www.pep-net.org ISSN 1908-6889 Volume XI, Number 3 June 2014

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the Philippines: Localization Strategies and Implications for Development* Maria Ela L. At ienza1 Editor’s Note 2015 is poised to be a year of many milestones. Globally, this is the year when the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) signed by 192 United Nat i ons member st at es and at l east 23 int ernat ional organizat ions, shall have been achieved. The MDGs include eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting epidemics such as malaria and HIV-AIDS, and devel opi ng a gl obal part nershi p for development. Regionally, this is also going to be a banner year for the member stat es of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as they collectively usher the exciting era of the ASEAN Economic Communit y (AEC) which is expected to bring a region of equitable economic development, among others. What then are the lessons learned from localizing the MDGs in the Philippines? The following paper by Dr. Maria Ela L. Atienza of the Department of Poli t ical Science of t he Uni versi t y of t he Philippines Diliman provides some interesting insights as well as some recommendations that are very relevant today as the country moves to integrate best practices on localization in the implementat ion framework of the post 2015 agenda.

Local i zat i on of Government Uni t s

MDGs and Local

As f ront l i ne i nst i t ut i ons, LGUs pl ay significant roles in realizing t he MDGs. For the most part, t he achievement of the MDG

“MY FRIEND, THIS IS DI FFERENT. WITH CBMS, YOUR DATA IS YOUR VOICE.” An enumerat or int erviews a household respondent in Brgy. Salvacion, Tabaco City. The city has adopted the CBMS as a tool for local development planning as well as for identifying and designing appropriate interventions for meeting the MDGs.

target s largely depends on the delivery of basic services t hat are now devolved. The Depart ment of t he I nt erior and Local Government s ( DI LG) i s t he nat i onal government agency tasked wit h localizing the MDGs nat ionwide. The localization of the MDGs is support ed by t wo national laws that were enacted even prior to the MDGs.

This is an edited and condensed version of the paper written by Dr. Maria Ela L. Atienza which was first publishedin 2012. For the full version of the paper, please see: Atienza, Maria Ela L. 2012. "Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the Philippines: Localization of the MDGs and Implications for Mainstreaming Human Security". In Mainstreaming Human Security in ASEANIntegration Volume II: Lessons Learned from MDGsImplementation in Southeast Asia, edited by Herman Joseph S. Kraft. Quezon City: ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and InternationalStudies, Institute for Strategic and Development Studies and Japan International Cooperation Agency - Research Institute. 1 Associate Professor and Graduate Program Coordinator, Department of Political Science, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman, and member of the Board of Directors of the Institute for Strategic and Development Studies *

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CBMS Team in refines survey i n st r u m e n t s

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Research Results First, t he Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991 or Republic Act (RA) No. 7160, which i s t he nat i onal f ramework f or decent ralizat ion, mandat es LGUs t o be primarily responsible for providing basic services and facilities and for improving the quality of life of their constit uent s. Sections 16 and 17 of the LGC enumerat es these basic services as (i) promotion of health and safet y; (ii) enhancement of people’s right t o a balanced ecology; (iii) promot ion of ecological balance, economic prosperit y, and social justice; and (iv) maint enance of peace and order, and comf ort and conveni ence of t hei r inhabit ants, among ot hers. Second, the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act of 1997 gave LGUs the front line role in t he fight against povert y. LGUs are responsible i n t he f ormul at i on, i mpl ement at i on, monitoring, and evaluat ion of the Ant iPoverty Reduct ion agenda wit hin t heir areas of jurisdiction. The two national laws are supplement ed by t he mandat e of t he Bureau of Local Government Development of the DI LG in taking the lead in MDG localizat ion based on t he Soci al Devel opment Counci l Resolution No.1, Series of 2003. DI LG also issued Memo Circular No. 2004-152 (“Guide to LGUs in t he Localization of the MDGs”). The MDGLocalization Framework guides all localizat ion effort s and init iatives. For t he MDG-responsi ve LGU, t he f ramework ident ifies t he following outcomes: 1.

2. 3.

4.

5.

a l ocal devel opment pl an incorporating the MDG targets and corresponding i ncreased budget al l ocat i on f or MDG-responsi ve programs, projects and activities; local policies t hat facilit at e t he achievement of the MDGs; a l ocal moni t ori ng syst em t o benchmark LGU contribution in t he at tainment of MDG t argets and to track down accomplishments vis-àvis target s; improved delivery of basic services t hrough repl i cat i on of good pract ices; and inclusion of accomplishment of MDG target s as one of the performance commitments of the LGUs.

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To att ain the above outcomes, LGUs are to be equipped wit h knowledge and skills through interventions such as advocacy, policy formulat ion, development of tools and inst rument s, and document at ion of good practices. The DI LG recognizes the fact that meeting the requirement s of the MDGs will entail col l aborat i ve ef f ort s of maj or st akehol ders—t he nat ional government and LGUs as well as the privat e sect or t hrough rel at ed i nt ervent i ons geared t oward mainst reaming t he MDGs in the l ocal devel opment agenda. The DI LG highl ight s t he rol es of LGUs on MDG localizat ion and consider t hem as frontline instit ut ions in t he delivery of devolved services to which the achievement of t he MDGs are largely dependent on. To support t he localization of t he MDGs, t he national government has set up an MDG Fund. This locally funded project is joint ly implement ed by the DI LG’s Office of Project Development Services and t he Department of Finance’s Municipal Development Fund Office (MDFO). The DI LG is responsible for capacit y devel opment , part icul arl y on project preparation, implementation, and operat ion and maint enance, while the MDFO takes care of t he fund administration of t he PhP500 million from it s Second Generation Fund (SGF) for relending t o interest ed and eli gibl e LGUs. The MDG Fund f inances projects supportive of the attainment of MDGs 1–7. Fourt h t o si xt h cl ass municipalities, as well as all provinces (regardless of income class) borrowing for their fourth to sixt h class municipalities, are eligible for project financing from t he MDG Fund. Role of t he Busi ness Sect or i n Meet i ng t he MDGs The Philippine Business and the Millennium Devel opment Goal s Program was a collaborat ive effort among t he Unit ed Nations (UN), NEDA, and the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP). The program aims to encourage the business sector to support the achievement of t he MDGs and t o consolidate t he count ry’s business sect or response t o t he MDG challenge. This program st arted in 2004 when t he PBSP’s Cent er for Corporat e Ci t izenshi p, t he UNDP, and t he NEDA

