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A. General Climatic Physiology of farm livestock

Lecture 4 Principles of Environmental Control and Micro-climate

Regulation of body temperature

 Regulation of body temperature    

 Climatic zones  Thermo comfort zone Heat production and loss  Thermo neutral zone Effect of humidity  Upper critical Air movement temperature The animal's surface  Lower critical temperature  Micro-environment

 Adaptation to Thermal environment

 The body must be kept at a constant temperature, within a small range, in order for all of the systems to work properly. This is the normal body temperature.  A change in the temperature of the body is a sign of ill health. The normal body temperature  The body can only work properly at a certain temperature. The animal body maintains itself at a constant temperature, within a small range, in order for the systems to work properly. This normal body temperature is different in different types of animals.

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Regulation of body temperature Regulation Of Temperature  The heat of the body is generated by the chemical changes - those of oxidation - undergone not by any particular substance or in any one place, but by the tissues at large. Wherever destructive metabolism (katabolism) is going on, heat is being set free.  Heat is lost to the body through the faeces and urine, respiration, conduction and radiation from the skin, and by evaporation of perspiration. The following are approximately

 The following are approximately the relative amounts of heat lost through these various channels : - faeces and urine about 3, respiration about 20, skin (conduction, radiation and evaporation) about 77. Hence it is clear the chief means of loss are the skin and the lungs. The more air that passes in and out of the lungs in a given time, the greater loss of heat

Normal Temperature °C

Animal

Normal Temperature °C

Cattle

38.5

Calf

Buffalo

38.2

Goat

Sheep

39.0

Camel*

Llama, alpaca

38.0

Horse

38.0

Donkey

38.2

Pig

39.0



Chicken

42.0

Piglet

39.8

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 Sweating, panting, wallowing in mud, and lying in the shade cool the body.

Thermoregulations

 A larger living body naturally produces more heat than a smaller one of the same nature, but the surface of the smaller, being greater in proportion to its bulk than that of the larger, loses heat at a more rapid rate. Hence to maintain the same constant bodily temperature, the smaller animal must produce a relatively larger amount of heat.

But all the arrangements in the animal economy for the production and loss of heat are themselves probably regulated by the central nervous system, there being a thermogenic centre - situated above the spinal cord, and according to some observers in the optic thalamus.

 Hair, wool, walking, running, shivering and the burning of energy in feed keep the body warm.

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Normal temperature of animals Animal

 There are a number of ways by which animals control the temperature of the body:

39.5 39.5 34.5-41.0

 The processes by which many animals actively maintain the temperature of part or all of their body within a specified range in order to stabilize or optimize temperature-sensitive physiological processes. Body temperatures of normally active animals may range from 32 to 115°F (0 to 46°C) or more, but the tolerable range for any one species is much narrower.  A better classification is based on the principal source of heat used for thermoregulation. Endotherms (birds, mammals) use heat generated from food energy. Ectotherms (invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles) use heat from environmental sources.  Behavior is the most obviously active form of thermoregulation. Most animals are mobile, sensitive to their environment, and capable of complex behaviors.  Evaporation is an effective means of cooling the body. Evaporation from the respiratory mucous membranes is the most common mechanism.

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Thermoregulations

Environmental requirements of different species

 Changes in circulation can be used to regulate heat flow. Countercurrent heat exchange is used to regulate heat flow to particular parts of the body while maintaining oxygen supply.

 Cattle, Calves , Adult cattle  Effect of thermal environment

 Heat exchange with the environment is limited by the fur of mammals, feathers of birds, and furlike scales or setae of insects.

 Sheep and goats  Newborn lambs and kids , Adult

 The oxidation of foodstuffs within the metabolic pathways of the body releases as much heat as if it were burned. Basal metabolism is the energy use rate of a fasting animal at rest. Activity, digestion, and thermoregulation increase metabolism above the basal rate.

 Poultry

on production and reproduction

          

animals  Effect of thermal environment on production

 Pigs  Piglets Growers and fattenerscarcass quality;  Lighting  Breeding pigs  Stocking density

 The variety of mechanisms used in thermoregulation indicates a corresponding complexity in neural control

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Types of Housing

Temperature requirements Brooding Post-Brooding Layers Water cooling Incubation Humidity Air movement Light Water requirements Stocking density and unit size

Weight

Unit Rate lbs.

 Principles of ventilation Totally enclosed intensive housing Natural ventilation Ventilation by wind

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Swine Sow & Litter GROWING PIG FINISHING PIG Boar/Breeding sow Beef 0-2 MO 2-12 MO 12-24 MO Mature Cow Veal Calf Dairy 0-2 MO 2-12 MO 12-24 MO Mature Cow Poultry Broiler 0-7 Days Layers Growers Breeders 20-30 Sheep Controlled Environment Barn

Mild Weather Rate CFM/Unit

Hot

HD HD HD

20 7 10

80 24 35

500 75 120

400

HD

14

50

300

HD HD HD 1000lbs. 100 LB

15 20 30 36 10

50 60 80 120 20

100 130 180 335 50

HD HD HD 1000 LB

15 20 30 36

so 60 80 120

100 130 180 335

HD LB LB LB

0.04 0.1 0.08 0.05

0.5 0.5 0.35 0.15

1.0 1-1.5 0.8 0.5

25

100

335

LB easyLabreport

Purpose of Ventilation

Rate

400 75-150 150-220

1000

 NB Housing for different types of livestock will be covered under management practices for each species.

