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ed-7
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, vlaovljzpf 0dedpä,usrf;pmMuD;ukd vGefcJhwJh (10)ESpfausmfavmufuwnf;u awGUzl;wmyg... pmtkyfMuD;uvnf; xlvdkufwm... tJ'Dwkef;u bmoma&; pmayawGudk avhvmcgp jzpfvdkU pmMuD;ayMuD;awG zwfzkdU tcsdefray;EkdifcJhbl;... 'gaMumifh rzwfjzpfcJhbl;... pmtkyfu t&rff;aumif;ayrJh t&om rodcJh&bl;... tckacwfvdk
tifwmeufrSm
bmoma&;aqG;aEG;yJGawG
xGef;um;vmawmh
"r®0g'awGukd
jzefUjzL;zkdU
tcGifhaumif; tcgaumif; jzpfcJh&ovkd... t"r®0g'orm;rsm;twGufvnf; t"r®0g'ukd xif½Sm;jyzkdUtwGuf tcGifhvrf;jzpfcJh&w,f.... vlewfwkdU&JU tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd zsufqD;cGifh&cJh&Muw,f... xkdtcg "r®0g'Drsm;uvnf; "r®udk xif½Sm;jy&efvkdtyfvmayw,f... "r®ukd "r®[k xif½Sm;jyjcif;[m vlewfwkdU&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;csrf;om tvdkUiSg r[kwfygvm;..... t"r®0g'Drsm;u vlewfwkdU&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd zsufqD;MuayrJh "r®0g'Drsm;rSmawmh igESifh rqkdif[k tNidrfaeíum; rjzpfvS/ wu,fawmh usifhpOfvJGacsmfaeolrsm;[m omoemudk ykwfcwfaqmfum;aeolrsm; jzpfMuayw,f... xdkta&;ukd omoemta&; aoG;rat;olrsm;u t"r®0g'Drsm; tif;tm;raumif;rD tcsdefrSD y,f½Sm;ay;zkdU
vdktyfvSayw,f....
omoemawmfysufpD;aeNyD[k
vufykdufMunfhaeí
rjzpf...
½Sifr[muóyrSpí &[EÅmrax&fjrwfMuD;rsm;yif aMumifhMurJh aeawmfrlcJhMuonfr[kwf... avmurSm "r®0g'xGef;um;atmif aqmif½Guf&rnfrSm "r®udk jrwfEkd;olwkdU&JU wm0efjzpfygw,f..... wm0efodolrSm
wm0ef½Sdw,f?
wm0ef½SdolrSm
wm0efydw,f[k
a½S;q&mjrwfrsm;
qHk;rawmfrlcJhMuovkd wm0efodNyD; wm0ef½SdvmwJh usL;ypfrS "r®rdwfaqGrsm;uvnf; omoemhta&; 'kdUta&;[k
&if0,fxm;vsuf
t"r®0g'rsm;ukd
wkdufzsuf&ef
vufeufaumif;
ozG,fjzpfwJh
vlaovljzpf0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,usrf;ukd trsm;olig &ifxJodkU "r®&wemrsm; udef;atmif;&vG,favatmif pmpDpm½kduf "r®'ge? trw'geukd ûycJhMuygw,f..... tzdk;wefusrf;pmtkyfwpftkyfukd tckvkd0kdif;0ef;NyD; uGefysLwm pmpDpm½kdufjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaewm awGU&awmh t&rf;yDwdjzpfrdygw,f.... atmf 'kdYomoemawmftwGuf aysmfaysmf½Tif½Tif wufwufMuGMuG pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; ½SdvdkufMuwm... ajymaeqkdaeMuwJh wkdifyifaeMuwmvnf; MunfEl;p&maumif;vkdufwm... tJ'D0rf;omp&mtm;vHk;xJrSm 0dedpä,usrf;MuD;ukd zwf&wm yDwdtjzpfqHk;ygyJ.... 'gaMumifh tJ'DyDwdpdwfeJU twl 'Dpmukd pDukH;cJhygw,f....
udkwmaw NrefrmusL;ypfomoemhygvtzGJU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ed-8
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (odkUr[kwf) omoemh tusKd;twGuf aqmif½GufrI yxrqHk; ajcvSrf; uRefr jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifudk 2009-ckESpf? rwfvrSm p0ifjzpfcJhygw,f/ 0ifpuawmh tGefvdkif; tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk tzJGUolwpfOD;taeeJY 0ifMunfh½HkoufoufygyJ/ &nf½G,fcsuf bmrS r,fr,f&& r½SdcJhygbl;/ u@awG pHkatmif avQmufzwf&if; .... wpfcgrSmawmh bmoma&; u@xJudk 0ifMunfhrdygw,f/ uRefr 0rf;vnf;om tHhvnf;tHhMooGm;cJhw,f? wjcm; u@awGrSm pHkvif tm;aumif;vSwJh jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifonf bmoma&;u@rSmvnf; vHk;0 tm;renf;bl;qdkwm awGUvdkuf&vdkUygyJ/ txl;ojzifh bmoma&; pmayaumif;awGudk armifESrrsm;u êud;pm;yef;pm; tm;êud;rmefwuf wifqufay;aeMuwm? Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif&JU tvdkawmfeJY tnD aqG;aEG;Mu ar;Mu ajzMueJU todwdk;yGm;atmifvkyfaeMuwmawGudk awGU&awmh ydkvdkUawmif oabmusrdw,f/ 'gayr,hf udk,fu 0ifcgpqdkawmh vdkufMunfh½HkyJ Munhfjzpfao;w,f/ uRefr odyfESpfoufwJh bmoma&;pmayawGudk a'gif;vkyf,l? r&wmawGudk armifESrrsm;qDudk tyluyf? 'DvdkeJUae&if;u ... wpfaeUrSmawmh wdkU tyluyforQ 'dkifcH rûidrNiif Nyefwifay;wJh tpfudkBuD; kotayza u yDtrfydkUNyD; ]]vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,}} pmtkyfBuD;twGufudk 0dkif;ul pm½dkufay;ygvm;vdkU arwåm&yfvmygw,f/ 'Dvdk tultnDawmif;cH&wmudkyJ awmfawmf aysmfoGm;w,f ..... tJ ..... enf;enf;vnf; wGefUqkwfrdw,f ..... bmvdkUvJqdkawmh tJ'Dh tcsdeftxd wpfcgrS jrefrmpm r½dkufzl;ao;bl;/ ]]tdk ..... vkyfcsifwJhpdwfqE´½Sd&if bmrsm;rjzpf&rvJ ..... olUbmomoljzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f? eifbmrS ylraeeJU}} vdkU udk,fhudkudk,f jyeftm;ay;&if; tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh yg0ifvdkufxm ..... tJ'Dhu pNyD; tckvdk omoemhtusKd;udk (tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh ESrf;wpfaphyJjzpfjzpf) qufvufNyD; armifESrrsm;eJYtwl tm;êud;rmefwuf vkyfjzpfoGm;wm ,aeUxdwdkifygyJ½Sif/ 'gaMumifh 'DpmtkyfBuD;eJU ywfoufNyD; tckvdk ..... uRefrrSm omoemawmfBuD; tusKd;udko,fydk;cGifh? ukokdvfjzpfcGifhrsm;pGm aumif;pGm&cJh&wJhtjyif ..... 'DpmtkyfBuD;udk zwf½IavhvmcGifh&cJhvdkU 0dedpä,ÓPfvnf; rsm;pGm ykdxufoefvmcJhNyD;? omoemawmfBuD;pifMu,fzdkU b,favmufta&;BuD;w,f? omoemhtEÅ&m,fawG b,favmufawmifrsm;aew,fqdkwmudkyg odcGifh&cJhNyD; ..... &wemawmfjrwf (3)yg;udk trsm;BuD; ydkMunfñdkpdwf? omoemcspfpdwfawG tqrsm;pGmwdk;yGm;vmcJh&wm jzpfygaMumif;? 'DpmtkyfBuD; tckvdk jzpfajrmufay:xGef;vma&;twGuf aus;Zl;rsm;Muol armifESrrsm;tm;vHk;? aus;Zl;wifxdkufol armifESrrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'D trSwfw&pmpkav;eJU av;pm;0rf;ajrmufpGm *kPfûy aus;Zl;rSwfwrf; txl;wif½Sdvdkuf&ygw,f½Sif/ Ak'¨\ ppfrSefaom tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf aumif;pGm t"GefY½Snfygapownf;/
ruvsm NrefrmusL;ypfomoemhygvtzGJU ]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ed-9
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) atmifygap uGef,ufaeUopf? þa½Tacwf usL;ypfNrefrm? zdk&rfrSm omoemhygv? armifESrwdkU Ak'¨tarG? usrf;pmay NyefUyGm;a0rQvª ..... vlaovlNzpf? tNrifnpfESifh rdk;Nym0g'? t"r®vdk twGif;&efpG,f? NrJumuG,fNyD; rsKd;Ncm;rdpäm? omoemvdk &efpG,fNyify? ½SdorQvnf; acgif;iHkUrcH? pOfwGef;vSefonf nDnmpdwf0rf;wl .... Ak'¨NrwfpGm? omoemwGuf El;nHhESvHk;? Nrwfvuf½kH;ESifh omoemhygv? armifESrwdkU apwempkdufxkwf vHkUvûyonf o'¨gNrJMunfNzL ..... /
udkArmhaoG; NrefrmusL;ypfomoemhygvtzGJU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ed-10
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rmwdum pOf
taMumif;t&m
ESm
tydkif;(1) 1-1/
yHkESdyfxkwfa0&Ncif;taMumif;
....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
1
1-2/
½Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
2
.....
.....
.....
.....
3
.....
.....
.....
7
.....
.....
.....
.....
9
1-3/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm; 1-4/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)zGJUpnf;Ncif;trdefU 1-5/ trSwf(2) oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU\ &yfwnfcsuf
tydkif;(2) 2-1/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm ed'gef;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
14
2-2/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
21
2-3/
omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ½Hk;awmfrS ppfar;Ncif;
.....
.....
98
2-4/
0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm
2-5/
0daooap'emtNyD; pk'dwursm;tm; ar;Ncif;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
107
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
204
tydkif;(3) 3-1/
aom"emu@ (obmywdq&mawmf\ rdefUMum;csuf)
.....
.....
.....
.....
206
3-2/
OD;qE´m"du\ aom"emacsyvTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
207
3-3/ ocifNrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
218
3-4/ or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ acsyvTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
266
3-5/ obmywdq&mawmfed*Hk;csKyfrdefUcGef;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
339
tydkif;(4) 4-1/
0dedpä,u@ (tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf)
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
340
4-2/
Oya'ESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;½Sif;vif;csuf .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
341
4-3/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
346
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
352
4-4/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, ed'gef;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pOf
taMumif;t&m
ESm
tydkif;(5) 5-1/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(1) bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-2/
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
367
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
395
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
447
uH uH\tusdK;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
472
.....
.....
.....
510
.....
530
qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(2) vlaovlNzpf 0dedpä,
5-3/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(3) 31-bHky,f 0dedpä, 5-4/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(4) 5-5/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(5) twdwftem*wfb0wdkUudk y,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-6/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(6) tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(20) oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[maNymNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-7/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(7) oAÁñkwÓPfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä,
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
596
.....
.....
.....
.....
616
.....
.....
.....
.....
653
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
668
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
681
"mwfawmfarGawmfponfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä,
.....
.....
.....
.....
690
.....
.....
.....
.....
700
5-8/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(8) orx0dyóemudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-9/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(9) 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-10/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(10) oHCmudk ykwfcwfNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-11/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(11) y&dwf½GwfNcif;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-12/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(12) 5-13/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(13) Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,fNcif; 0dedpä,
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pOf
taMumif;t&m
ESm
5-14/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udky,fNcif; 0dedpä,
.....
.....
.....
718
.....
.....
.....
738
t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk Nyifqifa&;om;Ncif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, .....
.....
.....
816
5-15/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(15) Oyg'gefESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,
.....
.....
.....
.....
5-16/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(16) 5-17/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(17) "r®pMumvufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
827
.....
.....
.....
.....
836
Ak'¨\ NzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhNrifûyNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, .....
.....
.....
845
.....
.....
.....
877
5-18/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(18) vufNzpfygVdtrSm;rsm;Nzifh vdrfnma&;om;Ncif; 0dedpä, 5-19/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(19) 5-20/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(21) bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-21/ aygif;½Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
881
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
895
.....
903
tydkif;(6) 6-1/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, csrSwfcsuf 6-2/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;aom Mo0g'uxm
6-3/ ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf\ ½Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
906
6-4/ t"r®0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrsm;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
909
9-5/ obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;vTm .....
.....
.....
.....
910
6-6/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus Ouú|q&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm
.....
912
6-7/ q&mawmfOD;crmok"\ 0dedpä,tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'
.....
916
6-8/ tusdK;aqmif q&mawmf\ ½Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf
.....
.....
.....
921
6-9/ t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;
.....
.....
.....
923
6-10/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ trdefUaMumfNimpm
.....
.....
.....
926
.....
.....
.....
927
6-11/ usrf;pmtkyf "r®'getvª½Sif
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk obmywdq&mawmfu zwfMum;aMuNimaepOf
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm; oHk;oyfcsuf zwfMum;onfudk apm'u q&mawmfrsm; emMum;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-1
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
q&mawmf OD;pE¨drm apm'emvTm wifoGif;aeyHk
q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ apm'emvTm wifoGif;aeyHk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-2
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
obmywdq&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'udk emMum;aeaom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;ESifh y&dowfrsm;
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom apm'emudk pk'dwu q&mawmfrsm; emMum;aeyHk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-3
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'uyk*¾dKvf(4)yg;
EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU a½SUarSmufü pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm; Mo0g'cH,laeyHk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-4
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) zGJUpnf;&Ncif;taMumif;udk apm'uESifh pk'dwu ESpfbufyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefUu ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm; aNymMum;aepOf
pk'dwu vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-5
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
omoEÅ& pG,fpHkwwfuRrf;awmfrlaom aNrmif;NrûrdU yaZÆmwm½Hkq&mawmf OD;ÓPdu oHk;oyfcsufudk zwfMum;aeyHk
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) trIppfaq;aepOf vma&mufem;axmifMuaom y&dowftcsdKU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-6
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rauG;ûrdU r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfOD;ukrm& oHk;oyfcsufudk zwfMum;aeyHk
0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk aMuNimaepOf ty&a*g,meausmif;aqmifa½SUü vma&muf em,laeMuaom y&dowftcsdKU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-7
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Mo0g'cH,lyGJtNyD;ü pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk awGU&yHk
0dedpä, qHk;NzwfcsufcsNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ Mo0g'cH,l&ef pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifhtzGJUtm; ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefUu OD;aqmifac:,loGm;pOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-8
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| (t*¾r[my@dw) Am&mPoDq&mawmfu pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; Mo0g'uxm csD;Nr§ifhaepOf
pk'dwursm;tm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu Mo0g'ay;aeonfudk ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmifa½SUü vma&mufem,laeaom y&dwfowftcsdKU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-9
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU Ouú| OD;cif[ef 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
a½Ttbd"r®m0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; &cdkifNynfe,f awmifukwfûrdU a½Ttbd"r®mtzGJU Ouú| OD;a½TNynfh 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-10
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u) OD;vGef;armif 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u) OD;ÓPfodkif; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-11
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u) OD;pdefat; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU wGJzuftwGif;a&;rª; OD;ausmfwifh 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-12
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| OD;Nr'if 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
t"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª; OD;NrifhaqG 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-13
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
obmywdq&mawmfu EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ouú| (t*¾r[my@dw) Am&mPoDq&mawmfvufodkU vTJtyfaeyHk
vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu OD;Z0e (ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-14
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu OD;Z0e (ig;qifhtaemufausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf
vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu OD;OaZÆmwdu (uGif;ausmif;? a';'&J) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-15
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; OD;qE´m'du (ewfrSDawm&ausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;) 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf
vlaovlNzpf t,l0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkif 0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
yHk-16
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf a'gufwmrsdK;jrifh\ 'kv’b"r®'ge om"ktEkarm'em 0rf;ajrmufzG,fpum;
þ"r®'geukodkvf½Sif
pm'g,umBuD;
OD;ausmfñGefUonf
Ak'¨bmomrsdK;½dk;rS
&wemoHk;yg;
OD;xdyfxm;í arG;zGm;vmoljzpfonfhtwdkif; rdbwdkU\oGefoifrIjzifh vlrSef;odpuyif &wemoHk;yg;ESifh tpOfrjywfxdawGUcJh&ayonf? oifMum;cJh&onf?
ausmif;pmoifcsdefrsm;rSmvnf;
,if;bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk
zwf½I
q&maumif;rsm;ESifh
avhvm&wkdif;
bmompmayrsm;udk
MunfEl;0rf;omjzpfcJh&onf?
wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcsdefwGif q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;ESifh tcgrjywf êuHêudufzl;jrifcGifh&NyD; bmoma&; todÓPfrsm;
½Iaxmifhbufaygif;pHkrS
enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
xdyg;ykwfcwf
pGyfpJGvmwwfMuonf?
vlaovljzpfvdk 0g'rsdK;rSm taxmuf txm;trsdK;rsdK;jyí ay:aygufvmonfjzpf&m pm'g,umBuD;onf r[kwfrrSefrSef; {uefwdwd od½Sdonf? odkU&mwGif ,if;bufqkdif&m ynm½Sifr[kwfonfhtwGuf pepfwus tus,fw0ifh wpfcsufjcif; ajz½Sif;EdkifpGrf; r&Sday/ uHtm;avQmfpGm oD;jcm;EkdifiHawmf0dedpä, trSwf(2)tzJGU qHk;jzwfxm;aom vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' (ax&0g'
pG,fpHkusrf;)
udk
zwf½IavhvmcGifh
&&SdcJhonf?
0dedpä,q&mawmfrsm;u
rSefuefpGm
atmifatmifjrifjrif ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif 0dedpä, csEkdifcJhonfudk MunfñdkcJh&ayonf? odkUaomfvnf; þusrf;pmrSm ,cktcg avhvmolrsm; twGuf xyfrHyHkESdyf&ef vdktyfvsuf ½Sdayonf/ odkUjzpf&m 'g,umwkdU\tusdK;ukd tpOftjrJ enf;ay;vrf;ñTef ûyawmfrlavh½Sdaom &efukefwkdif;? oCFef;uRef;ûrdUe,f? (t*¾r[m
BuD;yGm;a&;&yfuGuf?
o'¨r®aZmwdu"Z)
yknedr®dwm&mr
ESifhwkdifyifí
a½Tok0Pfausmif;q&mawmf
þ0dedpä,usrf;pmudk
b'´EÅo'¨d,
yHkESdyfvª'gef;vdkaMumif;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
a
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þusrf;pmyHkESdyfNyD;ygu aemuftBudrfrsm; wifjyygonf?
a&mif;&aiGudk
tqufrjywfatmif omoemawmf
ya'om&efyHkaiGtjzpfowfrSwfvsuf qufvufyHkESdyfEkdif&ef
wnfwHhjyefYyGm;a&;odkU
þusrf;pmukefoGm;wdkif;
&nf½G,fygaMumif;
a½S;½Ivsuf
rdrdtm;
þ0dedpä,usrf;udk
tqdkûy
rlrysufapbJ
yHkESdyfvª'gef;vdkonfh pm'g,umBuD; OD;ausmfñGefU\ tMuHtpnf or®mouFyÜrSm tESpfom&jynhf0í aumif;jrwfvSaMumif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/ pm'g,umBuD; OD;ausmfñGefU\tvªonf ynmoH0wåedu"r®'ge ya'omyiftjzpf
wnf½SdaernfjzpfNyD;
omoemwnfaeoa½GU
xm0&ukodkvf
tpOf½Sifoefaernfh
tpDtpOfyif jzpfygonf/ vlaovljzpf0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)BuD;onf pmrsufESmaygif; 1200-cefU½Sdí qkdufBuD;qkdufcefU jzpfygonf/ puúLaumif;? rifusrifeaumif;? csKyfvkyfrIaumif;jzifh taumif;oHk;csufnDpGm tkyfa&
(1000)twGuf
pm'g,umBuD;
OD;ausmfñGefUrdom;pku
aiGusyfodef;(50)ausmf
rwnfvª'gef;xm;ygonf/ &efukefwkdif;? awmifOuúvmyûrdUe,f? yg&rD&yfuGuf? yg&rDvrf;? aiGMum&H&dyfomae jynfhpHkñGefY ukrÜPDykdif½Sif? tvª½Sif OD;ausmfñGefU+a':oef;jrifh ESifh om;orD;ajr;wpfpk wkdU\ tjcm;omoemûy tvªawmfjzpfaom uefUbvlûrdU r[ma½TpnfBuD;apwDawmf pmoifwkduftvªESifh wdyd#uygVdjrefrm tbd"mef twGJ(1)? twGJ (2)? twGJ (3) yHkESdyftvª ponfwkdUESifhwuG txl;ojzifh þvlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) twGuf yHkESdyfvª'gef;jcif; ynmoH0wåedu "r®'ge jrwfaumif;rI ukodkvftpkpkwdkUudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"koHk;Budrfac:qdkvsuf þtEkarm'empmwrf;jzifh *kPfûyrSwfwrf; wiftyfygownf;/
a'gufwmrsdK;jrifh ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf omoema&; OD;pD;Xme
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
b
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tydkif;(1) 1-1/
yHkESdyfxkwfa0&Ncif;taMumif;
1-2/
½Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf
1-3/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm; 1-4/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)zGJUpnf;Ncif;trdefU 1-5/ trSwf(2) oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU\ &yfwnfcsuf
OD;wnfrysuf a½SUokdUquf vlUbkHxkH;pH uJh&JU'Pffjzifh &efrmefydwf oJc&D;cJü pdwfZJGoefoef aemufrjyefbJ &Jrmef&JaoG; &JpdwfarG;vsuf &JaoG;eDeD pD&&Djzifh OD;wnfrysuf a½SUokdUqufavmh ..... (r[m*E¨m½kHq&mawmf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) yHkESdyfxkwfa0&jcif;taMumif;
jynfaxmifpk
qkd½S,fvpfor®w
a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUESifh
ywfoufí
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;
vlaovljzpf0g'?
0d0g'g"du½kPf;BuD;jzpfyGm;vsuf½Sd&m
or®m'd|d0g'? *dkPf;aygif;pHk
oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;\ wm0efay;csuft& EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUrS ,if;0d0g'g"du½kPf;BuD;udk qHk;jzwfay;&eftwGufEkdifiHawmf
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU
trSwf(2)udk
1343-ckESpf?
e,kefvqkwf
(9)&ufaeUwGif zJGUpnf;cJhayonf/ EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU (2)onf EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGU\ wm0efay;csuft& 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvqkwf (12)&ufaeUwGif pwifí ½Hk;zGifh ppfaq;cJhNyD; apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdU ESpfOD;ESpfbuf wifjy avQmufxm;Muaom apm'em aom"emwifvTmwdkUudk av;vMumrQ tcsdef,l oHk;oyfppfaq;vsuf 1343-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf (11)&ufaeUrSpí 6-&ufwdkifwdkif qHk;jzwfcsufudk csrSwfcJhayonf/ ,if; qHk;jzwfcsuf 0dedpä,onf edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfoHk;oG,frS jyefUus,faom Ak'¨0g' "r®OóHk pHkpHkvifvif½SdvSojzifh ]]ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;}} [kyif ac:qdkxdkufayonf/ odkUjzpfí (u)
0dedpä,udk 6-&ufwdkifwdkif csrSwf&mü pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh vma&mufem,lMuolrsm;ESifh þ0dedpä, tqHk;tjzwfrsm;udk tpOfzwfMum;rSwfom;vdkMuaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ vdktifqE´udk jznfhpGrf;&ef?
[laom
(c)
"r® t"r® 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rsm; aemufxyf ray:aygufap&ef?
(*)
jzpfay:NyD;aom 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rsm; Nidrf;at;yaysmufap&ef?
(C)
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifh qefUusifaom t,ltqrsm; yaysmufap&ef?
(i)
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifh nDñGwfaom t,ltqrsm; xGef;um;ap&ef?
(p)
rdpäm0g' tukodkvf t,ltqrsm;uif;pifí or®m0g'ukodkvft,ltqrsm; xGef;um;ap&ef?
(q)
"r® t"r® 0d0g'udpöü twk,lzG,f jzwfxHk;tjzpf ordkif;wGif usef&pfap&ef -
&nf½G,fcsufjzifh
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifhtnD
qHk;jzwfxm;aom
þ
]]vlaovljzpf
0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,}} usrf;BuD;udk omoema&;OD;pD;XmerS wpftkyfwnf;ESifhtNyD; pufwifyHkESdyfí xkwfa0jzefUcsd tyfygownf;/ omoema&;OD;pD;Xme
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
1
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvqkwf (13) &uf? (30.6.81) &ufaeU &efukefûrdU? urÇmat;ukef;ajr ty&a*g,meausmif;aqmifü vlaovljzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUudk "r®-t"r®tjzpf Mum;emppfaq;&ef zGifhvSpftyfaom EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf ----------
1/
arwåokwf y&dwfawmfudk ½Gwfzwfí ½Hk;awmfudk zGifhvSpf&ef?
2/
jynfxJa&;ESifhomoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;udk avQmufxm;&ef?
3/
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2)udk zJGUpnf;aMumif; EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzJGU\ trdefU (aMunmcsuf) udk zwfMum;&ef?
4/
vufrSwfxdk;xm;onfrSm rSefuefrI ½Sd r½Sd apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdUtm; obmywdq&mawmfu ar;jref;&ef?
5/
EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmf\ &yfwnfcsufudk zwfMum;&ef?
6/
vlaovljzpf0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh
a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUudk
jzefUjzL;a&;om;
a[majymaejcif;rSm bk&m;a[m ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfESifh qefUusifí t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; apm'em wifoGif;&ef? 7/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emESifhpyfvsOf;í jyefvnfacsyjcif; ûy rûy pk'dwursm;tm; ar;jref;&ef?
8/
jyefvnfacsyjcif;rûyaom q&mawmfoHk;yg;\ 0efcHcsufudk zwfMum;&ef?
9/
0daooapm'emwifoGif;&eftwGuf &ufcsdef;ay;&ef?
(tcrf;tem;rª;tjzpf vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rª; OD;ausmfvGifu aqmif½Gufonf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
2
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omoema&;OD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefU avQmufxm;tyfaom jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;
½SifOuú|&JU
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
EkdifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u
tzJGUu
pyfvsOf;NyD;
0dedpä,
zJGUpnf;ay;tyfaom
tqHk;tjzwfay;&eftwGuf
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU
trSwf(2)rS
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; trª;xm; NyD;awmh 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 0dedpä,tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh
0denf;"dk&ftzJGU0if
q&mawmfbk&m;rsm;ukd
wkdifwnfNyD;awmh
wynfhawmfu ESpfbufaom apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk wynfhawmfwdkU jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;udk avQmufxm;vdkygw,f bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkU0efBuD;Xme&JU oabmu bmvJqkd&if wynfhawmfrsm; ,ckvdk "r® t"r®trIawGudk oD;jcm; 0dedpä,tzJGU zJGUNyD; ppfaq;wJhtcgrSm ESpfbufaom apm'uESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk wynfhawmfrsm; txl;yJ
arwåm&yfcHcsifwmu
wynfhawmfwdkUonf
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;&JU
0dedpä,tzJGU
a½SUrSmvmNyD;
t½HI;tEdkifvkwJh oabmrsdK; rjzpfapcsifygbl;qkdwm ESpfbufaom apm'uESifh pk'dwuwdkUodatmif 0efBuD;Xme&JU oabmxm;udk wifjy&if; txl;yJ awmif;yefygw,f/ 0efBuD;XmetaeeJU jzpfapcsifwJh oabmxm;u bmvJ? ESpfbufaom apm'uESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm; taeeJU ykxkZOfwkdU&JU obm0tavsmuf t,ltqa&;&mESifh ywfoufNyD;awmh oabmxm;uJGvJGrI ½SdcJhMuw,f?
tJ'Dvdk
½SdcJhMuwJhtwGuf
t½Sifbk&m;rsm;u
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4
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
e*g;jynfoGm;NyD; pG,fawmf yifhvmw,fwJh? 'g owif;pmxJrSm ygygw,f? tJ'DudpöawGrSm olUudk,HkMunfwJh 'um 'umrawGxJrSm acwfynmwwfawGvJ trsm;BuD;ygygw,f? acwfynmwwf tpdk;&t&m½Sdwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJh awmfawmf BuD;BuD;rm;rm; yk*¾dKvfawGvJ ygygw,f? 'Dyk*¾dKvfawGudk wynfhawmfwdkU omoema&;OD;pD;Xme taeeJU ac:,lNyD;awmh (rjzpfEdkifwJhtaMumif;) aqG;aEG;ygw,f? b,fvdkyJ ½Sif;jyjy? olwdkUvufrcHbl;? olwdkU ,HkMunfwmudk;? 'D ,HkMunfrItpJG[m tawmfuav; tcRwf&cufygw,f qkdwJhtaMumif;udk tvsOf;oifhwkef; avQmufxm;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wlygyJ ½SifOuú|0g'eJU ywfoufvdkUvJ êudwifNyD;awmh cHk½Hk;rSmavQmufxm;jcif; r[kwfygbl;? tav;ay;NyD;awmh wynfhawmfwdkU
avQmufxm;jcif;
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q&mawmfbk&m;rsm;udk avQmufxm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ uG,fvGefoGm;NyDjzpfwJh OD;udkudkav;udk tBudrfBudrftcgcg wynfhawmfwdkU ac:,laqG;aEG;ygw,f? 'gayrJh olwdkUvJ wynfhawmfwdkU omoema&;OD;pD;XmeaqG;aEG;csufudk vufrcHygbl;? bmvdkUvJqdkawmh olwdkUt,ltqudk pJGpJGjrJjrJ ,lxm;Muawmh wynfhawmfwdkU omoema&;OD;pD;Xme vljyefawmfynm½SdawG&JU pum;udk olwdkU vufrcHygbl;? em;raxmifygbl;/ tvm;wlyJ wjcm; "r® t"r®qdkwm ½Sdygw,f? 'gaMumifh q&mawmfBuD;rsm; rESpfu *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmh tpnf;ta0;BuD; atmifjrifpGm usif;ywJhtcg 0denf;"r®uH ajz½Sif;a&;qkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk a&;qJGwJh ae&mrSm tJ'Dtcsdefu q&mawmfawG pOf;pm;cJhwm (a&;qJGcJhwm)[m tvGef rSefuefygw,f? tifrwefvJ
aumif;rGefygw,f?
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roufa&mufcJhygbl;? jynfolUvTwfawmf
tJ'gaMumifh
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
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5
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; ajz½Sif;a&;qkdif&m Oya'}} qkdNyD;awmh jy|mef;ay;cJhwm tm;vHk;todyJ? q&mawmfrsm;vJ todyJ? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;vJ todyJ? wpfEdkifiHvHk; todyJ/ 'gaMumifh ,aeUq&mawmfbk&m;rsm; qHk;jzwfcsufonf tmPmpuf "r®puf yl;aygif;NyD;awmh qHk;jzwfrJh
qHk;jzwfcsuf
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apm'ursm;a&m
pk'dwursm;a&m
ESpfbufpvHk;u vdkufemMuzdkU wm0ef½Sdygw,f? vkdufematmif aqmif½Gufay;zdkU wm0efvJ wynfhawmfwkdU jynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;XmerSm wm0ef½Sdygw,f? 'gaMumifhrdkU 'Dae&mrSm wynfhawmf tpu avQmufxm;cJhovkd
ESpfbufaom
apm'uyk*¾dKvfESifh
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
q&mawmfrsm;\
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ausauseyfeyf
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wynfhawmfwdkU ESpfbufaom
apm'uESifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm; odatmif avQmufxm;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ t"duuawmh ½SmazGwJhae&mrSm
'DrSmvmNyD;awmh
oD;jcm;
0dedpä,tzJGUrS
tjiif;tcHkvkyfwJhoabmrsdK;r[kwfygbl;? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;u
trSefw&m;udk
tqHk;tjzwfay;ygvdrfhr,f?
rdrdbufuvJ rdrd&JU t,ltqudk wifjywJh ae&mrSm rdrdudk,fwdkif yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 'Dvkd,lqygw,f? 'g rSefovm;bk&m;? rSm;ovm; bk&m; - tppfaq;cHwJh oabmrsdK; xm;&efjzpfygw,f? 'Dbufu apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;uvJ
'DvdkyJ
wpfbufua[maewJh
w&m;awG[m
rSm;w,fvdkU
wynfhawmfwdkU
,lqygw,f? tJ'g rSm;ovm; bk&m;? rSefovm;bk&m; - ponfjzifh trSefw&m;udk ½SmazGwJh oabmrsdK;taeeJU
tm;vHk;
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\tqHk;tjzwfudk
av;av;pm;pm;
vkdufemaqmif½GufMuzdkU arwåm&yfcH avQmufxm;,if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f bk&m;/ aeUpJG/ 30-6-81
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
6
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpf or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGU A[kdXmecsKyf ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmif urÇmat;ukef;ajr? &efukefûrdU aeUpJG? 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf 9-&uf (1981-ckESpf? ZGefv 26-&uf)
EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUu a½G;cs,fonfh EkdifiHawmf A[kdoHCmh0efaqmifq&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) zJGUpnf;jcif; trdefU (vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tydk'f-57) 1/
EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUonf apm'u -
OD;pE´drm
wdkufopfausmif;? 0efZif;&yf? rdw¬DvmûrdU? rEÅav;wkdif;/
OD;ynmoD[
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OD;0dok'¨
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OD;ynmomrd
a&vnfausmif;wkduf? ompnfûrdU? rEÅav;wkdif;/
wkdUESifh pk'dwu OD;Z0e
ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/
OD;qE´m"du
ewfrSDawm&ausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/
OD;OaZÆmwdu
uGif;ausmif;? a';'&JûrdU/
ocifjrwfqdkif trSwf(4) pdefcs,fvrf;? usdKuúpH&yfuGuf? a½T*Hkwkdifpmwkduf? A[ef;? &efukefûrdU/ OD;cif[ef
trSwf(954) arcvmcef;r? 16^1-&yfuGuf? &wemvrf;? ouFef;uRef;/
OD;a½Tjynfh
awmifukwfûrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f -
wdkU\ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUESifh ywfoufí "r® t"r®tjzpf
tjiif;yGm;rIudk
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atmufazmfjyyg
EkdifiHawmf A[kdoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfBuD;rsm;om yg0ifaom EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) udk zJGUpnf;vkdufygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
7
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSwfpOf
bJGUawmf
odu©m
ausmif;wdkuf
1/
b'´EÅaCmodwmbd0Ho
53
aCmodwm&mrwdkuf? xm;0,f/
2/
b'´EÅZ0embd0Ho
51
Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf? êudUyifaumuf/
3/
b'´EÅ"r®mbd0&
44
uHwGif;qkawmif;jynfhausmif;wdkuf? jynfûrdU/
4/
b'´EÅukrm&
38
r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;/
5/
b'´EÅÓedu
30
yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? ajrmif;jr/
2/
txufyg
EkdifiHawmf
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU
trSwf(2)wGif
oifhavsmf&mwpfyg;udk
obmywdtjzpf wifajr§mufí usefq&mawmfrsm;u tzJGU0ifrsm;tjzpf aqmif½GufawmfrlMu&ef jzpfygonf/
(b'´EÅa&0wmbd0Ho- t*¾r[my@dw) 'kwd,Ouú| q&mawmf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGU pmtrSwf? 208^1^om-r[e aeUpJG? 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf 9-&uf (1981-ckESpf? ZGefv 26-&uf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
8
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpf or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU\ &yfwnfcsuf aeUpJG? 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf 13-&uf (1981-ckESpf? ZGefv 30-&uf? t*FgaeU) ty&a*g,meausmif;aqmif oD;jcm; 0dedpä, ½Hk;awmf
1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk "r®-t"r®
ppfaq; qHk;jzwf&ef Oya'ESifhtnDzJGUpnf;tyfaom jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpf or®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f tzJGU\ &yfwnfcsufudk atmufygtwkdif; xkwfjyefaMunmvkdufonf/ 2/
0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; ajz½Sif;qHk;jzwfa&;qkdif&m Oya' tcef; 2? yk'fr(3)/
0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif;rsm; ajz½Sif;qHk;jzwfa&;qkdif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tcef; 7? tydk'f 57 ESifhtnD
jynfaxmifpk
zJGUay;cJhonfhtwkdif;
qkd&S,fvpf
,ck
or®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf
trSwf(2)
oD;jcm;
EdkifiHawmf
0denf;"dk&ftzJGUonf
oHCr[mem,utzJGUu vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh &ckdifjynfü ay:aygufaeaom a½Ttbd"r®m0g'rsm;udk pdppfqHk;jzwf&ef ,aeU 1343-ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf 13-&uf? (30.6.81)aeUwGif þ oD;jcm; 0dedpä,½Hk;awmfudk zGifhvSpfvdkufNyD; jzpfaMumif;/ 3/ "r®0de,ESifhtnD
þ½Hk;awmfü trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGUonf bk&m;½SiftqHk;trawmftm;avsmfpGm ppfaq;
qHk;jzwfMurnfjzpfygonf?
apm'uç
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;onfvnf;
"r®0de,Oya'awmfudk tav;teuf OD;xdyf½Guf yefqifum apm'em? aom"emrIrsm;udk ûyMu&rnf/ 4/
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edum,f
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pum;ukd
oH*g,em
6-wef
5-&yf[laom
wiftyfNyD;aom
yg0peAk'¨pum;awmfrsm;udk
tav;teufxm;í
qkdonfum;
atmufygtaMumif;&yfrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ (u)
wwd,oH*g,emrwifrD omoemouú&mZf 200-ywf0ef;usifumvrSpí omoemawmfü rdpäm0g' tnpftaMu;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJh&m BuD;rm;aom o'¨g? owd? jrifhrm;aom vHkUv Oóm[? y#dorÇd'gywå?
xufjrufpl;&Saom
ÓPfynmtajrmftjrif½SdawmfrlMuonfh
oHCydwk?
oufawmf½Snf
oHCem,u
qVbdn?
rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
9
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omoemawmf\
ab;&eftEÅ&m,ftoG,foG,fudk
½Sifoefaom
ÓPfrsufvHk;jzifh
½IMunfhawmfrlMuí tumtuG,fay;vsuf apmifha½SmufawmfrlMuNyD; wwd,oH*g,em wifjcif;udpö
qHk;onftxd
ta&;awmfBuD;
NyD;pD;atmifjrifatmif
aqmif½Gufawmf
rlcJhMujcif;? (c)
,if;okdU wwd,oH*g,emwifMu&mwGif tem*wfomoemudk tajrmftjrif BuD;pGmjzifh ½Iajrmfawmfrlí
tnbmodw=tjcm;olrsm;tqkdukd
Ak'¨bmodw=bk&m;a[m[k
ajymvdkolrsm;? Ak'¨bmodw= bk&m;a[mudk tnbmodw=bk&m;ra[m wjcm;ajym[k vkyfvkdolrsm;udk rnfodkU ESdrfeif;acszsuf&rnf[lí enf;vrf;pepf wnf&pfavvdkaom oabmtm;jzifh
a½S;oH*g,em
trnf&Sdaomusrf;BuD;udk
ESpfwefwGif
ryg0ifcJhzl;ao;aom
Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf
uxm0w¬K
&nfrSwfjyñTefawmfrlcJhonfhtwkdif;
wwd,oH*g,emwif oHCmwpfaxmif tnDtñGwfoabmwl wifawmfrlcJhí tbd"r®m ckepfusrf;wGif pm&if;wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (*)
xdkrSwyg; yxrESifh 'kwd,oH*g,emESpf&yf\ aMumif;&mxkyÜwf jzpf&yftrSefrsm;udk plV0*¾0de,
ygVdawmfwGif
yÍöowduo*Ðwdu©E¨u?
owåowduo*Ðwdu©E¨u[k
pm&if;wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (C)
or,EÅ&tn0g'=t,lwyg;
trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk
Ak'¨bmodwyg0pe=
bk&m;a[m
a'oemawmfxJü a&maESmr0if vGefoefUpifatmif txl;owdaqmifawmfrlcJhMuojzifh yg#vdykwfjynf
taomum½Hkausmif;
rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf
wdw¬dwdkuESifh
awmfBuD;wGif a&maESmum
owdrEÅyn0EÅ OykofrûybJ
odu©mumr (6)ESpfwkdifwkdif
aeawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (i)
ygVdawmfrsm;
tjcHt&HtzGifhoH0PÖem
½SifawmfAk'¨vufxufawmfrS
t|uxm
#Dumusrf;*efBuD;rsm;onf
píqif;oufvmaom
t"dyÜm,f½Sif;vif;csuf
teufaumuf,lenf;rsm;jzpfaom aewåd ay#aumya'o? plVeda'´o? r[meda'´o paom usrf;vm; enf;edó&nf;twdkif; jcm;ydkif;uefUowf csrSwf pD&ifcJhaom jzwfxHk;? rSwfxHk;? tqHk;tjzwfrsm;udk rwdrfaum ryaysmuf&atmif ckdifvHkpGm rSwfwrf; wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;? (p)
,if;okdU qkdNyD;cJhaom ygVd t|uxm #Dumusrf;BuD;rsm;udk xkdpOfu a'od,bmom (t&yfoHk;a0g[m&
jzpfaom)
rm*"Dac:
ygVdbmomjzifh
oif,lcsydkUcJhaom
odómEkodó0gpemr*¾ tpDtpOftwdkif; oD[kdVfuRef;ESifh jrefrmjynfwkdUü pwkw¬? yÍörESifh q|oH*g,em toD;toD; wifawmfrlcJhMujcif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
10
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þqdkcJhNyD;aom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh ax&0g'yd#u [lí 0daooe txl;rí qkd&jcif;jzpfayonf/ 5/
,if;okdU
oH*g,em(6)wef
wifawmfrlcJhMuaom
Ak'¨bmodwyg0pe
yd#uwfawmfrsm;onfvnf; (u)
"r®-t"r®? 0de,-t0de, tjiif;yGm;rIay:aygufvmaomtcg]]aw[meE´ bdu©L[d oaAÁa[0 ora*¾[d oEédywdwAÁH? oEédywdwGm "r®aewåð orEkrZÆdwAÁm? "r®aewåð orEkrZÆdwGm ,xm ww¬ oarwd? wxm wH t"du&PH 0lyoarwAÁH}} tmeE´?
tmeE´m/
xdktjiif;yGm;rIwGif
oaAÁa[0?
tvHk;pHkomvQif
yg0ifMuaom
jzpfukefaom/
&[ef;wdkUonf/
aw[dbdu©L[d?
ora*¾[d?
tpHktnD
wufa&mufMuukefonfjzpfí/ oEédywdwAÁH? pnf;a0;&rnf/ oEédywdwGm? pnf;a0;NyD;í/ "r®aewåð? oabmrSeftwdkif; aqmifwwfaom (pnf;urf;) wHrsOf;êud;udk/ orEkrZÆdwAÁm? oHk;oyfqifjcif (owfrSwf) &rnf/ orEkrZÆdwGm? oHk;oyfNyD;í/ ww¬? xkdtjiif;yGm;rIü/ ,xm? tMuifenf;jzifh NyD;Nidrf;aponf½Sdaomf/ oarwd? ESpfoufnDñGwf\/ wxm? xdkokdU nDñGwfEdkifaom
enf;jzifh/
wH
t"du&PH?
xkdt"du½kPf;rIcif;udk?
0lyoarwAÁH?
Nidrf;ap&rnf/ [lí rZÑdredum,f Oy&dyPÖmo omr*grokwf (35)ü vm&Sdonfhtwkdif; oHCmpHk nDñGwfpGmpnf;a0;í "r®aewåd êud;ESifhn§dum "r®udk "r®[lívnf;aumif;? t"r®udk t"r®[lívnf;aumif;? 0de,udk 0de, [lívnf;aumif;? t0de,udk t0de, [lívnf;aumif; xdrdaocsmjywfom;pGm qHk;jzwfEkdifaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom wHrsOf;csnfozG,f jzpfjcif;/ (c)
y#dywftusifhvrf;pOfESifhpyfvsOf;í udk,fwdkifusifh&ef
twdtus
vufawGU tckdiftrm
udk,fawGU
ÓPfjzifhawGUatmif
ñTefjyxm;aomaMumifh
awm&rf;y,fzJGU
pOf;pm;ÓPfcsJU½HkrQjzifh jzpfap? wpfpHkwpf&mESifh nd§EdIif;,SOfwk okawoeûy½HkrQjzifhjzpfap r&aumif;
rodaumif;aom
udk,fwdkifusifhoHk;rS
udk,fwkdifodEdkifaom
ypöwH
a0'dwAÁ*kPfawmf½Sdaom "r®jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm usrf;*efESifhtnD q&mpOfquf rysuf vufqifhurf;í
usifhjirf;xlcJhMuonfhtwkdif;
jynfwGif;jynfy
XmetoD;oD;wkdUü
usifhoHk;qwfqwf ½IrSwfyGm;rsm;Mu&mwGif vufawGUydkifydkif &½SdEkdifaom tusdK;zvrsm;udk ckdifcdkifrmrm jyEkdifavmufatmif &½Sdapjcif; paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh ax&0g'EdkifiH toD;oD;u ,HkMunfvufcHxm;aom yd#ursm;jzpfMuayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
11
tpodkU 6/ t|uxm?
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,if;odkU cdkifrmwdus tESpfom&½SdaomaMumifh ynm½SdrSeforQtav;*½kûytyfaom ygVd? #Dum?
a½TrsufESmawmfudkom
tm*r?
obm0,kwådwdkUjzifh
Munfhí
yu©ygw
ppfaq;qHk;jzwfMurnf
(bufvkdufjcif;)r½Sd?
jzpfonf?
þokdU
bk&m;½Sifh
"r®0de,ESifhtnD
pdppfqHk;jzwf&mwGifvnf; tEkók,m,rmaem aom? or®'nm, bmowd? okbmodwH tEkarma',s? OAÇa| emyom'a,/ Oyg&rÇH e odau©,s? cvdwÍö e *g[a,/ embd[a& embdra'´? e 0gpH y,kwH baP/ tmnmww¬H yom'w¬H? owH a0 a[mwd rEÅem? {0H acg t&d,m raEÅEÅd? {om t&d,me rEÅem/ aom? xkd ajymqdkaqG;aEG; tqHk;tjzwfay;aomolonf/ tEkók,m,rmaem? rmerjyL rjiLplbJ/ or®'nm,? aumif;pGmodí/ bmowd? ajymqkd\/ okbmodwH? aumif;pGmajymqdktyfaom pum;udk/ tEkarma',s? 0rf;ajrmuf Munfom vufcH&m\/ OAÇa|? vJGrSm;íajymqdktyfonf ½Sdaomf/ e tyom'a,? rNcdrf;ajcmuf rarmif;rJ&m/ Oyg&rÇH? xdyg;ykwfcwfjcif;udk/ e odau©,s? rusifh&m/ cvdwÍö? tqdkcRwfaom pum;udkvnf;/ e *g[a,? r,l&m/ embd[a&? zdESdyfí raqmif&m/ e tbdra'´? rzdESdyf&m/ y,kwH? a'go tmCmwESifh pyf,SOfaom/ 0gpH? pum;udk/ e baP? rqdk&m/ tmnmww¬H? od&jcif;tusdK;iSm/ yom'w¬H? Munfvif&jcif;tusdK;iSm/
a0?
pifppf/
a[mwd?
jzpfukef\/
{0H?
þodkUomvQif/
t&d,m?
olawmfaumif;wdkUonf/ raEÅEÅd? wkdifyifMuukef\/ {om? þqdktyfcJhNyD;aom tjcif;t&monf/ t&d,meH? olawmfaumif;wdkU\/ rEÅem? wkdifyifESD;aESmjcif; rnf\/ þokdU
t*kFwå&edum,f?
wduedygwf?
r[m0*f?
uxm0w¬Kokwfü
Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf
jyñTefoGefoifawmfrl onfhtwkdif; (u)
rme a'go a½SUxm;í rajymqkdjcif;?
(c)
teuft"dyÜm,f a&vnfpGmodí ajymqkdjcif;?
(*)
pum;aumif;udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm vufcHjcif;?
(C)
wpfbufu tajym½dkif;aomfvnf; rNcdrf;ajcmuf rarmif;rJjcif;?
(i)
taMumif;rJh uJh&JU½Iwfcs rûyjcif;?
(p)
owdvGwfí tqdkcRwfaom pum;udk ta&;r,ljcif;?
(q)
wpfbufom;udk zdESdyfí rajymqkdjcif;?
(Z)
rcHcsifatmif xduyg; &duyg; rajymqdkjcif;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
12
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(ps)
oabmrSefudk em;vnfatmif ajymjyjcif;?
(n)
Munfvif½Tifvef;atmif ajymqdkjcif;?
þ txufyg 10-csufwkdUudkvdkufemíw&m;ojzifh pdppfqHk;jzwfMurnfjzpfaMumif; xyfavmif;í aMunmtyfygaMumif;/ 7/
,ck ppfaq;pD&ifrnfh "r®? t"r® 0d0g'g"du½kPf;rIonf omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;ESifh
oufqkdifonfh txl;ta&;BuD;aom udpöwpf&yfjzpfí ckdifjrJaompmjzifhom a&;om;í apm'em? aom"em ûyMu&rnf? ½Hk;awmfu EIwfar;cGef;rsm; ar;aomtcgüom EIwfjzifh jyefvnf ajzMum;&rnf jzpfonf/ 8/
txl;owday;vdkonfrSm oufqkdif&m pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdUonf þ½Hk;awmfokdU wifoGif;aom
qkdvTm? acsvTm wkdUudk jyifyokdU ysHUvGifhaygufMum;jzefUa0jcif;rsm; rûy&? qHk;jzwfpD&ifNyD;aomtcg trIjzpf&yf tjcif;t&m tjzmjzmudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUESifh omoema&;OD;pD;XmewkdUuom vdktyfovdk pdppfí Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;odkU jzefUa0vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/ 9/
þwm;jrpfcsufudk rvkdufembJ qkdvTm? acsvTm rdwåLrsm;udk jzpfap? toHoGif;êud;acGrsm;udk
jzpfap wdwfwqdwf jzefUa0vQif þ oD;jcm;0dedpä,½Hk;awmfudk raxrJhjrifûyjcif;? xkwfa0olrSwfyHkwifrJh jzefUa0jcif;
ponfwkdUaMumifh
oufqkdif&m
Oya'jzifh
ta&;,lrcH&ap&ef
arwåmjzifh
êudwif
owday;tyfygonf/ 1/
b'´EÅaCmodwmbd0Ho? odu©m (54) obmywd aCmodwm&mrwdkuf? xm;0,fûrdU/
2/
b'´EÅZ0embd0Ho? odu©m(52)? tzJGU0if Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf? êudUyifaumufûrdU/
3/
b'´EÅ"r®mbd0&? odu©m(45)? tzJGU0if uHwGif;qkawmif;jynfhausmif;wdkuf? jynfûrdU/
4/
b'´EÅukrm&mbd0Ho? odu©m(39)? tzJGU0if r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;ûrdU/
5/
b'´EÅÓedu? odu©m(35)? tzJGU0if yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? ajrmif;jrûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
13
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tydkif;(2) 2-1/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm ed'gef;
2-2/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm
2-3/
omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ½Hk;awmfrS ppfar;Ncif;
2-4/
0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm
2-5/
0daooap'emtNyD; pk'dwursm;tm; ar;Ncif;
bk&m;tvdkawmfESifh qefUusifwmudk a[majymaewmMum;&&if bk&m;wynfhwdkif;[m bk&m;bufuaezkdU ta&;BuD;w,f? (r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpf or®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,twGuf apm'emwifoGif;vTm 1343 -ck e,kefvjynfhausmf (13) &uf (30.6.81) ed'gef;
trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU0if q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
jynfaxmifpk
qkd&S,fvpf
or®w
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif
jynfaxmifpkol
jynfaxmifpkom;wkdif;onf rdrdwkdU êudufESpfouf&m bmomudk vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh ½SdMuygonf? rnfonfh bmomukdrQ rudk;uG,f vdkolwkdU onfvnf; bmomrJhtjzpf aexkdifcGifh ½SdMuygonf? odkU&mwGif w&m;ojzifh ay;xm;aom ]]vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh}} udk rawmfrw&m; tvGJoHk;pm; rvkyf&ef wm;jrpfcsuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 2/
bmomrJhwkdUonf
vGwfvyfpGm
udk;uG,fcGifhudk
tcGifhaumif;,lNyD;
xkdxkd
bmom
omoemwkdUudk apmfum;jcif;? ykwfcwfjcif;? jyuf&,fûyjcif;? zsufqD;jcif; ûyMuonf½Sdaomf vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifhudk tvGJoHk;pm; ûyvkyfjcif;[k wynfhawmfrsm; ,lqMuygonf? xkdenf;twl rdrdudk,fwkdif udk;uG,fygonfqkdaom bmomomoem\ txGwfjrwfqHk; &wemrsm;jzpfMuaom bk&m; w&m; oHCmESifh pmayy&d,wfwkdUudk xdkbmom0ifqkdolwkdUonf apmfum;jcif;? ykwfcwfjcif;? jyuf&,fûyjcif;? zsufqD;jcif; ûyMuaomf vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifhudk tvGJoHk;pm; vkyfjcif;yif[k wynfhawmfrsm; ,lq Muygonf bk&m;/ q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdUbk&m;3/
vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|onf Ak'¨bmom&[ef;toGif t&[wå"Z bk&m;ta&awmfouFef;udk
0wfqifxm;ol jzpfygvsuf 1958-ckESpfwGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh qefUusifaom ]]vlaovljzpf}} pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhygonf? xkd vlaovljzpf pmtkyfü bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfvm (31) bHkwkdUwGif rsufjrif vlUbHkESifh wd&pämefbHk (2)bHkudkom vufcHNyD; usef (29) bHkwkdUukd y,fxm;ygonf? uHw&m;udk y,fMuaom omoemy wdw¬dq&mBuD;rsm;uJhodkU ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH wkdUudkvnf; y,fxm;ygonf? Ak'¨bmom\ ppfrSefaom bk&m; w&m; oHCmwkdUudkvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf ykwfcwf apmfum;xm;ygonf? xkdUaMumifh vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|0g'udk
wpfEkdifiHvHk;½Sd
ppfrSefaom
Ak'¨bmom
oHCmawmfrsm;u
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
14
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
uefUuGuf½IwfcscJhMuygonf? ppfrSefaom Ak'¨bmom0if 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;uvnf; uefUuGuf ½IwfcscJhMuygonf bk&m;/
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; qHk;jzwfcsuf q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;4/
EdkifiHawmf Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;? EdkifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh
ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfrsm; tzJGUcsKyfrS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf pnf;a0;awmfrlMuNyD; ]]vlaovljzpf}} pmtkyfESifh ywfoufí qHk;jzwfcsufcsay;&ef (27)yg;aom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; wm0efay;awmfrlcJhMuygonf? xdk (27)yg;aom q&mawmfBuD;wkdUonf bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& taotcsm aumufcsufcsawmfrlMuNyD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUukd (u)
Oau©yeD,uH ûyxkdufonf?
(c)
vl0wfvJay;vsuf omoemawmfrS ESifxkwfxkdufonf-
[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlcJhMuygonf/ 5/
xdkqHk;jzwfcsufudk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfrsm;tzJGUcsKyf A[kdOD;pD;
tvkyftrIaqmif
q&mawmfrsm;uvnf; wpfnDwpfñGwfwnf; oabmwlvufcHcJhMuygonf? rEÅav;ûrdU
EkdifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;uvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUukd (u)
Oau©yeD,uH ûyxdkufonf?
(c)
yumoeD,uH ûyxdkufonf?
(*)
vlrsm;uvnf; tyÜom'ya0'eD,uH ûyxdkufonf-
[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlcJhMuygonf bk&m;/
yumoeD,uH ûyjcif; q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;6/
txufyg
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;t&
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
w0ef;vHk;rS
*dkPf;aygif;pHk
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf 1325 -ck? 0gqkdvjynfhausmf (9) &uf (14.7.63) aeUwGif &efukefûrdU a½T*Hkwkdifvrf; ajcmufxyfBuD; bk&m;BuD;ausmif;wkdufü tpnf;ta0;yGJ usif;yawmfrlMuNyD; ouFef;ta&ûcHvsuf omoemudk zsufqD;aeMuaom
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
OD;0go0wkdUudk
yumoeD,uH
ûyawmfrlcJhMuygonf?
]]OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdU udk,fEIwfwkdUjzifh ajymqkd ûyvkyf a&;om;orQonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhvnf; rqkdif? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfESifhvnf; rqkdif? bk&m; wynfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhvnf; rqkdif? OD;Ouú|ESifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
15
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
OD;0go0wkdUonf
olUoabmtwkdif;
olxifjrif&m
ûyvkyfjcif;rQom
jzpfonf}}
[k
rSwf,lMu&ef
oHCor®Kwd&a0VK0efq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUtm; bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfESifh tnD aMunmtoday;cJhygonf/ 7/
xkdrS
aemufü
yumoeD,uH
ûyyGJrsm;?
yumoeD,uHudk
axmufcHyGJrsm;udk
jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk; tESHUtjym;ü ûyvkyfcJhMuygonf? OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUtm; vl0wfvJapvsuf omoemawmfrS ESifxkwfaom tvkyfudkrl tmPmpuf tultnD r&cJhojzifh rûyvkyfEkdifcJhMuygbk&m;/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfESifh vIyf½Sm;rIrsm; q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;8/
jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨omoemawmf\ acgif;aqmifq&mawmfrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;awmfESifhtnD
yumoeD,uHûyum vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUudk qHk;rcJhMuygonf? Ak'¨omoemawmfenf;t& ta&;,lMuygonf? odkU&mwGif vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUonf &yfwef;ur&yfbJ ouFef;rsm; 0wfNrJ 0wfMuvsuf Ak'¨bmom ta&ûcHxm;MuaomaMumifh vGefpGm½dk;om;Muaom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf ¤if;wkdUudk Ak'¨bmom bkef;BuD;[kyif xifMuygonf? ¤if;wkdU a[mcsif&ma[maom w&m;wkdUudkvnf; Ak'¨bmomw&m;[kyif xifMuygonf/ 9/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| OD;0go0ESifh OD;Ouú|\ aemufvdkuf oHa,miform;wkdUonfum;
Ak'¨omoemawmfudk zsufqD;Ekdifa&;twGuf tuGufaumif;udk tNrJacsmif;aeMuygonf? vlaovljzpfpmtkyf xkwfa0NyD;aemuf rMumrDtcsdef (1963) üyif vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh (31) bHky,f0g'D ¤if;wkdU\ aemufvkdufwkdUonf
]]or®m'd|dokawoe
tzGJUcsKyf}}
[laom
omoemzsuf
tiftm;pkwpfckudk
xlaxmifcJhMuygonf? tzGJUwpfzGJU zGJUcJhMuygonf? vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|onf xkdtzGJUwGif Mo0g'gp&d,tjzpf yg0ifygonf? vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| a[majymcsufrsm;udk vufcHMuolrsm; wynfhrsm;onf xkdtzJGUwGif yg0ifMuygonf/
or®m'd|dokawoe
tzJGUcsKyf\
tzJGUcJGrsm;udk
jrefrmEdkifiH
ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif
zGJUpnf;Muygonf/ 10/ Ak'¨omoemawmf
olwkdUonf ysufpD;&m
or®m'd|dudk
okawoeûyvkyfonf[k
ysufpD;aMumif;
tvkyfwkdUukd
toHaumif;vTifh
pepfwus
tuGufcsNyD;
rsufESmzHk;pGyfNyD; enf;trsdK;rsdK;
yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh ususee vkyfcJhMu ygonf? vkyfyHkrsm;rSm þodkU jzpfygonf-
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
16
tpodkU (u)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oH*g,em
6-wef
wifNyD;onfh
ppfrSefaom
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh
Ak'¨omoemawmfudk rawmfrwef a0zef½Iwfcsa&;twGuf A[dktzGJUcsKyfrS wpfjynfvHk;½Sd tzGJUcGJrsm;odkU tcgtm;avsmfpGm oGm;a&muf a[majymMuonf? oifwef;rsm; ydkUcsMuonf? 'l;wkduf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ (c)
0g'jzefUpmtkyf pm½Guf pmwrf;rsm;ESifh vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;udk tpdk;&Oya'ESifh qefUusifNyD; xkwfa0Muonf? jzefUcsdMuonf/
(*)
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|
tygt0ifjzpfaom
acgif;aqmifrsm;\
a[majymcsuf
uufqufêud;acGrsm;udk wpfjynfvHk;½Sd tzGJUcGJrsm;odkU jzefUMuonf? ¤if;tjyif aw;o½kyfazmf uufqufêud;acGrsm;? bkHurÇm bHk½Sif;wrf;uJhodkUaom jyZmwf Zmwfvrf;rsm; ay:vmatmif vrf;jyay;Muonf/ (C)
A[dktzGJUcsKyfü tqifhjrifhoifwef;tjzpf ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmfqefUusifa&; pmwrf;rsm; zwfMuonf? aqG;aEG;Muonf/
(i)
tzGJUcGJrsm;uvnf; A[dktzGJUcsKyfrS a&muf½Sdvmaom vufodyfxkd; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;udk zwfMuonf? pkaygif; aqG;aEG;Muonf? Ak'¨omoemawmfudk apmfum;onfh
t"r®w&m;
wdwfacGrsm;udkvnf;
emMum;Muonf?
tcGifh&onfh
oDwif;ywfwdkif; þodkU vkyfMuonf/ (p)
tzGJU0ifrsm; wkd;yGm;a&;twGuf enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh pnf;½Hk;Muonf? tzGJU0ifrsm; ½SmNyD; aiGaMu; aumufcH Muonf? 0g'jzefUMuonf? 'l;wkduf aqG;aEG;Muonf? romtokb vlrIa&;udpöüyif olwkdU\ t"r®0g' jyefUyGm;a&; tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfMuonf/
11/
þuJhodkU
vltrsm;
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvsuf½Sdaom
Ak'¨"r®rsm;udk
ajAmifusus
apmfum;aerIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfMuaom Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;u rcHr&yfEkdif jzpfMuNyD; wkdifMum;pmrsm;udk EkdifiHawmfor®wBuD;xHodkUyif ydkUMuonf? omoema&;0efBuD;xHokdUvnf; ydkUMuonf? EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUodkUvnf; ay;ydkU wkdifMum;Muonf/
a½Ttbd"r®m 12/
or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUtcsKyfonf rnfolawGu rnfolUudkyif wkdifwkdif Ak'¨bmom
&[ef;½Sifvl trsm;udk *½krpdkufbJ t"r®0g'rsm;udk qufvufjzefUa0NrJ jzefUa0Muonf? trSefw&m;udk ½Smygonf[k qifajcay;NyD; ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemawmf tm;enf;a&;udkom qufvufêud;pm;aeMuonf? tuGufay:vQif ay:ovdk vIyf½Sm;aeMuonf? xkdUaMumifhyif ¤if;wkdUudk jrpfzsm;cHNyD; ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} [lí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
17
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ay:vm&jcif;
jzpfonf?
trSefrSm
]]a½Ttbd"r®m}}
[lonf
&ckdifjynfe,f
awmifukwfûrdU
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwkdU\
vkyfief;rsm;udk
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJ\ vIyf½Sm;rI wpf&yfom jzpfonf/ 13/
xkdtzGJUcGJonf
tzGJU0iftcsif;csif;
aqG;aEG;MupOf Ak'¨omoemzsuf pdwftm;xufoefvmMuonf? Ak'¨omoemudk ½dkif;yspGm apmfum;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk
olomigom
ar;jyMuonf?
xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk
tzGJUcGJOuú|ESifh
twGif;a&;rª;wkdUu
]]vlUtbd"r®m}} [k trnfwyfvsuf rSwfwrf;ûyxm;Muonf? xkd vlUtbd"r®mqkdaom rSwfwrf;udk awmifukwfûrdUrS or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJOuú| OD;a½Tjynfhonf &efukefûrdU½Sd or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfodkU udk,fwkdifvmydkUonf?
tjrifrSefudk
½SmMuonfqkdaom
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfonf
tvGef0rf;omoGm;onf? Ak'¨bmomta&ûcHum Ak'¨omoemawmfukd zsufqD;rI ûyaeMuaom rdrdwdkU\ vkyfief;BuD; rnfrQtpGrf;xufaeonfudkMunhfum vGefpGm tm;&Muonf/ 14/
ar;cGef;½Sif awmifukwfûrdU or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJu ay;xm;aom ]]vlUtbd"r®m}}
[laom emrnfudkyif zsufvdkufNyD; ar;cGef;vTm vmydkUol OD;a½Tjynfhudk *kPfûyaomtm;jzifh ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} [k trnfajymif;vdkufMuonf? Ak'¨omoemudk þodkU zsufMuvQif þodkUemrnfxGufatmif 'dkUu*kPfûyrnf[k tvkyfjzifh jyvdkufMujcif;oabm jzpfonf/ 15/
a½Ttbd"r®mü ar;cGef;aygif; (80) yg0ifonf? tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg; ar;cGef;rsm;onf
Ak'¨omoemawmf udk apmfum;onfhar;cGef;rsm;? jyuf&,fûyonfh ar;cGef;rsm;om jzpfonf? Ak'¨bmomwkdU\ tpOftvm ,Ofaus;rIudk csdK;ESdrfNyD; wjcm;olwkdUukd csD;usL;onfh ar;cGef;rsdK;vnf; ygonf? þodkUtm;jzifh ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} qkdaom vufurf; pmapmifay:um t"r®0g'vufopfwpfckxyfrH ay:vmjyefygonf bk&m;/ q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;16/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'? a½Ttbd"r®m0g' [laom t"r®0g'
"r®tEÅ&m,f twGif;&efwkdUudk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif rqHk;rEkdifvQif vlaumif;½Sifaumif;wkdU Ak'¨omoemtrSefukd qnf;uyfudk;uG,fEkdifa&; twGuf taESmifht,SuftqD;twm;BuD; ydkí BuD;rm;vmrnfrSm trSefjzpfygonf/ q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;17/
Ak'¨omoemawmf\ tEÅ&m,frSeforQudk wm;qD;umuG,f&efrSm Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef;½Sifvl
tm;vHk;\ wm0ef jzpfygonf? Ak'¨omoemawmf\ twGif;&ef tjyif&ef tEÅ&m,fwkdUudk &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;u xdxda&mufa&muf ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif umuG,fwm;qD;EkdifygrS Ak'¨omoemawmfonf oefU½Sif;wnfwHh jyefUyGm;rnf {uefjzpfygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
18
tpodkU 18/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) odkUjzpfygí Ak'¨omoemawmfESifh qefUusifaom t"r®0g'wkdUudk y,f½Sm;okwfoif&ef
tvdkUiSgvnf;aumif;? oH*g,emajcmufwefwif ax&0g' edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfusrf;rsm;ü vm½Sdaom bk&m;a[m w&m;awmfrsm;ESifhtnD trSefw&m;udk ½SmazGEkdifMuap&ef tvdkUiSgvnf;aumif; þuJhodkU &nfoef½dk;&if; ESvHk;oGif;½SdMuygaomaMumifh wynfhawmfrsm;onf þapm'emvTmudkwifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/ 19/
þodkU apm'emwifoGif;&mwGif t"r®0g'ydkif;rS pk'dwu(=w&m;ûydif) jzpf&rnfh OD;Ouú|
OD;0go0 OD;udkudkav;wkdUonf aoqHk;ukefMu½SmygNyD/ olwkdUonfrdpä'd|dum?
rdrdwkdUudk,fwkdifvnf; rdpämt,l ½Sdukefonf/
olwyg;wkdU tm;vnf; rdpäm'd|djzpfatmif vkyfay;Muonf/ r&Pm? aoNyD;aemuf/
rdpäm'd|dur®orm'gem?
