to binge on highcalorie foods to compensate for feeling unsatisfied. The body absolutely requires fat in the diet in order to process such fat-soluble nutrients as vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as phytochemicals. Fat substitutes, like Olestra, Oatrim, and Simplesse for example, slide through the digestive system intact – which most people think is advantageous. But, fat substitutes compound a problem by not only being unable to absorb these nutrients into the body, but also they carry them directly into the feces for elimination. Fat-free diets have been correlated with violent, short tempers in human and animal studies. Such diets can also cause high cholesterol levels because the body produces excess cholesterol in an attempt to make up for the lack of EFAs. Hempseed oil, therefore, may be thought of as a “diet” oil, because it contributes fewer calories than most other oils or fats and because it is so rich in EFAs, vital for cell metabolism. Experts say getting more than 12-15% of calories from EFAs will actually aid in burning off excess fat and thereby contributing to weight loss. Problems with Fish Oil Today, many people are trying to obtain their omega-3s from fish or fish oil supplements. There are problems with this approach. For the vegan, and some vegetarians, this source is not an option and should not be for many others as well. Some of these concerns are addressed in the section entitled Inferiority of Fish Oil.

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Trans-fats According to the FDA, the average American eats 5 grams of trans-fats every day. This is the equivalent of 1000 mg of omega-3s per day -- if this amount were replaced by hempseed oil. Trans-fats are so toxic to the body that the FDA is expected soon to require food labels to disclose their content in the nutritional facts panel on packaged foods. One FDA scientist believes that removing trans-fats from margarine would save 2,100 deaths annually in the US, and removing them from just 3% of the cookies and crackers would prevent 5,600 deaths per year. Over twenty years, health costs would be reduced by $59 billion. One way to determine roughly the trans-fat content of a food is to add the number of grams of polyunsaturated, monounsaturate, and saturated fat listed in the “nutrition facts” panel. Subtract that from the ‘total fat’ listed. The remainder is approximately the amount of trans-fat in the product. Oil Processing Hemp seed oil is obtained much like other vegetable oils. Typically, whole hemp seeds are put into a special press that squeezes out the oil. Hemp seed oil is best extracted mechanically in a light-free and oxygen-free environment and should be stabilized with such antioxidants as vitamin E, vitamin A, or rosemary extract to prevent rancidity. The package should then be topped off with an inert gas, as nitrogen or argon, and kept from heat and light. Maximum ripening of the seed and removal of immature seeds are important for the production of quality oil. Large, dark, plumplooking seeds make the best oil. Unrefined hemp seed oil extracted by cold-pressed methods varies in colour from off-yellow to dark green; but all still have that pleasant, nutty taste. Oil that tastes ‘off’, with a ‘fishy’ or a ‘paint’ smell is rancid and should be discarded. Old seeds can have an orangey colour, resulting from the enzyme lipase digesting the fat in the seed. Hemp seed is full of enzymes, including lipase and protease. In fact, it was in hempseed that scientists first discovered enzymes. The sharp taste of fresh hemp seed is caused by these enzymes. Since manufacturing quality will greatly impact the quality of the oil, it is advisable to purchase only the highest-quality hemp seed oil. Although hemp seed oil is expensive in comparison to refined, solvent-extracted, or heat-pressed oils, it is far superior in nutritional value. It is estimated that if cultivated again in the US, the cost of hemp seed oil would be comparable to that of corn oil. Hempseed oil is best stored in the freezer. It will stay fluid and does not need to be defrosted. One to 3 tablespoons is the suggested daily intake for adults; children can take half that amount; and breast-fed babies obtain its benefits through the mother’s milk. Links Hemp Seed Oil -- one European hemp oil fatty acid study Online Shopping at JeffOtto.com -- articles on the health benefits of hemp seed oil Where to buy: In North America: Hemp Oil Canada [link not working]- (They also provide Finola.) In Europe: Finola - (Finola hemp seed foods are also sold in North America through Hemp Oil Canada.) 28

RICK SIMPSON’S OIL The Process Of Making Rick Simpson’s Oil by Rick Simpson http://phoenixtears.ca/make-the-medicine/ “Our aim is to produce hemp medicine on a large scale and make it available to the public on a donation basis. Whether you have the money or not, as long as you have the medical condition you get the medicine, no one has the right to put a price tag on your health” Rick Simpson - Phoenix Tears For those of you who have watched the documentary “Run from the Cure”, this should answer any questions about producing your own oil. I recommend that people grow their own hemp either in a small indoor grow system or outdoors. Growing it yourself will eliminate the high cost associated with buying hemp from drug dealers. The cost of hemp can vary greatly from dealer to dealer and so can the quality of the hemp. For anyone new to growing hemp a good book or video on the subject is a necessity. Just go to one of the cannabis publications on line, or buy one of these publications at a local store where you live. If you do this you should have no trouble finding a good book on the subject. My personal favorite is The Indoor Outdoor Medicinal Growers Bible by Jorge Cervantes. Also Ed Rosenthal and many others have excellent books on the subject available. Caution: Oils that drug dealers sell can have many contaminants and often little or no THC. From my experience, most hemp oil available on the street should be avoided for medicinal use. Make your own oil or have someone you trust produce the oil to assure a very pure, high quality oil is produced. How much to make and take? One pound of very dry high quality cannabis hemp bud material will usually produce 55 to 60 grams of high grade oil. This amount of oil will usually cure most serious cancers unless the patient has been badly damaged by chemo and radiation. In such cases the patient can often still be saved, but they will have to ingest much more oil to undo the damage the chemo and radiation has left behind. The average patient can ingest a full 60 gram cancer treatment in about 90 days. But if they have been damaged by chemo and radiation often much more oil will need to be taken, over a longer period of time. Sometimes such patients will require 120 to 180 grams to undo the damage from all the chemo and radiation. Once the patient is cured and all the damage has been undone, I recommend that they continue to take a maintenance dose of about 1 gram per month to maintain good health. A small amount of oil about half the size of a piece of short grained dry rice three times a day is a good beginning. After four days double the amount you are taking per dose and try to continue to do so every four days there after. Until you have reached the point where you can ingest one third of a gram per dose. Taking the oil in this manner in the beginning allows the patient time to build up their tolerance for this substance. Some people soon acquire a very high tolerance and I always tell patients the faster you can take it the sooner you will be cured. I once had an eighty two year old man who was ingesting 2grams a day, who was still going to town everyday and no one could even tell he was taking it. In cases where people are taking strong and dangerous pain medications like morphine. I recommend that they begin treatment taking doses about the size of a grain of short grained dry rice. The idea is to increase their doses as quickly as possible to get off the dangerous pain med29

ications and let the oil take their place to provide pain relief. High quality hemp oil from the proper strains can stop pain that even morphine has no effect on, also this oil can be applied to external injuries for pain relief in minutes. Will I get high? Following the dosage instructions previously described many people have reported to me that they did not get high during treatment. Will I become addicted? Hemp oil does not cause your body to crave more. It is non-addictive, harmless and effective for practically any medical condition. Is this the same as hemp seed oil? No this oil is produced from the bud material of the cannabis hemp plant and it is the essential oil of the hemp plant. Health food stores sell oil that is made from hemp seed that is often mislabeled as hemp oil what they really are selling is cold pressed hemp seed oil and that is what should be on their label. Although seed oil is very beneficial, it does not contain enough THC to have any effect on cancer and other serious illnesses. Are hemp and marijuana the same? The word marijuana is one of over four hundred slang terms used worldwide to describe the cannabis and/or hemp plant. Are all hemp plants the same? When buying or growing hemp, procure a strain that has the highest possible THC content. To energize someone suffering from depression, I recommend a good Sativa strain. For most other medical conditions, I strongly suggest that Indica strains be used. Indicas relax a person and provide them with more rest and sleep. How do I use it? High quality hemp oil can be vaporized, ingested, used as a suppository or applied topically. Also this oil can be mixed with creams and salves for beauty treatments and other external uses. What Strain Should I Use? This is a rather hard question to answer, since in reality we are all at the mercy of the seed merchants, for they are the ones who have the final say in what we are growing. The trouble is, if you were to order a strain like White Widow from five different seed suppliers. When you grew them you would likely end up growing five entirely different types of plants. The type of White Widow that I was growing back in Canada had a very heavy sedative effect like a good Indica variety and it was one of the best pain killers that I have ever encountered. But if I tried to order the same seeds from the company I originally purchased them from today, they would likely send me seeds with entirely different medicinal values. The White Widow I’ve seen here in Europe is much more energizing than what I was growing in Canada. Unfortunately for the most part it does not have the medicinal values that I am looking for to produce the heavy sleepy effect, like the White Widow I was growing back in Canada. So 30