organized a series of discussions at tended by business leaders and representatives from t he government, civil societ y, and funding agencies to shape t he common agenda for business sector involvement. This led to t he publication of “Responding to the Millennium Development Challenge: A Roadmap for Philippine Business” in December 2004. I t contains the action plans or strategic action points clustered i nt o f our MDG f ocus areas: povert y, educat ion, healt h and environment through t heir core business—social investment , and policy advocacy. PBSP part nered with business groups and program implementing partners (PI Ps) in promot ing and implementing various MDG programs. I n 2005, PBSP’s commitment on the MDGs was highlight ed in its new FiveYear Plan, which was anchored on the consolidation and scaling up of successful programs in response t o pressing issues, and aligns itself with the government’s Ten-Point Agenda and t he UN’s MDGs. For the next five years, PBSP pledged PhP3.20 billion t o help achieve the country’s MDG targets. Of this, PhP1.13 billion were to be ut ilized for poverty reduction under t he Area Resource Management Program in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. PhP1.12 billion is t o be used for small and medium enterprise development, PhP0.83 billion for basic education, and PhP0.12 billion for water and health effort s. I n February 2009, t he business sect or launched its Menu of Social Programs in support of t he achievement of the MDGs. I t was organized by PBSP in part nership with Pilipinas Shell Corporation, SM Supermalls, and t he Uni t ed Nat i ons Development Programme ( UNDP) . The organi zi ng part ners unveiled the business sector’s menu t o demonst rat e t he sect or’s upscaling of it s commitment to the MDGs. This includes programs organized int o four cl ust ers: (i) busi ness and healt h, (i i) business and poverty, (iii) business and educat i on, and (iv) business and t he environment . ASEAN and t he Phi li ppi ne Government i n t he Ef f ort s t o Meet MDG Target s As an act ive member of the ASEAN, t he Phi l i ppi nes i s act i ve i n many of t he commit ments, declarations, and meetings

Research Results of ASEAN with the UN, specific UN agencies, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on the attainment of the MDGs—both whole or speci f i c MDGs. The Phi l i ppi nes al so participated in the Joint Declaration on t he At tainment of t he Millennium Development Goals in ASEAN, which was signed on March 1, 2009 in Cha-am, Thailand. However, ASEAN member st at es, at t he t ime of writ ing, are st ill negot iat ing t he MDGs roadmap f or ASEAN, whi ch i ncl udes localized and adapted t argets for narrowing development gaps. This is a bit alarming as the 2015 target date is approaching but ASEAN as a regional organizat ion does not have a more concrete blueprint to guide its member st ates on the achievement of t he MDGs. However, t he Phi l i ppi nes i s bot h beneficiary and participant, t ogether with some ot her ASEAN member st at es, in several efforts to address specific MDGs, and in developing competencies t o achieve the MDGs. For instance, the UN Population Fund is working wit h Cambodia, I ndonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), Myanmar, the Philippines, and Viet Nam in st rengt hening t he provision of skil led at tendant s at birth and in improving access to emergency obstet ric care for all women with complications in pregnancy (MDG 5). I n addit ion, Brunei, Cambodia, and the Phi l i ppi nes are pi l ot i ng a new peer consul t at i on f ramework whereby one country’s practice in different sectors is assessed by ot her member st at es. This process relies on mutual trust, respect, and shared confidence among participants. I t centers on “the creat ion of knowledge, mutual learning and capacity building” among ASEAN and its member states, with the goal of improving member states’ policy making, “helping them to adopt good practices and adapt them to national circumstances,” and complying with regional and international commitments. Some Philippine government agencies with available reports have cooperated or are cooperating with ASEAN as a whole or with other member states in several MDG-related act ivit ies. I n particular, t he NAPC has provided recommendations and comments on the following ASEAN-related activities and proj ect s: (i ) t he Fourt h Coordi nat ing Conference on the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community; (ii) the Workshop Under the

Regional Study Project on Poverty Reduction and Social Development in ASEAN; and (iii) the Regional Poverty Reduction and Social Development in ASEAN: Towards an ASEAN Roadmap for the I mplementation of the Millennium Development Goals Plus. The NAPC also provided training and orientation to an ASEAN Study Group, which expressed interest in implement ing t he Communit y-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), and participated in a number of MGD-related meetings and workshops at the ASEAN level. The Depart ment of Educat ion (DepEd) supports the “Education for All 2015” or EFA program. Based on the Philippine EFA Action Plan, EFA aims to provide basic competencies to everyone to achieve functional literacy for al l. Hi gh-level of fi cials of t he DepEd participated in the activity “Reaching the Unreached: Meet ing of Sout heast Asian Countries to Achieve the EFA Goals Together by 2015,” held on 2-4 September 2008 in Bangkok, Thail and, sponsored by t he UNESCO, SEAMEO, and ASEAN. Locali zi ng MDGs Usi ng Dat a: The CBMS Experi ence of Tabaco Ci t y and Ot her LGUs The Communit y-Based Monit oring Syst em (CBMS) is “one of the tools developed in t he early 1990s t o provide policymakers and program i mpl ement ers wi t h a good information base for t racking the impacts of macroeconomic reforms and various policy shocks. I t is an organized way of collecting informat ion at the local level for use of LGUs, nat i onal government agenci es, NGOs, ci vi l soci et y and devel opment part ner agenci es f or planning, program implement at ion and monit oring. I t at t empt s t o bui ld and st rengthen the capacity of planners and program implementers at t he nat ional and local levels for an improved and more transparent syst em of resource allocation and governance.” I ts major aim is to assist in povert y reduction. Thus, there are “other corol l ary benef i t s achi eved,” such as building the capacit ies of LGUs, increasing gender equit y, and eliciting early warning signs of crisis. The CBMS work in t he Philippines evolved after it was observed that t here were no disaggregated data in the early 1990s for

