Претходно саопштење 811.111’367.625’255.4=163.41
Нина Манојловић Универзитет у Крагујевцу Филолошко-уметнички факултет
UNBOUNDED TELIC SITUATIONS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THEIR TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN SERBIAN1
This paper presents a brief contrastive study of Serbian translation equivalents of telic situations (accomplishments and achievements) used in imperfective verbal aspect in English language. The aim is to examine to what extent the differences in the use of imperfective verbal aspect between these two languages allow retention of distinctive semantic feature [+ telicity] and the language manner to acheve this. Moreover, we shall analyze how the imperfective aspect affects the semantic feature [+/- duration], which distinguishes accomplishments from achievements. The corpus of this research is the novel A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess and its translation to Serbian (Paklena pomorandža). Corpus analysis is synchronous contrastive analysis of telic situations used in Past Progressive, Present Progressive and Present Perfect Progressive (the total of 100 sentences) and their translation equivalents in Serbian. Key words: imperfective verbal aspect, Aktionsart, telicity, accomplishments, achievements, translation equivalents
1. VERBAL ASPECT AND AKTIONSART IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN LANGUAGE When discussing verbal aspect, it is important to emphasize that the opposition between perfective and imperfective verb phrases is not completeness vs incompleteness2, but rather divisibility and indivisibility of the time dimension of the action expressed by the verb (Riđanović 1976: 83). Verbal aspect presents the situation (action) as 1) a whole – implies totive aspect (perfective), or 2) a structure – implies non-totive aspect (imperfective) 1 The paper was presented at the6th annual conference Contemporary Studies in Language and Literature (VI Skup mladih filologa Srbije, Savremena proučavanja jezika i književnosti); Kragujevac, 22nd March 2014. 2 In his article from 1982, which represents a revised analysis of verbal aspect as a general grammatical category, Riđanović concludes that, even without indepth analysis, it is evident that verbal aspect is not an opposition between completeness or incompleteness of an action, since it does not apply to numerous aspectual pairs in Slavic languages: vidjeti – viđati (‘see’ – ’see occasionally’) (Riđanović 1982: 86) Lipar / Journal for Literature, Language, Art and Culture
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Verbal aspect, therefore, clarifies the phenomenon stemming from the inherent temporal qualities (temporal contour) of the action or state expressed by the verb phrase, independent of the tense of the given verb phrase (Riđanović 1982: 84). On the other hand, Aktionsart reflects the nature of a verb phrase and represents a combination of distinctive semantic features [+/- stative], [+/- duration] and [+/- telicity] (Novakov 2005: 25-26). The difference between the two languages discussed in this paper, when it comes to verbal aspect, is that, in Serbian, the verbal aspect is marked at the lexical level while what determines verbal aspect of a VP in English is the choice of tense. When considering Aktionsart we shall use Vendler’s classification (Vendler 1957), according to which situation types are divided into states, activities, accomplishments and achievements. They differ in the temporal properties of dynamism, durativity, and telicity:
Activities
states
accomplishments
achievements
stative
-
+
-
-
durative
+
+
+
-
telic
-
-
+
+
Both in English and in Serbian the verbal aspect presents a situation as a structure or as a whole, while situation type (Aktionsart) shows the semantic qualities, i.e. the nature of the verbal situation. 2. TELICITY AND IMPERFECTIVE VERBAL ASPECT Telic situation types are accomplishments and achievements. Telicity implies the presence of a goal, i.e. an endpoint, the final segment − hence the structure of these situation types is not homogeneous. As opposed to them, atelic situation types (activities and states) do not tend towards a goal or an endpoint, and can, so to say, extend over unlimited periods of time. As for the correlation between telicity and imperfectiveness Declerck’s work is important and cited by numerous researchers. Depraetere (1995: 1-2) writes: „(A)telicity has to do with whether or not a situation is described as having an inherent or intended endpoint; (un)boundedness relates to whether or not a situation is described as having reached a temporal boundary (cf. Declerck 1989, p. 277). “
Lazović (2011: 60) notices that telicity, as a distinctive feature, points merely to the existence of a goal, but does not necessarily reveal whether that goal is achieved. When telic verbal situations are used in imperfective form „the goal is neutralized“ (Stamenković 2010: 666). As seen in the 214