as you can see, when you order seeds from most seed companies, you are never really too sure what you will be growing. We need a good ongoing steady supply of seeds that have known medicinal values, so an ordinary person will know what they are growing. All we need is the freedom to grow the most medicinal strains on earth. Then using a simple process of elimination we could determine which strains produce the best oil to treat different medical conditions. After this is done a stable supply of these seeds could be made available to the public and they then could grow strains that suit their medical needs. I always produce this oil using strong Indica varieties, but Indica dominant Sativa crosses can often produce excellent results also. There are thousands of strains that have been bred back and forth with each other and they all differ in their medicinal values. Some strains are better pain killers, while others may be better to control blood sugar levels for diabetics or ocular pressure for glaucoma patients. I have good reason to call the hemp plant, the plant with a thousand different medicinal profiles. Once you experience the medicinal effects, oils produced from different strains can have, you will understand exactly what I mean. But luckily for us, if the oil is properly produced it does work very well in the treatment of all types of cancer. At this time all I can do is tell the public to order strong Indica or Indica dominant Sativa crosses that have 20% THC or more, to produce their oil. Also people are always asking me where they can get seeds and this can be a real problem for those who live in some countries, that don’t allow them to be sold. If you go on the internet you will find many seed companies that will supply cannabis seeds. But the only company I know of that will ship seeds worldwide is the Attitude Seed Company out of the UK. I hope the information I have provided will be helpful to those who are trying to acquire the proper strain to produce their medication. We already know the wonderful healing effects this natural oil has, but we need the freedom to perfect the strains required to produce the most effective medicine. My process: I usually work with a pound or more of bud from very potent high quality Indica or Indica dominant Sativa crosses. An ounce of good bud will usually produce 3 to 4 grams of high grade oil and the amount of oil produced will vary from strain to strain. So you are never really sure how much oil you will get, until you have processed the material you are working with. But on average a pound of good bud will usually produce about 60 grams of high grade oil and sometimes you may even get a bit more. Many people will tell you that the oil should be amber and that you can see through it, in many cases the oils that I produced were exactly like that. But the color and texture of the oil you are producing depends a great deal on the strain and solvent that you are using to produce the oil. So don’t be concerned if the oil you produce happens to be darker in color, this does not mean that it is any less potent as a medicine. The process that I am about to describe involves washing the starting material twice with a good solvent such as pure naphtha, to remove the available resin from the plant material. Naphtha has proven to be a very good solvent to produce the oil and in Europe it is often called benzene. The only solvents that I have direct experience with are ether, alcohol and naphtha. Ether is my personal favorite and it is a very effective solvent, but it is expensive and can be quite hard to get. I think the use of ether is better suited for closed distilling devices since it is very volatile and its fumes make it a bit dangerous to work with. Alcohol is not quite as effective as ether or naphtha as a solvent, since it is less selective in nature, but still it does work well. Alcohol will dissolve more chlorophyll from the starting material and due to this, oils produced with alcohol will usually be more noticeably dark in color. For a solvent to be effective it 31

should be 100% pure and 100% pure alcohol is expensive and can be quite hard to find. Naphtha on the other hand is quite cheap to acquire and is usually not too hard to find. Many paint suppliers sell pure naphtha as paint thinners, so for the most part it is quite easy to get and next to the use of ether it is my solvent of choice. All these solvents including alcohol are poisonous in nature, but if you follow these instructions solvent residue in the finished oil is not a concern. When you are done processing the oil after it cools to room temperature, it is a thick grease rather than an oil. The finished oil or in reality (grease) is about as anti poisonous as you can get. Even if there was a trace amount of solvent residue remaining, the oil itself would act upon it to neutralize any harmful poisonous effect. I don’t recommend the use of butane as a solvent to produce this medication, since it is very volatile and would require the use of expensive equipment to neutralize the danger. Also using butane to produce the oil does not decarboxylate the finished product, so oils produced in this manner would be much less effective for medicinal use. The starting material must be as dry as possible, it is then placed in a container of good depth to prevent the oil solvent mix from splashing out during the washing process. Once the starting material is placed in the desired container it is then dampened with the solvent being used, be sure the area you are working in is well ventilated and there are no sparks, open flames or red hot elements in the area. After the material is dampened it is crushed using a length of wood such as a piece of 2×2, after it has been crushed add more solvent until the material is completely immersed, in the solvent. Work the material immersed in the solvent for about three minutes, with the length of wood you used to crush it with. Then slowly pour the solvent oil mix off into another clean container, leaving the starting material in the original container, so it can be washed for the second time. Again add fresh solvent to the starting material until it is once more immersed in the solvent then work it for three more minutes with the length of wood you have been using. Then pour the solvent oil mix into the same container that is holding the solvent oil mix from the first wash you did. Trying to do a third wash on the plant material would produce very little oil and it would be of little or no benefit as a medicine. The first wash dissolves 70 to 80% of the available resin off the starting material, the second wash then removes whatever resin that is of benefit that remains. Use something such as clean water containers with a small opening at the top and insert funnels into the openings, then put large coffee filters in the funnels. Pour the solvent oil mix from the first and second washes into the coffee filters and allow the solvent oil mix to drain through the filters to remove any unwanted plant material. Once the solvent oil mix has been filtered it is now ready to have the solvent boiled off. Use an inexpensive large rice cooker with an open top that has both high and low heat settings to boil the solvent off the oil. Make sure that the rice cooker is set up in a well ventilated area and place a fan near by to blow away the fumes as the solvent boils off. Rice cookers are designed to not burn the rice as it cooks and the temperature sensors that are built in, will automatically put the cooker back on the low heat setting if the temperature within the cooker begins to get to high. When producing oil if the temperature gets too high it will vaporize the cannabinoids off the oil and of course you do not want this to occur. That’s the reason I strongly recommend the use of a rice cooker to those who have never produced oil before since it eliminates any danger of this happening, if the rice cooker is working properly. Make sure there are no sparks, open flames or red hot elements in the area while you are filling the rice cooker or boiling the solvent off, because the fumes produced from the solvent 32