planning, program f ormulat ion, policy impact , and poverty monitoring. There was also a need for support mechanisms to implement the decentralization policy. To date, the CBMS has been adopt ed by t he NAPC and the DI LG as t he local poverty monit ori ng syst em and as a t ool f or localizing the MDGs in the country. The PEP-CBMS Network Office based at Angelo King I nst itut e-De La Salle University (AKI DLSU) has ongoing t raining programs on CBMS for selected LGUs in the Philippines. I n the 2010 NEDA MDG report, it was cit ed that t here are 10 MDGs Provincial Reports that used CBMS dat a. Tabaco City is not t he first LGU t o implement and localize CBMS in the count ry. Pasay Ci t y, Pal awan, t wo muni ci pal i t i es i n Camarines Norte, and ot her LGUs start ed the process earlier. I n fact, Pasay Cit y has a Galing Pook citat ion for it s CBMSprogram. However, this paper focuses on t he Tabaco Cit y experience based on a number of reasons. First , while t here are already st udies on earlier local att empts t o use CBMS, a scholarly analysis on Tabaco City and it s use of CBMS does not yet exist. Nevert heless, insights from the ot her cases will also be used in relation to using CBMS to meet t he MDGs. Second, the author met Mayor Krisel Lagman-Luistro of Tabaco City in June 2009 where the lat ter talked about her cit y’s experience of using CBMS in meeting t he MDGs t o an audience att ended by ot her LGUs. This encount er and t he direct link made by the mayor between t he use of CBMS and the MDGs helped this author decide t o focus on the city. Finally, AKI -DLSU is promoting the Tabaco City experience with CBMS as a successful case for ot her LGUs in the Philippines. The PEPCBMS Network has also brought t he Tabaco City mayor to ot her fora in the count ry and abroad to talk about her cit y’s experience. According to its official websit e, Tabaco City is a fourt h class component city in t he province of Albay, Bicol Region. I t is 555 km. south of Manila. I t is partially urban and i s composed of 47 barangays. According to the 2007 census, it has a popul at i on of 123, 513. I t s t erri t ory occupi es a l arge part of t he Al bay mainland, which extends from the Lagonoy Gulf to San Miguel I sland. Mayon Volcano overlooks the city to t he nort h. The cit y’s economy is st ill heavily dependent on

CBMS Network Updates June 2014

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Research Results agricult ure and Tabaco City has the sole internat ional seaport in the region, cont ributing to t he cit y’s economy.

Table 1. Core CBMS I ndi cat ors Healt h and Nutrition

1. Proportion of children 0-5 years old who died 2. Prevalence of 0-5 years old malnourished children 3. Proportion of women deat h due to pregnancy-related causes 4. Proportion of households living in makeshift housing 5. Proportion of households who are informal set tlers 6. Proportion of households without access to safe wat er 7. Proportion of households without access to sanit ary toilets 8. Proportion of children 6-12 years old who are not in elementary school 9. Proportion of children 13-16 years old who are not in high school 10. Proport ion of households wit h income below povert y t hreshold 11. Proport ion of households wit h income below food t hreshold 12. Proport ion of households t hat experienced food shortage 13. Proport ion of households wit h unemployed members of t he labor force 14. Proport ion of households who are victims of crime

Housi ng Tabaco City has adopted the CBMS as a t ool for local development Water and Sanit ation planning and int ervent ions for meeting t he MDGs. The cit y was Basic Educat ion exposed t o CBMS when its local officials were invit ed in a training Income and Employment convent i on conduct ed by AKI . Convinced of t he merit s of t he t ool, t he cit y budget ed PhP1.5 million for it s i mplement at ion in Peace and Order 2008. The local leaders saw t he t ool not as an addit ional expense but as an invest ment . Aft er a series of orient at ion and consult at i on used t he approach because they prioritize wit h AKI , Tabaco Cit y officials went t o a intervent ions in areas most at risk. nearby LGU (Libon) for a st udy-t our on CBMS at work before it s own enumerat ors According to Lagman-Luistro, CBMS is used as were t rained. A CBMS office was set up. a targeting tool anchored on solid data as LGU t eam leaders were ident ified in each basi s f or awareness and advocacy, barangay and t he ci t y government convergence and cooperat i on, and assi st ed i n put t i ng up t he hardware opportunities to attract donors for specific required. Dat a collect ion act ivit ies (from projects. For instance, as a result of the 2008 preparat i on and di st ri but i on of CBMS data on households without access to quest ionnaires and survey kit s t o t raining safe wat er, t he cit y concent rat ed i t s and consultation on data analysis) took intervention activities in the barangays of San place from May to October 2008. The data Miguel I sland—areas with least access. were t hen validated by the barangays in Through its partnership with the Spanish November. Cit y and barangay employees group Poder, a water system project was analyzed the dat a. I n January 2009, t he launched. Using 2009 CBMS data, there is mayor issued an execut ive order mandating already improvement in terms of more houses the use of t he CBMS data for planning and having access to safe drinking water. monitoring. Two NGOs—Social Wat ch and PRRM—became partners in the endeavor. Lagman-Luist ro also noted that using CBMS has helped Tabaco City in designing bett er The city used the 14 core CBMS indicators programs. For its situation analysis and t o determine t he welfare status of the problem ident ification, the city previously population (Table 1). However, since t he rel i ed on vague second-hand dat a, CBMS is also flexible and can accommodate projections, and personal percept ion. With addi t ional i ndi cat ors t o refl ect ot her CBMS, the city has clear, first-hand dat a, concerns of the community, Tabaco City actual situations, and personal account s. added more quest ions. The goal was not On target ing, the city previously relied on only t o get a macro picture or overall city a shot gun approach just to comply with profile based on the 14 indicators but also national direct ives. With CBMS, the city to locate where the problems are. Thus, t he now uses speci f i c, more accurat e, city was able to come up with povert y maps evidence-based, and needs-based t argets usi ng CBMS dat a and t o devel op identified by end users. On monit oring and intervent ions for each of the MDGs. Since evaluat ion, t he city previously had no resources are not enough, t he ci t y benchmarks and rel i ed on generi c prioritizes the areas t hat needed the most direct ives that are difficult to monitor. With at t ent i on which, in most cases, were CBMS, there are now clear benchmarks, barangays located in San Miguel I sland. clear set of indicators, and measurable Without mentioning human security, they output s and outcomes. I n addit ion, there is a community part icipation component.