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previous passage, Declerck introduces the difference between bounded and unbounded verbal situations, thus expanding the definition of semantic category of telicity. This would imply that bounded telic verbal situations tend towards the realization of the semantically contained goal and achieve that goal, while unbounded telic situations also tend towards the realization of the goal, but it is left unresolved whether that goal is achieved or not, i.e. the goal is not given as achieved, which does not imply that the goal does not exist. Imperfective telic situations still comprise the final segment after which the situation naturally ends, and are, therefore, presented as a structure, but without revealing whether the goal is achieved or not. That which determines whether a certain VP is telic or not, can also be the direct object of the VP as well as the PP (with verbs of movement)3. The following examples which illustrate the abovesaid were taken from Jackendoff’s paper (Jackendoff 1996: 306-309): 1 (а) Bill ate an apple/drew a circle in an hour/by 8:004 (b) ??Bill ate an apple/drew a circle for an hour/ until 8:00 Verb phrases eat an apple and draw a circle are telic, since they necessarily contain a final segment after which the situation naturally ends. However, if the direct object is a mass or plural noun, the scenario is somewhat different: 2 (а) *Bill ate custard in an hour/by 8:00 (b) Bill ate custard for an hour/until 8:00 3 (а) Bill ate fifteen sandwiches in an hour/by 8:00/*for an hour/*until 8:00 (b) Bill ate sandwiches for an hour/until 8:00/*in an hour/*by 8:00 Sentence 2 contains an object which represents an unlimited amount of substance, not in the sense that the given substance has no boundaries, but in the sense that its boundaries are outside the context provided in in the sentence. Similar rule applies to the sentence in example 3: plural noun (sandwiches) by no means implies that the amount of sandwiches is unlimited, rather that the amount of sandwiches falls under a set of elements with limits outside the situation described in the given sentence. As far as the verbs of movement are concerned telic situations are those VPs that contain expressions denoting goal [4 (а)] or measure [4 (б)]:
3 Aspectual categories are also in tight connection to transitivity of verbs, plural nouns−mass nouns dichotomy, as well as other grammartical phenomena which, at first glance, have nothing to do with verbal aspect (Riđanović 1982: 98). 4 Syntactic tests for determining verbal situation types are: 1. those connected to atelic situations: for X time, if one stops Ving, one did V; 2. those that entail the final segment or a goal: in X time, how long did it take to V, it took X time to V. Lipar / Journal for Literature, Language, Art and Culture
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4 (а) Bill pushed the cart to NY in/??for two days. (b) Bill pushed a cart four miles in/??for two days. (c) Bill pushed a cart for/?in two days. Apart from that, as already stated above, the choice of PP affects telicity: 4 (d) Bill pushed the cart into the house/over the bridge in/??for two minutes. (e) Bill pushed the cart along the road/toward the house for/*in two minutes. Prepositional phrases containing a defined endpoint [4 (а) and 4 (e)] denote bounded paths and those situations are telic. This will be discussed further in this paper, within the corpus analysis. It is important to note the difference between the two languages which are the subject of this research − examples 1 and 2 act differently if translated into Serbian language. Naimely, in Serbian, the key role in expressing telicity and verbal aspect is played by perfective prefixes; therefore, we have two different verbs (pojesti and jesti)5 depending on the context: 5 (a) Bil je pojeo jabuku/nacrtao krug za sat vremena (b) Bil je jeo krem/sendviče/crtao krugove sat vremena. In Serbian, distinctive feature [+ telicity] virtually determines whether a verb can be used in imperfective aspect or not (Stamenković 2010: 666), while in English language (granted several exceptions in connection with Aktionsart) any VP can be used both in progressive and nonprogressive form. The most general meaning of progressive form of a verb in English is precisely that of presenting given situation as a structure − imperfective verbal aspect (Novakov 2005: 36)6. Hence, a question imposes itself: how are imperfective telic situations most frequently translated into Serbian and why? 3. CORPUS ANALYSIS The first part of our analysis will focus on telic verbal situations that imply semantic feature [+ duration] and their translation equivalents, while the second part of corpus analysis will be dedicated to instantaneous telic situations, their translation equivalents, as well as the similarities and differences between these two types of telic verbal situations. 5 English equivalents would be eat up and eat. 6 However, in English language the meaning of completeness does not always depend on verb form that is used, but on the context. For example, verb lackig object phrase does not denote completeness (Mary read yesterday/Mary read a letter yesterday) (Novakov 2005: 35)