are very flammable. I have used this same process thousands of times and have never had a mishap, but for your own safety please follow the instructions, I also caution you to avoid breathing in the fumes that solvents produce. Fill the rice cooker until it is about three quarters full, this allows room for the solvent oil mix to boil the solvent off without spilling over. Put the rice cooker on its high heat setting and begin boiling the solvent off, as the level in the rice cooker drops continue to carefully add the solvent oil mix you have remaining, until you have nothing left. When the level in the rice cooker comes down for the last time and has been reduced to about two inches of solvent oil mix remaining, add a few drops of water to the solvent oil mix that remains. When I am boiling the solvent oil mix produced from one pound of starting material, I usually add 10 to 12 drops of water at this time. This small amount of water allows the remaining solvent to boil off the oil that remains in the cooker more readily. When there is very little remaining in the cooker, I usually put on a pair of gloves and then pick up the cooker and begin swirling its contents. Until the cooker automatically kicks off its high heat setting and then goes to low heat. As the last of the solvent is being boiled off, you will hear a crackling sound from the oil that is left in the cooker and you will see quite a bit of bubbling taking place in the oil that remains. Also you will notice what looks like a small amount of smoke or steam, coming off the oil in the rice cooker. But don’t be concerned this is mostly just steam produced from the few drops of water that you added. After the rice cooker has automatically switched to its low heat setting, I take the inner pot out of the cooker and pour its contents into a stainless steel measuring cup. There will be a small amount of oil remaining in the pot that you will find almost impossible to get out, unless you use something like dry bread to absorb the oil while it is still warm. Then small amounts of this bread can be eaten as a medicine, but remember it can sometimes take an hour or more before you feel its effects. So be careful how much bread like this you consume, because it may put you to sleep for quite a few hours, just the same as the raw oil will do itself. Take the oil that you poured into the stainless steel measuring cup and put it on a gentle heating device such as a coffee warmer, to evaporate off whatever water remains in the oil. Quite often it only takes a short time to evaporate the remaining water off, but also some strains produce more natural turpins than others. These turpins can cause the oil you now have on the coffee warmer to bubble for quite some time and it may take awhile for such oils to cease this activity. When the oil on the coffee warmer has stopped bubbling and there is little or no activity visible, take the oil off the coffee warmer and allow it to cool a bit. Then using plastic applicators or syringes with no needles, that are available in your local drug store. Use the plunger of the syringes to slowly draw the warm oil up into the syringes and allow it to cool. In a short time the oil will become a thick grease, sometimes the oil can be so thick that it can be hard to force it out of the syringes when cooled. If such a thing happens simply run hot water over the syringe and your doses can then be forced out much more easily. Sometimes a patient will force out too much oil, but if this happens just pull back on the plunger of the syringe and the excess oil can usually be drawn back into the syringe without too much difficulty. On average if I have a dry pound of material to work with, it will require about two imperial gallons of solvent, or 9 liters which equals about 320 fluid ounces to do the two washes that are required. If you plan to produce the oil from more or less starting material, simply do the math to determine roughly how much solvent you will require. From start to finish it usually 33

takes me about four hours to accomplish the whole process, then the medicine is sitting there ready to be used. It should also be mentioned that this oil has an extremely long shelf life, if kept in a cool dark place for storage. I think these instructions should make producing this oil quite easy for anyone, but before you start make sure that you have everything you will need to do it properly. At first it may seem daunting for some to try to produce their own medicine, but in reality this process is extremely simple. All you have to do is carefully follow the instructions and after you produce this medication a couple of times, you will find that it is not much harder to make than a cup of coffee. Once you have produced your own medication it takes all the mystery out of medicine and you no longer have to rely on doctors in most cases, for now you are your own doctor. Welcome to the world of real medicine, medicine that does no harm and is effective for practically all diseases and conditions and a wonderful natural medication that you now know how to produce yourself. Best Wishes and Good Health, Rick Simpson NOTE: We bear no responsibility if this information is misused and it is provided for educational purposes only.

MISSION NOTE The only change we are making to this process is, in alignment with the instructions using supercritical food grade CO2 extraction instead of NAPTHA or alcohol to pull the oil from the hemp plant, then follow instructions to cook the pure, extracted oil down to 2 ounces. The pulled oil as well as the remaining plant material can be used for a plethora of other products.

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National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®) Health Professional Version Last Modified: 12/14/2011 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages/Print#4

Table of Contents Overview General Information History Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical Studies Antitumor Effects Appetite Stimulation Analgesia Human/Clinical Studies Cannabis Pharmacology Cancer Risk Cancer Treatment Antiemetic Effect Cannabinoids Cannabis Appetite Stimulation Cannabinoids Cannabis Analgesia Cannabinoids Cannabis Anxiety and Sleep Cannabis Current Clinical Trials Adverse Effects Cannabis and Cannabinoids Summary of the Evidence for Cannabis and Cannabinoids Changes to This Summary (12/14/2011) About This PDQ Summary

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Overview This complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) information summary provides an overview of the use of Cannabis and its components as a treatment for people with cancer -related symptoms caused by the disease itself or its treatment. This summary contains the following key information: Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. By federal law, the possession of Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is illegal in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved Cannabis as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. Chemical components of Cannabis, called cannabinoids, activate specific receptors found throughout the body to produce pharmacologic effects, particularly in the central nervous system and the immune system. Commercially available cannabinoids, such as dronabinol and nabilone, are approved for the treatment of cancer-related side effects. Cannabinoids may have benefits in the treatment of cancer-related side effects. Many of the medical and scientific terms used in this summary are hypertext linked (at first use in each section) to the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms 1, which is oriented toward nonexperts. When a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window. All linked terms and their corresponding definitions will appear in a glossary in the printable version of the summary. Reference citations in some PDQ CAM information summaries may include links to external Web sites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Their inclusion should not be viewed as an endorsement of the content of the Web sites, or of any treatment or product, by the PDQ Cancer CAM Editorial Board or the National Cancer Institute. General Information Cannabis, also known as marijuana, originated in Central Asia but is grown worldwide today. In the United States, it is a controlled substance and is classified as a Schedule I agent (a drug with increased potential for abuse and no known medical use). The Cannabis plant produces a resin containing psychoactive compounds called cannabinoids. The highest concentration of cannabinoids is found in the female flowers of the plant.[1] Clinical trials conducted on medicinal Cannabis are limited. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of Cannabis as a treatment for any medical condition. To conduct clinical drug research in the United States, researchers must file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application with the FDA. The potential benefits of medicinal Cannabis for people living with cancer include antiemetic effects, appetite stimulation, pain relief, and improved sleep. Although few relevant surveys of practice patterns exist, it appears that physicians caring for cancer patients in the United States who recommend medicinal Cannabis predominantly do so for symptom management.[2]

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Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds found in Cannabis species (Cannabis sativa L. and Cannabis indica Lam.). This summary will review the role of Cannabis and the cannabinoids in the treatment of people with cancer and disease-related or treatment-related side effects. References Adams IB, Martin BR: Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 91 (11): 1585-614, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] Doblin RE, Kleiman MA: Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes. J Clin Oncol 9 (7): 1314-9, 1991. [PUBMED Abstract] History Cannabis use for medicinal purposes dates back at least 3,000 years.[1-5] It was introduced into Western medicine in the 1840s by W.B. O’Shaughnessy, a surgeon who learned of its medicinal properties while working in India for the British East Indies Company. Its use was promoted for reported analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and anticonvulsant effects. In 1937, the U.S. Treasury Department introduced the Marihuana Tax Act. This Act imposed a levy of one dollar an ounce for medicinal use of Cannabis and one hundred dollars an ounce for recreational use. Physicians in the United States were the principal opponents of the Act. The American Medical Association (AMA) opposed the Act because physicians were required to pay a special tax for prescribing Cannabis, use special order forms to procure it, and keep special records concerning its professional use. In addition, the AMA believed that objective evidence that Cannabis was harmful was lacking and that passage of the Act would impede further research into its medicinal worth.[6] In 1942, Cannabis was removed from the U.S. Pharmacopoeia because of persistent concerns about its potential to cause harm.[2,3] In 1951, Congress passed the Boggs Act, which for the first time, included Cannabis with narcotic drugs. In 1970, with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, marijuana was classified as a Schedule I drug. Drugs in this category are distinguished as having no accepted medicinal use. Other Schedule I substances include heroin, LSD, mescaline, methaqualone, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Despite its designation as having no medicinal use, Cannabis was distributed to patients by the U.S. government on a case-by-case basis under the Compassionate Use Investigational New Drug program established in 1978. Distribution of Cannabis through this program was discontinued in 1992.[1-4] Although federal law prohibits the use of Cannabis, 16 states and the District of Columbia permit its use for certain medical conditions. The main psychoactive constituent of Cannabis was identified as delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In 1986, synthetic delta-9-THC in sesame oil was licensed and approved for the treatment of chemotherapy -associated nausea and vomiting under the generic name dronabinol. Clinical trials determined that dronabinol was as effective as or better than other antiemetic agents available at the time.[7] Dronabinol was also studied for its ability to stimulate weight gain in patients with AIDS in the late 1980s. Thus, the indications were expanded to include treatment of anorexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 1992. Clinical tri37