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Lagman-Luist ro also pointed out that CBMS can offer the following: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Provi des reli able, relevant , and comprehensi ve dat a on t he devel opment st at us of t he communit y. Gives direct ion and guidance in t he craf t ing of development agenda ( pri ori t i zed, t arget ed, and directed). Builds the capacity of communities and government workers while at t he same t i me, i t i s hi ghl y part icipat ive. Monit ors project impacts and helps i n re-adj ust i ng goal s and development thrust s. Mobi l i zes resources and i nvest ment s (bot h int ernal and external) where they are needed. Enhances recognition and credibility of local governance and political leadership.

The Tabaco City experience validated the findings of those who studied Palawan, Pasay City, and the two municipalities in Camarines Norte, which pointed out the facilitating factors in achieving the MDGs using CBMS. These facilitating factors include: 1. 2.

The key role and commitment of t he local chief executive. The commi t ment of t he l ocal technical staff.

Research Results Table 2. Tabaco Ci t y’s MDG prof i le f rom CBMS and i nt ervent i ons made MDGs

Ci ty Profil e Based on CBMS Indicators

I nt ervent i ons

Eradicat e ext reme povert y and hunger

Poverty incidence: 48.4% below poverty threshold 29.8% below food threshold 7.4% experienced food shortage 2.1% unemployed 9.8% malnutrition (aged 0-5)

- Sustainable agriculture, food and nut rit ion programs - Cost-efficient and appropriate infrast ructure support - Employment generat ion through skills t raining

Achieve universal pri mary educat i on

Households with 6-16 years old children not in school: 20% children (6-12) not in element ary school 35% children (13-16) not in high school

- Provision of free school supplies and learning materials - Expansion of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) program - Enhancing basic and functional lit eracy, livelihood trainings,vocat ional courses and adulteducation - Upgrading day care services

Promot e gender equal it y and empower women

Educat ion gender parit y: already achieved (more females than males in all school levels) Violence against women: 44 cases of report ed violence against women (2007); 89% of cases filed in court Number of elect ed officials by gender: -males still out number women as elected cit y and barangay officials but there are more women youth officials (Sangguniang Kabat aan)

Reduce chi ld mortalit y

-infant mortalit y rate/ 1,000: 4.43 -child mort ality rate/ 1,000: 1.49 -fully immunized children: 76% -breastfeeding: 55%

- Sustaining primary immunizat ion program and Vit amin Asupplementation - I mproving case management at home and at health facilit ies - Promotion of informat ion education campaign on proper child care and enhancement of child healt h care services in all barangays - Strengthening breastfeeding advocacy, e.g. designat ed rooms inoffices for breast feeding

I mprove mat ernal healt h

Maternal mort ality rate/ 1,000: 40 Contraceptive prevalence rat e:51%

- Establishment of birt hing facilities in San Miguel I sland and upland barangays - Massive information and education campaigns on reproductive healt h programs, human sexualit y and premarit al counseling - Provision of family planning commodities - Provision of Philhealth coverage to indigent families

Combat HI V/ AI DS, malaria and ot her diseases

- respirat ory t ract infect ion as number 1 leading cause of morbidity -pneumonia as number 1 leading cause of mortality -pulmonary t uberculosis (TB) as number 5 leading cause of mort ality - TB case detection: 100% (2007) -pneumonia per 100,000: 520 (2007) -STD/ HIV/ AIDS -no case of malaria

- Sustaining public and private collaboration to combat TB through Directly Observed Treatment on Short Course (TB DOTS) - I nstitut ionalization of local AI DS council - Strengthening services of Social Hygiene Clinic

Ensure environment al sust ainabilit y

Households without access to sanit ary toilet: facilit ies: 18.4% without access Households without access to safe water supply: 83% with access Households classified as squatters / informal settlers: 8.1% without secure t enure

- Enact ment of comprehensive solid wast e management ordinance - Provision of incentives to barangays with 100% sanitary toilet facilities - Provision in both barangay and city development budgets for construct ion of t oilet s- I nt egrat ion of climate change adaptat ion and disaster risk reduction st rategies in all development plans - Rehabilitat ion and extension of communit y wat er system, especially in San Miguel I sland - Extension of core shelt er project to indigent families who are heavily affected during occurrence of t yphoons -Relocation package for the urban poor

Develop a gl obal part nershi p f or development

-Active partnership with Poder y Prosperidad de la Communidad -MDG advocacy launch in part nership wit h the PLCPD and the David and Lucille Packard Foundation -Disast er Risk Reduct ion part nership Go Organic with PRRM -Reproduct ive health and family planning partnership with UNFPA and the League of Cities in the Philippines -Governance system with I nstitut e of Solidarity in Asia -Social Watch Philippines and CBMS Network

Sources: Lagman-Luistro, Kri sel. 2008. Achieving t he MDGs through CBMS: The Tabaco City Experience. Presented during the 7th Povert y and Economic Policy (PEP) Research Network Conference, Dusit Thani Hotel, Makat i Cit y, Phi li ppi nes, December 11; and Lagman-Lui st ro. 2009. CMBS: A Direct ional Tool i n Enhanci ng Local Governance. Paper presented at the Populat ion-Reproducti ve Health-Envi ronment Leadership Development Training Program for Local Government Leaders, SEAMEOInnotech, Quezon Cit y, Phi li ppines, June 1-5.

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Research Results 3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

8.

Full support and commitment of barangay officials. Availabilit y of financial resources not only for dat a gathering and anal ysi s but al so f or proj ect s needed due t o unmet needs ident ified by t he dat a. Skilled human resources. St rong l i nkage wi t h part ners, i ncl udi ng ci vi l soci et y groups, funders and other sectors. A hi ghl y part i ci pat ory process enabling the community to identify and “own” the process in selecting projects to respond to the unmet needs; and Community cooperation.