(odkUjzpfí) um,ó ab'g y&H
tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆEÅd? csrf;omuif;aom
raumif;aomvm;&mjzpfaom azmufjyef ysufpD;í us&mjzpfaom i&JodkU usa&mufMu&m\/ [laom 'dAÁpu©KÓPuxm bk&m;a[ma'oemawmft& rdrdwkdU ûyrSm;rdcJaom tukodkvfuHw&m;aMumifh i&JokdU vm;aeNyD [k wGufqEdkifygonf bk&m;/ 20/
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ,ck toufrao usef½Sdaeao;aom pk'dwu(=w&m;ûydif) rsm;onf
q&mrSm; olrsm;yDyD olwkdU\ q&mBuD;rsm; oGm;&mvrf;odkU rvdkufryg rusra&mufMuygapESifh? tZmwowfESifh
a'0'wfaomfrS
tcsdefwef
tjrifrSef&ao;onfudk
axmufxm;í
olwkdUvnf;
tjrifrSef&vmMuygap[k arwåm apwem xm;NyD; apm'emorI ûyygonf bk&m;/ ,ck pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ,cifu jrifvnf; rjrifzl;? odvnf; rodzl;cJhMuyg? odkUjzpfí yk*¾dKvfa&;ESifh vHk;0ywfoufjcif; r½SdbJ "r®a&;&mESifhomywfoufí apm'emjcif; jzpfygonfbk&m;/ 21/
wpfck½SdonfrSmum; ,ckudpöBuD;onf Ak'¨omoemawmf wpf&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaom "r®
t"r® jyóemBuD; jzpfaeojzifh Ak'¨omoemawmf\ rsufESmawmfudkom axmufxm;&ef½Sdonf wpfcsuf? olwkdU\
apmfum;rIrsm;aMumifh
pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrhMuaom
Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½Sifvljynfol
wpf&yfvHk;\udk,fpm; wynfhawmfrsm;u aqmif½Guf&onfjzpfí "r®0g'Drsm;&mqE´udkom vkduf&ygrnf wpfcsuf þtcsufrsm;aMumifh olwkdUtm; iJhuGufNyD; avQmhavQmhayghaygh apm'emíum; rjzpfygbk&m;? ]]qkda&;½Sdu? qkdtyfvS\? qkdprsm;vsm;? xm;yacsrd? igh0ef½SdcJh}} qkdonfhtwkdif; wm0efausatmif qkda&;½SdorQudkawmh qkd&rnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 22/
,if;odkU ajymqkdwifjy apm'em&mwGif ]]a&mif;ol 0,fol toHwl}} qkdbdouJhodkU olwkdU\
a0zefapmfum; ajympum;rsm;ESifh toHudkuf [efudkufatmif o½kyfoaumifay:atmif ajym&onfhae&mrsdK;ü
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
19
tpodkU tu,fí
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
bk&m;om;awmfrsm;\
olwdkU[efuav;rsm;
yifudk,Ofaus;rItvdr®m
ygoGm;ygvQifvnf;
tajccHESifhqefUusifNyD;
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;u
olwdkUenf;
cGifhvTwfawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;
êudwifavQmufxm; toem;cHtyfygonf bk&m;/ 1/
OD;pE´drm
yxrausmf? "r®mp&d,? "r®mp&d,ausmif;wkduf? rdw¬DvmûrdU/
2/
OD;ynmoD[
"r®mp&d,? ygVdyg&*l? &wemrm&fatmifausmif;wkduf? arûrdU/
3/
OD;0dok'¨
"r®mp&d,? 0dod| 'DCbmPu? avmurSefuif;ausmif;wkduf? rEÅav;ûrdU/
4/
OD;ynmomrd
(rm*"D) "r®mp&d,? a&vnfausmif;wkduf? ompnfûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
20
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
apm'em wifoGif;vTm apm'em trSwf(1) OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfaMumif; apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(2) vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(3) 31-bHkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u vufrcH[lí rSm;,Gif;pGma&;om;a[majymrIESifhywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(4) Ak'¨bmomtajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK; ouf0if,HkMunfrIukd ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(5) twdwftem*wfb0wkdUukd vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD; Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK; vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(6) Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef taumufÓPf trsdK;rsdK;jzifh tvJxdk;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(7) Ak'¨jrwfpGm\
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk
xdyg;apvsuf
Ak'®bmom
ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;
a[majyma&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(8) Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyóemvrf;pOfwkdUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(9) Ak'¨omoemawmf\toufjzpfaom
0denf;usifh0wf
w&m;awmfrsm;udk
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
ypfy,fNyD;
ouFef;0wfí omoemta&ûcHum rodem;rvnfolwkdYtm; vSnfhjzm;vdrfnmNyD; q&mwpfql vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(10) 0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;odu©m yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufem usifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif;? ½Sifaumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;om;jyD; oHCmapmfum;rI ûyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
apm'em trSwf(11) y&dwf[k ac:qkdaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk r½Gwfaumif;[k qkdNyD; y&dwf½GwfrIudk qefUusifí Ak'¨bmom q&mpOfquf vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(12) Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf arGawmf apwDykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; o'¨gw&m; ysufjym;atmif rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(13) bmomomoem\
wifhw,frIwpfck[k
qkdxkdufaom
Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh
pyfvsOf;onfh
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tvdkqkd;jzifh tjrpfrS vSefí wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ ukokdvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom oDvcH,ljcif; qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif; paom bmoma&;qkdif&m trIudpörsm;udk tykdoufouf jzpfoa,mif a[majym a&;om; zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(15) Oyg'ge
paom
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfa0g[m&
pum;vHk;rsm;\
teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk
ypfy,fNyD;
udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜm,faumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(16) Ak'¨bmomavmuü txGwftjrwfxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk pdwful;,Of vlaovljzpft,ltqESifh udkufnDatmif jyifqifzGifhqkda&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(17) or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdU\
Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD;
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|\
"r®pMumvufopfESifh
pyfvsOf;í apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(18) twåaemrwd rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(19) Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif 4-oacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhqnf;cJhzl;aom yg&rDawmfrsm;udk vufrcH½HkrQru Munfñdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk raxrJhjrifûyí ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
apm'em trSwf(20) ax&0g'vm oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymaqG;aEG; a&;om;xdk;ESufvsuf omoemzsufvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfudkifaeMurIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsuf apm'em trSwf(21) oH*g,em 6-wefwifNyD; bk&m;a[mygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m r[kwf[lívnf;aumif;? [dE´LjAm[®P0g' [lívnf;aumif;? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm; vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUjcif;ESihf ywfoufaom apm'emcsuf
Ak'¨omoem Ak'¨NrwfpGm udk,fwdkifomvQif enf;ay;ñTefNyawmfrlcJhonfNzpfí t½Sifom&dykwåax&f udk,fawmfwdkif vufawGUwifNyawmfrlaom o*Fg,emwifenf;twdkif; (6)Mudrfwdkifwdkif o*Fg,emwiftyfukefaom yd#uwfoHk;yHkvm a'oemawmfwdkYudkomvQif ]]Ak'¨omoem}} [kvufcHvsuf ,HkMunfqnf;uyfMu&rnf Nzpfonf/ (rpdk;&drfpmoifom; - t½Sif£E´mp&d,mbd0Ho)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,twGuf apm'emwifoGif;vTm apm'em trSwf(1)
1/
OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfaMumif; apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf wpfpHkwpfckaomtusdK;udk arQmfrSef;í
&[ef;ûyMu? Ak'¨0g'D trnfcHMuaomfvnf; Ak'¨0g'Drsm; r[kwfyg/ trSefrSm Ak'¨bmom ta&ûcHxm;aom bmomrJh½kyf0g'D bmomqefUusifa&; orm;rsm;om jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 2/
xkdokdU
bmomrJh½kyf0g'Drsm;
jzpfaMumif;udk
olwkdU\
atmufygtajymtqkd
ta&;tom;rsm;t& xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ 'DaeU Ak'¨bmomqkdwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;eJU bdef;pm;vdk jzpfaeMuNyDukd;? bdef;qkdwm rpm;cif wkef;uawmh tvum;[maygh/ rpGJygbl;? bdef;r½I rpm;&vdkU bmrQ rjzpfao;ygbl;? tJ ... bdef;uav; eJeJ0ifNyD; pGJvmNyDqkdawmh 'Dbdef;uvGJvdkU wjcm;bmrQ rvdkvJ rvdkcsifbl;? rMum;vJ rMum;csifbl;? bdef;qkdwJh bdef;yJ pGJawmhwmyJ? om;r,m;awmif bdef;avmuf rrufawmhbl;? [kwfuvm;- tckvJ 'kdUwawGrSm bdef;pGJ aewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfckdif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dkuGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkUajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh 'Dae&mrSm wu,f rSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU/ (twGJ-1? trSwf (8) opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif ESm 8-wGif azmfjyaom OD;Ouú|a[maom "r®pMum qkdonfrS) 3/
þpum;&yfrsm;jzifh
OD;Ouú|ESifh
aemufvkdufwkdUonf
bmomrJhrsm;jzpfMuonfrSm
xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;? olwkdUonf tjcm;bmomrJhrsm;enf;wl ½kyf0g'Drsm;vnf; jzpfMuaMumif;udk qufvufí oufaocHom"u wifjy ygrnf bk&m;/ (u)
trSefrSm ûyvkyfol (um&u)onf ½kyfwHk;½kyfcJ tppfrkcsjzpf\? odkUjzpfvQif cHpm;ol (a0'u) aum bmoabmjzpf&rnfenf;? ¤if;vnf; ½kyfobm0yif {uEÅjzpf&ayrnf/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-56)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
21
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½kyfonf tajccHjzpfí a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwkdUonf ½kyfudk rSD&mwnf&m xm;í jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m;? (0g) tcdk;owåd? (0g) ½kyf\ t[kefrQom jzpfayonf/ (31 -bHk0g' Ak'´vufrcH pmtkyf- 202)
(*)
wcsdKUu
t½Sifbk&m;[m
½kyfudkom
a[maew,f?
pdwfuav;udk
vkyftHk;rSaygheJU
ajymaew,f? usKyfwkdU 'umrBuD;awGu? aumif;ygNyD pdwfuav;udk vkyf&atmif? b,frvJawmhvdkUom jyefar;vdkufMu&r,f/ y/ tvkyfvkyfqkdwm wu,f½SdwJh½kyfukd aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? pdwfudk aumif;atmif vkyfvdkU r&ygbl;/ (tdka,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ? pmrsufESm 80-81) (C)
emrfonf bmvJqkdOD;-þblw"mwfwkdU\ owåd½kyfyif jzpfaejyefonf? taMumif;rlum; avESihf awaZm awGUvQif ]]tm;touf}} [lí jzpfaom owådonf ½kyfbm0\ yifudkvu©PmaMumifhyif jzpfonf? xkd0ga,mESifh awaZm wkdUonf rnfonfhj'yfpif y&rmtPkjrLwGifrQ
oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm
tpOfwGJpyfaeaomaMumifh
jzpfonf?
odkUjzpf&m
r½Sd?
y-tm-0g-aw
blwj'yfpif
rlv
wkdUrSm
y&rmtPkjrL
obm0txd tqifhqifh tuJcwfavhvmaomtcg þblw½kyfwkdUyif ½kyf[kvnf;aumif;? emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; ½kyfbm0 tajccHcsnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ (i)
(ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'¨0dyóem? yxrwGJ 84-85)
½kyfemrfESpfckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? y&rwfyx0D y&rwftmayg y&rwf0ga,m y&rwfawaZmwkdUrSm
tNrJtwlwajy;wnDwnf;
½kyfvnf;
emrf?
emrfonfyif
½kyftjzpf'GefwGJum tpOftwl jzpfysufaeonfudk awGUjrifrSom csufcsif; jzpfonfudk jzpfrSef;odonf/ 4/
þpum;&yfrsm;jzifh
(Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ-113) vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
aemufvdkuf
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D
polwkdUonf jrwfAk'¨\ rSefuefpGma[mMum;xm;aom emrfw&m;rsdK;udk todtrSwfrûyMuyg? olwkdU\ ½kyfMurf;0g'D q&mhq&mBuD;rsm;\ t,ltqaemufodkU aumufaumufygatmifvdkufum jrwfAk'¨tbd"r®m omoemudk ausmckdif;aom olrsm;om jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 5/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ yd#uwfawmfrsm;ü emrfw&m;ü awGa0oltwGuf ½kyfudk tusOf;? emrfudk
tus,fcsJUí a[mawmfrlaom a'oemrsm;? ½kyfü awGa0oltwGuf emrfudk tusOf;? ½kyfudk tus,fcsJUí a[mawmfrlaom a'oemrsm;? ½kyfemrfESpfyg;pHkü awGa0oltwGuf ½kyfa&m emrfyg tus,fcsJUía[mxm;aom a'oemrsm;[k pepfwus ½kyfemrf"r®wkdUudk wGJvsuf a[mxm;aom a'oemrsm;udk awGUjrif&ygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
22
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
6/ emrfw&m;udk
aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfrsm;onf bk&m;a[ma'oemrsm;ESifh qefUusifNyD; bk&m;a[m y,f½Sm;í
t"r®0g'rsm;om
½kyfudkyif
jzpfygaMumif;ESifh
emrfw&m;[k xkdOD;Ouú|ESifh
qkdxm;&um;
yd#uwfawmfESifh
aemufvkdufrsm;onfvnf;
qefUusifaom
Ak'¨0g'Drsm;
r[kwf?
½kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;tjzpf xif½Sm;ygaMumif;udk ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
23
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (2)
2/
vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg
bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
þapm'emcsufESifh ywfoufí awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|onf vlaovljzpf trnf½Sd pmtkyf
tp½Sdaom pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xkwfa0jcif; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;? a[majympnf;½Hk;jcif; ponfjzifh vkyfaqmifcJhygonf
bk&m;?
,if;
vkyfaqmifcsufESifh
ywfoufí
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk
vufvSrf;rDorQ tenf;i,favQmufxm;cGifhûyygbk&m;/ (u)
vlom;qkdwJh
owå0g
aoqHk;oGm;NyD;wJhaemuftcgü
tu,fpifppf
jzpfcGifhjzpfp&m
jzpfzkdUtvm;tvmrsm; ½SdcJhao;vQif vlrSwyg; tjcm;bmrQ jzpfp&mvnf; r½Sdacs/ (vlaovljzpf pmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf? pmrsufESm-4) (c)
vuf½SdurÇmavmuwGif
txGwftxdyfjzpfaom
tEÅdrtajctaeodkU
a&mufíaeaom
vlom;onfvnf; aemufodkUjyefqkwfí zkwfESifhNydwåm wapäESifh rSifpm i&JaumifESifh wd&pämefowå0grsm; jzpf&ef taMumif; vHk;0r½Sdawmhacs/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-331) (*)
vlom;onf aoNyD;onfhaemuf qufvufí jzpfae&OD;rnfqkdvQif vlrSwyg; tjcm;aom owå0gtjzpfodkU ra&mufEkdif/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf? pmrsufESm-306)
2/
OD;Ouú|onf ol\vlaovljzpf0g'udk oHa,m*okwfü bk&m;yif a[mav[ef r[kwfrrSef
vkyfBuH pGyfpGJ xm;ygonf bk&m;? trSefrSm oHa,m*okwfü trowå0g trjyefjzpfyHk? tzkdowå0g tzkdjyefjzpfyHk? tr owå0g trowå0gtjzpfrS ausmfvGefyHk? tzkdowå0g tzkdowå0gtjzpfrS ausmfvGefyHk av;csufcGJí a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;? OD;Ouú|\ olvkd&mqGJí bk&m;tm; pGyfpGJxm;yHkudk qufvuf em;qifawmfrlMuygbk&m;/ (C)
b,favmufrsm; *GusvkdufovJqkdawmh usKyfvdk vlaovljzpfbkef;BuD; vmNyD; Oapä''d|d vdkUrsm;awmif zdESdyfvkdufMuao;w,f? 'gvJ ,HkwJhvlu ,HkMurSmyJ? y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemBuD; OD;xdyfxm;NyD; Oyg'gefrjywfwJh vlao&ifvlyJvdkUqkdwm usKyfucsnfh a[mwmr[kwfygbl;? bk&m;½Sifudk,fwkdif oHa,m*okwfBuD;eJU zGifhNyD; a[mxm;wm txift½Sm;ygVdawmfrsm;rSm yg½Sdw,f/ (11-4-73 armfvûrdifa[m? OD;Ouú| twGJ-1? trSwf-1? opöm"r®pmapmif ESm-12)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
24
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;3/
OD;Ouú|onf
t&d,mrsm;&½Sdonfh
ol\
vlaovljzpf0g'udk
*kPft&nftcsif;rsm;yif
&av[ef
oabmusvufcHvQif
aomwmyef
vdrfnma&;om;vsuf
tvG,fwul
aomwmyefbGJU,lvdkaom vltrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; pnf;½Hk;jyefygonf bk&m;/ (i)
vlom;onf vlaovQifvlomjzpf\[kqkdtyfaom obm0trSefudk oabmaygufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf(1)
'd|"r®=rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(2)
ywå"r®=em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/
(3)
0d'dw"r®=ESmacgif;ESihf vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(4)
y&da,m*gVS"r®=udk,fum,wpfckvHk;
ysHUESHUí
(0g)
pdrfhxHkí
tusdK;&aom
reawGU(0g) [',awGU oabmjzpfavawmh\/ (5)
vlaovQif vljzpfjcif;omvQif ed,w jzpfonf/
(6)
,if;odkU NrJrSomvQif oarÁm"dy&m,ebufodkU wkd;wufí oGm;Ekdifonf-
[laom Ak'¨\ tmabm*ESifh udkufnDí qDavsmfrnf/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,½dkuf? pmrsufESm- 47) 4/
vlaovljzpf pmtkyfudk pwifxkwfa0cJhaom OD;0go0uvnf; (17-4-76) aeUn
ajrmif;jrw&m;yGJwGif vHk;0rjzpfEkdifaom refusnf;yifu refusnf;yif aygufonf? wrm rjzpf [laom Oyrmjyí olUq&m vlaovljzpf0g'udk atmufygtwkdif; axmufcHcJhygonf bk&m;/ (p)
a[h ... vl[m bmrSjzpfp&m rvkdbl;? vl[m vlyJ jzpfp&m½Sdw,f? jzpfjcif;jzpf&if refusnf;yif onf refusnf;yifyJ aygufw,f? wrm rjzpfbl;? ckvJ vlyHkpHukd bmyHkpHeJUrS ajymif;vdkY r&bl;/
(ajrmif;jr w&m;yGJa[majymcsuf êud;acG bD-bufrS)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;5/
OD;Ouú|\om0uBuD;ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; vlaovljzpf jyóem pmrsufESm 162-163
rSm vlaovljzpf0g'udk ½kyf0g'ESihfwGJvsuf atmufygtwkdif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhjyefygonf bk&m;/ (q)
'DvdkuG?
udk,fh½kyf
udk,fhemrftay:rSm
wu,fpGJwJh
½kyfemrf
o@meft½Sdukd
pGJwJh
twå0g'kyg'gef twkdif; vl[mvlyJ jzpfw,f? ukodkvftukodkvfudpöu oleJU rqkdifao;bl;? 'gayrJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH pwJh udk,f EIwf ESvHk; raumif;vmwJh ½kyfysufu
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
25
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jyefay:vmwJh blw½kyfqkdawmh ½kyfqkd; jzpfvmr,f qkdygawmhuGm? ajcwkdcsifwkdr,f? vufrygcsifrygbl;? raemuH MuyfMuyfqkd;wJh ½kyfusawmh awmfawmftusnf;wefwJh ½kyfqkd; ½kyf0g;rsdK;ayghuGm? 'Dqkd;vmwJh ½kyfysufu jyefaygif;pyfwJh ½kyfopfrSef&if rsufaph&if csdKU,Gif;r,f? yg;pyfNyJ rsufjyL;&if jzpfr,f? acgif;&if BuD;r,f? 'grSr[kwf udk,fwGif;u tonf;wkdU ESvHk;wkdUyg nHhzsif;vm&if toufyg wkdr,f/ (vlaovljzpf jyóem? 162-163)
azmfjyyg pum;rsm;t& OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf vlaovQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;jzpfp&m r½Sd? vlomvQif jzpf&rnf [k qkdvsuf½SdaMumif; xif½Sm;pGm odjrifMu&ygonf/ 6/
odkU&mwGif wynfhawmfrsm; yd#uwfusrf;pmudkavhvm&mwGif owå0gwkdUonf rdrdwkdU
ukodkvfuHtukodkvfuH tavsmuf *wdig;yg;wkdUwGifwpfyg;yg;odkU vm;a&mufEkdifaMumif; od½Sd&ygonf bk&m;? ukodkvftusdK;ay;vQif vlb0 ewfb0 jzpf&NyD; tukodkvftusdK;ay;vQif i&Jwd&pämef Nydwåm b0rsm;odkU usa&muf&rnfjzpfygonf bk&m;? w&m;a'oemawmft& vlaovQif vlaomfvnf;aumif;? ewfaomf vnf;aumif;? i&Jowå0gaomf vnf;aumif;? wd&pämefaomfvnf;aumif;? Nydwåmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEkdifygonf/ 7/
þ ]]vlaovljzpf}} [laom tcsufukd olUt,l0g'\ r@dKifxm;NyD; 31-bHk y,fjcif;? 31-
bHkudk a[mxm;aom yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk y,fjcif; ponfjzifh 0g;vHk;½Snfjzifh qufvuf&rf;yHkrsm;udkvnf; awGUMu&ygonf bk&m;/ 8/
xkdUaMumifh vlaovQif vlomjzpf&rnf[laom OD;Ouú|\ t,lonf qkdcJhyg *wdig;yg;
w&m;a'oemESifh qefUusifaomaMumifh "r®0g'r[kwf? t"r®0g' ppfppfom jzpfygaMumif; a0zefppfaq; tqHk;tjzwf ay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
26
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (3)
3/
31-bHkudk
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u
vufrcH[lí
rSm;,Gif;pGma&;om;a[majymrIESifh
ywfoufí
apm'emcsufygbk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvkdufwkdUonf olwkdU\ vlaovljzpf0g'udk cdkifNrJap&ef
vlUbHkrS wpfyg; tjcm;bHkwkdUukd rxm;vdkMuyg? odkUygí 31-bHkudk bk&m;a[mcJhygvsuf ra[mav[ef vkyfBuHpGyfpGJrI
trsdK;rsdK;udk
ûyvkyfcJhMuygonf?
olwdkU\
vkyfBuHpGJcsufrsm;rS
oufaocH
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tenf;i,f avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ (u)
vlom;onf
cE¨mysufa
Nydwåmaumif?
aoqHk;NyD;onf\aemufü
tol&um,faumifrsm;vnf;
i&Jaumif?
rjzpfEkdifwJhtjyif
wd&pämefaumif? txufaumif;uif
a0[mwpfcGifrSm usifvnf usufpm; ajy;vTm;aeMuwJh ewfjA[®m ajymifajymifvufvuf udk,fa&mifxGufaewJh owå0gawGvnf; rjzpfEkdifawmhNyD/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 7-rS) (c)
vufawGUjzpfaom vlESifhwd&pämefudk y"metajccHtjzpfjzifh rlwnfí xm;cJhMuukef\? wd&pämefudk tajcûyí Nydwåm tol&um,fESifh i&Jowå0g[lí xyfrH cGJjcm;Mujyefavonf? þoHk;rsdK;um; rsufawGUvufawGUr[kwfbJ (0g) pdwful;wkdUom jzpfMuukef\/ (vlaovljzpf? pmrsufESm-11)
(*)
aumif;uifudk MunfhwJh rSefajymif;BuD;rsm;udk wDxGiftoHk;ûyvkdufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf a½S;vlwkdU trSef,HkMunfcJhMuaom ewfjynf jA[®mhjynfqkdwJh aumif;uifbHkeef;awG[m aea&mifawGaMumifh qD;ESif;aygufuJhodkU wpfckNyD; wpfck qufum qufum uG,faysmufí oGm;Mu½SmavNyD/
(C)
(vlaovljzpf? pmrsufESm 99-100)
ewf jA[®m odMum;wkdU[m rkcstm;jzifh pdwful;e,fy,ftwGif;üom touf0ifEkdifaom owå0grsm; jzpfMuukefownf;/
(i)
(vlaovljzpf-155)
uREkfyfwdkU\ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf ae&mESifhtESHUvnf;aumif;? xyfrem;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; usif;yvmaomtcg þtNrJwap cvkwfuefoif;yrm uefUvefUvkyfí vkdufygavh½Sdaom þ 31-bHk jyóemudk ½Sif;vif;okwfoifypfí rjzpfawmhonfh tajctaeodkU a&muf½Sdí vmygawmhonf?
(p)
avmuork',Íö avmu½Sdol[k
(31 -bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH -147) tw¬d? pGJ,lMuí
avmueda&m"Íö
ew¬d-tpGJOyg'gef
tpGJOyg'gefuif;pifolwdkUtwGuf
w&m;½SdolwdkUonf avmujzpfaMumif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
27
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) r½Sdawmh[lonfh upöm,ea*gwårax&ftm; Ak'¨bk&m;ocifu a[majymñTefMum;csuf twkdif;omqkdvQif þb0 xkdb0 aemifb0 tqufqufESifh wuGaom ewfjynf jA[®mhjynf
i&Jjynf
tol&um,fjynfwkdUonf
e,fxJrSmom ½Sdacsonf/ (q)
Oyg'geftawG;e,fxJ
pdwful;,Of
(31 -bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH- 210)
wefckd;jy#d[mwkdUudkvnf;aumif;? vnf;aumif;
ewfjynf
vnf;aumif;
,HkMunfrIonf
ewfqkd;ewf0g;ESifh
jA[®mhjynfESifh
ewfaumif;ewfjrwfwdkUudk
,rrif;\tifyg,m
vlom;\
OD;aESmufudk
EkdifiHawmfBuD;rsm;udk
azmufjyefacsmufcsm;apí
þuyÜgavmuBuD;udk t½l;axmiftjzpfodkU a&mufapcJhonf/ (tpGJûywf wJukwfa½Teef;awmf pmtkyf -54) (Z)
ewfjynfodkU
a&mufa&;twGuf
'gersm;udk
rvkyfygu
i&Jrsm;ESifh
êuHawGU&NyD;
epfemrI½Sdwwfovdk ewfjynf i&Jjynf[lí woD;wjcm; r½SdygbJESifh r½Sdonfhtvkyfudk aiGukefaMu;us yifyef;cHNyD; vkyfaeyguvnf; opfajcmufyifudk a&avmif;onfhyrm toufxufqHk; 'ku©ESifhom êuHawGUoGm; Ekdifonf/ 2/
(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ -10)
þodkUvQif awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf 31-bHkonf wu,f r½Sd?
pdwful;,Of Oyg'geftpGJrQom jzpfonf[k qkdonfhtjyif bk&m;a[mr[kwfaom ]]avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö
ew¬d}}
[laom
vufjzpfygVdrSm;
vufjzpft"dyÜm,ft,ltqtrSm;wkdUudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfav[efyif vdrfnmí qkdxm;Muygonf bk&m;/ 3/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm
jzpfMu&aMumif;udk
rsm;pGm
yd#uwfa'oemwkdUü ñTefjyxm;ygonf
umrm0p&ukodkvfuHaMumifh
umrok*wd
t½lyg0p&ukodkvfuHaMumifh
t½ly
7-bHk?
4-bHkwkdUü
xkdxdkaumif;raumif;uHwkdUaMumifh bk&m;?
tukodkvfuHaMumifh
½ly0gp&mukodkvfuHaMumifh jzpf&aMumif;udk
ax&0g'
xkdxkdbkHü tyg,fav;bHk?
½ly
16-bHk?
yd#upmaywkdUü
rsm;pGmawGU&ygonf bk&m;/ 4/
odkUygí 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH[laom pum;onf Ak'¨bk&m;udkvnf; apmfum;NyD;
yd#uwfa'oem ESifhvnf; qefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g'omjzpfaMumif; ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
28
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (4)
4/
Ak'¨bmomtajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK; ouf0if,HkMunfrIukd ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwkdUonf 'd|d0dyv’mo
(t,lazmufjyef) wpfzufvGef? t0dZÆmAGuf uRHojzifh oE´d|dy&mrmoD (udk,fhtjrifudk trSefvkyfum trSm;oHk;oyfol) tm'ge*¾g[D (,lrd,l&m pGJvrf;pGm ,lol) [laom Ak'¨bmom0if r[kwfolwkdU\ tajymrsdK; t,lrsdK;ukd ,lq ajymqkdaeMuygonf? Ak'¨bmom0if[k trnfcHxm;Muygvsuf Ak'¨omoemawmf\ tajccHrlvjzpfaom ur®óuwm or®m'd|dudkyif ykaAÁuw a[wk'd|dESifh a&maxG;um vGJrSm;pGmajymqkd ,lqMuygonf? olwkdUonf uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk y,fvdkufvQif vlaovljzpf 0g'ESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfrnf[k wGufqí uHESihf uH\tusdK;wkdUukd y,f½Sm;aom pum;wdkUudk ajymrSm; a&;rSm; Muygonf/ 2/
OD;Ouú|onf ol\ vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 14-ü ukodkvfuHESifh aumif;usdK;?
tukodkvfuHESifh raumif;usdK;wkdUudk pdwful;,Of[k atmufygtwkdif; pGyfpGJxm;ygonf bk&m;/ (u)
aumif;rI
aumif;wmudk
aeruGmnrvyf
w&pyf
tm;xkwfí
ûyvkyfêud;yrf;ol
vlom;twGuf te*¢tzkd;wef trsdK;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkeef;rsm;udk wcrf;wem;pDrHí xm;cJhMuukef\? zefwD;í xm;cJhMuukef\? odkU&mwGif raumif;rI[k qkdtyfwJh 'kp½dkuf t,kwfw&m;rsm;udk vdkufrSm;usL;vGefaom vlom;twGufvnf; pl;½Sxufjruf wu,f tcH&cufonfh yufyufpufpuf tjypf'Pfrsm;udk tjyif;txef csrSwfí xm;cJhMuukef\? &uf&ufpufpuf tjypf'Pf cwfcJhMuukef\? pifppfvdk&if;rSm pdwful;oufoufjzifh vlom;\ pdwfukd jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifcJhMuukef\? ajcmufvSefUcJhMuukef\/ 3/
OD;Ouú|\wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; ol\ vlaovljzpfjyóem pmrsufESm (158-
159) ü atmufyg twkdif; q&mhoHa,mifvdkufí rSwfwrf;wifxm;avonf/ (c)
]]tEkdU 'Db0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaewmawG[m a½S;b0u y&Hy&b0gb0u ukodkvf r[kwf&bl;aygh/ [
'gu
b,fa½S;a½S;u
tjrwfxkwfvdkU&ifvnf;
jzpf&r,f?
uHrSr[kwfbl;?
tckb0
vdrfvnfaoG;pkyf
udk,fEIwfESvHk;
oHk;yg;vHk;u
olUtajctaeeJU
tqifajyatmif aumif;atmif rSefatmif vkyfEkdifvkdU&ifvnf; jzpf&r,f? 'Dypöu©tvkyf&JU aus;Zl;oufoufyJ? tckb0csrf;omwm [dka½S;a½S;u ukodkvfuH taMumif;vdkUrsm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
29
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,Hkvdkuf&if
tJh'gukd
bk&m;u
ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dvdkU
qkdxm;w,f½Sdw,f?
bk&m;tvdkuawmht"r®wJh? w&m;r[kwfvdkUqkdwmyJ}} (*)
]]ukodkvf tukodkvftusdK;w&m;[lonfum; taMumif;aMumifh tusdK; rjywfqufonf[k ur®óuw
vrf;pOf*dkPf;rS
jAm[®Pa0'a'oemrS
,HkMunfaom
jrpfzsm;cH
w&m;jzpf\?
pD;qif;
vmaom
xkdw&m;onf w&m;jzpfav&m
oHo&mvnfaea&;udkomvQif tm;ay;aeaomw&m; jzpfonf}} (Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyf yxrwGJ-146) (C)
Ak'¨\
rl&if;a'oemrsm;ü
twdwfuHukd
tpGJûyaom
y&rÜ&umrm0p&
ukodkvf
tukodkvfrsm;tm; pGJ,l vufcH ,HkMunf&efrygr½Sday/ (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m;? pmrsufESm-57) (i)
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef uH ocFg&[laom twdwfb0taMumif;uHaMumifh ,ck ypöu©b0rSm 0dnmPf emrf½kyf oVm,we zó a0'em [laom tusdK;w&m;rsm; vmíjzpf&onf ponfjzifh twdwfb0u taMumif;aMumifh ,ckb0wGif tusdK;w&m;rsm; vmíjzpf&onf [laom t,ltqrsm;rSm twåvrf;pOf 0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om jzpfonf/
(0drkwåd&o t&aumufusrf; 22-23)
4/
þpum;rsm;jzifh
ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuHwkdU\
OD;Ouú|ESifh
oHa,mifvdkuf
aumif;usdK;qkd;jypfrsm;udk
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D vnf;aumif;?
polwkdUonf
emeu©Pduowåd½Sdaom
twdwfuHukdvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜefuHaMumifh tem*wf &rnfh tusdK;udkvnf;aumif; ypfy,fMuygonf bk&m;/ 5/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm
aumif;aomuHaMumifh &onfukdvnf;aumif;?
a'oemawmfü aumif;aomtusdK;?
twdwfuHaMumifh
rsdK;aphtvdkuf
toD;jzpfonfukd
raumif;aomuHaMumifh
ypöKyÜeftusdK;
&yHkESifh
Oyrmxm;í
raumif;aomtusdK;
ypöKyÜefuHaMumifh
tem*wftusdK;
&yHkrsm;udkvnf;aumif; a0zefcGJjcm;í rsm;pGm a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 6/ ypöKyÜeftusdK;
odkUygí ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwkdU\ aumif;usdK;qkd;jypfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? twdwfuH ypöKyÜefuH
tem*wftusdK;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;
y,f½Sm;aom
pum;onf
yd#uwfa'oemawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaom t"r®0g'rsm;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
30
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (5)
5/
twdwftem*wfb0wkdUukd
vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD;
Ak'¨0g'udk
ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfav[ef
trsdK;rsdK;
vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdUbk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufa,mifcHrsm;onf twdwfb0udkvnf; vufrcH?
tem*wfb0 udkvnf; y,fvSef? ypöKyÜefwpfb0udkom rsufawGUvufawGUjzpfonfqkdNyD; vufcHMuygonf? tem*wfb0 wpfydkif;wpfp vufcHMuolrsm;uvnf; vlaovQif vljzpfonf[laom abmiftwGif;üom vufcHMuygonf? olwkdUonf tpp t&m&m ypöKyÜef wpfb0ukdom rlaoxm; pOf;pm;vufcHMuygonf? olwkdUudk,fwkdifyif þtaMumif;udk xkwfazmf today;MuNyD; jzpfygonf/ (u)
uyÜgvlom;\
wpfckwnf;aom
ykcufESifhacgif;tMum;½Sd
(0g)
ESpfckrjzpfEkdifaom
ypöKyÜefwdwdjzpfaom
{uefcsrf;omrI &a&;yifjzpfonf/ þpum;&yfonf
ypöKyÜefudkom
t"dutvdkqE´um;
ypöu©e,ftwGif;ü
udk,fa&mpdwfyg
(tewåa&mifjcnf pmrsufESm-186)
aumuf,lazmfjycsuf
jzpfygonf?
OD;Ouú|onf
]]twDwH
emEkaompmrd}} tp½Sdaom bk&m;a[m awrdZmwfawmfvmpum;udk tBudrfrsm;pGmudk;um;vsuf Ak'¨udk ypöKyÜeform;oufouf jzpfav[ef 0g'jzefUcJhygonf/ þuJhokdU
OD;Ouú|\
Mo0g'udk
vufqkyfvufudkif
&½Sdxm;Muaom
olwkdUukd,folwkdU
or®'d|dokawoDqkdolwkdUu þodkU qkdxm;Muygonf/ (c)
or®m'd|dokawoDwkdUonf aumif;rI raumif;rI taMumif;tusdK;wkdUudk ypöKyÜefusus vufcH,HkMunfonf/ (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;&mqkdif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm; tykd'f -8)
2/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
¤if;\
aemufa,mifcHrsm;onf
oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifudkvnf;
olwkdUvdkyif rsufaphwqHk;om MunfhEkdifonfh olvdkigvdk omrnvlpm; ypöKyÜefwpfb0orm; jzpfatmif ZGwftwif;yif þodkU yHkoGif; aeMuygonf/ (*)
Ak'¨onf-olonf ykcufESifh acgif;tMum; vufiif;'d| awGUêuHae&aom ypöKyÜefb0udkom wdus
jywfom;pGm
azmfxkwfcJhojzifh
ajymovdk
vkyfí
vkyfovdk
ajymcJhaom
vufawGUorm;jzpfcJhonf/ (Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf-pmrsufESm -39)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
31
tpodkU (C)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'Á&JU vrf;ñTefcsufu/ y/ wrvGefudpöusawmh pOf;udk rpOf;pm;MueJUwJh? rif;wkdUeJY bmrSrqkdifbl;? tJ'gawG oGm;pOf;pm;ae&if 'ku©yGm;pD;a&;rSwyg; bmtusdK;rS r½Sdygbl;wJh/ (opömAdrmeftwGJ (1) trSwf (6) ESm-25? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)
3/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
¤if;\aemufa,mifcH
Ak'¨bmomta&ûcHwkdUonf
oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifudk ypöKyÜef wpfb0udkom vufcHoltjzpf vSnfhumywfum vdrfnmyHkazmfaeMujcif;rSm twdwfb0taMumif;t&mrsdK;pHkudk
tukefodawmfrlEkdifaom
bk&m;½Sif\
ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPfawmf
tygt0ifjzpfaom ÓPfawmfrsdK;pHk? tem*wftaMumif;t&m odp&mrSeforQudk {uEÅodawmfrlEkdifaom tem*wHoÓPfawmftygt0ifjzpfaom
ÓPfawmfrsdK;pHk?
pkaqmif;awmfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonfh
yg&rDawmf
t[kefwkdUaMumifh tjynfhtpHk &½SdawmfrlNyD;aom ÓPfawmfBuD;rsm; jrwfbk&m;ü r½SdMuyg[k ajymEkdifatmif êud;pm;aeMujcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 4/
þuJhodkU ÓPfeDÓPfeuf bufpHkpGufNyD; r[kwfr[yf vkyfZmwfcif;um oAÁñkbk&m;½Sif\
0g'udk ypöKyÜef 0g'oufouf jzpfav[ef tvdrfÓPfaESm a&;om;ajyma[maeMuaom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufa,mifcHorm;wkdU\ 0g'onf "r®0g' r[kwf? t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif;udk bk&m;a[m yd#uwfawmfESifhtnD pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMuyg&ef þapm'emvTmudk wynfhawmfrsm; wifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
32
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (6)
6/
Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk
bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef
taumufÓPf
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
tvJxdk;aejcif;ESifh
ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;bk&m;1/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ pum;awmfrsm;jzpfaom yd#uoHk;yHkudk omoemESifh cJGjyvQif -
(1)
okwåefyd#uonf owå0gwkdU\ tvdkpdwfêuduf p½kdufponf tm;avsmfpGm qkH;r&m jzpfaomaMumifh ,xmEkavmr omoem rnfygonf/
(2)
0de,yd#uonf
tjypftm;avsmfpGm
qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh
,xmy&m"omoem
rsufESmraxmuf
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
rnfygonf/ (3)
tbd"r®myd#uonf
yk*¾dKvfowå0g
qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh ,xm"r®omoem rnfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;2/
wDaumifonf
qm;udk
aMumufbdouJhokdUvnf;aumif;
rsufcrf;pyfonf
aeudk
aMumufouJhodkU vnf;aumif; r[kwfrrSef taumufÓPfjzifh ajymqkda&;om;Muaom OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D
polwkdUonf
t[kwftrSefudk
azmfjyonfh
tbd"r®mudk
aMumufMuonfrSm obm0usygonf bk&m;? tbd"r®mudk vufcH,HkMunfvQif olwkdU\ vlaovljzpf ½kyfMurf;0g' jymuszkdUom½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 3/
odkUygí olwkdUonf olwkdUq&mBuD;jzpfaom ]]*sif;eif;\ a0'efwpf Ak'¨pfZif}}
BUDDHISM by G. G Genning)
(VEDANTIC
toHokdU aemufa,mifcH vdkufNyD; tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m r[kwfav[ef
vkyfBuH ajymqkdMuygonf bk&m;? olwkdU\ pum;rsm;udk om"u tjzpf xkwfjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ (u)
wpfenf;MunfhjyefvQif 'kwd,?
wwd,
ryg0ifao;ay?
yxroH*g,emwifwGif wdkUonfvnf;
tvm;wlyif
pwkw¬oH*g,emwif\
ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ (c)
oD[kdVfacwfapmapmydkif;uyif ax&0g'DwkdU\
tbd"r®m
wwd,oH*g,emwifcsdef
"r®ESifh0de,udk
tm*Hk½GwfqkdMuonf?
tm*Hk½GwfqdkMuonf?
aemufydkif;usrS
tbd"r®m
tbd"r®m
[lí
(Ak'¨0g'tajccH oifwef;? pmrsufESm-70) tbd"r®myd#urSm pmaypkonf (bDpD-244)
xif½Sm;NyD;jzpfonf?
yd#uwpfqltjzpf xuf
þodkUjzifh
pkpnf;wnfwHhaecsdefrSm
aemufrusEdkifacs?
odkUpifvsuf
&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&fonf Ak'¨bk&m;ocif wm0wðomewfjynfü 0gwGif;oHk;vwkdif
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
33
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a[mMum;cJhaom tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk (Ak'¨rwñl) bk&m;ÓPfaqmifí a&;om;onf[k ,HkMunfvufcHxm;Mujcif;rSm xm;olwkdU\ ouúm,tpJGrQom jzpf&acsrnf/ (Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; ESm-78)
(*)
tbd"r®ma'oemESifh ywfoufírl ed'gef;yk*¾dKvf0w¬Krsm;udk(1)
½SiftmeE´m\ 0efcHcsuf rygjcif;/
(2)
£'¨d0d" wefckd;jytcef;rsm; OD;pm;ay;vmjcif;/
(3)
0drkwåd&ousdK; rygjcif;?
(4)
,aeU avmu"mwfodyÜHu em;vnf&ef cufcJaejcif;? (Oyrm-jrifhrkd&fawmif ½Smr&ao;jcif;) ponfwkdUaMumifh tvGefav;eufaomw&m;rsm; t,ltqrsm; ygonfudk
todtrSwfûy½HkrSwyg;
Ak'¨bmodw[lí
twnfûy&ef
qufvufavhvm&ef trsm;BuD; vdkaeao;onf/ (a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduf yÍöedum,okawoDtzGJUrS 1330-ck? ewfawmfvqef;15&uf aeUpGJjzifh xkwfjyefaom Ak'¨omoemorkdif;?ESm-10) (C)
,if; tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk Ak'¨bk&m;ocif wm0wðomewfjynfü a[monf[laom tcsufrSm
t|uxmq&m
½SifAk'¨aCmo\
xGifvHk;yHkjyifrQom
jzpfaMumif;
xif½Sm;vSayonf/ (i)
pifppf yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;? teufzGifhqkdjcif; (t|uxm) rsm;ESifh tbd"r®m usrf;rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfxkwfay;jcif;tm;jzifh oD[dkVf ½SifAk'¨aCmoonf tvGefw&m aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;um; rSefayonf? odkUaomf rdrd½SmazGpkpnf;ay;aom tbd"r®mckepfusrf;\
MoZmxufjrufrItwGuf
Ak'¨a[m
vkyfypfcJhjcif;rSm
½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf Ak'¨a*gwrtay:wGif opömazmuf&m usaeayonf/ (twGJ -3? trSwf -12? opöm"r®pmapmif? pmrsufESm -5? 6)
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;4/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D
polwkdUonf
tbd"r®mudky,fí
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ oAÁñkwÓPftpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;tyfaom omoemawmfpufudk csdK;zsufaeMuaMumif; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
34
tpodkU 5/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xkdxkd
0de,ygVdawmf
okwåEÅygVdawmfrsm;tvdkü
Ak'¨jrwfpGmvufxufuyif
tbd"r®m½SdaMumif; txift½Sm; jyqkdxm;aom pum;rsm;½Sdygonf? odkUygí wwd,oH*g,emaemufydkif;rS tbd"r®m
ay:av[ef
a&;om;aom
pum;rsm;onf
t"r®uxmrsm;om
jzpfaMumif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
35
wifjyavQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (7)
7/
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk
xdyg;apvsuf
Ak'®bmom
ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;
a[majyma&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwkdUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmü½Sdaom
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk
r,HkMunfMuyg?
w&m;tm;vHk;udkodaom
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk
w&m;wpfpdwfwpfa'oudkomodaom ya'oÓPftjzpfodkU a&mufapMuygonf? olwkdUonf oAÁñkAk'¨udk omreftodÓPfxl;½Sdaom
vlwpfa,mufxufydkí
txifa&mufyHk
ray:yg?
om0uESifh
Ak'¨udk
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uJGjym;atmif rjrifwwfMuyg/ 2/
þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí olwkdU\ pum;rsm;xJrS tenf;i,fudk oufaocHtjzpf
qufvuf avQmufxm; ygrnf bk&m;/ (u)
t|uxmq&mwkdUonf Ak'¨\ *kPftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk csD;ajr§mufa&;om;&mü xkd oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonfqkdaom wdw¬dq&mBuD;wkdUudk tnHhrcHvdkonfu wpfaMumif;? Ak'¨udk
tjcm;t&d,m
yk*¾dKvfwkdUESifh
cGJjcm;xm;vkdaomaMumifh
Ak'¨onf
bmrqkd
tMum;tjriftod½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef wl\/ (c)
Ak'¨onf oAÁñkwÓPf &ygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh a'0'wf\ a½SUtjzpfudk êudwifrodjrif ygoenf;? aemifwpfaeUwGif rdrd\toufudk &ef½SmrnfholwpfOD;tm; tb,fhaMumifh &[ef;ûycGifh ay;ygoenf;/
(*)
Ak'¨onf oAÁñkwÓPf&onf qkdygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh &[ef;wkdUtm; Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fMuavmh[k rdefUawmfrl&ygoenf;? Ak'¨udk,fwkdif ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh odu©myk'frsm;ü Ekwfy,foifhaom odu©myk'frsm; yg½SdEkdifygrnfavm/
(C)
0dZÆmoHk;yg;onf
&[EÅmwkdif;&½Sdaom
todÓPf
jzpf\?
þodkU
qkdygrl
Ak'¨ESifh
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfonf rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;/ (i)
Ak'¨\&½Sdtyfaom
oAÁñkwÓPfonf
0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdUudk
xdk;xGif;NyD;
odjrif&½SdcJhaom ÓPf jzpf\/ (u) (c) (*) (C) (i) ig;rsdK;vHk; trSefw&m; okawoetrSwf (1) pmapmif ESm-5-6-7-ü tbd"r®mq&mpdefu a0zefa&;om;xm;ygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
36
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;3/
þpum;&yfrsm;jzifh
oAÁñkwÓPfonf
tvHk;pHkaom
w&m;wkdUudk
odonfr[kwf?
0dZÆmoHk;yg; w&m; wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufom odonf[k qkd&ma&mufygonf bk&m;/ 4/
xkdolwkdU\ pum;onf oAÁH tbdnmod? ,'w¬d ae,sH=odtyforQ w&m;tm;vHk;udk
tukeftpif odjrifonf/ uwrH
wxm*wó
(ck-7? 280/ ck-8? 178/ ck-9? 227) oAÁñkwnmPH?
oAÁH
ocFwrocFwH
te0aooH
ZmemwDwd
oAÁñkwnmPH = ocFw tocFw w&m;tm;vHk;udk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
37
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (8)
8/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\
orxvrf;pOfESifh
0dyóemvrf;pOfwkdUudk
zsufqD;NyD;
oHo&mrS
xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/ taygif;yg
vlaovljzpf0g'D OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ¤if;\Mo0g'cH or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG aemufvdkufrsm;onf
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\
orxvrf;pOfESifh
0dyóemvrf;pOfrsm;udk
ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD;vsuf ½SdaeMuygonf bk&m;? ,if;odkUzsufqD;&mü pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xkwfa0í orx0dyóemudk ajymifavSmifysufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;? a[majymyGJrsm;wGif êuHvQifêuHovdk orx0dyóem tm;xkwfMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; uJh&JUjcif;? ¤if;wkdU\ tajccHoifwef;wGif orx0dyóemvkyfief;udk Ak'¨0g'r[kwf[k twdtvif; ydkUcsjcif;rsm; ûyvkyfvsuf ½SdMuygonf bk&m;? orx0dyóemvrf;pOfudk ysufvdkysufpD; zsufqD;aeMuaom
¤if;wkdU\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk t>rufrQ
wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ 2/
Ak'¨vrf;pOf trnf½Sd pmtkyf pmrsufESm 65-wGif vlaovljzpfq&mBuD; OD;Ouú|u
a&;om;xm;onfrSm(u)
]]Ak'¨\ tppftrSefjzpfaom vrf;pOfum; Oyg'gefraESmifhbJ ajzmifhjzL;vS\? odkU&mwGif oOyg'ge
[dE´La,m*vrf;pOf
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvftaygif;wkdUonf
vTrf;rkd;íaeaom
Ak'¨udk,fwkdifxGif
Armhy#dywådomoem0ifüum;
Ak'¨udk,fwkdifavQmufí
Ak'¨udk,fwkdif
ajymifajrmufcJhaom Ak'¨\ tEkyg'gevrf;pOfudk ½Sdao;onf[líyif todtrSwfrûyEkdifcJh}} [lí a&;om;xm;ygonf/ 3/
1340-ckESpf
(1978-ckESpf)?
0gwGif;umvwGif
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\
we*FaEGaeUwkdif; usif;ycJhaom Ak'¨0g'"r®a&;&moifwef; ydkUcscsufwGif orx0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'wGif ryg0ifaMumif;? twdtvif; oifwef;ay;½HkrQru Ak'¨0g'jyóemrsm;trnf½Sd pmtkyfpmrsufESm (19-20) wGif atmufygtwkdif; bGif;bGif; ½Sif;½Sif; twifh&JpGm a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ (c)
wduspGm qkd&aomf Ak'¨0g'wGif orxESifh 0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm; ryg0ifyg/
(*)
odkUaomf orxESifh 0dyóemudk tvHk;pHk ûcHí ypfy,fjcif;rSm rjzpfEkdifyg? taMumif;rSmrl ,if; orxESifh 0dyóemrsm;onf Ak'¨bmomavmuwpfckvHk; t½dk;pGJí toJckdufvsuf ½SdMuaomaMumifh ,if;wkdUudk arhavsmhxm;jcif;iSm roifhyg/
[lí arm[onf;pGm a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
38
tpodkU 4/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ¤if;wkdU\
a&;om;csufrsm;onf
Ak'¨\
orx0dyóemusifhpOfudk
[dE´La,m*[k
t"r®ajymqkdjcif;? Ak'¨ udk,fwkdifa[majymcJhaom orx0dyóemusifhpOfrsm;udk Ak'¨0g'wGif ryg0if[k ajymifajymifwif;wif;
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfí
ygxu0*¾ygVd?
rZößdryPÖmoygVd?
Oy&dyPÖmoygVd?
t*Fkwå&edum,f tbdnmokwåygVd? tocFw oH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaeygonf bk&m;? odkUjzpfí bk&m;a[ma'oemwGif wkduf½dkufvm½Sdonfudk rsufpd rSdwfí ]]Ak'¨0g'wGif orxESifh 0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm; ryg0ifyg}} [k jiif;qkdaomaMumifh rdpäm"r® t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif;ESifh xkdodkUajymaom or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifrsm;onfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;í apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
39
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (9)
9/
Ak'¨omoemawmf\toufjzpfaom 0denf;usifh0wf w&m;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ypfy,fNyD;
ouFef;0wfí omoemta&ûcHum rodem;rvnfolwkdUtm; vSnfhjzm;vdrfnmNyD; q&mwpfql vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 1/ OD;0go0wkdUonf
vlaovljzpf0g'udk zefwD;aom OD;Ouú|ESifh vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0aom bk&m;omoemawmfwGif
aexkdifí
ouFef;0wfxm;Muygaomfvnf;
¤if;wkdUonf
rdrdwkdUudk,fwkdif 0denf;odu©myk'fudk rapmifhpnf;½HkrQru ¤if;wkdUESifh 0g'wl qE´wl yk*¾dKvfrsm;udkyg tazmfn§dí 0denf;w&m;udk Oayu©mûy vspfvsL½IapcJh Muygonf? t&dyfckdNyD; tcufcsdK;aom tvGefaMumufzG,f aumif;aom tvZÆD 'kóDvBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 2/
0denf;usifh0wfudk tvsif;*½krpdkufaom OD;Ouú|\ a&;om;csufrsm;teufrS tenf;i,f
xkwfEkwfjy&ygvQif ]]Ak'¨rSwfausmuf}} trnf½Sdpmtkyf pmrsufESm 175-wGif(u)
]],aeU bdu©KoHCmvdkUqkdwJh *dkPf;aygif;pHkbkef;BuD;awG vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuwJh 0denf;udk riJhn§mbJ
avhvmoHk;oyfMunfhvdkuf&if
Oyg'gefwpfvHk;wpfcJBuD;
jzpf½Sdaewmudk
awGU&jyefw,f}} [lí &uf&ufpufpuf tremy a&;om;xm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f bk&m;/ 3/
þodkU a&;om;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ tmPma'oem jzpfaom 0denf;w&m;udk
Oyg'gefESifh udkifaygufjcif;oabmrSm aygavmBuD;ay:vsuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;? þa&;om;csufonf Ak'¨omoemawmf\ toufozG,fjzpfaom 0denf;w&m;udk y,f&ma&mufí t0de,0g'D jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ 4/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh tNrD;pm;zuf acgif;pm;zuf jzpfaom OD;0go0 (vlaovljzpfudk
yxrtBudrf ½dkufESdyf xkwfa0ol) onfvnf; oludk,fwkdif 0denf;w&m;udk rusifhoHk;rvdkufem½HkrQru Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD;ESifh pyfqkdifaom 0denf;"r®uHpDrHyHkrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; ajymifavSmifysufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; ajymcJhygonf bk&m;/ OyorÜ'uHaqmifw,fqkdwm
cifAsm;wkdUvJ
jrifrSmayghAsm?
Ak'¨bmomtkyfpk
&[ef;cHwJhtcgusawmh [dkxdyfu xkdifwm OyZöß,fq&m? 'Dbufu oHk;yg;u ur®0gpmq&m? ab;u[mawGu t&HawG? 0rf;emwJhtcg 0rf;qGJwkdUbmwkdU awmufwD;awmufwJhawG tukefaygh? cav;arG;rvdkU cav;arG;rvdkU-cav;arG;rvdkU?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
40
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlzdkeJUvlrwdkU qufqHwJh cav;arG;wmu vlom;wkdU&JU vrf;pOftwkdif; arG;wm? 'D[mu
[dk [dE´LjAm[®P wkdUqDu tarGtESpf ,lvmNyD; [dE´LjAm[®Pvrf;pOfu(1)
jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU yg;pyfu arG;wmonf jA[®mZmwf (tjrwfqHk;)
(2)
jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU &ifywfu arG;wmonf cwåd,Zmwf?
(3)
jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU Akdufu arG;wmonf 0óZmwf?
(4)
jA[®mbk&m;BuD;&JU aygifu arG;wmonf ok'´Zmwf
5/
tJ'DZmwf4-rsdK;udk
jyefvnfjyifqifa&;
vkyfcsifwmeJU
[dkxdyfuxkdifwJh
OyZößm,fq&mutaz? 'Dbufu ur®0gpm zwfwmu tar? rdb 2-yg;arG;vmwJh paeom;wifarmifqkdwJh aumifav;udk
jA[®mZmwfxJoGif;csifawmh
[dk
wifjyifacGBuD;
xkdifw,f?
rD;aeonf
tjyifbuf
wat;at;aeNyD;awmh rdef;rvkyfwJhvlu (vufonfawG) ckacwfqkd&ifjzifh aq;½HkrSm oGm;NyD;awmh arG;wm? 'Dawmh rdb 2-yg; arG;rS om;qkdwm jzpfwm/ 6/
'DrSmvJ OyorÜ'uHaqmifawmh OyZößm,fq&mu tz? ur®0gpmq&mu trd? tJ'D 2-
a,mufpyfwJh NyD;awmh cyfMurf;Murf; (a&mYa&mYav; r&bl;) t[H baEÅ (xefvmw,f ... xefvmw,f) Adkufemawmh ratmf&if r&bl;? tJ'DvdkeJU arG;xkwfvdkufwm? bmav; arG;vmovJ? paeom;av; wifarmif[m aom bmao,s? 'kwd,rÜd aom bmao,s? wwd,rÜd aom bmao,s oHk;cgom bmNyD;ao;vdkuf&w,f? bmrSrajymeJUawmh paeom; wifarmifav; awZudk jzpfua&m/ uaeU Ak'¨bmomu vlUvrf;pOfudk rysuf ysufatmif zsufypfw,f? rdb 2-yg;u arG;xm;rS wifarmif awmfa&maygh? r[kwfao;bl; (awZvdkU rSnfhvdkuf&ao;) tvum;Zmwf t,kwf? t,kwf/-(y) 'Du [dE´L jA[®Ptwkckd;NyD; yg;pyfu arG;csvdkufvdkU 'Du bmrSrvkyf&bJeJY bmodu©mawGrS rusifh&bJeJU aom bmao,s qkdwmeJU wpfûydifeufxJ [dk 227-oG,f odu©myk'fawG udk,frSmwnfNyD; wpfcgxJ jA[®PZmwf jzpfoGm;wm/ (15-4-76
aeUn
ajrmif;jrûrdU
6-vrf;?
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if
OD;ppfwifaetdrfwGif
a[mMum;aom OD;0go0 \ wdwfacG bD-buf rsufESmrS) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;7/
txufygpum;rsm;udk
0wfaMumifvHkcsnfudk
a&;om;a[majymaeMuwJh
0wfxm;MuwJholawG
r[kwfygbk&m;?
OD;Ouú|ESifh xrDwkdU
OD;0go0wkdU[m
qm&DwkdU
*g0efwkdUudk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
41
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0wfxm;MuwJholawGr[kwfygbk&m;? bk&m;ta&awmf ouFef;udk 0wfxm;MuwJhvlawGyg bk&m;? olwkdUudk rodem;rvnfwJholawGu ]]q&mawmftoQif}} vdkU vufcHaeMuwJh vlawGygbk&m;/ 8/
OD;0go0ESifh OD;Ouú|wkdUonf e*dku &[ef;jzpfcJhw,fqkd&if 'Dpum;rsdK;awG rajymoifhyg
bk&m;? &[ef;b0 ESifh 'Dpum;rsdK;awGudk ajymjcif;tm;jzifh odu©musNyD; &[ef;r[kwfawmhyg bk&m;? Ak'¨H ypöu©mrd? odu©H ypöu©mrd? bk&m;udk y,fyg\? odu©mudk y,fyg\ qkdvQif &[ef;odu©musNyD; vljzpfygw,fbk&m;? olwkdU[m 'Dvdk 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,faom pum;rsdK;awGudk ajymqkdjcif;tm;jzifh omoemESifhrxdkufwefaom tvZÆ'kóDvrsm; jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm; ygonf bk&m;? olwkdUwpfpkonf e*dkuwnf;u odu©m½Sdaom &[ef;aumif;rsdK; r[kwfEkdifygbk&m;? tpm;acsmifvdkU (or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifawGvdk vlpm;rsdK;awGtay: q&mwpfql vkyf&vG,fatmifvdkU) ouFef;ta&ûcHNyD; 0denf;ykefuef pum; rsdK;awG ajymaejcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 9/ aumif;aom
ousykwå bk&m;om;awmfrSefvQif omoemawmfü aumif;aomtBuH aumif;aomtajym tûytrlrsm;udk
0denf;odu©mESifh
usifhoHk;Mu&ygonf
ravsmfnDaom
bk&m;?
pum;rsdK;udk
,ckrl
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ajymqkda&;om;NyD;
OD;0go0wkdUonf
0denf;udkypfy,faeMuí
t0de,0g'Dyk*¾dKvfrsm;om jzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;10/
OD;Ouú|\ tarGaoG;qdk;udk qufcHae&½Smaom or®m'd|dtzJGUom;rsm;uvnf; olwdkU\
q&mBuD;rsm;twdkif; 0denf;w&m;udk apmfum;ajymqdkMuygonf bk&m;? or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfrS xkwfa0aom Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef; trSwfpOf (1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm; pmtkyfBuD; pmrsufESm 47wGif oifwef;om;rsm;tm; atmufygtwkdif; ydkUcsxm;ygonf bk&m;/ ]]0denf;udk
t"duxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
bdu©KeDomoemudkqdwfokOf;apcJhonfrSm
yxroH*g,emyGJrS pwifcJhavonf}} 11/ omoembmom
þajymMum;csufrSm zsufqD;a&;vkyfief;udk
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk tNrJwap
vkyfudkifaeaom
êud;udkifjc,fvS,fNyD;
twGif;a&;rª;
OD;udkudkav;\
oifwef;ydkUcscsufyg bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
42
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;12/
þvlaovljzpf0g'D
&[ef;qkd;½Sifqkd;rsm;ESifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUuJhodkUaom
'kp½dkuftm;ay; tukodkvf aoaX;awG½SdorQ omoemawmfBuD;\tEÅ&m,frSm rao;vSyg bk&m;? ¤if;wdkU\ tûytrl tajymtqkd ta&;tom;rsm;onf "r®0de,\ qefUusifbufrsm;om jzpfaMumif; oHa0*jzpfzG,f pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
43
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (10)
10/
0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;odu©m yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufem
usifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif;? ½Sifaumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;om;jyD; oHCmapmfum;rI ûyjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\
Mo0g'gp&d,jzpfaom
OD;Ouú|ESifh
qE´wl
jzpfMuukefaom tvZÆDyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf omoemabmifrSmaevsuf ouFef;ta&ûcHxm;onfhtjyif bk&m;ocif ynwfawmftwdkif;
vdkufemusifhBuH
aexkdifMuukefaom
omoemh0efxrf;
½Sif&[ef;wkdUtm;
£ómtbdZößmBuD;rm;pGmjzifh tremy qJa&;wkdif;xGmrIudk tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGmajymqkd a&;om;cJhMuygonf bk&m;? &mESifhcsDí qJa&;xm;aom tcsufrsm;xJrS tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fudk azmfjyygrnf bk&m;? vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 82-wGif(u)
xdkacwfor,um; bmoma&;0efxrf; jzpfMuukefaom bkef;BuD; &[ef;rsm;onf a½T? aiG paom vmbfvmbig;udk rQm;ol? zrf;olwkdU jzpfMuav&m "mwfawmf tHawmf qHawmf awmifa0S;awmf ponfwdkUudk ig;pmtjzpfjzifh toHk;ûyMuukef\/
[lívnf;aumif;? (c)
¤if;wkdUonf aumif;uifbHkeef;ESifh i&Jcef;wkdU\ aomhudkifrsm;jzpfMu&m [efaqmifvkyfief;ü yxrwef;
uRrf;usifolrsm;
olUb0\
ocFef;pmjzpfí
jzpfcJhMuonf taMumufESifh
r[kwfwHkavm?