al results showed no statistically significant weight gain, although patients reported an improvement in appetite.[8,9] Within the past 20 years, the neurobiology of cannabinoids has been analyzed. [10-13] The first cannabinoid receptor, CB1, was pharmacologically identified in the brain in 1988. A second cannabinoid receptor, CB2, was identified in 1993. The highest concentration of CB2 receptors is located on B lymphocytes and natural killer cells, suggesting a possible role in immunity. Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) have been identified and appear to have a role in pain modulation, control of movement, feeding behavior, and memory.[11] References Abel EL: Marihuana, The First Twelve Thousand Years. New York: Plenum Press, 1980. Also available online 2. Last accessed October 21, 2011. Joy JE, Watson SJ, Benson JA, eds.: Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. Also available online 3. Last accessed October 21, 2011. Mack A, Joy J: Marijuana As Medicine? The Science Beyond the Controversy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Also available online 4. Last accessed October 21, 2011. Booth M: Cannabis: A History. New York, NY: St Martin's Press, 2003. Russo EB, Jiang HE, Li X, et al.: Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia. J Exp Bot 59 (15): 4171-82, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract] Schaffer Library of Drug Policy.: The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937: Taxation of Marihuana. Washington, DC: House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, 1937. Available online 5. Last accessed October 21, 2011. Sallan SE, Zinberg NE, Frei E 3rd: Antiemetic effect of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 293 (16): 795-7, 1975. [PUBMED Abstract] Gorter R, Seefried M, Volberding P: Dronabinol effects on weight in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 6 (1): 127, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract] Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, et al.: Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage 10 (2): 8997, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract] Devane WA, Dysarz FA 3rd, Johnson MR, et al.: Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 34 (5): 605-13, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract] Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, et al.: Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258 (5090): 1946-9, 1992. [PUBMED Abstract] Pertwee RG: Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol Ther 74 (2): 129-80, 1997. [PUBMED Abstract] Felder CC, Glass M: Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38: 179-200, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract]

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Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical Studies Cannabinoids are a group of 21-carbon–containing terpenophenolic compounds produced uniquely by Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica species.[1,2] These plantderived compounds may be referred to as phytocannabinoids. Although delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive ingredient, other known compounds with biologic activity are cannabinol, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene, cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, and delta-8-THC. CBD, in particular, is thought to have significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity without the psychoactive effect (high) of delta-9-THC. Antitumor Effects One study in mice and rats suggested that cannabinoids may have a protective effect against the development of certain types of tumors.[3] During this 2-year study, groups of mice and rats were given various doses of THC by gavage. A dose-related decrease in the incidence of hepatic adenoma tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma was observed in the mice. Decreased incidences of benign tumors (polyps and adenomas) in other organs (mammary gland, uterus, pituitary, testis, and pancreas) were also noted in the rats. In another study, delta-9-THC, delta-8-THC, and cannabinol were found to inhibit the growth of Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo .[4] In addition, other tumors have been shown to be sensitive to cannabinoid-induced growth inhibition.[5-8] Cannabinoids may cause antitumor effects by various mechanisms, including induction of cell death, inhibition of cell growth, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.[9-11] Cannabinoids appear to kill tumor cells but do not affect their nontransformed counterparts and may even protect them from cell death. These compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis in glioma cells in culture and induce regression of glioma tumors in mice and rats. Cannabinoids protect normal glial cells of astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages from apoptosis mediated by the CB1 receptor. [12] The effects of delta-9-THC and a synthetic agonist of the CB2 receptor were investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).[13] Both agents reduced the viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and demonstrated antitumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. The investigations documented that the anti-HCC effects are mediated by way of the CB2 receptor. Similar to findings in glioma cells, the cannabinoids were shown to trigger cell death through stimulation of an endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway that activates autophagy and promotes apoptosis. Other investigations have confirmed that CB1 and CB2 receptors may be potential targets in non-small cell lung carcinoma[14] and breast cancer.[15] In an in vivo model using severe combined immunodeficient mice, subcutaneous tumors were generated by inoculating the animals with cells from human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cell lines.[16] Tumor growth was inhibited by 60% in THCtreated mice compared with vehicle-treated control mice. Tumor specimens revealed that THC had antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects. However, research with immunocompetent murine tumor models has demonstrated immunosuppression and enhanced tumor growth in mice treated with THC.[17,18]

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In addition, both plant-derived and endogenous cannabinoids have been studied for anti-inflammatory effects. A mouse study demonstrated that endogenous cannabinoid system signaling is likely to provide intrinsic protection against colonic inflammation.[19] As a result, a hypothesis that phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids may be useful in the risk reduction and treatment of colorectal cancer has been developed.[20-23] Appetite Stimulation Many animal studies have previously demonstrated that delta-9-THC and other cannabinoids have a stimulatory effect on appetite and increase food intake. It is believed that the endogenous cannabinoid system may serve as a regulator of feeding behavior. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide potently enhances appetite in mice. [24] Moreover, CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus may be involved in the motivational or reward aspects of eating.[25] Analgesia Understanding the mechanism of cannabinoid-induced analgesia has been increased through the study of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and synthetic agonists and antagonists. The CB1 receptor is found in both the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral nerve terminals. Similar to opioid receptors, increased levels of the CB1 receptor are found in regions of the brain that regulate nociceptive processing.[26] CB2 receptors, located predominantly in peripheral tissue, exist at very low levels in the CNS. With the development of receptor-specific antagonists, additional information about the roles of the receptors and endogenous cannabinoids in the modulation of pain has been obtained.[27,28] Cannabinoids may also contribute to pain modulation through an antiinflammatory mechanism; a CB2 effect with cannabinoids acting on mast cell receptors to attenuate the release of inflammatory agents, such as histamine and serotonin, and on keratinocytes to enhance the release of analgesic opioids has been described.[29 -31] References Adams IB, Martin BR: Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 91 (11): 1585-614, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] Grotenhermen F, Russo E, eds.: Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2002. National Toxicology Program .: NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 1trans-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (CAS No. 1972-08-3) in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 446 (): 1-317, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] Bifulco M, Laezza C, Pisanti S, et al.: Cannabinoids and cancer: pros and cons of an antitumour strategy. Br J Pharmacol 148 (2): 123-35, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] Sánchez C, de Ceballos ML, Gomez del Pulgar T, et al.: Inhibition of glioma growth in vivo by selective activation of the CB(2) cannabinoid receptor. Cancer Res 61 (15): 5784-9, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract] McKallip RJ, Lombard C, Fisher M, et al.: Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptors as a novel therapy to treat malignant lymphoblastic disease. Blood 100 (2): 627-34, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract] 40