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3.1. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Accomplishments are verbal situations which do not have homogeneous structure, since within their structure there is a terminal segment which marks the endpoint in which the situation naturally ends. Distinctive features of accomplishments are [- stative], [+ durative] and [+ telic]. 3.1.1. Corpus analysis has shown that majority of imperfective accomplishments in English were, in fact, translated by accomplishments in Serbian (59.8%): 6 (а) I was making this very strong pot of chai / dok sam pripremao lonče jakog čaja (b) this starry ptitsa (…) was pouring the old moloko from a milk -bottle into saucers / je neka babuskara (…) sipala mleko iz boce u tanjiriće (c) And then I found they were strapping my rookers to the chair -arms / Odmah potom su navalili da mi vezuju ruke I noge za stolicu (d) He was still wiping this same plate / Još uvek je brisao isti tanjir (e) I could viddy we were driving out of town / Video sam da se vozimo van grada By analyzing the examples 6 (а), 6 (b), 6 (c), 6 (d) and 6 (e) it can be concluded that, within the telic situations with the distinctive feature [+ telic], and are used in Past Progressive, telicity is not lost, rather it is neutralized. Unbounded telic situations tend towards completion of the goal, but do not reveal whether the goal is achieved, which by no means implies that a goal does not exist. In the example 6 (e) the prepositional phrase determines the situation as being telic, since it adds a path containing an end point to the verb phrase (Jackendoff 1996: 324-327). Without this PP, the sentence would result in VP denoting activity, both in English and Serbian language: 6 (f) I could viddy we were driving (a car) / Video sam da se vozimo (kolima) Progressive accomplishments are not, therefore, of the same situational type as progressive activities (see also Lazović 2012: 61-62). Since they differ in distinctive feature [+/- telicity], the semantic category of telicity separates activities from accomplishments even in imperfective aspect, since accomplishments contain the meaning of having a goal, i.e. the final segment in their structure, and imply some kind of qualitative change in the situation, even though that goal is not achieved when used Lipar / Journal for Literature, Language, Art and Culture
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in progressive form. Translation equivalents in Serbian language maintain the same parameters – imperfective verbal aspect with distinctive features [- stative], [+ durative] and [+ telic]. Sentences within the Serbian translation also imply that the goal is neutralized, in the sense that it is not given as accomplished. There are also examples of translation equivalents where the goal that has been neutralized by the use of imperfective aspect in English is „recovered“, so to speak, in the Serbian translation of the sentence: 7 (a) somebody has been beating you up / neko te je stvarno dobro premlatio Example 7 (а) illustrates a situation where, when translating an imperfective accomplishment, the goal is recovered, i.e. in the Serbian translation we have perfective telic verbal situation. The translator opted for a verb with perfective prefix – premlatio,7 and, simultaneously chose perfective aspect as well as telic verbal situation, therefore presenting the goal as accomplished. Namely, in Serbian, perfective prefixes have triple function – they mark perfective verbal aspect, derive a new verb with a new meaning, but, they also mark a telic verbal situation (Milivojević 2007: 398-400, 404; Novakov 2005: 84-85). In the example given above, the prefix converted activity (with distinctive features [- stative], [+ durative] and [- telic]) – neko te je stvarno dobro mlatio8 – into accomplishment (with dixtinctive features [- stative], [+ durative] and [+ telic]). 3.1.2. Within the corpus used for this paper 17.6% of accomplishments were translated by activities. The reason for translating accomplishments by activities can be found in the fact that these two situational types differ only in the semantic feature of telicity, and, as said previously, in the impefective verbal aspect the goal is neutralized: 8 (a) and was mopping the red flow / I brisao njome crveni potočić (b) and the red krovvy was easing its flow now / a mlaz krvi (…) je jenjavao (c) (we) were smoking a quiet cancer each on our bunks / i u tišini smo dimili svoje cigare, svako na svom ležaju The sentence in the example 8 (а) clearly illustrates the consequences of the fact that, in Serbian, the grammatical category of imprfectiveness is shown at the lexical level. The translator optted for the verb brisati instead of its perfective pair obrisati in order to emphasize the semantic feature [+ durative] and leave the goal unachieved, as in the original text. This can 7 8
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often be resolved by the use of verb forms containing perfective prefix but also bear the notion of ‘secondary perfectivity’ (Milivojević 2007: 402): 9 (a) Dim had a big thick stick of black greasepaint and was tracing filthy slovos real big over our municipal painting and doing the old Dim guff - wuh huh huh - while he did it. / Tupoglavi je crnim sprejem ispisivao po opštinskom zidu sve prljavštine kojih je mogao da se seti, mumlajući usput neke reči bez značenja. The verb ispisivati is, so to say, the third member of the sequence pisati – ispisati – ispisivati. On this issue Milivojević (2007: 402) writes: „These verbs are also prefixed, but the actions they denote are essentially continuing or iterative, rather than COMPLETED. Their telicity, is therefore highly context dependent, and is usually made explicit by a nominal object. Also, the goal appears to be broken into phases of achieving/completing“.