[efaqmifvkyfief;onf
tarQmfudkqGay;rIonf
olwkdU\
oufxdef;vkyfief;wpf&yf jzpfonf r[kwfwHkavm? tb,faMumifhenf;-vlom;\ pdwfü taMumufESifh tarQmf aoG;at;í oGm;avav? olwkdU\ b0wnfNrJa&; ydkrkdvIyf½Sm;í r[m;w&m;tajcodkU a&mufíoGm;wwfavav jzpfaom aMumifhwnf;/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 64-65) [lí vnf;aumif;? (*)
olwkdUonf
rnfonfhrku©ygXfusrf;pmudkrQ
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
zwfMum;oif,lí
pOf;pm;a0zefrIudk rûyvkyf&JMuacs? olwkdUonf Muufwla½G;rsm;uJhodkU oif,lcJhMuukef\? usufrSwfíxm;aom
pmwkd
ayprsm;udk
trSm;tenf;qHk;ESifh
jyefvnf½Gwfqkd
a[majymEkdifMuaom yk*¾dKvfwkdUonf taumif;qHk; jzpfMuukef\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
44
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) olwkdUonf tESpf (2500) ausmfu "mwfjym;a[mif;BuD;rsm;udk ,ckwkdif zGifhvsuf ½SdMuukef ao;\/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 311)
[lí vnf;aumif;? (C)
vdk&if;qkd&aomf olwkdUonf pm;a&; aomufa&; 0wfa&;twGuf ,kwåd,kwåm uif;rJhaom t
[lí vnf;aumif;(i)
olwkdUonf vufxyfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm;üvnf;aumif;? tdrfopf&mopf wufaom tcrf;tem;üvnf;aumif;? ay;Muukef\?
t"dyÜm,f
½Sifûyem;or*Fvmrsm;üvnf;aumif; r½Sdaom
pum;vHk;udk
OD;aqmifrIudk
½GwfqkdMuukef\?
aooltwGuf
ocØsKif;ukef;odkU vdkufNyD;vQif wu,fjzpfysuf&ef tvm;tvm r½Sdaom tûrH*wdrsm;udk ay;Muukef\? aoí oGm;avNyD;olrsm; wrvGefavmuü Munfvif½Tifys csrf;omokc &a&;twGuf
&nfrSef;í
qGrf;oGwfMuukef\?
yd@m
auR;Muukef\?
trQtwef;
a0Muapukef\? at;- olwkdUonf olwkdU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&müum; txl;tcRef tvGef uRrf;usifawmfrlMuukef\/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm-315)
[lí vnf;aumif;? (p)
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ wynfhom0u t&if;acgufacgufBuD;jzpfaom ocifjrwfqkdif qkdoluvnf;
]]Ak'¨\
rd*'g0kefw&m;}}
trnf½Sd
pmtkyf
pmrsufESm
81-wGif
'getusdK;aus;Zl;? oDvtusdK;aus;Zl;qkdaom wrvGefw&m; umrmo0 b0go0awGESifh qG,fum ajr§mufvdkuf? xdkxdk'geESifh oDvrS rygvQif aocgrSodvdrfhqkdaom 'd|mo0 t0dZÆmo0awGESifh ajcmufvdkuf-ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; tarSmifwkdufum tacsmifEIduf acgif;yHkjzwfaeMuavNyD/ [lí vnf;aumif;? (q)
bmom0efaqmifrsm;url xkdodkUaom aumif;uifedrdwfrsm;u &nfñTef;aom ab;taygif; &eftaygif;
tEÅ&m,ftaygif;rS
¤if;bmom0efxrf;
yk*¾dKvfrsm;&JU
vHk;0uGif;uRwf tqHk;tr
uif;vGwfvkdaom Mo0g'udk
vlom;onf
wdusjywfom;pGm
vkdufemusifhoHk;&rnf? ykwD;ukd êud;pm;í pdyf&rnf? bmoma&;qkdif&mwkdUü tvª'ge
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
45
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ESpfqwkd;í vª'gef;&rnf [lí a[majymavh ½SdMuukef\/ (tpGJûywf wJukwfa½Teef;awmf trnf½Sd pmrsufESm-14)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;2/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| ajymorQudkbk&m;a[mwrQ vufcHxm;Muukefaom or®m'd|d
okawoetzGJUom;rsm;uvnf;
omoemawmfBuD;ESifh
omoemh0efxrf;rsm;udk
tuGuf&wkdif;
tjypfajymavh½SdMuygonfbk&m;? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0jzefUjzL;aom Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf(1) pmrsufESm46-wGif ½Sifom&dykwå&mESifh ½SifOygvdwkdUvdk &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;udkyif r[kwfrw&m;0d0g'jzifhatmufygtwkdif; pGyfpGJxm; ygonf bk&m;/ ]]ordkif;ESifh
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif
Ak'¨½Sif
oufawmfxif½Sm;
½SdpOfuyif
½Sifom&dykwå&m\ "r®tajccH oabmxm;ESifh ½SifOygvd\ 0denf;tajccHoabmxm;rsm; &dyf&dyf uGJjym;vsuf ½Sdonfrsm;udkvnf; arhavsmh ypfy,f xm;í rjzpfEkdifay}}
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;3/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ol\aemufvdkuf
jzpfMuukefaom
taygif;ygwkdU\
a&;om;ajyma[m 0g'jzefUoabmrsm;onf omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;rsm;udk qJa&;jcif;? omomemawmfBuD;\ toa&ukd
npfñl;apjcif;
trSefyifjzpfí
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;[kyif
rqkdxkdufawmhbJ
t0dZÆmarSmif
ydwfumaESmifonfh rdpämaumifrsm;[kom qkdxkduf ygawmhonf bk&m;/ 4/
olwkdUonf txufyg pum;rsdK;udk ajymjcif;tm;jzifh Ak'¨bmom qefUusifa&;orm;
ppfppfwkdUom jzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨bmom ta,mifaqmifNyD; Ak'¨bmomudk twGif;uaeí zsufqD;aeolrsm; jzpfaMumif;? Ak'¨bmom &[ef;oHCmrsm;\ onf;cHaerIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum ESdrfcsifwkdif; ESdrfaeol t"r®0g'orm;rsm;om jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ 5/ tm;vHk;udk
odkUjzpfygí ¤if;wkdU\ oHCmudk ykwfcwfa&;om;jcif;? rawmfrw&m; 0g'jzefUaejcif; t"r®0g'rsm;tjzpf
ppfaMumoHk;oyfí
tqHk;tjzwf
ay;awmfrlyg&ef
½dkaopGm
avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
46
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (11)
11/
y&dwf[k ac:qkdaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk r½Gwfaumif;[k qkdNyD; y&dwf½GwfrIudk qefUusifí
Ak'¨bmom q&mpOfquf vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| OD;aqmifaom rdpäm0g'DwkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ rkcygXfawmf jzpfaom
y&dwfa'oemrsm;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif; r½SdMuyg bk&m;? vufrcH r,HkMunfonfhtjyif y&dwfw&m;awmf ½Gwfzwfo&Zößm,faom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh
y&dwfa'oemudk
Mum;emMuaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;udkyg
tremy
ajymqkda&;om; ajyma[mcsufudk om"u tjzpf tenf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf bk&m;/ wdwfacGtrSwf 12? bD-buf rsufESmwGifouFef;ta&ûcH OD;Ouú|u ]]y&dwfBuD; 12-okwfudk t&nf;BuD; vufusef}} [k twdtvif; qkdxm;ygonf bk&m;? ]]ewfrSDü oDwif;oHk;aexkdifMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf y&dwfr½GwfMuyg}} [k ocifjrwfqkdifukd,fwkdifu 0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 2/
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-143-wGif y&dwfaqmifyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh y&dwfemyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm;
atmufyg twkdif; qJa&;wkdif;xGmrI ûyxm;onfukd awGU&ygonf bk&m;/ y&dwfcsnf? y&dwfyef;? y&dwfa&? y&dwfoJrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? &[EÅmwkdU\ "mwfawmf arGawmfonf
vnf;aumif;?
ykwD;pdyfjcif;?
qkawmif;yw¬emûyjcif;?
udk;qlauR;jcif;?
rD;ylaZmfjcif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? olawmfpifwkdU\ t0wfpESifh y&dabm* O'´dóapwDykxkd; trsdK;rsdK;onfvnf;aumif; vlom;\ udk,fum,ü pGJrSDuyfa&mufvmaom a&m*gtemtrsdK;rsdK;udk uif;pifyaysmufapEkdifaom
wefckd;owådESifh
jynfhpHkMuukefNyD[lí
bkef;BuD;rsm;uvJ
a[majymcJhMuukef\/ ,if;odkU
a[majymwkdif;vJ
rsm;pGmaomvlxku
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
toJckdufatmif
,HkMunfcJhavNyD? ,xmblw obm0usaom aMumif;usdK;ESpfoG,fwkdU\ rysufruG,fpaumif;aom tquftoG,fwkdUtm; teufxnfBuD;ESifh zHk;tkyfxm;wJhtoGif tenf;tusOf;rQyif ray:vGif rxif½Sm;Ekdif jzpfcJhav&m jzpfysufaom udpörSeforQudk wefckd; jym#d[mESifh vQdKU0Sufaom tmEkabmfaMumifhom [lí rSwf½IcJhMuavNyD/ bmoma&;qkdif&m yk*¾dKvfrsm;u ÓPfeDÓPfeuf tbufbufrSm oHk;oavmuf vlxku pOf;pm;ÓPf xHkxdkif;NyD; ajymwkdif;,Hk? êuHwkdif;vkduf? EIdufwkdif;&aom vlt vl½dk;BuD;awG jzpfcJh&avNyD/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
47
tpodkU 3/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf0g'D
q&mBuD;rsm;ESifh
taygif;ygwdkU\
a&;om;ajyma[mcsufrsm;onf
bk&m;ocifudk,fwkdif a[mawmfrlcJhaom &weokwf? cE¨okwf? arwåokwf paom y&dwfawmfrsm;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif; tvQif;r½SdaomaMumifh bk&m;udky,faom w&m;udky,faom tAk'¨0g'D t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
48
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (12)
12/
Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf
arGawmf apwDykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; o'¨gw&m; ysufjym;atmif rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG aemufvdkufrsm; jzpfMuukefaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG
bmomykefuef vrf;pOfrrSefaom olwkdUonf bk&m;ykxdk; ½Sdckd;jcif;trIudk tykdtvkyf[k ,lqMuygonf bk&m;?
Ak'¨udpö
"r®udpö
oHCudpöwkdUü
vspfvsL½I
Oayu©mûy½HkrQru
tNrJwrf;
qefUusifbuf
ûyrlaeMuygonf bk&m;/ 2/
t&[wå"Z umom0 jzpfaom ouFef;udk vlom;wkdU\ xbDykqdk;ESifh pHcsdefxkd;í
t½SdefñdI;atmif ajymqkdygonf bk&m;? bk&m;ocif\ qHawmfudkvnf; jrif;NrD;ESifhEIdif;í ½dkif;jypGm ajymqkdygonfbk&m;? bk&m;ocif\ "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;udkvnf; bmoma&; trIdufo½dkufrsm;tjzpf riJhruGuf &uf&ufpufpuf a&;om; Muygonf bk&m;/ 3/
vlaovljzpf
pmtkyf
('kwd,tBudrf½dkuf)
pmrsufESm
81-wGif
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU
pdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m t,kwfwrm pum;wkdUjzifh atmufygtwkdif; ½dkif;½dkif;ysys a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ 0wfxnfzsifcif;udk ouFef;[lí rcGJjcm;awmhbJ t0wf[lí wom;wnf; jrifMuavNyD? olawmfaumif;wkdU&JU
qHyifwnf;[laom
tarG;onf
jrif;NrD;xuf
ydkí
tema&m*gudk
aysmufapEkdifonf[laom Oyg'gefudkvnf; ,ckacwfü awmfvSefMuavNyD? ,cktcgü jrifhjrwfaom "mwfawmf
arGawmf
ponfwkdUudk
bmoma&;
trIdufo½dkufrsm;
jzpfonf[k
uREkfyfwkdU
aocsmxifxif odjrifMuukefNyD/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;4/
vlaovQif vlomjzpf&rnf [laom twå0g' oów'd|dt,ludk udkifpGJxm;aom
OD;Ouú|\ t,ltqudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh Ak'¨0g' odyÜH OD;0go0uvnf; ]]a½Twd*Hk[m bk&m; r[kwfbl;uG? trSefawmh ocsØKif;ukef;uG}} [k (16-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrûrdUw&m;yGJwGif) *g&0uif;rJhpGmjzifh yufyufpufpuf ajyma[mygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
49
tpodkU 5/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þuJhodkU bk&m;&dyf w&m;&dyfESifh ausmif;&dyf uef&dyfukd ckdvIHNyD; bk&m;aus;Zl; w&m;aus;Zl;
oHCmhaus;Zl;rsm;udk
raxmufxm;bJ
tremy
ajymqkda&;om;aecJhonfrSm
rvdkvm;tyfaomudpörsdK;
jzpfygonfbk&m;? OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wkdU\ avmif;&dyfukd trdcHaeMuaom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;udkvnf; þoabmxm;qkd;rsdK; rudef;0yfatmif xdef;csKyfoifhygNyD bk&m;/ 6/
"mwfawmf
tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk
arGawmf
jyqkdonfh
apwDykxkd;
½kyfyGm;qif;wk
yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;
udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh
txift½Sm;
ywfoufaom
½Sdaeonfudk
olwkdU
rsufuG,fûyxm;Mujcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 7/
OD;Ouú|ESifh Ouú|0g'DwkdU\ oabmxm;qdk;rsm;onf Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD;udkvnf;aumif;?
Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIudkvnf;aumif; tjrpfrusef wGef;vSefûzdzsufaom rdpäm0g'rsm;jzpfí omoemroefU½Sif;atmif rwnfwHhatmif rjyefUyGm;atmif vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; jzpfygaomaMumifh "r®0de,ESifhtnD pdppfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
50
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (13)
13/
bmomomoem\ wifhw,frIwpfck[k qkdxkdufaom Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tvdkqkd;jzifh tjrpfrS vSefí wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ Mo0g'udk cH,lxm;Muaom or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifrsm;onf
Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;aom "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeMuygonf bk&m;? ¤if;wkdU\ omoemzsufvkyfief;udk pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; ½dkufESdyfjzefUjzL;í vnf;aumif;? toHoGif; êud;acGrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
aqG;aEG;yGJ
a[majymyGJrsm;
ûyvkyfí
vnf;aumif;
a&;om;jcif;?
a[majymjcif;rsm; ûyvkyfvsuf ½SdaeMuygonf bk&m;/ 2/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\ q&mYq&mBuD; jzpfaom awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|\
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf
pmrsufESm
127-wGif
Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh
ywfoufaom
tûytrlrsm;udk
atmufygtwkdif; ajymifajymifwif;wif; ypfy,fxm;ygonf bk&m;/ qDrD;tckd;wkdif xGef;n§djcif;? ylaZmfjcif;? 'l;axmuf½dkusdK; ½Sdckd;jcif;? aMu;pnfacgif;avmif; xkd;jcif;? "r® oDcsif; usL;&ifhjcif;? *kPfawmf ½Gwfzwfjcif;? Oykofapmifhjcif;? qkawmif;yw¬em ûyjcif;jzifh csOf;uyf&aom ewfwkdU bk&m;wkdUudk uREkfyfwkdU ,HkMunf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhacs/ 3/
þpum;udk
Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;onf Oykofapmifhjcif;
paom
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;?
bmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
½Sdckd;jcif;?
ol\
MoZmcHrsm;jzpfMuaom
*kPfawmf
½Gwfzwfo&Zößm,fjcif;?
ypfy,faMumif;
twdtvif;
0efcHxm;onfrSm
&ckdifjynfe,f?
awmifukwfûrdUrS
xif½Sm;ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;4/
or®m'd|d
okawoetzGJU\
aemufNrD;qGJjzpfaom
a½Ttbd"r®mtrnfcHaom vlwpfpkwkdUuvnf; tcsufaygif; (80) ar;cGef;xkwfí Ak'¨bmom omoemESifh qefUusifaom 0g'rsm;udk jzefUa0cJhMuygonf bk&m;? tcsufaygif; (80) xJrS Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifh qefUusifbuf ûyvkyfxm;aom tcsuf (4) csufudk wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ (u)
Moumo Moumo[k vuftkyfcsDrkd; ½Sdckd;OD;cs toem;cHaeMujcif;rSm tjypf½Sdaeaom vlokdufwkdUw&m;olBuD;a½SUarSmuf t,lcH0ifa&mufMurnf[kqkdu rSm;Ekdifrnfvm;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
51
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'¨u
a½Tudk
rudkif&[k
qkdxm;ygvsuf
bk&m;udk
a½Tuyfjcif;
yef;uyfjcif;
vkyfaeMuonfrSm Ak'¨0g'vm;? [dE´L jrefrmwkdU\ ewf0g'vm;? jAm[®Pbmomorkdif;udk avhvm&ef rvdkbl;vm;/ (*)
od'¨w¬jzpfaombk&m;rSm olckd;? "m;jy&efudk umuG,f&ef[k 'g&0rfwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rxm;cJhygbJESifh a½Twd*HkwkdU r[mjrwfrkedwkdUwGif 'g&0rfxm;ae&jcif;rSm jAm[®P0g'vm;? Ak'¨0g'vm;/
(C)
twkr½Sdaom Ak'¨[k qkdxm;ygvsuf tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfNyD; ½Sdckd;OD;cs qkawmif;aejcif;rSm Ak'¨0g'vm;/
5/
a½Ttbd"r®mvlwpfpk\ a&;om;a[majymrIonf Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh oufqkdifaom
xHk;"avhrsm;udk ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum;xm;í rdpämoabm ouf0ifygonf bk&m;/ rdpämoabmouf0ifaomaMumifh ¤if;onf ]]a½Ttbd"r®m}} r[kwf? Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI epfûryfp&m EGHtkdifBuD;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;vlaovljzpf0g'D
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdUonf
Ak'¨bmom
trnfcH,lxm;aomfvnf;
Ak'¨omoem\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;udk ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;udk tcGifhêuHwkdif; ûyrlzsufqD; aeMuygonf bk&m;/ 6/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom twGJ (1) trSwfpOf (9) opömpmapmifwGif
]]uREkfyfwkdU rBurf;yg? r&rf;yg}} trnfwyfí acgif;BuD;ydkif;rSaeNyD; Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfBuD;\ ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;udk atmufygtwkdif; zsufqD;a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ þpmudk a&;csdefwGif yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;udk jyifqifa&;twGuf tvªaiGaygif; 16-odef;ausmf &aeNyD[k od&onf? þonfrSm 2-vausmfrQtwGif; &aomaiG jzpfonf? aemufrnfrQ&aeOD;rnf rodEdkifao;ay/ tb,frnfaom vlrIa&;onfvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHa&;onfvnf;aumif; xkdrQtcsdefESifh xkdrQaiGaMu; yrmPrsdK; &½SdEkdiftHhenf;? bmoma&;rSwpfyg; tjcm; rnfonfhudpöwGif þrQ xnfh0ifvª'gef;MuthHenf;/ t&if;ppfvQif ArmEkdifiHonf (80) &mEIef;rQaom vlOD;a&onf Ak'¨bmom0ifawGom jzpfonf? xkduJhodkUaom vlrsdK;udk (EkdifiHa&;onf EkdifiHa&;? bmoma&;onf bmoma&;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
52
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
oD;jcm;u@pD jzpfonf? ra&m,Sufxkduf) [k qkdolrsm;tzkdU pOf;pm;p&m jzpfonf? ,ckum; ,if;odkU
ajymolrsm;udk,fwkdifu
yg0if
ae&onfudk
awGU&onf?
csdK;uyfaeaom
tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;7/
yk*Hivsifab;aMumifh
ESpfaygif;&maxmifcsDNyD;
wnfwHhxGef;um;cJhaom
apwDykxkd;rsm;
ûydysufí (Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI) jrefrmhtarGtESpfrsm; qHk;½IH;jcif;udk umuG,f&ef rulnD rvª'gef;onfhtjyif vª'gef;olrsm;udk
uJh&JUjypfwifjcif;rSm
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdU\
tvGef,kwfnhHaom
pdwfoabmxm;udk ay:vGifapygonf bk&m;? urÇmYEkdifiHtoD;oD;uyif ulnDaeygvsuf ArmjynfrSmaeNyD; Arma&udkaomuf? Armavudk½I? Armajrudk eif;vsuf Ak'¨bmomtrnfcH or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;u rulcsif rvªcsif½HkrQru t,kwfwrm tremy ajymqkda&;om; jcif;rSm tvGefoabmxm;,kwfnHhaMumif; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;8/
or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwkdUonf
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;
,ckuhJodkU
udef;atmif;&jcif;rSm
¤if;wkdU\
bmoma&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í
,kwfnHhaom
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|\
pdwf"mwfrsm;
ul;pufaomaMumifh jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 9/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom twGJ (1) trSwf (5) opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmifwGif
(ESm-6) wGif Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfBuD;\ tajccHtkwfjrpfudk OD;Ouú|u atmufygtwkdif; wl;ûzd zsufqD;cJhygonf bk&m;/ ]]tck Munfhav rlvwef;ausmif;u 6-ESpf? 7-ESpf t½G,f vlrr,f uav;i,fupNyD; bk&m;½Sdckd;udk usufrSwfMu? csay;MueJU vkyfaeMuawmh tJ'DrSm bmu povJ? Moumo bk&m;½Sdckd;u
pNyD;
bmoma&;buf
qGJoGif;Mu&w,fqkdawmh
Ak'¨0g'
Ak'¨omoemqkdwm
bmrSef;rSrodao;wJh uav;awGukd ]a[m'g Ak'¨bmomyJa[h} vdkU pGJoGm;atmif vkyfvkdufovdk jzpfukefw,f}} 10/
OD;Ouú|onf
tjcm;bmom0ifwkdU\
uav;i,frsm;ukd
i,fpOfuwnf;u
olwkdUbmoma&; oifay; odrf;oGif;rIudk bmrQ ra0zef&J? uGefjrLepfEkdifiHwkdUü uav;oli,frsm;tm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
53
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
uGefjrLepf0g' oGwfoGif;ay;jcif;udk wpfpHkwpf&mrajymbJ qdwfqdwfaeí axmufcHayonf? Ak'¨bmom uav;rsm;usrS i,fi,fwnf;u Ak'¨bmom oifay;&aumif;vm;[k Ncdrf;rJaigufirf;jcif; ûyavonf? onf;cHrIBuD;vSaom Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½Sifvl jynfolvlxk tay:udkrS ESdrfcsifwkdif;ESdrfí oGm;Ekdifaom wu,fhtmZmenfBuD;ygaywum;/
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;11/
vlaovljzpf
tzGJUom;rsm;onf
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
vnf;aumif;?
ol\0g'rIdif;udk
or®m'd|dtzGJU\
trdcHae&aom
avmif;&dyfrdí
or®m'd|dokawoe
tqdyfoifhjcif;udkcHae&½Smaom
&[ef;½SifvlwkdUonfvnf;aumif; Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIESifh Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD;udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeygí
¤if;wkdU\
ta&;tom;
tajymtqkd
tûytrlrsm;onf
w&m;rzuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
54
trSm;oufoufomjzpfaMumif; pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (14)
14/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\
ukokdvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom
oDvcH,ljcif;
qkay;qk,lûyjcif;?
oydwfoGwfjcif; paom bmoma&;qkdif&m trIudpörsm;udk tykdoufouf jzpfoa,mif a[majym a&;om; zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
Ak'¨0g'Dtjzpfudk
ajymqkd&rSm
0efav;aeMuukefaom
Ouú|0g'D
or®m'd|d
okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwkdUonf oDvcH,ljcif; qkay;qk,l ûyvkyfjcif; paom
ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
rûyvkyfMuonfhtjyif
xkdvkyfief;rsm;
vkyfaqmifMuaom
&[ef;½Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tremy ajymqkd a&;om; ajyma[mí aeMuygonf bk&m;? olwkdUonf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tjrpfrSvSefí EkwfypfaeMuygonf bk&m;? ¤if;wdkU\ rdpäm&ifwGif;rS yGifhtHvmaom £ómvIdif;wHykd;rsm;udk tenf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf bk&m;/ 2/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfjyefaMujimxm;aom t,l0g'a&;qkdif&m oabmxm;
12-csufwGif eHygwf 11-ü ]]qkawmif; qkay;oufoufjzifh rnfonfh tmedoHorQ tusdK;w&m; xif½Sm;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k r,HkMunf}} [lí twdtvif; olwkdU 0efcHxm;Muygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨bmom usrf;*efrsm;wGif qkawmif;qkay; ûyvkyfjcif;aMumifh
&½Sdaom
tmedoHo
tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk
xif½Sm;awGUEkdifygvsuf
ZGwfrSdwfNyD;
rsufuG,fûyaejcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/
or®m'd|dtkyfpk0if vlom;rsm;omru awmifwGif;BuD;ewfrSDü aexkdifMuaom Ouú|0g'D
&[ef;awmfrsm; udk,fwkdifvnf; ]]qkawmif; qkay;jcif; rvkyfMuyg}} [k ocifjrwfqkdifudk,fwkdifu 0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 4/
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 149 wGif qkawmif;jcif;aMumifh &½Sdaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;rSm
rdk;udkarQmfonfh zm;wd&pämef\ ,HkMunfcsufrsdK;om jzpfaMumif; OD;Ouú|u atmufygtwdkif; tremy a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ ]]trSefqkd&vQif
qkawmif;yw¬em
ûyrIaMumifh
tusdK;&½Sdonf
[laom
vlom;\
,HkMunfcsufum; ol\ a
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
55
tpodkU 5/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpfq&mBuD;onf qkay;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif; paom tûytrlrsm;udkvnf;
enf;enf;uav;rQ r½IpdrfhEkdif bJ pmrsufESm 147-wGif atmufygtwkdif; *&[maESmí a&;xm;jyefygonf bk&m;/ ]]bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;yw¬emûyrIudk rdrdudk,fwkdifûy½HkrQrurlí vl'g,umESifh 'g,dumrwkdUtm; qkay;rIudkvnf; ûyMuukefao;\}} 6/
vlaovljzpfacgif;aqmifBuD;u
þodkUponfjzifh
uJh&JU½HkrQru
vlaovljzpf0g'\
trmcHausm½dk;jzpfaom wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; ]]Ak'¨\rd*'g0kefw&m;}} trnf½Sdpmtkyf pmrsufESm (58) wGif olUq&m\ avoHtwkdif; twkdUtqdwfuav;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ ]]Ak'¨onf
,ck
vltrsm;BuD;u
vufcH,HkMunfaeaom
wrvGef
qkawmif;jcif;?
qkay;jcif;paom ur®óuwm 'geoDv ukodkvfrsdK;ukd rûyvkyf tm;ray;jyefacs}}
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;7/
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
tajymta[mrsm;onf
ol\
bmomomoemudk
aemufvdkufaemufyg
wynfhom0uwkdU\
xdyg;csKyfcs,f½HkrQru
yd#uwfvm
ta&;tom;
tqkdtrdefUrsm;udk
vspfvsL½I&m a&mufaeMuygonf bk&m;/ 8/
0denf;r[m0gygVd? O'gef;ygVd? t*Fkwå&edum,fESifh "r®y' paom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;wGif
qkay; qkawmif; oufaoom"ursm;pGm vm½Sdygonf? xkdUaMumifh Ak'¨u vufrcHbl;[k Ouú|0g'DwkdU\ a&;om;ajyma[mcsufrsm;onf rodem;rvnfolrsm; (0g) yd#uwfudk rMunfhwwfolrsm;tm; Ak'¨udk ckwHk;vkyfNyD; vdrfjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;9/
twdwfESifh
tem*wfuHw&m;rsm;udk
vufrcHMubJ
ykcufESifh
acgif;tMum;udkom
rsufarG;wpfqHk; Munfhí xif&mjrif&m pGwfvkyfaeMuaom vlaovljzpf0g'D or®m'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;ESifh aemufvdkufaemufygwkdUonf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; aooludk &nfrSef;í oydwfoGwf qGrf;auR;jcif;udk tydktvkyf[k ,lqxm;Muygonf bk&m;? or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwkdUonf olwkdUudk,fwkdifuvnf; qGrf;oGwfjcif;? trQa0jcif; ukodkvfudpö bmwpfckrQ rûyMuyg bk&m;/ 10/ or®m'd|d
1973-ck? Zlvkdifv 1-&ufxkwf twGJ(1) trSwf(1) opöm"r®pmapmifwGif pmrsufESm 15-ü
okawoetzGJUBuD;\
em,ujzpfaom
OD;wif\
romtaMumif;udk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ocifjrwfqkdifu
56
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
atmufygtwkdif; a&;jyxm;onfrSm or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\ bmomrJh tajccHyHkrSefo½kyfudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:apcJhygonf bk&m;/ OD;wif\
romudk
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh
"r®okawoDrsm;uyif
aemufqHk;*g&0ûyonfh taejzifh tpGrf;ukef wm0ef,lvdkufMu&m romtBuD;pm;BuD; pHcsdefxuf ravsmYygacs? tavmif;udk BuHawmokomefwGif rD;½IdUvdkufMu\/ or®m'd|dpnf;urf;ESifhtnD
bma&pufcs?
bmtrQa0?
bmqGrf;oGwfrIrQ
rygr½Sd?
bkef;BuD;[lí wpfyg;rQ ryifh? twG,ftpGJ vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfBuD;ESifhyif udpöjywfoGm;\/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;11/
]]pum;pum;? ajymygrsm;? pum;xJu Zmwdjy}} qkdouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? ]]udk,fhudkudk,fazmf
rolawmf ckepfyg;}} qkdouJhodkUvnf;aumif; txufyg ocifjrwfqkdif\ pum;onf olwkdU[m b,fvdkvlpm;awG[k txift½Sm; jyvsuf½Sdygonf bk&m;? uHukd r,Hkaom vlEkHwkdU\ tvkyfudk t[kwfxifNyD; vkyfaeMuolrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 12/
vlaovQif
vlom
jzpfcsifaeaom
oów0g'Dq&mBuD;u
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\
ukodkvfur® udpöwpfck jzpfaom qGrf;oGwfjcif; trQa0jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; aighawmhawmh a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ aooltwGuf tûrH*wdrsm;udk
ocsØKif;ukef;okdUvkdufNyD;vQif
ay;Muukef\?
wu,fjzpfysuf&ef
aoíoGm;avNyD;olrsm;
tvm;tvmr½Sdaom
wrvGefavmuü
Munfvif½Tifys
csrf;omokc&½Sda&;twGuf &nfrSef;í qGrf;oGwfMuukef\? yd@m auR;Muukef\? trQtwef; a0Muapukef\? at;-olwkdUonf olwkdU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&müum; txl;tcRef tvGef uRrf;usifawmfrlMuukefonfwum;/
(vlaovljzpf pmrsufESm- 315)
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;13/
vlaovljzpf0g'D
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh
aemufvkdufaemufygwpfpkwkdUonf
olwkdUudk,fwkdif oydwfoGwf? a&pufcs? trQa0paom ukodkvfvkyfief;rsm;udk ypfy,faMumif;? olwkdU\ ta&;tom;ESifh ta[mtajymrsm;u oufaocHvsuf ½SdygNyD? olwkdU\ t,ltqtawG;tac:rsm;onf bk&m;a[ma'oemjzpfaom wda&muk¥okwf? ZmPkaómPdokwfpaom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh tHr0if
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
57
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
*Gifrus qefUusifvSygaomaMumifh t"r®0g' rdpämt,lom jzpfaMumif; wifjyavQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
58
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (15)
15/
Oyg'ge paom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfa0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;\ teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk ypfy,fNyD;
udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜm,faumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdY bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
aemufvdkuf
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D
paomolwkdUonf
vlaovljzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;Ekdif&ef ygVdawmfrsm;udk rjzpf tjzpf? ujypfunpf jzpfn§pfNyD; ZGwftwif; teufay;Mu&ovdk? bk&m;a[m r[kwf vufvkyfygVdrsm;udk rw&m;xnfhoGif;Mu&ovdk vlaovljzpf 0g'udk acszsufrnfh ygVda0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm; teuft"dyÜm,frSefukdvnf; ypfy,fNyD; xifovdk t"dyÜm,f jyefqkdMujyefygonf bk&m;/ 2/
olwkdU\ ygVda0g[m& t"dyÜm,fjyefrSm;wkdUukd xif½Sm;atmif pmtkyfpmapmif wdwfacGrsm;rS
aumufEkwf wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ (u)
Oyg'gef (0g) tpGJqkdwm bmvJ? ¤if;um; tjcm;r[kwf/y/ Ä
pdwf0dnmPf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpkd;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?
Ä
rufwmESifh zkdpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif (0g) *kPfESifh *kaP;wkdUudk wpfckpDwpfuGJpD wnfae\-[laom ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?
Ä
wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;?
*gxmrEÅefrsm;?
y&dwfrsm;?
tif;tkdif
cvSJUvufzGJUrsm;?
um,od'¨d yD,od'¨daq;rsm;? tdyfruf ,mruf\ tusdK;tjypfrsm;? aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;? Ä
aemufqHk;ü
obm0"r®xuf
ausmfvGefaeaom
jzpf&yfrsm;udk
(0g)
wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/ (c)
(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm-72)
i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;wkdUudk wcrf;wem; wnfaqmufcJhol vuform;onfvnf; xkdonfh Oyg'geftpGJjzpfonf [lí tuREkfyfwkdU odcJh&avNyD/ (vlaovljzpf pmrsufESm-303)
(*)
tb,fukodkvf'geonf
tb,fb0ü
tusdK;ay;í
rGefjrwfaom
b0odkU
a&mufEkdifonf[laom t,lonf tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom w&m;rsdK;om jzpf&m\/ (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; pmrsufESm-71)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
59
tpodkU rSwfcsuf/ (C)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) / txufygpum;wkdUonf tbd"r®mvm Oyg'gef\ t"dyÜm,fr[kwfacs/ raemurf=(0g) [',0w¬K (odkUr[kwf) OD;aESmuf½kyfwkdUjzifh ûyvkyfí &aomtrI/ (vlaovljzpf-48)
rSwfcsuf/ (i)
/ ]]raem}} udk ½kyf[k bmomjyefjcif; jzpfonf/ "r®puúy0wåe="r®qkdonfrSm av;yg;aom r[mbkwf w&m;rsm; jzpfavonf/ puúqkdonfrSm jzpfysufESifh ajymif;vJNyD; vnfí jzpfaejcif;udk qkdvkdonf/ y0wåeqkdonfrSm rsufpdESifh jrif&onfudk qkdavonf/ okwå\ t"dyÜm,frSm vlom;wkdU\ xif½Sm;½Sdaeonfh cE¨mudk,f um,udk qkdonf/ (twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m 102-103)
rSwfcsuf/
/ ]]"r®}} udk r[mbkwf½kyf[kom bmomjyefjcif;onf "r®pMumudk ½kyf0g'w&m; jzpfatmif
vkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ (p)
'd|Kyg'gef=t,lpGJ? þt,lpGJ&mü ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [lí qkdxm;&m or®m'd|d rdpäm'd|d[lí cGJjcm;jcif; r½Sdonfudk owdûytyfayonf/
(q)
0db0wPSmuawmh (b0pnf;pdrfpJGaygh)
rSwfcsuf/ (Z)
udk,frSm
r½SdwJhb0
(31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH-89) vSrf;NyD;
pdwful;,OfvdkwJh
wPSmaygh/
(twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opömpmapmif? OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumrS)
/ t|uxmzGifhrsm;ESifh rnDaom teufrSm;rsm;yif jzpf\/ umrb0[l&mü tm½Hkig;yg;wkdU\ £a`E´udk rapmifhpnf;rIrS jzpfay:vmonfh pGJvrf;rI wPSm Oyg'gefw&m;wkdU jzpfNyD;Ä
½lyb0qkdonfrSm rdrd\ rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwkdU jzpfonf/
Ä
t½lyb0qkdonfrSm þ½kyfw&m;udk taMumif;&if;cHí jzpfay:vmonfh a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwnf;[laom emrf\ tjzpfoabmwkdUom jzpfonf/ (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH-211)
rSwfcsuf/ (ps)
/ þt"dyÜm,fonf bk&m;a[mtbd"r®mvm t"dyÜm,fr[kwf/ b0wPSm=b0\ tjzpfudk wG,fwmpJGrufjcif;/ 0db0wPSm=b0\ *kPfyumoempnf;pdrfukd vdkvm;cHkrifjcif;/ ( Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; -70-71)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
60
tpodkU (n)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rerSm ESvHk;tdrf[',0w¬Kü vnfywfaom aoG;tpOfudkaumufrS t"dyÜm,f½Sif;p&m ½Sdayonf?
þESvHk;aoG;onfom
onmu©E¨mjzpfaom
OD;aESmuf\vkyfief;ukd
tm;ay;qufoG,faeaomaMumifh reudk aumufjcif; jzpfonf/ (ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ-60) rSwfcsuf/ (#)
/ þt,ltqonf ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;\ tjrifyif jzpfonf/ þudk,fum,onfyif
yÍöm½Hkumrig;rsdK;wkdU
jzpfapaom
oabmvu©Pmrsm;
½SdonfhtwGuf umrbHk? Ä
½kyfypönf;wkdUtm;
olUXmeESifhol
tcsdK;tpm;udkufnDatmif
zGJUpnf;xm;onfh
udk,ftwGuf ½lybHk? Ä
toufZD0[laom xGufouf0ifouf ½SdaeonfhtwGuf t½lybHk[k t½Sif;qHk;? aumuf,l&ef tvG,fqHk; jzpfayonf/
(X)
(Ak'¨0dyóem yxr-61)
umrb0=rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fwkdUu tqif;? toH? teHU? t&om xdawGUzG,f&mwkdUü wkdufqHkaomtcg wyfrufwG,fwmaom vdkcsifrI? ½lyb0 = rdrd\cE¨mudk,f ½kyfw&m;tay: (0g) cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif NrJonf[laom owfrSwfcsufjzifh rysufcsifaom ½lyb0? t½lyb0 = rtkdcsif? raocsif? remcsifaom tjzpf? tkdrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;? emrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;? aorItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif; tjzpf? pdwful;rsm;pGmjzifh ypöu©ta&;udpörS vGefajrmufaom b0pnf;pdrftrsKd;rsdK;wkdUukd pdwful;ESifh BuHqí &Ekdif\? a&mufEkdif\? oHk;oyfjcif; r½SdbJ (t½lyb0) pdwful;pGJ tjzpfrsm;/ (Ak'¨0g'jyóem pmrsufESm -5-6)
(!)
[',0w¬KqkdwJh raemtMunf½kyf-
(tewåa&mifjcnf-103)
(¡)
raemac:aom OD;aESmufrSm trSeftm;jzifh onmu©E¨m\ t"dut*Fgyif jzpfyg\/ (tewåa&mifjcnf-146)
(P)
emrfqkdonfrSm ½kyfudk trnfay;xm;aom oabmom jzpfonf/ (Ak'¨0g'jyóem-35)
(w)
pGJvrf;rI
Oyg'geftaMumif;aMumifh
b0wpfckonf
jzpfvm\/
(ypöKyÜefb0=
ausmif;om;b0rS pma&;b0? pma&;b0rS t&m½Sdb0? tdrfaxmifonfb0 ponfrsm;/) (x)
b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwd-tvkyfwpfck wm0efwpfckü a&mufjcif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
61
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(')
Z&m=vkyfouf&ifhvmjcif;/
(")
r&P=tvkyfrS &yfem;jcif;? tvkyfxkwfcH&jcif;/
rSwfcsuf/
(Ak'¨0dyóem 'kwd,-176)
/ txufyg tykd'frsm;ü emrnfwyfxm;onfu Ak'¨0g' Ak'¨0dyóem? a&;xm;onfrsm;u
t½l;csD;yef; y&rf;ywm bmoma&;jyufvHk;rsm;yif jzpfayonfwum;/ (e)
ykaAÁed0goÓPfum;ykaAÁ=ajcmufESpfumv wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\
cgor,/ ESdyfpuf
ed=xif½Sm;{uef
n§if;yef;rI
trSefr½Sdaom/
cH&jcif;wkdUukd/
0go=
ÓP=trSefxGif;azmuf
todÓPf&a&mufcJhavNyD/ (y)
'dAÁpu©KÓPfum;pu©K=rsufpdESpfuGif;jzifh jrifjcif;[lorQwkdUudk/ 'dAÁ=½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif; tpGJuif;NyD;/ ÓPH= trSefxGif; azmuf odjrifjcif;odkU &a&mufcJhavNyD/
(z)
tmo0u©,ÓPftmo0=wyfrufpGJvrf;rI jzpfjcif;[lorQudk/ c,=ukefcef;csKyfNidrf;rItrSefodkU &½Sdjcif;udk/ ÓPH=trSef xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;odkU &a&mufcJhavNyD/ (trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf (1) pmapmif? pmrsufESm-7 tbd"r®m q&mpdef)
,ck
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfqkdonf\
em,uBuD;qdkol
tbd"r®mq&mpdefqkdolu
ykaAÁed0gomEkówd? 'dAÁpu©K? tmo0u©, tbdnmOf[laom 0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdUukd teuft"dyÜm,f azmfjyyHkrSm vl½Twfvlaemufwpfa,mufu jcaoFhukd rjrifzl;½Smaom uav;i,fwpfOD;tm; aqmifhaMumifhxkdifaeaom zm;uav;wpfaumifukd vufñdI;xkd;jyNyD; ]]jcaoFhqkdwm 'DtaumifyJ}} [k jyouJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/ (A)
twåudvrxmEka,m* = twå [laom yk'f\ t"dyÜm,fo½kyfum; 0dnmOfpdwf jzpf\/ udvrxyk'f\ t"dyÜm,fum; csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk qkd\? tEka,m*yk'f\ oabmoGm;um; bm0emur®|mef;wpfckckukd tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhBuHaerIudk qkd\/ (trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf(6) pmrsufESm-8)
(b)
ewf = ewfqkdonfh ygVdpum;rSm jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;udk ac:í þcE¨mtwGif;rSm ½Sdaom pu©K? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um,? re þ (6) ckwkdYjzifh cHpm;rI ûyjcif;udkyif pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk[k ac:qkd&jcif; jzpfaMumif; Ak'¨a[maom ygVdrsm;udk cE¨menf;?
vufawGUenf;wkdUjzifh
aygif;pyf½SmazGygu
rdrdwdkUcE¨mtwGif;
½Sdaom
þajcmufckudkyif ewfbHkajcmufbHkjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;pGm awGU&ygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
62
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ? pmrsufESm-23)
(r)
odef;ZD0 = ZD0\ t"dyÜm,frSm toufudk ac:ygonf? odef;\ t"dyÜm,frSm aovkeD;yg;[k ac:ygonf? ESpfckaygif;vdkufvQif ZD0=aovkeD;yg;txd ylavmifuRrf;rIBuD; jzpf&jcif;[k jyqkdjcif; jzpfonf/
(,)
umvokwf = êud;ESifh wkyfaESmifxm;bdouJhodkU ½kef;xGufí r&ovdk ylavmifrI'Pfudk cHae&jcif;/
(&)
oCFmw = oHrD;awmifBuD;\ tyl½Sdefjzifh zduyfí xm;bdouJhodkU ylavmifcHae&jcif;/
(v)
a&m½k0 = toH atmf[pfvsuf rcHr&yfEkdifbJ ylavmifrI'Pf cHae&jcif;/
(0)
r[ma&m½k0
=
xírEdkif
ylavmifuRrf;rI'Pfudk
xdkifír&
b,fvdkae&rSef;rodjzpf&onftxd
cHae&jcif;/
(o)
wmye = toHrxGufEdkifawmhbJ &ifvHk;aqmifhvsuf ylaqG;avmifuRrf;'Pf cH&jcif;/
([)
r[mwmye
=
tvGef
arhajrmMu&onftxd (V)
jyif;xefpGm
toHrxGufEdkifawmhbJ
owdyifr&
ylavmifrI'Pf cH&jcif;/
t0Dpd = wpfcsufuav;rQ arhaysmufír&Ekdifavmufatmuf at;uGufpyfMum;r½SdbJ ylavmifaejcif;wnf;[laom
ylavmifuRrf;rItrsdK;rsdK;?
(8)rsdK;
(8)xyfwkdU\
ESdyfpufrI'Pfrsm;udk cHae&olwkdUukd i&JBuD; (8)xyfwGif uscHae&olrsm;[k usrf;*efü jyqkdrIûyjcif; jzpfonf/ 3/ EdkifiHawmf
(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ 24-25)
txufygewfESifh i&JBuD;½SpfxyfwdkU\ t"dyÜg,fazmfjyxm;csufrsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfu oHCr[mem,u
xHarSmufü
½kyf½Sifrif;om;xGef;a0
polwdkU\
jzpfay:vmaponfh
tajccHrsdK;aphrsm;yif
teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;om
rdrdwdkUrSm;ygNyD[k
omoemapmfum;aom jzpf\/
jzpfygonf/
0efcsawmif;yefcJhMuaom bHk&Sif;wrf; t½Sufr½Sd
bHkurÇm
Edkifvif;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;udk
ajAmifyvDxm;aom
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdUavmufom
teuftrSef
xifEdkifp&m½Sdaom rkom0g'rsm; jzpfMuayonf/ (t)
t[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[w&m;udkrS rvkyf& raeEdkifygbl;qdkwJh trsdK;u t[dwftppfyJ/
(tm) 'dG[dwf = 'Dw&m;pk igvkyfae&wm wu,fawmh oHo&mvnfwJh 0#fw&m;awGudk igvkyfae&yg
uvm;vdkU ododBuD;eJY rvJTomvkdU vkyfae&&if 'dG[dwf/
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63
tpodkU (£)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wd[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[w&m;awG[m ightzkdUvJ tusdK;wu,fr½Sdbl;? vlrsm;tzdkUvJ
ighaMumifh
pdwfqif;&J
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jzpfukefMu&w,f?
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igrvkyfawmhygbl;vkdU qHk;jzwfwwf&if wd[dwfyJ/ (twJG-1? trSwf-5? opöm"r®pmapmif pmrsufESm-10- OD;Ouú| a[maom w&m;rS) (þ)
oH qkdwm - ½Sdwm? Cm qkdwm - zdkr? tJ'D½SdwJh zkdr 2-a,mufudk oHCmvdkU ac:wm? 'gaMumifh ]]oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd}} oH - ½SdwJh? CH - a,musfm;rdef;r (2)a,mufonf/ o&PH - ajyvnfpGm vufwJGMuí/ *wfcsmrd? urÇmYc&D;udk oGm;aeMuavonf/ urÇmrSm½SdwJh a,musfm;ESifh rdef;r zdkr 2-a,mufwkdU ajyajyvnfvnf vufwJGNyD;awmh urÇmYc&D;udk oGm;aewmudk (oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd) qkdvkdw,f/ (15-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrw&m;yJGü OD;0go0 a[majymcsuf wdwfacG at-rsufESmrS/)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;bk&m; 4/
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64
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (16)
16/
Ak'¨bmomavmuü txGwftjrwfxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk
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wynfhrsm;jzpfMuukefaom
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wefzdk;xm;tyfaom t&d,mudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif zsufqD;aeMuygonf bk&m;? ¤if;wdkU\ zsufqD;yHkudk oufaotaxmuftxm;jyí avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ 2/
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wGif t&d,mudk yHkysufatmif þodkU a&;jyxm;ygonf bk&m;/ t&d,mqdkonfrSm jrifwwf Mum;wwfoludk qkdonf? tewåvu©Pokwåef tqHk;wGif Ak'¨u þtwdkif; zGifhqkdonf/ ]]{0H yóH bdu©a0 okw0g t&d,om0aum}} þodkU jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom yk*¾dKvfonf [k qkdcJhonf? vlrSm rsufpdESifh em; ½Sdonf/ xdkrsufpdESifh em;½Sdolonf jrifwwf&rnf? Mum;wwf&rnf? okdUjzpfí vlESifht&d,m? t&d,mESifhvl twlwlyif jzpfonf/ rsufpd? em; ½SdvsufESifh rjrifwwf rMum;wwfoludk Ak'¨u te&d,[k qkdcJhonf? te&d,onf t&d,\ qefUusifbuf jzpfonf/ t onf = r[kwf [k od&onf/ e& onf = vl [k od&onf/ £, onf = ydkifqkdifrI [k od&onf/ pkaygif;onfhtcg te&d, jzpfonf? te&d,onf vlr[kwfbl;[k qkdonf? vlonf jrifwwfonf? Mum;wwfonf? vlr[kwfolonf rjrifwwf rMum;wwfoljzpfonf/ y/ okdUjzpfí vlESifht&d,monf twlwlyif jzpfonf/ 3/
or®m'd|dtzJGUom;rsm;u zsufqD;onfhenf;wl or®m'd|dwkdU\ bkd;awmfBuD; OD;0go0uvnf;
tvm;wl t&d,m\ oabmrSefudk zsufqD;cJhygonf bk&m;? 15-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrûrdU? 6-vrf; OD;ppfwif\ aetdrfwGif a[majym&mü t&d,mudk yHkysufatmif atmufygtwdkif; *kPfzsufcJhygonf bk&m;/ t&d,mqkdwm vlvifr,m;udk ac:wm? t& qkdwm = rdef;r?
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65
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) £, qdkwm = a,musfm;? tJ'D rdef;r a,musfm; 2-a,mufudk pmtvdku t&d,vdkU ac:w,f? vifr,m; 2-a,mufudk t&d,vdkU ac:w,f/
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xif&mjrif&m pGwfwG,fwwfaom or®m'd|dokawoe qdkolwkdU\ tvJGvJG tacsmfacsmf
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66
tpodkU tJ'g
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or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUom;rsm;ESifhwuG
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OD;Ouú|
OD;0go0wkdU\
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Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf(1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm; pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 41-wGif edAÁmefudk 'Dvkd o½kyfzsufjyvdkufygw,f bk&m;/ 0ge = taMumuf? tvdk ed = r½Sdjcif;? uif;jcif; ed0ge = edAÁme = edAÁmefygwJh bk&m;/
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67
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk
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tm;xkwfygu
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(Ak'¨0dyóem? yxrwJG-45)
tJ'g yd#uwf aumufEkwfcsufawGudk yvlysHatmif a0aewJh ocifjrwfqkdifqkdwJh q&mBuD;&JU edAÁmeftvJG Oyg'geftpJGBuD;yg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 11/
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68
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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OD;Ouú|
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69
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (17)
17/
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumvufopfESifh
pyfvsOf;í apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m; 1/
bk&m;a[m
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tzJGU0if armif&rf;um; OD;&rf;um;wkdUonfum; bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk olwdkU\ wpfrdkufwpfxGm ÓPfrQjzifh aygufwwfu& t"dyÜm,frJh xifovkd bmomjyef teufazmfMuygonf bk&m;/ 3/
þae&mwGif
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vlom;onf ]]vlaovQif vlomjzpf\}} [laom obm0trSefudk oabmaygufwmESifh wpfûydifeuf (1)
'd|"r® - rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(2)
ywå"r® - em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/
(3)
0d'dw"r® - ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(4)
y&da,m*gV§"r® - udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHUí (0g)pdrfhxHkí tusdK;&aom reawGU (0g)[',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ ,if;okdU yÍöm½HktawGUjzifh awhawhqkdifqkdif r,dkif r,drf; trSef"r®qdktyfwJh obm0odkU qkdufa&mufwJh tcgrSomvQif vlom;onf-
(5)
wdPÖ0dpdudapäm vGefajrmufí
-
oHo,
0dpdudpämqdkwJh
odkUavmodkUavm
jzpfrIawGudk
oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
70
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (6)
0d*wuxHuaxm
-
Za0Z0gESifh
0dk;wkd;0g;wm;awGvnf;
uif;aysmufí
oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ (7)
a0om&ZÆyawåm - tarQmftaMumufudk vGefajrmufoGm;NyDjzpfí &J&ifhjcif;odkU a&mufay vdrfhrnf/
(8)
ty&yÜpöa,m - i&J½SpfxyfESifh xufewfjA[®mqdktyfwJh wyg;aom bHkawG b0awGudk oGm;zdkU a&mufzdkU taMumif;rjzpfawmhonfudk wduspGmodjrifjcif;odkU a&mufayvdrfhrnf/
4/
(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 4-5)
txufyg 'd|"ar®m ywå"ar®m ponfwkdUrSm "r®pMum ponfwkdUüygaom bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmfrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;? teufjrefrmjyefrsm;rSmum; OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpfteufrsm;om jzpfygonf
bk&m;?
bk&m;½Sif\
aumuf,lvdk&if;
teuft"dyÜm,frsm;
r[kwfygbk&m;?
bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;\ ½Sif;vif;csufudk 'kwd,apm'emusrS avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;? txufyg aumufEkwfcsufrsm;t& Ouú|"r®pMumonf bk&m;a[m w&m;"r®ESifh qefUusifaom vlaovljzpf t"r®rsm;omjzpfaMumif; odomygNyD bk&m;/ 5/
or®m'd|dokawoeqkdaom toif;&JU q&mBuD;wpfqljzpfaom tbd"r®mq&mpdef qkdolu
"r®pMumw&m;udk 0ifNyD; ]]aum}} xm;yHkwdkUudk qufNyD; avQmufvkdufyg&ap bk&m;? q&mpdef qdkol\ omoemzsuf vuf&mum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ (c)
Zmwdyd -
ief;ief;wuf pJGvrf;jcif; jzpfívmjcif;aMumifh?
'ku©m
qif;&Jjcif; tusdK;w&m; jzpf&acs\/
-
Z&myd -
qHjzLoGm;aMuG
tom;a&,dk,Gif;
tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;wkdUudk
pdk;&drfruif;jzpfí vmaom tpJG Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'ku©m
-
Asm"dyd -
ylyefaomu qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/ tema&m*g
usifemudkufcJ
Elem0JwkdU
jzpfívmonfwkdUudk
ylaqG;aMumifhMujcif;jzpfí vmaom tpJG Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'ku©m
-
r&PrÜd -
rcsdxefoJ tvGefyif qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/ trdtz r,m; om;orD; ypönf;Opöm &wema½Tpif ponfwkdUESifhwuGaom
aqGnm taygif;wdkUtm; y,fcGmpGefUxm;cJhí ao&rnfhab;udk pdk;&drfruif; pJGvrf;jcif; Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'ku©H
-
aMumufvefUarQmfudk; qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf&acs\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
71
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tyÜda,[d
-
rESpfouf rvdkvm;tyfukefaom Z&mAsm"d r&P ponfOóHk
ab;taygif;pHk wdkUESifh? orÜa,ma*g
-
vufiif;'d|
,ckyufyif;rSm
awGUêuHcHpm;ae&avjcif;[k
pJGvrf;jcif; jzpfíaeaom Oyg'gefaMumifh? 'kau©m -
ylavmifxefjyif; tvGefyif qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/
yda,[d -
cspfcifESpfouf pJGrufukefaom rdrd ZeD; om;orD;ESifh ypönf;Opöm
&wema½TaiG tdk;tdrfwkdufwmwdkUESifh 0dyÜa,ma*g
-
auGuGif;ukefqHk; ysufûydûyef;cJhonf ½Sdaomf?
'kau©m -
t½l;yrm rsuf&nfjzmí ylaqG;aomu qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf&acs\/
,rÜdpäH -
rdrdwkdU tvkd½Sdtyf awmifhwMuonfhtwkdif;?
e vbwd
-
wrÜd
-
xkdodkU tvkd½Sdtyf awmifhwMuonfhtwkdif; r&jcif;aMumifh?
'ku©H
-
&ifwGif;vdIufzdk qif;&Jtydk jzpf&acs\/
rkcsydkifydkif r&Ekdifacs/
oHcdawåe
-
yÍö
rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwnf;[laom ig;ckwdkUwGif?
-
Oyg'geu©E¨myd -
twkdtusOf; vdk&if;udk ûcHí ajym&ygrl?
pJGvrf;jcif;
Oyg'gefESifhwuG
jzpf&Sdaeaom
cE¨mudk,fum,
wdkUonfvnf;? 'ku©m
-
qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpfí aeav\/
(tbd"r®m q&mpdef\ ]]twå0g'ESifh wm0wðomtbd"r®m}} pmtkyf? ESm- 109? 110? 111) (C)
t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g/ aom
-
xkduJhokdU MuHp&m pnfp&m ylp&m yifp&m aqG;p&m at;p&m csKyfNidrf;p&m
tjzmjzmwkdUonf? t,ar0
-
,ckypöu©ü vufiif;'d| êuHawGUae&onfh tckdufwGif
t&da,m
-
tpJGOyg'gef acs;an§mfwkdU\ oefU&Sif;jcif;udk tvkd½SdMuukefaom
vlom;taygif;wdkUonf? t|*Øaum
-
ra*¾g
usifhtyfaom w&m;wdkUaywnf;?
-
t*Fg½Spfyg;½Sdaom?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
72
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (tbd"r®m q&mpdef\ ]]twå0g'ESifh wm0wðomtbd"r®m}} pmtkyf? ESm- 104)
6/
bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;
,ckwifjyavQmufxm;cJhaom
tcsufrsm;onf
tenf;i,f
t>rufrQom jzpfygonf bk&m;? þtcsufrsm;udk axmufqqifjcifygu awmifwGif;BuD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ taygif;ygrsm; jzpfMuaom or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifrsm;? a½Ttbd"r®m0g'Drsm;onf rdrdwdkU\tvkdqdk;udk tajccHí
bk&m;½Sif\
ygVdawmftcsdKUudk
tvJGvJGtacsmfacsmf
t"dyÜm,f,lqNyD;
bmom0ifrsm;
txiftjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm;um a&;om;a[majymvsuf omoemawmfBuD;udk zsufqD;aeMuaMumif; tvGefyif xif&Sm;ygonf? xkdyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ a&;om;a[majymcsufrsm;onf bk&m;½Sif\ tvkdawmfESifh qefUusifaeaomaMumifh "r®0g' r[kwf? t"r®0g'ppfppfom jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
73
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (18)
18/
twåaemrwd
rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh
vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh
bk&m;ra[monfudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m; 1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh oHa,mifaemufvkduf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwkdUonf
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ a½TEIwfawmfxGuf jzpfonfhteufESifh jynhfpHkjcif;*kPf? o'´gESifh jynfhpHkjcif;*kPf? jznfhpGuf Ekwfy,fzG,fr½Sd
tvHk;pHkjynfhpHkjcif;*kPf?
tvGefpifMu,faom*kPfwkdUESifh
jynfhpHkaom
ygVdawmfrsm;udk
tvG,fwul y,f½Sm;&rSm raMumufovkd vdifrrSef 0kpfrrSef o'´grrSef teufrrSef uvdefÓPfjzifh awmufwD;awmufwJhqkdxm;aom
ygVdrsm;udk
bk&m;a[mygVdjzpfav[ef
vdrfnm
NzD;jzef;&rSmvnf;
r½SufMuyg bk&m;/ 2/
olwdkU\ vufjzpfygVdrsm;udk olwdkU\teufESifh wJGzufwifjyygrnf bk&m;
(u)
avmuork',Íö
tw¬d?
avmueda&m"Íö
ew¬d-[lí
ba'´u&wåokwfü
upöm,ea*gwårax&fudk Ak'¨½Sifa[mcJhonfh avmu[lonf ½Sdonf[k pJG,lu ½Sd\? r½Sd[k jywfuvnf; r½Sd[k qkdxm;\/ (vlaovljzpfjyoem-17) (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH pmtkyftzGifh) rSwfcsuf/ 3/
/ þygVdonf ba'´u&wåokwfü r½Sd? vkyfygVdom jzpfonf/ oDvu©efygVdawmfrSm Ak'¨udk upöm,ea*gwårax&fu ar;avQmufonf? ]]½Sifa*gwr
þowå0gaoNyD;rS wpfzef jyefí jzpfygao;ovm;}} [k ar;avQmuf&m Ak'¨u ]]upöm,e ... avmuork',Íötw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d}} [líom aemufwpfzef jzpfao;onf[k pJGae&if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfaeonf? rpJG&if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfí rae[kom tpJGOyg'gefudkjyvsuf tajzay;cJhavonf/ (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ-22) rSwfcsuf/
/ þt"dyÜm,fonf oDvu©efygVdawmfü ryg? vdrfxm;aom pum;om jzpfonf/
avmuork',Íötw¬d?
avmueda&m"Íö
ew¬d?
jywfvQifvnf;
r½Sd[k
oH,kwfygVdawmf
upöm,ea*gwårax&fudk a[maomw&m;ü twdtvif;qdkxm;csuft& Oyg'geftpJGomvQifjzpfaMumif; ½Sif;aeonf/ (Ak'¨0dyóem pmtkyf yxrwJG - 146) rSwfcsuf/
/ þa[mMum;csufvnf; ryg? ]]twdtvif;}}[k a&;jcif;onf &J&JBuD; vdrfjcif; jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
74
tpodkU (c) rSwfcsuf/ (*)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©? tEkyg'geu©E¨myd eda&m"?
(Ak'¨0g'jyoemrsm; pmtkyf-27)
/ þygVdvnf; vkyfxnfhaom ygVdjzpf\/ ed&,H bdu©a0 a'aoómrDwd wH okPmx bdu©a0 ed&,H? obma0 OyÜga'g ed&a,m/ bdu©a0? oHo&mab; vmrnfha&;udk ajrmfawG;axmuf½I tdk ... bdu©KwdkU/ ed&,H? i&Judk/ a'aoómrd? a[maytHh/ wkarS? oifwdkUonf/ okPmx? em;axmifMuukefavm/ obma0? obm0av;yg;ü/ OyÜga'g? tvGef tvdkwPSmw&m;pJGvrf;jcif;onf/ ed&a,m? ed&,rnf\/
(C)
tyg,H bdu©a0 a'aoómrDwd wH okPmx bdu©a0 tyg,H? obma0 OyÜga'g tyga,m/
(i) rSwfcsuf/
t0Dpð bdu©a0 a'aoómrDwd wH okPmx bdu©a0 t0Dpd? obma0 OyÜga'g t0Dpd/ /
þ
(*)
(C)
(i)
trSwfyg
ygVdtm;vHk;onf
bk&m;a[mr[kwfbJ
bk&m;a[mvkyfxnfhxm;aom ygVd rsm;om jzpfonf/ (p)
e awe aom bdu©K? ,m0wm bdu©a0 ya&/ 0doH "r®H orm'g,? bdu©K 0kpöwd e wm0wm/
(q)
,ó ew¬d *[dwH t,H oóawm (Ak'¨½Sifu a[moGm;w,f) ,ó? tMuifyk*¾dKvftm;/ ew¬d? yifudku r½SdwJh w&m;awGudk/ *[dwH? cE¨mudk,frSm t½SdxifNyD; pJGvrf;jcif;onf/ oóawm? oów rnfygay\/
(Z)
,ó ew¬d rkÍödwAÁH t,H Oapäa'g/ ,ó
yk*¾vó?
tMuifyk*¾dKvftm;/
ukefatmifvkyfaew,f/ Oapäa'g?
ew¬d?
r½SdwJhoabmw&m;udk/
xrif;tiwfcHaew,f?
rkÍödwAÁH?
tanmif;cHaew,f?
twåudvrxmEka,m* Oapä' vrf;pOfyJ/ rSwfcsuf/ (ps)
/ txufygpum;wdkUonf bk&m;a[m r[kwfyg? rkom0g'rsm;omwnf;/ ew¬d udavao y[memwd/ ew¬d udavo? yifudku r½SdwJh udavmomawGudk/ y[memwd? y,fMuukefavmh/
(n)
tZmwm a,0 e Zm,EÅd/ tZmwm a,0? Yifudkur½SdwJh udavomawGudk/ e Zm,EÅd? rjzpfatmif vkyfMu? yifudku r½SdwJh udavomawGudk rjzpfatmifaejcif;[m eda&m"? 'g edAÁmef/
rSwfcsuf/
(a½Ttbd"r®m &ckdifjynf wdwfacG-bD)
/ þ (ps) (n) yg pum;onf t"r®0g'jzpfaom ausmufoabFm0g'rsdK;jzpfonf/
teufvdrfay; xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
75
tpodkU (#)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ted,smeduH oræyÜvmayg/ ted,smeduH? oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif;r[kwfwJh Zmwf? t|uxm? Ak'¨0if? a0óEÅ&m ponfudk a[majymjcif;onf/ oræyÜvmayg emr? oræyÜvmy rnf\/ (&ckdif OD;ausmfwifh wdwfacG)
4/
txufyg
y&d,wådomoemudk
pum;üyg½Sdaom
y,fjcif;om
jzpfonf?
ygVdteufonf
bk&m;a[mr[kwf?
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifqdkolwkdY\
ygVdckwHk;vkyfNyD; pum;rsdK;onfom
oræyÜvmy jzpf½Hkru rdpämpum;rsm; jzpfavonf/ bk&m;a[m ygVdtjzpf a&;om;ajyma[mum ½dk;om;aom bmom0ifyk*¾dKvfwkdUtm; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;cJhMuonf/ 5/
þodkUqkdvQif OD;Ouú|\ oHa,mifaemufvkduf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwdkUonf
bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfum t½Sufr½Sd vdrfnma&;om;ajyma[mMuygonf bk&m;/ 6/
olwdkUonf
wxm*wH
tblawe
tAÇmpdu©wd-a'oemt&
bk&m;½Sifudk
r[kwfrrSefaomtm;jzifh vkyfMuH pGyfpGJMuolrsm;jzpfMu&um; twåmeH cPwd? A[Hk p tyknH yo0wda'oemawmft& rdrdudk,fudk wl;ûzdzsufqD;NyD; tukodkvf w&m;qdk;rsm; wdk;yGm;apolrsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/ 7/
okdUygí
bk&m;a[mygVdESifh
olwdkU\
ravsmfvnf;
vufjzpfygVdrsm;onf ravsmf&um;
bk&m;a[mygVd
"r®r[kwf?
r[kwfonfhtjyif
t"r®rsm;om
jzpfaMumif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
76
½dkaopGmavQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (19)
19/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
vufrcH½HkrQru
4-oacsFESifh
urÇmwpfodef;
Munfñdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom
jznfhqnf;cJhzl;aom
Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf
yg&rDawmfrsm;udk
Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk
raxrJhjrifûyí
ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m; 1/
uHw&m;udkypfy,fNyD;
31-bHk0g'udk
vufrcHMuaom
or®m'd|dokawoe
tzJGUom;rsm;ESifhwuG vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\aemufvdkufwdkUonf Ak'¨bk&m;ociftm; omrefvlom; wpfa,mufxufydkí txifrBuD;Muyg bk&m;/ Ak'¨udk Ouú|ESifh wef;wlxm;NyD; av;oacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhqnf;cJhaom
yg&rDawmfrsm;udkvnf;
olwdkUvufrcHMuyg
bk&m;?
Ak'¨bk&m;ocif\
Munfñdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom Ak'¨0iftjzpfawmfrsm;ukdvnf; olwkdUwawG vufrcHMuyg bk&m;? vufrcH½HkrQru
bmomrJh
½kyfMurf;0g'
orm;rsm;yDyD
Ak'¨0ifudk
axmfavmfuefUvefU
0g'jzefUí
ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; ûyvkyfa&;om;Muygonf bk&m;/ 2/ wGif
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUrS arSmifcdkxkwfa0aom twJG-1? trSwf-4? opöm"r®pmapmif ESm-13
bk&m;ocif\
Ak'¨0ifESifhpyfvsOf;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd
tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUjzifh
apmfapmfum;um; a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;? odom½HkrQ aumufEkwfazmfjyygrnf bk&m;/ (u)
Ak'¨0ifü Ak'¨avmif;vsmod'¨w¬ukrm&rQ rarG;ao;rDuyif xkdewfjA[®mwdkUu 'dAÁpu©K&NyD; bk&m;avmif; aowauwkewfom;½Sd&m wkodwmewfjynfwGif pka0;í bk&m;tjzpfyGifh&ef oaE¨,lygrnfhtaMumif; 0dkif;0ef; awmif;yefMuonf [k qdkxm;\? bk&m;avmif; ewfom;udk,fwdkifu rodaom udpöudk olwdkUu êudwifNyD; bk&m;jzpfrnfholyg[k odESifhNyD;vkdvkd wpfqifhwpfvHk; wifpD;xm;vdkufMuonf/
[lívnf;aumif;? rSwfcsuf/
/
aowauwkewfom;u
rodír[kwf?