The following recommendat ions can be made based on the experience of Tabaco City and on t he report made by Victoria Bautista on the use of CBMS to achieve t he MDGs: 1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

I ssui ng an Execut i ve Order or relat ed policies to ut ilize CBMS data i n l ocal devel opment pl ans, programs, and budgeting. Regular evaluat ion of survey tool, particularly on clarifying indicators on housing and non-economic (nonincome) sources of sustenance that can be used in defining the poverty t hreshold. Cont inuous t raining of t he CBMS team on data analysis, evaluation, and generation of t echnical charts and maps. Revisit ing and revalidating areas with specific MDG concerns. Being conscious of differences in t he implement at i on of CBMS in urban and rural areas.

Fact ors Af f ect i ng t he Progress of Achi evi ng t he MDGs and Recommendat i ons to Advance I mplement at ion Based on t he above dat a, t here are mechanisms in place for the achievement

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of the MDGs in the Philippines. I n fact, there is a very elaborate set-up involving different sectors—the government , civil societ y, and privat e sector—at different levels (local, national, and regional). NEDA even hint ed at t argeting MDGs Plus (or going beyond the 8 MDGs and sett ing hi gher t arget s). However, what could expl ai n t he uneven progress i n t he achievement of t he MDGs? Why is the Philippines unlikely to achieve some of t he crucial t argets by 2015?

1.

The factors for the uneven progress can be grouped i nt o t wo: f i nanci al and governance f act ors. Fi nanci al f act ors include t he count ry’s weakening fiscal situation and aut omatic debt servicing. These reduced t ot al expendi t ures, especially for social and economic services that support the attainment of the MDGs. According to Lim (2006), the debt servicing for interest and principal payment s in 2005 comprised more than 85% of government revenues. Manasan (2007) noted in 2008 that real per capita national government spending on MDG int erventions (in 2000 prices) decreased from PhP1,997 in 1997 to PhP1,344 in 2005 before posting a partial recovery of PhP1,581 in 2006. I n addi t i on, real per capi t a nat i onal government spending on basic social services went down from PhP1,482 in 1997 to PhP1,056 in 2005 before climbing to PhP1,124 in 2006. The cut in real per capita nat i onal government spendi ng was deepest in basic water and sanitation (29% yearly on average bet ween 1997 and 2005), foll owed by basic healt h and nutrition (11%) and pro-poor infrastruct ure (10%). Manasan (2007) projected in 2007 that t he cumulat ive resource gap from 2007 to 2010 was going to be PhP409.5 billion (or 1.3% of the GDP) under t he MTPDP GDP growth rat e assumption.

4.

Meanwhile, t he governance factors are as follows: lack of political st abilit y, less government effectiveness and polit ical will to make sound and progressive policies, poor regulat ory quality, weak rule of law, and graft and corruption. Based on the factors mentioned above, t he following are recommended for both t he national and local government in the area of finance:

2.

3.

5. 6.

7.

Prioritize t he budget for basic social services to address disparities and human security concerns. I mprove the part nership st rategy for financing of key government agenci es wi t h ci vi l soci et y, business, and donors. I mprove social accountability and absorptive capacities of agencies and actors for t he MDG projects and programs. Promot e debt conversi ons f or equi t y, devel opment , and t he environment, subject t o Paris Club rules, which can also be done at t he ASEAN level wit h other similarly situat ed countries. Undert ake debt audit , debt cap, and debt management. Offer att ract ive MDG projects and programs where bilateral debt s can be channeled to, within or outside the Paris club rules (in the form of an MDG Fund, which has already been set up in 2009 or an MDG prioritization system). Launch a campaign t o change t he concept of debt sustainability of t he Brett on Woods inst it ut ions from capacity to pay to whet her financing t he MDGs are being blocked or hampered by debt servicing.

Report s al ready recogni ze sust ai ned economic growt h as a way of moving forward. This, however, requires sustained ref orms i n t he area of governance, part i cul arl y bet t er popul at i on management , great er f ocus on underserved areas, adequate safety net s, improved targeting, improved governance and t ransparency, improved peace and securi t y, great er advocacy and localizat i on, and st rengt hened publicpri vat e part nershi ps. The Phi l i ppi ne Development Forum supplemented these observat ions wit h recommendat ions for governance reforms in different sectors, as follows: 1.

I mproved harmoni zat i on/ coordinat ion across all sectors in

Research Results

2.

3.

4.

t he area of ai d; pol i ci es and pl anni ng, t ransparency in budget i ng, and revenue mobi l i zat i on; nat i onal -l ocal rel at i ons; capaci t y-bui l di ng programs for LGUs; data collection, moni t ori ng and eval uat i on f or povert y and MDG statist ics, as well as disaggregation of informat ion (by regi on, income group, and gender) and mechanisms for getting cl i ent f eedback (i .e., chi l dren, community) so t hat decision making and implementation have broader “st akeholdershi p;” publ ic-pri vat e sector part nerships; link between educat i on and empl oyment ; governance combi ned wi t h ai d distribut ion in conflict-prone areas of Mi ndanao; and ef f ect i ve target ing system for povert y. Effective implement ation of social prot ect i on and ri sk mi t i gat i on st rat egi es f or al l , i ncl udi ng business. I ncrease ef fort s t o address t he MDGs least likely t o be achieved with emphasi s on mi t i gat i ng wi de disparities in terms of gender and et hnicit y. St rengthen advocacy effort s t o curb t he count ry’s hi gh popul at i on growth rat e.

On localizing t he MDGs, based on best local practices and ongoing pilot projects, t he following should be clearly emphasized by t he nat i onal government , l ocal government s, NGOs, and f undi ng

3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

On instit utionalizing the CBMS t o support t he achi evement of t he MDGs, t he following are recommended: 1.

instit utions at the local level: 1.

2.

Poverty profiling and est ablishing development baselines, particularly using CBMS. Mainst reaming and localizing MDG targets in local plans and budgets t hrough mul t i sect oral consultations.

Mainst reaming human right s and gender st andards as part of good local governance. I nt er-l ocal i zat i on of MDGs, or creating coordinat ing mechanisms among a number of LGUs t o achieve the MDGs as some LGUs may not be able t o address these alone. Developing or supporting innovative local leadership. Communicat ing local MDG targets t hrough creat ive and appropriat e multi-media campaigns. Devel opi ng an equi pped l ocal instit ution (college, university, or research NGO) that can build LGU capacity since not all LGUs have easy access to training provided by big Manila-based training inst itutions, which are also very costly. I nstit uting citizen feedback. Devel opi ng, expandi ng, and l ocal i zi ng avai l abl e knowl edge products and tools based on best pract i ces, f or t rai ni ng and repl i cat i on/ i nnovat i on i n ot her LGUs, particularly the poorer LGUs with very low MDG profiles but have not been assisted yet.