The verb in the example 8 (а) – brisati – cannot form this type of sequence: *brisati – obrisati – obrisivati, so the translator could not have opted for a solution with a verb containing the feature of secondary perfectivity. On the other hand, in the example 8 (c) the object of the translated sentence is a plural noun (svoje cigare instead of the singular noun in the original text – a quiet cancer), therefore its boundaries are outside the frame of the given situation, which makes the verbal situation unbounded and atelic (Jackendoff 1996: 307). 3.1.3. Within the corpus analysis we found examples of accomplishments being translated by achievements (7.8%) and states (5.8%), and also sentences where the entire verb phrase is omitted (8.8%): 10 (a) Then they were going down the stairs and I dropped off to sleep / Onda su strčale niz stepenice i ja sam zakuntao (b) Then I was dratsing my way back to being awake through my own krovvy, pints and quarts and gallons of it / Probudio sam se, jedva se probudivši kroz hektolitre sopstvene krvi 11 (a) We were doing very hor-rorshow / Tabačina je stvarno bila haos (b) The stereo was on again and was playing a very sick electronic guitar veshch / Stereo je opet bio u pogonu i čula se neka totalno bolesna svirka na električnoj gitari 12 (a) when we’ve been doing our exercise / za vreme fiskulture In the examples of translating accomplishments by achievements – sentences 10 (а) and 10 (b) – by using perfective aspect in the translated sentences the goal is recovered, i.e. achieved, which is not shown in the Lipar / Journal for Literature, Language, Art and Culture
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original. In the translated sentences one could have used verbs without the perfective prefix – trčati and buditi se. Moreover, in these translated sentences the distinctive feature [+ durative] is lost. In the sentences 11 (a) and (b) accomplishment is translated by a state which has the feature [+ durative] in common with accomplishments. When it comes to the example 11 (a) it can be concluded that the translation was translators free choice and in the example 11 (b) the reason for such translation is the fact that in Serbian language one cannot say that a stereo plays music (stereo pušta muziku). Sentence 12 illustrates an example where the VP is omitted, so instead of an adverbial clause in the translated sentence we have only adverbial phrase. 3.2. ACHIEVEMENTS Achievements are situational types that contain one moment alone, in which the entire situation is realized. Distinctive semantic features of achievements are [- stative], [- durative] and [+ telic]. 3.2.1. Within corpus used for this paper it has been determined that, despite the fact that achievements are instantenious situational type, majority (55.2%) of imperfective achievements are translated by achievements in Serbian: 13 (a) I’m starting off the story with / od koje počinjem ovu priču (b) this fatty bruiseboy was turning to his millicent droogs / Kako se onaj debeli razbijač okreće prema svojim prijateljima (c) You are passing now to a region where you will be beyond the reach of the power of prayer / Prelaziš sada u oblast koja je van dometa moći molitve (d) Now all the time I was watching this I was beginning to get very aware of a like not feeling all that well / Gledajući ovo, postao sam svestan da se i ne osećam baš tako dobro (e) and important veck who was coming to viddy Your Humble Narrator / važnog tipa koji je došao da vidi Iskreno Vašeg Pripovedača Verb phrases in the English sentences − instantaneous telic situations − are used in imperfective form without changing their situational type. Namely, imperfective aspect implies duration, hence stands in direct contradiction to the features [- stative], [- durative] and [+ telic]. What is characteristic of achievements in imperfective form is the fact that the duration of the action actualy refers to the time period that preceeds the achievement of the goal, not to the verbal situation itself. Let us take the 220