]]rodaomudpö}}[k
a&;jcif;onf
&rf;jcif;omjzpfonf/ (c)
0dkif;0ef;awmif;yefMuonfqkdaom udk,fhudk,fudk
owfao&ef
ewfom;uav;crsm
pum;vHk;um; wkdufwGef;Muaom
wpfzufig;&mESifh
ewfpnf;pdrf
ao;ao;auG;auG;udpör[kwf? t"dyÜm,fxGuf\? cHpm;aecGifhyif
aowauwk r&?
olwdkU
wkdufwGef;onfhtwdkif; vufuwD;Mum;u acR;,dkpD;um rdIifawGusvsuf pkawcJh&onf qkd\/ [lívnf;aumif;? rSwfcsuf/
/ þpum;rSm a&;ol\ raemqdk; oabmqdk; ay:ae\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
77
tpodkU (*)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wzef
r,fawmfrm,a'0DxHü
oaE¨rSD;rnfhtaMumif;
tdyfrufay;cef;zGifhqdk&mürl
ewfom;av; vSvS yytjzpf tdyfrufray;? t[dwfwd&pämef qifBuD;tjzpf tdyfrufay;í 0ifa&muf oaE¨,laponf/ [lívnf;aumif;? rSwfcsuf/ (C)
/ avmua&; rvdr®míom qifjzLawmfudk ½Iwfcsa&;om;jcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk tapmfum;qHk;um; o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfyg ewfokwfaygif;rsm;pGmyif jzpfonf/
[lívnf;aumif;? (i)
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[lívnf;aumif;? (p)
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or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU\ udk,fyGm; udk,fpm;jzpfaom&ckdifjynfe,frS a½Ttbd"r®mtrnfcH
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atmufygtwkdif;
jyuf&,fûyí apmfum;Mujyefygonf bk&m;/ (Z)
a*gwrtavmif;tvsmu
BuD;us,faom
tHhzG,frsm;udkjycJhonf[k
Zmwfawmf
ig;&mig;q,fwGif a&;om;xm;ygvsuf usefao;onfqdkaom t&darawå,stavmif;rSm ,aeUwdkif
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ig;&mig;q,fpmrSm '@m&Davm? pOf;pm;a0zef&ef rvdkbl;avm/ (a½Ttbd"r®maMujimcsuf trSwf-5) (ps)
anmifwpfyifrSm
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bk&m;avmif;
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bk&m;tavmif;zGm;jrifaomtcg
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(a½Ttbd"r®maMujimcsuf -76)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 5/
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUom;rsm;ESifh
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (20)
20/
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bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdU\
Ak'¨jrwfpGmomoemawmfwGif
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paom
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udk,fwkdif
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oH*g,emwifrIudpöonf
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OD;pD;OD;aqmifûyí
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vlaovljzpf0g'
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yk*¾dKvfrSeforQ
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80
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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oufqdkif&m
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tqufqufwnfjrJjzpfap&ef
twefwefaom oH*g,em wifjcif;wkdUjzifh pnf;owfapmifhxdef;cJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf? okdUjzpf&m bk&m;pmaywkdUonf 'Hk&if;twkdif;om wnfjrJ aeukef\/ [lívnf;aumif; a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ þta&;tom;rsm;onf
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OD;pD;acgif;aqmif
rax&fBuD;rsm;tm; t,lonf; acgif;rmol wpf,loef yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;[k pGyfpJGuJh&JU ykwfcwfjcif;jzpfí oH*g,em 6-wefudk jyuf&,fûyaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmft½Sifjrwfrsm; bk&m;/ 4/
1330-ck
ewfawmfvqef;
15-&uf
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a';'&JûrdU?
uGif;ausmif;wdkuf? yÍöedum,okawoDtzJGUrS xkwfa0jzefUjzL;aom Ak'¨omoemordkif; pmapmif pmrsufESm 15-wGif þ q|oH*g,emonfvnf; oH*g,emwifonf[laom trnfrQomjzpf\? trSeftm;jzifh yÍöroH*g,emu
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rvkyf&í
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a';'&JûrdUwGif
(3)Budrf
wkdifwdkif
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xlaxmifMuygonf bk&m;/ 6/
,if;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;udk
OD;Ouú|u
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifûyí
OD;OaZÆmwduu
vufcHusif;yygonf? ¤if;wdkU\ vlao vljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDaom yd#uwfrsm;udk [dE´LjAm[®P[laom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
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tpodkU pGyfpJGcsufjzifh
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) y,fxkwfypfygonf
bk&m;?
ckdifrmaomausmufwdkifBuD;wpfckudkvnf;
oH*g,em
a';'&JûrdU?
6-wefudk
tHwkzufûydifaomtaejzifh
uGif;ausmif;wGif
pdkufxlxm;ygonf
bk&m;?
¤if;wdkU\0g'rsm;udkvnf; ausmufwkdifwGif av;bufav;wef urÁnf;pmwrf;xdk;í xm;ygonf bk&m;? ,if;ausmufwkdifudk
vlaovljzpfq&mBuD;
OD;Ouú|tm;
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1340-ck?
ewfawmfvqkwf(11)&uf? 1978-ck? 'DZifbmv(25)&uf? we*FaEGaeU? nae(3)em&DwdwdtcsdefwGif pdkufxljcif;jzpfygonf/
xdkaeUrSm
OD;Ouú|\
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wrifûyvkyfaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmft½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;/ 7/
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ol\taygif;toif; a&mif;&if;jzpfMuukefaom OD;OaZÆmwdutygt0if
&[ef;½SifvlwkdUonf a½S;,cifu wifcJhNyD;aom oH*g,em 6-weftay: tb,frQ rausreyfjzpfNyD; rSm;,Gif;pGmoHk;oyfxm;yHkudk ]]edum,f\ edum,fordkif; ausmufwkdif}} rS pmwpfyk'fudk xkwfEkwfMunfhvQif odEkdifygonf bk&m;/ wwd,oH*g,emwifyJGü yd#uoHk;yHk[lí jzpfvmonfrSm ½Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fonf ola&;xm;aom
uxm0w¬Kusrf;udk
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tûydif[lí
taomurif;BuD;u
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taMumif;
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tvkdokdUvdkufí
trsm;êudufjzpfap&ef pkaygif;NyD; wifvkdufaomaMumifh jzpfonf? yd#uwfrSm þoH*g,emrSpí jAm[®Pa[mESifh Ak'¨a[mwkdU twdtvif; w&m;0if a&maxG;vmawmh\? ax&0g'*dkPf;wkdUu rauseyfaomfvnf; rif;\tmPmudk rqefUusifvkdojzifh vkdufavsmcJh&\? þtrSm;\'Pfudk tpOftquf omoemordkif;wpfavQmuf tarGcHcJh&\/ (edum,f\edum,fordkif;ausmufwkdif½Sd taemufbufrsufESmrS-pm) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmft½Sifjrwfrsm; bk&m;/ 8/
vlaovljzpf
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Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwkdif
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oH*g,emordkif;udk ypfy,fí aemufrSay:aom vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;wkdU\ t*FvdyfrSwfwrf;rsm;udkMunfhum oH*g,emwif ordkif;aMumif;udk trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; a&;om;jzefYjzL;vsuf ½SdMuygonf bk&m;? a';'&JûrdU?
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82
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
uGif;ausmif;wdkuf? yÍöedum, okawoDtzJGUrS 1330-ck? ewfawmfvqef; 15-&ufaeU xkwfjyefaom ]]Ak'¨omoemorkdif;}}ESifh ]]edum,f\ edum,f}} pmtkyfwGif oH*g,emorkdif;aMumif;udk ax&0g'yd#uwfESifh qefUusifpGm azmfjyxm;onfudk twdtvif;awGU½SdEkdifygonf bk&m;/ 10/
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf\ twGif;a&;rª;jzpfaom OD;udkudkav;uvnf; oH*g,emwif
orkdif;aMumif;udk vJGrSm;pGm a[majymcJhygonf bk&m;/ (1)
yxroH*g,emwif/
/ "r®eJU0de,yJ wifw,f? tbd"r®m 7-usrf; rygbl;/ ygVdeJUvJ
wifwmr[kwfbl;? ygVdvJ ray:ao;bl;? pmeJUvJ wifwm r[kwfbl;/ (2)
'kwd,oH*g,emwif/
/ "r®eJU0de,yJ wifw,f? tm*Hk½GwfqkdMuw,f? pmeJUvJ wifwm
r[kwfbl;? ygVdvJ ray:ao;bl;? tbd"r®m 7-usrf;vJ rygao;bl;/ tcsdefrukefatmif tenf;i,f aumufEkwfazmfjyygonf bk&m;/ (3)
wwd,oH*g,emwif/ / "r®eJU0de,yJ wifw,f? pmeJUvJ wifwm r[kwfbl;? tbd"r®m 7-usrf;vJ rygao;bl;? ygVdvJ ray:ao;bl;? tJ'DrSm uRefawmfwdkU Munfh&r,f? tbd"r®m 7-usrf;? 6-usrf;uawmh aemufrSay:wm? uxm0w¬K aemufrS ay:wm/ y /
(4)
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83
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]ygVdqdkwJh pum;vHk;av;ay:wmeJU uRefawmfwdkU Ak'¨bk&m;ocifeJU[m ESpfaygif;(754) ESpf
uGmygw,f? EdkU 'gjzifh bk&m; bm bmomeJU a[movJ? r*"rfvdkUac:wJh rm*"bmomeJU a[mygw,f/ y/ [dE´L&,f? ouúw&,f? jymu½dkuf&,f? rm*" &,f 4-ckaygif;NyD; arG;zGm;vmwJh OaZÆeDjynfoHk; pum;uae qef;opfxm;wJh ygVd? at'D (81)ck ay:ygw,f? oD&dudwåd oD&dZ,srif; vufxufrSm
ygVday:ygw,f?
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trSefuawmh
uRefawmfwdkUbk&m; ygVd rwwfygbl;}} [lí a[majymygonf bk&m;? þodkUa[majymjcif;rSm oAÁñkwÓPfudk apmfum;jcif;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 13/
a';'&JûrdU?
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pmrsufESm
9-10
yÍöedum,okawoDtzJGUrS wGif
xkwfa0jzefUjzL;aom
t½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotm;
atmufygtwkdif;
a0zefykwfcwfxm;ygonf bk&m;/ Armjynf
rlvAk'¨omoemwGif
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Ak'¨aCmowkdU\
t,ltqrsm;u
vTrf;rdk;vmavawmhonf? xdkrSaemufykdif; Armjynf Ak'¨omoemonf Ak'¨aCmoomoem\ atmufwGif arS;rSdefoGm;jcif; cH&avonf? Ak'¨\ opömav;yg;tajccH tewå0g'BuD;onf twåa'oemrsm;\ ta&mt,SufcH&\? Ak'¨\ tEkyg'ge vrf;pOfonf 0#foHk;yg;udk jyefvSnfhaom Oyg'gefvrf;pOftjzpfodkU ajymif;jyefOD;vSnfhvmawmh\/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; 14/
vlaovljzpfq&mBuD; wynfhwpfodkufonf ¤if;wdkUtvkdqE´rudkufnDaom yd#uwfudk
roefU½Sif; rpifMu,f rjywfom;yg[k ajymqkda&;om;MuNyD; ¤if;wdkUpdwfêudufawGUaom yd#uwfrsm;udkom oefU½Sif;onf pifMu,fonf jywfom;onf[k twå'd|dorm;rsm; yDopGm [pfatmfa
uGif;quf
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aeMuavonf?
þum;
tjcm;r[kwf? ,aeU yd#uwf\ roefU½Sif; rpifMu,f rjywfom;rIwkdUaMumifhyif jzpfavonf/ ,ckrl 1975-ck? rwfv(28)&ufaeUrSpí arv(10)&uftxd &ufaygif; 40-ausmfrQjzifh edum,fig;&yf wnf;jzwf okwfoifawmfrlMuaom a';'&JyÍöedum, "r®omupämobif qif,ifí NyD;ajrmufNyD
jzpfav&m
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pifMu,foefU½Sif;í
tmoa0gw&m;pkrSvGwfaom Ak'¨\ tmabm* "r®rSeftwdkif;om vufcHMu&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvdkuf&ayonf/
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84
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[lí a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ a';'&J?
"r®omupämtzJGU\
]]edum,f\
edum,f}}rsm;rSm
vlaovljzpfq&mBuD;ESifh
or®m'd|dokawoeacgif;aqmifydkif;wkdU tvkdus xkwfjyefxm;aom (ûzwf? xkwf? y,f) wpfydkif;aMumif edum,frsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; 15/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ax&0g'omoemawmfBuD;udk vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufudkifxm;Muaom
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifrsm;ESifh oHa,mifaemufvkduform;rsm;u pmapmif? pmtkyf? wdwfacG? aqG;aEG;yJG? a[majymyJG paom enf;trsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh zsufqD;vsuf ½SdMuygonf bk&m;/ ¤if;wkdU\ tûytrl vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf omoemawmftwGuf tvGeftEÅ&m,f BuD;rm;vSygonf bk&m;? ¤if;wdkU\ ta&;tom;? ta[mtajym? tûytrltm;vHk;onf bmom omoemudk tEÅ&m,fay;rnfh tqdyfa&oifhaom tqdyfyef;rsm; "r®EÅ&m,frsm;omjzpfí "r®rrD? t"r®0g'? t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfawmfrlEkdif&ef ½kdaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
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85
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'em trSwf (21)
21/
oH*g,em 6-wefwifNyD; bk&m;a[mygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu
bk&m;a[m
r[kwf[lívnf;aumif;?
[dE´LjAm[®P0g'
[lívnf;aumif;?
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
tjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm; vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUjcif;ESihf ywfoufaom apm'emcsufyg bk&m;? oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 1/ paom
vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ol\aemufvdkufrsm;jzpfMuukefaomf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D vlwpfpkwdkUonf
vnf;aumif;?
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bufawmfom;
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trsdK;rsdK;pGyfpJGNyD;
ûzwfxkwfEkwfy,fjcif;
vkyfief;rsm;udk
twifh&JpGm
ûyvkyfvsuf ½SdMuygNyD bk&m;/ 2/
vufawGUrsufawGU
¤if;wdkU\vkyf&yfrsm;udk
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bk&m;?
OD;Ouú|u
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þ½Hk;awmfokdU
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'DCedum,f? jA[®Zmvokwf? {upöoów0g'udk bmomjyefqkd&mü (xdkowå0gwkdUonf tmbó&bHkü psmefpdwfaMumifh jzpfukef\/ yDwd[laom tpm½Sdukef\? rdrdudk,fydkif ta&miftvif; ½Sdukef\? aumif;uifü oGm;vmEkdifukef\? wifhw,faom O,smOf Adrmef ya'omyif ½Sdukef\? r[muyf ½SpfurÇmywfvHk; wnfukef\/) aw ww¬ a[mEÅd raemr,m yDwdbu©m o,Hybm tEÅvdu©p&m okb|m,daem pd&H 'DCr'¨geH - [laom ygVdawmfudk ûzwfxm;cJhygonf bk&m;/ (oDvu©ef ygVdawmf? q|rl pmrsufESm 16-ESifh edum,f\ edum,fpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 44- udk wkdifqkdifíMunfhawmfrlyg bk&m;/)
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86
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; 3/ yÍöedum,
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| OD;pD;í plVem,u OD;OaZÆmwdu acgif;aqmifwnf;jzwfaom a';'&J? "r®omupämtzJGUom;rsm;onf
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk
¤if;wdkU\0g'ESifh
rukdufvQif
twHk;vdkuf twpfvkduf ûzwfypfavh½Sdygonf bk&m;/ ûzwfypfygonf bk&m;/ (*)
edum,f\ edum,f pmtkyfwGif omrnzvokwfudk bmomjyefqkd&mü oDvu©efygVdawmf? pmrsufESm 73-rS 79-txd pmrsufESm 6-rsufESmwdwd vHk;0ûzwfy,fí jyefqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;? xkd ûzwfxm;aompmrsm;ü raemr,d'¨dÓPf? £'¨d0d"ÓPf? 'dAÁaomwÓPf? apawmy&d,ÓPf? ykaAÁed0goÓPf? 'dAÁpu©KÓPfwkdUudk jyqdkxm;onfh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfawG wpfvHk;rusef ûzwfypfygonf bk&m;? todÓPfudk olwdkU vufrcHMuyg bk&m;/
(C)
au0¥okwfudk bmomjyefqdk&mü ,m0 jA[®avmumyd uma,e 0oH 0awåwd= jA[®mhjynfwkdifatmifvnf; udk,fjzifh tvkdudk jzpfap\ [laom ygVdudk ]]edum,f\ edum,f}}pmtkyfü vHk;0ûzwfíbmomjyefygonf bk&m;? (edum,f\ edum,f pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 66-ESifh oDvu©efygVd? au0¥okwf? pmrsufESm 206-udk wkdufqkdifMunfhawmfrlyg bk&m;) jA[®avmum=jA[®mjynfrS [laom a0g[m&udk rsufrkef;usdK; aeyHk &ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; 4/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ae&mwum
okawoevkyfcsifMuaom
ol\aemufvkduf
ouFef;0wfwpfpk vlwpfpkwkdUonf jA[®mudkom rkef;onf r[kwf? wm0wðom paom ewfrsm;udkvnf; olwdkU0g'ESifhrudkufí ygVdawmfxJrS xkwfy,fvkdufMuygonf bk&m;/ (i)
edum,f\ edum,f pmtkyfwGif au0¥okwfudk bmomjyefqdk&mü oDvu©efygVdawmf? pmrsufESm
208-rS
213-txd
blweda&ma"ubdu©K0w¬K=r[mbkwf½kyfwkdU\
csKyfNidrf;&mudk½Smaom &[ef;0w¬K wpfyk'fvHk;udk wpfckrusef ûzwfxm;Muygonf bk&m;? ,if;tcef;wGif wm0wðom paom ewfwdkU\ taMumif;rsm; ygaeí 31-bHky,faom ¤if;wdkU\0g'ESifh rudkufaomaMumifh ûzwfypfMuygonfbk&m;/ (edum,f\ edum,f pmrsufESm 66-67-ESifh oDvu©efygVdawmf au0¥okwfudk wkdufqkdif Munfhawmfrlyg bk&m;/)
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87
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; 5/
a';'&J?
yÍöedum,
"r®omupämtrnfwyfxm;aom
OD;Ouú|0g'DwkdUonf
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk ûzwfcsif wkdif; ûzwf? y,fcsifwdkif; y,faeMuygonf bk&m;/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUom;rsm; êudufvSygonfqkdaom auorkwådokwf (umvmrokwf)udkyif olwdkUvkdcsif&muGufí
bmomjyefqkdxm;ygonf
bk&m;?
tjynfhtpHkjyef&rnfudk
olwkdU
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vuf½GHUMuygonf bk&m;/ (p)
edum,f\ edum,fpmtkyfwGif auorkwådokwfudk bmomjyefazmfjy&mü jA[®pdk&fw&m; av;yg;udk azmfjyaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk wpfyk'fvHk;ûzwfí bmomjyefqkdMuygonf bk&m;/ (edum,f\ edum,fpmtkyf pmrsufESm 184-185ESifh t*Fkwå&edum,f? wduedygwfygVdawmf 192-udk wkdufqkdifí Munfhawmfrlyg bk&m;/)
6/
jA[®pdk&fw&m; cef;ajcmufolrsm;yDyD auorkwådokwfudk bmomjyefqkd&mü arwåm? u½kPm?
rk'dwm? Oayu©m[k qkdtyfaom jA[®pdk&fw&m; av;yg;taMumif;udkrS wrifuGufí csefvkdufjcif;onf ½kyf0g'Dtppfrsm;jzpfaMumif; olwkdUudk,f olwdkU 0efcHxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| OD;pD;í wnf;jzwfokwfoifxm;aom ]]edum,f\ edum,f}} wkdUwGif olwkdUtkyfpk tvGefêuduf ESpfoufvSygonfqkdaom auorkwådokwfudkyif vkd&muGufí rvdk&mudkzsufNyD; bmomjyefxm;ao;&m tjcm;yd#uwfawmfrsm;ukdrl tb,frQavmuf ûzwfxkwf ypfy,fxm;rnfqkdonfudk pOf;pm;&efyif
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vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|\
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OD;qE´m"du\ yd#uwfy,fyHk t,ltqudkvnf; axmufjyyg&ap bk&m;/ twJG-1? trSwf-5? opöm"r®a&;&m (arSmifckd) pmapmif ESm-2-wGif (q)
ax&0g'udk yxroH*g,emwifpOfu 0de,ESifh"r®[líom jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh yd#uwf 2-yHk[líom rSwf&\/
(Z)
edum,fav;&yfomvQif
yxroH*g,emwGif
xif½Sm;ap\?
ck'´uedum,frSm
bk&m;ESifhtvGefuGmvSrf;aom oD[kdVf pwkw¬oH*g,emwGifrS ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfonf/ þokdUqkdxm;jcif;aMumifh tbd"r®myd#utygt0if ck'´uedum,fudk bk&m;a[mtjzpf vufrcHjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
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88
tpodkU 8/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUrSxkwfa0aom Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf (1)
pmrsufESm 72-wGif (ps)
ck'´uedum,frSm
txufyg
edum,fav;&yf
ay:NyD;aemuf
umvtwefMumNyD;rS
xGufay:vmaom usrf;pmrsm;udk pkaygif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ [kqkdxm;ygonf/ ck'´uedum,f? usrf;pm&if; 20-[k jyqkdxm;NyD;? ,if; 20-wGif (19) bdu©KygwdarmufESifh (20) bdu©KeDygwdarmuf [k
azmfjyxm;ygonf?
bdu©KygwdarmufESifh
bdu©KeDygwdarmufudk
0denf;ygVdawmfüyg0ifonf
qkdwmavmufudkrS rodjcif;rSm tvGef ½SufzG,f? &,fzG,faumif;vSygonf bk&m;? OD;qE´m"duESifhwuG or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolrsm;onf ck'´uedum,fudk y,fvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf pmtkyf 40½Sdonfhteuf edum,fBuD;av;&yfwGif yg0ifaom
ygVdawmf pmtkyf 12-tkyfudkom uGuf,lovdk
jzpfaeygonf bk&m;? ,if;edum,fBuD; 4-&yfudkvnf; tm;vHk;vufcHjcif; r[kwfbJ ½kyf0g'ESifhrudkufaom tcsdKUygVdawmfrsm;udk [dE´LjAm[®P0g'[laom yk'frwyfNyD; z,fxkwfypfMuonfrSmvnf; ukefoavmuf jzpfaeygNyD bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 9/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufyk*¾dKvfwkdUonf olwdkU0g'ESifh rudkufnDaom
ax&0g'yd#uwf&Sd
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xkwfMu
prf;MunfhMuygonf
y,fMu
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bk&m;?
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vkyfypfMuygonf bk&m;? OD;Ouú|\wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifurl "r®pMum? tewåvu©P? y#dpöorkyÜg'f þokwfoHk;ckuvJGvQif usefyd#uwfrsm;udk rD;½dIUypfcsifonftxd rsufrkef;usdK;aeygonf bk&m;/ 10/
]]vufa½G;pifoD;oefU yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;}} trnf½Sd pmtkyf pmrsufESm 3-
wGif ocifjrwfqkdifu bk&m;a[m yd#uwfygVdawmfrsm;udk ûzwfxkwfypfy,fa&;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; êuH;0g;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ (n)
yd#uwfawmf[lí ac:qkdMu&mü okwfta&twGuf pkpkaygif; (34888) ausmf½Sdonf? ,if;txJü rkd;ay: vufñdI;xkd;íajr§muf? ajrBuD;xJudk ñTefíajcmuf paom okwfrsm;wkdUudk tukefvHk; rD;avmifukefukef? wpfokwfwavrQyif rusefusef? þ,ckoHk;okwf ("r®pMum? tewåvu©P? y#dpöorkyÜg'f) wnf;omvQif usefvQif omoemawmf rnfonfhtcgrQ rysufEkdifacs-
[lí jyif;jyif;xefxef êuH;0g;xm;ygNyD bk&m;/
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89
tpodkU 11/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) OD;Ouú|\
om0ursm;jzpfMuukefaom
ocifjrwfqkdifESifhwuG
or®m'd|dokawoe
qdkolwkdUonf "r®pMum? tewåvu©P? y#dpöorkyÜg'f þokwfoHk;rsdK;udkom olwdkUvufcHcsifMuonf qkdaomfvnf; ¤if;w&m;awmfrsm;udk vufawGUusifhoHk;&ef r[kwfbJ toHaumif;[pfEkdif&eftwGufom aemufwpfqifh ûzwf&eftwGufom csefxm;jcif; jzpfEkdifygonf bk&m;? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwkdUonf xdkbk&m;a[m okwfoHk;okwfvm tqHk;tr wnf½Sdonfh t&dyfta&mifrQyif rawGU&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifhyif usef bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk olwdkU\ Murf;aom yg;pyf? &rf;aom uavmifwkdUjzifh rD;½dIUzsufqD;vsuf aeMuNyDudk rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifMu&ygNyD bk&m;? omoemtay: þrQ ûid;rmefyGm;aeaom ½kyfMurf;0g'D tmCmworm;wkdU\ ]]yd#uwfy,f 0g'qkd;}}onf rûyoifh
rûyxkduf
rvkyfoifh
rvkyfxkdufaom
udpörsdK;jzpfí
t"r®0g'tppf
t"r®0g'D
ppfppfBuD;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfEkdif&ef apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/
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90
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oufaocHypönf;pm&if;
trSwf(2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'?
a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wkdUudk
"r®
t"r®
ppfaq;qHk;jzwfrnfh oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf2- ½Hk;awmfokdU apm'emwifoGif;&mü aumufcsufxkwf azmfjyaom oufaocH pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? wdwfacGwdkU\ pm&if;udk oD;oefUûypkwifjyygonf bk&m;/ (þpm&if;wGif ryg0ifao;aom tjcm;pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? wdwfacGrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; usef&Sdygao;onf bk&m;/)
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; 1/ vlaovljzpf (½SifOuú|) 1-9-1963? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;? xkwfa0ol- armifpkd;0if;? ,m,DrSwfyHkwif (0519) jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkduf 12(c)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ 2/ Ak'¨ "r®pMum (awmifwGif;BuD;? ewfrSDawm&? ½SifOuú| a[monf) 1964-ck? pufwifbmv? xkwfa0ol-a':oef;? rSwfyHkwif ('DtD; 000740) trSwf 172? 6-vrf;? aygif;wnfûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- a':oef;? oD&dr*FvmpmyHkESdyfwkduf? (rSwfyHkwiftrSwf-07) 6-vrf;? aygif;wnfûrdU/ 3/ awmifwGif;BuD; Ak'¨wuúodkvf t½SifOuú|\ ]]Ak'¨tbd"r®m}} pwkw¬vufaqmif? 1316-ck? a½TjynfwefpmyHkESdyfwkduf? wkwftifqef;? pef;yGifhukrÜPD? trSwf-12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmfaps;? &efukefûrdU/ 4/ tpJGûywf wJukyfa½Teef;awmf (½SifOuú| a&;) 1963-ck? arv (1)&uf? xkwfa0ol-(0509)? yHkESdyfol-rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0447) jrefrmhAsL[mpmyHkESdyfwkduf? 12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
91
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
5/ Ak'¨vrf;pOf (½SifOuú|)? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;? 1962-ck yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol-armifpdk;0if;? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyfí &efukefûrdU? a&ausmf? ESif;yef;vrf;? trSwf-12? a½TjynfwefpmtkyfwkdufrS jzefUa0onf/ 6/ tewåa&mifjcnf (½SifOuú| a&;) yxr ESdyf? 1324-ck? oDwif;uRwfv/ &efukefûrdU? trSwf(1)? qif;'0pfvrf;? ½Ir0yHkESdyfwkdufwGif ½dkufESdyfí a';'&JûrdU? uGif;ausmif;wkdufq&mawmf t½SifOaZÆmwdu q&mawmfu wm0efcH xkwfa0onf/ 7/ tkd a,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ (½SifOuú|) 'kwd,yHkESdyfjcif;? 1962-ck? atmufwkdbmv/ &efukefûrdU? a&ausmfaps;? ESif;yef;vrf;? trSwf-12 (c)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyfí a½Tjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwkdufESifh pmtkyfwkdufrS jynfvHk;uRwf jzefUa0onf/ 8/ ½SifOuú| ûypkaom ]]Ak'¨rSwfausmuf}} 1963-ck? 'DZifbmv xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;0if;? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (93)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmtkyfwkduf? 62-AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukefûrdU/ jzefUa0ol- a½Tjynfwef pmaywkduf? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (94)? 12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ 9/ Ak'¨pmcRefawmf (½SifOuú|) 1961-ck atmufwkdbmv? yxryHkESdyfjcif;? yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol-armifpdk;0if;? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyfí a½Tjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwkdufESifh pmtkyfwkduf? trSwf-12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmfaps;? &efukefûrdUrS jzefUa0onf/ 10/ toifvlom; bmrSm;aeovJ (½SifOuú|) 1966-ck? Zlvdkifv 1-&uf? xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;0if;? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf jrJ(0093)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmtkyfwkduf? 12 (c)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ jzefUa0ol- a½Tjynfwef pmaywkduf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0094)? 12 (u)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
92
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
11/ 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH (udkudkav;) (tbd"r®m q&mpdef wnf;jzwfonf) xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;a½T (0117)? yif;,pmaywkduf? (289)? bm;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;atmifcif? rSwfyHkwif(0345) odef;oef; yHkESdyfwkduf? trSwf-779? 5-&yfuGuf? awmifOuúvmy? &efukefûrdU/ 1964-ck? atmufwkdbmv (1)&uf? 12/ twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m (tbd"r®m q&mpdef) (20-5-65) xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;a½T (0117)jrJ? yif;,pmaywkduf? 289? bm;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;atmifcif (0345) odef;oef; yHkESdyfwkduf? 779? 5-&yfuGuf? awmifOuúvmy? &efukefûrdU/ 13/ vlaovljzpfjyóem (ocifjrwfqkdif tar;? ½SifOuú| tajz) yxryHkESdyfjcif; 1964-ck? Ekd0ifbmv/ xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;vdIif? 0dZ,pmtkyfwkduf (0110) 42-at? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;pdk;vdIif? a½TûrdUawmf pmyHkESdyfwkduf? (0137) 42-at? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? &efukefûrdU/ 14/
Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; (ocifjrwfqkdif zGifhonf/)
yHkESdyfol- OD;wif? pHcsdefopfyHkESdyfwkduf? (0421) trSwf-35-A[dkvrf;? *Gwåvpf? &efukefûrdU/ xkwfa0ol- OD;wif? pdefwifpmay&dyfûrH/ (0297) trSwf-35-A[dkvrf;? *Gwåvpf? &efukefûrdU/ jzefUcsdol-jynfolUtvif; pmayjzefUcsda&;? 107? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;? &efukefûrdU/ 15/ Ak'¨0dyóem (1) (ocifjrwfqkdif) yxrtBudrf? 1964-ck? rSwfyHkwif (0048) &efukefûrdU? 107? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;? jynfolUtvif; pmaywkdufrS xkwfa0onf/ rSwfyHkwif (0047) &efukefûrdU/ trSwf 55-tvHk? ausmif;vrf;? jynfolUtvif;pmyHkESdyfwkdufrS ½dkufESdyfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
93
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
16/ Ak'¨0dyóem (2) (ocifjrwfqkdif) 1967-ck? ZEé0g&Dv? &efukefûrdU? 107? AdkvfcsKyfaps;? jynfolUtvif; pmaywkdufrS xkwfa0onf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0048) &efukefûrdU? tvHk? ausmif;vrf;-55? jynfolUtvif;pmyHkESdyfwkdufu ½dkufESdyfonf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0047) 17/ or®m'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif;ta&;awmfyHk? okdUr[kwf Ak'¨0g'ESifh b0oHo&m? 1964-ck? Mo*kwfv? xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;a½T (0117) yif;,pmaywkduf? trSwf 289? bm;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ yHkESdyfol- OD;pdk;vdIif? (0070) rsdK;ñGefUyHkESdyfwkduf? trSwf-90? vSnf;wrf;vrf;? &efukefûrdU/ 18/ b0a&pD; (½SifOuú|) 1961-ck? pufwifbmv 22-&uf? a½Tjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? trSwf(12) ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefûrdU/ 19/ Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm;? or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf? ArmEdkifiH (tzJGU0ifrsm;om) (yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg) 20/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf? Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;rSwfpk (oifwef;om;rsm;twGufom) (yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg) 21/ 0drkwåd&ot&aumufusrf;? OD;udkudkav; (yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg) 22/ opöm"r®pmapmif twJG (1) trSwf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) twJG (2) trSwf (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) twJG (3) trSwf (1) (2) (3) (7) (12) twJG (4) trSwf (7) (8) pkpkaygif; opöm"r® (18)apmif 23/ opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif twJG (1) trSwf (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) pkpkaygif; opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif (5)apmif 24/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf (tzJGU0ifrsm;om) opömAdrmef pnf;½Hk;a&;ESifh tbd"r®ma&;&m (jyefwrf;)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
94
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
twJG (1) trSwf (3) (6) twJG (2) trSwf (5) pkpkaygif; (3)apmif 25/ "r®tvif;a&mif (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom) twJG (2) trSwf (6) (7) (8) twJG (3) trSwf (2) (3) (4) pkpkaygif; "r®tvif;a&mif (6)apmif 26/ trSefw&m; okawoe pmapmif trSwf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) pkpkaygif; pmapmif (6)apmif (tbd"r®m q&mpdef wifjyonf) 27/ vufa½G;pif oD;oefU yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm; ocifjrwfqkdif 28/ edum,f\ edum,fESifh a';'&JûrdU? ausmufwkdifrS pmrsm; (uGif;ausmif;wdkuf) 29/ Ak'¨omoemordkif; (tusOf;) yÍömedum, "r®omupämtzJGU 1330-ck? eawåmfvqef; (15)&uf (uGif;ausmif;wkduf? a';'&JûrdU) 30/ tewå0g'ESifh avmufvef;ozG,f 0dnmOfwG,f [laom twå0g'? wifjyol OD;a½Tjynfh? awmifukwfûrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f/ (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom) 31/ ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ wifjyol OD;a½Tjynfh? awmifukwfûrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f/ (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom) 32/ Ak'¨odyÜH y&dowf awmfvSefa&; vlom;awGtjrif bmompD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIpD;yGm;a&; 33/ a½Ttbd"r®m awmifukwf? &ckdifjynfe,f\ ar;cGef;pmapmif 34/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;&mqkdif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm;pm½Guf 35/
wdwfacG (11)acG pm&if; (u)
OD;Ouú|a[m opömav;yg; (awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm&)
(c)
OD;udkudkav; Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; oifcef;pm (1)
(*)
oH*g,emwiforkdif; (tp) (OD;udkudkav;)
(C)
oH*g,emwiforkdif; (tqHk;) (OD;udkudkav;)
(i)
&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGU0if yxraeU yxracG
(p)
&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGU0if yxraeU 'kwd,acG
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
95
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(q)
&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGY0if 'kwd,aeY yxracG
(Z)
&ckdifor®m'd|dtzJGU0if 'kwd,aeU 'kwd,acG
(ps)
OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (15-4-76) aeU
(n)
OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (16-4-76) aeU
(#)
OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (17-4-76) aeU
pkpkaygif; pmtkyf? pmapmif? pmwrf;rsm; trsdK;tm;jzifh
34-rsdK;
ta&twGuftm;jzifh 36/
67-ck &Sdygonf/
,ck oufaocHtjzpf wifjycJhaom pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? Pm½Guf ta&twGufrSm
trsdK;tm;jzifh (34)rsdK;? ta&twGuftm;jzifh (67) jzpfygonf? 67-rsdK;wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0olygaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rSm (19)rsdK;om jzpfygonf? usef (48)rsdK;uawmh yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygyg bk&m;? yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygaomfvnf; ckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;t& oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyygonf bk&m;/ 37/
Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;
oifwef;trSwfpOf(1)
oifwef;rSwfpkrsm;rSm
or®m'd|d
okawoetzJGUcsKyf ArmEkdifiH[k yg½HkrQru oufaocHwdwfacG trSwf (c) (*) (C) yg OD;udkukdav;ydkUcsaom Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef;ydkUcscsufrsm;ESifh
vkd&if;
t"dyÜm,f
vHk;0wlnDaeygonf?
xkdUaMumifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfu pmtkyfwGifygonfhtwkdif; or®m'd|d okawoetzJGU0ifrsm;xH jzefUa0aMumif; xif½Sm;í oufaocHtjzpf wifygonf bk&m;/ or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf Ak'¨0g'tajccHoifwef; oifwef;rSwfpk (oifwef;om;rsm;twGufom) pmtkyfonfvnf; oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) pmtkyfBuD;ESifh tusOf;tus,frQom uJGjym;ívnf;aumif;? oifwef;om;rsm;ukd
jzefUa0aom
pmtkyfi,fjzpfívnf;aumif;?
or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfuyif
jzefUa0onf[k odEkdifygonf/ 38/
opöm"r®pmapmifonfvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ aemufa,mifcHrsm;u jzefUa0aMumif;(u)
pmayaumfrwD
(c)
yg0ifa&;om;olrsm;
(*)
twGif;pmom;ESifh
xif½Sm;aom
tcsuftvufrsm;u
oufaojyaeygonf?
opöm"r® twJG(4) trSwf(7) pmrsufESm (10)ü atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;ygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
96
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tzJGUcsKyf pmayaumfrwD (1) OD;cif[ef
(tMuHay;)
(2) OD;vGef;armif ( /
)
(3) OD;atmifEkdif (wm0efcHpmwnf;)
wkdUyg0ifaom
(4) OD;udkudkav; ( /
)
(5) OD;xGef;apm ( /
)
(6) OD;jrifhaqG ( /
)
(7) OD;wifodef; ( /
)
(8) OD;armifpdef ( /
)
pmayaumfrwDzJGUpnf;vdkufygonf/
pmaya&;&mudpöESifhywfoufvmygu
tzJGUcsKyfpmay
aumfrwDokdU qufoG,fMuapvdkygonf? þokdU a&;xm;ygonf? yg0ifa&;om;olrsm;uvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|? ocif jrwfqkdif? '*kef OD;vSaz? OD;barmif-a';'&J? OD;udkudkav; polwdkU jzpfMuygonf? oufaocHwifxm;aom
opöm
"r®pmapmif
(18)apmifwGif
(14)apmifü
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|
yg0ifa&;om;xm;ygonf? opöm"r®twJG(2) trSwf (10) pmrsufESm (11)ü "r®AdrmefwnfEkdifa&;twGuf tvªaiG ydkUEkdifonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpf (1) OD;Z0e y&[dw q&mawmf? Ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/ (2) OD;ÓPfokdif;? arcvmwkduf? trSwf(954) 16-&yfuGuf? &wemvrf;? awmifOuúvmy/ (3) OD;cif[ef (opöm"r®) 313? AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukefûrdU wkdUudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ xdk 3-OD;wGif 2-OD;rSm ,ckpk'dwursm; jzpfaeMuygonf/ a&;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;uvnf; opöm"r® twJG(2) trSwf(12) rsufESmzHk;pmrsufESmwGif aumufcsufcs xm;onfhtwdkif; vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|0g' us,fjyefUatmif a&;om;aeMujcif;om jzpfygonf? xkdUaMumifh opöm"r®pmapmifrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygaomfvnf; oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyMuygonf/ 39/
opöm"r®a&;&m pmapmifrsm;? opömAdrmef pmapmifrsm;? "r®tvif;a&mif pmapmifrsm;
tygt0if usefpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmifrsm;onfvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ bmomrJh0g'udk trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tpGrf;ukefxlaxmifaeMuonfh pmapmifrsm;omjzpfaMumif; aphaphpyfpyfMunfhu odEkdifygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh azmfjycJhNyD;aom pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;ukd oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyMuygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
97
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk ½Hk;awmfrS ppfar;jcif; aeYpJG (30-6-81)
obmywdu ar;jcif; apm'emudpö
NyD;oGm;ygNyD?
tudk;tum;awGazmfjyNyD;
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
apm'em
wifxm;ygw,f?
tckvdk
pmtkyfpmwrf;
oufaocHjzpfwJh
pmrsufESm
pmtkyfawG
pmwrf;
wdwfacGawGudkvnf; tckpm;yJGay:rSm wifNyD;xm;w,f? tck wifjyxm;wJh pmtkyfpmwrf;awG pmapmifawG tm;vHk;[m
OD;Ouú|0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'?
a½Ttbd"r®m0g'eJY
ywfoufvkdU
a&;xm;wm
trSefjzpfygovm;? r[kwf&ifvJ jiif;y,f Edkifygw,f/ OD;OaZÆmwdu
-wynfhawmfrsm;taeeJU 'Dudpö vHk;0 rodyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-usefwJhq&mawmfrsm;u ,ck oufaocHwifjyxm;wJh pmtkyf pmapmifawGonf q&mawmfwdkU
t&ifwkef;u
oHk;oyfzl;wJh
vufcHzl;wJh
oabmwlzl;wJh
pmtkyfpmwrf;awG [kwfygovm;vkdU ar;ygw,f/ OD;Z0e 2-yg;
-wynfhawmfrsm;vJ rodMuawmhyg bk&m;/
OD;qE´m"du
-wynfhawmfvJ rodawmhyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-b,folrS rodbl;aygh? 'gjzifh aemufu ocifjrwfqkdifwkdU or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUrS OD;cif[efwkdU ajzyg/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-wynfhawmf emrnfeJU a&;xm;wJh[mawmh wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;? wjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm; a&;wmawmh rodyg bk&m;? or®m'd|dtzJGUxJvJ wynfhawmf rygbl; bk&m;? a&;w,fqkdwm
0efcHygw,f?
wynfhawmftrnf
ygwmrSeforQ
tm;vHk;
wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;/ OD;cif[ef
-bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;eJU ywfoufwmawmh wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;/
OD;Óedu
-ywfoufw,fqdkwmu or®m'd|dokawoetrnfyg&if wm0ef,lr,f ajymwmvm;
(0denf;"dk&f) OD;cif[ef
-or®m'd|demrnfyg&if wm0ef,lygr,f bk&m;/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-avQmufxm;csifwmu ESpfavmufuxJu
½Sif0go0pmawGeJUa&maxG;aeNyD;awmh
wynfhawmfwdkUeJU
vHk;0rwlwJhudpöjzpfaew,f?
'gu
15-
½dk½dkaoao
avQmuf&r,fqkd&ifawmh rawmfrwJh pum;awG jzpfaew,f? tJ'g tapmBuD;uxJu tJ'Dyk*¾dKvfeJU wynfhawmfwdkU rqdkifawmhygbl;/ OD;Óedu
-rqdkifwmawmh[kwfNyD? or®m'd|deJYywfoufNyD;awmhygaew,f? olu wm0efcHNyD;
(0denf;"dk&f)
xkwfa0xm; awmh olu ygaew,f/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
98
tpodkU ocifjrwfqdkif
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) -'guawmh [kwfygw,f bk&m;? or®m'd|deJUawmh qkdifygw,f bk&m;? or®m'd|duawmh rSefw,f? wynfhawmfwkdUtaeuawmh ½Sif0go0eJU vHk;vHk;rywfoufyg bk&m;/
OD;Z0e
-vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk OD;0go0u wm0ef,l xkwfa0xm;w,f r[kwfvm;/
(0denf;"dk&f) ocifjrwfqdkif
-½SifOuú| ygaeawmh wynfhawmf wm0ef,l&rvdk jzpfaeygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-or®m'd|dudk b,folu wm0ef,lrSmvJ/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-t½Sifbk&m;wkdU
axG;aew,f
xifw,f
bk&m;?
or®m'd|dudk
OD;cif[efu
wm0ef,lygvdrfhr,f bk&m;? wynfhawmfu oyfoyf wpfa,mufxJyJ bk&m;? e*dkuxJu tzJGUtpnf;r½Sdyg bk&m;? bmvdkUvJqkd&if wpfa,mufxJ vHk;csif;yJ êudufw,fbk&m;? cHp&m½SdvJ udk,fh[mudk,f cHr,f? aop&m½SdvJ udk,fh[mudkyJ aor,f? tazmftaygif;eJUqkdawmh iJh&wm uGuf&wmawGu jyóem ½IyfvGef;vdkU e*dkxJu vHk;csif;yJ bk&m;/ obmywd
-aumif;NyD? aumif;NyD/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-½SifOuú|vkyfaqmifcsufrSeforQ? ½SifOuú|trnfygorQ tm;vHk; wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;? [kwf[kwf r[kwf[kwf udk,fhq&mbufu &yf&rSmyJ bk&m;? 'grSvJ wynfhawmf wynfhaumif; jzpfr,f bk&m;? 'Dae&mrSmawmh wynfhawmf xGufajy;vdkU r&awmhygbl;/
vlaovljzpf0g'udk t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; q&mawmf 3-yg;u 0efcHjcif; obmywd
-apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wifjyapm'emxm;wJh
21-csuftwkdif;tqHk;tjzwf
ay;&vdrfhr,f? pk'dwu rsm;u 'gudkvufcHEkdifMuovm;? okdUr[kwf acsy ajymqdk vkdovm;/ OD;OaZÆmwdu
-wynfhawmfrsm;twGuf vlaovljzpfpmtkyfeJYywfoufvdkU avQmufxm;vdkygw,f?
(a';'&J)
vlaovljzpf usrf;pmtkyfeJUywfoufvdkU "r® t"r® qHk;jzwfcsufudk qHk;jzwfay;zkdU&m 0dedpä,twGuf
t½Sifjrwfrsm;rSm
wm0ef½Sdygw,f?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
vlaovljzpfusrf;udk t"r®0g'vkdU wifjyxm;wJh twkdif; wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ jiif;qdkjcif; uefUuGufjcif;
rûyvdkyg?
wynfhawmfrsm;udk,fwdkifu
vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk
t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; vGefcJhwJh (7)ESpfavmufupNyD; oloufawmfxif½Sm; ½SdpOfuyif olUrsufarSmufü
uefUuGufNyD;jzpfaevdkU
'Dpmtkyfudk
apm'ut½Sifjrwfrsm;u
t"r®0g'vkdU wifjyaecsuftwGuf uefUuGufzkdY acsyzdkU vHk;0r½Sdyg/ þtaMumif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
99
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) q&mawmfbk&m;rsm; w&m;0if pmeJU wifoGif;cGifhûyvQifvJ wifzdkU tqifoifh a&;NyD; jzpfygw,f/
obmywd
-wifEkdifygw,f? wifyg/
]]bk&m;½Sifu omoemawmfudk yk*¾dKvfwdkif;twGuf ay;xm;wm? ukd,hfomoem udk,fqdkifw,f? udk,fydkifw,f? ûzef;wD;rypfygeJY? tysufpD;rcHygeJY}} ("r®'lw t½SifynmaZmw)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
100
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a';'&J OD;OaZÆmwdu\ 0efcHcsuf
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf? EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) odkU apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u apm'em wifoGif;aom vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|0g'ESifh ywfoufí wifjyavQmufxm;vTmyg bk&m;/ aeUpJG/ 30-6-81 oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh
a½Ttbd"r®mqkdaom0g'wkdUESifh
pyfvsOf;í apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u tcsufaygif; (21)csuf wifjyNyD; xdk0g'rsm;onf "r®0g'r[kwf? t"r®0g' rsm;omjzpfaMumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;&ef wifjyavQmufxm;onfudk Mum;od&ygonf bk&m;? xdkapm'emaom
tcsufrsm;teuf
bk&m;wynfhawmftaejzifh
vlaovljzpfpmtkyfESifh
qefUusifvkdjcif;?
acsyvkdjcif;?
ywfoufonfh
tcsufrSeforQudk
aom"emûyvdkjcif;
r½Sdygbk&m;?
apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;uJhokdUyif wynfhawmfuvnf; xkd0g'rsm;udk t"r®0g'tjzpf vufcHxm;NyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 2/
OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh ywfoufí wynfhawmfonf OD;Ouú| ½SdpOfuyif vufcHrI
,HkMunfrI r½SdcJhyg? aygif;wnftxuf tif;r½GmBuD;w&m;yJGü wynfhawmfonf OD;Ouú|ESifhtwl qHkcJhpOfu 'umwpfOD;\
vlaovljzpfw&m;udk
ajzMum;vdkufyg[k
OD;Ouú|\
emvdkaMumif;
rdefUMum;csuft&
avQmufxm;&mwGif wynfhawmf
t½SifOaZÆmwdu
ajzqkd&mü
(a';'&J)
]]vlaovljzpf0g'onf
Ak'¨tvdkawmfusaom 0g'r[kwfaMumif;? Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfESifh rnDaom0g'jzpfaMumif;}} udk wpfem&DcefU tus,fcsJUí ajyma[mrdefUMum;cJhygonf/ teD;wGif ikwfwkwfxdkifaeaom OD;Ouú|uvnf; bmrQajymqkdjcif; rûyyg/ a';'&JrSmaeorQ w&m;a[morQtcsdefwdkif; b,ftcgrSvnf; vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh ywfoufaom w&m;rsm;udk ra[mcJhyg/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk ,HkMunfrI cH,lrIr½Sdí ra[mjcif;om jzpfygonf/ 'Dvdk ra[maMumif;udk a';'&JûrdUe,f? oHCem,utzJGUrS ûrdUe,fomoema&;rª;rsm; a½SUarSmufü vGefcJhaom waygif;vqkwf 14-&ufu w&m;0if ajz½Sif;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/
okdU&mwGif
apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ vkyfaqmifcJhzl;ygonf?
,cifu
OD;Ouú|ESifh
apm'emüyg½Sdonfhtwkdif; ,cktcgwGifrl
qufoG,fcJhonftm;avsmfpGm edum,f\
omoemawmf
edum,f
wpfbuf
paomudpörsm;udkrl
oefU½Sif;wnfwHh
jyefUyGm;a&;udk
aqmif½GufvmonfhtwGuf EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u ,xm"r® ,xm0de, rus[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuygu vkdufemusifhoHk;&ef 0efcHuwdûyaMumif; ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 4/
xdkokdU
0efcHonfESifhtnD
,cktcgü
"r®a&;&mESifh
ywfoufí
wynfhawmfonf
q&mpOfquf ax&0g'*dkPf;om;jzpfí ax&0g'*dkPfoHk;"r®rsm;udk av;pm;vsuf½Sdygonf? oH*g,em 6wef wifNyD;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf vufcHvdkufemvsuf½Sdygonf? 0de,a&;&mESifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
101
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ywfoufívnf; oH*g,emwifNyD; yd#uwfawmfvm 0denf;awmfrsm;udk vkdufemusifhoHk;vsuf ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 5/
txl;avQmufxm;vdkonfrSm
wynfhawmfausmif;xJü½Sdaom
ausmufwdkifESifhywfoufí
opömav;yg;? y#dpöorkyÜg'f? tewåvu©P xdkoHk;okwft& Munfñdkav;pm;í aemifvmaemifom;twGuf &nfñTef;um ausmufwkdifpdkufxlxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? odkUaomf xkdausmufwkdifü OD;Ouú|\ w&m;vuFmrsm; a&;xdk;xm;ygonf? ,if;ausmufwkdif½Sd pmayrsm;onf ,xm"r® ,xm0de, rjzpfbl;[lí qHk;jzwfygvQif qHk;jzwfonfhtwkdif;vkdufemaqmif½Gufygrnf bk&m;/
t½SifOaZÆmwdu uGif;ausmif;? a';'&JûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
102
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf 2-yg;\ 0efcHcsuf
okdU/ obmywdq&mawmf trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;tzJGU aeUpJG/ 30-6-81 1/ OD;Z0e
ae½Sife,fy&[dwausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD; ESifh
2/ OD;Z0e
ig;qifhausmif;(taemuf) awmifwGif;BuD; wkdUrS
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wifoGif;oGm;aom apm'emcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufí jyefvnfacsyjcif;rsm; rûyvkyfMuyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk cH,lvdkufemygrnf bk&m;/ ,ck apm'emwJhtcsufawGudk t"r®0g'[k wynfhawmfrsm;vnf; cH,l (y,fpGefU) ygrnf bk&m;/
1/ t½SifZ0e
2/ OD;Z0e
ae½Sife,f y&[dwausmif;?
ig;qifh taemufausmif;?
awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/
awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
103
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vufrSwfxdk;Edkif rxdk;Edkifar;jcif;
obmywd
-q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;teuf a';'&JOD;OaZÆmwdu uawmh OD;Ouú|½SdpOfuxJu vlaovljzpf t,ludk vufrcHygbl;vdkU 0efcHpmxJrSm twdtvif;azmfjyxm;w,f? awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf
OD;Z0e
2-yg;&JUpmu
vlaovljzpft,ludk
e*kdu
vufrcHbl;? (okdUr[kwf) vufcHNyD;om;t,lukd ,ckrS pGefUw,fqdkwJh t"dyÜm,fvm; bk&m;? 'DpmxJrSm rygbl;? q&mawmfwdkUpmu raocsmbl;/ OD;Z0e
-wynfhawmfeJUOD;Ouú|wdkUtvkyfu
wjcm;pDygbk&m;?
wynfhawmfu
y&[dw
tvkyfqkdawmh y&[dw vkyfief;yJ vkyfygw,f bk&m;? olU&JUvlaovljzpfudk oludk,fwkdifa[moHvJ rMum;zl;ygbk&m;/ obmywd
-a[moHawmh rMum;bl;? pmtkyfu ArmwpfjynfvHk; ESHUaew,f? e,fpGefe,fzsm;txd tm;vHk; a&mufaew,f? 'gaMumifh q&mawmfrsm; e*dku 'Dpmtkyft& OD;Ouú|&JU avmif;&dyfatmufrSmrdNyD; 'Dt,ltwkdif;udk vkduf,laewmvm;/
OD;Z0e 2-yg;
-a½S;uvJ rvkdufzl;yg? ,ckvJ rvdkufyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-'gjzifh 'Dt,ludk vHk;0 r,lbl;aygh? aemufudkvJ r,lbl;? 'D0g'udkvJ rjzefUjzL;bl;? q&mawmfu
y&[dwtvkyform;jzpfí
y&[dwtvkyfudkyJ
qufvkyfr,f?
OD;Ouú|&JU0g'udk jzefUjzL;zdkU? qufNyD; a[majymzdkU rdrdudk,fwkdifuvJ rvkyfawmhbl;? 'Dvdkvm;/ OD;Z0e
-rSefyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-OD;Ouú|t,ludk vufcHwJhtaMumif; 'Dq&mawmf 3-yg;u 0denf;"dk&ftzJGUudk wifjyxm;w,f? 'D q&mawmf 3-yg;u aemifudk 'Dt,l0g'ESifh ywfoufNyD; bmrQrvkyfygbl;qkdwm y#dnmOf0efcHcsuf ay;NyD? 'gaMumifh 0dedpä, csrSwfwJhtcg q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg; vufrSwfxdk;Mu&r,f? vufrSwf xdk;Edkifw,f r[kwfvm;/
OD;Z0e 2-yg;
-xkd;Ekdifygw,f bk&m;/
OD;OaZÆmwdu
-xkd;Ekdifygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-at;? vufrSwfxdk;rS twnfjzpfr,f? 'gjzifh q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;twGufuawmh e*dkuvJ [kwfwdywfwd ,lwm r[kwfbl;aygh? aemuf OD;OaZÆmwdu uawmh OD;Ouú| toufxif½Sm;½SdpOf uyif 'Dt,ludk olUa½SUrSmyJ ajAmifjiif;cJhw,f [kwfvm;/
OD;OaZÆmwdu
-rSefyg? ajAmifjiif;cJhygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-tJ'Dvdkqkdawmh
'D
3-yg;twGufu
rdrdwdkUe*dku
OD;Ouú|avmif;&dyfrdNyD;
,lrdonfjzpfap? oabmus NyD;onfhumv vufcHonfjzpfap? q&mawmfOD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;toif;vkyfNyD; aerdonfhtwGuf ,ck q&mawmfwdkU tckvdk 0denf;"dk&f½Hk;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
104
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfw,f? trSefpifppf tJ'Dvkdjzpfawmh q&mawmfwkdU 3-yg;[m rdrdwdkU OD;Ouú|ESifh twlaerd ajymrd qdkrd vkyfrd udkifrd eJeJusOf;usOf; ½SdrdwJhtwGuf q&mawmf OD;OaZÆmwduausmif;rSmu tpnf;ta0;awGvkyf? ausmufwkdifawGxl qkdawmh wpfoabmxJvdk jzpfaew,f/
OD;OaZÆmwdu
-rSefygh? txnfudk,fu ½Sdaeawmh xifp&mjzpfaeygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-rajy;aomfvnf; uef&mu½Sdaew,f qkdovdkyJ? tJ'Dvdk½SdaewJhtwGuf q&mawmfwdkU 'D½Hk;udk a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdka&mufvmawmh 'Dt,ludk r,lygbl;? 0dedpä,tzJGUu csrSwforQ tqHk;tjzwf cH,lygr,fvdkU ,ck 0efcsw,f r[kwfvm;/
OD;OaZÆmwdu
-rSefyg 0efcsygNyD bk&m;/
obmywd
-tJ'Dvdk
0efcsawmif;yefwmtifrwefaumif;ygw,f?
rdrdwdkU
vkyfrdrSm;rdorQudk
trSm;udktrSm;rSef; od&SdNyD; ]]tpö,H tpö,awm 'doGm ,xmypö,H ua&mwd}} bk&m;a[m a'oemrSm yg½SdwJh twkdif; ukpm;jcif;trI ûyvkdufwmyJ? tJ'Dvdk ukpm;rIûyvdkufwJhtwGuf
bk&m;½SifomoemawmfrSm
oDv
orm"d
ynm
wkd;yGm;zdkUtaMumif;om ½Sdygw,f? 'gaMumifh t½Sifbk&m;rsm; 'Dvdk0efcswJhtwGuf q&mawmfwdkU
0depä,tzJGUrS
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
vufcHNyD;oumv auseyfNyD;oumv om"k ac:ygw,f/ (om"k-om"k-om"k) 'gaMumifh q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;onf 'Dapm'emrsm;udk acsyjcif;? aom"emjcif; rûyvkyfwJhtwGuf csrf;csrf;omom aeEkdifygNyD? 'gayrJh q&mawmfwdkU pk'dwutjzpfu rvGwfao;bl;? rvGwfao;wJh twGuf 'D½Hk;u 0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf cswJhtcg vma&mufNyD;awmh rsufarSmufemcH&OD;r,f? q&mawmfwdkUudk taMumif;Mum;r,f? tJ'Dtcg 'D½Hk;udkvmNyD; a½SUarSmufrSm qHk;jzwfcsufudk emcHMu &r,f/ pk'dwu&[ef;rsm;
-rSefyg emcHygr,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-usef
q&mawmf
OD;qE´m"duESifh
vlpk'dwu
yk*¾dKvfrsm;u
acsyajymqkdrSm
trSefyJvm;/ OD;a½Tjynfh
-wynfhawmf OD;a½Tjynfh (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ) udkom acsyygrnf bk&m;/
ocifjrwfqkdif
-wynfhawmf acsyygrnf bk&m;/
OD;cif[ef
-wynfhawmf or®m'd|dtzJGUudk,fpm; acsyygrnf bk&m;/
OD;qE´m"du
-acsyygrnf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
105
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em wif&ef &ufcsdef;ay;jcif;
obmywd
-apm'uyk*¾dKvfawG wifjyxm;wJh apm'emrsm;rSmvJ tudk;tum; tpHktvif rygao;bl;?
ygVd t|uxm #Dum tudk;tum;jyzkdU vkdao;w,f? aom"emacsrJh yk*¾dKvfawGu pHkpHkvifvifod&atmif apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u tudk;tum; ygVd t|uxm #Dum wifjyNyD; avQmufxm;&OD;r,f? txl; 0daooapm'em
tus,favQmufxm;&OD;r,f?
tck[mu
omrnapm'em
½Sdao;w,f?
b,f[m
b,f[mjzifh b,fygVdawmf b,ft|uxm b,f#Dum b,frsufESmESifh rudkufnDaMumif; tpHktvif azmfjy&OD;r,f? 'gaMumifh 0gqdkvqef;(3)&ufaeU eHeuf (8)em&DrSm 0daooapm'em wif&r,f/ apm'ursm;
-q&mawmfrsm;
trdefUtmPmudk
av;pm;aomtm;jzifh
0daooapm'emudk
xyfí
wifygrnf bk&m;/ obmywd
-OD;qE´m"duESifhwuG pk'dwuyk*¾dKvftm;vHk; tJ'DaeUvmMu&r,f? OD;Z0e 2-yg;ESifh
OD;OaZÆmwdu wdkUuawmh csrf;csrf;omom aeEdkifygNyD/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
106
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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tajccHjzpfaom
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vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh xyfrHapm'emaom 0daooapm'emcsuf
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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wifhw,frIwpfck[k
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Ak'¨bmom
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vlaovljzpf
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0daoo ap'em trSwf(20) ax&0g'vm oH*g,em (6)wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymaqG;aEG; a&;om;xdk;ESufvsuf omoemzsufvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfudkifaeMurIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf 0daoo ap'em trSwf(21) oH*g,em 6-wefwifjyD; bk&m;a[m ygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m r[kwfyg[lí
vnf;aumif;?
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Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
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r[memrfrif;\ pdwfaeoabmxm; r[memrfrif;u bk&m;eJUpyfNyD; olUpdwfaeoabmxm;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm 'Dvdk azmfjy avQmufxm;ygw,f/ ]]NrwfpGmbk&m;uwpfzuf? &[ef;oHCmeJUrdef;rawGuwpfzuf 'DvdkuGJae&if wynfhawmfu bk&m;bufu aerSmygbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;uwpfzuf? trsKd;om; trsKd;orD; oHCmawGeJUvl0wfaMumif trsKd;om;trsKd;orD; Oygoum OygodumrawGuwpfzuf 'DvdkuGJae&ifvnf; wynfhawmfu bk&m;bufu aerSmygbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;uwpfzuf &[ef; ½Sif vlawGeJU ewfjA[®mawGuwpfzuf? 'DvdkuGJae&if wynfhawmfu bk&m;bufu aerSmygbk&m;}}
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,twGuf 0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm 1343-ck? 0gqdkvqef; 3-&uf? paeaeU (4-7-81) 0daooed'gef;
trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifjrwfwkdU bk&m;/ 1/ vlaovljzpf
1343-ckESpf? e,kefvjynfhausmf (13)&uf? (30-6-81)aeUu þoD;jcm;0dedpä½Hk;awmfü OD;Ouú|0g'?
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em;vnfMuap&ef
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0daooapm'emwif&ef ½Hk;awmf\cGifhûycsuft& ,ck 0daooapm'emudk wifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/ 2/
trSwf(2) EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU0if q&mawmft½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;-
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usifhMuolwdkUjzpfMuukef\?
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
107
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ra[mtyfonfudk a[mtyfonfudk
jrwfpGmbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;
ra[mtyf[lí a[mtyf\[k
ñTefjyMuaom ñTefjyMuaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
vla&mewfyg
owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif; csrf;omjcif;iSm usifhMuukef\? xdk&[ef;awmfwdkUonf rsm;pGmaom ukodkvfw&m;udkvnf; jzpfyGm;apukef\? þomoemawmfudkvnf; wnfwHYapukef\}} [lí vnf;aumif;? t*FkwdåK&fygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? {uedygwf? pmrsufESm (18)(19) wdkUü jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlxm;aom vnf;aumif;?
a'oemawmfudk
bk&m;
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bk&m;
wynfhawmfrsm;onf
ra[m[lí
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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'gwdkUudk t"r®0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMu&ef apm'emvTm wifoGif;Mujcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/
wynfhawmfrsm;\ apm'emyHkudk tcsdKUu oabmraygufMuyg bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh
em;vnfoabmaygufatmif
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bk&m;?
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apm'emMu&mü ]]t"r®0g'}} wnf;[laom rludkom tajcûyí apm'emMujcif;jzpfygonf bk&m;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm; pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGrsm;udk xnfhoGif;ajymMum;&jcif;onf xdk ]]t"r®0g'}} ESifh oufqdkifaomaMumifhom rvTJom ra½Smifom ajym&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 4/
Oyrm ]]31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH}} qdkaom udprö sdK;ESifh ywfoufí OD;Ouú| jzpfap OD;0go0
jzpfap ocifjrwfqdkif jzpfap or®m'd|dokawoe toif;om;rsm; jzpfap a½Ttbd"r®mtoif;om;rsm; jzpfap yg0ifywfoufonfom jzpfygonf bk&m;? ]]'dkUESifh rqdkif}}[lí cGJxGufí r&yg bk&m;? tjcm;aom apm'emcsufrsm;üvnf; þenf;twlyif jzpfygonf bk&m;? ,ck oD;jcm; 0dedpä,trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfü pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpf
xnfhoGif;xm;olrsm;rSm
wynfhawmfrsm;
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apm'em\acgif;pOf wif&mü xHk;pHtwdkif; pum;usOf;pdrfhaomiSm vlaovljzpfOD;Ouú|0g'
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'
a½Ttbd"r®m0g'
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bk&m;?
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r[kwf? jyóem
108
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rjzpfaomtcsufrsm;
usef½Sdao;onfqdku
rdrdwdkUoabmtwdkif;yifjzpfonf/
wynfhawmfwdkU\
apm'emcsufESifh roufqdkifyg bk&m;/ 6/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú| ponfwdkUtay: apm'em&jcif; taMumif;udkvnf; þae&mwGif
½Sif;vif; avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;? bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; wifoGif;cJhaom yxrapm'emed'gef;ü azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\ vGwfvyfpGm ,HkMunfrIudk rnfodkUrQajymzG,f rvdkyg bk&m;? 0dedpä,wifí apm'emqdkonfum; tdyfrufyif rufzdkUudpö r[kwfyg bk&m;? odkU&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH wpf0ef;vHk;½Sd
&mEIef;(80)ausmfrQjzpfaom
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yd#uwfoHk;oG,fwdkUESifhwuG ykwfcwfvmjcif;ç
Ak'¨bmom0if
udk;uG,f&mjzpfaom
xdkAk'¨bmom&[ef;½SifvlwdkU\
rdrdxif&m
ûyvkyfjcif;rsm;twGufudkrl
jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;ESifh
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abmifausmfí
xdyg;
Ak'¨bmom0if&[ef;½SifvlwdkUu
ckcHumuG,fMu&rnfh wm0ef½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 7/
ydkí xif½Sm;pGmavQmufxm;&ygvQif OD;Ouú|wdkUvlpku (31)bHkudk vufrcH[k qdkvQif
bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;
taejzifh
rnfodkYrQajymzG,f
r½Sdyg
bk&m;?
usefAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;uvnf;
rnfodkUrQajymMurnf r[kwfyg bk&m;? olwdkY[molwdkU (31)bHkruvdkU (303)bHkudkyif vufrcHcHç taeomBuD;[k wGufqMurnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 8/
odkUaomf ...