2.

Prioritize t he inst itutionalizat ion of CBMS in investment programming, encourage donors to require CBMS as an LGU eligibility criterion to access grant s and loan-assist ed ODA programs, and t ap l ocal businessmen and the private sect or to support the implement ation and sustainability of t he CBMS in their respect ive areas. Establish more part nerships t hrough i nt eragency ef f ort s and mul t i sectoral collaboration to expand t he use of CBMS; instit utionalize CBMS via through interagency efforts but coordinat ed by an institution with a proven track record for nat ional

3.

stat ist ical/ data management and technical expertise; and designate the National St atistics Office as t he CBMS dat a reposi t ory at t he national level, in coordination with the NAPC and DI LG. I ntensify CBMS advocacy efforts at al l l evel s, f ocusi ng on t he usefulness of CBMS and advantages of invest ing in CBMS, uses of CBMSgenerated data for bet ter-informed planning, resource allocation and tracking of t he MDGs; and ensure the widest dissemination possible of international best practices of count ri es and LGUs wi t h CBMS success stories.

Since this paper is also intended t o provide ASEAN some recommendat ions in helping member-st ates meet the MDGs and in t he process ensure human security in ASEAN integration, t he recommendat ions made by McClean, Warr, and Lorenzen (2008) are instructive. There is a need for a st ronger ASEAN involvement in the achievement of the MDGs. This can be pushed through t he following: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Multi-level advocacy and linkages wit hin ASEAN members and t he ASEAN itself. Management and shari ng of knowledge through collective action and institutions such as the ASEAN, emphasizing best pract ices and research designed t o st udy t he effects of economic integration on vulnerable communities. Focusing not only on financing the MDGs but also on the role of East Asian countries, the supply of human resources, and debt relief that are needed for attaining MDG progress. Sharing the benefit s of relevant expertise to attain particular MDGs, including met hods for reducing disparities within individual countries wit h respect t o child mort alit y, maternal mortality, and the effects Turn to page 10

CBMS Network Updates June 2014

7

News Updates

Bolivia hosts 2014 PEP Annual Conference Researchers from 31 count ries around t he world participat ed in t he 2014 Partnership f or Economi c Pol i cy ( PEP) Annual Conference held from April 30 to May 7, 2014 in Sant a Cruz, Bolivia, organized in col l aborat i on wi t h t he I nst i t ut e f or Advanced Development Studies (I NESAD) based in La Paz, Bolivia. The conference’s t heme was “i ncl usi ve growt h and employment i n devel opi ng count ries,” highlight ed by a four-day advanced training on PEP research met hods and t ools, a twoday PEP general meeting, and a one-day policy forum on fostering entrepreneurship for inclusive growth and poverty reduction. Meanwhi l e, t he CBMS I nt ernat i onal Net work, a subnet work of PEP, hel d dialogues with key partners in Concepcion and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia on May 3 and 6, 2014. The CBMS Team in Bolivia also garnered t he 2nd prize in the PEP Best Practice Awards held on May 7, 2014. CBMS Pol i cy Di al ogue i n Concepci on, Bol i vi a A local forum on “I nforming Policy Dialogue t hrough CBMS” was organi zed and conduct ed by t he Fundacion ARU—t he

2014 PEP ANNUAL CONFERENCE. Researchers from 31 countries around t he world participated in t he 2014 Part nership for Economic Policy (PEP) Annual Conference held from April 30 to May 7, 2014 in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

implement er of a PEP-CBMS project in Bol i vi a—i n col l aborat i on wi t h t he Concepcion Gobierno Autonomo Municipal on May 3, 2014. The forum became t he venue for presenting and discussing with

the local authorit ies of Concepcion t he st atus and outputs of the pilot CBMSproject being implemented in the municipalit y, and to get feedback from t he community on t he possible use of CBMS outputs for improving local governance. Executive Director Werner Hernani of t he CBMS Bolivia Research Team of ARU, and Wilson Jimenez, the project leader of t he CBMS Bolivia, presented the activities of the CBMS initiat ive in Bolivia. Among the highlight s of the forum were t he (i) presentat ion by the Project Team of t he online platform that was creat ed t o provide access to t he dat a generat ed from the CBMS househol d census, and ( i i ) recognition by t he local authorities of t he usefulness of CBMS for providing relevant inputs when prioritizing responses to needs of t he communi t y gi ven i t s budget limitations.

ONLINE PLATFORM. Alvaro Chirino of CBMS-Bolivia present s an online platform that was creat ed to provide access to the data generated from the CBMS household census.

8

CBMS Network Updates June 2014

The forum was at t ended by pl anning officials of the Municipal Government of Concepcion, zone and indigenous group leaders, and st udent s from Concepcion (who were t rained by t he ARU in t he conduct of t he CBMS census in the locality).

News Updates Al so present were key represent at ives and researchers of t he PEP-CBMS Net work l ed by CBMS I nt ernat i onal Net work Coordinat ing Team Leader and PEP Asia Program Di rect or Celi a Reyes; Program Commi t t ee and Poli cy Advi sory Group members William Randall Spence, Tomas Af ri ca, and Ponci ano I nt al , Jr. ; and i nt ernat ional gender and development (GAD) expert Nancy Spence. CBMS Pol i cy Conf erence at Sant a Cruz de l a Si erra, Bol i vi a As part of it s ongoing collaborat ion wit h t he Aut onomous Depart ment of Sant a Cruz de la Sierra, t he CBMS Boli via Project Team of ARU organized a special policy conference on May 6, 2014 t o present t he key findings and out comes of it s PEPsupport ed project . Held at t he Sant a Cruz Depart ment Offices, t his event aimed t o secure government support for t he scaling up of t he implement at ion and use of CBMS in t he ent ire Depart ment of Sant a Cruz. The Government of Sant a Cruz was represent ed i n t he event and present at i ons by Jose Lui s Parada, Secret ary of t he Treasury; and Naya Eid, Secret ary of t he Bureau of St at i st i cs. Aside from local aut horit ies of t he St a. Cruz Depart ment , t he conf erence was also at t ended by off icials, researchers, and resource persons of t he PEP-CBMS Net work, l ed by CBMS Net work Leader Celia Reyes, and PEP Execut ive Direct or Bekel e Shif eraw. The PEP-support ed CBMS Bolivia project init iat ive was present ed by i t s Project Leader, Wilson Jimenez. Alvaro Chirino of ARU also provided a demonst rat ion of t he onl i ne pl at f orm ( Comuni dad-I ) — developed by t he CBMS Project Team— whi ch provi des access t o t he dat a generat ed f rom t he CBMS househol d census, while document ing t he act ivit ies conduct ed in relat ion t o t he project . The online plat form can be accessed at ht t p:/ / www.comunidad-i.i nf o/ At t he onset of t he project , t he CBMS Project Team of ARU was able t o secure support and col l aborat i on f rom t he Aut onomous Government of Sant a Cruz— which is t he highest polit ical aut horit y in Sant a Cruz. This proj ect was select ed for

