Lept ospi r osi s Leptospi r osi si soneoft hemostal ar mi ngdi seasei nani mal saswel lasi nhumans whi chl i vei nassoci at i ont ot hoseani mal s. I ti sani nf ect i ousbact er i aldi seaseal soknownas f i el df ever . i ti scausedbyacor kscr ewedshapedbact er i acal l edl ept ospi r a.I ncubat i onoft he di seasei nani mal si ssomewhatbet ween220days.I ndogs, l ept ospi r osi si smost l y concer nedwi t hl i verandki dneydamage. Butar ecentst udyhasr eveal edt hatl ept ospi r osi s hasal sobeenf oundi nassoci at i ont ot hepul monar yf or m ofl ept ospi r osi swi t hsever hemor r hagei nl ungs, j ustsi mi l art ot hehumanpul monar yhemor r hagi csyndr ome.Vascul i t i s mayoccur, l eadi ngt oedemaanddi ssemi nat i ngi nt r avascul arcoagul at i on( DI C) . myocar di t i s , per i car di t i s, uvet i esandmeni ngi t i sar eal sopossi bl econsequences.I nhumansi t ssympt oms ar ef r om mi l d, headaches, muscl epai nandf evert ot heseverwi t hbl eedi ngf r om l ungs, andi f associ at edwi t ht ur ni ngyel l owandki dneyf ai l ur et hancal l edWei l ’ sdi sease.i ft hebl eedi ngi s severt henal socal l edseverpul monar yhemor r hagi csyndr ome

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CAUSES Lept ospi r osi si scausedbyt hespi r ochaet ebact er i abel ongi ngt ot hel ept ospi r a.I nani mal s i t sf i veser ot ypeshavebeenr ecogni zedt ocauseal lt ypesofdi seasei ndogsnamedas  I ct er ohaemor r hagi ae  Cani col a  Pomona  Br at i sal va  Gr yppot yphosa I nani mal swhenl ept ospi r osi si scausedbyL. I nt er r ogansmaybecal l edasc ni col a f ever . I t ssympt omsmaybeassoci at edwi t hj aundi cebuti nt heabsenceofj aundi cet he possi bi l i t yofl ept ospi r osi si snotel i mi nat ed, i tmayal sohappent hatt hosesi gnsar e associ at edt ot hehepat i t i sorot herl i verpat hol ogy. whi l ei nhumansabout21ser ot ypeshave

beeni dent i f i edoutof250pat hogeni cst r ai ns.

Tr ansmi ssi oni nhumans Thesour ceofl ept ospi r osi si nf ect i oni nhumansi sur i neofani nf ect edani maland r emai ncont agi ousasl ongasi tr emai nmoi st. Al t houghi ti sal sof oundi nr ept i l esandbi r ds butmammal sar ei t sonl yknownsour ceoft r ansmi ssi ont ohumansespeci al l yr odent s, r at es , mi ceandmol esar ei t ’ si mpor t antpr i mar yhost swhi l edogsdeerr abbi t scowssheepand somemar i neani mal smayt r ansmi ti tasasecondar yhost .Dogsmayacqui r et hei nf ect i onby l i cki ngt heur i neofani nf ect edani malordr i nkf r om ani nf ect edpuddl e. Humanebecomes i nf ect edt hr ought hei nf ect edwat erorf oodcont ami nat edbyi nf ect edani mal s. Thedi seasei s notknownt obespr eadbet weenhumans. Whi l et heoccupat i onatr i ski ncl udet he vet er i nar i ones, sl aught erhousewor ker s, wast edi sposalf aci l i t ywor ker sandpeopl ewhowor k i nder el i ctbui l di ngs.

Di agnosi s Af t ert hei nf ect i onwi t hi nf i r st710dayt hebact er i acanbef oundi nt hebl oodand cer ebr ospi nalf l ui dandt henImovet ot heki dneys. So, af t er710dayst hemi cr obeconbe f oundI nt hef r eshur i ne. so, ear l ydi agnosi si ncl udet het est i ngofbl oodorur i nebydi f f er ent ser ol ogi calst r ai ns. ki dneyf unct i ont est, l i verf unct i ont est, El i sa( enzymel i nked i mmuneosor bantassay) , PCR( pol ymer asechai nr eact i on) andMAT( mi cr oscopi caggl ut i nat i on t est )ar egol dst andar dsi ndi agnosi sofl ept ospi r a.

Tr eat ment Ef f ect i veant i bi ot i csi ncl udepenci l l i neG, ampi ci l l i n, amoxi ci l l i neanddoxycycl i nebuti n severcasescef at axi eorcef t r i axoneshoul dbeuse. Gl ucoseandsal tsol ut i oni nf usi onmay admi ni st er ed;di al ysi scanbeusedi nsevercasesadmi ni st r at i onofcor t i cost er oi dsi n gr adual l yr educeddosescanber ecommendedbysomespeci al i sti ncaseofhaemor r hagi c ef f ect sf or710days.

Pr event i on Ef f ect i ver atcont r olandavoi danyur i necont ami nat edsour cei sanef f ect i ve pr event i vemeaur e. Humanevacci nesar eonl yavai l abl ei nCUBAandCHI NA.Ani mal vacci nescoveronl yf ewst r ai nsofbact er i aanddogvacci neonl yef f ect i vef oroneyear . Theuseofdoxycycl i nemustbeoncei naweekasapr ophyl axxi st omi ni mi zei nf ect i ons dur i ngout br eaksi nendemi car eas. Ther ei snoevi dencei nsuppor tofchemopr ophyl axi s.Pr eexposur epr ophi l axi si smaybebenef i ci al f ori ndi vi dual st r avel l i ngt ot hear easofhi ghr i sk.

Epi di mol ogy I thasbeenest i mat edt hat710mi l i onsofpeopl ear ei nf ect edeachyear l ept ospi r osi s. onemi l l i oncasesofseverl ept ospi r osi soccurannual l yi t h58, 900deat hs.Rat eof i nf ect i onperannum r angesf r om 0. 02per100, 000i nt emper at ecl i mat est o10t o100 per 100, 000i nt r opi calcl i mat es.

Ref er ences El sevi erheal t hsci ence. 2013 Cl i ni calder mat ol ogy( saunder sEl sevi er ) “ Lept ospi r osi s” cl i ni cal mi cobol ogyr evi ews.

“ Lept ospi r osi s” cl i ni cal i nf ect i ousdi seases “ Lept ospi r osi s” AZoonot i cdi seaseofcl i ni cal i mpor t ace.