9/
þ ]]odkUaomfum;}} tvGef ta&;BuD;ygonf bk&m;? (31)bHkudk rdrd vufrcHonfudk
Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½Sifvltrsm; tjrwfwEdk; udk;uG,f&mjzpfonfh Ak'½&Sifawmfbk&m;udk qGJxnfhNyD; ]]31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH}} [lí vkyfvmaomtcg vGwfvyfpGm,HkMunfrIabmifudk ausmfvGefNyD; EdkifiHwpf0ef;½Sd Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;\ ,HkMunfrIudk xdyg;apmfum;vmjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? þuJhodkU rdrd,HkMunf½HkwGif raebJ Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk ckwHk; vkyfNyD; olwyg;,HkMunfrIudk apmfum;vm;jcif;onf tajccHOya'u ay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;udk tvGJoHk;pm;ûyjcif;jzpfí &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefjcif;wpfrsdK;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xdkenf;twl
bk&m;½Sif
ra[monfudk
ta[mç
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ra[mûyvkyfí
yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk uarmufur ajymif;qefatmif vkyfjcif;ç tpOftvm Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avh xHk;pHrsm;udkjyuf&,favSmifajymif
apmfum;jcif;
ponfwdkUudk
ûyvkyfMujcif;onfvnf;
abmifausmfí
jypfrIusL;vGefjcif; wpfrsdK;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 10/
þuJhodkU
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
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pD;yGm;a&;vnf; r[kwf? BuD;yGm;a&;vnf; r[kwf? oufouf tydkvkyfaom Ak'¨bmomqefUusifa&;
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109
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfonfhtwGufaMumifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;½Sd &[ef;½Sifvl jynfolrsm; pdwfESvHk; rcsrf;rajrh jzpfcJhMu&onf? wynfhawmfrsm;vnf; Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUESifhtwl cHpm;cJhMu&ygonf bk&m;/ 11/
odkUjzpfygaomaMumifh EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü &[ef;½Sifvl jynfolvlxkwdkUtm; 'ku©ay;aeaom
ab;qdk; tEÅ&m,fqdk;rS uif;Nidrf;csrf;omygap[k &nfoefvsuf bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;u trsm;udk,fpm; ,ckvdk apm'em&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? þodkU apm'emonfhtrIudk ûyonfhtwGuf wpfbufu rkef;wD;jcif; cH&rIç vkyfief; aqmif½Guf&onfhtwGuf yifyef;rIrsm; ½SdvQifvnf; ]]igwdkUonf udk,fusdK;twGuf r[kwf? trsm;tusdK;twGuf omoemawmftusdK;twGuf aqmif½Gufjcif; jzpfayonfwum;}} [lí ESvHk;xm;Murnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 12/
,cktcsdefupí
bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;tm;
wpfbufpk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;
ydkrdk
oabmaygufap&ef &nfoefí 0daooapm'emorI tcGifhûyawmfrlygawmh bk&m;/
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110
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (1)
1/
OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emyg
bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
txufyg pum;&yfü-
(u)
bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonf[laom pGyfpGJcsuf?
(c)
um&uç a0'u=ûyvkyfolç cHpm;olonf ½kyfjzpfonf [laom tcsuf?
(*)
emrfw&m;onf ½kyf\ tckd;owådç ½kyf\ t[kef [laomtcsuf?
(C)
½kyfvnf; emrfç emrfvnf; ½kyf tjyeftvSef 'GefwGJaeonf [laom tcsuf -
tm;jzifh t"du tcsufav;csuf yg0ifygonf bk&m;? xdktcsufav;csufrSm w&m;awmfESifh ravsmfaom t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif; om"ujzifh wifjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ 2/
yxrOD;pGm Ak'¨bmomonf bdef;ESifhrwlyHkudk avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/
3/
bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlonf[laom tcsufü bdef;onf pGJapouJhodkU bmomonfvnf;
pGJaponf? bdef;onf tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapouJhodkU bmomonfvnf; tusdK;rJhudk jzpfaponf? bdef;onf awGa0xdkif;rIdif;ap ouJhodkU bmomonfvnf; awGa0xdkif;rIdif;aponf[k OD;Ouú|uqdk&m a&mufygonf bk&m;/ 4/
bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;tay:ü pdwfa&mufí ouf0if,HkMunfrIonf wPSmjzifh
pGJ,louJhodkU pGJ,lrIrsdK; r[kwfyg? rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifMunfvifaom o'¨gw&m;om jzpfygonf? xdko'¨gw&m;rSm ÓPfESifh,SOfí &ifhusuf jrifhrm;vmaomtcg Ncdrf;ajcmufzsufqD;ívnf; r&onfrSm "eÍÆmeD0w¬Kjzifh xif½Sm;ouJhodkU jzm;a,mif;í r&onfrSmvnf; okyÜAk'¨uk|d0w¬Kjzifh xif½Sm;apygonf bk&m;? þodkU rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifjcif;udk npfEGrf;aom wPSmayrtpGJ[k rac:&yg? xufoefaom ,HkMunfrIç oefU½Sif;aom o'¨gw&m;[kom ac: qdk&ygonf bk&m;/ 5/
xdkodkU ouf0if,HkMunfívnf; tusdK;,kwfaponf r[kwfyg? avmu"mwfwpf&yfvHk;wGif
tjrwfqHk;&wemrsm;jzpfí
ouf0if,HkMunfolrsm;tm;
tjrwfqHk;aumif;usdK;rsm;
wdk;yGm;aponfrSm
&wemoHk;yg;udk wu,fqnf;uyfolrsm; vufawGU od½SdMuygonf? xdkUjyift*Fkwå&edum,f? t*¾yom'okwf(343)vm Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmf t&vnf; xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
111
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a, bdu©a0 Aka'¨ yoEém? ta*¾ aw yoEém? ta*¾ acg ye yoEémeH ta*¾g 0dygaum
a[mwd/ a, bdu©a0 0d&ma* "ar® yoEém? ta*¾ aw yoEém? ta*¾ acg ye yoEémeH ta*¾g 0dygaum a[mwd/ a, bdu©a0 oHaC yoEém? ta*¾ aw yoEém? ta*¾ acg ye yoEémeH ta*¾g 0dygaum a[mwd/ ( tH 1? 343/) &[ef;wdkU tMuifolwdkUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGm&wemüvnf;aumif;? &m*uif;aMumif; aumif;aom w&m;ü vnf;aumif;? oHCmawmfüvnf;aumif; MunfñdkukeftHh? xdkolwdkUonf avmu"mwfwpf&yfvHk;wGif tjrwfqHk;
&wemay:ü
Munfñdkol
rnfukef\?
tjrwfqHk;
bk&m;&wemü
MunfñdkolwdkUtm;
tjrwfqHk;tusdK;w&m; jzpf\/ 6/
bdef;onf awGa0xdkif;rdIif;apouJhodkU bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk atmufarhrI
udk;uG,frIonf awGa0xdkif;rdIif;aponf r[kwfyg? trSefrSm ajzmifhrwfjzLpif Munfvif½Tifys okccsrf;om eef;trwmodkUyif a&mufapEdkifaMumif; t*Fkwå&edum,? r[memrokwft& odomvSygonf bk&m;? ,ck xdkokwfawmfudk om"u tjzpf xkwfaqmifjyygrnf bk&m;/ £" r[memr t&d,om0aum xxm*wH tEkó&wd/y/ ae0ó wo®ð ora, &m*y&d,k|dwH pdwåH a[mwd? e a'goy&d,k|dwH pdwåH a[mwd? e arm[y&d,k|dwH pdwåH a[mwd? OZk*war0ó woð® ora, pdwåH a[mwd wxm*wH tm&AÇ/ OZk*wpdawåm acg ye r[memr t&d,om0aum vbwd tw¬a0'H? vbwd "r®a0'H? vbwd "r®LyoH[dwH ygarmZÆH? yrk'dwó yDwd Zm,wd? yDwdreó uma,m yórÇwd? yó'¨uma,m okcH a0'd,wd? okcdaem pdwåH orm"d,wd/ t,H 0kpöwd r[memr t&d,om0aum 0dor*wm, yZm, oryÜawåm 0d[&wd? oAsmyZÆm, yZm, tAsmyaZÆm 0d[&wd? "r®aomwH ormyaEém Ak'¨gEkówð bma0wd/ ( tH 2? 252/) «rSwfcsuf/
/"r® oHC wdkUvnf; enf;wlyg bk&m;/»
r[memrf
þomoemawmfü
t&d,mwynfhonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
*kPfudk
tzefzef
atmufarh\/y/ r[memrf t&d,mwynfhonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfudkatmufarhaom tcgü xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &m*x
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
112
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
r[memrf ajzmifhrwfaom pdwf½Sdaom t&d,mwynfhonf *kPfawmf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk rSDí jzpfaom 0rf;ajrmufrIudk &\? ygVdudk rSDíjzpfaom 0rf;ajrmufrIudk &\? ESpfoufaom pdwf½Sdaom ol\ udk,fonf Nidrf;csrf;\? Nidrf;csrf;aomudk,f ½Sdolonf csrf;omudk cHpm;&\? csrf;omaomol\ pdwfonf wnfMunf\/ r[memrf þt&d,mwynfhudk rNidrfoufjcif;odkUa&mufaom owå0gtaygif;wGif Nidrfoufjcif;odkU a&mufvsufaeol? qif;&Jjcif;½Sdaom owå0gtaygif;wGif qif;&Jjcif;r½Sdonfjzpfí aeol (0dyóemÓPf[k qdktyfaom)
w&m;t,OfodkU
a&mufvsuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
*kPfudk
tzefzef
atmufarhjcif;=
oHCm
&wemoHk;yg;udk
Ak'¨gEkówdur®Xmef;udk yGm;rsm;ol[k qdktyfyg\/ (tif? jref? 2? 327/) 7/
þ
bk&m;a[mazmf
ygVdawmfrsm;t&
bk&m;
w&m;
udk;uG,frIqdkif&m Ak'¨bmomonf (u)
wPSmayrpGJukd rjzpfapbJ MunfvifrIo'¨gw&m;udkom wdk;yGm;apjcif;?
(c)
tusdK;rJhudk rjzpfapbJ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom jzpfapjcif;?
(*)
awGa0xdkif;rIdif;rIudk rjzpfapbJ Munfvif½TifysrIudk jzpfapjcif;?
xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlaom t&mr[kwfay? Ak'¨bmomudk bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkygu omoemawmfudk zsufqD;vdkaom y'k|pdwfxm;jzifh vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;wdkU\ ]&DvD;*sifh} [laom pum;udk yg;pyftiSg; xnfhrd&mrS aygufzGm;vmaom t"r®0g'om jzpfygaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ þtcsufudk axmufvQif OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ wynfhrsm;onf ouFef;0wfí Ak'¨bmom trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; bmomrJhrsm;yif jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;8/
½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfyHk qufvuf avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;? um&uç a0'u onf
½kyfjzpfonf[laom t,ltqrSmur®ó um&aum ew¬d? 0dyguó p a0'aum/ ok'¨"r®m y0wåEdÅ? {0arwH or®'óeH/ (0dok'¨dr*f? 2? 237/) [laom 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmvm *gxmudk ½kyf0g'ESifh nDatmif vdkovdkqGJ,lxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 9/ trSefrSm
xdk*gxm\ qdkvdk&if;tcsufrSm ]]uHudk ûyvkyfol twår&Sd? tusdK;udk cHpm;ol twåvnf;r&Sd ½kyf-emrf
"r®
y&rw¬w&m;wdkU
oufoufom
(aMumif;usdK;qufum)
jzpfMuukef\?
þodkU½IjrifrIonf rSefuefaomtjrifjzpf\}} [líom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygonf? ûyvkyfol um&uç cHpm;ol
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
113
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a0'uonf ½kyfwHk;½kyfcJjzpf\[k ,lvQif ½kyfw&m;udk twå[k ,l&ma&mufí ]]½lyH twåawm orEkyówd= ½kyfudk twå[k ½Ijrif\}} [laom twå'd|d (ouúm,'d|d)om jzpf&um; t"r®0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 10/
xdkUjyif emrfw&m;onf ½kyf\tcdk;owåd ½kyf\t[kef [laomtcsuf? ½kyfvnf; emrfç
emrfvnf; ½kyf[laom tcsufonfvnf; trSm;oufoufom jzpfygonf bk&m;? y&rwåw&m;rSeforQonf aMumif;usdK; qufoG,f½HkrQ qufoG,fNyD; udk,fhobm0 udk,fo h wåd udk,fpD½SdaeMuygonf bk&m;? emrfonf ½kyf\ tcdk;owåd r[kwfovkd ½kyfonfvnf; emrf\ tcdk;owåd r[kwfMuyg? emrfonf ½kyfrS oD;jcm; jzpfouJhodkY ½kyfvnf; emrfrS woD;wjcm;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;? odkUygí emrfw&m;onf ½kyf\tcdk;owåd ½kyf\t[kef[laomf\
ajymqdkcsufonfvnf;aumif;?
ajymqdkcsufonfvnf;aumif;
trSm;oufouf
½kyfvnf;
t"r®0g'
emrf
emrfvnf;
omjzpfygaMumif;
½kyf
[laom
0dok'd¨r*ft|uxm
'kwd,tkyfvm pum;jzifh ydkrdkxif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ ,x p '@mbd[wH ab&ð edóm, oa'´ y0wårmae tnm ab&D? tanm oa'´g? ab&do'´g
tor®dóm?
ab&D
oa'´e
oknm?
oa'´g
ab&d,m
okanm?
{0ar0H
0w¬K'Gg&m&r®PocFgwH ½lyH edóm, emar y0wårmae tnH ½lyH? tnH emrH? emr½lyg tor®dóm? emrH ½laye oknH? ½lyH emare oknH? tyd p acg ab&ð y#dpö oa'´g 0d, ½lyH y#dpö emrH y0wåwd/ (0dok'¨dr*f? 2? 230/) wkwfjzifh acguftyfaom pnfukdrSDí toH jzpfay:&m pnfwjcm; toHwjcm; jzpfouJhodkU? pnfESifh toHwdkU
obm0csif;
ra&m,SufouJhodkU?
pnfonf
toHrS
qdwfokOf;NyD;
toHonf
pnfrS
qdwfokOf;ouJhodkU þtwl 0w¬K 'Gg& tm½Hk ½kyfudk rSDí emrf jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; ½kyfwjcm; emrfwjcm;om jzpf\? emrfESifh½kyfwdkUonf obm0csif; ra&m,SufMu? emrfonf ½kyfrS qdwfokOf;cJh\? ½kyfonf emrfrSqdwfokOf;\? pifppfum; pnfudkpGJí toH jzpfouJhodkU ½kyfudk pGJí emrfjzpfay:jcif;om jzpfavonf/ ½lyH y#dpö emrH y0wåwd (½kyfudk tpGJûyí emrf jzpf\) ü tn0g'DwdkU ajymouJhodkU ½kyfu emrfudk jzpfaponf r[kwfyg? y#dpö [laom ygVdpum;vHk;udk em;vnfvQif þjyóem r½Iyfyg? y#dpö [laom ygVdpum;vHk;udk em;rvnf&mrS tjrifrSm;jcif; jzpfygonf? 0w¬K½kyf 'Gg&½kyfrsm;onf emrfw&m;\ wnfrSD&m edó,owåd? tm½kH ½kyfrsm;u tm&r®Powådrsm;jzifh emrfjzpfvmatmif axmufyHhulnD aus;Zl;ûyonf udkom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygaMumif; odaptyfygonf bk&m;/ þt&monfum; q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xHrS y|mef;usrf;txd aocsmpGm avhvmoif,l qnf;yl;NyD;rS em;vnfEdkifrnfht&m? odkYr[kwf ,if;odkU avhvmzl;olwdkUu aoaocsmcsm tus,fw0ifh a&;jy ajymjyrS em;vnfEdkifrnfht&m jzpfygonf? þwGifum; ½Hk;awmfjzpfí ½kyfvnf; emrf emrfvnf; ½kyf[laom t,lonf "r®pnf;rsOf;ESifh rnDaMumif; odom½Hk vdk&if;udkom tusOf;rQ avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
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114
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (2)
2/
vlaovljzpf[lí pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsuf
yg bk&m;/ EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufaemufygwdkUonf ]]vlaovQif vlom jzpfonf}} [laom 0g'udk a[majyma&;om;vsuf bk&m;½Sif omoemawmfBuD;udk zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;udk (30-6-80) aeUu þ oD;jcm; 0dedpä,½Hk;awmfü bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; omrntm;jzifh apm'em wifoGif;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ ,ck
xdkomrnapm'emcsufudk
ygVdawmfom"uwdkUjzifh
0daooapm'emtjzpf
wifoGif;
avQmufxm; yg&ap bk&m;/ ]]vlaovQif vlom jzpfonf}} [laom 0g'onf atmufyg rEkópkwded&,okwf paom ygVdawmf rsm;ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaeygonf bk&m;/ tx acg b*0g y&dwåH ecodcg,H yHokH tma&maywGm bdu©L tmraEÅod ]]wH uð rnx bdu©a0? uwrH Ek acg A[kw&H? a,m 0g,H r,m y&dawåm ecodcg,H yHok tma&mydawm? t,H 0g r[myx0D}} wd/ {0ar0 acg bdu©a0 tyÜum aw owåm a, rEkóm pkwm rEkaóok ypömZm,EÅd/ tx acg {aw0 A[kw&m owåm? a, rEkóm pkwm ed&a, ypömZm,EÅd/y/ wd&pämea,med,m ypömZm,EÅd /y/ aywåd0doa, ypömZm,EÅd /y/ a'a0ok ypöZm,EÅd /y/ ed&a, ypömZm,EÅd /y/ wd&pämea,med,m ypömZm,EÅd /y/ aywåd0doa, ypömZm,EÅd/ (oH? 3? 412)
jrefrmjyef xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf vufonf;zsm;ay:ü ajrrIefUtenf;i,fudk wifxm;í ]]&[ef;wdkU xdkt&mudk tb,fodkU rSwfxifukefoenf;? vufonf;zsm;ay:ü igwifxm;aom ajrrIefUESifh þ(urÇm) ajrBuD;onf tb,fu ydkí rsm;oenf;}} [k &[ef;wdkUudk rdefUawmfrl\? t½Sifbk&m; þ(urÇm)ajrBuD;uom ydkí rsm;yg\? vufonf;zsm;ay:ü jrwfpGmbk&m; wifxm;awmfrlaom ajrrIefUonf tenf;i,fomwnf;? (urÇm) ajrBuD;udk axmufqí vufonf;zsm;ay:ü jrwfpGmbk&m; wifxm;awmfrlaom ajrrIefUonf ra&rwGufavmuf rEIdif;,SOfavmuf tpdwftydkif;odkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg[k(avQmufukef\) &[ef;wdkU þtwlyif vlUb0rS pkawí vlUb0ü jyefjzpfMuaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;ygukef\? pifppftm;jzifh vlUb0rS pkawí i&JüjzpfMuaom owå0gwdkUonfom ydkí rsm;ukef\/ y/ wd&pämefrsdK;ü jzpfukefaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
115
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
owå0gwdkUonfom ydkí rsm;ukef\/y/ Nydwåmb0ü jzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUonfom ydkírsm;ukef\/ (oH? jref? 3? 418/) þenf;twl ewfbHkç i&JbHkç NydwåmbHkwdkUrS pkawí vlUbHkü vlvmjzpfol enf;yg;í i&Jç wd&pämefç NydwåmbHkwdkUü
jzpfMuolwdkUom
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yÍö*wday,smv0*f
ü
½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ayonf/ (oH? 3? 412? 413? 44/) vlaovljzpfjyóem pmrsufESm (191? 192)wdkUü OD;Ouú|\ om0uBuD; ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]at;... bmoma&;q&mawG ajymovdk vlUtjzpf vlUb0 &if;pm;jyef&zdkUawmif b,favmuf cJ,Of;oav;ç b,ftusifh oDv½SdrSav;ç b,f'ge ygrS qdk'gawGrsdK; rif;u ,Hkcsifao;ovm;uG? 'gawGu pm;vrf;yJ}} qdkaom pum;onf bk&m;½Sif a'oemawmfudk rnfrQ usL;ausmfapmfum;xm;onfudk txift½Sm; awGUjrifEdkifygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;]],awm p acg bdu©a0 rmwmydwa&mp oEédywdwm a[mEÅd? rmwm p OwkeD a[mwd? *E¨aAÁmp ypöKy|dawm a[mwd/ {0H wdPÖH oEédygwm *AÇó0uúEÅd a[mwd}} (r 1/ 332) [laom rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf? r[mwPSmocF,okwfü(1) rdbavmif; ESpfOD; qHkqnf;jcif;? (2) rdcifavmif; OwkvmNyD;p jzpfjcif;? (3) y#doaE¨aernfh owå0gu a½S;½Iwnfcdkuf êuHjcif; [lí
y#doaE¨wnfaejcif;\
taMumif;oHk;yg;udk
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120
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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;31-bHk0g'udk Ak'¨vufcH½HkrQru atmufygtwdkif; "r®[',0dbif; ygVdawmfü a&wGufí a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ umr"mwk,m Oyywådu©aP uó {um'om,wemed ygwkb0EÅd/ umrm0p&meH a'0geH? yXruyÜdumeH rEkómeH? MoyygwdumeH aywmeH? MoyygwdumeH tok&meH? Moy ygwdumeH wd&päme*wmeH? ae&,dumeH? y&dykPÖm,wemeH Oyywådu©aP {um'om, wemed ygwkb0EÅd/(y) umr"mwk,m Oy0wådu©aP {awoH £rmed {um'om ,wemed ygwkb0EÅd/ (tbd? 2? 427/)
jrefrmjyef umrbHk y#doaE¨cPü tb,fyk*¾dKvftm; tm,we(11)yg; jzpfukefoenf;/ tm,wejynfhpHkol? umrm0p&ewf? urÇmOD;olvl? OyywfNydwåm? Oyywftol&um,f? Oyywfwd&pämef? i&Jom;wdkUtm; y#doaE¨cPü tm,we(11)yg; xif½Sm;jzpfukef\? umrbHky#doaE¨cPü xdkolwdkUtm; þtm,we (11)yg;wdkU xif½Sm; jzpfukef\/ þygVdawmfü ewfjynf 6-xyfç vlUbHkç tyg,fav;bHkwdkUudk wdkuf½dkufa[mjyxm;í umr(11)bHk ½SdaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;½ly 16-bHk ½SdaMumif; taxmuftxm; om"uudk "r®[',0dbif;ygVdawmfüyif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyvdkufygonf bk&m;uwar "r®m ½lyg0p&m a[|awm jA[®avmuH y&d,EÅH u&dwGm Oy&dawm tueda| a'a0 taEÅmu&dwGm ,H {wo®ð tEÅa& {w¬m0p&m {w¬ y&d,myEém ormyEéó 0g OyyEéó 0g 'd|"r®okc0d[m&dó 0g pdwåapwodum "r®m? £ar "r®m ½lyg0p&m/ (tbd? 2? 436/)
jrefrmjyef tb,fw&m;wdkUonf tydkif;tjcm;ûyí
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142
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (10)
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a½S;acwf
omoemawmfapmifh
rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf xdky&dwfawmfrsm;udk waygif;wnf pkaygif; xkwfEkwfí y&dwfBuD;[laom trnfjzifh oD;jcm; usrf;wpfapmiftjzpf pDpOfxm;cJhMuygonf bk&m;/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|dokawoe paom taygif;ygwdkUonf y&dwfawmfrsm;udk r,HkMunf ykwfcwfqJa&;
xm;aomfvnf;
bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
cGifhûycJhaMumif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
&[ef;wdkUtm;
ygVdtaxmuftxm;rsm; ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ 'DCedum,f
ygxdu0*f
tm#mem#d,okwfygVdawmfü
atmufygtwdkif; tm#mem#d, t&Htwm;udk oif,lavhvm aqmifxm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/ O*¾PSmx bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,H &u©H y&d,mykPmx bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,H &u©H? "ma&x bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,H &u©H? tw¬oH[dwm bdu©a0 tm#mem#d,m &u©m bdu©LeH bdu©LeDeH OygoumeH OygodumeH *kwåd,m &u©m, t0d[ðom, zmok0d[m&m,mwd/ ('D? 3? 174/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
149
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU
tm#mem#d,rnfaom
y&dwft&Htwm;udk
oif,lMuukefavmh?
&[ef;wdkU
tm#mem#d,rnfaomy&dwf\ t&Htwm;udk tzefzef avhvmMuukefavmh? &[ef;wdkU tm#mem#d,rnfaom y&dwft&Htwm;udk
aqmifMuukefavmh?
&[ef;wdkU
tm#mem#d,rnfaom
y&dwft&Htwm;onf
tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifhpyf\? tm#mem#d, rnfaom y&dwft&Htwm;onf &[ef;a,mufsm;ç &[ef;rdef;rç Oygouma,mufsm;ç
Oygodumrdef;rwdkU\
tumtuG,f
tapmifhta&Smuf
jzpfjcif;iSmç
rqif;&Jryifyef;jcif;iSmç csrf;ompGm ae&jcif;iSm jzpf\/ ('D? jref-3? 194/) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;0denf;yd#u
ygpdwfygVdawmf
bdu©KeD0dbif;
wd&pämeuxm
odu©myk'f
ESpfck\
temywåd0g&wdkUüvnf;temywåd *kwåw¬m,? y&dwåH y&d,mykPmwd/ temywåd *kwåw¬m,? y&dwåH 0gapwd/ (0d? 2? 402-403/) [k ab;&efrS vHkûcHa&;twGuf y&dwfudk oif,lydkUcsaom &[ef;rdefrtm; tmywfrS uif;vGwfcGifhay;aom ynwfcsufudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/ þodu©myk'fü cGifhûytyfaom y&dwf[lonfy&dwåEÅd ,u©y&wåem*r@vm'dab'H oAÁr®d 0¥wd - (0d |? 3? 215/) [laom t|uxmESifh tnD wapäo&JEkdifrEÅef? ajrGEdkifrEÅef ponfwkdU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ bk&m;a[m r[kwfaom þrEÅefrsKd;udkyif oif,lcGifh ydkUcscGifh ûyawmfrlonfqkdvQif bk&m;a[mjzpfonfh y&dwfwkdUudkrlum; txl;qdkzG,fr½Sd cGifhûyjyD;yif jzpfygawmhonf bk&m;/ xkdUtjyif &[ef;rdef;rwkdUtm; cGifhûyonf qkdxm;ojzihf &[ef;a,mufsm;ESifhwuG vl'um? 'umrwkdUtm;vnf; cGifhûyjyD;yif jzpfygawmhonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;NrwfpGmbk&m; bmoma&;vkyfief;wpf&yf
y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmf jzpfcJhygonf
rljyD;aemufüvnf; bk&m;/
t|uxmq&m
y&dwfonf
ta&;MuD;aom
t½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmorax&f
ay:xGef;csdefjzpfonfh omoemESpf udk;&mausmf wpfaxmifcefUüvnf; y&dwf½GwfzwfrIudk Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhMuaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/ yg&mZduPf t|uxm ('k? 67) üvnf; vlwkdUtwGuf y&dwf½Gwfay;rIESifh ywfoufí &[ef;awmfwkdU vdkufemp&mrsm;udk jyqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/ ¤if;onfvnf; xkdtcgu vlwkdUonf rdrdwdkU ta&;udpö ay:aygufvmaomtcg &[ef;awmfwkdUudk yifhí y&dwfw&m; em,lavh½SdyHk taxmuftxm;wpf&yf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xkdusrf;üyif y&dwfa&? y&dwfcsnf taMumif;rsm;udkyg wygwnf; jyqdkxm;ojzifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
150
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
y&dwfa&? y&dwfcsnfwkdUudk ab;&efwm;qD;a&;twGuf ,HkMunfpGm toHk;ûyjcif;onfvnf; xkdtcgu tom;usvsuf½Sdaom bmoma&;vkyfief; wpfckjzpfaMumif; odEkdifygonf bk&m;/ jrefrmEkdifiHüvnf; yk*HacwfOD;ydkif;uyif y&dwf½GwfzwfrI &SdcJhaMumif; ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm; t& od&Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ usefppfom;rif;MuD;onf eef;awmfaqmufvkyfaomtcg t½Sift&[H trª;½Sdaom &[ef;awmf (4108) yg;wkdUudk y&dwfr*Fvm ½GwfapcJhonf[k usefppfom;rif;w&m;MuD;\ eef;awmf rGefausmufpm jrefrmjyef pmrsufESm (47-48) wGif awGU½Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;y&dwfawmfrsm;onf
twefwefaom
ab;&eftEÅ&m,frsm;udk
umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonf[k
qkdaomfvnf; y&dwf½Gwfzwfem,lenf;rusygu tusKd;&rnf r[kwfygbk&m;/ y&dwf½Gwfzwf em,lenf; usap&ef y&dwf½GwfolwkdU jynhfpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;ESifh y&dwfem,lolwkdU jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;udk odxm;&ygrnf bk&m;/ 'DCedum,f
ygxdu0*f
t|uxm
tm#mem#d,okwf
pmrsufESm
149
üvmaom
y&dwf½GwfolwkdUjynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;rSm (1) teufo'´gwkdUudk okwfoifí aumif;pGm oif,lxm;jcif;? (2) yk'fAsnf;wkdUudk r,kwfap&? jynfhpHkatmif avhvmusufrSwfxm;jcif;? (3) vmbfvmbudk riJh? Arwåma½SUxm;í ½Gwfqdkjcif;? wdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ rdvdE´yO¨m (155) üvmaom y&dwfemolwkdU jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;rSm (1) yOömeEÅ&d,uH r½Sdjcif;? (2) edw,rdpäm'd|d r[kwfjcif;? (3) y&dwfwefcdk;ukd ,HkMunfjcif;? wkdU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þpum;t& owdûy&ef wpfcsufrSm rdrdwdkUudk,fwdkifu Ak'¨"r® t,lrSefrS? wdrf;,drf;aeolrsm; jzpfygu y&dwftmedoif y&dwftusKd; r&Ekdifygbk&m;/ xkdUaMumifhyif OD;Ouú|wkdUu rdrdwkdUrcHpm;Edkifonfh t&omjzpfí ]ajracG;u opfyifay:u oyspfoD;csOfonf} [k ajymaom yHkjyifuJhokdU y&dwfawmfrsm;udk y,favoavm pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; avQmufxm;cJhonfh y&dwfawmfrsm;onf bk&m;udk,fawmfwkdifa[m Ak'¨bmodw jzpfjcif; q&mpOfquf vdkufemusifhoHk;tyfonfh Ak'¨bmom0if &[ef; ½Sif vlwkdU\ wefzdk;rjzwfEkdifonfh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
151
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
bmoma&;tarG? ,Ofaus;rI tarGMuD;wpfck jzpfjcif;? y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ½Gwfol? emol ESpfOD;ESpfzuf t*FgpHkpHkjzifh ½Gwfzwfo&ZÑ,f em,lu ypöKyÜef oHo&m ESpfjzmtusKd; yGm;wkd;aMumif; jzpfjcif;wkdUudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh
avQmufxm;wifjyjyD;
jzpfygonf/
xkda'oemawmfrsm;t&
y&dwfawmfrsm;ESifh y&dwf½Gwfzwf o&ZÑ,fawmfrlMuaom oHCmawmfrsm;? y&dwfemol Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tay:
ykwfcwfpGyfpGJ
ajymqkdrIrsm;onf
t"r®0g'rsm;om
jzpfaMumif;?
xdkt"r®0g'udk
a&;om;a[majymaeMuolrsm;onfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; 0dedpä, ûyay;awmfrlMuyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
152
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daoo apm'em trSwf (12)
12/
yxrapm'emvTmwGif yg0ifaom trSwf (12) apm'em (ouFef;ESifh 0wfxnf? qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;)
udpöudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm om"uwdkUjzifh xyfrHavQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
xkdtrSwf (12) apm'emvTmwGif Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;í
qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "gwfawmf? arGawmf? apwDykxdk;? ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforI ûy&mü Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
o'¨gw&m;ysufjym;atmif
rawmfrw&m;
a&;om;
ajyma[mjcif;rsm;udk
apm'emxm;cJhygonf bk&m;/ 2/
rawmfrw&m; a&;om;xm;csufrsm;teuf(u) ouFef;ESifh vlwdkU\ t0wfykqdk; bmrQrxl;jcm;? twlwl[k qdkxm;jcif;? (c) bk&m;½Sif\ qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;? jrif;jrD;u ydkítoHk;0ifonf[k qkdxm;jcif;? (*) "mwfawmf? arGawmf tp½SdonfwkdUudk trIdufo½dkufrsm;[k qkdxm;jcif;?
wkdUonf t&[wå'¨ZouFef;ESifh "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfwdkUudk r,HkrMunf ypfy,fí tremy a&;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/
or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'gp&d,MuD;jzpfaom OD;Ouú|onf toHk;0ifrIESifh
wefzdk;½SdrIudk cGJjcm;rodEkdif½Smaomol jzpfygonf/ ½kyfrsufvHk;onf toHk;0ifrIudkom MunfhwwfjyD; emrfrsufvHk;u wefzdk;udk odwwfygonf bk&m;/ olUrSm ½kyfrsufvHk;om ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ Oyrm-wefzkd;ukd odyfrodaom awmom;wpfa,muftm; pdefwpfyGifhESifh ykqdk;wpfxnfudk b,f[m,lrvJ ar;vQif ykqkd;udkyJ ,lygvdrhfrnf bk&m;/ odkUjzpfíwefzdk;udk rodolyDyD Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdUu wefzdk;xm;aom t&[wå'¨ZouFef;ESifh qHawmf ponfwdkUudk ykwfcwfa0zefrdjcif; jzpf½Smygonf bk&m;/
ouFef;ESifh 0wfaMumif uGmjcm;yHk 4/
,if;odkU ykwfcwfxm;csufrsm;onf atmufyg ax&0g'yd#u? a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh
vHk;0qefUusifí t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfonfhtjyif ¤if;t"r®0g'udk xlaxmifcJhaom OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG taygif;tygrsm;onf t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/ 5/
ouFef;ESifh vlwkdU\ t0wfykqdk;\ jcm;em;yHkudk ax&my'gef ygVdawmfü atmufygtwkdif;
a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/ yaE¦ 'doGme umom0H? q×dwH "dV§ru©dwH/ od&o®ð tOödvð uwGm? *E´dwAÁH £od'¨ZH/ (ck? 3? 52/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
153
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t&[wå'¨Z ac: &[ef;omraPwkdU\ ouFef;udk vrf;êudvrf;Mum; rpifrsm; tvdrf;vdrf; uyfjidaeaomfvnf; vlwkdU½Sdcdk;ylaZmftyf\/ yg&mZduPf t|uxmüyAÁZdw y&dabm*g [d tm*g&dumeH apwd,Vmeda,m (0d |? 2? 67/) [k zGifhqkd\/ rSef\/ &[ef;wkdU toHk;taqmifjzpfaom ouFef;ponfonf? vlyk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; apwDxdkuf\/ þwGif pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ar;vdkonfrSm jynfaxmifpk qkd½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf tvHudk vufESD;pkwfuJhodkU toHk;ûyxdkufygoavm? jycJhygoavm[k ar;vdkygonf/ 6/ uRefoabmuf
wynfhawmfrsm;\ jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU vufatmuf jzpfae&onfhb0rS
wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif
êud;yrf;aqmif½GufoGm;Muaom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; paom tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm; ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ xkdtmZmenfMuD;rsm;\ wkdif;jynfhtay: ûyay;zl;aom aus;Zl;w&m;udk axmufxm;*kPfûyonfhtaejzifh jynfolvlxku tjrJwef; trSwfw&½Sdap&ef ½kyfxkMuD;rsm;? "mwfyHk yef;csDum; ponfrsm; xkvkyfa&;qGJ rSwfwrf;wifum aus;Zl;qyf *kPfûyvsuf ½SdMuygonf bk&m;/ 7/
xdkenf;yrmru qHawmf"mwfjrwfocif oHk;vlU½Sifonf oHk;avmuom;rsm; tkd em ao
0#f'ku©ab;qkd;rS u,fwifawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;? ,ckvnf; jrwfAk'¨\ enf;rSef pepfrSefwkdUjzifh u,fwifaeqJ jzpfygonfbk&m;/ aemifudkvnf; jrwfAk'¨omoem ruG,frcsif; u,fwifaeOD;rnf jzpfygonf
bk&m;/
þodkUaom
rEIdif;,SOftyf
aus;Zl;awmf
*kPfawmf
teEÅtaygif;udk
atmufarh,HkMunfrIjzifh qHawmf "mwfawmf arGawmf ponfwkdUukd jrwfEkd;orI ½dkaoorI udk;uG,forI ûyaeMu&ygonf bk&m;/ 8/
qHawmf "mwfawmf arGawmf ponfwkdUukd bk&m;½Sif\ ukd,fyGm;awmftjzpf ½dkaojrwfEdk;
½Sdckd;ylaZmfMuukefaom
owå0gwkdUonf
"mwfawmf
arGawmfESifh
apwD½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk
ylaZmf&mü
oufawmfxif½Sm; bk&m;üuJhodkU pdwfxm;EkdifvQif tusKd;w&m; twlwl&Edkifonf/ pdwfxm;rIomvQif vkd&if;y"mejzpfonf[k atmufygtwkdif; bk&m;½Sifa[m a[mMum;xm;cJhygonf bk&m;/ a,m ap ylaZ,? orÁK'¨H? wd|EÅH avmuem,uH/ "mwHk omoyrwårÜd? edAÁKwómyd ykZa,/ oar pdwåyÜom'rSd? orH yknH r[*¾wH/ wo®m xkyH u&dwGme? ykaZ[d Zde"mwka,m/ (ck 3? 168/) wd|aEÅ edAÁKaw pmyd? oar pdawå orH zvH/ apawmyPd"da[wk [d? owåm *päEÅd ok*¾wð/ (ck 2? 66/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
154
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
vloHk;yg;wkdU\
tMuD;trª;
em,ujzpfawmfrlaom
oufawmfxif½Sm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
ylaZmfouJhokdU y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmf rljyD;aom bk&m;½Sif\ rkefnif;aphrQavmufaom "mwfawmfudkvnf; ylaZmfav/ Munfñdkaomfpdwf ,dkzdwfwlnDvQif aumif;rIukokdvfvnf; wlrQonf/ xdkUaMumifh apwDykxdk; ûyvkyfí bk&m;"mwfawmfrsm;udk ylaZmfav/ oufawmfxif½Sm; bk&m;üjzpfap? y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlaom bk&m;üjzpfap? pdwfxm;rI wlrQvQif tusKd;&vm'fvnf; wlrQayonf/ rSef\/ pdwf\ awmifhwarQmfvifhcsuf t&omvQif owå0gwkdUonf ok*wdbHkodkY a&mufMu&jrJ jzpfayownf;/ 9/ pMu0aw;rif;?
apwDykxdk; wnfxm;udk;uG,fxdkufaom bk&m;jrwfpGm? yapöuAk'¨g? bk&m;wynfhom0u? þav;yg;wkdUudk
xlyg&[
xkdufonfukdvnf;
bk&m;jrwfpGm
atmufygtwkdif;
rdefUawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ pwåma&mar tmeE´ xlyg&[m/ uwar pwåma&m/ wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m? yapöuAk'¨g orÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m? wxm*wó om0aum xlyg&a[m? &mZmpuú0wåD xlyg&a[mwd/ ('D? 2? 117/)
jrefrmjyef tmeE´m þav;yg;ukefaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUudk apwDwnfxdkufukef\/ tb,fav;yg;wkdUenf;[lrlylaZmftxl;ukd cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ yapöuAk'¨gudk apwDwnfxkduf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ om0uudk apwDwnfxkduf\/ pMu0aw;rif;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ (þav;yg;wkdUwnf;)/ ('D? jref? 2/ 136/) 10/
bk&m;½Sif
udk,fawmfjrwf\
"mwfawmf?
arGawmf?
qHawmf
paom
apwDykxdk;
½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk vlewfjA[®m owå0gtaygif;wkdU ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;udk ûycJh&m y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmf rljyD;aom bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfjrwfESifh xyfwlxyfrQ Munfvifaom yoEéo'¨gjzpfrIjcif; wlnDvQif wlaomtusKd;tmedoifrsm;udk
&Sdckd;ylaZmfaomoltm;
cHpm;xkdufonf[k
bk&m;jrwfpGm
atmufyga'oemawmfjzifh rdefYawmfrlygonf bk&m; udOömeE´ tw¦0oH y#dpö wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m? ]]t,H wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó xlayg}} wd tmeE´ A[kZem pdwåH yoma'EÅd? aw ww¬ pdwåH yoma'wGm um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm ok*wð o*¾H avmuH OyyZÆEÅd/ £'H acg tmeE´ tw¬0oH y#dpö wxm*awm t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g xlyg&a[m/ ('D? 2? 118/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
155
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
tmeE´m tb,fodkUaom tusKd;xl;udkpGJí ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkdufoenf;/ tmeE´m ]]þ (apwD) onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDawmf[k vltrsm;wdkUonf pdwfjzihfMunfñdkukef\/ xkdolwkdUonf
xkd
(apwD)
ü
pdwfjzifhMunfñdkjyD;aom
cE¨mudk,fysufpD;í
aojyD;onfrSaemufü
aumif;aomvm;&m ewfjynfodkU a&muf&ukef\/ tmeE´m ]]þtusKd;xl;udk pGJí ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ ('D? jref? 2? 137/) 11/
uvd*FaAm"dZmwf t|uxm pmrsufESm (229) üvnf; bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfjrwf
y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrljyD;aemuf
½lyum,jzpfaom
cE¨mawmfudk
pGJíjzpfaom
om&D&du
"mwfawmf?
bk&m;½Sif\ toHk;taqmifjzpfaom oydwf y&du©&m paom y&dabm*? bk&m;½Sifudk &nfrSwfí xkvkyftyfaom ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfwdkUonf apwDxkduf\ [k zGifhqkdrdefUawmfrlxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 12/
'DCedum,f ygxdu0*¾ t|uxm pmrsufESm (81-82) üvnf; "mwfawmfawG ½SdaeorQ
bk&m;½Sifvnf; oufawmfxif½Sm; ½Sdonfrnfay\ [k jyqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 13/
þodkU ponfjzifh ouFef;awmf? qHawmf? "mwfawmf paom ylZm&[ ylaZmfxdkufonfwkdUudk
ylaZmforIûy&mü tusKd;&yHk tzHkzHkudk tjrGufrQ avQmufxm;jyD;ygjyD bk&m;/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdU\ "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfrsm;tay: uJh&JU½Iwfcs ykwfcwfqJa&;rIrsm;onf
t"r®0g'rsm;omjzpfí
xkdt"r®0g'rsm;udk
vkdufema&;om;
jzefUjzL;aeolrsm;onfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
156
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daoo apm'em trSwf (13)
13/
bmomomoem\ wifhw,frIwpfck[k qkdxkdufaom Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
"avhxkH;pHrsm;udk tvkdqkd;jzifh tjrpfrSvSefvsuf wl;ûzdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfoufí 0daoo apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
,if;apm'emcsuf trSwf (13) wGif
(u)
bk&m;½Sdckd;jcif;?
ypönf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
ylaZmfjcif;?
*kPfawmfyGm;jcif;?
OykofoDv
aqmufwnfjcif; ponfwkdUü tusKd;½Sdonf[k r,HkMunfjcif;? (c)
apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;[k jrifjcif;?
(*)
yk*Hbk&m;ykxdk;rsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smuf xm;jcif;udk rESpfoufjcif;?
[laom tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&ygrnf bk&m;/ 2/
&wemoHk;yg;udk ypfy,fxm;Muonfh vlMurf;vl&rf;wkdU aexkdif&m tdrf? aus;½Gm? &yfuGuf?
ûrdUe,f? wkdif;jynfrsm;rSm at;csrf;om,mrI r½Sd 'ku©twd jzpfMurnfudk odjrifMuaom Ak'¨bmom rdaumif;zcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ om;orD;rsm;udk i,fpOfrSpí Moumo oifay;jcif;? qDrD;awmf? qGrf;awmf? yef;awmf uyfvªapjcif;? £wdyd aom b*0g ponfh *kPfawmfwkdUudk oifay;jcif; ponfjzifh vl,Ofaus;uav;rsm;jzpfatmif ûyjyifay;wwfMuygonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ ausmif;'um temxydPfvnf; ol\om; umvudk uav;êuduf rkefUzdk;ay;íyif Ak'¨bmom ouf0if,HkMunfatmif ûyvkyfcJhygonf/ tb,faMumifhenf;qkdaomf cka&maemifyg at;csrfom,m csrf;omMuzdkUyif jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 3/
bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfjrwfuvnf; rdrdpum;udk em;axmifrnfh apmifha½SmufxdkufolwkdUukd
&wemoHk;yg;ü ouf0if,HkMunfa&; oDvaqmufwnfa&;wdkUü oGif;ay;&rnf[k r[m0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf yXr rdwåmrpöokwfü enf;ñTefvrf;jy xm;ygonf bk&m;/ ,ckenf;ñTefcsufudk om"utjzpf wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ a, aw bdu©a0 tEkuarÜ,smx? a, p aomwAÁH ran,sKH? rdwåm 0g trpöm 0g ÚmwD 0g omavm[dwm 0g? aw bdu©a0 pwlok aomwmywådr*Fok orm'aywAÁm? eda0aowAÁm? ywd|maywAÁm/ uwarok pwlok Aka'¨ ta0pöyÜoma' orm'aywAÁm eda0 aowAÁm ywd|m aywAÁm ]]£wdyd aom b*0g/ y/ owåma'0 rEkómeH Aka'¨g b*0g}} wd/ "ar® / y/ oHaC/ y/ t&d,uaEÅok oDavok orm'aywAÁm eda0aowAÁm ywd|maywAÁm tca@ok/ y/ orm"d oH0wåedauok/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
157
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a, aw bdu©a0 tEkuarÜ,mx? a, p aomwAÁH ran,sKH rdwåm0g trpöm 0g ÚmwD 0g
omavm[dwm 0g? aw bdu©a0 £arok pwlok aomwmywådr*Fok orm'aywAÁm eda0aowAÁm ywd|maywAÁm/ (oH? 3? 317-318/) ygVdem;rvnfolawGtwGuf jrefrmjyefudk xkwfEkwfazmfjyygrnf bk&m;/
jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU ... tpOfoem; (apmifha½Smuf) xkdufukefaom olwkdUukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdpum;udk vdkufemvdrhfrnf[k rSwfxif&ukefaom rdwfaqG? cifyGef;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdUudk vnf;aumif;? aomwmyef t*Fgav;rsKd;wkdUü
aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/
oGif;xm;tyfukef\/
wnfaptyfukef\/
tb,fav;yg;wkdUenf;/ xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; t&[H rnfawmfrl\/ y/ ewfvlwkdU\ q&mjzpfawmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; owåma'0 rEkóme rnfawmfrl\/ (opömav;yg; w&m;wkdUudk) odapawmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; Ak'¨ rnfawmfrl\/ bkef;wefcdk;MuD;awmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; b*0g rnfawmfrl\-[k jrwfpGmbk&m;ü rwkefrvIyf Munfñdkjcif;ü aqmufwnfaptyfukef\ oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ w&m;awmfü/ y/ oHCmawmfü/ y/ rwkefrvIyf Munfñdkjcif;ESifh jynfhpHk\/ rusKd;rayguf rajymufrusm;ukefaom/ y/ wnfMunfrI orm"dudk jzpfapwwfaom t&d,mwkdU ESpfouftyfaom oDvwkdUü aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/ oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ &[ef;wdkU ... tpOfoem; (apmifha½Smuf) xkdufukefaom olwkdUukdvnf;aumif;?
rdrdpum;udk
vdkufemvdrhfrnf[k
aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdUudk
vnf;aumif;?
aomwmyef
rSwfxif&ukefaom
t*Fgav;rsKd;wkdUü
rdwfaqG?
cifyGef;?
aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/
oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ (oH? jref? 3? 319/) 4/ ,Ofaus;rI
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfü *kPfta&mifukd
&wemoHk;yg;tay:
apwDykxdk;rsm;onf
xGef;ajymifaponfhtjyif
Munfñdkjcif;wnf;[laom
jrefrmhusufoa&udkaqmifum zl;jrif&ol
Ak'¨bmom0if
aumif;rIukodkvfw&m;rsm;
jrefrmEkdifiH\ olawmfpifwkdU\
wkd;yGm;aponfhtjyif
bk&m;pum;awmfudk vkdufemûyusifhMuojzifh vlU½GmewfxH edAÁmefwdkifajrmuf aumif;usKd;a&mufapEkdifygonf/ Oyrm trdtz "gwfyHkudk jrifvQif rdb*kPfaus;Zl;udk jyefvnfatmufarhEkdifjcif;? rdb\qHk;rpum;wkdUudk jyefvnftrSwf&í vkdufemjcif; ponfwkdUuJhokdUyif jzpfygonf/ 5/
tn0g'D yk*¾dKvfwkdUonf OD;Ouú|\ "mwfyHukd &ifüxkd;í tjrwfwEdk; ûyaeMuygvsuf
Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ udk;uG,f&m apwDykxdk;usumrS tkwfcJausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf[k apmfapmfum;um; ajym&ufjcif;rSm vl,Ofaus;wdkU\ tajccHw&m;uav;rQ r½Sd&m a&mufaeMuygonf/ apwDykxdk;udk
tkwfcJausmufcJrsm;udk
twkvkyfxm;onf[laom
pum;onf
ax&ty'gef
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
158
ygVdawmfü-
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wH ykyæH MopdedwGme? ok*E¨H *E¨dwH okwH/ xlyH uwGme ykvdae? Ak'¨ó tbda&my,ð/ (ck? 3? 316/)
ponfjzifh oJyHkapwD ûyvkyfum ykef;nufyef;udk vª'gef;cJhaom ukodkvfaMumifh &[EÅm tjzpfodkUwkdifatmif a&mufcJhaom ykEém*ykyærax&f\ jzpfawmfpOf a'oemESifh qefUusif&um; t"r®0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 6/
EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifhwuG
Munfñdko'¨gyGm;í
Ak'¨bmom
bk&m;udk&nfrSef;um
a½S;tusqHk;aom
jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdUonf
tm;xm;udk;uG,f&m[k
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI
yk*H½Sd
apwDykxdk;rsm;udk
todtrSwf
ûyMuonfhtjyif
wpf&yftaejzifhvnf;
tvGefjrwfEdk;Muygonf/
tvGefESpfoufMuygonf/ tvGefcifrifMuygonf/ tvGefwefzkd;xm;Muygonf/ tvGef*kPf,lMuygonf/ xdkUaMumifh rysufrpD;atmif xdef;Mu? odrf;Mu? apmifhMu? a½SmufMu? ûyMu? jyifMuESifh þrQumvMumatmif wnfapcJhMuygonf/ 8/
yk*Hbk&m;rsm;
ajrivsif'PfaMumifh
ûydusysufpD;oGm;aMumif;
owif;Mum;&aomtcg
,Ofaus;aom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdUonf 0rf;enf;yufvuf pdwfvufrcsrf;rom vGefpGmESajrmrI jzpfMu&ygonf/ ûyjyifay;rnfholudk rSef;qíwrf;wMuonf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u yk*Hbk&m;rsm; jyifqifzkdU tvªcHvdkufonfqkdvQif
wpfOD;csif;taejzifhvnf;aumif;?
wpf&yfuGufcsif;
taejzifhvnf;aumif;?
wpfûrdUe,f? wpfoif;? wpfzGJUcsif; taejzihfvnf;aumif; ololigig o'¨gjzLazG;vsuf tvªay;um ,Ofaus;rI jrwfEkd;olwkdU\ wm0efudk ausyGefapcJhMuygonf/ EkdifiH&yfjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;uyif ay;Mu? urf;Mu?
ulMu?
vªMuygonf/
udk,fwkdif
ray;vªEkdifolwkdUuvnf;
olwpfyg;
ay;vªonfudk
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac:Muygonf bk&m;/ 9/
odkUaomf
ukd,fwkdif
ray;rvªonfhtjyif
ay;Mu
vªMuolrsm;ukdyif
jiLplMujyD;
]]csKd;uyfaeaom tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;}} [k uJh&JUvsuf Ak'¨bmom jrefrmwdkU\
,Ofaus;rIorkdif;udkjzwfí
t½dkif;ZmwfoGif;csifolrsm;
tHkeJUusif;eJU
tzGJUeJU
toif;eJU
½SdaeMuygwum;[k owdxm;í "r®oHa0* yGm;Mu&ygonf bk&m;/ 10/ em;rvnfjcif;?
Moumo tjcm;aom
uefawmhcef;udk
toem;cHaeonf[k
bmomt,lrsm;ESifh
ajymjcif;onf
a&maxG;aejcif;aMumifh
Ak'¨bmompepfudk
jzpfygonf/
bmoma&;
tjrifr½SdolwdkU\ a0zefcsufrQ jzpfygonf/ pifppf Moumo uefawmhcef;onf tpOftvm MuD;rm;aom Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIudk xif[yfapvsuf ½Sdygonf/ 11/
Ak'¨u a½Tudk rukdif& qkdygvsuf bk&m;a½Tcs&aumif;vm;[k ajymjcif;onfvnf; rqDrqkdif
pum;jzpfwef; ajymjcif;om jzpfygonf/ xkdokdU ajymolrsKd;tm; w&m;jy&ef rvG,fyg/ pum;aumif; pum;qkd;udkyif cGJjcm;od&ef vG,frnfhvlpm;awG r[kwfyg bk&m;/ ]od'¨w¬jzpfaom bk&m;} [k pum;oHk;xm;jcif;onf ]]oufawmfxif&Sm; oAÁñk jrwfpGmbk&m;}} [laom oHk;½dk;oHk;pOfudk zsufí (0g) jrwfpGmbk&m;udk vlomref taetxm;rsKd; a&mufatmif ynmom;ygyg
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
159
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ESdrfía&;xm;aom pum;jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xkdouf½Sdbk&m;rSm '&0rfrxm;&yJ a½Twd*HkapwDMuD;rsm; '&0rf xm;&rvm;[k
aighxm;ygonf/
þpum;udk
tav;teuf
rSwfom;xm;oifhygonf/
a½Twd*HkrSm
'&0rfr½Sdapcsifí jzpf[efwlygonf/ a½Twd*HkrSmu ppfrSefaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdUu vª'gef;xm;onfh &wemawGu ½Sdaeayoudk; bk&m;/ 12/ apwDykxdk;qkdif&m
tm;vHkudk
pkaygif;í
½Iwfcsa&;om;rIrsm;onf
aumufcsufcsMunfhvQif tm*r,kwåd
OD;Ouú|ESifh
obm0,kwådvHk;0r½Sd/
taygif;ygwkdU\ Ak'¨omoem\
oefU½Sif;wnfwHh jyefUyGm;a&;udk tEÅ&m,fûyonfh t"r®pum;&yfrsm;om jzpfygojzifh omoemawmftwGuf xufjrufaom tqHk;tjzwf ay;yg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
160
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daoo apm'em trSwf (14)
14/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;? paom bmomrI
ukodkvfa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;udk tydkoufouf tjzpfjzifh a[majyma&;om; zsufqD;jcif; apm'emqkdif&mü 0daoo apm'em ûycsufygbk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|0g'DwdkUonf oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lûyvkyfjcif; paom ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rûyvkyfMuonfhtjyif xkdvkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifMuaom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk tremy ajymqkda&;om;í aeMuygonf bk&m;/ xdkuJhodkU ajymqkda&;om; ,lqcsufrsm;onf Ak'¨yd#u ax&0g'ESifh rudkufrnD zDvmqefUusifaeaom t"r®0g'rsm; jzpfaMumif; wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyavQmufxm; vdkygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdY\ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf udk,fawmfwkdif av;oacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; bk&m;jzpf&ef
yg&rDawmfwkdUukd
jznfhqnf;yl;awmfrlwJhtcg
'geyg&rD?
oDvyg&rDwkdUudk
tpxm;jyD;
jznfhqnf;yl;awmf rlcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkduJhodkU udk,fawmfwdkif 'gerI-oDvrI ponfwdkUudk usifhoHk;awmf rljyD;aemuf
oHo&mrS
uRwfvrf;½SmMuolwkdUtm;vnf;
'gerI-oDvrI
ponfwkdUudk
ûyvkyfMu&ef?
xkdodkUûyvkyfolwkdY vm;a&muf&rnfh *wdwkdUudk "r®[',0dbif;ü þodkUa[mMum;awmf rlygonf/ 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm uw¦ OyyZÆEÅd/ 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm tayÜuapö cwåd,r[momvmeH o[AswH OyyZÆEÅd/ y/ tayÜuapö y&edr®dw0w0wåDeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZÆEÅd/ (tbd? 2? 437/) 'geudk ay;vªí oDvudk aqmufwnfí OykofoHk;jcif; trIudkûyí tb,fbHkü jzpfukefoenf;? 'geudk ay;vªí oDvudk aqmufwnfí OykofoHk;jcif; trIudk ûyí tcsKdUwkdYonf cwåd,r[momvac: rif; aoaX;wkdU\
taygif;tazmf
ykPÖm;aoaX;wkdY\
tjzpfodkU
taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU
a&mufukef\/ a&mufukef\/
tcsKdUwkdUonf tcsKdUwdkYonf
jAm[®P
r[momvac:
*[ywdr[momvac:
olMuG,faoaV;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf pwkr[m&mZfewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf wm0wðomewfwdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf wkodwmewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf edr®e&wdewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf y&edr®dw0w0wdåewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ (taygif;tazmftjzpf[lonf tygt0if[k qkdvdkonf/) xdkrSwyg;vnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGmwdkU\ tEkykAÁduxm [lonf tpOfjzpfaom w&m;pum; (a[mMum;&m) wkdUüvnf; 'geuxm? oDvuxm? o*¾uxm ponfwdkUudk tOD;rlí a[mawmfrlavh ½Sdygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
161
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þ 'geuxm oDvuxmESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mMum;awmfrlcsufwkdUonf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfü tjynfhtESuf ½Sdaeygonf/ odkUygvsuf OD;Ouú|0g'D or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkUu 'gerI oDvcHrIwkdUudk qefUusifajymqdkaeMuygonf/ ,if;wkdU\ xkdokdU qefUusifajymqkdrI ,lqrIwkdUonf Ak'¨tvdkawmfus "r®0g'D jzpfEdkifygrnfvm; bk&m;/ pifppftm;jzifh t"r®0g' rdpäm0g'omvQifjzpfaMumif; wifjyavQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|0g'D or®m'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh wuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkUonf Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\
qkawmif;ywåemûyjcif;?
qkay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf;
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b0wPSmESifh 0db0wPSm ½lyg½lyba0 wPSm b0wPSm = ½lyjA[®mb0 t½lyjA[®mb0ü wyfrufwwfaom wPSmonf b0wPSm jzpf\/ (t|omvdeD? |? 398/) Oapä'
ocFgaw
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169
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
umrb0? ½lyb0? t½lyb0 [laom a0g[m&wkdU\ teufrSefudk ½Sif;vif;wifjyygrnf bk&m;/ umrb0[lonf (1) umrbHkü jzpfapaom uH? (2) uHaMumifh jzpfaom tusKd;0dyguf emru©E¨m ur®Z½kyf? (3) umr (11) bHk? (4) umrbHkü tusKH;0ifaom pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyfrsm;udk ac:ygonf bk&m;/ om"uoGif;í quf½Sif;ygrnf bk&m;/ wa,m ar tm0kaom b0g umrba0g ½lyba0g t½lyba0g = ig½&SifwkdU b0wkdUonf umrba0 ½lyba0 t½lyba0[k oHk;rsKd;wkdUwnf;/ (rZdÑredum,? rlvyPÖmo ygVd? 62) ur®Oö Oyywåd p Ob,arGwrd" umrba0gwd 0kwåH/ {oea,m ½lyg½lyba0ok (r? |? 1? 223) = þuHudk vnf;aumif;? uHaMumifh jzpfaom tusKd;udkvnf;aumif; ESpfyg;pHkudk umrb0[k qdktyf\/ þom"ursm;t& umrbHkü jzpfapaom uHESifh tusKd;0dyguf emru©E¨m u#wåm½kyfrsm;udk umrb0[k ac:qkd&ygonf bk&m;/ ,ck umr (11) bHkESifh umrbHkü tusKH;0ifaom pdwf apwoduf ½kyfrsm; umrb0rnfaMumif; om"uudk xkwfjyygrnf bk&m;/ umrba0wd umrm0pa&/ ½lyba0wd ½lyg0pa&/ t½lyba0wd t½lyg0pa&/ (r[meda'´o t|uxm/ 137) umrb0[lonf umr0p&w&m;/ ½lyb0[lonf ½lyg0p& w&m;/ t½lyb0[lonf t½lyg0p& w&m;wkdUwnf;/
umrb0qkdwm bmvJ ]]aom pwkEHé tyg,meH rEkómeH qEéOö a'0avmumeH 0aoe {um'o0da"m ya'aom ]]umarm {w¬ t0p&wD}} wd umrm0pa&m/ (tbd? |? 1? 104) ww¬ y&d,myaEé "ar® oE¨m, oaAÁyd umrm0p&m "r®mwd 0kwåH/ tyg,fav;bHk vlUbHk ewfajcmufbHk wdkU\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh wpfq,fhwpfyg;aom t&yfudk ]]umrw&m;ESpfyg;\ usifvnf&m jzpfaomaMumifh umrm0p&[k qdktyf\}} (bHk-umrm0p&) xkdumrbHkü tusHK;0ifaom pdwf apwoduf ½kyfw&m;wkdUukd &nf½G,fí tvHk;pHkaom umrm0p& w&m;wkdU[k qkdtyf\/ (pdwf apwoduf ½kyfwkdUudk umrm0p&) þygVd t|uxmvm pum;wkdUudk ppfxkwf n§dEdIif;,lvdkufaomtcg umrbHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHudkvnf;aumif;? uHaMumifh jzpfaom tusKd;0dyguf emru©E¨m u#wåm½kyfudkvnf;aumif;? umr (11) bHkudkvnf;aumif;? xkdü tusKH;0ifaom pdwf apwoduf ½kyfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? umrb0[lí
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170
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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ykeyÜKeH oÍÆD0EÅd {w¬mwd oÍÆa0g= n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufrI'Pfudk cH&aomfvnf; raoEdkifbJ tzefzef touf½SifouJhodkU cHae&aom i&Jonf oÍÆD0i&J rnf\/
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171
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Zvdwyx0d,H ywdaw ZvdwumvokwåH ygawwGm/ y / ua&mEÅm {w¬ wpäEÅDwd umVokawåm=
tvQHawmufaomajrü
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oHawmifBuD;wdkU zdn§yfESdyfpuf&m t&yfonf oHCmw rnf\/ (C)
Ob,w¬yd ypöEÅm owåm r[m0d&0H 0d&0EÅDwd a'Gyd a&m½k0gwd 0kwåm = 'Gg&udk;aygufrS rD;vQHrsm; 0ifa&mufavmifuRrf;ojzifh atmf[pfcHae&aom t&yfonf Zmva&m½k0 rnf\/
(i)
'Gg&udk;aygufrS tcH&qdk;onfh rD;cdk;rsm; 0ifa&muf arTaESmufojzifh atmf[pfcHae&aom t&yfonf "lra&m½k0 rnf\/
(p)
edpöav oawå wmaywDwd wmyaem = rwkefrvIyf oHwHusifvQdK xm;aom owå0gwdkUudk ylavmifap&m t&yfonf wmye rnf\/
(q)
twdyd, wmaywDwd ywmyaem = tvGeftMuL; txl;ylavmif ap&m t&yfonf ywmye rnf\/
(Z)
ZmvmeH 0g ypöeowåmeH 0g awoH 'ku©ó 0g 0Dpd tEÅ&H ew¬d {w¬mwd t0Dpd= i&JrD;vQHwdkU\ vnf;aumif;? i&Jom;owå0gwdkU\vnf;aumif;? i&Jom;owå0gwdkU\ qif;&J\vnf;aumif; tayguftMum; r½Sdjcif;aMumifh t0Dpd rnf\?
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vrf;ay:uvlrsm;\
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172
tpodkU
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16/
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173
tpodkU (2)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t&d,myk*¾dKvf(u)
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tmpm&t&d,m?