Casanova ML, Blázquez C, Martínez-Palacio J, et al.: Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors. J Clin Invest 111 (1): 43-50, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract] Blázquez C, González-Feria L, Alvarez L, et al.: Cannabinoids inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in gliomas. Cancer Res 64 (16): 5617-23, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract] Guzmán M: Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 3 (10): 745-55, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract] Blázquez C, Casanova ML, Planas A, et al.: Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by cannabinoids. FASEB J 17 (3): 529-31, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract] Vaccani A, Massi P, Colombo A, et al.: Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma cell migration through a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 144 (8): 1032-6, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract] Torres S, Lorente M, Rodríguez-Fornés F, et al.: A combined preclinical therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide against glioma. Mol Cancer Ther 10 (1): 90-103, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] Vara D, Salazar M, Olea-Herrero N, et al.: Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy. Cell Death Differ 18 (7): 1099-111, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] Preet A, Qamri Z, Nasser MW, et al.: Cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, as novel targets for inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer growth and metastasis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4 (1): 65-75, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] Nasser MW, Qamri Z, Deol YS, et al.: Crosstalk between chemokine receptor CXCR4 and cannabinoid receptor CB2 in modulating breast cancer growth and invasion. PLoS One 6 (9): e23901, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] Preet A, Ganju RK, Groopman JE: Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial growth factor-induced lung cancer cell migration in vitro as well as its growth and metastasis in vivo. Oncogene 27 (3): 339-46, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract] Zhu LX, Sharma S, Stolina M, et al.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits antitumor immunity by a CB2 receptor-mediated, cytokine-dependent pathway. J Immunol 165 (1): 373-80, 2000. [PUBMED Abstract] McKallip RJ, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances breast cancer growth and metastasis by suppression of the antitumor immune response. J Immunol 174 (6): 3281-9, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract] Massa F, Marsicano G, Hermann H, et al.: The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest 113 (8): 1202-9, 2004. [PUBMED Abstract] Patsos HA, Hicks DJ, Greenhough A, et al.: Cannabinoids and cancer: potential for colorectal cancer therapy. Biochem Soc Trans 33 (Pt 4): 712-4, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract] Liu WM, Fowler DW, Dalgleish AG: Cannabis-derived substances in cancer therapy--an emerging anti-inflammatory role for the cannabinoids. Curr Clin Pharmacol 5 (4): 281-7, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract] Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Gangemi G, et al.: Update on the endocannabinoid system as an anticancer target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 15 (3): 297-308, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] 41

Sarfaraz S, Adhami VM, Syed DN, et al.: Cannabinoids for cancer treatment: progress and promise. Cancer Res 68 (2): 339-42, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract] Mechoulam R, Berry EM, Avraham Y, et al.: Endocannabinoids, feeding and suckling--from our perspective. Int J Obes (Lond) 30 (Suppl 1): S24-8, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC: Endocannabinoids and food intake: newborn suckling and appetite regulation in adulthood. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230 (4): 22534, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract] Walker JM, Hohmann AG, Martin WJ, et al.: The neurobiology of cannabinoid analgesia. Life Sci 65 (6-7): 665-73, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract] Meng ID, Manning BH, Martin WJ, et al.: An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature 395 (6700): 381-3, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract] Walker JM, Huang SM, Strangman NM, et al.: Pain modulation by release of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 (21): 12198-203, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract] Facci L, Dal Toso R, Romanello S, et al.: Mast cells express a peripheral cannabinoid receptor with differential sensitivity to anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 (8): 3376-80, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract] Ibrahim MM, Porreca F, Lai J, et al.: CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation produces antinociception by stimulating peripheral release of endogenous opioids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (8): 3093-8, 2005. [PUBMED Abstract] Richardson JD, Kilo S, Hargreaves KM: Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesia and inflammation via interaction with peripheral CB1 receptors. Pain 75 (1): 111-9, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract] Human/Clinical Studies Cannabis Pharmacology When Cannabis is ingested by mouth, there is a low (6%–20%) and variable oral bioavailability.[1,2] Peak plasma concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) occur after 1 to 6 hours and remain elevated with a terminal half-life of 20 to 30 hours. Taken by mouth, delta-9-THC is initially metabolized in the liver to 11-OH-THC, a potent psychoactive metabolite. When inhaled, cannabinoids are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream with a peak concentration in 2 to 10 minutes, declining rapidly for a period of 30 minutes and with less generation of the psychoactive 11-OH metabolite. Cannabinoids are known to interact with the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system.[3,4] In one study, 24 cancer patients were treated with intravenous irinotecan (600 mg, n = 12) or docetaxel (180 mg, n = 12), followed 3 weeks later by the same drugs concomitant with medicinal Cannabis taken in the form of an herbal tea for 15 consecutive days, starting 12 days before the second treatment.[4] The administration of Cannabis did not significantly influence exposure to and clearance of irinotecan or docetaxel, although the herbal tea route of administration may not reproduce the effects of inhalation or oral ingestion of fat-soluble cannabinoids.

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Cancer Risk A number of studies have yielded conflicting evidence regarding the risks of various cancers associated with Cannabis use. A pooled analysis of three case-cohort studies of men in northwestern Africa (430 cases and 778 controls) showed a significantly increased risk of lung cancer among tobacco smokers who also inhaled Cannabis.[5] A large retrospective cohort study of 64,855 men aged 15 to 49 years from the United States found that Cannabis use was not associated with tobacco-related cancers and a number of other common malignancies. However, the study did find that, among nonsmokers of tobacco, ever having used Cannabis was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.[6] A population-based case-control study of 611 lung cancer patients revealed that chronic low Cannabis exposure was not associated with an increased risk of lung cancer or other upper aerodigestive tract cancers and found no positive associations with any cancer type (oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, lung, or esophagus) when adjusting for several confounders, including cigarette smoking.[7] A systematic review assessing 19 studies that evaluated premalignant or malignant lung lesions in persons 18 years or older who inhaled marijuana concluded that observational studies failed to demonstrate statistically significant associations between marijuana inhalation and lung cancer after adjusting for tobacco use.[8] A comprehensive Health Canada monograph on marijuana concluded that while there are many cellular and molecular studies that provide strong evidence that inhaled marijuana is carcinogenic, the epidemiologic evidence of a link between marijuana use and cancer is still inconclusive.[9] Cancer Treatment No clinical trials of Cannabis as a treatment for cancer in humans were identified in a PubMed search; however, a single small study of intratumoral injection of delta-9-THC in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme reported potential antitumoral activity.[10] Antiemetic Effect Cannabinoids Despite advances in pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management, nausea and vomiting (N/V) remain distressing side effects for cancer patients and their families. Dronabinol was approved in the United States in 1986 as an antiemetic to be used in cancer chemotherapy. Nabilone, another synthetic derivative of delta-9-THC, was first approved in Canada in 1982 and is now also available in the United States.[11] Both dronabinol and nabilone have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of N/V associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond to conventional antiemetic therapy. Numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown that dronabinol and nabilone are effective in the treatment of N/V induced by chemotherapy.[12-15] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines 6 recommend cannabinoids as breakthrough treatment for chemotherapy-related N/V. 43

One systematic review studied 30 randomized comparisons of delta-9-THC preparations with placebo or other antiemetics from which data on efficacy and harm were available.[16] Oral nabilone, oral dronabinol, and intramuscular levonantradol (a synthetic analog of dronabinol) were tested. Inhaled Cannabis trials were not included. Among all 1,366 patients included in the review, cannabinoids were found to be more effective than the conventional antiemetics prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, thiethylperazine, haloperidol, domperidone, and alizapride. Cannabinoids, however, were not more effective for patients receiving very low or very high emetogenic chemotherapy. Side effects included a feeling of being high, euphoria, sedation or drowsiness, dizziness, dysphoria or depression, hallucinations, paranoia, and hypotension.[16] Newer antiemetics (e.g., 5-HT3 receptor antagonists) have not been directly compared with Cannabis or cannabinoids in cancer patients. Another analysis of 15 controlled studies compared nabilone with placebo or available antiemetic drugs.[17] Among 600 cancer patients, nabilone was found to be superior to prochlorperazine, domperidone, and alizapride, with nabilone favored for continuous use. (Refer to the Cannabis 7 section in the PDQ summary on Nausea and Vomiting 8 for more information.) Cannabis Three trials have evaluated the efficacy of inhaled marijuana in chemotherapyinduced N/V.[18-20] In two of the studies, inhaled Cannabis was made available only after dronabinol failure. In the first trial, no antiemetic effect was achieved with marijuana in patients receiving cyclophosphamide or doxorubicin,[18] but in the second trial, a statistically significant superior antiemetic effect of inhaled Cannabis versus placebo was found among patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.[19] The third trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial involving 20 adults in which both inhaled marijuana and oral THC were evaluated. One-quarter of the patients reported a favorable antiemetic response to the cannabinoid therapies. This latter study was reported in abstract form in 1984. A full report, detailing the methods and outcomes apparently has not been published, which limits a thorough interpretation of the significance of these findings.[20] Appetite Stimulation Anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, and cachexia are problems experienced by cancer patients. Such patients are faced not only with the disfigurement associated with wasting but also with an inability to engage in the social interaction of meals. Cannabinoids Two controlled trials demonstrated that oral THC has variable effects on appetite stimulation and weight loss in patients with advanced malignancies and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.[17] One study evaluated whether dronabinol alone or with megestrol acetate was greater, less, or equal in efficacy to megestrol acetate alone for managing cancer-associated anorexia.[21] In this randomized doubleblind study of 469 adults with advanced cancer and weight loss, patients received 2.5 mg of oral THC twice daily, 800 mg of oral megestrol daily, or both. Appetite increased 44