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Cold Animal

Ventilation

Climatic house Controlled environment house 'Kennel' accommodation

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Ts

Ventilation

 Types of housing

 A ventilation system for a poultry or livestock shelter accomplishes one or more of the following : provides desired amount of fresh air, without drafts, to all parts of the   

shelter; maintains temperatures within desired limits; maintains relative humidity within desired limits; and maintains ammonia levels below specified levels (to assure worker safety).

 The objective in ventilation of an animal shelter is to maintain a healthy environment for animals and workers in the facility.  Excessive dusts, odors, and harmful gases may threaten health and safety of animals and humans.  Temperature extremes reduce animal and worker productivity. Excessive moisture and corrosive gases and/or fumes can promote deterioration of building materials. easyLabreport

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Design of ventilation systems  Under hot weather conditions, ventilation requirements are high. Sensible heat balance is likely to be the determining facto r in ventilatio n design  Under cold weather conditions, ventilation requirements likely will be much lower than under hot weather conditions. H o w e v e r, v e n t i l a t i o n i s s t i l l v e r y i m p o r t a n t . A n i m a l s s t i l l genera te hea t a nd m o isture; ga ses, o do rs, a nd dusts will still be generated.  Humidity : Especially under cold weather conditions, the v entila tio n ra tes needed to rem o v e exc ess m o isture m ay be higher tha n the ra tes needed to rem o v e exc ess hea t. If m o isture production is high, consider increasing winter ventilation rates and adding insulatio n and/o r supplemental heat. 

Odor control: A minimum "cold weather" ventilation rate is rec o m m ended to rem o v e o do rs a nd ha rm ful ga ses. So m e exa m ple c o ld wea ther ra tes (M WPS, 1 9 8 3 ) a re a s fo llo ws: a ) layers, pullet breeders, and bro ilers require 0.5 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per bird; b) mature dairy cows require 35 cfm/1000 lb; c) growing pigs (75 -150 lb) require 7 cfm/head.

Ventilation methods

Ventilation methods

 Ventilation of structures can be accomplished naturally, mechanically, or through a combination.

 Failure of a ventilation system can result in death by asphyxiation (from lack of oxygen and increased carbon dioxide), by heat prostration, by poisoning from harmful gases, or from a combination of these.

 Natural ventilation systems move air through adjustable and fixed openings (vents, windows, doors, eave and ridge slots, etc.). Natural ventilation is usually more economical than mechanical systems for mature animals  Mechanical ventilation systems include fans, controls, and air inlets and/or outlets. Mechanical ventilation systems include positive pressure, neutral pressure, and exhaust systems. They offer more control over room temperature and air movement than natural ventilation systems. Emergency manual control, backup power generation, and/or alarms are necessary to provide ventilation in the event of power failure.

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Gases in farm animals  Sources of harmful gases  Types of gases  Carbon dioxide;  ammonia;  hydrogen sulphide;  methane;  carbon monoxide;  disinfectants (Fumigation)

 Insufficient ventilation capacity can be detrimental to animal health and performance.  In the interest of worker safety, animal safety and welfare, and business profitability, operators of poultry and livestock facilities are well advised to evaluate the ventilation capacities in their buildings.  An appropriately sized, well designed, properly operating ventilation system is essential in any enclosed shelter.

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Gases of farm animals

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Biogas Plant

Manure is source of many harmful gases 

Much of this manure comes from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The largest 2% of all CAFOs produce over 40% of all animals

 Often, there isn't enough need for all the manure generated at these huge animal farms. Instead of being used as fertilizer, the extra manure ends up being stored nearby the animal facilities where it decomposes and releases noxious pollutants. The four main gases produced by this manure are hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. > Hydrogen sulfide is an odorant and can be a harmful indoor air pollutant. It comes mostly from animal sources. > Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas. > Ammonia can cause damage to crops and lead to soil acidification. > Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.  However, the majority of manure is still spread or sprayed over agricultural land as fertilizer. This utilizes excess manure and is beneficial to the soil, but it also releases particulate matter, more volatile organic compounds, and pathogens, in addition to the other pollutants listed above.  Animals are a huge source of air pollutants, and measures must be taken to properly dispose of or utilize their waste easyLabreport

• Biogas - is gas with 50-70% of methane (CH4) and 50-30% of carbon dioxide (CO2) content. It is produced while anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and as is a product of bacteria metabolism. • Anaerobic digestion - the process of organic matter decomposition without oxygen access

СО2 (carbon dioxide) - colorless gas with acidulous smell, not toxic. It is the main source of carbon for plants. In liquid state it can be stored in balloons under high pressure 65-70 bar. In solid state it is usually known as dry ice. Main usage in greenhouses, vegetable storages, food industry (as preserving agent or for beverages), refrigeration plants, fire extinguishers.