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y#da0"t&d,m
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av;rsdK;½SdaMumif; udk Zmwu|uxm 'kwd,tkyf ESm-256 ü qdkxm;ygonf? y#da0"t&d,m qdkonfrSm tusOf;tm;jzifh r*¾|mef av;a,mufç zv|mefav;a,mufwdkU jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkU jrifhjrwfaom olawmfpif t&d,mocifrsm;udk Ak'¨omoemawmfü tav;*½kûyí wefzdk;xm;cJhMuygonf? þuJhodkU tav;*½kûyí wefzdk;xm;tyfaom t&d,mocifrsm;udk yHysufyef;ysuf jzpfatmif uyfoD; uyfoyf zsufqD;Muygonf bk&m;? ]]t&d,mqdkwJh pum;udk yk'fcGJvdkufawmh t&+£,+tm qdkwJh yk'foHk;ckudk pyffxm;wm jzpfw,f? 'DoHk;yk'frSm t&-u= vltar? £,-u= vltaz? tm= vkyfwm? vltar vltazawG vkyfvdkUjzpfwm t&d,m}} vdkU qdkvdkw,f[k a&;om;MuonfrSm Ak'¨omoemtm; w&m;vGef apmfum;jcif;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;vdkygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|0g'D or®m'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;onf t&d,mudkom zsufqD;½Hkru edAÁmef\ oabmw&m;udkvnf; r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHzsufqD; a&;om;xm;Muygonf bk&m;? ed+0ge t& edAÁmefqdkaom yk'fü þb0ESifh xdkb0 csKyfpyfwwfaom 0gernfaom wPSm r½SdaomaMumifh edAÁmef[k trSefjzpfygonf? ]]0ge}} udk taMumuf-tvdk? ed-r½dSjcif;? uif;jcif;[laom t"dyÜg,frSm i&JaMumufjcif;? ewfjynfudk vdkcsifjcif; r½SdwmvdkU qGJ,lxm;ygonf? ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfeJU tvGef qefUusifwJhpum; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xdkUjyifvnf;
þcE¨mudk,fwnf;[laom
½kyfw&m;
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0dnmP[laom t½lyu©E¨m*kPfESifh edAÁmef[laom *kPf 2-rsdK; ½Sdavonf[k qdkxm;jcif;onfvnf; tvGefrSyif r[kwfw½kwfEdkifvSaompum;rsm; jzpfygonf? cE¨mudk,f[m ½kyfw&m;csnf;oufouf r[kwfyg? ½lyu©E¨mcsnf;oufouf r[kwfyg? xdk½kyfw&m;wGif a0'em-onm ocFg& 0dnmPESifh edAÁmef wnf½Sdonf qdkwm[mvnf; xdkenf;wl r[kwfw½kwf Avkókuúpum;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ½kyfw&m;ESifh emrfw&m;wdkUonf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm o[Zmw (twljzpfzuf)rsdK;ç wnf&mrSD&m (edó,)rsdK;ç
tm;BuD;aom
edAÁmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf
wnf&mrSD&m
½kyfw&m;rSm
(Oyedó,)jzpfzufrsdK;wdkU
wnfaejcif;qdkwmuawmh
vHk;0
jzpfMuygukefonf
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ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfESifh
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174
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rudkufnDyg bk&m;? edAÁmef onf owå0gwdkU\ tZÑwåü &½Sdtyfaomw&m;rsdK; r[kwf tyüom &½Sdtyfaom A[d'¨w&m;rsdK;omjzpfaMumif; "r®o*FPDygVdawmfü ]]A[d'¨g "r®m}} [k a[mawmfrlxm;ygonf bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|ESifh
aemufvdkuf
or®m'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;onf
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfudk
vHk;0
em;rvnfolrsm;om jzpfMuygonf? em;vnfatmifvnf; o'¨gw&m;jzifh oifMum;olrsm; r[kwfMuyg? ax&0g' yd#uwfygVdawmfrsm;udk tenf;i,frQ avhvmzl;vQifvnf; xdkodkU avhvmMujcif;rsm;onf csKyfcs,fvdkí wpfbufudk tjypf½Smvdkí avhvmoifMum;jcif; tv*'´Lyryk*¾dKvfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf? taMumif;rSm edAÁmef\ csrf;omudk wrifawmifhwcHpm;vdkí tm;xkwfygu (þedAÁmef tvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&ayrnf)[k qdkxm;MuaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tbd"r®myd#u a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf?
"r®o*FPDygVdawmfü wPSm'd|dwdkU
edAÁmefudk
uyftyfaom
uHonf
tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,
"r®[k
tusdK;\tjzpfjzifhvnf;
r,ltyf?
Oyg'gefwdkU\ tpD;tyGm; tm½Hkvnf; r[kwfaom w&m;-[k vm½Sdygonf? umrqdkaom wPSm\ tvdkjzifh &Edkifaom edAÁmef r[kwfyg/ xdk tbd"r®m "r®o*FPDygVdawmfüyifuwar "r®m tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,m? ty&d,myEém r*¾g p r*¾zvmed p tocFwm p "mwk? £ar "r®m tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,m/ (tbd 1/ 206/)
jrefrmjyef tb,fw&m;wdkUonf tm½Hkûyaomtm;jzifh wPSm'd|dwdkU uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf (tusdK;\ tjzpfjzifh) rpGJ,lvnf; rpGJ,ltyfukefonfjzpfí vGefpGm pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm; (tm½Hk) vnf; r[kwfaom tEkyg'dPÖtEkyg'ged,w&m;wdkU jzpfukefoenf;? (wPSm'd|dwdkU tm½Hkûytyfonfh uH\ tusdK;vnf;r[kwf? Oyg'gefwdkU\ tm½Hkvnf;r[kwfaom w&m;rsm;um; tb,fenf;) bHkoHk;yg;ü tusHK;r0if ukefaom (avmukwå&mjzpfaom) r*fwdkUonfvnf;aumif; udavomwdkUudkowfvsuf edAÁmefodkU oGm;wwfaom
r*f\
tusdK;(zdkvf)
wdkUonfvnf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;wdkU) rûyjyiftyfaom oabm ]]tocFw"mwf}} þw&m;wdkUonf
(wPSm'd|dwdkU
tm½Hkûytyfonfh
(uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m&-[laom (edAÁmef) onfvnf;aumif; ½Sd\/
uH\tusdK;vnf;
r[kwf?
Oyg'gefwdkU\
tm½Hkvnf;r[kwfaom) tEkyg'dPÖ tEkyg'ged, w&m;wdkU jzpfukef\/ (tbd jref 1? 369/) pwåma&m r*¾g ty&d,myEém pwåm&d p omrnzvmed edAÁmeÍö/ (umr? ½ly? t½ly) bHkoHk;yg;ü tusHK;r0ifukefaom r*Fav;yg;? xdkUjyif zdkvfav;yg;? xdkUjyifedAÁmefonf½Sd\? ¤if;"r®o*FPDygVdawmfü a[mawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ (tbd 1? 267/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
175
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkrSwyg; edAÁmef\*kPfawmfyk'f wckjzpfaom ]]tEkyg'gy&dedAÁme}} [laomyk'fudk wdyd#u ygVdjrefrm tbd"mefusrf;BuD;u wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;udk wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh r,lrlí csKyfNidrf;jcif; csKyfNidrf;aomw&m;? aemiftcg y#doaE¨\ taMumif;rjzpfaom csKyfNidrf;jcif; csKyfNidrf;aomw&m;[k t"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/ þuJhodkU ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ü edAÁmefonf wPSm'd|dwdkU\ tm½Hk r[kwf? wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh r&tyf? rodtyfaom w&m;tjzpf a[mMum;awmfrlygvsuf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&ayrnf[k qdkxm;jcif;onf rdpäm0g'D t"r®0g'DwdkU\ rdpäm0g' t"r®0g'omjzpfygonf bk&m;/
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176
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf (17)
17/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumvufopfESifh
pyfvsOf;í 0daoo apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumvufopfESifh ywfoufí vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif r[kwfr[wf vkyfZmwfcif;um teufay;cJhyHkrsm;ESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ em,uBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol tbd"r®m q&mpdef qdkol\ ukd,fvdk&mudk,fqGJ teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk rlvapm'emvTm trSwf(17)wGif azmfjyapm'emxm;NyD;cJhygNyD bk&m;/ ocifjrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ "r®pMumç tewåvu©Pokwfç y#dpöorkyÜg'f wpfpdwf wpfa'owdkUudkom bk&m;a[m[k a[majymjzefUa0xm;aom pmtkyfç pmwrf;ç pmapmifç wdwfacG ponfwdkUudk (pmaypdppfa&;odkU rwifMubJ wdwfwqdwf jzefUa0xm;aom vufurf;pmapmif pmtkyfrsm;yg rusef) pkaqmif;½SmazGí þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHtaxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyNyD; rlvapm'emvTmwGif wifjyavQmufxm; apm'emNyD;ygNyD bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;tygwdkU ESpfoufvSygonfç jrwfEdk;vSygonf qdkaom "r®pMumudkvnf; vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
udkufnDatmif
'd|"ar®m
paom
ygVdyk'frsm;udk
udk,fvdk&m
udk,fqGJ
teufay;xm;MuaMumif; avQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf? bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfus teufay;&rnfudk tb,fhaMumifh aMumuf½GHUí aemufwGefUaeMuaMumif;rsm;udk ¤if;wdkU\ t"r®0g'udk ppfaq;qHk;jzwfaomtcg txif;om; ay:vmrnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þae&mwGif'd|"ar®m
paom
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Ak'¨jrwfpGm
tvdkawmfus
q&mawmfOD;Ak"f
teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk qufvufavQmufxm; azmfjycGifhûyyg bk&m;/ (1)
'd|"ar®m? jriftyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/
(2)
ywå"ar®m? a&muftyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/
(3)
0d'dw"ar®m? odtyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/
(4)
y&da,m*gV§"ar®m? ÓPfjzifh ouf0iftyfNyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonf jzpfí/
(5)
wdPÖ0dpdudapäm? ul;ajrmufNyD;aom wpfq,fhajcmufyg;aom ,HkrSm;jcif;? ½Spfyg;aom ,HkrSm;jcif; ½Sdonf jzpfí/
(6)
0d*wuxHuaxm? odkUavm odkUavm awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif; uif;onf jzpfí/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
177
tpodkU (7)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ow¬Komoae?
jrwfpGmbk&m;
omoemawmfü?
a0om&ZÆyÜawåm?
&J&ifhjcif;odkU
a&mufonfjzpfí/ (8)
ty&yÜpöa,m? udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf odjriftyfaomaMumifh olwyg;wdkUtm; ,HkMunfjcif; rjzpfrlí/
þü ]]opömw&m;}} [lonf txuf "r®pMumw&m;pmudk,fü a[mMum;xm;aom 'k-o-ed-r opöm av;yg; jzpfygonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;txufazmfjyyg
'd|"ar®m
paom
yk'fwdkU\
bk&m;½Siftvdkusteufrsm;udk
atmufyg
t|uxmzGifhESifhtnD azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ 'da|m t&d,opö"ar®m {awemwd 'd|"ar®m/ {o ea,m aooya'okyd/ wdPÖm 0dpdudpäm taeemwd wdPÖ0dpdudapäm/ 0d*wm uxHuxm tómwd 0d*wuxHuaxm/ a0om&ZæyÜawåmwd a0om&ZÆH yawåm? uw¬ ow¬Komoae/ emó ya&m ypöa,m e y&ó o'¨g, {w¬ 0wåwDwd ty&yÜpöa,m/ (r? |? 3? 66/)
jrefrmjyef jriftyfNyD;aom t&d,opömw&m; ½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf 'd|d"r® rnf\?
ywå"r®ç
0d'dw"r®ç
y&da,m*gV§"r®
yk'fwdkUüvnf;
þtpDt&iftwdkif;yifwnf;?
vGefajrmuftyfNyD;aom 0dpdudpäm ½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf wdPÖ0dpdudpäm rnf\? uif;aom tb,fodkUygvdrfh[k ajymqdkaMumif; 0dpdudpäm ½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf 0d*wuxHux rnf\? a0om&ZÆyÜwå [lonfum; uif;aom ½GHU½Sm;jcif;½Sdol\ tjzpfodkU a&mufoenf;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfü uif;aom ½GHU½Sm;jcif;½Sdol\ tjzpfodkU a&mufNyD? aomwmyef\ olwyg;[laom pGJí jzpf&monf (0g) ,HkMunfxdkufolonf r½Sd? olwyg;udk ,HkMunfjcif;aMumifh þomoemawmfü usifhonf r[kwfaomaMumifh aomwmyefonf ty&yÜpö, rnf\/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;txufazmfjyyg
ygVd
t|uxmrsm;t&
bk&m;½Sifonf
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paom
yk'frsm;udk
opömav;yg;w&m;udk odjrifNyD;aom t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm;udk &nf½G,fí a[mxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifygonf bk&m;/ "r®pMumudk bk&m;a[mygVd? t|uxm? #DumESifhtnD ay;&aom teufESifh OD;Ouú|ay;xm;aom teuf b,fvdkuGmjcm;aeonfudk trSefw&m; pl;prf;vdkonfh vli,frsm; EdIif;,SOfMunfhoifhygonf/
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178
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;tbd"r®mq&mpdefqdkola&;aom
twå0g'ESifh
wm0wðomtbd"r®m
pmtkyfwGif
"r®pMum
a'oemawmfvm 'ku©opöm a[myk'frsm;udk olxif&m jrif&m aygufwwfu& teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk rlv apm'emvTmü avQmufxm; apm'emNyD;ygNyD bk&m;/ tbd"r®mq&mpdef &rf;um;pGm teufay;xm;aom 'ku©opöm a[myk'frsm;udk q&mawmf OD;Ak"fu bk&m;½Siftvdkawmfus teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk avQmufxm; azmfjyyg&ap bk&m;/ Zmwdyd? y#doaE¨ae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif;jzpf\/ Z&myd? qdk;&Gm;a[mif;jrif; tdkrif;&ifha&mf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif;\taMumif; jzpf\ Asm"dyd? zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ r&PrÜd? ao&jcif;onfvnf;? 'ku©H? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ tyÜda,[d?
rcspfrESpfvdktyfaom
owå0gocFg&wdkUESifh/
orÜa,ma*g?
twlwuG
aygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m? qif;&J\/ yda,[d? cspfESpfvdktyfaom owå0gocFg&wdkUESifh/ 0dyÜa,ma*g? auGuGif; uif;uGm ½SJcGmzJMunf raygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m? qif;&J\/ ,H ydpäH? tMuif y#doaE¨ae&jcif; paom oabmw&m; ightm; rjzpfygrl aumif;avpG ponf jzifh awmifhwjcif;udk/ e vbwd? r&tyf/ wrÜd? xdk awmifhwwdkif; r&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©H? qif;&J\/ oHcdawåe? tusOf;tm;jzifh? yÍö? ig;yg;ukefaom/ Oyg'geu©E¨myd? Oyg'gef\ tm½Hkjzpfaom cE¨mwdkUonfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jukef\/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ bk&m;tvdkawmfus teufrsm;onf (0de,yd#uom&w¬'DyeD#Dum r[mcE¨u? yÍö0*¾,uxm? "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwf tzGifh pmrsufESm 171? 172? 173? 174? 175) wdkUrS zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm;ESifh tnD teufjrefrmjyefqdkxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þae&mwGif acwfvli,frsm; jrifomatmif tppfESifhtwk EIdif;,SOf jyyg&ap bk&m;/ Zmwdyd - ief;ief;wuf pGJvrf;jcif; jzpfívmjcif;aMumifh/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif; tusdK;w&m; jzpf&acs\/ (q&mpdef) (twk) Zmwdyd - y#doaE¨ae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ (q&mawmf OD;Ak"f ) (tppf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
179
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;tbd"r®mq&mpdef qdkolonf ol\ twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®mpmtkyfüyif ]]t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g}} ygVdudk vdif0kpfrrSef o'´g[eftaerus teufay;xm;onfudkvnf; rlv apm'emvTmü wifjyavQmufxm;cJhygonf bk&m;? ]]t&da,m? jrwfaom / t, ar0 ra*¾g? þr*fonfvQif/ t|*Øaum? t*Fg½Spfyg;ESifh jynfhpHk\}} [laom teufonf o'´grSef yk'frSef teufrSef jzpfygonf? cdkifcHhaom bmompum; rSeforQ pnf;urf;½Sdygonf? ygVdç ouúw paom bmompum;BuD;rsm;onf pnf;pepf½Sdaom bmomrsm; jzpfygonf? xdkUaMumifh ygVdbmomudk o'´grrSef aygufwwfu& vkyfypfygu t"dyÜm,frSef r&Edkifawmhyg? pufbD;pD;wwfolonf vJatmif b,fvdkvkyfvkyf rvJyg? ygVdwwf ynm½Sifrsm;onfvnf; rSm;atmif wrifvkyfwmawmif rrSm;yg? OD;Ouú|wdkU q&mpdefwdkUrSmum; ygVdo'´gESifh ygVdpmayudk aumif;pGm rwwfí pufbD;rpD;wwfaom oluJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh tbd"r®mq&mpdefwdkU\ bk&m;a[m "r®pMuma'oemtay: bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfudk
qefUusifvsuf
teufjrefrmjyefqdkxm;MuyHkonf
bk&m;½Sif\
tvdkawmfus
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifhtnD
jyefqdkxm;Muaom teufay;yHkonf vdkufemaeMuaom
"r®pMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh t"r®0g'rsm;om olwdkUonfvnf;
jzpfaMumif;
wynfhawmfrsm;
avQmufxm;cJhaom
a½S;q&mpOfquf
teufjrefrm
vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh
"r®pMumvufopf
avQmufxm;ygonf
xdkt"r®0g'rsm;udk
t"r®0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif;
bk&m;? tqHk;tjzwf
ay;awmfrlyg&ef
avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
180
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf ( 18 )
18/
twåaemrwd- rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m
jzpfav [ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifhywfoufí 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
twåaemrwd=
rdrdxif&m
ajymqdkonfh
vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh
bk&m;ra[monfudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfoufí ]bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m vkyfrIonf} bmomoemzsuf tûytrlrsdK; jzpfaMumif; oufaoom"ursm;jzifh avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ 2/
yd#uoHk;oG,f edum,fig;jzm a'oemawmfonf olvdkigvdk omrefyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufu
awG;awmMuHpnfNyD; a[mxm;aom a'oemr[kwf? av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; yg&rDawmfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;yl;NyD;rS oHk;avmuxG#fxm; bk&m;tjzpfodkU a&mufNyD;aom w&m;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif odjrifawmfrlonfh bk&m;½Sifu oAÁñkwa½TÓPfawmfBuD;jzifh odjrifNyD; a[mMum;xm;aom w&m;a'oemawmfrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;? xdkw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;rSm jznfhzG,f pGufzG,f y,fzG,f EkwfzG,f r½SdaMumif;udk oDvu©efygVdawmf omrnzvokwfü þodkU a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;/ aom "r®H a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZÑuvsmPH y&da,maomeuvsmPH? omw¬H oAsÍöeH au0vy&dykPÖH y&dok'¨H jA[®p&d,H yumaowd/ ('D? 1? 59/) þygVdawmfudk atmufygtwdkif; ½Sif;vif; azmfjytyfygonf bk&m;-
uvsmP*kPf Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfrsm;onf yxryg'jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? 'kwd,ç wwd,yg'jzifh tv,fü aumif;jcif;? pwkw¬yg'jzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif;*kPf/ ed'gef;jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? tv,fpum;&yfjzifh tv,füaumif;jcif;? ed*Hk;pum;&yfjzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif; *kPf/ yxrtEkoaE¨jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? tv,ftEkoaE¨jzifh tv,füaumif;jcif;? tqHk;tEkoaE¨jzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif; *kPf/ oDvorm"djzifh tpü aumif;jcif;? 0dyóemr*fwdkUjzifh tv,füaumif;jcif;? zdkvfç edAÁmefwdkUjzifh tqHk;ü aumif;jcif;*kPf? þodkU tpç v,f tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh jynfhpHkaom a'oemawmfrsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
181
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ow¬*kPf
Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonf rsufarSmuftusdK; wrvGeftusdK; avmuDtusdK; avmukwå&m tusdK; ESifh jynfhpHkyg\/ ouFmoe
=
tusOf;tm;jzifh jyqdktyfaom teuf?
yumoe
=
a½S;OD;pGm jyqdktyfaom teuf?
0d0&P
=
tusOf;udk tus,fzGifhqdktyfaomteuf?
0dbZe
=
jyqdktyfNyD;onfudk wzefa0zeftyfaom teuf?
OwåmeDu&P
=
zGifhqdkNyD;onfudk txl;wvnf tus,fw0ifh zGifhqdktyfaom teuf?
ynmye
=
a0zeftyfNyD;udk (ay:vGifonfxuf ay:vifatmif) jynfhjynfhpHkpHk odaptyfaom teuf/
þqdkcJhNyD;aom tusdK;pD;yGm; teufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHk
oAsÍÆe*kPf Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonftu©&
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wpfvHk; wpfvHk;aom tu©&m?
y'
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0dbwftqHk;½Sdaom emrfyk'f? tmcsmwfyk'f? Oyom&yk'f? edygwfyk'f?
AsÍÆe
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teuft"dyÜm,fudk jywwfaom 0gus?
tmum&
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0gusudk rsm;pGmaom tjym;wdkUjzifh a0zefrI ûyaMumif; pum;?
ed½kwåd
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tjym;tm;jzifh a0zefNyD;onfudk xkwfaqmifí tus,fqdktyfaom 0d*¾[ tusOf;pum;/
eda'´o
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þqdkcJhNyD;aom o'´grsm;ESifh jynfhpHk
au0vy&dykPÖ*kPf ponf Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonfxnfhoGif;jznfhpGufzG,f&m rvdkatmif jynfhpHkaeonf jzpfygí au0v y&dykPÖ*kPf? tjypfruif;ojzifh
wpfpHkwpf&m
xkwfEkwfy,fzsuf&rnfh
w&m;ryg½Sdí
tvGefoefUpifaom
y&dok'¨*kPf? oDv orm"d ynm odu©moHk;tif jrwfaom w&m;tpOfudk xifjrifatmif azmfjyEdkifonfh jA[®p&d,ç yumoe*kPf? þ*kPfawmfwdkUESifh avmufvHkjynfh0 wifhw,fvSaom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
182
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t&SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;3/
qdkcJhNyD;aom aus;Zl;*kPfwdkUESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom Ak'¨jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonf(1) ygVda0g[m& pum;vHk; toHk;tEIef;\ eufeJjcif; = "r®*rÇD&? (2) teufoabm\ eufeJjcif; = tw¬*rÇD&? (3) a[mMum;yHk tpDtpOf\ eufeJjcif; = a'oem*rÇD&? (4) ygVdteufwdkUudk xdk;xGifí odEdkifaom ÓPf\ eufeJjcif; = y#da0"*rÇD&-
[laom eufeJjcif;av;rsdK;wdkUESifh jynfhpHkaom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf? odkUjzpf&um; tapmufvnf;eufç tajymvnf;us,faom
ork'´&m0,f
,kefoli,fonf
axmufwnf&m
r&ouJhodkU
jznfhusifh
qnf;yl;tyfaom ukodkvf taqmuftOD; r½SdolwdkU ouf0ifusufpm;&ef cufcJNyD; axmufrD&efvnf; rvG,faom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þrQavmuf tzufzufu *kPfaygif;pHkaewJh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfü rnfolurQ r[kwfr[wf vkyfZwf ygVdudk xnfhí bk&m;a[m rvkyfoifhyg bk&m;? vkyfcJhvQifvnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGm vufxufawmftcgu t&d|&[ef;\ vrf;odkUom jref;&zdkU½Sdygonf bk&m;/
t&d| &[ef; Ak'¨jrwfpGmvufxufawmftcgü t&d|rnfaom "r®uxdu &[ef;wpfyg; ½SdcJhzl;ygonf bk&m;? olu tbd"r®myd#uESifh okwåefyd#uudk wwfuRrf;NyD; 0denf;yd#uudk em;rvnfyg? odkUygí Ak'¨jrwfpGm "r®a'oemü atmufyg vkyfygVdudk xnfhvdkufygonf bk&m;/ wxm[H b*0wm "r®H a'odwH tmZmemrd/ ,xm a, ar tEÅ&m,dum "r®m 0kwåm b*0wm? aw y#dao0awm emvH tEÅ&m,m,/ (r? 1? 184/) arxke y#dao0ew&m;wdkUudk psmef r*fzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,fudk ûywwf\ [k bk&m;a[mxm;aomfvnf; tMuif enf;vrf;jzifh rSD0Joltm; tEÅ&m,frjzpfEdkif? bk&m; a[mxm;aom psmef r*fzdkvf\ tEÅ&m,fudk ûywwfaom arxkey#dao0ew&m;wdkUonf tEÅ&m,frjzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf;udk igodxm;onf/ &[ef;wdkUu r[kwfrSefaMumif; bk&m;½Sifu þodkUra[maMumif; ½Sif;vif;jyaomfvnf; vufrcH? rSefrSef rSm;rSm; qdkNyD;om;pum;udk rpGefUEdkif[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ ,lqaeonf? bk&m;½Sifu ac:,lqHk;r&mütx p ye wGH armCyk&do twåem 'k*¾[dawe tarS ap0 tAÇmpdu©od? twåmeÍö ceod? A[kÍö tyknH yo0od/ wH [d aw armCyk&do b0dówd 'DC&wåH t[dwm, 'ku©m,/ (r? 1? 185/) (rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf? tv*'´Lyrokwf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
183
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm; xdkodkU a[mxm;ygvsuf oifonfç rdrdonf raumif;aom pGJ,l jcif;jzifh igwdkUudkvnf; pGyfpGJbd\? rdrdudk,fudkvnf; wl;ûzdzsufqD;bd\? tukodkvfw&m;wdkUudkvnf; rsm;pGmyGm; apbd\? r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm; oifhtm; xdk,kwfnHhaom rdpämt,lonf umv½SnfjrifhpGm tpD; tyGm;rJhjcif;ç qif;&Jjcif;iSm jzpfvwåHU/ þuJhodkU rdefYqdkNyD; &[ef;wdkUtm; atmufygtwkdif; ar;awmfl\/ ]&[ef;wdkU... xdktaMumif;udk tb,fodkU rSwfxifMuukefoenf;? vif;wowfrsdK;ü jzpfzl;aom þt&d| &[ef;onf omoemawmfü ÓPftaiGUtoufrQ ½Sdao;oavm} [k ar;awmfrl\/ ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; tb,frSm ½SdEdkifygtHhenf;? r½SdEdkifyg bk&m;}} [k &[ef;wdkUu avQmufxm;Muukef\/ xdkodkU
qHk;raomfvnf;
t&d|&[ef;onf
rwkefrvIyf
ikwfwkwfxdkifum
t,lrpGefUbJ
ZGwfayaeygonf bk&m;/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;uynm,dówd acg wGH armCyk&do {awe oaue ygyaue 'd|d*awe? (r? 1? 185/) r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm;? oifonf rdrd\ ,kwfnHhvSaom þt,ljzifh i&J ponfwdkUü xif½Sm;vwåHU/ þodkU rdefYqdkawmfrlNyD; t&d|udk oHCmh*dkPf;rS ESifxkwfvdkufNyD; &[ef;aumif;wdkUtm;vnf; t&d|&[ef;uJhodkU rûyMu&ef t|uxmq&m t½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmou atmufygtwdkif; owday;jyefygonf/ t&da|e 0d, e wkarS[d r,SH omoae uvvH 0g up0&H 0g yu©dydwAÁH/ (r? |? 2? 16/) ]]&[ef;wdkU oifwdkUonf t&d|&[ef;uJhodkU ig\ omoemawmfü ½THUñGefESifh trdIufo½dkufudk rxnfhoGif;&}} [k owday;ygonf/
u@uomraP xdkodkU owday;aeonfhtMum;rS t&d|&[ef;\ oHa,mifaemufvdkuf t&d|&[ef;\ rdpämt,ludk tvHxlay;rnfh
u@uomraPqdkwJh
arxkey#dao0etrIonf
psmefr*fzdkvf\
udk&ifBuD;wpfOD;
ay:vmjyefygonf?
oluvnf;
tEÅ&m,frûyEdkif[k
qufvufa[mjyefonf?
olU0g'udk
vlêudufvnf; rsm;onf? vlaovljzpfuJhodkU qef;opfwJh tbd"r®myJqdkNyD; topftqef;êudufolwdkU 0dkif;0dkif;vnfaeMuonf?
'DtxJ
omoemawmfordkif;rSm
wpfavQmufvHk;½Iyfvmaom
qAÁ*¾Dudk,fawmfBuD;wdkUu a½SUqHk;rS yg0ifaeonf? 'Dudk&ifudk auR;Muonf? ay;Muonf twltdyf twlpm; aexdkifum rolawmfcsif; oDwif;avGUavGU aygif;zufarGUaeMuonf? u@u omraPudk t,lrSefatmif a[mívnf; r&/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
184
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdktaMumif; bk&m;½Sif odaomtcg &[ef;wdkUudk ac:í atmufyg twdkif; ESifxkwfcdkif;vkdufonf/ tZÆwa*¾ aw tm0kaom u@u e ap0 aom b*0g ow¬m ty'dodwaAÁm? ,Hyd pan orPka'´om vbEÅd bdu©L[d o'¨ð 'd&wåwd&wåH o[ao,sH? omyd aw ew¬d? p& yda& 0deó/ (0d? 2? 182/) a[h armifu@u oifonf igwdkUq&m bk&m;jrwfpGmudk ,aeUupNyD; q&mvdkU rnGefjy&? tjcm; udk&ifaumif;rsm;vdk twl ESpfnoHk;n tdyfcGifhvnf; r&awmh? olpdrf;jyify a[h vlt awmf&moGm;í ysufpD;ygav/ þpum;udkajymí
omoemawmfrS
oefU½Sif;a&;vkyf
xkwfypf&rnf[k
&[ef;wdkUudk
rdefUawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ taygif;toif;vkyfaom
qAÁ*¾D&[ef;wdkUudkvnf;
ac:í
uJh&JU½IwfcsNyD;
aemif
taygif;toif;vkyfvQif ygpdwftmywfoifhap[k tmPmawmfrSwfí odu©myk'fudkyif ynwfcJh&ygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf rdrd\ omoemü r[kwfr[wf vkyfZwfygVd r[kwfrw&m; 0g'trSm; xnfhoGif;jcif;udk þrQyif jyif;jyif;xefxef udk,fawmfwdkif ta&;,lcJhygonf bk&m;/ vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|\
wynfhBuD;
ocifjrwfqdkifESifh
or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf
ygVdtaetxm;rrSefí o'´,kwådvnf;r½Sd? teuft"dyÜg,frrSefí tw¬,kwådvnf;r½Sdaom]]avmuork',Íö
tw¬d?
avmueda&m"Íö
ew¬d}}
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pum;udk
ba'´u&wåokwfü
a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif; oDvu©efü a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif;? oH,kwfü a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif; vdrfvnfa&;om;í
teufazmf&mrSmvnf;
olwdkUcsif;yif
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bk&m;?
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upömea*gwåokwfü xdkonfh avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d qdkwJhpum; rygonfhtjyif teuft"dyÜg,fvnf;
rygyg
bk&m;?
,if;
upömea*gwåokwfvm
ygVdrSef
teufrSefudk
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avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/ avmuork',H acg upöe ,xmblwH or®yÜnm, yóawm ,m avmau ew¬dwm? om e a[mwd/ avmued a&m"H acg upöme ,xmblwH or®yÜnm, yóawm ,m avmau tw¬dwm? om e a[mwd/
jrefrmjyef upöeocFg&avmu\ jzpfaMumif;jzpf&m (tEkavmr y#dpöorkyÜg'f) udk rSefaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifaomol\ (oEÅmefü) avmuü r½Sdonf\tjzpfç jywfonf\ tjzpf[laom Oapä' t,lrjzpf? upöme ocFg&avmu\ csKyfjcif; csKyf&m y#davmr y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk rSefaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
185
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifaomol\ (oEÅmefü) avmuü ½Sdonf\tjzpf jrJonf\tjzpf [laom oów t,l rjzpf/ þpum;&yfrsm;rSm upömea*gwåokwf jrefrmjyef trSef jzpfygonf bk&m;? trSefudk trSeftwdkif; xkwfjyvdkufojzifh trSm;udkvnf; trSm;[k odomjcm;em; uGJjym;pGm jrifawGU&ygonf bk&m;/ bk&m; ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m[k vdrf&J nm&Jjcif;ESifh ywfoufí{uH "r®H twDwó? rkom0g'dó ZEÅKaem/ 0dwdPÖy&avmuó? ew¬d ygyH tum&d,H/ vdrfnm&JNyD; wrvGefb0udk y,f½Sm;olonf rûy&Jaom tukodkvf 'kp½dkuf [lí r½Sd? vdrf&Jolonf bmrqdk vkyf&Jonf [laom "r®y'ygVdawmfvm pum;ESifhtnD &wemoHk;yg;udkvnf; apmfum;&JMuygonf bk&m;/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfNyD; tajym½Iyfonfudk oabm[kwf ay:vGifatmif "r®u©efESifhn§dí qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
186
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0daooapm'em trSwf ( 19 )
19/
Ak'¨\jzpfawmfpOf
Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk
raxrJhjrifûyí
ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf
oa&mfapmfum;
a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;omrnapm'emtrSwf
19-wGif
pk'dwuwdkU\
pmtkyfpmwrf;
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aumufEkwf
azmfjyxm;aom pmydk'ftrSwf (u) rS (e) txd pum;&yfrsm;onf Ak'¨bk&m;ociftm; r½dkrao *g&0uif;rJhpGm ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;xm;aom pum;rsm;jzpfí xdkpum;&yfrsm;onf t*Fkwå&edum,f?
yÍöryPÖmou?
udrdv0*f
udrdvokwf
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t*g&0
5-rsdK;wGif
tusHK;0ifaeygonf bk&m;? olawmfaumif;w&m; ysufpD;atmif (t&SnfcdkifcHh rwnfwHhatmif) zsufqD;&m a&mufaeygonf bk&m;/ t*g&0 5-rsdK; qdkonfrSm1/ bk&m;ü r½dkaojcif;? 2/ w&m;ü r½dkaojcif;? 3/ oHCmü r½dkaojcif;? 4/ odu©mü r½dkaojcif;? 5/ tcsif;csif;ü r½dkaojcif;þig;rsdK; jzpfygonf bk&m;? þt*g&0 5-rsdK;aMumifh bk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf olawmf aumif;w&m;rsm; ysufpD;&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨jrwfpGmomoemawmfBuD; ysufpD;&jcif;rSmvnf; t*g&0 5-rsdK; xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmifaejcif;yif t&if;cH jzpfygonf bk&m;/
t*g&0 5-yg; ygVdawmf aum Ek acg baEÅ a[wk aum ypöa,m a,e wxm*aw y&dedAÁKaw o'¨ar®m e pd&|dwdaum a[mwDwd/ (1) £" udrdv wxm*aw y&dedAÁKaw bdu©K bdu©Keda,m Oygoum Oygoduma,m ow¬&d t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm/ (2) "ar® t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? (3) oHaC t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? (4) odu©m, t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? (5) tnrnH t*g&0g 0d[&EÅd tyÜwdóm? t,H acg udrdv a[wk t,H ypöa,m a,e xxm*aw y&dedAÁKaw o'¨ar®m e pd&|dwdawm a[mwDwd/ (tH 2? 216/) (yÍö*Fkwå&ygVdawmf? udrdvokwf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
187
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t*g&0 5-yg; jrefrmjyef
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188
tpodkU (C)
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189
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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190
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191
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192
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language)
udkygVdbmompum;[kd a0g[m& ul;ajymif;vmjcif;rS jzpfygonfbk&m;/ oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;12/ OD;Ouú|ESifh
,ckavQmufxm;cJhaom pum;tpOfjzifh oH*g,em (6)wefwifcJhaom yd#uwfonf aemufvdkufwpf,loefrsm;
pif;vHk;acsmaom
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202
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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0daooapm'emed*Hk; jyD;jynfhpHkjyD/
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203
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aeUpGJ/ 4-5-81
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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OD;aCmodw obmywdq&mawmf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2)
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpf or®w jrefrmedkifiHawmf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJ htrSwf (2) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, aom"emacsyvTmrsm; OD;qE´m"du\ aom"emed'gef;
obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkYbk&m; wpfbufaom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;OuúX0g' [laom trnfjzifh wynfhawmfrsm;\ tay:wGif pGJcsufwifxm;jcif;aMumifh ,ck0dedpä,XmeodkU a&mufcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfonf
q&mawmf
t½SifOuúXxHwGif
ynmoifMum;
oabmw&m;avhvm&ef
a&mufcJhonfrSm (12) ESpfcefUrQ ½SdoGm;ygNyD bk&m;/ q&mawmfBuD;ESifh (10)ESpfcefYrQtwl oDwif;oHk;cJh&í q&mawmfBuD;rSm crm*kPf? "dwd*kPf? ynm*kPfwdkUESifh b,fíb,frQ jynfhpHkaMumif; udk,fwdkifod jzpfygonf bk&m;/ vlcyrmPac: acgif;yg;pGm aexdkifrIwGif rsufarSmufacwf omoem0ifü pHwifavmufaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfyg;jzpfygonf? Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfudk Munfñdk&mwGifvnf; tarQmftaMumufuif;í oefU½Sif;aom av;pm;jcif;jzifh Munfñdkav;pm;wwfaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;wpfOD;jzpfygonf? xdkq&mawmfBuD;onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS &[ef;½Sifvltm;vHk;wdkU todjzpfaom vlaovljzpf usrf;BuD;udk ûypkcJh&m trsm;jynfolrsm;twGif;ü xdkusrf;BuD;udk êudufol½SdcJhovdk rêudufEdkifolrsm;vnf; (txdkuftavsmuf) ½SdaMumif;q&mawmfrsm; todyifjzpfygonf
bk&m;?
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yumoeduuHudk
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tcGifhoifhMu&ygonf? þomoemawmfü yumoed,uH\ t&omudk pwifcHpm;cJh&aom yk*¾dKvfrSm
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207
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t&Sifa'0'wfyif jzpfygonf? (þae&mta&mufwGif obmywdq&mawmfBuD;u apm'u(21)csufESifh rywfoufí yumoed,uHtaMumif; wifoGif;csufudk zwfcGifhrûyaMumif; rdefUMum;onf)/
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208
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf(5) (OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsuf)
trSwf(5) apm'emcsufESifh ywfoufí atmufygtwdkif; aom"em tyfygonf bk&m;/ trSwf(5) apm'emcsuf acgif;pOfü twdwf tem*wf b0wdkUudk vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD; [laom pum;yg½Sdygonf? bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;twdwfb0udk vufcHvdkygonf qdkygaomfvnf; vGefvmcJhNyDjzpfí vufrcHEdkifawmhyg? ypfy,fvdkonf qdkyguvnf; ypfy,fp&m twdwfb0ponf wynfhawmfrsm;wGif r½Sdawmhyg bk&m;? apm'uq&mawmfrsm; qdkvdk[ef½SdonfrSm twdwfb0 tem*wfb0qdkif&m t,l0g'om jzpfvdrfhrnf xifygonf? twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 ½Sdonf[laom t,ludk ,lvQif rnfodkUaom tusKd; jzpfxGef;rnfudk odvdkygonf? bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;onf aumif;usKd;udk &vdkolrsm; jzpfMuygonf? twdwfb0udk
jyefvnfpOf;pm;aepOf
ypökKyÜefcE¨mig;yg;rS
cGmvsuf
twdwfb0odkU
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wu,fa&mufoGm;Edkifygovm; bk&m;? emrfw&m;csnf;oufouf twdwfodkU jyefoGm;Edkifygovm; bk&m;? ½kyfw&m;csnf;oufouf
oGm;íaum
&ygovm;
bk&m;?
twdwftem*wfonf
wynfhawmftm;
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xdkwqifhMum;umrQomwnf;?
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tuGsEkfyfonf xdkt,ltqwdkUü rESpfoufEdkifyg/ txufyg a[ruvkvif\ pum;udk axmufí twdwftem*wfqdkif&m t,l0g'onf oHo, 0dpdudpämudk yGm;aponfrSm xif½Sm;ygonf/ ¤if;tjyif bj'uokwfü - t[aÍöaw *grPd twDwr'¨geH tm*AÇ 'ku©ó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö a'ao,sH? {0H ta[mod twDwr'¨geEdå? wMw awod,m ucFg od,m 0drwd? (y) {0H b0dówd tem*wr'¨g eEÅd? wMwmyd aw od,m ucFg od,m 0drwd? tyd pm[H *grPd £a"0 edoaEém {aw¬0 aw edoEéó 'ku©ó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö a'aoómrd / (oH? 2/ 510-1/) [k qdkxm;jyefygonf/
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209
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
½GmolBuD; vGefavNyD;aomumvü þodkU jzpfzl;NyD[k igonf oifhtm; twdwfumvudk taMumif;ûyí qif;&Jjcif;jzpfjcif; csKyfjcif;udk a[mjyygrl xdktwdwfumvudk taMumif;ûyí oifhtm; ,HkrSm;jzpf&m\? awG;awmrI jzpf&m\? ½GmolBuD; tem*wfumví þodkU jzpfvdrhfrnf[k igonf oifhtm; tem*wfumvudk taMumif;ûyí qif;&Jjzpfjcif;udk csKyfjcif;udk a[mcJhygrl xdktem*wfumvüvnf; oifhtm; ,HkrSm;jzpf&m\? awG;awmrI jzpf&m\? ½GmolBuD; ppfppf igonf þae&mü xdkifaevsufyifvQif þae&mü xdkifvsuf&Sdaom oifhtm; qif;&Jjzpfjcif; csKyfjcif;udk a[maytHh/ þae&müvnf; Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf twdwftem*wfudk taMumif;ûyí qif;&Jjzpfjcif; csKyfcsif;udk a[mvQif ,HkrSm;jcif; ucFgESifhawG;awmjcif; 0drwdwdkUom jzpfEdkifaMumif; a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/ twDwH emEkaom pEdå? eyÜZyÜEÅd em*wH/ ypöKyÜaEée ,mayEÅd? awe 0aPÖm yoD'wd/ (oH? 1? 5/) twdwfjzpfaom
vmbfudkvnf;
rpdk;&drfMuukef/
tem*wfjzpfaom(vmbf)udkvnf;
rawmifhwMuukef/ ypöKyÜef&qJ(vmbf)jzifhom a&mifh&JMuukef\? xdkUaMumifh ta&tqif;onf Munfvif\ [lí qdkxm;ygonf? wrvGefjzpfaom twdwfb0ESifh tem*wfb0wdkUudkomru ,ckrsufarSmufb0üyif twdwftem*wf vmbfvmbrsm;tay: raMumifhrMu rawmifhrwbJ ypöKyÜef&orQ vmbfvmbjzifh rQwa&mifh&JEdkifaom ½dk;om;jzLpifpGm
&[ef;yk*¾dKvftm; usifhMuHaexdkifoltm;
Munfvif½Tifyscsrf;om&yHkudk &½SdEdkifaom
jyqdkaeygonf?
tómow&m;av;yg;udk
ypöKyÜefb0ü Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf
umvmrtrsKd;om;wdkUtm; þodkUyif a[mjyawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;/ umvmrrif;wdkU
þodkU&efuif;aompdwf
aMumifhMuuif;aompdwf
rnpfñl;aompdwf
pifMu,faompdwf½Sdaom t&d,mwynfhtm; ,ckb0üyif axmufwnf&m av;rsKd;wdkUudk &tyfukef\/ (1)
wrvGefavmuonf tu,fí ½SdtHh? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;quf tusKd;&if;onf tu,fí ½SdtHh? xdkodkU½SdcJhaomf igonf udk,fcE¨mysufpD;í aoNyD;onfrS aemufü
aumif;aomvm;&mjzpfaom
axmufwnf&mudk
&av\?
ewfjynfodkU þum;
a&muf&vdrfhrnf
t&d,mwynfhtm;
[laom &tyfaom
yxraxmufwnf&maywnf;? (2)
wrvGefavmuonf tu,fí r½SdtHh? aumif;aom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;quftusKd;&if;onf tu,fí r½SdtHh/ xdkodkUr½SdcJhaomf igonf rsufarSmufb0üyif &efr½Sdaom
aMumifhMur½Sdaom
qif;&Jr½Sdaom
csrf;omjcif;½Sdaom
rdrdudk,fudk
aqmif&av\[laom axmufwnf&mudk &av\? þonfum; xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &tyfaom 'kwd,axmufwnf&maywnf;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
210
tpodkU (3)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) raumif;rIudk ûycJhvQif ûyonf rnftHh? igonf wpfpHkwpfckaom raumif;rIudk tm;rxkwfcJh? (raumif;rI)
rûyaom
ightm;
tukodkvfuHonf
tb,frSm
qif;&J
awGUxdEdkifaptHhenf;[laom axmufwnf&udk &av\? þonfum; xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &tyfaom wwd, axmufwnf&maywnf;? (4)
raumif;rI ûyaomfvnf; ûyonf rrnfthH? xdkodkU ûyonf rrnfaomf igonf (raumif;rIudk rûyjcif;ç ûyonf rrnfjcif;[laom) ESpfyg;pHkjzifhomvQif pifMu,faom rdrdudk,fudk ½Ijrif&ay\[laom axmufwnf&mudk &av\? þonfum; xdkt&d,mwynfhtm; &tyfaom pwkw¬axmufwnf&maywnf;/
þ auorkwådokwfyg (tómo) w&m;av;yg;udk Munfhygu twdwfb0 tem*wfb0qdkonfrSm vHk;0ta&;rBuD;[k qdk&efrjzpfEdkif½kHom½SdaMumif; awGU½SdEdkifygonf? Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtwGuf þrsufarSmuf b0ü
um,'kp½dkuf?
0pD'kp½dkuf?
raem'kp½dkufwdkUrS
a&SmifMuOfí
o'¨goDv
paom
olawmfaumif;w&m;wdkUESifh jynfhpHkatmif aexdkifoGm;ygvQif xdkyk*¾dKvftwGuf wrvGef½Sdonf jzpfap? &&Sdonfjzpfap?
t½IH;r½Sd?
csrf;omjcif;
tjrwfom½SdaMumif;
tukodkvf'kp½dkuform;twGufum;
rsufarSmufb0üyif &efvdkaompdwf aMumifhMuaompdwf npfñl;aompdwf rpifMu,faompdwf ½Sdonfjzpfí axmufwnf&m w&m;av;yg; uif;uGmvsuf qif;&Jjcif;om; tzwfwifaMumif; jyqdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/ apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u ba'´u&wåokwfvm twDwH eEGmuar,s? eyÜ#duacF tem*wH/ ,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyÜwåÍö tem*wH - (r? 3? 226/) [laom *gxmudk ½Gwfvsuf avmukwå&m 0dyóemudpöESifhom oufqdkifaMumif; apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wifjyoGm;Muygonf bk&m;/ ,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyÜwåÍö tem*wH - [laom ESpfyg'udk *½kûyawmfrlMuyg bk&m;/ twdwfonf ypöKyÜefr[kwfojzifh (obm0tm;jzifhyif) y,ftyfNyD[k qdkvdkygonf? y,f&rnf[k wrifcdkif;aejcif;r[kwfyg? tem*wfonf ra&mufvmao;[k qdk&mü avmuDtem*wfjzpfap? avmukwå&m tem*wfjzpfap? tem*wf[lí
a&mufrvmao;onfudk
tem*wf[kac:ygonf?
wynfhawmfpum;vHk;a0g[m&
avmuDtem*wf
xGifaejcif;r[kwfyg
bk&m;?
avmukwå&m
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
pum;udkvdkufíqdkjcif;om jzpfyg onf/ wynfhawmfonf
twdwftem*wfudk
taMumif;rwefjiif;qefaeonfr[kwfyg?
olUumvESifh
olUtiftm;tvdkuf vufcHygonf? twdwfonf ½Sd\? tem*wfonf ypöKyÜefESifh wef;wlxm;aeMuíom ajymqdkae&jcif;
jzpfygonf?
trSefrSm
twdwfonf
½SdcJh\?
ypöKyÜefonf
½Sd\?
tem*wfonf
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211
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
½Sdvdrfhrnf[kumvtvdkufteufESifho'´gwdusatmif
cGJa0oHk;MuvQif
þtwdwftem*wfjyóemonf
½Sif;oGm;vdrfhrnf xifygonf bk&m;/ jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUonf jzpfysufpOfBuD;udk
jzpfcJhMuí
rnfolrSvnf;
jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUonf
rjiif;Edkifyg?
odkU&mwGif
ysufMuvdrfhrnfqdkaom
jzpfqJtajctaeonfum;
,if;
twdwftem*wfwdkUxuf rsm;pGmyifta&;BuD;aMumif; okwfaxmufokwfudk;jzifh wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;- 30.6.81
&ufaeU
þ0denf;"dk&fcHk½kH;wGif
wynfhawmfrsm;
y&dwf½GwfMuygaMumif;
avQmufxm;cJhygonf bk&m;? odkU&mwGif tcsdefaphoGm;ygojzifhqufvufavQmufxm;jcif; rûyEdkifcJhygbk&m;? xdkpOfu avQmufxm;&ef usef½Sdaeonfrsm;udkavQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/ wynhfawmfrsm; y&dwf½GwfonfqdkonfrSm oHCmawmfcsif; omr*D¾jzpfonfudk jy&efvnf;aumif;? tcrf;tem; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk todtrSwfûyonfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif;? emMum;olwdkU pdwfMunfEl;ap&ef vnf;aumif;?
txl;ojzifh
'ku©at;Nidrf;a&;udk
taxmuftyHh
jzpfap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;
y&dwf½Gwfqdkjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wEÅ&? rEÅ& qefqef zkwf? Nydwåm? wapä? ol&JwdkU\ ab;&efudk umuG,f&ef? rdk;½Gmap&ef? rD;wm;ap&ef? vmbfoyfyum½Tifap&ef paom &nf½G,fcsufrsm; rygMuyg bk&m;? ,if;tcsufrsm;onf Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ &nf½G,fcsufudk vTJz,f&m usEdkifygonf bk&m;/ ]]okp&dwH p&EdÅ} aumif;aom tusifhudk usifhMuukef\[k a[mawmfrlaom Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ pum;awmfudk OD;xdyfxuf yefqifaejcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/ aemufwpfcsuf avQmufxm;vdkonfrSm apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wapäol&JEdkifrEÅef a>rEdkifrEÅef ponfwdkUudkyif Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfu oif,lcGifhûyaMumif; 0daooapm'emwGif wifoGif;azmfjyoGm;Muygonf/ t|uxmpum;udk rSm;onf[k wynfhawmfrsm; rqdkvdkyg bk&m;/ odkU&mwGif tqdyftwwf
oDvu©efygVdawmf
omrnzvokwf
uif;NrD;aumuftwwfwdkUonf
r[moDvcef;
&[ef;awmfrsm;
yxrtydk'fü
roifaumif;
a>rtwwf
rvkyfaumif;aom
rdpämZD0w&m;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;rdefUqdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/ r[moDvcef; wpfae&mwGifvnf;,xm 0g yaeau abmaEÅm oraPjAm[®Pm o'¨ga',smed abmZemed bkOdÆwGm aw {0½lyg, wd&päme0dZÆm, rdpämZDa0e ZD0dwH uayÜEdÅ? ao,sxd'H oEdÅurH® yPd"dur®H blwurH®/ ('D?1?65?66/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
212
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkUaMumifhvnf; wpfcsKdUaom orPjA[®PwdkUonf ,HkMunfí vªaom oHk;aqmifzG,fwdkUudk oHk;aqmifMuNyD;vQif rSm;aom toufarG;rIjzpfukefaom þodkUaom zDvmjzpfukefaom twwfwdkUjzifh toufarG;Muukef\/ þonfwdkUonfum;
tb,fenf;?
ewfudk;jcif;ç
awmif;qkûyí
ewfylaZmfjcif;ç
zkwfwapätwwfwdkUudk avhusifhjcif;[k qdkxm;ygonf bk&m;? rdpämZD0rsm;udk or®mtmZD0 xifrSwfaeMuvQif y&dwftusKd;&rnfxuf omoemwGif;ü vljzpfusKd;½IH;rnfudk ydkí aMumufoifhygonf t½Sifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;/
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213
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (14) (OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsuf) ao,sxmyd 0gao| t,H tpd&0wD e'D yl&m O'uó orwdwd¬um umuay,sm?
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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ocifjrwfqdkif
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OD;ukrm&
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261
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ocifjrwfqdkif
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OD;ukrm&
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ocifjrwfqdkif
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OD;ukrm&
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ocifjrwfqdkif
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OD;ukrm&
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«8? 7? 81? toHzrf;êud;acGrS»
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262
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (19) «ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsycsuf»
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;,ck
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urÇmwpf&m[lívnf;aumif;?
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urÇmwpfoef;[lívnf;aumif;
rajymqdktyf?
þodkUjzpfjcif;onf tb,fhaMumifhenf;? &[ef; þurÇm\vnf;aumif;? þoHo&m\vnf;aumif; tptqHk;onf rxifEdkif? vGwfajrmufjcif;iSmomvQif oifhvSayownf;}}[k rdefUawmfrl\/ þwpfokwfom r[kwfao;yg bk&m;? tvm;wl ta[mtrdefUrsm;ü atmufygtwdkif; awGU&ygonf bk&m;/ ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf yAÁwokwf
377/
ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf omoyokwf
377-378/
ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf om0uokwf
378/
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263
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ed'ge terw*¾oH,kwf **Fgokwf
378-379
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toufç
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264
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf (20-21) racsyvdk
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265
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;twGuf vufawGUtoHk;csMuygonf? vdkufemusifhoHk;Muygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ "r®*kPfawmfrsm;ESifh nDñGwfonfh w&m;awmfrsm;udk vufawGU usifhoHk;Muygonf bk&m;? eD;pyfonfh "r®rdwfaqGrsm;udkvnf; vufqifhurf;cJhygonf? tvHk;pHk 'ku©rNidrf;at;onfhwdkifatmif at;Nidrf;EdkiforQ at;Nidrf;EdkifMuygap...
[laom
oefUpifonfh
apwemjzifh
'ku©Nidrf;at;ap&ef
t"duxm;í
vufqifhurf;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfrsm;
þodkU
vufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;
vufqifhurf;jcif;wdkUrSm
0g'opfwpf&yfudk
xlaxmifí topftqef; wDxGifûyvkyfjcif; r[kwfyg? Ak'¨0g' tESpfom&abmiftwGif;wGif ûyvkyfjcif;om jzpfygonf? auorkwådokwåefvm Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ Mo0g'a'oemESifh tnDom vdkufemaqmif½Gufjcif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
270
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨0g'udk avhvmí oabmaygufavav Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk Munfñdkavav jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨omoemawmf jyefUyGm;apvdkonfh apwemvrf; ay:aygufavav jzpfygonf bk&m;/ þapwemjzifhom wynfhawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzefUjzL;cJhMuygonf bk&m;/ þodkU
or®m'd|d
tjrifrSef&a&;twGuf
Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m
usrf;pmrsm;udk
bufpHkaxmifhpHkjzifh
avhvm½SmrSD;jcif; okawoeûyjcif; "r®omupämûyjcif; jzefUjzL;jcif; ponfwdkU vkyfudkifaqmif½Gufonfudk ]]or®m'd|dokawoe0g'}}[k
trnfwyfqifí
pGJcsufwifjcif;onf
wynfhawmfwdkU
taejzifh
trsdK;rsdK;awG;xifp&m oHo,0ifvmp&mrsm; jzpfvmygonf bk&m;/ jrefrmEdkifiH Ak'¨bmomESifh ywfoufí &[ef;awmfrsm;wGif rlv*dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;cJhonfhtjyif ,ck wl&mpkpnf;vdkufonfh tcgwGifyif *dkPf;BuD; (9) *dkPf; usef½Sdaeygao;onf? ,ck vuf½Sd 0dyóem*dkPf;rsdK;pHkESifh
bmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsdK;pHkyg
xnfhaygif;vdkufvQif
*dkPf;tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;pGm
½Sdaeygao;onf? xdkodkU &[ef;*dkPf;rsm; 0dyóem*dkPf;rsm;ESifh bmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;pGmwdkUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ "r®a'oemrsm; tay:wGif rdrdwdkU ½Ijrifrdonfh oabmaygufrdonfh tjrifjzifh Munfhí a[majymjzefUjzL;aeMuygonf bk&m;? t"du &nf½G,fcsufrSm Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ omoemawmfwnfwhH cdkifjrJ&efESifh
jyefUyGm;&efom
jzpfygonf
bk&m;?
xdkomoemûytzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif
wynfhawmfrsm;
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonfvnf; tzGJUwpfzGJUtaejzifh yg0ifaeygonf bk&m;/
"r®t"r® tjiif;yGm;rI þuJhodkUaom
tajctaersdK;wGif
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonf
rnfolESifhrQ
"r®
t"r®
tjiif;ryGm;vdkyg? rlvuyifvQif rdrdwdkU Nidrf;at;a&;twGufom w&m;½SmrSD;avhvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? vlom;"r®rdwfaqGrsm; pkaygif;xm;aom tzGJUtpnf;jzpfojzifh zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'u ay;tyfxm;aom tcGifhta&;t& vGwfvyfpGm avhvm½SmrSD;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;? auorkwådokwåefvm Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ a'oemrdefUrSmcsufrsm;onf
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtm;
tvGefw&m
w&m;rQwonfh
vGwfvyfcGifhudk
ay;xm;ygonf bk&m;? þtcGifhta&;rsdK;udk tjcm;rnfonfh bmomwGifrS ay;xm;onfudk rawGU&yg bk&m;/ Ak'¨\0g'onf 0dbZÆ0g' jzpfonf? Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf 0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfawmfrlonf [laomtcsufudk 0denf; "dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifjrwfrsm;vnf; twnfûyvufcHNyD; jzpfawmfrlygonf? 0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfawmfrlaom Ak'¨\ wynfhom0ursm; jzpfMuonfh wynfhawmfwdkUonf or®m'd|d tjrifrSef&½Sda&;wGif taxmuftul jzpf&eftwGufom (0g) 'ku©Nidrf;a&;twGufom avhvm½SmrSD;í a0zefqef;ppfNyD; vufcHusifhoHk;MuonfrSm tjypfr½Sday[lí ½dk;om;pGmyif ,HkMunfMuygonf bk&m;? Avhvm½SmrSD;jcif;ç a0zefqef;ppfjcif;wdkUonf Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ Mo0g'awmfESifh tnDom jzpfonf[k cH,lMuygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
271
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a0zefqef;ppfjcif;ESifh
tjypf½Smjcif;wdkUrSm
em;vnfoabmaygufMuygonf wifjyjcif;ç
aqG;aEG;jcif;
bk&m;?
tvGefjcm;em;aMumif;udkvnf;
rdrdbmom0iftcsif;csif;
ar;jref;jcif;ç
ajzMum;jcif;wdkUudk
wynfhawmfrsm;
"r®okawoD
rdwfaqGtcsif;csif;
'ku©Nidrf;at;a&;twGuf
½dk;om;pGm
vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k ,lqygonf bk&m;? 0g'EÅ& bmomjcm;wdkUu Ak'¨ESifh Ak'¨0g' "r®a'oemrsm;udk xdyg;vmonfh tcgrsdK;wGif acsy,SOfûydifjcif;rSm wpfcef;wpfu@ jzpfygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfrsm;
or®m'd|dokawoe
"r®rdwfaqGrsm;onf
vl'g,um
'g,dumrrsm;om
jzpfMuaomaMumifh avmu0wft& om;orD;ç r,m; ZeD; polwdkU\ pm;0wfaea&; zlvHk&eftwGuf or®yÜ"mef w&m;av;yg;ESifhtnD pD;yGm;Opöm ½SmazGMu&ygonf? omoemh0efxrf;rsm; r[kwfMuaomaMumifh tcsdefjynfh "r®a&;&mrsm;udk avhvmEdkifjcif; r½SdMuyg? ]]aq;wpftdk;uRrf;-uGrf;wpf&mnuf}} qdkovdk &oavmuf
tcsdefwdkuav;udk
t&trd,lí
avhvmMu&ygonf
bk&m;?
&[ef;awmfrsm;uJhodkU
pmayy&d,wådudk tajccHrSpí roif,lcJhzl;aomaMumifh &½SdorQ tcsdefuav;rsm;udk tusdK;½Sdatmif toHk;cs&ygonf bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkUrSm
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;ESifh
apm'ut½Sifjrwfrsm;uJhodkU
yd#uwftwGuf
tajccHjzpfaom o'´gBuD;ç ½lyod'¨dç Amvm0wm&ç Esmoç o'´gi,f q,fhav;apmifç o'´eDwd (okwårmvm? "mwkrmvm? y'rmvm)ç tbd"mefç tvuFmç qef;usrf; ponfwdkUudk roif,lcJhzl;yg? yk'fppfç ½kyfppfç o'´gppfç Óofaumufç enf;av;q,fç oH0PÖemç Oypmq,fyg; ponfwdkUudkvnf; qdk;½dk;ESifhwuG roifMum;cJhzl;yg? ed,H½Spfusrf;ESifh pHausmif;ed,H ponfwdkUudkvnf; rusufrSwfcJhzl;yg? twufç txGufç pk'fç apm'emç aewådenf; ponfwdkUjzifh t|uxm usrf;rsm;udkvnf; rwuf,lcJhzl;yg? oû*Ø[fç #Dumausmfç y&rw¬0dedpä,ç emr½lyy&dapä'ç tbd"r®m0wm&ç rPdom&rÍÆLom #Dumusrf;rsm;udkvnf; rusufcJhzl;yg? 0Dxdvuf½dk;vnf; rqdkcJhzl;yg? bHkyk*¾dKvf pdwf& qdkonfudkvnf; o½kyfrcGJcJhzl;yg? rmwdumç "mwkuxmç n0gt&aumufrsm;ç
,rdkufq,fusrf;t&
aumufrsm;udkvnf;
rvdkufcJh&zl;yg?
y|mef;t&aumuf
awmifûrdUenf;ç ppfudkif;awmif½dk;enf;ç y|mef;odyÜHenf;ç rpdk;&drfenf; ponfwdkUudkvnf; ravhusufcJhzl;yg? a'Grmwdum (bdu©KESifh bdu©KeDygwdarmuf)? ck'´odu©mç rlvodu©m[laom 0denf;i,fav;apmifygVdç ucFg0dw&PDt|uxm? 0ZD&Ak'¨d#Dum paom 0denf;usrf;rsm;udkvnf; ygVdbmomjzifh ravhvmcJhzl;yg? usrf;BuD;azmufenf;jzifh ygVdawmf edum,fBuD;rsm;udkvnf; razmufcJhzl;yg bk&m;/ xdkUaMumifh
wynfhawmfwdkUrSm
o½kyfouef
t&aumufrsm;xuf
oabmaygufa&;udkom
t"duxm;í avhvmMu&ygonf bk&m;? yd#uwfjrefrmjyefrsm;? jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;onfh usrf;pmrsm;ESifh
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
avhvmxm;onfh
usrf;pmrsm;udkom
tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyí
avhvmvdkufpm;Mu&ygonf bk&m;? xdkUaMumifh wynfhawmfwdkUrSm pmayy&d,wåd rwwfuRrf;aMumif; ½dk;om;pGm avQmufxm;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? tjiif;yGm;&eftwGuf w&m;½Smjcif; r[kwfaomaMumifh "r®t"r®udpöwGif pk'dwu rvkyfvdkjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
272
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
odkU&mwGif EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu (19-5-81)&uf aeUpGJjzifh trdefUpm xkwfqifhí pk'dwuvkyf&rnf[k
ñTefMum;vmygaomaMumifh
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\
trdefUawmfudk
wynfhawmfwdkUrSm
tvGefav;pm;í
EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,u
vGefqef0Hhjcif;iSm
rwwfpGrf;Edkifygojzifh
apm'uwifvTm\ apm'emudk wwfpGrf;orQaom tao;trTm;ÓPfuav;jzifh aom"emûy&ygawmhrnfh tajcodkU a&muf&SdcJh&ygawmhonf bk&m;? þodkU aom"emûy&mwGif(1)
EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fcHk½Hk;tzGJU0if q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\ oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf? odu©m*kPfwdkUudk av;pm;jcif;ç
(2)
bk&m;rsufESmawmfudkom axmufxm;rnf[laom pum;udk trSefwu,f ,HkMunfjcif;ç
(3)
trIppfyk*¾dKvf\ t*Fg (5)csufESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ,HkMunfjcif;ç
(4)
ynm½Sd 0denf;"dk&f\t*Fg (5)yg;ESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ,HkMunfjcif;ç
(5)
t"du½kPf; Nidrf;at;rIü vdkufem&ef t*Fg (5)wefESifh trSefjynfhpHk vdrfhrnf[k pdwfcs ,HkMunfjcif; wdkUaMumifh-
bk&m;wynfhawmfwdkUonfvnf;
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\
wynfhom;tppfjzpfawmfrlaom
aus;Zl;½Sif
q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ½SifOuú|\ wynfhrsm;yDopGm(1)
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ rsufESmawmfwpfckwnf;udkom axmufxm;í-
(2)
trsuftmCmwpdwf vHk;0 rzufbJ oefUpifpGm-
(3)
trSefpum;udkom obm0,kwådç tm*r,kwådwdkUjzifh ½dk;om;pGm aom"emûyygawmhrnf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;/
txl;avQmufxm;csuf þodkU aom"emûy&mü yk*¾v"d|mef rzufbJ "r®"d|mefoufoufjzifhom aom"emûy&mwGif ykwfcwfxdyg;&ef vHk;0r&nf½G,f½dk; trSefyg þyGJudk pum;&nfvkyGJuJhodkU pum;Edkif pum;ûydifppfyGJ[kvnf; wynfhawmfrsm; r,lqyg? ]]olwyg;udk atmifEdkifvdkaom olonf rdrdtm; olwyg; tEdkifcH&\? olwyg;udk qJa&;wwfaom olonfvnf; rdrdtm; olwyg; qJa&;jcif;udk cH&\? olwyg;udk csKyfcs,fwwfaom olonf rdrdtm; olwyg;\ csKyfcs,fjcif;udk cH&\}}[laom o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf auovoH,kwf pmrsufESm (5)? 'kwd, o*Fgrokwf pmrsufESm (81)wGif yg½Sdaom Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ Mo0g'udk ,HkMunfygojzifh wynfhawmfrsm; tEdkif&,l&ef[laom &nf½G,fcsuf vHk;0ryg½Sdyg bk&m;? Ak'¨\ "r®ppf "r®rSef azmfxkwfa&; yGJobif[kom
&nf½G,fygonf
bk&m;?
trSef"r®qdkonfrSm
trsm;vufcHonfç
tenf;i,frQom
vufcHonfESifh roufqdkifyg? trSef"r®onf trSef"r®omjzpfí acszsufí &paumif;aom t&mr[kwf[k wynfhawmfrsm; cH,lygonf bk&m;? wynfhawmfrsm;\ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf trsm;ESifhqefYusifonfh trSef"r® tewåudk azmfxkwfvrf;ñTefonfh yk*¾dKvfxl; yk*¾dKvfjrwfBuD; jzpfawmfrlygonf bk&m;? Ak'¨jrwfpGm\
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
273
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wynfhom;ajr;rsm; jzpfMuonfh wynfhawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ rsufESmawmfwpfckwnf;udkom (0g) trSef"r® wpfckwnf;udkomaxmufxm;í avQmufxm;wifjy avQmufxm;rnf jzpfygaMumif;ESifh oDv0EÅ odu©mumr yd#uwå,yg&*l jzpfawmfrlMuonfh q&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkUtm; twd*g&0 apwemtrSef a½SUoGm;jzifh avQmufxm;tyfygonf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½Sifoljrwftaygif;wdkU bk&m;/ q&mawmf t½Sifoljrwftaygif;wdkU\ ajcawmftpHkudk OD;cdkufvsuf-
apm'em 21-csufESifh roufqdkifí ed'gef;aom"emudk zwfMum;cGifhrûy or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyfrS ]]apm'u yk*¾dKvfwdkU\ ed'gef;udk aom"emûycsufyg bk&m;}}[k acgif;pD;wyfí vufEdSyfpufpmrl 9-rsufESmwdwdyg&Sdae&m pGJcsuf (21)csufESifh rnfodkYrQ roufqdkifí ½Hk;awmfu zwfMum; wifoGif;cGifh rûyaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; rdefUMum;onf/ obmywd
-'DrSm
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\
ed'gef;udk
aom"emûycsufyg
bk&m;qdkNyD;
a½SUzwf&rJh
udpö&Sdaew,f? tJ'Dzwf&zdkU[mvnf;bJ q&mawmfwdkU wpfaeUu 'D½Hk;awmf&JU &yfwnfcsufudk zwfMum;xm;NyD;
jzpfw,f?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wifxm;wJhtwdkif;
21-csufudkom
jyefNyD;aom"emyg (acsyyg) vdkU ajymxm;w,f? tck'DrSm apm'uyk*¾dKvfawG&JU ed'gef;udk aom"emûyp&m rvdkygbl;? olwdkU apm'emxm;wJh 21-csufudkomvQif aom"emcGifh½Sdygw,f? aom"emzdkU vdkygw,f? 'gaMumifh apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ ed'gef;udk aom"emûycsufygqdkwJh pum;awGtm;vHk;udk
'DrSmwifoGif;zdkU&m
q&mawmfwdkU
vufrcHbl;?
rqdkifwJhtwGuf
vufrcHbl;? tu,fwEÅK qdkifvdkU½Sd&if bkef;BuD;wdkU cGifhûyrSmyg? [dku apm'emxm;wm (21)csuf apm'emxm;w,f? ed'gef;udk aom"emûyzdkUrvdkbl;? ed'gef;u olwdkU apm'emxm;wm r[kwfbl;/ OD;jrifhaqG
-rSefyg obmywdq&mawmfBuD; rdefUMum;wJhtwdkif; 21-csufxJuyJ aom"emygr,f bk&m;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
274
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"em trSwf(1) «or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf»
trSwf (1)apm'emvTmudk aom"emûycsufvTmyg bk&m;/ apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;\ apm'em trSwf(1)wGif ]]bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonf}}[laom apm'emudk atmufygtwdkif; aom"emûytyfygonf bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t½SifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
bmom[laom
a0g[m&ESifh
omoem[laom
a0g[m&wdkU\
t"dyÜg,fudk ruGJjym;MuaomaMumifhom þpum;&yftwGuf qwfqwfcg emusnf;jcif; jzpfMu[ef wlygonf bk&m;? trSefrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh ywfoufí ,cifu bmom[laom toHk;tEIef; r&SdcJhyg? omoem[líom oHk;avhoHk;x &SdcJhygonf/ ukef;abmifacwf bBuD;awmfrif;vufxufwGif c&pf,mefomoemûy q&ma'gufwm*syfqif a&muf½SdvmNyD;aemuf
(Religion)udk
bmom[k t"dyÜg,fjyef&mrS
pwifí Ak'¨[laom yk'fESifh wGJzufNyD; Ak'¨bmom[laom toHk;tEIef; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/ bmom[laom a0g[m&\ rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm ajymqdkoHk;EIef;aom bmompum;ç "avhxHk;pH[líom t"dyÜg,f&ygonf? ,cktcgwGif t,l0g' udk;uG,frI[laom t"dyÜg,fwdkUjzifh oHk;EIef;aeMuygonf bk&m;/ þü bmom[lonf od&Sd&ygonf? xdk systems
offaith
(Religion) and
(Religion)
yifjzpfygonf? þpum;udk apm'u q&mawmfrsm; azmfjycsuft&
udk teuft"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkcJhaomf ‐
worship)
(Religion means one of the prevalent
[k t"dyÜm,f &ygonf bk&m;[k ,HkMunfjcif; ½Sdcdk;udk;uG,fjcif;
xHk;wrf;pOfvmonfomvQif bmomjzpfygonf bk&m;/ bmom[laom a0g[m&wGif zefqif;½Sif xm0&bk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfjcif; xm0&bk&m;\ wefcdk;jym#dumudk
,HkMunfjcif;
udk;uG,f0wfûyjcif;[laom
t"dyÜm,frsm;
yg0ifaeygonf/
xdkUjyif
urÇmYynm½SifwdkUuvnf; ]]bmom}}\ t"dyÜm,fudk þodkUzGifhqdkMuygonf/ (1)
pdefUaomrwfpftufuGDeuf\ tvdk xm0&bk&m;\ tvdkqE´awmftwdkif; ¤if;\trIawmfudk ausyGefatmif xrf;½Gufjcif; (0g) xm0&\ *kPfawmf aus;Zl;awmfudk atmufarhqifjcifjcif;onf ]]bmom}}rnf\/
(2)
qm*RefqDvD\ tvdk rsufjrifurÇmavmutwGif;ü
xif½Sm;½Sdí
½Sdcdk;xdkuf?