by 75% in the megestrol group and weight increased by 11%, compared with a 49% increase in appetite and a 3% increase in weight in the oral THC group after 8 to 11 weeks of treatment. These two differences were statistically significant. Furthermore, the combined therapy did not offer additional benefits beyond those provided by megestrol acetate alone. The authors concluded that dronabinol did little to promote appetite or weight gain in advanced cancer patients compared with megestrol acetate. However, a smaller placebo-controlled trial of dronabinol in cancer patients demonstrated improved and enhanced chemosensory perception in the cannabinoid group—food tasted better, appetite increased, and the proportion of calories consumed as protein was greater than in the placebo recipients.[22] Another clinical trial that involved 139 patients with HIV or AIDS and weight loss found that, compared with placebo, oral dronabinol was associated with a statistically significant increase in appetite after 4 to 6 weeks of treatment. Patients receiving dronabinol tended to have weight stabilization, whereas patients receiving placebo continued to lose weight.[23] Cannabis In trials conducted in the 1980s that involved healthy control subjects, inhaling Cannabis led to an increase in caloric intake, mainly in the form of between-meal snacks, with increased intakes of fatty and sweet foods.[24,25] No published studies have explored the effect of inhaled Cannabis on appetite in cancer patients. Analgesia Cannabinoids Pain management improves a patient’s quality of life throughout all stages of cancer. Through the study of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and synthetic agonists and antagonists, the mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced analgesia have been analyzed. The CB1 receptor is found in the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral nerve terminals.[26] CB2 receptors are located mainly in peripheral tissue and are expressed in only low amounts in the CNS. Whereas only CB1 agonists exert analgesic activity in the CNS, both CB1 and CB2 agonists have analgesic activity in peripheral tissue.[27,28] Cancer pain results from inflammation, invasion of bone or other pain-sensitive structures, or nerve injury. When cancer pain is severe and persistent, it is often resistant to treatment with opioids. Two studies examined the effects of oral delta-9-THC on cancer pain. The first, a double-blind placebo-controlled study involving ten patients, measured both pain intensity and pain relief.[29] It was reported that 15 mg and 20 mg doses of the cannabinoid delta-9-THC were associated with substantial analgesic effects, with antiemetic effects and appetite stimulation. In a follow-up single-dose study involving 36 patients, it was reported that 10 mg doses of delta-9-THC produced analgesic effects during a 7-hour observation period that were comparable to 60 mg doses of codeine, and 20 mg doses of delta-9-THC induced effects equivalent to 120 mg doses of codeine.[30] Higher doses of THC were found to be more sedative than codeine. 45

Another study examined the effects of a whole-plant extract with controlled cannabinoid content in an oromucosal spray. In a multicenter, double-blind, placebocontrolled study, the THC:cannabidiol (THC:CBD) extract and THC extract alone were compared in the analgesic management of patients with advanced cancer and with moderate-to-severe cancer-related pain. Patients were assigned to one of three treatment groups: THC:CBD extract, THC extract, or placebo. The researchers concluded that the THC:CBD extract was efficacious for pain relief in advanced cancer patients whose pain was not fully relieved by strong opioids.[31] An observational study assessed the effectiveness of nabilone in advanced cancer patients who were experiencing pain and other symptoms (anorexia, depression, and anxiety). The researchers reported that patients who used nabilone experienced improved management of pain, nausea, anxiety, and distress when compared with untreated patients. Nabilone was also associated with a decreased use of opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, dexamethasone, metoclopramide, and ondansetron.[32] Cannabis Animal studies have suggested a synergistic analgesic effect when cannabinoids are combined with opioids. Preliminary study results in humans suggest that the addition of vaporized Cannabis to a stable regimen of sustained-released oxycodone or morphine sulfate yields increased pain relief despite lower plasma concentrations of the opioids after Cannabis administration.[33] Neuropathic pain is a symptom cancer patients may experience, especially if treated with platinum-based chemotherapy or taxanes. A randomized controlled trial of inhaled Cannabis compared with placebo in 50 patients with HIV-related peripheral neuropathy found that pain was reduced by more than 30% in 52% of patients in the Cannabis group and in 24% of patients in the placebo group. This difference was statistically significant.[34] To date, no clinical trial has examined the effectiveness of cannabinoid preparations in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Anxiety and Sleep—Cannabis Patients often experience mood elevation after exposure to Cannabis, depending on their prior experience. In a five-patient case series of inhaled marijuana that examined the analgesic effects of THC, it was reported that patients administered THC had improved mood, improved sense of well-being, and less anxiety.[35] Another common effect of Cannabis is sleepiness. In a trial of a sublingual spray, a Cannabis-based mixture was able to improve sleep quality.[36] A small placebocontrolled study of dronabinol in cancer patients with altered chemosensory perception also noted increased quality of sleep and relaxation in THC-treated patients.[22] Current Clinical Trials Check NCI’s list of cancer clinical trials for cancer CAM clinical trials on dronabinol 9, marijuana 10, nabiximols 11 and nabilone 12 that are actively enrolling patients. General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI Web site 13. 46

References Adams IB, Martin BR: Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 91 (11): 1585-614, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] Agurell S, Halldin M, Lindgren JE, et al.: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids with emphasis on man. Pharmacol Rev 38 (1): 21-43, 1986. [PUBMED Abstract] Yamamoto I, Watanabe K, Narimatsu S, et al.: Recent advances in the metabolism of cannabinoids. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27 (8): 741-6, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract] Engels FK, de Jong FA, Sparreboom A, et al.: Medicinal cannabis does not influence the clinical pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and docetaxel. Oncologist 12 (3): 291300, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract] Berthiller J, Straif K, Boniol M, et al.: Cannabis smoking and risk of lung cancer in men: a pooled analysis of three studies in Maghreb. J Thorac Oncol 3 (12): 1398403, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract] Sidney S, Quesenberry CP Jr, Friedman GD, et al.: Marijuana use and cancer incidence (California, United States). Cancer Causes Control 8 (5): 722-8, 1997. [PUBMED Abstract] Hashibe M, Morgenstern H, Cui Y, et al.: Marijuana use and the risk of lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers: results of a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (10): 1829-34, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] Mehra R, Moore BA, Crothers K, et al.: The association between marijuana smoking and lung cancer: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 166 (13): 1359-67, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] Health Canada.: Marihuana (Marijuana, Cannabis): Dried Plant for Administration by Ingestion or Other Means. Ottawa, Canada: Health Canada, 2010. Available online 14. Last accessed October 21, 2011. Guzmán M, Duarte MJ, Blázquez C, et al.: A pilot clinical study of Delta9tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Br J Cancer 95 (2): 197-203, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] Sutton IR, Daeninck P: Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain. J Support Oncol 4 (10): 531-5, 2006 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract] Ahmedzai S, Carlyle DL, Calder IT, et al.: Anti-emetic efficacy and toxicity of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in lung cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer 48 (5): 65763, 1983. [PUBMED Abstract] Chan HS, Correia JA, MacLeod SM: Nabilone versus prochlorperazine for control of cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis in children: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics 79 (6): 946-52, 1987. [PUBMED Abstract] Johansson R, Kilkku P, Groenroos M: A double-blind, controlled trial of nabilone vs. prochlorperazine for refractory emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 9 (Suppl B): 25-33, 1982. [PUBMED Abstract] Niiranen A, Mattson K: A cross-over comparison of nabilone and prochlorperazine for emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 8 (4): 336-40, 1985. [PUBMED Abstract] Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, et al.: Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ 323 (7303): 16-21, 2001. [PUBMED Abstract] 47