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sentence 13 (a) as an illustration: if we were to apply the sintactic test How long did it take you to V? we would see that the question How long did it take you to start the story off? refers to „preparatory activities“, so to speak, i.e. to the time period preceeding the starting off of the story. Therefore, it can be concluded that achievements, even in the imperfective form, imply instantanious change in state and cannot go with adverbials denoting a situation in progress (see Lazović 2012: 65): 14 (a) *I was half way through starting the story off This is not the case with accomplishments. If we applied the same test to the sentence 6 (а), we would see that the question How long did it take you to make this very strong pot of chai? refers to the duration of the entire verbal situation. As can be seen, even though both accomplishments and achievements in imperfective form represent unbounded telic situations, it is not possible to regard them as one and the same. They have the semantic quality of telicity since the meaning of having a goal exists, and are unbounded since that goal is not achieved. Sentences 13 (d) and 13 (e) illustrate cases where perfective aspect is used in the Serbian translation. The difference between the original and the translation is in that verbal situations in the translated sentences have a goal that is achieved, as discussed previously in this paper in the chapter about accomplishments and their translation equivalents. 3.2.2. It often occurs that, when translating verbal situation that do not naturally imply duration into Serbian, achievements acquire a dimension of iterativeness. Consequently, within the corpus used for this study, a significant number of achievements are translated by activities (31%): 15 (a) and the auto was coughing kashl kashl kashl / i kola su počela da kah kah kašljucaju (b) they were like punchipunching me with their teeny fists / i kao udarale me svojim pesničicama (c) because you’re getting better / zato što kod tebe ide nabolje (d) I was still puzzling out all this and wondering whether I should refuse to be strapped down to this chair tomorrow / Još uvek sam dumao na tu temu i pitao se da li da sutra jednostavno dbijem da dozvolim da me vežu za onu stolicu In the example 15 (а) − which is, actually, a semelfactive9 − the sentence in Serbian comprises a VP with the dimension of iterativeness, 9 The term semelfactive is often used to refer to punctual situations irrespective of whether they are used iteratively or not. It is a class of Aktionsart, first posited by Bernard Comrie in addition to Lipar / Journal for Literature, Language, Art and Culture
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hence resulting in verbal situational type with distinctive features [stative], [+ durative] and [- telic]. Situational types in 15 (а) and 15 (b) are atelic since the boundaries of the goal are outside the frame of the given situation − how many instances of coughing, or punching, represent the completion of the goal? 3.2.3. Apart from translating achievements with activities and achievements, there are few examples of achievements translated with accomplishments and states, as well as instances where the VP is omitted: 16 (a) he was prodding at me with a long stick / Koji me je budio gurkajući me nekom dugačkom palicom 17 (a) and I could viddy quite clear he was going off his gulliver / na šta je meni bilo jasno k’o dan da tip nije sam u glavi 18 (a) and hearing them creech they were dying / slušam ih kako vrište u samrtnoj agoniji The intention here is not to demonstrate any features achievements or their translation equivalents have, but rather to show, with the examples 16, 17 and 18, to what extent part of the translation equivalents depends on the choice of the person translating the text. Depending on the corpus, certain percentage of translation equivalents may not be motivated by a feature one is examining, which needs to be taken into consideration when conducting a study. Namely, in the sentence 16 the translator added verb buditi based on the context, in consequence translating achievement with accomplishment; 17 and 18 are typical examples of freedom of translation − instead of nije sam u glavi there could stand a phrase sići s uma, for example. The same can be concluded about some of the previous examples: in the example 15 (d), instead of the verb dumati one could have used odgonetnuti/odgonetati, etc. Based on corpus analysis, we can see that imperfective accomplishments and achievements are two different types of unbounded telic siutations and that, in both cases, neutralization of the goal occurs, which does not mean that the goal does not exist. What separates these two telic situational types (when compared in the imperfective form) is the fact that the use of imperfective aspect emphasises the duration of the verbal situation when it comes to accomplishments, while with achievements the duration refers to the activities preceeding the culmination (reaching the goal). This is because achievements imply instantaneous achieving of the goal.
Activity, Accomplishment, Achievement, and State. Semelfactive verbs include “blink”, “sneeze”, and “knock”.