CBMS POLICY CONFERENCE AT SANTA CRUZ DE LA SI ERRA, BOLIVI A. From left to right: Jose Luis Parada, Secretary of the Treaury; Werner L. Hernani-Limarino, CBMS Bolivia Research Team member; Naya Eid, Secretary of the Bureau of Statistics; Celia Reyes, CBMS Network Leader; Bekele Shiferaw, PEP Executive Director; and Wilson Jimenez, CBMS-Bolivia Project Leader.

support under t he first funding round of t he PEP-PAGE program in 2013, I n particular, the ARU team worked wit h the Cruceño I nst i t ut e of St at i st i cs ( I CE) , whi ch part icipated in selecting the CBMS pilot project site, and in ident ifying training t he local enumerators t hat will conduct the pilot CBMS census.

The awards recognized research t eams that were actively engaged in implementing a successful “policy out reach” strategy to link their PEP research findings t o policy action/ i nf l uence at t he l ocal , nat i onal , and i nt ernat i onal l evel s. Werner Hernani Limarino and Wilson Jimenez accepted t he award on behalf of their team.

This project , which was implemented over the period 2013-2014, counts among its milestones and achievements an agreement to replicate the CBMS methodology in other locations in Sta. Cruz as part of t he D e p a r t m e n t ’s st atistical act ivities.

The first prize went t o t he research team of Macedonia while third prize went to t he research team of Nigeria. 

2014 PEP Best Pract i ce Awards The CBMS Team in Bolivia garnered t he 2nd prize in the 2014 PEP Best Pract i ce Awards f or t hei r project titled “Toward a Communi t y-Based Moni t ori ng Syst em for Sant a Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.”

2ND PRIZE WINNER. The CBMS Team in Bolivia, represented by Wilson Jimenez and Wener L. Hernani-Limarino, garnered the 2nd prize in the 2014 PEP Best Practice Award.

CBMS Network  Updates June 2014

9

News Updates

CBMS Team in Burkina Faso makes headway in data collection The CBMS Team in Burkina Faso has made significant advances in its data collection activities, including conduct ing a series of training in data collection for enumerators and supervi sors i n t hree si t es— To, Diébougou, and Koper— during t he first quarter of 2014. Dr. Lassina Konate, Dr. Somda Prosper, Dr. Omer Combary, and Michel Koné were in To on February 7, 2014 t o conduct the training for enumerat ors. The one-day training had 52 enumerat ors and five supervisors as part icipant s. The t raining equipped t he enumerat ors wi t h t he ski ll on how t o administer t he survey instrument s. On February 19, 2014, another CBMS Team composed of Dr. Lassina Konate, Dr. Prosper Somda, and Samandoulgou Rasmata went to Diébougou to train enumerat ors with t he same t raining object ives as in To. A tot al of 76 people at t ended t his training. After Diébougou, the same team moved to Koper on February 20, 2014 for the last in t he team’s series of training. A total of 47 peopl e, i ncl udi ng enumerat ors and supervisors, were trained. After the trainings, the CBMS data collection activity immediately began in March 2014,

Achieving the

5.

TRAINING OF ENUMERATORS. The CBMS Team in Burkina Faso headed by Dr. Lassina Konate (left) conducted a series of training of enumerators in three sites— To, Diébougou, and Koper— during t he first quart er of 2014.

covering 6,450 households in To; 7,915 househol ds i n Di ébougou; and 4,381 households in Koper. The CBMS Team was also invit ed to t he meeting of the council of the commune of Diébougou held on April 15-17, 2014. The team presented the current CBMS project to the council members to raise awareness on the project and to strengthen the team’s

request for t heir financial and mat erial support for the project. The team expressly noted this is the first time CBMS was formally invited by the council of a commune where the team was working. The CBMSTeam is now gearing up for upcoming act ivit ies such as dat a ent ry and dat a processing. 

from page 7

of urbanizat ion; and st rengt hening inst it ut ions and expert ise on t he effect ive monit oring of MDGs for count ries needi ng assist ance. Harmoni zi ng t he ASEAN MDG framework int o regional and global i ni t i at i ves wi t h at t ent i on t o regional public goods, part icularly envi ronment al f act ors such as cl imat e change and wat er, and broader cross-count ry init iat i ves t hat af f ect devel opment and undermi ne t he achi evement of some MDGs i n several ASEAN member st at es. ASEAN must act

10 CBMS Network Updates June 2014

6.

col l ect i vel y f or ASEAN member st at es in dealing wit h int ernat ional and mult inat ional organizat ions in order t o magni fy t he col lect ive ef fect . Involving both male and female decision makers; paying attention to the potential impact on men and women, girls and boys; ensuring input from both men and women at all levels; collecting and reporting on sex-disaggregated data for all possible indicators; engendering MDGs; and augmenting civil society involvement, data disaggregation, and investigating disparities, including the

trafficking of women, children, and migrant workers. Clearly, t hese recommendat ions suggest t o ASEAN, t he Phi l i ppi ne nat i onal government , LGUs, and ot her st akeholders t he need t o use t he human securit y approach in at t aining t he MDGs by t arget ing t he most vulnerable sect ors and localizing t he campaigns. Because nat ional and local government s cannot address all t hese t arget s, t he ASEAN and t he nat i onal and l ocal government s should involve, in a more inst it ut ionalized set up, t he civil societ y groups, academe, business sect or, and donors. Ot herwise, t he MDGs will not be achieved. 