Ben Amar M: Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic potential. J Ethnopharmacol 105 (1-2): 1-25, 2006. [PUBMED Abstract] Chang AE, Shiling DJ, Stillman RC, et al.: A prospective evaluation of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in patients receiving adriamycin and cytoxan chemotherapy. Cancer 47 (7): 1746-51, 1981. [PUBMED Abstract] Chang AE, Shiling DJ, Stillman RC, et al.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation. Ann Intern Med 91 (6): 819-24, 1979. [PUBMED Abstract] Levitt M, Faiman C, Hawks R, et al.: Randomized double blind comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana as chemotherapy antiemetics. [Abstract] Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 3: A-C354, 91, 1984. Jatoi A, Windschitl HE, Loprinzi CL, et al.: Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. J Clin Oncol 20 (2): 567-73, 2002. [PUBMED Abstract] Brisbois TD, de Kock IH, Watanabe SM, et al.: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol may palliate altered chemosensory perception in cancer patients: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Ann Oncol 22 (9): 2086-93, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] Beal JE, Olson R, Laubenstein L, et al.: Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage 10 (2): 8997, 1995. [PUBMED Abstract] Foltin RW, Brady JV, Fischman MW: Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25 (3): 577-82, 1986. [PUBMED Abstract] Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF: Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite 11 (1): 1-14, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract] Walker JM, Hohmann AG, Martin WJ, et al.: The neurobiology of cannabinoid analgesia. Life Sci 65 (6-7): 665-73, 1999. [PUBMED Abstract] Calignano A, La Rana G, Giuffrida A, et al.: Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature 394 (6690): 277-81, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract] Fields HL, Meng ID: Watching the pot boil. Nat Med 4 (9): 1008-9, 1998. [PUBMED Abstract] Noyes R Jr, Brunk SF, Baram DA, et al.: Analgesic effect of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol. J Clin Pharmacol 15 (2-3): 139-43, 1975 Feb-Mar. [PUBMED Abstract] Noyes R Jr, Brunk SF, Avery DA, et al.: The analgesic properties of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 18 (1): 84-9, 1975. [PUBMED Abstract] Johnson JR, Burnell-Nugent M, Lossignol D, et al.: Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 39 (2): 167-79, 2010. [PUBMED Abstract] Maida V, Ennis M, Irani S, et al.: Adjunctive nabilone in cancer pain and symptom management: a prospective observational study using propensity scoring. J Support Oncol 6 (3): 119-24, 2008. [PUBMED Abstract] 48

Abrams DI, Couey P, Shade SB, et al.: Cannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 90 (6): 844-51, 2011. [PUBMED Abstract] Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, et al.: Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 68 (7): 515-21, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract] Noyes R Jr, Baram DA: Cannabis analgesia. Compr Psychiatry 15 (6): 531-5, 1974 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract] Russo EB, Guy GW, Robson PJ: Cannabis, pain, and sleep: lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicine. Chem Biodivers 4 (8): 172943, 2007. [PUBMED Abstract] Adverse Effects Cannabis and Cannabinoids Because cannabinoid receptors, unlike opioid receptors, are not located in the brainstem areas controlling respiration, lethal overdoses from Cannabis and cannabinoids do not occur.[1-4] However, cannabinoid receptors are present in other tissues throughout the body, not just in the central nervous system, and adverse effects include tachycardia, hypotension, conjunctival injection, bronchodilation, muscle relaxation, and decreased gastrointestinal motility. Although cannabinoids are considered by some to be addictive drugs, their addictive potential is considerably lower than that of other prescribed agents or substances of abuse.[4] The brain develops a tolerance to cannabinoids. Withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, insomnia with sleep electroencephalogram disturbance, restlessness, hot flashes, and, rarely, nausea and cramping have been observed. However, these symptoms appear to be mild compared with withdrawal symptoms associated with opiates or benzodiazepines, and the symptoms usually dissipate after a few days. Unlike other commonly used drugs, cannabinoids are stored in adipose tissue and excreted at a low rate (half-life 1–3 days), so even abrupt cessation of cannabinoid intake is not associated with rapid declines in plasma concentrations that would precipitate severe or abrupt withdrawal symptoms or drug cravings. References Adams IB, Martin BR: Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 91 (11): 1585-614, 1996. [PUBMED Abstract] Grotenhermen F, Russo E, eds.: Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2002. Sutton IR, Daeninck P: Cannabinoids in the management of intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and cancer-related pain. J Support Oncol 4 (10): 531-5, 2006 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract] Guzmán M: Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 3 (10): 745-55, 2003. [PUBMED Abstract]

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Summary of the Evidence for Cannabis and Cannabinoids To assist readers in evaluating the results of human studies of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments for people with cancer, the strength of the evidence (i.e., the levels of evidence) associated with each type of treatment is provided whenever possible. To qualify for a level of evidence analysis, a study must: Be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Report on therapeutic outcome or outcomes, such as tumor response, improvement in survival, or measured improvement in quality of life. Describe clinical findings in sufficient detail for a meaningful evaluation to be made. Separate levels of evidence scores are assigned to qualifying human studies on the basis of statistical strength of the study design and scientific strength of the treatment outcomes (i.e., endpoints) measured. The resulting two scores are then combined to produce an overall score. An overall level of evidence score cannot be assigned to cannabinoids because there has been insufficient clinical research to date. For an explanation of possible scores and additional information about levels of evidence analysis of CAM treatments for people with cancer, refer to Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15. Cannabinoids Several controlled clinical trials have been performed, and meta-analyses of these support a beneficial effect of cannabinoids (dronabinol and nabilone) on chemotherapy -induced nausea and vomiting (N/V) compared with placebo. Both dronabinol and nabilone are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy-induced N/V in cancer patients but not for other symptom management or off-label use. Cannabis There have been only three small clinical trials on the use of Cannabis in cancer patients. All three studies assessed antiemetic activity but each explored a different patient population and chemotherapy regimen. One study demonstrated no effect, the second study showed a positive effect versus placebo, and the report of the third study did not provide enough information to characterize the overall outcome as positive or neutral. Consequently, there are insufficient data to provide an overall level of evidence assessment for the use of Cannabis for chemotherapy-induced N/V. Apparently, there are no published data on the use of Cannabis for other cancer-related or cancer treatment–related symptoms. An increasing number of trials are evaluating the sublingual administration of whole Cannabis plant extract with fixed concentrations of cannabinoid components. At present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend inhaling Cannabis as a treatment for cancer-related symptoms or cancer treatment–related side effects. Changes to This Summary (12/14/2011) The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above. 50

In writing Cancer Information Summaries, PDQ Editorial Boards review current evidence. They do not make recommendations or develop guidelines. Their work is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). This summary on Cannabis and cannabinoids does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. The summary statement represents an independent review of the literature; that review is not influenced by NCI or any other federal agency. Laboratory/Animal/Preclinical Studies 16 Added text 17 about a study that investigated the antitumoral effects of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol and a synthetic agonist of the CB2 receptor on hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo (cited Vara et al. as reference 13). Also added text about two investigations that showed that cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 may be potential targets for the inhibition of non-small cell lung carcinoma and breast cancer (cited Preet et al. and Nasser et al. as references 14 and 15, respectively). Revised text 18 to state that a hypothesis that phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids may be useful in the risk reduction and treatment of colorectal cancer has been developed. Human/Clinical Studies 19 Added text 20 about a study that investigated the effects of cannabinoids when combined with opioids for the relief of chronic pain (cited Abrams et al. as reference 33). Summary of the Evidence for Cannabis and Cannabinoids 21 This section was renamed from Overall Level of Evidence for Cannabis and Cannabinoids. About Purpose of This Summary This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of Cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of people with cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. Reviewers and Updates This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board 22. Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should: be discussed at a meeting, be cited with text, or replace or update an existing article that is already cited. Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary. 51

The lead reviewer for Cannabis and Cannabinoids is: Donald I. Abrams, MD (UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Medicine) Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form 23. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries. Levels of Evidence Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-ofevidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system 15 in developing its level-of-evidence designations. Permission to Use This Summary PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary].” The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is: National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/ cam/cannabis/healthprofessional. Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online 24, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images. Disclaimer The information in these summaries should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Coping with Cancer: Financial, Insurance, and Legal Information page 25 page. Contact Us More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov Web site can be found on our Contact Us for Help 26 page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site’s Contact Form 23.