½dkaoxdkuf
ylaZmfxdkuf
zl;ajrmfuefawmhxdkufaom t&m[lorQudk ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; csD;rGrf;xdkuf axmyemxdkufaom t&mwdkUudk csD;rGrf;axmyemûyjcif;onf ]]bmom}}rnf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
275
tpodkU (3)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) z&uf'&pf[m&pfqH\ tvdk - o0dnmPu- t0dnmPu (0g) ouf½SdoufrJh urÇmavmu"mwfudk pDpOfay;aeaom (0g) vTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk;í tkyfcsKyfaeaom (0g) urÇm\ aumif;rI qdk;rI wufrI usrI [lorQwdkUudk pDrHaeaom wefcdk;yg0gonf ½SdcJh\/ ¤if;udk ½dkaoudkif;½dIif;jcif;onf ]]bmom}} rnf\/
(4)
qDqD½dk\tvdk teEÅwefcdk;awmf½Sif
þurÇmavmu\
zefqif;½Sifjzpfaom
xm0&bk&m;udk
Munfñdk½dkaovSpGm ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; cpm;qnf;urf;jcif;onf omvQif ]]bmom}}rnf\/ (5)
*sdrf;'fum'f\tvdk - ½IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSaom avmurIwm0ef0wå&m;awG rsm;ajrmifvSapumrl xm0&bk&m;\ *kPfawmfaus;Zl;awmfwdkUudk
arhavsmhjcif;r&SdbJ
tjrJwap
w-o
atmufarhvsuf
csD;usL;axmyem ûyjcif;onfomvQif rkcstm;jzifh ]]bmom}} rnfacs\/ (6)
qeuf\ tvdk - bmomqdkonfum;
t0wfwefqmüaomfvnf;aumif;
"r®oDcsif;
usL;&ifhoDqdkjcif;ü
vnf;aumif; qkawmif;arwåmyw¬emudk ûyjcif;üaomfvnf;aumif;? txl;xl;aom r*Fvm tcrf;tem;rsm;udk
ûyvkyfjcif;ü
t[kwfaomfwrlum;
aomfvnf;aumif;
oefU½Sif;pifMu,fí
wnf½SdEdkifaom
wnfNidrfaom
t&mr[kwf? pdwfüomvQif
wnf½Sdjzpfay:Edkifaom t&mjzpfownf;/ (7)
roQL;tmEdk;vf\ tvdkwpfpHkwpfa,mufaom
vlom;\
twGif;pdwf"mwfü
xdxdrdrd
vufawGUod½Sd
xifjrifvmaom tcsufudk azmfjyjcif; (0g) ',moH,kw or®mpm& (0g) MuifempdwfESihf ,SOfaom tusifhonf ]]bmom}} rnf\/ (t&SifOuúX\ uyÜjyóem 3-4) þAk'¨omoemawmfonf bmom t,l0g'ESifh rqdkifyg? Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfuvnf; þuJhodkUaom bmomt,l0g'ESifh ywfoufí t*Fkwå&ygVdawmf r[m0*f wdw¬m,eokwf (q|rljrefrmjyef pmrsufESm 192-yk'fa& 62-ü) &[ef;wdkU rSm;aom t,lwdkUonf þoHk;rsdK;wnf;? ,if;t,lwdkUudk ynm½SdwdkUu ar;jref;pdppf ppfaq;tyfukefaomf xdkUxuf vGefíyifvnf; rûyjcif; tud&d,rQüom wnfukef\/ tb,foHk;rsKd;wdkU enf;[lrl - (1)
&[ef;wdkU
þowå0gonf
tvHk;pHkaom
csrf;omjcif;okcudk
vnf;aumif;?
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©udk vnf;aumif;? csrf;om qif;&Jr[kwfaom vspfvsL½Ijcif;oabm
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
276
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oayu©mudkvnf;aumif;
cHpm;\?
xdkcHpm;rI
tm;vHk;onf
a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhomvQif jzpf\[k ,lavh½Sdaom orPjAm[®P tcsdKUwdkUonf ½Sdukef\/ (2)
&[ef;wdkU þowå0gonf tvHk;pHkaom csrf;omjcif; okcudkvnf;aumif;? qif;&Jjcif; 'ku©udkvnf;aumif;? csrf;om qif;&Jr[kwfukefaom vspfvsL½Ijcif;oabm Oayu©mudk vnf;aumif; cHpm;\/ xdkcHpm;rItm;vHk;onf avmuudk tpdk;&ol zefqif;rI[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpf\[k ajymavh ,lavh½Sdaom orP jAm[®PtcsdKUwdkU ½Sdukef\/
(3)
&[ef;wdkU
þowå0gonf
qif;&Jjcif;'ku©udkvnf;aumif;? Oayu©mudkvnf;aumif;
tvHk;pHkaom csrf;om
cHpm;\?
csrf;omjcif;okcudkvnf;aumif;?
qif;&Jr[kwfaom xdkcHpm;rI
vspfvsL½Ijcif;oabm
tm;vHk;onf
taMumif;r½Sd
taxmuftyHhr½Sdrlí jzpf\[k ajymavh ,lav½&Sdaom orPjAm[®PtcsdKUwdkUonf ½Sdukef\/ þonfwdkUudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmu trSm;vrf;pOf rSm;aomt,l0g'[k qdkawmfrl\/ þodkUaom trSm;vrf;pOf bmomudkom bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkvdk&if; jzpf[efwlygonf bk&m;/ xdkbmom udk;uG,frIrSmvnf; ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI jzpfygonf/ ]]udk;uG,f}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;wGif ]]udk;}}[lonfrSm tm;udk;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ tm;udk;jcif;onf vdkcsifrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ vdkcsifrI[lonf tarQmfavmbjzpfonf/ tarQmfavmbonf tukov"r® jzpfonf/ ]]uG,f}} [laompum;ü uG,f[lonf umuG,fapmifha½Smuf&efjzpfonf? umuG,fapmifha½Smuf jcif;onf
aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf?
aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif;onf
a'gojzpfonf/
a'goonf tukov"r® jzpfonf? xdkodkU avmb a'go tukov"r® jzpfjcif;onf tajctae tjzpfrSefudk ydwfzHk;rIarm[aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkUjzpfí urÇmYbmomBuD;rsm;wGif taMumuftarQmfESifh ,SofwGJvsuf½Sdonfudk awGU½Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ þodkUaom taMumuftarQmfESifh ,SofwGJvsuf½Sdaom bmomudk pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,HkMunfouf0ifjcif;onf bdef;ESifh wlonf[k qdkvdk[ef wlygonf bk&m;/ omoemqdkonfrSm
bmomESifh
vGefpGm
uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf
bk&m;?
omoem[lonf
tqHk;tromvQif jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨omoem[k qdk&mü Ak'¨\tqHk;tr jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨onf 0gawmf (20)ü &[ef;wdkUtm; atmufygtwdkif; qHk;rcJhygonf bk&m;/ oAÁygyó tu&PH? ukovólyorÜ'g/ opdwåy&da,m'yeH? {wH Ak'¨geomoeH/ [k - omoem[laom yk'f\ t"dyÜm,foabmudk azmfxkwf a[mMum; qHk;rawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;/ ]]oAÁygyó?
tvHk;pHkaom
raumif;rIwdkUudk/
tu&PH?
rûyvkyf&jcif;/
ukovó?
ukodkvfaumif;rIudk/ OyorÜ'g? jynfhpHkapjcif;/ opdwåy&da,m'yeH? rdrdpdwfudk jzLpifapjcif;/ {wH þoHk;rsdK;onf/ Ak'¨geH Ak'¨jrwfpGmwdkU\/ omoeH? tqHk;tr jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
277
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þMo0g'ygwdarmufwGifyif okwf-0denf; tbd"r®m-"r®u©E¨m½Spfaomif;av;axmif tusHK;0ifvsuf ½Sdaeojzifh þonfyif Ak'¨omoem jzpfonf[k wynfhawmfrsm; od½SdrSwfom;cJh&ygonf bk&m;? bmomjyefrIwGif wynfhawmfrsm; ygVdwGif uRrf;usifrI r½Sdygí bmomjyefrSm;,Gif;cJhaomf jyifqifí zwf½Iyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/ bmom,HkMunfudk;uG,frIwGif
Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf
,HkMunfudk;uG,frIûyaeol
0uúvdtm;
ESifxkwfcJhzl;\? ESifxkwfaompum;&yfwGif ]]tvH0uúvd-ud½lay &rao? AmveEd´aw}} 0uúvd? tdk0uúvd? / tvH? awmfNyD? AmveEd´aw? vlrdkufwdkYom rypf&ufatmif pGJrufíaeaom/ ½lay? o0dnmPu ½kyfum,ü/ ud&rao? tb,faMumifh arGUavsmfíaebdoenf;/ xdktcg 0uúvdonf Ak'¨xHrS cGJoGm;\/ Ak'¨onf 0uúvdudk jyefvnfac:,lí qHk;r&mwGif a,m [d yówd o'¨r®H? aom rH yówd y@dawm/ tyÜórmaem o'¨rÜH? rH yórdÜ e yówd/ a,m? tMuifyk*d¾Kvfonf/ [d? {uef/ o'¨rÜH? a[mMum;aom w&m;udk;/ yówd? ½I\ jrif\ Munfh\/ aom y@dawm? xdkynm½Sdonf/ rH? ighudk/ yówd? Munfhol ½Iol jrifol rnf\/ o'¨r®H? a[mMum;onfh w&m;udk/ tyÜórmaem? r½I rjrif rMunfhaom olonf/ rH? ighudk/ yórÜd? ½IjrifMunfhí aeygaomfvnf;/ e yówd? ightm; rsuf0g;xifxif rawGUjrif&acs/ þodkU 0uúvdokwåefwGif ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIbmomudk vufcHrI rûyonfrSm xif½Sm;vSygonf bk&m;/ ¤if;jyif jynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf omoema&;OD;pD;Xme yHkESdyfwdkufrS xkwfa0onfh a'gufwm0gvfydkvm&m[kvm t½Sifoljrwf a&;om;ûypkaom jrwfAk'¨a'oem pmtkyfwGif pmrsufESm 17-rSpí awGU½Sd&onfrSm ]]bmom0g'wdkif;vdkyif ,HkMunfrI (rsufpdrSdwf,HkMunfrI)ay:wGif tajcwnfMuavonf/ Ak'¨0g'rSmrl ouf0if,HkMunfrIay:wGif tajcrûybJ jrifrI odrI em;vnfrIay:wGifom tajccHavonf? Ak'¨0g'pmayrsm;wGif awGU½Sdaom o'¨g[laom pum;vHk;udk trsm;tm;jzifh ]]ouf0ifrI? ,HkMunfrI}}[k bmomjyefavh½SdMuonf/ odkU&mwGif ]]o'¨g}} qdkonfrSm ]],HkMunfrI}} rnfumrQ rwår[kwf? udk,fwdkif ausauseyfeyf ½Sif;½Sif;vifvif;BuD; od½Sdem;vnfí jzpfay:vmaom ]]pdwfcs,HkMunfrIrsdK;}} jzpfayonf/ trsm;em;vnfaom Ak'¨0g'ESifh usrf;pmrsm;wGif omrefa&;om;oHk;pGJ&mü o'¨gqdkonfrSm bk&m; w&m; oHCmwdkUtm; udk;uG,f,HkMunfonf qdkaom t"dyÜm,frsdK; ½Sdonfudkrl 0efcH&ayrnf/}} ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 18-pmaMumif;a& 10 atmufwGif ]]tjcm; bmom0ifwdkU em;vnfMuaom ]]ouf0ifrI}}? odkUr[kwf ]],HkMunfrI}} ponfwdkUonf Ak'¨0g'ESifh ywfoufjcif; r½Sday? ,HkMunfjcif;[laom udpöonf odjrifrI (tjynfhtpHk od½Sdem;vnf;rI) r½SdrS jzpfay:ayonf/ odjrifem;vnf;onfESifh wpfûydifeuf ,HkMunfjcif;[laom
jyóemonf
r½SdEdkifawmhacs/
vufxJwGif
ausmufrsuf½GJwpfvHk;udk
qkyf0Sufxm;onf[k ajymygrl udk,fwdkifrsufpdjzifh rjrif&í ,HkMunf&aom udpörQom jzpfayonf/ vuf0g;udkjzefUí ausmufrsuf½GJudk xkwfjyygvQif rsufpdjzifh udk,fwdkifjrif&NyDjzpfí ,HkMunf½Hkudpö
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
278
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
r[kwfawmhay/ þonfudk &nfí a½S;usaom Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;wGif ]]ausmufrsuf½GJ odkUr[kwf zefcg;oD;udk vuf0g;jyifwGif jrif&ouJhodkU oabmaygufem;vnfonf}}[laom toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk azmfjyavh½Sdygonf/ ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 19? pmaMumif;a& (8) atmufwGif ]]odjcif; jrifjcif;omvQif y"mejzpfí ,HkMunfjcif;rSm t&mr[kwfygacs? Ak'¨\ a'oemawmfrsm;wGif ]]{[d yódu}}[k yg½Sd&m ]]vmí ½IvSnfhavmh}}[kom zdwfac:ayonf/ ]]vmí ,HkMunf}} vufcHyg[k rqdkay? pmrsufESm (88) wGifvnf; ]]Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;aom wdkif;jynfrsm;ü bmoma&;ESifhywfoufaom tcgBuD;&ufBuD;rsm;wGif pdwfMunfEl;zG,faumif;aom ½dk;&m"avh tcrf;tem;yGJrsm; ûyvkyfavh ½SdMuaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkUonf edAÁmefodkU ydkUaqmifaom r*fvrf; tppftrSefESifh rnfodkUrS roufqdkifay/ odkUaomf r&ifhoefao;aom yk*d¾KvfwdkU\ bmomw&m;? Munfñdkpdwfudk jznfhpGrf;xufoefapí r*fvrf;odkU wjznf;jznf; a&mufapaom tultnD taxmuftyHhtjzpfjzifhrl ¤if;wdkUonf wefzdk;½Sdoifhoavmuf ½Sdayonf}} [lí yg½Sdygonf/ txufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk axmuf½Ijcif;jzifh bmomESifh omoem uGJjym;um bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlonf[lí ajymqdk[efom ½Sdygonf bk&m;/ rZÑdredum,fwGif þodkU awGU½Sd&ygao;onf bk&m;/ ykPÖm; þtwlomvQif edAÁmefonf wnf½Sdonfomwnf;? edAÁmefoGm;aMumif; vrf;c&D;onf wnf&Sd\/ edAÁmefodkU ñTefjyEdI;aqmfol igonf wnf½Sd\/ odkUygvsuf ig\ wynfhwdkUonf igþodkU ajymqdkqHk;raomf
tcsdKUaom
&[ef;wdkUonf
ysufpD;jcif;udk
vGefajrmuf&mjzpfaom
edAÁmefudk
NyD;pD;apEdkifukef\/ tcsdKUaom &[ef;wdkUonfum; rNyD;pD;apEdkifukef? ykPÖm; þt&mü igonf tb,fodkU ûyEdkifthHenf;? ykPÖm; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf edAÁmefvrf;c&D;udk ñTefMum;olom jzpf\[k (rdefUawmfrl\) (Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf - *Puarm*¾vmeokwå? ESm-60) þokwf\ rdefUqdkcsuft& Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf edAÁmefvrf;c&D;udk ñTefMum;olom jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;aeygonf/ ]]igonf tb,fodkU ûyEdkiftHhenf;}}[laom Ak'¨rdefUMum;awmfrlcsufonf zefqif;½Sifbk&m; u,fwif½Sifbk&m;wdkUuJhodkU udk;uG,fcHbk&m; r[kwfaMumif; oabmaygufEdkifygonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf udk;uG,fylaZmfrIxuf usifhMuHtm;xkwfrIudkom t"duxm;aMumif; atmufyg rdefUrSmawmfrlcsufrsm;u oufaocHaeygonf bk&m;/ ]]tmeE´m ... þrQavmuf (ylaZmfrI)jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;udk t½dktaoûyonf rrnfao;? tav;ûyonf rrnfao;?
jrwfEdk;onf
rrnfao;?
ylaZmfonf
rrnfao;?
yoonf
rrnfao;?
tmeE´m
tMuif&[ef;jzpfap? &[ef;rdef;rjzpfap? Oygoum jzpfap? Oygodumr jzpfap (avmukwå&m) w&m;ESifh avsmfaomw&m;udk usifhvsufae\/
usifhvsuf xdkolonf
ae\/
avsmfaomtusifhudk
tjrwfqHk;
ylaZmfjcif;jzifh
usifhvsuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
ae\/
w&m;ESifhavsmfpGm
t½dktaoûyonfrnf\/
tav;tjrwfûyonf rnf\/ jrwfEdk;onf rnf\/ ylaZmfonf rnf\/ yoonf rnf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
279
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tmeE´mwdkUaMumifh þ(omoemawmfü) (avmukwå&m) w&m;ESifh avsmfaomw&m;udk usifhvsuf aeukeftHh? avsmfaom tusifhudk usifhvsufaeukeftHh? w&m;ESifh avsmfpGmusifhvsuf aeukeftHh[k þodkU ESvHk;oGif;vsuf oifwdkU usifhMuHtm;xkwf&rnf tmeE´m}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/ (r[m0*fygVdawmf/ jrefrmjyef q|rl pmrsufESm 132 - 133) ]]tmeE´m jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tavmif;awmfudk ylaZmfrIü oifwdkUaMumifhMu rpdkufukefvifh? tmeE´m igwdkufwGef;\? jrwfaom tusifhüom tm;xkwfMuukefavmh? jrwfaom tusifhü rarhravsmh jyif;pGm tm;xkwfvsuf (edAÁmefodkU) pdwfudk apvTwfí aeMuukefavmh}} (r[m0*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef q|rl? pmrsufESm 135) Ak'¨omoeaumifpD urÇmat; &efukefu yHkESdyfaom em&'ax&a&; pmrsufESm 15-rSm atmufygtwdkif; awGU½Sd&ygonf/
Buddhism in a Nutshell
pmtkyf
(Is it a Religion Chapter 3)
A Buddhist does not seek refuge in the Buddha with the hope that he will be saved by His personal purification. The Buddha gives no such guarantee. It is not within the power of the Buddha to wash away the impurities of others. One could neither purify nor defile another. The Buddha, as teacher, instructs us, but we ourselves are directly responsible for our purification.
,if;tydk'f\ tvdkt&qdkvQif ]]Ak'¨bmomwpfa,mufonf arQmfvifhcsufESifh udk;uG,ftm;udk;rI ûyonfr[kwf?
rdrdpifMu,fzdkUtwGuf
bmtmrcHcsufrQ
ray;yg/
y,fazsmufoefUpifay;Edkifaom
rdrdbmom
Ak'¨onf wefcdk;£'d¨yg'f
tm;xkwfrS
wyg;olwdkU\ ½Sdolvnf;
&rnfjzpfonf/ rpifMu,frI
r[kwfyg/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf tukodkvfrIwdkUudk
wpfa,muf\
tukodkvfudk
wpfa,mufu oefUpifray;Edkifyg/ vlom;wdkU\ pifMu,frItwGuf vlom;wdkUu rdrdbmom vkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf vlom;wdkU\ tmp&d,wxm*w bk&m;½Siftjzpf ñTefjyqHk;r Mo0g'omay;Edkifol jzpfonf}}[k qdkxm;ygonf/ rsufarSmufacwfwGif r*fzdkvfqdkufa&mufa&;
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUonf
ouúm,'d|dûywfa&;
Ak'¨\
t"du
edAÁmetajcqdkufa&mufa&;
tqHk;trawmfjzpfonfh twåuif;pifa&;wdkUxuf
udk;uG,frIESifh tcrf;tem;wdkUudkom t"duxm;í pGJpGJvrf;vrf; vkyfudkifaeMuonfrSm rsufjrifudk,fawGUyif jzpfygonf/ tESpfom&xuf tumudkom OD;pm;ay;aeMuygonf/ tESpfrSm xdktumtcGH\ atmufwGif epfûryfaeygawmhonf bk&m;/ bmoma&;qdkonfrSm udk;uG,frI 0wfûyrI qkawmif;rI tcrf;tem;rsm;udkom t"duxm;aomt&m jzpfygonf/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\
omoemawmfonf
udk;uG,frIxuf
usifhMuHtm;xkwfrIudkom
t"duxm;ygonf bk&m;/ odkUjzpfygí
bmomonf
Oyg'geftarSmifxkxJwGif
usa&mufaeojzifh
bdef;ESifhwlonf[k
ajymqdkrIonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmESifh omoemawmfudk rxdcdkufEdkifyg/ omoem[laom Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ tqHk;tr
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
280
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vif;a&mifjcnfatmufwGif rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf&ifaumhvsuf apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm; q&mpOfquf rysuf&avatmif apmifha½Smufxdef;odrf;í omoemûyEdkif&ef aom"em ûytyfygonf t½SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;/ rSwfcsuf/
/ trSwf (2) apm'emudk aom"emjcif; rûyay/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
281
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"emtrSwf (3) «or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf»
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pOf;pm;&ef (1)
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t|omvdeD
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w&m;rsm;udk ½Sifom&dykwå&mESifh ½Sifarm*¾v’mefwdkU a[mcJhonf[k qdkjcif;/ (5)
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ORIGIN
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oHk;oyfjcif;ç
'kyÜ#dedó*¾dwm-rpGefUvTwfEdkifavmufatmif
qkyfudkifxm;jcif;rsm; ½Sdwwfayonf/ odkU&mwGif b,folrûy rdrdrI [laom pum;&yfuJhodkU aumif;rIudk ûyvQif aumif;usdK; &½Sdjcif; raumif;rIudk ûyvQif raumif;usdK;udk &½dSjcif;onf Mum;vl rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufESifhrQ roufqdkif? rdrdtrI rdrdomvQif pD&ifjcif;jzpfaMumif; toifhtwifh ESvHk;oGif;EdkifvQif olawmfaumif;oabmodkU oufa&mufayvdrfhrnf/ þ0depä,onfum;
0d0g'g"du½kPf;
ajyNidrf;apa&;twGuf
"r®0de,ESifhtnD
0g'rSef
ay:xGufa&;udkom pl;pdkufaqmif½Gufxm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
366
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tydkif;(5) 5-1/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(1) bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-2/
qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(2) vlaovlNzpf 0dedpä,
5-3/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(3) 31-bHky,f 0dedpä, 5-4/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(4) uH uH\tusdK;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-5/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(5) twdwftem*wfb0wdkUudk y,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-6/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(6) tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(20) oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[maNymNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-7/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(7) oAÁñkwÓPfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-8/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(8) orx0dyóemudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-9/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(9) 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-10/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(10) oHCmudk ykwfcwfNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-11/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(11) y&dwf½GwfNcif;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-12/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(12) "mwfawmfarGawmfponfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedpä, 5-13/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(13) Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,fNcif; 0dedpä, 5-14/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(14) Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udky,fNcif; 0dedpä,
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
5-15/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(15) Oyg'gefESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-16/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(16) t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk Nyifqifa&;om;Ncif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-17/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(17) "r®pMumvufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, 5-18/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(18) vufNzpfygVdtrSm;rsm;Nzifh vdrfnma&;om;Ncif; 0dedpä, 5-19/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(19) Ak'¨\ NzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhNrifûyNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-20/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(21) bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä, 5-21/ aygif;½Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)
edAÁmefvrf;r aysmufuG,furl Ak'¨omoem? þokH;jzmwGif a'oemyd#uwf? touf"mwfwnf; touf"mwfom? ysufa
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'emtrSwf(1) bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,
bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ bmomrJh ½kyf0g'DwdkU
jzpfyHkudk atmufyg taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjyí apm'emMuonf/ (u)
]]'DaeU Ak'¨bmomqdkwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;eJU bdef;pm;vdk jzpfaeMuNyDudk;? bdef;qdkwm rpm;cifwHk;uawmh tvum;aygh? rpGJygbl;? bdef;r½I rpm;&vdkU bmrQ rjzpfao;ygbl;? tJ bdef;uav; enf;enf;0ifNyD; pGJvmNyDqdkawmh 'Dbdef;uvGJvdkY wjcm;bmrSvJ rvdkcsifbl;ç rMum;vJ rMum;csifbl;? bdef;qdkwJh bdef;yJ pGJawmhwmyJ? om;r,m;awmif bdef;avmuf rrufawmhbl;? tckvnf; 'dkUwpfawGrSm bdef;pGJaewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfcdkif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dk uGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkU ajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh wu,frSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU}} (twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif? OD;Ouú|a[maom "r®pMumrS)
(c)
]]trSefrSm ûyvkyfol(um&u)onf ½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJ tppf rkcs jzpf\? odkUjzpfvQif cHpm;ol(a0'u)aum bmoabm jzpf&rnfenf;? ¤if;vnf; ½kyfobm0yif {uEÅ jzpf&ayrnf}}
(*)
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-56 rS)
]]½kyfonf tajccHjzpfí a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmOfwdkUonf ½kyfudk rSD&m wnf&mxm;í jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m; 0g-tcdk;owåd (0g) ½kyf\ t[kefrQom jzpfayonf}}/ (OD;udkudkav;a&; oHk;q,fhwpfbHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcHpmtkyf? ESm-202 rS)
(C)
]]tcsdKUu t½Sifbk&m;[m ½kyfudkom a[maew,f? pdwfuav;udk vkyftHk;rSaygheJU ajymaew,f? usKyfwdkU 'umrBuD;awGu aumif;ygNyD pdwfuav;udk vkyf&atmif b,frvJawmhvdkU
jyefar;vdkufMu&r,f?
tvkyfvkyfqdkwm
wu,f½SdwJh
½kyfudk
aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? pdwfudk aumif;atmifvkyfvdkU r&ygbl;}} (OD;Ouú|\ tdka,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ? ESm-80? 81 rS) (i)
]]emrfonf bmvJqdkOD;? þ blw"mwfwdkU\ owådyif jzpfaejyefonf? taMumif;rlum; avESifh
awaZm
awGUvQif
]]tm;touf}}[líjzpfaomowådonf
½kyfobm0\
yifudkvu©PmaMumifhyif jzpfonf? xdk 0ga,mESifh awaZmwdkUonf rnfonfh"mwfpif y&rmtEkjrLwGifrS
oD;jcm;
uif;vGwfpGm
r½Sd?
y
tm
0g
aw
wdkUrSm
tpOfwGJpyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf? odkUjzpf&m blwj'Afpif rlvy&rmPkjrL obm0txd
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
367
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tqifhqifh
tuJcwfavhvmaomtcg
þblw½kyfwdkUyif
½kyf[kvnf;aumif;
emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; ½kyfobm0 tajccHcsnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/}} (ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ? ESm-84? 85 rS) (p)
]]½kyfemrf 2-ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? y&rwfyx0Dç y&rwftmaygç y&rwf0ga,mç y&rwfawaZmwdkUrSm tjrJtwl tajy;wnDwnf; ½kyfvnf; emrfç emrfonfyif ½kyftjzpf 'GefwGJum
tpOftwl
jzpfysufaeonfudk
jzpfrSef;odonf/}}
awGUjrifrSom
csufcsif;
jzpfonfudk
(ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ? ESm-103 rS)
ap'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf þaumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyí OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf jrwfAk'¨ rSefuefpGm
a[mMum;xm;aom
emrfw&m;rsdK;udk
todtrSwf
rûyMubJ
olwdkU\
½kyfMurf;0g'D
q&mYq&mBuD;rsm;\aemufodkU aumufaumufygatmifvdkufum Ak'¨tbd"r®momoemudk ausmcdkif;olrsm; jzpfaMumif; wifjyMuonf/ 2/
wpfzef
0daooapm'emü
]]ur®ó
um&aum
ew¬dç
0dyguóp
a0'aum}}
paom*gxmudk rdrdwdkU\ ½kyf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif vdk&mqGJí ûyvkyfol um&uç cHpm;ol a0'uwdkUonf ½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJ jzpf\ [k qdkxm;yHkç ,if;t,lonf ouúm,'d|dom jzpfí t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif;? ½kyfvnf; emrfç emrfvnf; ½kyf[laom tcsufç emrfonf ½kyf\ tcdk;owådç ½kyf\ t[kef[laom pum;onf yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh rnDaom pum;omjzpfaMumif; 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmudk udk;um;í wifjyoGm;Muonf/ 3/
xkdUjyif bmomonf bdef;ESifh rwlyHk? &wemoHk;yg;tay:ü ouf0ifrIonf o'¨gw&m;om
jzpfí ,HkMunfrI tpGJ r[kwfyHk? xufoefaom ,HkMunfrIç oefU½Sif;aom o'¨gw&m;om jzpfaMumif; t*¾yom'okwfudk udk;um;ívnf;aumif;? bdef;onf pGJvmaomtcg tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapwwfaomfvnf; &wemoHk;yg;
,HkMunfudk;uG,frIrSmum;
csrf;omokcudkom
ay;wwfaMumif;
r[memrokwfudk
udk;um;ívnf;aumif; wifjyMuNyD; Ak'¨bmomudk bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkjcif;onf omoemawmfudk jypfrSm;vdkaom y'k|pdwfjzifh pGyfpGJjcif; jzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMuonf/
pk'dwuwdkU\ acsycsuf 4/
pk'dwuwdkUwGif
ocifjrwfqdkifESifh
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUuom
acsyajzqdkí
a½Ttbd"r®m OD;a½TjynfESifh OD;qE´m"du 2-OD;wdkUu racsyMuacs? A½S;OD;pGm ocifjrwfqdkifu bmomESifh omoem pum; 2-&yfwGif bmomudky,fí omoemudk vufcHaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; acsqdkoGm;onf/ ]]bmomqdkaom
pum;rSm
xm0&bk&m;t,lrS
qif;oufvmaom
twå0g'tajccHjzpfí
omoem0iftaejzifh vufrcHyg bk&m;? ,ckvuf½Sd bmomqdkonfrSmum Ak'¨a[mç jAm[®Pa[mç a0'a[m ta[m 3-rsdK; pkaygif;um tm;vHk; yd#uwfwGif yg0ifaeaom tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfMuygonf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
368
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
oHo&mvnfapwwfaom w&m;rsm;jzifh ½IyfaxG;aeygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh bmom[laom t,ludk vufrcHyg/
omoemwnf;[laom
oHo&m0#fqif;&Jtaygif;rS
vGwfajrmuf&mç
'ku©Nidrf;&mç
udavomukefcef;&m w&m;rsm;udkom vufcHygonf bk&m;}}[k qdkum t*FkwådK&f wa,m"r®okwfudk udk;um;wifjy acsyoGm;cJhayonf/ 5/
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUu
]]apm'uq&mawmfwdkUonf
bmomESifh
omoem
ruGJaomaMumifh qwfqwfcg emusnf;um rSm;,Gif;pGm apm'emwifrdMuygonf? bmom[lonfrSm (Religious)
[laom pum;vHk;rS jzpfay:vmygonf}}[k qdkum ,if;pum;vHk;\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk
t*Fvdyftbd"mefusrf;vm-wdkuf½dkuftzGifhESifh tjcm;tqdk 8-rsdK;udk OD;Ouú|\ uyÜjyóemrS xkwfí wifjyoGm;Muonf/ 6/
txufyg apm'em aom"emwdkUESifh pyfvsOf;í---
(u)
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqdkifç
or®m'd|dokawoeokawoD
qdkolwdkU\
0g'onf ½kyf0g' [kwf r[kwf? (c)
Ak'¨bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonfqdkaom &DvD*sif;ac:aom bmoma&;rsdK; [kwf r[kwfESifh OD;Ouú|onf Ak'¨bmomudk ykwfcwfjcif; [kwf r[kwf?
(*)
tarQmf taMumufç i&JbHk ewfbHk ponfESifh ywfoufí yd#uwfpmayt&vnf;aumif;ç avmuDynmrsm;t&vnf;aumif; od&rnfh tcsufrsm;ESifh?
(C)
bmomESifh ywfoufí ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm aom"emcsufonf rSef rrSef?
(i)
½kyf0g'Drsm;onf
Ak'¨bmom
[kwf
r[kwf?
½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh
Ak'¨0g'
Ak'¨"r®
Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk a0zefjcif;onf w&m; rw&m;? þtcsufwdkUudk
tav;xm;í
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;u
oHk;oyfqHk;jzwfMurnf
jzpfayonf/
bmom[laom pum;vHk;ESifhpyfí pdppfcsuf 7/
pk'dwu
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU
xkwfjyoGm;aom
(&DvD*sif;)
bmom[laom
pum;vHk;\ teuft"dyÜm,frsm;rSm 20-&mpkESpf tpydkif; avmufu ajymcJhMu zGifhqdkcJhMuaom teufrsm; jzpfí ,aeY 20-&mpkukefcgeD;umvü acwfrrDawmhay? ¤if;jyif pum;wpfvHk;\ teufudk zGifh&mü Meaning
= pum;vHk;\ wdkuf½dkuf teufESifh
Derivative Meaning
Literal
= qifhyGm;teuf 2-rsdK;vHk;udk zGifhjyrS
jynfhpHkEdkifonf? wpfckckudkom qkyfudkifí qdkacsaomf trSm;odkU a&mufwwfayonf? ,ck pk'dwuwdkU qdkcJhaom teufrsm;rSm rlvteufrsm; jzpfí acwftavsmuf qifhyGm;ajymif;vJvmaom teufrsm; rygbJ
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
369
tpodkU 8/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þae&mü
vef'efom;
twGif;a&;rI;jzpfaom uG,fvGefol
Ak'¨0g'D
Mr.Iggleden
ppfppfBuD;
jzpfaom
ygVdpmaytoif;BuD;\
qdkol ynm½SifBuD;\ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf; tzGifhed'gef;
a&;om;csufrS Religious [laom pum;vHk;\ acwfrDaom 0dû*d[f (0g) y&dbmomudk xkwfjyaytHh (A)
The world Religion is derived from Latin Religionem and Relegere. The first is quite clear it means; reverance to the gods, fear of god, conciousness of wrong, religious scruple. The second though quite different, is equality clear, it means to gather together, to collect, to ponder over to give heed, to observe, care for.
(u)
Religious
[laom pum;vHk;onf vmwifbmom
[laom
yk'frsm;rS
qdkvdkonfrSm
qif;oufvmonf?
ewfrsm;udk
½dkaojcif;ç
Roligionem
[laom yk'fç
yxrpum;vHk;onf
ewfbk&m;udk
Relegere
t"dyÜm,f½Sif;onf?
aMumuf½GHUjcif;ç
rSm;,Gif;aom
udk;uG,frIESifh pyfonfh aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUpdwf [lí jzpfayonf? 'kwd,pum;vHk;onf t"dyÜm,f
tawmfuGJjym;oGm;aomfvnf;
twlwuG
pkaygif;jcif;ç
½Sif;ayonf?
a½G;aumufjcif;ç
'kwd,pum;vHk;\
awG;awmpOf;pm;jcif;ç
teufrSm *½kxm;jcif;ç
Munfh½IoHk;oyfjcif;ç owdûyjcif; [lí jzpfayonf/ (B)
With two equally valid, yet so very different way of defining religion it is without doubt a prectical thing to do to look at the Buddhist teaching on a comparative basis to see in accordance with which definition it should be understood and as the outcome of that how its study should be approached. What then can be said to define the characteristics of Buddhism as a religion?
(c)
wef;wlnDwl cdkifvHkoavmuf t"dyÜm,fjcm;em;vSaom &DvD*sif; 0dû*d[f 2-ckeJU pyfNyD; EIdif;,SOfavhvmwJh tajccHrlt& rnfonfh0dû*d[fjzifh Ak'¨"r®udk em;vnf&rnf? ,if;\ tusdK;quftjzpf
xdkAk'¨"r®udk
b,fyHkb,fenf;
avhvm&rnfqdkwmudk
½IjrifoHk;oyfjcif;[m yxrqHk;vufawGU vkyf&rnfhtcsuf jzpfw,fqdkwm oHo,½SdzG,f rvdkyg? ,if;odkUjzpfvQif Ak'¨"r®\ vu©PmwdkUudk &DvD*sif;tjzpf 0dû*d[fûy&ef rnfodkU qdkEdkifygoenf;/ (C)
Buddhism is a religious system which is no way seeks to discuss a relationship existing between mankind and a deity; rather it sets out to view the conditions existing both within oneself and without examining the relationships between them seeking to observe and comprehend in results the nature of the causes governing them and pointing to the way by which the Tangle caused by ignorance may be unravelled and a stable atate attained, void of
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
370
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) conditioning influences. It seeks then to view clearly and with acute penetration all that is of the mind and all that is of material qualities, and unclouded by ignorance, to see them as they are in realith.
(*)
Ak'¨"r®onf
vlom;ESifh
ewfjA[®mwdkUtMum;ü
½Sdaeaom
tquftoG,fudk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ raqG;aEG;aom bmoma&; oabmw&m;wpfck jzpfonf? pifppfrS owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ twGif;tjyifü ½Sdaeaom tajctaersm;udk ½IjrifoHk;oyfaom ,if;twGif;tjyifESpfckü ½Sdaeaom tquftoG,fudk pHkprf;ppfaq;aomç ,if;wdkUudk tkyfpdk;jc,fvS,faeonfh
taMumif;w&m;wdkU\
oabmoGm;udk
tusdK;rSaeí
½IjrifoHk;oyfaomç t0dZÆm (rodem;rvnfrI)u zefwD;ay;vdkufonfh t½IyftaxG;udk ajz½Sif;yHk
enf;vrf;ñTefjyaomç
wnfNidrfaomtajctaeudk
(tjyiftyrS)taMumif;ûyzefwD;aom
(jA[®mç
AdóEdk;ç
&yHk&enf;
wefcdk;½Sifç
azmfjyaomç xm0&ç
cdk'g
ponfwdkU\) MoZmtmPm r½SdyHkudk azmfjyaom bmoma&; oabmw&m; jzpfonf/ (D)
The Buddha's teaching is therefore a process which by a proper practice in gaining understanding of the true nature all there is , Leads to the stable state. It, as this statement makes clear, the Buddha's teaching is shown to be the gaining of understanding of the True nature of all there is of mind and material qualities, then clearly it is the second definition of religion that is most nearly applicable to it, i.e; to gather together, collect, ponder over, to give heed to, observe, and care for.
(C)
xkdUaMumifh Ak'¨"r®onf oifhawmfaom tavhtusifhtm;jzifh t&mtm;vHk;\ obm0rSefudk em;vnfrI
&&m&aMumif;
jzpfNyD;
wnfNidrfaom
tajctaeudk
azmfaqmifaom
usifhpOfwpfckjzpfonf? þtqdkt& Ak'¨0g'onf ½kyfESifhemrf½SdorQ tm;vHk;\obm0rSefudk em;vnfrI &apwwfaom0g' jzpfaMumif; azmfjyEdkifygvQif 'kwd,0dû*d[fonf Ak'¨"r®ESifh tawmfudkufnDaom
&DvD*sif;\
0dû*d[f
jzpfonf?
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tqufrjywf
pkaqmif;jcif;ç awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif;ç *½k"r®ûyjcif;ç aphpyfpGmavhvmjcif;ç owd½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 12/
,if;odkUqdkvQif
þ'kwd,0dû*d[ft&
Ak'¨0g'udk
(&DvD*sif;)
bmomw&m;[k
&J&JqdkEdkifawmhonf? þodkU Ak'¨0g'udk &DvD*sif; (bmomw&m;)[k qdkvdkufojzifh xm0&0g'DwdkU\ ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif;ç aMumufvefUjcif;ç qkawmif;jcif;ç udk;uG,f0wfûyjcif; [laom Ritual
Rite and
ESifh vHk;vHk; rqufpyfaom Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk rdrd&& useydkifydkif qdkEdkifavawmh\/
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371
tpodkU 13/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wpfaMumif;rSmvnf; bmom[laom pum;vHk;onf ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvmonf?
bmoD,aw
uxD,awwd
bmom?
Ak'¨ó
bmom
Ak'¨bmom-Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf
a[majymawmfrltyfaomaMumifh Ak'¨\ tqHk;tr[lorQç pum;awmf[lorQonf Ak'¨bmom rnf\? ,if;udk t*Fvdyf
bmomtm;jzifh
Buddhism
or
Buddha's
teaching
[k
ac:qdk&onf?
Ak'¨bmom
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkU\ tv,fwGif Ak'¨bmom [k qdkvdkufonfESifhwpfûydifeuf Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf\ tqdktqHk;tr
w&m;pum;
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Ak'¨omoem
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&wemoHk;yg;udk
,cktcgü
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Oyrm ½lyg'Dok oÍÆEÅd owåm=½lyg½Hk ponfwdkUü pGJvrf;uyfNidwwfaomaMumifh tvHk;pHkaom
vlewf ponfwdkUonf owå (owå0g)rnfukef\? þ0pew¬t& rlvteuftm;jzifh ½lyg½Hk tp½Sdaom tm½Hkig;yg;
umr*kPfw&m;wdkUü
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(edpäE´&m*) ½lyg½Hk ponfwdkUü pGJvrf; uyfNidjcif; r½Sdaom&[EÅmwdkUudkvnf; twGif½kV§Dtm;jzifh owå [k ac:qdk&ouJhodkU jzpfonf? xkdUaMumifh ]]ouw¬aMumifh &onfhynwf? ouwfaysmufvsuf? rnfrysuf? oufouftwGif
½kV§Dwnf;}}[k
qdkvdkonfrSm-udk;uG,f0wfûyjcif;ç
a½S;q&mawmfrsm;
ed,mrfvuFm
qkawmif;jcif;teufxGufaom
rdefUrSm>rufMum;awmfrlcJhMuonf? &DvD*sif;
[laom
pum;vHk;rSm
zvS,fxm;onfqdkaomfvnf; Ak'¨bmom[laom pum;udk qdkvdkufonf½Sdaomf ,cktcg xdkrlvteuf aysmufysufí &wemoHk;yg; udk;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif;ç Ak'¨tqHk;trudk vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif;[laom teufç ,if;Ak'¨bmomudkcH,laom
bmom0if[laom
teufwdkUrSm
trsm;wumwdkUwGif
wGifus,faeaom
trnfynwfwpfck jzpfawmhonf? bmrQ yifra&aomufjrpfteufudk xkwfazmfaezG,f rvdk[k qdkvdkayonf/ 15/
xkdUaMumifh Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk &nfñTef;í OD;Ouú|udk,fwdkif- ]]'DaeU Ak'¨bmomqdkwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;ESifh bdef;pm;awGvdkjzpfaeNyDudk;? . . . tckvnf;
'dkU vlawGrSm bdef;pGJaewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfcdkif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dk uGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkU ajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh 'Dae&mrSm wu,frSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU}} [k
opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmifwGif
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
16/
bmomw&m;onf bdef;ESifh wlonfqdkaom pum;onf uGefjrLepfwdkUu qdkvmaomtcg
,HkMunfrIoufoufudk tajccHíjzpfaom bmomw&m; (Oyrm-xm0&0g'Dç £ó&0g'Dç cdk'g0g'D) wdkUudk &nfñTef;í olwdkU\½IaxmifhrS qdkaompum; jzpfaomaMumifh tvGef cdkifvHkaom rSefuefwdusonfh pum; jzpfonf?
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\
av;eufrSefuef
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Nidrf;csrf;jcif;ç
Oyrmûyí
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rsm;tay:
pGyfpGJajymqdkjcif;onf
r[kwf
rw&m;ajymqdkjcif;om
jzpfaMumif;
ay:vGifayonf/ 17/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\
0daooapm'emü
wifjyaomtaMumif;tcsufrsm;rSm
t*Fkwå&edum,fç quúedygwf tm[kae,s0*f r[memrokwfudk udk;um;í wifjyojzifh tvGefvnf; cdkifvHkvSayonf? rSefvS\-&wemoHk;yg;udk ,HkMunfo'¨g MunfñdkpGmjzifh atmufarhESvHk;oGif;aomyk*¾dKvfrSm &m*-a'go-arm[rvTrf;
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,if;
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf
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udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom
Munfvifaom
o'¨gw&m;udk&½Sdjcif;ç
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tarQmfESifhtaMumuf ½Sdonf jzpfapç r½Sdonf jzpfap,if; Ak'¨bmom0if\ ypöKyÜefç wrvGefç tusdK;ESpfyg; NyD;ajrmufonfomjzpfonf/
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tarQmfESifh taMumuf
uav;oli,fwdkUudk ajcmufvSefUí
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ajymjyí(0g)
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Nidrf;csrf;oufompGm toufarG;Edkifrnf? vlcspfvlcif aygrsm;rnf? xifay:ausmfaprnf ponfjzifh tusdK;w&m;udk azmfjyí qHk;roGefoifMuonf? ,if;odkU qHk;roGefoifonfhtwdkif; ylrnfpdk;í rD;udk rudkifaomaMumifh
xdkuav;onf
ylavmifjcif;ç
rD;ylaMumifh
aoab;txd
'ku©a&mufjcif;rS
uif;vGwfjcif;tusdK; cHpm;&ayonf? êud;pm;í pmoifaomtcg xdkoli,fonf pmar;yGJatmifjcif; paom tusdK;aus;Zl;udk
cHpm;&onf?
xkdUaMumifh
ajcmufvSefUíqHk;rjcif;ç
tusdK;jyí
qHk;rjcif;onf
rnfodkUaomtjypf ½SdEdkifygoenf;? bk&m;½Sif\ tqHk;trawmfwGifum; tusdK;udkjyí vnf;aumif;ç tjypfudkjyívnf;aumif;ç qHk;rawmfrlaom a'oemawmfrsm;rSm ra&rwGufEdkifatmif ½Sd\? þodkU tusdK;udk jyjcif;onf aMumufatmif ajcmufvSefUonf[lí vnf;aumif;? tarQmfcdkif;onf [lívnf;aumif; rqdkEdkif/ 19/
þae&mü Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh taMumif;tusdK;udkomjyí qHk;rawmfrlyHkudk t>rufrQ
(u)
raumif;rIudk ûyaomolonf ,ckb0üvnf;aumif;? aemifb0üvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜef
jytHh/ wrvGef 2-wefaom b0üvnf;aumif; ylyefqif;&J&\? igonf raumif;rIudk ûyrdNyD [k awG;awmylyef\? 'k*¾wdbHkodkU a&mufaomf ydkíyif ylyefqif;&J&\/ ("r®y'? ,ru0*f *gxm 17) £" wyÜwd aypö wyÜwd? ygyum&D Ob,w¬ wyÜwd/ ygyH ar uwEÅd wyÜwd? bda,sm wyÜwd 'k*¾wð *awm/ (1? ck? 15) (c)
aumif;rIûyaom olonf ,ckb0üvnf;aumif;? aemifb0üvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜef wrvGef 2-wefaom
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owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf raumif;rIudk ûyrdvQif xdkraumif;rIudk xyfwvJvJ rûyrdapoifh?
raumif;rIüawmifhwjcif;
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("r®y'? ygy0*f *gxm 2)
ygyH ap yk&daom u,d&m? e eH u,d&m ykeyÜKeH/ e wrSd qE´H u,d&mx? 'kau©m ygyó Opöa,m/ (ck? 1? 30)
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374
tpodkU (C)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf ukodkvfudk ûyrdvQif xdkukodkvfudk xyfumwvJvJ ûy&m\? aumif;rIü awmifhwjcif; qE´udkûy&m\? aumif;rI rsm;jym;vQif csrf;omaom tusdK; ½Sd\/ ("r®y'? ygy0*f *gxm 3) yknaÍö yk&daom u,d&m? u,d&meH ykeyÜKeH/ wrSd qE´H u,d&mx? okacg yknó Opöa,m/ (ck? 1? 30)
þtqHk;trrsm;wGif ]]raumif;rI rsm;jym;vQif qif;&Jaom tusdK; ½Sd\? aumif;rI rsm;jym;vQif csrf;omaom tusdK; ½Sd\}}[laom tqHk;tronf tjypfESifhtusdK;udk ½dk;½dk;uav; jyum qHk;rawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ 20/
½Sifjzpfcgp(7)ESpfom;omomrQ ½Sdao;aom om;awmf &m[kvmudk qHk;rawmfrlyHkum;
þodkUwnf;/
jrefrmjyef ]]&m[kvm . . . ig ar;rnfh pum;udk oif b,fvdk oabm&oenf;? aMu;rHkrSefjyifonf tb,ftusdK; ½Sdygoenf; &m[kvm? tjypfudkqifjcifjcif; tusdK; ½Sdygonf bk&m;? &m[kvm . . . þenf;twdkif;yif pOf;pm;qifjcifum udk,fjzifh tvkyfvkyf&rnfç EIwfjzifh tvkyfvkyf&rnfç pdwfjzifh tvkyfvkyf&rnf? &m[kvm . . . udk,fjzifh tvkyfvkyfrnf&Sdaomtcg ig\ þum,uHrIonf rdrdtwGufvnf;
qif;&Jyifyef;ç
olwyg;twGufvnf;
qif;&Jyifyef;ç
rdrd
olwyg;
ESpfOD;om;twGufvnf; qif;&Jyifyef;zdkU jzpfavrnfvm;[k qifjcif&rnf? ig\ þum,uHrIonf qif;&Judk jzpfapí qif;&JaomtusdK; ½Sdaom uHrsm;jzpfavrvm;[k qifjcif&m\? &m[kvm . . . tu,fí oif qifjcifaomtcg rdrdvnf; qif;&J? olwyg;vnf; qif;&JzkdU jzpfonf? 'ku©udkjzpfapí qif;&Jaom tusdK;½Sdonf[k oif xifjrifvQif þodkUaomum,uHudk oif rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ rûyoifh? &m[kvm tu,fí oif qifjcifaomtcg rdrdvnf; qif;&Jç olwyg;vnf; qif;&JzkdU rjzpf? csrf;omjcif;udk jzpfapí csrf;omaomtusdK; ½Sdonf[k oif xifjrifvQif þodkUaom um,uHudk oif rcRwfûy&rnf/}} (0pDuHç raemuH tvm;wl)/ (rZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmf? trÁv|du &m[kavm0g'okwf) 21/
tusdK;udkjyum qHk;rawmfrlvsuf wpfxyfwnf;om pm;jcif;\tusdK;udk a[mawmfrlyHkum;
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bkOf;ay;awmfrlaomtcg
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.
.
vmMuukef?
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pm;vQif tema&m*guif;jcif;ç tm;tifESifh jynfhpHkjcif;ç csrf;ompGm aeEdkifjcif;udk (oifwdkUudk,fwdkif) aumif;pGm odMuayvdrfhrnf}} rSwfcsuf/
/ þü t|uxmq&m\ rSwfcsufudk owdûyzG,f aumif;vSayonf/ ,o®m Ak'¨g e b,H 'aówGm waZÆwGm yZ[mayEÅd? tmedoHoHye 'aówGm yZ[mayEÅd?
{0H [d owåm okace yZ[EÅd/
jrefrmjyef ]]bk&m;½SifwdkUonf ab;udkjyum Ncdrf;ajcmufí y,fpGefUapawmfrrlMuacs? tusdK;udk jyíom y,fpGefUapawmfrlMujrJ jzpfonf? þodkU tusdK;ûyy,fpGefUapvdkufaomf owå0gwdkUonf vG,fulpGm y,fpGefUMuavonf}} 22/ wpfenf;
txufyg obm0,kwåd tm*r,kwådwdkUudkaxmufí Ak'¨0g'onf tarQmf taMumuf? (Reward
and
qkvmbfESifh
Punishment)
tjypf'Pfudkjyum
ajcmufcsnfwpfvSnfh
ajr§mufcsnfwpfcg ûyvkyfwwfaom zefqif;½Sif xm0&0g'DwdkU\ bmomrsdK; r[kwf? tusdK;taMumif;udk jyíqHk;rwwfaom bmom omjzpfonf? ewfjynfESifh i&Jjynfudk jyjcif;rSmvnf; ajr§mufvdk ajcmufvdkí r[kwfbJ t½Sdoabmjzpfí ½SdaMumif;udk jyjcif;omjzpfonf? þvrf;oGm;vQif þt&yfodkU a&mufí xdkvrf;avQmufvQif xdkt&yfodkU a&mufaMumif; jyawmfrljcif;om jzpfonf/ 23/ w&m;tusifhudk omoemawmf\
tu,fyif tusdK;udk vdkvm;aom rdbq&morm;wdkUu csKyfcs,fí twif;tusyf usifhMuHcdkif;apumrl(0g)omoemawmf\ usifhpOfum;
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tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmefwdkifatmif
tusdK;ûyonfom jzpf\/ xkdUaMumifh t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? pwkuú tEkaomwokwfü- wo®m [d "da&m £"ly|dwówD? umar p ygay p taoormaem/ o[myd 'kau©e Za[,s umar? y#daomw*grDwd wrm[k yk*¾vH/ [k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mrdefUawmfrlonf/
jrefrm tusOf; xkdUaMumifh þavmuü owd½Sdaom ynm½Sifonf umr*kPfESifh tukodkvfw&m;rsm;udk rrSD0J rûyusifhbJ rsuf&nfvnf½GJ idkyGJqifum qif;&JpGmjzifh 0w¬Ktm½kHudk pGefYy,fum (w&m;usifh)rI xdkyk*¾dKvfrsdK;udk (0#foHo&ma&aMumif;\ tqef) edAÁmefudk oGm;ol[lí ynm½SdwdkU qdkukef\/ 24/
xkdUaMumifh or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU\ ]]udk;uG,f}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;udk yk'fcGJum
udk;=tm;udk;onf? tm;udk;jcif;onf vdkcsifjcif; jzpfí avmb=tarQmf jzpfonf? uG,f=umuG,fonf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
376
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
umuG,fapmifha½Smufjcif;onf aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif;=a'go taMumuf jzpfonf? avmb a'goonf arm[aMumifh jzpfonf[k MuHMuHzefzef orÇm&y&dapä' ûyMujcif;onf pdwfrrSefaom olwdkU\ pum;om jzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
OD;Ouú|ESifh ½kyf0g' 25/
½kyf0g'ESifh ywfoufí pdppfoHk;oyfaytHh? ]]ûyvkyfol um&uonf ½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJ?
cHpm;ola0'uvnf; ½kyfobm0yif}}[laom OD;Ouú|\tqdkudk pdppfoHk;oyf&aomf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u ½kyf0g'Drsm;
jzpfyHkudkqufvufí
avQufxm;yg&ap
bk&m;[k
avQmufxm;NyD;
atmufygtwdkif;
pGJcsufwifxm;Muonf/ um&ua0'uonf ½kyf jzpfonf[laom t,ltqrSmurÜó um&aum ew¬d? 0dyguó p a0'aum/ ok'¨"r®m y0wåEÅd? {a0wH or®'óeH/ [laom 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxmvm *gxmudk ½kyf0g'ESifh nDatmif vdkovdkqGJ,lxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;? xdk*gxm\ vdk&if;tcsufrSm]]uHudk ûyvkyfol twå r½Sd? tusdK;udk cHpm;ol twåvnf; r½Sd? trSefrSm ½kyfemrf"r® y&rwåw&m;wdkU
oufoufom
(aMumif;usdK;qufum)
jzpfMuukef\?
þodkU½IjrifrIonf
rSefuefaom tjrif jzpf\}}[líom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygonf? ûyvkyfol um&uç cHpm;ol a0'uonf ½kyfwHk;
½kyfcJ
jzpf\[k
,lvQif
½kyfw&m;udk
twå[k,l&ma&mufí
½lyH
twåawm
orEkyówd=½kyfudk twå[k ½Ijrif\ [laom twå'd|dom jzpf&um; t"r®0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;}} [k 0daooap'emvTmü apm'emwifxm;Muonf/ 26/
,if; apm'emwifcsufonf obm0"r®ESifh udkufnDaom ,kwåd½Sdonfh apm'em jzpfayonf?
Xif½Sm;aptHh-emrfoabmw&m;ESifh uif;í½kyfcsnf;oufoufjzifh ûyvkyfjcif; cHpm;jcif; jrifjcif; Mum;jcif; ponfrnfonfhtcgrQ rjzpfEdkifacs? y&rw¬tvdktm;jzifh emrfw&m;\ owådudk&nfñTef;í ûyjcif; cHpm;jcif; ponfjzifh ac:a0:ajymqdkrS trSefjzpfonf? ,if; y&rw¬jzpfaom emrfw&m;udk rûywwfaomfvnf; ûywwfbdouJhodkU uwåKoabmtm;jzifh wifpm;í ûywwfol ponfjzifh qdkvQif avmua0g[m& orkwdopömtm;avsmfpGm ajymqdkjcif;rQom jzpfonf[kodtyf\/ 27/
pifppfrSm Ak'¨a'oemawmfu ñTefjyonfhtwdkif; qdkvQif ½kyfw&m;onf tuef;ESifhwlí
emrfw&m;onf tusdK;ESifh wlonf? tuef;onf tusdK;udk xrf;ydk;í vrf;oGm;aomtcg vrf;aumif; vrf;qdk; tedrfh tjrifh ponfudk tusdK;u jrifí tusdK;\ vrf;ñTefcsuftwdkif; tuef;u vdk&mc&D;odkU a&mufatmif oGm;&bdouJhodkU ½kyfw&m;onf olUcsnf;oufouf ûyjcif; cHpm;jcif; ponf rûywwfrlí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
377
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
emrfw&m;\ appm;csuft&om ûyjcif; cHpm;jcif; paom udpöudk NyD;ap&onf? xkdUtwlyif emrfw&m;csnf; oufoufvnf; jrifjcif; Mum;jcif; oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;jcif;udk rûywwfbJ ½kyfw&m;udk rSD&rSom ,if; udpöudk aqmif½GufEdkifonf/ 28/
,if;odkU
½kyfESifh
emrfwdkU
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
olUoabmolaqmifvsuf
jzpfay:vmMu&mwGif tjyiftyrS wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfwwfç apcdkif;wwfaom twå0dnmOfvnf; r½Sd? twGif;odkU 0ifí cHpm;jcif; ûyvkyfjcif; paom udpöudk aqmif½Gufwwfaom rnfonfhtwå0dnmOfrQvnf; r&Sday? ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m; y&rwftom; pifppfonfomvQif rdrd rdrd\ udpöudk aqmif½Gufvsuf jzpfay:vmaponf? þodkU qdkvdkí ]]ok'¨"r®m y0wåEÅd? {a0wH or®'óeH}}[k 0dok'¨dr*f t|uxmq&m rdefUqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfayonf? ]]ûyvkyfol=um&u? cHpm;ol=a0'uonf ½kyfw&m;om jzpf\}}[k qdkaom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\pum;onf Ak'¨0g'udk ½kyf0g'jzpfatmif udk,fvdk&m udk,fqGJ ajymcsufom jzpfí usrf;*ef"r®ESifh rnDonfrSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/ xkdUjyif ur®ó um&aum ew¬d-[laom ygVdudk OD;Ouú| ,lqonfhtwdkif; o'´genf;usus? teufay;&onf½Sdaomf ur®ó um&aum=uHudk ûywwfaom um&u ½kyfwHk;½kyfcJonf? ew¬d=r½Sd [lí jzpfayonf?
xkdUaMumifh
OD;Ouú|vkyfyHkonf
o'´genf;
teufenf;wdkUjzifh
ususee
ppfaq;vdkufonfhtcgwGif tESpfom&½Smr&? yd@w¬aumufí r&aomol½l;\ pum;uJhodkU jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
½kyfvnf;emrf? emrfvnf; ½kyf[kqdk&mü pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 29/ jzpfay:vmaom
]]½kyfonf tajccHjzpfí a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwdkUonf ½kyfudk wnf&mrSD&mxm;í tusdK;w&m;(0g)tcdk;owåd(0g)½kyf\
t[kefrQom
jzpfayonf}}[laom
31-bHk0g'
Ak'¨vufrcHpmtkyf a&;om;ol OD;udkudkav;\ tqdkonfvnf;aumif;? ]]tvkyfvkyf qdkwm wu,f½SdwJh ½kyfudk aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSm? pdwfudk aumif;atmif vkyfvdkU r&bl;}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ tqdkonfvnf;aumif;? ]]tqifhqifh
tuJcwf
avhvmaomtcg
þblw½kyfwdkUwGif
½kyf[kvnf;aumif;?
emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; ½kyfobm0 tajccHcsnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf}} [laom Ak'¨0dyóem yxrwGJ? ESm-84? 85 ü a&;om;xm;aom ocifjrwfqdkif\ tqdkonfvnf;aumif;? ,if;pmtkyf ESm-130 ü xyfrHazmfjyaom]]½kyfESifhemrf 2-ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? ½kyfvnf; emrf? emrfonfyif ½kyftjzpf 'GefwGJum tpOf twl jzpfysufaeonfudk awGUjrifrSom csufcsif; jzpfonfudk jzpfrSef odonf}}
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
378
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[laom ocifjrwfqdkif\ 'kwd,tqdkonfvnf;aumif; ½kyf0g'udktajccHí Ak'¨"r®udk ujyufuacsmf a&;om;ajyma[mjcif;rQom jzpfonf? þteufoabmrsdK;udk rnfonfhtcgrS Ak'¨jrwfpGm ra[may? Ak'¨0g' twGif;odkU xdkolwdkU\ ½kyf0g' oGwfoGif;vmjcif;om jzpfonf? wpfenf;qdkaomf Ak'¨0g' rsufESmzHk;wyfí ½kyf0g'udk jzefUjzL;aejcif;jzifh Ak'¨omoemudkysufpD;atmif tm;xkwfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ 30/
þ 20-&mpkacwfü topftqef;vkyfí a½SUwef;wif ajymqdka&;om;aeaom OD;Ouú|\
tqdkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; ryGifhray:rD ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif ay:xGef;aeaom jAm[®PvlrsdK; usm&fAmu paom q&mBuD;wdkU\ ½kyf0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; awGU½Sd&onf/
usm&fAmu ½kyfMurf;0g'
u-
ajrç a&ç avç rD; "mwfBuD;av;yg;onf trSefoabmawG jzpfonf/
c-
þ"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkU\
tpktaygif;udk
udk,fcE¨m?
tm½kHpdwf?
tm½kH
[lí
ac:a0:orkwfMuonf/
*-
,if; "mwfBuD;av;yg;rS pdwf[laom todoabm ay:vmonf/
C-
waq;ponfrS rl;,pfapwwfaom owåd ay:vmouJhodk ,if; "mwfBuD;av;yg;rS 0dnmOfay:vmonf? "mwfBuD; av;yg;wdkUuomvQif pOf;pm;awG;awmukef\/
i-
pdwf 0dnmOfjzifh txl;ûytyfaom ½kyfMurf;BuD;yif twå(0g)owå0gjzpfonf/
p-
a&yGufonf a&\ tay:ü ½kwfcsnf;jrif ½kwfcsnf;aysmufoGm;ouJhodkU ZD0onfvnf; ½kwfcsnf;jrif ½kwfcsnf;aysmufoGm;avonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
379
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
q-
edAÁmef(0g)vGwfajrmufjcif;[lonf aoqHk;uG,fvGefjcif;yifwnf;/
Z-
pD;yGm; OpömESifh umrcsrf;omonfom owå0gwdkU\ vdk&iftusdK;jzpfonf/ (w&m;usifhjcif;ç vGwfajrmufjcif; [lonf pifppfteuft"dyÜm,fr½Sday/)
ps-
avmuom;wdkU\ vrf;pOfudkom vdkuf&rnf/ (avmukwå&mvrf;aMumif;[lí r½Sd/)
n-
wrvGefb0ü ½Sdaom owå0g[lí r½SdaomaMumifh wrvGefavmu[lonfvnf; r½Sday/
#-
rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fwdkUjzifh xdawGUcHpm;tyfaom rsufawGU vufawGUonfom cdkifvHkaom yrmPjzpfonf (rsufawGUç vufawGU r[kwfaom t&monf rcdkifvHk? yrmP rrnf/) (avmum,wokwf ac:
31/
(NAd[wfqywd) a&;aomokwf)
txufygokwfwGif(c) trSwfpum;t& yç tmç 0gç aw "mwf 4-yg;udkyif
cE¨mudk,f[lívnf;aumif;? pç oç Cç Zç u ac: yom' 5-yg;? qif;ç oHç eHç pm;ç awGU tm½kH 5yg;[lívnf;aumif; ac:onf[kqdkxm;&m ½kyfonf emrf? emrfonf ½kyf[k qdkaom vlaovljzpf q&mwynfhwdkU\ 0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf;usae\/ 32/
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUonf
avESifh
awaZm
awGUvQif
tm;^touf[lí
ay:vm\[k qdkMu\? OD;udkudkav;u emrfonf ½kyf\tcdk;[k qdk\? (C)trSwfjy txufygokwfvm t&ufrsdK;aphrS rl;,pfapwwfaom owåd ay:vmouJhodkU "mwf4-yg;rS 0dnmOfay:vmonf[laompum;ESifh wpfom;wnf; usavawmh\/ 33/
(n)trSwfjy
pum;t&
wrvGefavmu[lonfvnf;
r½Sday[laom
wrvGefb0ü½Sdaom
owå0g[lí
avmum,wokwftqdkonf
r½SdaomaMumifh
pk'dwuwdkU\
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ycufESifh
380
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
acgif;tMum;om pOf;pm;í tjcm;bmudkrQ rpOf;pm;[laom tqdkESifh ESpfaygif; 3000-cefU jcm;aomfvnf; rjym;ruGJ wpfom;wnf; jzpfíaeonfudk awGUMu&\/ 34/
(#)trSwfjy rsufawGUvufawGUom cdkifvHkaom yrmP jzpfonf[laom tqdkESifh
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|?
ol\wynfh
ocifjrwfqdkif?