NewsUpdates

BARD organizes project meeting; conducts PRA survey The CBMS Team at the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) organized a project inception meeting at t he Doudkandi Upazila on January 31, 2014 at tended by officials of different government agencies, local leaders, and service providers of Mohammadpur ( west) Union. The act ivity aimed to share the object ives and strat egies of the CBMS project and to solicit feedback on project-related act ivities. The inception meeting was also an opport unit y t o discuss the different activities of the government agencies in the project area and to identify potent ial areas of collaboration. The CBMS Team al so conduct ed a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) in t he wards of the Mohammadpur (west) Union during May 25-June 4, 2014 in preparation for t he CBMS census that will be carried out in these areas. As part of a strategy, some adult persons— bot h males and females—from different villages were invited t o join the PRA exercise organized at each ward. Villagers were requested to draw on a brown paper t he boundary of each ward from t heir own perception. After ident ifying the boundary, they were asked to identify the locat ion of social resources like educational institut e, rel i gi ous i nst i t ut e, et c.; t he physi cal infrastructures like road, bridge, culvert s, et c.; and to put legends for identifying these resources on the map. Finally, they were asked t o ident ify the baris (cluster of households) on t he map, with each bari assi gned a number f or i dent i f i cat i on. Households of each bari were identified and a unique number was assigned for each household. The household head’s name was writt en in a predesigned form along with t he number of househol ds. Househol d members were disaggregated according to gender and t hese i nf ormat i on were obt ai ned f rom t he vi l l agers. Fi nal l y, villagers were request ed t o explain their basis of social stratification—i.e., the poor and non-poor—from t heir own perception. Villagers ident ified several characteristics for the poor and very poor households and

PARTI CIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL. A participatory rural appraisal was conducted in the wards of the Mohhamadpur (west) Union from May 25-June 4, 2014 in preparation for the CBMS census that will be carried out in these areas.

these include (i) dependency on physical labor for livelihood, (ii) income lower than the poverty threshold, (iii) lack of product ive asset s for undertaking income-generating activities, (iv) irregular flow of household income, (v) dependency on relief or others for livelihood, (vi) lack of capable persons within the household to earn income, (vii) less support to female heads in femaleheaded househol ds, ( vi i i ) i l l i t erat e household head, and others. Villagers also ident ified t he charact eristics of a non-poor househol d as (i ) owner of adequat e cul t i vabl e l and, (i i ) havi ng adequat e productive asset s and flow of remitt ance, (iii) having adequat e physical assets, (iv) being a surplus producer, and (v) having an educated household head. To rat e t he households, vi llagers were asked t o assi gn 5 f or “very poor” households, 4 for “poor” households, 3 for “l ower middl e cl ass househol ds, 2 for “middle class” households, and 1 for “rich” households, based on the criteria that they

have set earlier. Finally, each household was assigned a numerical value to identify it s social stat us. Aft er this exercise, sexdi saggregat ed i nf ormat i on on t he populat ion of each ward was obt ained, al ong wi t h t he soci al condi t i on of households in these areas. Side by side wit h the PRA exercise, another group identified the problems of each sect or in crop, fisheries, livest ock, educat ion, heal t h, women i n devel opment , environment , and ot hers. I nit ially, all problems were listed on a paper then each participant was asked to prioritize three problems. The first priority problem was assigned 3 point s, the second problem was given 2 points, and the third problem with 1 point, then the point s were added. Hence, t he problem t hat garnered t he highest number of poi nt s was consi dered t he number one priority, and that wit h the lowest number as the least priority. Results of t he exerci se were present ed and discussed wit h t he part icipant s. 

CBMS Network Updates 11 June 2014

NewsUpdates CBMS Team in Pakistan refines survey instruments

The CBMS Network Updates i s t he quarterly newsletter of the CBMS Network of the PEP Project. This work was carried out by the Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies with financial support from t he Int ernat ional Development Research Centre (IDRC).

The Updates may be downloaded free from the Project'swebsite: http://www.pep-net.org.

For inquiries , please write or call: PEPAsia& CBMSNetwork Office Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies De La Salle University-Manila 10th Flr. Angelo King International Center Estrada cor. Arellano Sts., Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines Tel No: (632) 523-8888 loc. 274 DL/Telefax No: (632) 526-2067 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

PRE-TESTI NG. Pre-testing of the rider questionnaire on youth employment and entrepreneurship is ongoing in Pakistan.

The CBMS Team in Pakist an has revisit ed its main indicators on yout h employment and entrepreneurship and incorporated changes in the household and rider questionnaires. Different modules were also enhanced to generate standardized results. One of these is the household questionnaire, which now has a complete module that covers the food insecurity and hunger module. Pretesting of the rider questionnaire is currently ongoing. A workshop was also organized by Research Analyt ics I nternational (Private) Limited, the CBMS Net work’s inst itutional part ner in

Pakist an on t he use and applications of Geographic I nformat ion System (GI S) on May 13-15, 2014. Vari ous l ocal and int ernat ional organizat ions working in Pakist an part icipat ed and shared t heir experiences. The object ive of the workshop was to know how other organizations are using GI S data to present t heir project outputs. The CBMS Team’s plan t o use t he tool t o digitize grassroot s-level data was much appreci at ed and part i ci pant s expressed eagerness to see the reports of the CBMSproject and requested to be informed of the publication and dissemination of CBMS Pakistan results. 

Editorial Staff Celia M. Reyes Editor-in-Chief Marsmath A. Baris, Jr. Managing Editor Joel E. Bancolita Steffie Joi I. Calubayan Novee Lor C. Leyso Anne Bernadette E. Mandap Jasminda A. Quilitis Researchers/Writers

CBMS NETWORK UPDATES PEP Asia and CBMS Network Office Angelo King Institute for Economic & Business Studies De La Salle University-Manila 10th Flr. Angelo King International Center Estrada cor. Arellano Sts., Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines

12 CBMS Network Updates June 2014

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