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Glossary Terms Activate (AK-tih-vayt) - In biology, to stimulate a cell in a resting state to become active. This causes biochemical and functional changes in the activated cell. AIDS A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). People with AIDS are at an increased risk for developing certain cancers and for infections that usually occur only in individuals with a weak immune system. Also called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Analgesic (A-nul-JEE-zik) - A drug that reduces pain. Analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. Anti-inflammatory (AN-tee-in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee) - Having to do with reducing inflammation. Anticonvulsant (AN-tee-kun-VUL-sunt) - A drug or other substance used to prevent or stop seizures or convulsions. Also called antiepileptic. Antiemetic (AN-tee-eh-MEH-tik) - A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting. Appetite (A-peh-tite) - A desire to satisfy a physical or mental need, such as for food, sex, or adventure. Bioavailable (BY-oh-uh-VAY-luh-bul) - The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. Cancer (KAN-ser) - A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy. Central nervous system (SEN-trul NER-vus SIS-tem) - The brain and spinal cord. Also called CNS. Chemical (KEH-mih-kul) - A substance made up of elements, such as hydrogen or sodium. Chemotherapy (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee) - Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells. Clinical trial (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) - A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called clinical study. Compassionate use trial (kum-PA-shuh-nut yoos TRY-ul) - A way to provide an investigational therapy to a patient who is not eligible to receive that therapy in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. Compassionate use trials allow patients to receive promising but not yet fully studied or approved cancer therapies when no other treatment option exists. Also called expanded access trial. Complementary and alternative medicine (KOM-pleh-MEN-tuh-ree... all-TERnuh-tiv MEH-dih-sin) - Forms of treatment that are used in addition to 53

(complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. Also called CAM. Concentration (KON-sen-TRAY-shun) - In science, the amount of a substance, such as a salt, that is in a certain amount of tissue or liquid, such as blood. A substance becomes more concentrated when less water is present. For example, the salt in urine may become more concentrated when a person doesn’t drink enough water. Cytochrome P450 enzyme system (SY-tuh-krome ... EN-zime SIS-tem) - A group of enzymes involved in drug metabolism and found in high levels in the liver. These enzymes change many drugs, including anticancer drugs, into less toxic forms that are easier for the body to excrete. Dronabinol (droh-NAH-bih-nol) - A synthetic pill form of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active ingredient in marijuana that is used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. Drug (drug) - Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic. Generic (jeh-NAYR-ik) - Official nonbrand names by which medicines are known. Generic names usually refer to the chemical name of the drug. Hepatic (heh-PA-tik) - Refers to the liver. Heroin (HAYR-oh-win) - A substance made from morphine. Heroin is very addictive and it is illegal to use or sell it in the United States. It is a type of opiate. Immune system (ih-MYOON SIS-tem) - The complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infections and other diseases. Ingestion (in-JES-chun) - Taking into the body by mouth. Inhalation (IN-huh-LAY-shun) - In medicine, refers to the act of taking a substance into the body by breathing. Investigational (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul) - In clinical trials, refers to a drug (including a new drug, dose, combination, or route of administration) or procedure that has undergone basic laboratory testing and received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be tested in human subjects. A drug or procedure may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition, but be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental. Liver (LIH-ver) - A large organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. Marijuana (MAYR-ih-WAH-nuh) - The dried leaves and flowering tops of the Cannabis sativa plant, or an extract from the plant. Marijuana is being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or opiate drugs, such as morphine sulfate. Marijuana is also being studied in the treatment of pain. Metabolite (meh-TA-boh-lite) - A substance made or used when the body breaks down food, drugs or chemicals, or its own tissue (for example, fat or muscle tissue). This process, called metabolism, makes energy and the materials needed for growth, reproduction, and maintaining health. It also helps get rid of toxic substances. 54

Narcotic (nar-KAH-tik)- A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. They bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Narcotics are now called opioids. National Cancer Institute (NA-shuh-nul KAN-ser IN-stih-TOOT) - The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. The National Cancer Institute conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the National Cancer Institute Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called NCI. Nausea (NAW-zee-uh) - A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some types of cancer therapy. Oral (OR-ul) - By or having to do with the mouth. Ounce (ownts) - A measure of weight (one-sixteenth pound) and volume (oneeighth cup). PDQ - PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, complementary and alternative medicine, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information, and more specific information about PDQ, can be found on the NCI's Web site at http:// www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq. Also called Physician Data Query. Pharmacopoeia (FAR-muh-koh-PEE-uh) - A book describing chemicals, drugs, and other substances and how they are used as medicines. It is prepared by a recognized authority. Physician (fih-ZIH-shun) - Medical doctor. Plasma (PLAZ-muh) - The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. Prescription (prih-SKRIP-shun) - A doctor's order for medicine or another intervention. Receptor (reh-SEP-ter) - A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. Scientist (SY-en-tist) - A person who has studied science, especially one who is active in a particular field of investigation. Sedative (SEH-duh-tiv) - A drug or substance used to calm a person down, relieve anxiety, or help a person sleep. Side effect (side eh-FEKT) - A problem that occurs when treatment affects healthy tissues or organs. Some common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores. Significant (sig-NIH-fih-kunt) - In statistics, describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. Also called statistically significant. 55

Surgeon (SER-jun) - A doctor who removes or repairs a part of the body by operating on the patient. Symptom (SIMP-tum) - An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain. Synthetic (sin-THEH-tik) - Having to do with substances that are man-made instead of taken from nature. Vomit (VAH-mit) - To eject some or all of the contents of the stomach through the mouth. Western medicine (WES-tern MEH-dih-sin) - A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also called allopathic medicine, biomedicine, conventional medicine, mainstream medicine, and orthodox medicine.

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Table of [NIH] Links 1 http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary 2 http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/abel.htm 3 http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309071550 4 http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309065313# 5 http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/woodward.htm 6 https://subscriptions.nccn.org/login.aspx?ReturnURL=http://www.nccn.org/ professionals/physician_gls/pdf/antiemesis.pdf 7 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/nausea/ HealthProfessional/Page6#Section_170 8 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/nausea/ HealthProfessional 9 http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx? idtype=1&id=39707&tt=0&format=2 10 http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx? idtype=1&id=269131&;tt=0&format=2 11 http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx? idtype=1&id=572214&;tt=0&format=2 12 http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx? idtype=1&id=39760&tt=0&format=2 13 http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials 14 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/marihuana/how-comment/medpract/ infoprof/index-eng.php 15 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/levels-evidence-cam/ HealthProfessional 16 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/ Page4#Section_7 17 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/ Page4#Section_143 18 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/ Page4#Section_30 19 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/ Page5#Section_9 20 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/ Page5#Section_58 21 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/cannabis/healthprofessional/ Page7#Section_13 22 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cancer-cam-board 23 http://www.cancer.gov/contact 24 http://visualsonline.cancer.gov 25 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/financial-legal 26 http://www.cancer.gov/help END OF NIH ARTICLE

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