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4. CONCLUSION On the strength of analysis of telic verbal situations in imperfective aspect in English and Serbian language, it can be concluded that both accomplishments and achievements imply existence of a goal, i.e. a final segment in their structure, although the goal is not given as being achieved − it is neutralized. In some instances of the translation of unbounded telic situations, verbal aspect is changed, hence the goal is „recovered“, i.e. presented as achieved (which is not shown in the original text). The number of such translation equivalents is not high and, moreover, one should take into consideration the fact that sometimes translation equivalents reflect the choice the translator makes on his/her own free will. The analysis has also shown that the degree of compatibility between the two laguages is high, at least when it comes to verbal aspect and Aktionsart. Namely, the largest percentage of accomplishments retained its semantic features when translated into Serbian, while that percentage is somewhat lower in the case of achievements. Reason for this can be found in the fact that verbal situations which do not imply duration, acquire a dimension of iterativeness when used in imperfective form, which brings them closer to activities. In order to further test the retention of semantic features of verbs when imperfective telic situations are translated from English into Serbian language, one should expand and vary the corpus. Nevertheless, the study presented in this paper demonstrates compatibility of verbal systems of the two languages.
LITERATURE: Deklerk 1979: R. Declerck, Aspect and the bounded/unbounded (telic/atelic) distinction. Linguistics 17: 761-794. Deklerk 1989: R. Declerck, Boundedness and the Structure of Situations, Leuvense Bijdragen 78, 275-308. Depritera 1995: I. Depraetere, On the necessity of distinguishing between (un) boundedness and (a) telicity. Linguistics and philosophy, 18(1), 1-19. Đorđević 2004: R. Đorđević, Uvod u kontrastiranje jezika, Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Džekendof 1996: R. Jackendoff, The proper treatment of measuring out, telicity, and perhaps even quantification in English. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 14(2), 305-354. Lazović & Lazović 2012: M. M. Lazović; A. M. Lazović, Telične situacije i imperfektivni glagolski vid u engleskom i rumunskom jeziku u: P. Novakov (red.), Zbornik za jezike i književnost Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 1(1), Novi Sad : Filozofski fakultet, 57-69. Milivojević 2007: N. Milivojević, Particles and prefixes in English and Serbian: Aspect or Aktionsart?. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta, Novi Sad, (32), 397-407. Novakov 2005: P. Novakov, Glagolski vid i tip glagolske situacije u engleskom i srpskom jeziku. Futura: Novi Sad. Lipar / Journal for Literature, Language, Art and Culture
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Riđanović 1976: M. Riđanović, A Synchronic Study of Verbal Aspect in English and Serbo-Croatian. Cambridge: Slavica Publishers. Riđanović 1982: M. Riđanović, The Categories of Slavic Verbal Aspect in English Grammar. Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics Poznan, 14, 83-98. Stamenković 2010: D. Stamenković, Past progressive i njegovi srpski ekvivalenti u svetlu semantičkih osobina glagola, u: Lj. Subotić, I. Živančević-Sekeruš (red.), Zbornik radova. Knj. 1 / Peti međunarodni interdisciplinarni simpozijum “Susret kultura”. Novi Sad : Filozofski fakultet, 63-671. Vendler 1967: Vendler, Z. (1967). Verbs and times. Linguistics in Philosophy. 97-109. Ithaca: Cornell. Нина Манојловић / Неограничене теличне ситуације у енглеском језику и њихови преводни еквиваленти у српском Резиме / У овом раду дајемо преглед кратког контрастивног истраживања српских преводних еквивалената теличних глаголских ситуација (остварења и достигнућа) у имперфективном глаголском виду у енглеском језику. Циљ је да се испита у којој мери разлике између ова два језика у смислу употребе имперфективног глаголског вида дозвољавају задржавање дистинктивног обележја [+ циљ] и на који начин се то постиже. Притом ћемо водити рачуна о томе шта се, током процеса имперфектизације, дешава са обележјем [+/- трајање] које разликује остварења од достигнућа. Корпус овог истраживања је роман A Clockwork Orange аутора Ентони Барџиса и превод овог дела на српски језик (Паклена поморанџа). Анализа корпуса је синхрона контрастивна анализа теличних глаголских ситуација у облику Past Progressive, Present Progressive i Present Perfect Progressive (укупно 100 реченица) и њихових српских преводних еквивалената. Кључне речи: имперфективни глаголски вид, тип глаголске ситуације (Aktionsart), теличност, достигнућа, остварења, преводни еквиваленти. Примљен: 26. августа 2014. Прихваћен за штампу сетпембра 2014.
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