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Agricultural and food industry waste products can be used to obtain energy. Energy from waste. Waste products that can be used for energy production are pig and cattle manure, chicken dung, slaughterhouse wastes, spent grains, distillery slop, sugar beet press cake, municipal waste water and other. Recycling of biological wastes gives you following : biogas Biogas produced in the process of anaerobic digestion. This gas can be used as conventional natural gas for heating and energy production. It can be compressed and used as a vehicle fuel; it can be pumped and stored. So you can have your own gas well. electricity From one cubic meter of biogas 2 kWh of electricity can be produced (by combusting biogas in co-generation unit)

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Biogas yield from different raw materials

Biogas Plant heat Biogas plants produce heat after cooling generator without any additional gas combustion. biological fertilizer Biologically digested biomass becomes ecologically clear fertilizer (biohumus) that increase crops up to 40-50%. waste products utilization Natural biological wastes like manure can not be used as a fertilizer at least for 3 years (it should be stored in lagoons). After waste recycling in ZORGTM biogas plant it is ready for usage without any additional treatment. fuel for vehicles After some treatment and CO2 removal biogas is pure methane that can be used as vehicle fuel

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Raw material Cattle manure Pig manure Chicken dung Corn silage Fresh grass Milk whey Grain Fruit pulp Sugar beet pulp Molasses Sugar beet tops Molasses slop Brewer’s grains Fat Fat from grease trap Slaughterhouse waste Root crop vegetables Technical glycerin Fish remnants

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Bio-Fertilizer

Biogas yield m3/t 60 65 130 400 500 50 560 70 50 430 400 50 180 1300 250 300 400 500 300

Who benefit from biogas plant ? 1. Agricultural companies:     

6. Food industry companies:             

Pig farms; Cattle farms; Poultry farms; Crop production companies; Combined type companies.

2.

Greenhouse farms.

3.

Biodiesel producers.

4.

Waste recycling enterprises.

5.

Municipal waste water treatment plants.

Distillery and bioethanol plants; Brewery plants; Sugar mill; Meet processing factories; Veterinarian and sanitation plants; Starch and treacle plants; Yeast plants; Milk plants; Bakery plants; Chips and potato processing plants Juice and tinned food producers; Winery; Fish processing plants.

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Vehicle fuel

Waste products are not fertilizer itself. Most of organic waste products are accumulated nearby production facilities in big volumes. In order to be applicable as fertilizer certain time is required. During this time huge quantities of wastes build up. The longer they being stored the more nutrients are gone from them. That is why they should be properly recycled. Biogas technology makes it possible to get natural fertilizer by means of anaerobic digestion within the shortest possible period of time. Such fertilizer is rich in bioactive substances and microelements. The main advantages of bio-fertilizer to be compared with conventional are it’s form, availability, nutrients balance and high level of organic matter humification. easyLabreport

Heat •Heat can be used for: •Premises heating, •Technological purposes, •Steam production. Heat is recovered while cooling engine of cogeneration plant. Biogas can be burned itself for heating. As an option heat can be used in evaporators for refrigeration plants and greenhouse

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In order to make a vehicle fuel out of biogas it should be treated up to biomethane by gas treatment system. After such treatment biogas is complete analog for natural gas (90-95% methane CH4), with only one difference – it’s source. Such methane can be and should be filled into vehicle tank. In the circumstances of constant diesel fuel price increase, methane usage becomes more attractive. In terms of properties 1m3 of biogas equals 1 L of diesel fuel. While biogas cleaning besides methane you get CO2. Depending on requirements it can be obtained in gaseous or liquid state. builds biogas plants equipped with biogas treatment system and methane filling station.

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Utilization and cleaning

Investments saving

 Biogas plant is the most efficient cleaning system. Any cleaning system is energy consumptive but not productive. The by-product of any cleaning system is aimed to be soled; biogas plant end product is of interest to your company itself.  All the processes in biogas plant are oxygen free (digesters hermeticallyimpervious) that is why recycling is odour free. Biogas plant allows removal of most contaminating organic matter as a result the end product has no repulsive smell.  Conventional recycling or cleaning system does not produce high quality bio-fertilizer but only products that need further utilization.

.  New enterprises can have

Biogas Plant Scheme

considerable investment savings due to the possibility to avoid building new gas pipeline, electricity line, auxiliary generators and waste storage facilities. Thanks to the short digestion period the volume of waste lagoons can be reduced twice.  Investment cost savings can reach about 30-40% from biogas plant price.

Preservation  Biogas production is the best way to preserve methane atmospheric emission and global warming prevention.

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