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\
vufawGUrsufawGU0g'onf {&m0wDjrpfa&ESifh csif;wGif;jrpfa&uJhodkU wpfom;wnf; a&maESmnDñGwf avawmh\/ 35/
xkdUjyif Ak'¨jrwfpGmray:rD ESpfaygif; 500-avmuf apmí ay:xGef;cJhaom trnfrxif½Sm;ol
a&;onfh qaE´m*sOyedoQ'fü þodkU qdk\/
pm;vdkufaom tpmonf oHk;rsdK;uGJí xGufonf? tMurf;pm;"mwfwpfpkonf usifBuD; jzpfonf? tvwfpm;
"mwfwpfpkonf
tom;jzpfonf?
tEkqHk;jzpfaom
"mwfwpfpkonfum;
pdwf0dnmOf
jzpfay:vmonf/ (t"sm, 6? u@ 5? tydk'f 1)
aomufvdkufaom a&onf 3-rsdK;uGJí xGufonf? tMurf;pm;"mwfwpfpkonf usifi,f jzpfonf? tvwfpm; "mwfpkonf aoG; jzpfonf? tEkqHk;jzpfaom "mwfwpfpkonfum; touf jzpfay:vmonf/ (t"sm, 6? u@ 5? tydk'f 2) 36/
xdkrSwyg; ½kyfESifhemrfudk xyfwl ,lqaom
Vulgar materialism
½kyfMurf;0g'\ oabmudk
½Sif;jyOD;rnf/ þ0g'onf q,fhudk;&mpk 0ef;usifwGif *smreDjynfü pwif acwfpm;vmaom0g' jzpfonf? vlApfAsL;ceJ Molescholt)
(Kari Vogt lud B chner)
qdkol
trnf½Sd *smreftrsdK;om;ESifh *sufaumharmav;a½SmY
'wfcsftrsdK;om;wdkUonf
½kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;
jzpfMuonf?
olwdkU
(Jacou
tqdkum;
wHawG;tusdwfrsm;rS wHawG;,dkxGufovdk tonf;rS onf;ajc,dkxGufovdk OD;aESmufrS pdwfac:aom ½kyfwpfrsdK; pdrfhxGufaeonf[k qdkMu\? pdwftpOfonf OD;aESmufwGif xif[yfaom ½kyf\ t&dyftoGif
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
381
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jzpfaomfvnf; jrifaumif;aom t&dyf r[kwf? xdawGU&aumif;aom t&dyftoGifr[kwf? "mwfyHk½dkuf,lí r&aumif;ay/ Brain is instrument of thinking or organ of thought, but it is mind or thinking itself.
]]OD;aESmufonf
awG;ac:pOf;pm;&ef
vufeufud&d,m?
wpfenf;-
pOf;pm;awG;awmonfh
t*Fg&yfjzpfonf? odkUaomf ,if;OD;aESmufonfyif pdwf(0g)tawG;tac: jzpfonf}}[lí qdkavonf/ (jrefrmvkyfom;aeUpOf? 15-3-68? armifcspfvIdif) 37/
txufyg pdppfcsufrsm;t& ½kyfvnf; emrf? emrfvnf; ½kyf twlwlyif jzpfonf[laom
OD;udkudkav;? OD;Ouú|? ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUESifh or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf avmum,wokwfü NAd[wfqywdq&m
a&;om;xm;aom
Ak'¨ryGifhay:rDu
ay:cJhaom
a½S;a[mif;jAm[®PvlrsdK;
usm&fAmu0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeonfudk awGU&\? xkdUjyifa½S;a[mif;qaE´m*s OyedoQm'fusrf; tqdkESifhvnf;aumif;?
vl'fApfAsL;ceJESifh
*sufaumharmav;a½SmhwdkU\
½kyfMurf;0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;
cRwfpGyfwlaeonfudk awGUMu&ayonf/ 38/ a½S;a[mif;
odkUjzpfí
,aeU
½kyfMurf;0g'udk
awmifwGif;BuD;
OD;Ouú|wdkU
jyefvnfqef;opfxm;jcif;rQom
a&;om;ajyma[maeaom jzpfaMumif;
0g'onf
v,fjyifqifoGm;ouJhodkU
xif½Sm;vSayonf? xkdUaMumifh awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? OD;Ouú|\onf ½kyfMurf;0g'D? OD;udkudkav;\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? OD;udkudkav;onf ½kyfMurf;0g'DwpfOD;? ocifjrwfqdkif\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? ocifjrwfqdkifonf ½kyfMurf;0g'DwpfOD;? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoD qdkolwdkUonf ½kyf0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif;udk cyf½Sif;½Sif; od½SdrSwfom;EdkifMuayonf? Ak'¨[laom pum;vHk;ç or®m'd|d[laom pum;vHk;rsm;udk tumtuG,f,lNyD; ½kyf0g'vufeufjzifh Ak'¨omoemudk twGif;uae ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeMuaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ Zmwf½kyfudk ay:vGifatmif omoemawmfBuD;\ aemifa&;udk arQmfawG;½IiJhNyD; azmfxkwfpdppfvdkuf&ayonf/ 39/
OD;Ouú|onf ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;yDyD bk&m;w&m;ygVdrsm;udk teufay;&mü ½kyf0g'bufodkU vkNyD;
teufay;avhonf? tdk a,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ ESm-87 ü OD;Ouú|u ]]emrH? emrfonf/ ½lyH? ½kyfudk/ y#dpö? pGJí/ y0wåwd? jzpfay:vm\/ qdkvdk&if;rSm emrfonf ½kyfu jzpfonf? ½kyfonf tm[m&u jzpfonf}}[k qdkxm;&m ,if;tqdk b,fu&ovJar;vQif txufyg OyedoQm'fudk trSDûyaom ½kyf0g'u &onf[k ajz&ayrnf? trSefrSm OD;Ouú| udk;um;aom ygVdonf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyonfhtwdkif; 0dok'¨dr*f 'k-ESm-230 vm t|uxmq&m½Sif\ ygVdjzpfonf? t|uxmpum;udk wpfydkif;wpfp tzsm;qGwfí,lNyD; OD;Ouú| qdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;Ouú|onf t|uxmudk y,fcsifaomtcg y,fí ,lcsifaomtcg ,ljyef\? trSefpifppf rlr½Sdol[k qdk&ef ½Sd\/ t|uxmpum; tjynfhtpHkrSm þodkUjzpfonf-
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
382
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]],xm p '@mbd[#H ab&ð edóm, oa'´ y0wårmae tnmab&D? tanm oa'´g?
ab&do'´g tor®dóm? ab&Doa'´e oknm? oa'´g ab&d,m okanm? {0ar0H 0w¬K'Gg&m&r® ocFgwH ½lyH edóm, emar y0wårmae tnH ½lyH? tnH emrH? emr½lyg tor®dóm? emrH ½laye oknH? ½lyH emare oknH? tyd p acg ab&ð y#dpö oa'´g0d, ½lyH y#dpö emrH y0wåwd/}} (tbd"r®orkpö,? 28)
jrefrmtusOf; wkwfjzifh pnfudk acgufvdkufaomf pnfudk rSDí toHjzpfay:vm\? odkUjzpfay:vm&mrS pnfu wjcm;? toHu wjcm;? pnfESifhtoHwdkU obm0csif; ra&m,SufouJhodkU pnfonf toHrS uif;í toHonf pnfrS uif;ouJhodkU xdkenf;twl 0w¬K-'Gg&-tm½kH½kyfudk rSDí emrfjzpfay:vm&m ½kyfu wjcm; emrfu wjcm;? ½kyfESifhemrf obm0csif; ra&m,SufMu? emrfonf ½kyfrS uif;í ½kyfonf emrfrS uif;onf? pifppfum; pnfudk pGJítoHjzpfouJhodkU ½kyfudk pGJí emrfjzpfay:vmonf [lvdk/
t"dyÜm,f½Sif;vif;csuf 40/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf y|mef;ygVdawmfü y#dp0ö g&udk o[Zmw0g&ESifhvJvS,fí a[mawmfrl&m
pGJí jzpf\[lonfudk twltuG jzpf\[lonfESifh vJvS,fí Munfhawmfrlapvdk\? ½kyfudk pGJí emrf jzpfonf? ½kyfESifhtwlwuG
emrf
jzpfonf?
twlwuG[k
qdkvdkufjcif;jzifh
o[um&Du&Pac:aom
wGJzuftaMumif;awGvnf; ½Sdao;onf[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm ñTefawmfrlonf? ,if; wGJzuftaMumif;awGum; pnfudk
acgufrnfûyaomtcg
acgufaMumif;jzpfaom
wkwfç
wkwfudk
udkifaom
vufç
wD;cwftHh[líjzpfaom pdwfç wD;cwfol\ vHkUvya,m* paomtaMumif;rsm; jzpfonf? ,if;udk &nf½G,fí q&mto*Fa&;aom tbd"r®orkpöusrf;üvnf; þodkUqdkonf/
]]taMumif;wdkU\ nDñGwfjcif;onf wGJzuftaMumif; rnf\/ 0dnmOfjzpfzdkU&ef £a`E´onf rysufpD;½Sd&m\?
tm½kHonfvnf;
xifjcif;odkU
a&muf&m\?
xdktm;avsmfaom
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf
a½S;½Iwnf&m\}} ponfjzifh rdefUqdkxm;avonf/ 41/
pnfudk wD;cwfí jzpfay:vmaom toHudkMum;&müum; ]]aomwÍö y#dpö oa'´ p OyÜZÆwd
aomw0dnmPH wdPÖH o*Fwd zaóm}} (oH? 1? 301) paom ed'ge0*foH,kwf 'ku©okwf ygVdawmfESifh EdIif;,SOf&m\? ygVdawmfüvnf; y#dpö\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk þodkU aumuf,l&rnf[k t|omvdeD t|uxmq&m rdefUrSmawmfrl\? ]]toHbdEéwåm aomwó tmygx*wwåm o'´geH tmumooEédódwH reodum&a[wkuH pwl[d ypöa,wd OyÜZÆwd aomw0dnmPH o'¨ð orÜ,kawå[d}} (tbd? |? 1? 321)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
383
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(t|omvdeD t|uxm) aomwyom'ESifh o'´g½kHudk tpGJûyí aomw0dnmPf jzpf\ [l&mü aomwyom'vnf;
rysufpD;ygrS
o'´g½kHvnf;
xifjcif;odkU
a&mufygrS
[if;vif;jyifvnf;½SdygrS
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;vnf; ½SdygrS ,if;odkU taMumif;av;csuf nDrSomvQif aomw0dnmPf Mum;odpdwf jzpfonf? jzpfaomf wpfckckcsif; jzpfonfr[kwf/ orÜ,kwfw&m;wdkUESifh twlwuG jzpfonf? þodkU aumuf,l&rnf[k jyñTefawmfrl\/ 42/
þodkUqdkaomf OD;Ouú| tvdk½Sdaom ½kyfrS emrfjzpfonf[laomteufonf tuGufrvnf
ysufjy,favawmh\? rSef\-pnfudk toHjzpfatmif wD;&mü wD;cwfol\ wD;rnf[laom pdwfç wD;qJcPü jzpfaom reodum& emrfw&m;rsm; rygbJ todkUvQif toHjzpfay:vmrnfenf;/ xkdUaMumifh OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhtodkif;t0dkif;wdkU\ ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh vkyforQonf y&rw¬ tbd"r®moabmw&m;ESifh rnDñGwf&um; t"r®0g'omjzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
jAm[®Pur®0g'ESifh Ak'©ur®0g' jcm;em;csuf 43/
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu ]],ckvuf½Sd bmomqdkonfrSmum; Ak'¨a[m jAm[®Pa[m
a0'a[m ta[moHk;rsdK; pkaygif;um tm;vHk; yd#uwfwGif yg0ifaeaom tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfygonf? oHo&mvnfapwwfaom w&m;rsm;jzifh ½IyfaxG;aeygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh bmom[laom t,ludk vufrcHyg}}[lí acsyajz½Sif;xm;onf? jAm[®Pa[m a0'a[m[k pum;2-vHk; xyfí qdkojzifh ocifjrwfqdkifonf jAm[®PwdkY\
(Vedic
System)
a0'usrf;*efvm oabmw&m; tpDtpOfudk
em;rvnfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ ,if; a0'usrf;*ef tpDtpOf[lonfrSm(1) a0'oHk;yHk? wpfenf; av;yHk? (2) jAm[®Pusrf;? (3) tm&Psuusrf;? (4) OyedoQm'fusrf; [lí tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh av;rsdK;½Sdonf/ 44/
a0'oHk;yHkqdkonfrSm- (1) &d*fa0'? (2) qmrmefa0'? (3) ,*sK&fa0'-
[lí jzpfonf? xdkwGif &d*fa0'om y"metusqHk; jzpfonf? ,if;&d*fa0'wGif rD;ç aeç £E´ç aomrç 0½kPç yl&Sef paom ewfbk&m;rsm;\ wefcdk;t½Sdeft0gudk azmfjycsD;usL;jcif; qkawmif;jcif;rQom yg½Sdonf? qmrmefa0' [lonf xdk&d*fa0'xJrS aumufEkwfa½G;xkwfí rD;ylaZmf&mtcgü ½Gwfqdk&rnfh *gxm rEÅefrsm; aygif;xnfh pDpOfxm;aomusrf; jzpfonf? ,*sK&fa0' [lonfrSm ,ZfylaZmfrIESifh pyfaom tpDtpOfç
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
384
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
,ZfylaZmf&rnfh ,Zfyka&m[dwf\ *kPft*Fg vu©Pm ponfrsm;udk txl;azmfjyaomusrf; jzpfonf? aemufwdk;jzpfaom tmx&fAa0'[lonfrSm a&m*ga0'emvu©Pmrsm; azmfjyjcif;ç aq;0g;ukojcif;ç taqmiftzGJUrsm;
pD&ifjcif;paom
xdkufonfhtavsmuf
twwfynmrsm;
,liifoHk;pGJvsuf
xdka0'oHk;yHk(0g)av;yHkrSm
Ak'¨0g'xJodkU
Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf
a0'udk
xyfrHjznfhpGufvsuf
pkpnf;pDpOfxm;aom tenf;i,frQyif
usrf;rQom
yg0ifvmp&m
tvsOf;oifhwdkif;
txufyg
a0'oHk;yHkrS
jzpfonf?
xkdUaMumifh
r½Sday?
taMumif;rlum;
tESpfom&r½SdaMumif;
tBudrfBudrf
a[mawmfrlcJhaomaMumifhwnf;/ 45/
jAm[®Pusrf;[lonfrSm jA[®mBuD;udk toufoGif;í yZmywd (=owå0gwdkU\ocif)ç
[d&n*AÇ(=a½TOBuD;xJü oaE¨wnfvmaom wefcdk;½Sif)ç £ó&(=tpdk;&ol)ç 0dem,u(=owå0gwdkU\ t½Sifocif OD;aqmifa½SUoGm;) paom pum;vHk;wdkUjzifh awG;awmMuHqí &Edkifaumif;aom *kPfyk'frsm;jzifh wefqmqifvsuf urÇmBuD;udk zefqif;oltaejzifh a&;om; pDpOf wDxGifvmMuaom usrf; jzpfonf? a0'acwfwGif urÇmavmuudk zefqif;ol[laom wefcdk;½Sif ray:ao;? ,ck jAm[®Pusrf;udk pD&ifaom acwfusrS zefqif;ol wefcdk;½Sif[laom £ó&edr®meay:vmonf? a0'EÅusrf;ü awGU&aom jA[®ef[laom Supreme
Reality
ac:
y&rwwG
oabmudk
þjAm[®Pusrf;ü
ewfbk&m;tjzpf
awGU&onf?
þjAm[®PacwfwGifvnf; Ak'¨"r®wGif tusHK;0ifEdkifavmufp&m rnfonfhtcsufrQ ryg½Sday? taMumif;rlum; Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf wdw¬m,weokwf (tH? 1? 174)paom okwfwdkUü zefqif;½Sif0g'udk rdpämt,l[k ½IwfcsawmfrlcJhaomaMumifhwnf;/ 46/
tm&Psuusrf; [lonfum; OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm; ray:rD awmüaeí rD;ylaZmfaom
&aohwdkU\ tawG;tac:rS jzpfay:vmaom zDavmfaqmfzD oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm; pwifxkwfazmfvmaom usrf; jzpfonf? yx0D paom xlvobm0 ½kyfMurf;w&m;rsm;ç pdwf-re paom odrfarGUaom obm0w&m;rsm;ç aMomif;[kac:aom jyP0 oabmw&m;rsm; 3-rsdK; xkwfazmfvmonf? xdkusrf;udk awmüaeaom
&aohwdkU\
vuf&mjzpfaomaMumifh
tm&Psuusrf;[k
ac:onf?
xdkusrf;yg
tawG;tac:rsm;ü odrfarGUeufeJ cufcJaom todynmrsm; rygvSao;? OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;\ tajccH tpysdK;avmufESifh Zmwd0g' ur®0g' paom tcsuftvufrQom yg0ifonf? odkUaomf aemufay: OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;udk
ponfjzifh
txufyg jAm[®Pusrf; tm&Psuusrf;wdkUrS
vrf;pudk ,lí csJUxGifûyjyifxm;aMumif; awGU&onf? xkdUaMumifh xdktm&Psuusrf;vm oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh Ak'¨0g'oabmw&m;rsm;um; xef;vsufcJESifh i½kyfoD;uJhodkU rEdIif;,SOfEdkifavmufatmif t&omuGmjcm;í aeayonf? ,if;odkU jzpfaomaMumifh Ak'¨"r®ü xdkusrf;vm tqdktrdefUrsm; yg0ifvdrfhrnfavm[k awG;awm,HkrSm;zG,fyif r½Sdacs/ 47/
OyedoQm'fusrf;[lonfum; ,if;
Vedic System
av;rsdK;wGif aemufydkif;tusqHk; jzpfí
tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; tawmftxufwef;usí eufeJvmayonf? q&mteD;odkU eD;uyfpGm csOf;uyfxdkifaeí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
385
tpodkU ,Hk,HkMunfMunf
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
aqG;aEG;oifMum;&mrS
jzpfay:vmaom
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;[laom
t"dyÜm,ftm;jzifh Oyedom'(0g)OyedoQm'f[k ac:onf/ 48/
oQHu&musm&,\ tqdktm;jzifh
]]tvHk;pHkaom tusdK;rJhudk ûywwfaom oHo&mudk zsufqD;wwf oHo&m\ taMumif;jzpfaom t0dZÆmudk avsmh&Japwwf jA[®mhxHodkU a&mufapwwfaomaMumifh Oyedom' rnfowwf}}? ,if; OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;udk
,ckacwfynm½Sifrsm;
todtrSwfûycsuft&
usrf;aygif;
150-cefU½Sdonf[k
od&onf? ,if;wdkUwGif tcsuftvufwifjyyHk ½Sif;vif;jcif; a½S;usjcif;[laom ½Iaxmifhjzifh q,fhESpfusrf; q,fhoHk;usrf;cefUom ynm½Sifrsm;\ av;pm;jcif;udk cH&onf? tESpfom&tm;jzifh obm0w¬ynm 'óe[lorQwdkU\ a&aomufjrpfozG,f txnfudk,ftaetm;jzifh wnf½Sdí twGif;pdwfESifh ywfoufaom awG;ac:rIordkif;wGif tdE´d,om;wdkU\ vGefpGm ta&;ay;jcif; urÇmYynm½Sdrsm; avhvmrSwfom;jcif; todtrSwfûyjcif;udk cHEdkifavmufatmif tawmftoifh tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmayonf? odkU&mwGif Ak'¨"r®ESifh EdIif;pmvQif awmifydkUi,fESifh [dr0EÅmyrm tuGmBuD;uGmí aeonf? Ak'¨"r®usrf;*efrsm;xJodkU yg0ifaeonf[k t&rf;rJhpGyfpGJMuaom taemufEdkifiH ordkif;ynm½SifwdkUESifhwuG ,if;wdkU\aemufvdkuf OD;Ouú| q&mwynfhwdkUonf rnfonfhtcsufonf jAm[®P0g'ç rnfonfhtcsufonf Ak'¨0g'[lí cGJa0ydkif;jcm;wwfaom
todÓPfenf;Muojzifh
rdrdwdkU
ÓPfrrSDaom
tcsufç
r,HkMunfEdkifaom
tcsufwdkUudk jAm[®P0g'[k vufñdI;xdk;um yd#uwfawmfrS ûzwfy,fvdkMu\? Oyrm-ur®óuwmESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dwdkUudk o½kyfruGJjcif;ç tewåudktajccHaom Ak'¨\ ur®0g'ESifh twåudktajccHaom jAm[®PwdkU\ ur®0g'vHk;axG;a&m,Sufvsufaejcif;ç ewfjynf i&Jjynf toHcsif; trnfcsif;wl½kHrQjzifh teufoabm tESpfom& rnfodkU uGJjym;onfudk EdIufeJjcif;r½SdbJ 2-ckvHk;udk wef;wlnDwlxm;um Ak'¨"r®xJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;udk bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkaeMuayonf? xkdUaMumifh apm'emwifvTm 21csufwdkUwGif tusHK;0ifí ygvmorQaom xdktqdkrsm;udk 0depä,q&mawmfrsm;u qdkif&mqdkif&m ajz½Sif;vsuf qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;awmfrlMuonf/ 49/
a0'usrf;vm
ur®0g'udk
tenf;i,f
aumif;aomuHudk apmifha½Smufwwfaom ol?
a0'a½SUydkif;ü
ewfwdkUudk
aumif;uH-raumif;uHudk
urÇmavmuBuD;\ vkyfief;udpö[lorQ\ wnf&m?
jrifwwfol?
jyif;xefaom tusifhudk aqmifcJhol ponfjzifh ewfwdkUudk
trSefw&m;\ vJavsmif;&m? csD;usK;cJhNyD; aemufydkif;ü
xkwfjyOD;tHh?
ESifh
(aumif;rI raumif;rI) wdkUudk cGJjcm; pOf;pm;vmcJhMuonf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
386
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
,ckb0rwdkifrD a½S;umvü aumif;rI raumif;rIudk ûycJhjcif;ç ,if;aMumifh ,ckb0ü tajctaetrsdK;rsdK; jzpfay:vm&jcif;ç aovGefNyD;aemuf a&muf&mb0opfü uH\tusdK; zvudk cHpm;&jcif;ç owå0gwdkUudk uHuom
ewfjynf
zefwD;jcif;?
a&mufaMumif;vrf;?
bdk;bGm;ESifh
twlwuGoGm;a&mufaexdkifa&;vrf;aMumif; ponfrsm;udk zefwD;jcif;ç ,ZfylaZmfrItrsdK;rsdK;ç tpDtrH aumif;rIudk êud;yrf; tm;xkwfjcif;ç urÇmavmuBuD;ü ½Sd½SdorQ t&mrsm;udk
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
owå0gwdkUuHu pDrHjcif;ç owå0gwdkU cH&pH&orQonf a½S;uHaMumifhom jzpf&jcif;[laom tcsufrsm;onf [dkrSm onfrSm usJjyefUaeaom a0'du ur®0g' tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfMuonf/ 50/
þoabmw&m;rsm;udk pOf;pm;aomf ur®óuwmESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dESpfrsdK;vHk;yif
þa0'duur®ü yg0ifaeonfudk awGU&rnf? aumif;uHaMumifh aumif;usdK;&jcif; raumif;uHaMumifh raumif;usdK;&jcif;onf a0'ESifh Ak'¨0g'wlnDaom tajccH jzpf\? odkUaomf a0'onf aumif;rItpDtrHudk ,ZfylaZmfrI OD;pm;ay;í qdkonf? ,if;udk y"meûyí
jzLpifMunfvifaom
ac:onf Ak'¨0g'onf pdwfjzLpifrI pdwfnpfñl;rIudk
pdwfjzifh
ûyvkyfjcif;ç
ajymqdkjcif;ç
MuHpnfawG;awmjcif;wdkUudk
ukodkvfuH[kac:í avmb a'gowdkUjzifh npfEGrf;aom pdwfjzifh ûyvkyfjcif;ç ajymqdkjcif;ç MuHpnf awG;awmjcif;wdkUudk tukodkvfuH[k qdkonf? a0'duur®0g'tvdk owå0gESifh avmuudk wefcdk;½Sif zefqif;½SifwdkUu
owå0gwdkUuHtavsmuf
zefwD;onf[k
qdkonf?
Ak'¨0g'u
A[d'¨avmuBuD;udk
owå0gwdkU\ uHESifhwuG Owked,mrç ADZed,mrç "r®ed,mrtaMumif;wdkUu zefwD;onf[k ñTefjyonf? a0'duur®0g't& owå0gwdkU cHpH&orQ a½S;uHaMumifhom jzpfonf[k ,lonf? (ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dyif jzpf\) Ak'¨0g'uHt& owå0gwdkUudk a½S;uHuvnf;aumif;? a½S;uHcsnf;om r[kwfrlí ,ck ypöu©ü rdrdvkyfaqmifrI
ypöKyÜefuHuvnf;aumif;?
ur®ed,mr
pdwåed,mr
"r®ed,mrwdkUuvnf;aumif;
zefwD;onf[k ,lonf/ ,if;odkU uGJjym;onfhtcsufu
a0'duur®0g'ESifh b,foif;[lí
Ak'¨\ur®0g'wdkUü uGJuGJjym;jym;
wlnDMuonfhtcsufu
em;vnfrI
r½SdMuaomaMumifh
b,f[mç OD;Ouú|ESifh
vufusefwynfhausmfwdkUu [dE´LjAm[®P0g'awG yd#uwfpmayxJ 0ifaeonf[k vSefUum yd#uwfawmfudk tcgrsm;pGm y,frSm;cJhMuavonf? Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf rD;vkyfauR;aom qHuspf&aohç ur®0g'D y&AdkZfwdkUudk &[ef;ûycGifh ay;awmfrlcJhonfrSm taMumif;tusdK;udk y,faom
Annihilationist
ac:aom ta[wkuç
tud&d,ç ew¬du0g'Drsm; r[kwfaomaMumifh jzpfavonf? tcsKyfrSm Ak'¨onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dudk y,fawmfrlí ,ZfylaZmfrI rygaom ur®0g'udk vufcHawmfrlonf? a0'duur®0g'ü zefqif;rI ygonf? ,ZfylaZmfrIudk OD;pm;ay;onf? ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d ygonf? þodkUaom jcm;em;csufudk ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU rodEdkif½SmMuay/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
387
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ewfESifh i&Jqdkif&m [dE´L0g'ESifh Ak'¨0g' EdIif;,SOfavhvmoHk;oyfcsuf
51/
AdoQEkyk&mPftvdk twv? 0dwv? edwv? *bw¬drm? r[mwv(e*g;rif;BuD;rsm;
ae&mbHk) okwv? ygwmv[l atmufbHk 7-bHk ½Sdonf? wpfzef y'fryl&mPftvdk- 1/ twv (r[mrm, ewfrif;BuD;\ aus;uRefrsm;ae&m) 2/ 0dwv ([mwaua½T& ac:aom od0\ yHko@mefu tkyfcsKyfaomae&m) 3/ okwv (Avdewf tkyfcsKyfaomae&m) 4/ wvmwv (rm,ewfrif;BuD; tkyfcsKyfaomae&m) 5/ r[mwv (e*g;rif;BuD;rsm; ae&mbHk) 6/ &omwv (a'pöESifh 'ge0wdkY ae&mbHk) 7/ ygwmv (0gokuDe*g;rif; tkyfcsKyf&mbHk) [lí atmufbHk ckESpfbHk ½Sdonf/ 52/
½Sd0 yk&mPftvdkum; ygwmvç wvç twvç wmvç 0d"dygwmvç ½S&fu&mblrdç
0dZvbHk[lí trnftrsdK; uGJonfhtjyif ocsFmrSmvnf; 8-bHk jzpfaeonf? þrQum; yk&mPfusrf;tvdk atmufbHkac: 'k*¾wdbHkrsm;jzpfonf/
txufbHk ckESpfbHk 1/ blavmu (t0Dpdi&JrS jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyftxd ajravmu) 2/ bl0 (jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyfrS "l0HMu,ftxd ae&m)
( The world of intermediate space )
3/ qG&favmu 5-bHk (1) ra[E´&bHk (2) r[&f; (jA[®mBuD;\ om;orD;rsm;ae&m) (3) Zeavmu (qewf? qmeE´? qewfukrm&wdkU ae&m) (4) wy&favmu (a0&m*Dewfrsm;\ ae&m) (5) qwsavmu (0g) jA[®avmu (jA[®mBuD;\ ae&m) þbHka&mufvQif b0ukefNyD[k qdkvdkonf/ a0'EÅESifh ocsFm0g'tvdk avmu 8-rsdK; (0g) bHk 8-bHk? (txufatmufa&mvsuf)(1) jA[®avmu (txufwef; ewfwdkU\ ae&mbHk) (2) ydw&davmu (bdk;bGm;rsm;? &aohrsm;? yZmywdrsm;ae&m) (3) aomravmu (vESifh tjcm;û*d[frsm;ae&m) (4) £a`E´avmu (atmufwef; ewfwdkUae&m)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
388
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(5) *E¨AÁavmu (av[mjyif½Sd 0dnmOfwdkUae&m)
( Place of Heavenly Spirits )
(6) &u©oavmu (&u©dKofwdkU ae&m) (7) ,u©avmu (bDvl;wdkU ae&m) (8) ydompavmu (wapä rifpmwdkU ae&m) 53/
c&pfESpfray:rD ESpf 150-cefY (Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;500-cefU) u ay:xGef;aom
ywÍÆvdrked a&;onf[k qdkaom a,m*okwåü t0Dpdi&JBuD;\ txufbufwGif ygwmvi&J ckESpfbHk azmfjyxm;onf/ t0Dpd i&JrS txuf i&JajcmufbHkum;- (1) r[mumv i&J (wpfcJeuf rmausmaom ½kyf0w¬Krsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) (2) trÁ&Do i&J (a&xkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) (3) a&muf&0 (a&m½k0 r[kwf) (rD;jzifh 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) (4) r[m a&muf&0 (a&xkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf &Sdonf) (5) umvokwå (avt,OfavvdIif;rsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf &Sdonf) (6) oE¨wmrd&S& (tarSmifxkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf ½Sdonf) t0Dpd i&JBuD;atmuf ygwmv i&JckESpfbHk [lonfum;(1) r[mwv (2) &omwv (3) twv (4) okwv (5) 0dwv (6) wvmwv (7) ygwmv [lí jzpfonf/ 54/
rEkoH[dwmac: rEkowdü tcef; 11? *gxm 24-rS 28-txd i&Jaygif; 21-ck awGU&onf?
,if;wdkUum; wmNrdoQç tE¨wmNrdoQç r[ma&muf&0ç a&muf&0ç e&uç umvqlw&ç r[me&uç qef*sD0eç r[m0Dusdç wyeç qrfjywmyeç qH,mweç pumvdkuç uk'frvç ykwdNrdwåduç avm[oQHukç &d*sDoQç yE¦meç qmvfrvdç tqdyMw0eç vdk['g&u [lí jzpfonf/ 55/
0doQPkyl&mPfü
tcef;
2^214-rS
ta&twGufocsFmESifh
trnfemruGJjym;aom
i&Jrsm;vnf; ½Sdao;onf? yl&mPfusrf;wdkU\ jzpfay:&mumvoufwrf;udk ynm½Sifrsm;u c&pfESpfray:rD ESpfaygif; 600-rS c&pfay:NyD;aemuf ESpf 400-twGif; tESpfwpfaxmifcefUwGif acwftoD;oD;[k cefUrSef;Muonf? ,if; yk&mPfusrf;wdkUwGifom trsm;tm;jzifh i&JbHkESifh txufbHkrsm; awGU&onf/ 56/
Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifonf
(bDpD
6-&mpkü)
yGifhawmfrlcJhonf?
xkdUaMumifh
i&JbHktrsdK;rsdK;
ewfbHktrsdK;rsdK;udk azmfjyxm;aom yk&mPfusrf;rsm;onf Ak'¨acwfaemufydkif;rS ay:vmMuaom usrf;rsm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
389
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jzpfí ,lp&m½SdvQif Ak'¨usrf;rsm;rS ,lí qdkMurnfom jzpfayonf? atmufbHkrsm;[k qdk&mü tawmftwef wlnDrI
awGU&aomfvnf;
txufewfbHkç
jA[®mbHkrsm;taMumif;um;
trnfa&mta&twGufyg
wpfpdwfwpfa'orQ wlnDonfudk rawGU&acs? Ak'¨pmayrsm;üum; ewfjynfajcmufxyf jA[®mESpfq,f twdtus oufwrf;ESifhwuG azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&\? xdkewfjynfç jA[®mjynfodkUa&mufaMumif; usifh0wf usifhpOfrsm;vnf; vQdKU0SufzHk;uG,fjcif; r½SdbJ twdtus azmfjyxm;onf? xdk txufwef; vlUjynf ewfjynf
jA[®mhjynfwdkUudk
roGm;a&mufvdkawmhbJ
vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; 0dyóemvrf;pOf twdtus
,ckb0üyif
31-bHkrS
vGwfvdkygvQifvnf;
tjynfht0 ½Sdayonf? rnfolrqdk vufawGU
usifhoHk;Munfhygu {[dyódu*kPfESifh nDñGwfpGm tprf;toyfcHEdkifaom usifhpOfrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&rnf/ 57/
jrefrmjynf
w&m;Xmewpfckü
0dyóemtvkyfudk
pGrf;pGrf;wrH
tm;xkwfoGm;aom
taemufEdkifiHom; a,m*DwpfOD;u olUudk,fawGUudkazmfxkwfoGm;zl;\? {[dyódu*kPfudk ,HkMunfpGm a'gufwm t,fvDZbufawaemhwif*efu þodkU a&;om; azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ It is a challenging experience for a Westerner to undergo a course in meditation at the International Center. He not only may explore new realms of consciousness, but he can scarcely avoid the atempt to re-phrase his experiences. Where possibe, in terms of his traditional religious beliefs. Furthermore, certain incidents, certain expressions in both the Old and New Testaments spring to life, so to say, and take on new and vivid meaning. For instance, the Biblical verse "If the eye be single the whole body will be full of light" may be expertiences subjectively as almost literl truth by one who in practising Samadhi is able to approach onepointedness in his concentration. Indeed, many biblical phrases that to a Westerner may have seemed vague or merely allegorical take on specific meaning thus recalling the fact that Judio-Christianity is a faith of eastern rather than Western origion. International Buddhist New Forum November 1961.Vol.1.No.11.
]]taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftzdkU þ tjynfjynfqdkif&m ur®|mef;Xmeü orm"davhusifhcef; ,ljcif;onf pdrfac:aom avhusifhrIwpf&yfjzpfonf? ol\ raem0dnmOf[laom pdwf"mwf\ tcef;opfudk odEdkif½kHrQru rd½dk;zvm bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftaetm;jzifh awGUaeusjzpfaom ol\ tawGUtêuHrsm;udk topfjyifqif&ef rêud;pm;bJ aeEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? onfomru "r®opf "r®a[mif; or®musrf;pmü vm½Sdaom
tjzpftysuf
tawGUtêuHrsm;onf
yHko@meftopf
t"dyÜm,ftopfaqmifvdrfhrnf[k
qdkvdkufyg&apawmh? Oyrmtm;jzifh-oif\ rsufvHk;onf oif\ cE¨mudk,ftwGif;0,f wpfoefwnf; pl;pdkufí aecJhvQif oif\ wpfudk,fvHk;onf tvif;a&mifjzifh jynfhESufí aevdrfhrnf}}[lí vmaom þ"r®usrf;pmtqdkudk ol\ orm"dvkyfief;ü {u*¾wmusatmif vufawGUusifhoHk;aom xdkoltzdkU twdtus
teufrSef
taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftzdkU
t"dyÜm,frSeftm;jzifh arS;rSdefí
twGif;usus
ae[ef½Sdaom
(0g)
awGUêuHcHpm;&ygvdrfhrnf? ya[Vdqefí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ae[ef½Sdaom
390
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
or®musrf;pmtqdktrdefU
tajrmuftrsm;onfum;
c&pf,mefbmomw&m;onf
taemufEdkifiHrS
r[kwf?
t"dyÜm,ftopf ta½SUEdkifiHrS
aqmifygvdrfhrnf?
tpûycJhonf[laom
tcsufudk
owd&apygvdrfhrnf/ 58/
]]þrQavmuf
aumif;uifwpfckvHk;
av,mOfysHtzHkzHk
jynfhrwwf
û*d[fwktaxGaxGESifh
oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;íaeonfh
i&Jjynf[lívnf;aumif;
rawGU&yg}}[k
tjrifuav;jzifhqdkjcif;om
jzpfonf?
½kyf0g'Drsm;\
ork'´&mudk
,kefoli,f
acwfwGif
tmumo,mOfrsm;jzifh ewfjynf[lívnf;aumif;?
qdkjcif;onfum; axmufrrDouJhodkU
rsufarG;wpfqHk; us,fjyefUaom
avmu"mwftwGif; olwdkU rsufvHk;jriftm; ao;aeyHkudk zGifh[0efcHcsufom jzpfonf? odkU&mwGif þurÇmajrBuD;twGif; i&Jjynf½SdEdkifaMumif;udkrl odyÜHynmu axmufcHouJhodkU ½SdaeacsNyD/ 59/
þurÇmajronf tcsif;tm;jzifh tDauGwmwGif 7917-rdkif? ywfvnftem; 34902-rdkif?
xktm;jzifh oef; 260-ukArdkif ½Sdonf? twGif;wGif t&nfaysmf vIyf½Sm;aeaom oHç eDum,f udkazmhowåKrsm; ½Sdonf? twGif;ydkif;A[dkcsufrwGif tyl½Sdefonf ay 60 qif;wdkif; qif;wdkif; 1-'D*&D zm&if[dkuf ylEIef;ESifh wGufcsufygu 35000-'D*&D ½Sdrnfjzpf&m aexuf 35-qrQ ydkí ylrnf? xdkodkU t&nfaysmf ylavmifaeaom owåKaygif;pHkudk 3-rdkifrQ xkxnf½Sdaom ausmufom;jyifBuD;jzifh ywfvnf tkyfqdkif;xm;onf? xdktay:urS ausmufom;wpfvTm xyfaeonf? xdkausmufom;vTmonf urÇmYwdkufBuD;rsm;atmufwGif rdkifaygif; 40cefUrQ xlaom xkx,fjzifh wnf½Sdonf/ þum; ,aeU odyÜHq&mwdkU\ ,lqcsuf jzpf\/ 60/
(Where
there
is
liquid
There
is
life)
t&nf"mwf½Sdaumif;aomae&mü
touf½Sdaumif;onf[laom odyÜHed,mrtwdkif; tvGefylí t&nfaysmfaeaom txuftqdkyg owåK&nf½Sd&m a'oonf i&Jr[kwf[k rnfol qdkEdkiftHhenf;? þum; i&J½SdEdkifyHk odyÜHynmu axmufcHaomoufaownf;? (ewfjynf-jA[®mhjynf taMumif;udk apm'em trSwf-15 0dedpä,ü pdppfMuukeftHh/)
ocifjrwfqdkif\ bmomt,lESifh ywfoufí ajz½Sif;acsycsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 61/
ocifjrwfqdkifu rlvyPÖmo r[moma&myrokwf (r? jref?1? 259)ü ]]&[ef;wdkU . . .
þomoemawmfBuD;onf vmbfoyÜum tausmftapm ½SdrItwGufr[kwf? oDv[laom tusdK;½SdrItwGuf r[kwf?
þomoemawmfonf
'ku©rS
vGwfajrmufrI
twGufomvQif
jzpfonf?
þonfvQif
tESpftom;wnf;? þonfyif tqHk;yef;wdkifwnf;}}[k a[mxm;aMumif; udk;um;í wynfhawmfrsm;onf oHo&mwpfcGif vnfapwwfaom bmomudky,fí oHo&mrS vGwfajrmuf&mjzpfaom omoemudk vufcHygonf bk&m;? bmomudk t,loabmjzifhom wynfhawmfwdkU owfrSwfygonf bk&m;[kavQmuf\? t,ludk Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif y,fcJhaMumif; atmufygokwfrsm;t& aumufEkwfwifjyygonf bk&m; [k qdkí rZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmf t*¾d0päokwf (r? jref?2? 163)wGif ]]igonf t,l[laom pum;udk y,fNyD;NyD?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
391
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
cE¨mig;yg;\ csKyfjcif; csKyfaMumif;udk odNyD;NyD ig[lí xifrSwfpGJvrf;jcif;r½Sd? w&m;tm;vHk;udk vGwfNyD;NyD}}[k a[mxm;awmfrl\[k qdkonf/ 62/
ocifjrwfqdkif azmfjyaom txufygokwfudk pdppfaomtcg ygVdawmfü ]]£'H acg t[H
0pä tm'De0H orÜórmaem {0HH £rmed oAÁaom 'd|d*wmed tEky*awm}} (r? 2? 153) [lí vm½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefü ]]0pä-igonf þtjypfudk aumif;pGm jrifEdkifonfjzpfíomvQif þodkUtcgcyfodrf; 'd|dt,lwdkUodkU ruyfa&muf[k rdefUawmfrl\}} (r? jref?2? 162) þodkU jyefqdkxm;onf/ 63/
þwGif ta&;BuD;aom tcsufrSm &DvD*sif;rS vmaom bmom[laompum;vHk;ESifh
'd|d*wyk'frS vmonfh rdpämt,lwdkU\ jcm;em;csufudkrjrifbJ twlxm;í ocifjrwfqdkif qdkrdacsonf? apm'uq&mawmfwdkU wifjyaom bmomrJh [lonfrSm-bmomw&m; [lorQwdkUudk odrf;usHK;ykwfcwf tjypfqdkNyD; pGefUy,fxm;onfhtwGuf þolrsm;onf bmomrJholrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkvdk\? bmom[laom pum;jzifh rdpämt,ludkqdkvdkonfr[kwfay? oufqdkif&m bk&m;a[mpum;awmf tqHk;trawmfudk bmom[k qdkvdkjcif;
jzpf\?
odkUjzpfí
ocifjrwfqdkif\
ajzMum;csufonf
apm'emESifh
tenf;i,frQ
pyf[yfudkufnDjcif; r½dSaom ajzqdkcsuf jzpfonf/ 64/
wpfzef rlvyPÖo oav’cokwfwGif ]]t,lrSefu rdrdt,ludkyg wpfzefjyefvnfí
pGefUvTwfavmh? þum; at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\}}[k þokwfwGif 16-BudrfrQ yg½dSygonf bk&m; [k ocifjrwfqdkifu udk;um;í qdkxm;\? ygVdawmfü trSef½dSonfum; ]]rdrd t,ludk vGefpGm pJGvrf;um jrJjrHpGm ,lvsuf jyefvnf rpGefUvTwfEdkifaom yk*¾dKvftm; rdrdt,ludk vGefpGm rpJGvrf;bJ jrJjrHpGm r,lbJ pGefUvTwfEdkifjcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\}} (r? jref?1? 60/) [k yg½dS\? þoav’cokwf\ qdkvdk&if;um; olUtoufudk owfavh½dSaom oltm; ygPmwdygwrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\/ y/ rdpämt,l½dSaom yk*¾dKvftm; or®mt,lç ,ljcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\? rdrdt,ludk jyefvnf rpGefUvTwfEdkifavmufatmif vGefpGm pJGvrf; jrJjrHpGm ,laomoltm; þodkU vGefpGm rpJGvrf;bJ jrJjrHpGm r,lbJ pGefUvTwfEdkifjcif;onf at;Nidrf;&ef jzpf\? þodkU vm½dS\? ocifjrwfqdkif qdkouJhodkU t,lrSefu rdrdt,ludkyg wpfzef jyefvnfí pGefUvTwfavmh [laom teuft"dyÜm,frsKd; rvmr½dSacs? þvnf; bmomt,l0g'ESifh rdpämt,l þESpfrsKd;onf tenf;i,frQ qufpyf wlnDjcif; r½dS? t,l[laom pum;vHk; wlumrQjzifh rdrdvdk&mqJGNyD; ocifjrwfqdkif udk;um;aejcif;om jzpfonf/ 65/
rZösdryPÖmo? 'DCecokwf 156-wGif ]]t,ltm;vHk;udk ig rESpfouf[k qdkavh½dSolç
t,ltm;vHk;udk ESpfoufolç t,ltcsKdUudk ESpfouftcsKdUudk rESpfoufol [lí oHk;rsKd; ½dS\? þtxJü t,ltm;vHk;udk rESpfoufaom olomvQif oHa,mZOfukef&m wPSmukef&m udavom Nidrf;&m eD;pyf&m eD;pyf\[k a[monf (qdkvdk&if;udk twdkcsKyfazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? tus,fudk rlvokwfwGif Munfh½Iawmfrlyg bk&m;) [k ocifjrwfqdkif qdk\? xdk'DCecokwf ygVdawmfudk Munfh½IoHk;oyf&mwGif þodkU awGU&\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
392
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wMw*¾da0óe a, aw orPjAm[®Pm {0H 0g'daem {0H 'd|daem oAÁH ar eu©rwDwd?
aw or,H 'd|d to&m*g, oEÅdau tonm0g, oEÅdau tebdeE´em, oEÅdau teaZösmome, oEÅdau tEkyg'gem, oEÅdauwd/ (r? 2/ 166/) [kawGU&onf? þ ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef rl&if;ü ]]t*¾da0óe. . . xdkoHk;rsKd;aom yk*¾dKvfwdkUwGif t,ltm;vHk;udk ig rESpfouf[k þodkU qdkavh½dSukefaom þodkU ,lavh½dSukefaom olwdkU\ t,l0g'onf jyif;pGm rwyfjcif;iSm eD;pyf\? oHa,mZOf rjzpfjcif;iSm eD;pyf\? tvGefrESpfoufjcif;iSm eD;pyf\? rvTrf;rdk; rzdpD;jcif;iSm eD;pyf\? jyif;pGm rpJGvrf;jcif;iSm eD;pyf\[k rdefUawmfrl\}} (r? jref?2? 176/)? þodkU jyefqdkxm;onfudk awGU&onf? ocifjrwfqdkifonf jrefrmjyefudk tusOf;csKH;í qdk&mwGif vdk&if;trSefudk xdrdatmifrqdkbJ
csefxm;ívnf;aumif;?
tydkxnfhpGufívnf;aumif;
qdkxm;onfudk
awGU&\?
bmomt,l0g'ESifh rdpämt,l þESpfrsKd;udk wlnDav[ef a&maESmí qdkxm;aomaMumifh bmomrJh apm'emudk ajzqdk&m ra&mufay/ 67/
¤if;aemuf Oy&dyPÖmo? omr*grokwf 36-wGif ]]tmeE´m. . . tMuif &[ef;onf
aus;Zl;udk acszsufavh½dS\? *kPfûydifavh½dS\? 0efwdkavh½dS\? [efaqmifwwf\? vSnfhywfwwf\? ,kwfnHhaom tvdkqdk;½dS\? rdrdt,lom rSef\[k pJGjrJpGm ,lavh½dS\? xdkt,ludk pGefUEdkifcJ\? xdk&[ef;onf odu©moHk;yg;udk rusifhaom &[ef;wnf;}} xdkUaMumifh wynfhawmfrsm;onf bmomudkvnf; pGefUonf? t,ludkvnf;
pGefUygonf
bk&m;[k
qdkjyefonf?
þokwfudk
udk;&mwGifvnf;
a½SUenf;twlyif
bmomt,l0g'ESifh rdpämt,ludk wpfwef;wpfpm;wnf; xm;í udk;um;NyD;aemuf bmomudkvnf; pGefUonf? t,ludkvnf; pGefUonf[k bmomESifh t,lcJGjcm;í qdkjyefonf? a½SUaemuf tNrD;tarmufrwJhaom tqdkom jzpfaMumif;xif½Sm;avonf?
ocifjrwfqdkifonf
bmomESifh
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axmufyhHcdkifrmaom axmufyHhcdkifrmjcif;odkUa&mufaom tMuif Oyg'dEé"mwfoabmonf ½dS\? þOyg'dEé"mwfoabmonf tb,fenf; [lrl-txufodkU qefwufaom avç atmufodkU pkef qif;aomavç 0rf;ü wnfaomavç tltwGif;ü wnfaomav? t*FgBuD;i,fodkU tpOfavQmuf wwfaomavç xGufouf 0ifoufavç xdkUtjyiftZöswåoEÅmefü jzpfaom udk,fudk pJGíjzpfaom axmufyHhcdkifrmaom axmufyHhcdkifrmjcif;odkUa&mufaom tjcm;tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'dEé"mwfoabmonf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
403
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
½dS\? &m[kvm. . .þtvHk;pHkaom "mwfoabmudk tZöswåoEÅmefü jzpfaom 0ga,m"mwf[lí qdktyf\/ trSeftm;jzifh
tMuif
tZöswåoEÅmefüjzpfaom
0ga,m"mwfonf
vnf;aumif;?
tMuif
A[d'¨oEÅmefü jzpfaom 0ga,m"mwfonf vnf;aumif; ½dS\? xdktvHk;pHkaom 0ga,m"mwfonf 0ga,m"mwfcsif; wlonfomwnf;? tvHk;pHkaom 0ga,m"mwfonf igydkifOpöm r[kwf? xdk0ga,m"mwfonf igr[kwf? xdk0ga,m"mwfonf rdrdudk,f twår[kwf[lí þodkU xdk0ga,m"mwfoabmudk razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; aumif;pGm 0dyóem ÓPfynmjzifh½Ityf\? þodkU xdk0ga,m"mwfudk razmufrjyef [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; aumif;pGm 0dyóemÓPfynmjzifh½INyD;í 0ga,m"mwfü NiD;aiGU\? 0ga,m"mwfü pdwfonf wyfjcif; uif;\/ (r/ jref?2? 92 93/) (rZösdrPÖo ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef) þ bk&m;a[mygVdawmf txift½Sm; azmfjycsufrSm xdk0ga,m"mwfudk 0dyóem½I&ef qHk;rjcif;om jzpf\? 0ga,m"mwfudk NiD;aiGUNyD; 0ga,m"mwfü pdwfwyfNidjcif; uif;ap&ef jzpf\? vlaovljzpf q&mwynfhwdkU
qJG,lcsifovdk
]]aocgeD;
xGufaom
0ga,m"mwfu
tmumoxJ
ysHUvGifhaeNyD;
tcsdeftwefMumaomtcg vlwpfOD;OD;\ ESmacgif;xJ jyef0ifí okufawGjzpfyGm;apvsuf vlrsKd;aph usjyef&m}} qdkonfh vHk;0 rjzpfEdkifaom pdwful;tdyfrufudk taxmuftul rûyacs/ wpfzef o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf rv’dumokwf 75-udk taxmuftxm; ûyí ]]þü jrwfpGmbk&m;u þodkU a[mygonf bk&m;? tpJGqHk; tcspfqHk;onf rdrdudk,fudkomwnf;? tb,ft&yfodkU vSnfhvnf ½SmazGapumrl b,ft&yfwGifrS rdrdudk,fxuf ydkí cspftyf ESpfouftyfaom oludk rawGUEdkif? þtwdkif; omwnf;? þodkUvQif twå0g'kyg'gefonf a½SUaqmifOyg'gef jzpfaeonf[k q&mawmf t½SifOuú| rdefUqdkygonf bk&m;? þbk&m;a[m w&m;udk ausmfNyD; wd&pämefESifh rdk;ay:u ewfjA[®m jzpfEdkifonfqdkaom t,ludk q&mawmf t½SifOuú|u pOf;pm;jcif; rûyawmhyg bk&m;}}[k ocifjrwfqdkifu aom"emwifvTmü qdk\/ 16/
xdkUjyif vlaovljzpfjyóem 113-ü olwdkUq&mwynfhESpfa,muf aqG;aEG;yHkudkvnf;
þodkU a&;om;xm;\/ ]]q&mawmf qdkvdkwmu twå0g'kyg'gefu vJG&if usefwJh Oyg'gefw&m; taMumuftuef udk,fa&;udpö tBuD;tus,f toufeJU xdvm&if ûywfvdkU &w,f? ûywfatmif jywfatmif jzpfEdkifMuw,f? 'Dvdk r[kwfvm;-q&mawmf}} ]]at;av- 'D twå0g'kyg'gefqdkwmu to®drme w&m;BuD;yJuG? to®drmeqdkwmu 'dkU O'gef;ygVdawmft& pmpum;eJU ajym&&if t&[wår*f t&d,mtqifh a&mufrS ûywfwJh w&m;BuD;yJ? tvGefcdkifwJh tpJGBuD;yJuG}}
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
404
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wpfzef pmrsufESm 118-ü .. ]]udkif; 'gjzifh 'D twå0g'kyg'gefudk ykxkZOfutp tem*grftxd pJGwJh tpJGtm;vkH;&JU tpJGbk&if xdyfacgifwifqdkwm 'dkU twnfûy,if uefUuGufp&m ½dSao;ovm;}}[k qdkyHkudk a&;om;xm;onf/ 17/
txufyg
tqdkoHk;&yfwGif
OD;Ouú|rS
tp
ol\wynfh
tqufqufwdkUonf
twå0g'kyg'gefESifh umrkyg'gefudk a&maxG;xufatmuf aZmufxdk;ajymif;jyef ,lqvsuf ½dSaMumif; awGU&\? trSefrSm twå0g'kyg'gefonf tem*grftxd cdkifcdkifjrJjrJ rûywfao;bJ ½dS\? þodkU twå0g'kyg'gefESifh umrkyg'gefwdkUonf o½kyfoabmtm;jzifh uGJjym;vsuf ½dSMuonf/ wpfzef
uJGjym;aeaom
twå0g'kyg'gefESifh
to®drmeudk
]]'Dtwå0g'kyg'gefqdkwmu
to®drmew&m;BuD;yJuG}}[k twlxm;í OD;Ouú| qdk\? trSefum; rlvyPÖmo or®m'd|dokwf ponfü to®drmeESifh to®d'd|d ESpfrsKd;½dSaMumif;? to®d'd|dac: 'd|Kyg'gefonf aomwmyefb0üyif uif;jywfNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; to®drmeum; tem*grfyk*¾dKvftxd ½dSaeao;aMumif; vmonfudk owdrûyrdjcif;aMumifh qdkrdjcif; jzpf\? Xif½Sm;aptHh/ ]],awm acg/ y#d,mEko,H y#d0daema'wGm to®dwd 'd|drmem Eko,H orl[edwGm t0dZÆH y[m, 0dZÆH OyÜga'wGm 'da|0 "ar® 'ku© óEÅua&m a[mwd}} (r? 1? 500/) tMuiftcgü / y/ xdk&[ef;onf y#dCmEko,udk y,fcGmí ig[lí jzpfaom 'd|dESifhwlaom rmemEko,udk Ekwfy,fí t0dZÆmudk y,fí 0dZÆmÓPfudk jzpfapí rsufarSmufb0ü 'ku©\ tqHk;udk ûy\/ þygVdawmfü 'd|d rmemEko,H [laom pum;wGif to®d'd|dESifh to®drmeESpfrsKd; yg0ifEdkifaomaMumifh þü t&[wår*fçzdkvfudk qdkvdk&um; to®drmeudkom ,lapvdkonfjzpfí t|uxmq&mu. . .to®dwd 'd|drmeEko ,EÅd 'd|do'doH rmemEko,EÅd 0kwåH a[mwd. . .[k ,if;t|uxm 209-ü trSmtxm; rdefUMum;awmfrlonf? t"dyÜm,fum; twå0g'kyg'gefac: 'd|mEko,udk aomwmywådr*fjzifh y,fNyD;jzpfí þt&[wår*ft&mwGif rmemEko,udkom ,l&rnf[k qdkvdkayonf/ þteuft"dyÜm,fudk rodíjzpfap odvsuftrSefudk rsufuG,fûyvdkíjzpfap twå0g'kyg'gefudk ]]t&[wår*f t&d,mtqifha&mufrS ûywfwJh w&m;BuD;yJ? tvGefcdkifwJh tpJGBuD;yJ}}[lí vnf;aumif; ]]tm;vHk;&JU tpJGbk&if xdyfacgifwif}}[lívnf;aumif; OD;Ouú|onf wpfwpfcGcG rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; qdkxm;ayonf/ wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]twå0g'kyg'gefu vJG&if usefwJhOyg'gefawG[m ûywfatmif jywfatmif jzpfEdkifMuw,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfvm; q&mawmf}}[k oludk,fwdkifu em;rvnfonfhtwdkif; ar;&m ]]at;av}}[k q&muvnf; a&mí vdkuf\/ þodkUvQif q&mwynfh ESpfOD;om;wdkU\ trSm;a'oemonf þaom"emtajzvTmü vmí xif[yfvsuf ½dSaeayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
405
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkUjyif rv’dumokwfudk udk;um;í twå0g'kyg'gefu a½SUaqmifOyg'gef jzpfaeonf[k q&mawmf t½SifOuú|u rdefUqdkygonf [laom pum;ESifh pyfí pdppf&mwGif þodkUawGU&\/ rv’dumrdzk&m;u ]]t½Sifrif;jrwf. . . tuREkfyftzdkU rdrdxufydkí cspf&rnfhol wpfpHkwpfa,mufrQ r½dSyg}}[lí ajzqdkNyD;aemuf aumorif;BuD;tm; ]]t½Sifrif;BuD;rSmaum rdrdxuf ydkí cspf&rnfhol wpfpHkwpfa,muf ½dSygovm;}}[k ar;&m ]]r,SrÜd acg rv’dau ew¬anm aumpd twåem yd,wa&m}}=tb,frv’dum. . . ighrSmvnf; rdrdxufydkí cspf&rnfhol r½dS}}[k jyefajymNyD; aumovrif;BuD;onf þtaMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;xH oGm;a&mufí avQmufxm;aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf yxr rv’dumokwf 75-ü atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ ]]rdrdxufydkí cspf&rnfholudk tvHk;pHkaom t&yf½SpfrsufESmwdkUü pdwfjzifh (0g-aphaph pyfpyf) vSnfhvSnfí ½Smaomfvnf; rnfonfhae&mrS rawGUEdkif? þenf;twdkif; tjcm;aom owå0gwdkUonfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk toD;toD; cspfjrwfEdk;Muonfom jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fusKd;udk,fpD;yGm;udk tvdk½dSaom olonf olwpfyg;udk rn§Of;yef; rEdSyfpuf&m}} (rn§Of;yef; rESdyfpufygavESifh)/ oAÁm 'dom tEky&d*r® apwaom? ae0ZÑ0g yd,w&rwåem uGpd/ {0H yda,m ykxk twåm ya&oH? wo®m e [ð ao y&rwåumar/ (oH? 1/ 75/) 18/
þae&mü
yaóe'Daumovrif;ç
rv’dumrdzk&m;wdkU
ajymaompum;ç
bk&m;½Sif
a[mawmfrlaom w&m;pum;awmfwdkUü rdrd-rdrd[laom toHk;tEIef;onf ]]twå}} udk qdkvdkaom rdrd r[kwf? twå0g'ESifh rnfodkUrQ ywfoufjcif; r½dSacs/ trSefum; orkwdopöm
(Conventional
[k
Truth)
ac:qdkMuaom avmua0g[m& toHk;tEIef;om jzpf\/ rdrdudk,fudk ñTefjyaom pum;om jzpfayonf/ oAÁñkbk&m;½SifwdkUonf udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlxm;aom w&m;"r®rsm;udk jyefvnf a[mMum;aomtcg orkwdopömjzpfaom avmua0g[m&rsm;udk toHk;ûyí a[mMum;&ayonf? ,if;odkU a[mMum;&mü rdpämÓPf½dSolwdkUtaejzifh rdrdvdk&m qJGí teufaumufr,lEdkif&ef y&d,m,f pum;vHk;rsm;pGm ulí ay;cJhonf? odkU&mwGif pkPÖd,pum;ajy r[kwfbJ ygVd*gxmrsm;ürl y&d,m,fwl ulí ray;Edkifay? rdpämÓPf½dSolwdkUonf
þtcsufudk
tuGufaumif;,lí
ygVda0g[m&\
teufudk
rdrdvdk&m
qJG,lazmfjyavonf/ txl;ojzifh tewå0g'u EdSrfxm;jcif; cHae&aom twå0g'DwdkUonf t>rufaxmif&ef tuGufacsmif;aeonfhtm;avsmfpGm qifwl,dkrSm; vkyfí&rnfh ae&mrsKd;ü 0ifyl;Muavonf? txufyg ygVd*gxmü yg½dSaom twåemç twåmç twåaem[laom ygVda0g[m&rsm;\ ]]rdrdudk,f}}[laom teufrSefudk z,fNyD; ig ig ig [laom twåteufudk oGwfoGif;,lMuavonf/ 19/
rpöpf ½dkufa';ApfESifh olr\ae&mudk qufcHaom rpöpf tdkifbDa[mfemwdkUu þodkUaom
avmua0g[m& orkwdopömtoHk;udk t>rufaxmifum "r®pMumESifh wpfqufwnf; a[mxm;aom tewåvu©PokwfawmfBuD;udk rod[efaqmifí Ak'¨onf twåudk ry,f? tewå0g'qdkonfrSm Ak'¨\ wynfhom;ajr;wdkUu aemufrSxGifaom 0g'[k qdkMuonf? ,if;odkU taemufEdkifiHu emrnfBuD;aom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
406
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ygVdynm½SifBuD;rsm;\ trSm;udk jrefrmjyef rEÅav;ûrdU Ak'¨bmomtoif; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwmqdkeDu 1953 ckESpf? arvxkwf tv,fvrf;r*¾Zif;
(The Middle Way)
ESm (40)ü þodkU
acsya&;om;cJhavonf/ I have read with great concern the article by Miss I.B.Homer on the above subject in your Journal of November 1952. She seems to be entertaining the impression that "early Buddhism of the Vinaya and the Suttapitaka does not exactly Teach not-self". In support of this view she has marshalled a number of extracts from the scriptures, but without any convincing results. Commenting on these quotations she strangely adds that some of these passages "have been too much overlooked" and that these mentin "the logical opposite of Anatta". I was certainly suprised to see that a Pāli scholar of the eminence as Miss Horner understood the passages in the way she did. My shock is, however tempeered by the feeling that perhaps she is following in the footsteps of illustrous Pali scholar, the late Mrs.Rhys Davids, who towards the end of her days began to suggest similar ideas. I humbly and respectfully suggest that most of the passages quoted by Miss Horner would be clearer in the meaining if understood in terms of the conventional of the word "self". Yours R.L Soni Burma.
1952-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf r*¾Zif;yg rpöpf tdkif bD a[mfem a&;aomaqmif;yg;udk zwfrdí tawmf pdwfraumif; jzpfcJhygonf? 0denf;yd#uESifh okwåefyd#uyg0ifaom a½S;usaom Ak'¨"r®onf tewå0g'udk wduspGm roifMum;[laom tjrifudk olr vufcHcJh[ef ½dSonf/ rdrd\ tjrifudk cdkifjrJap&ef ygVdawmfrsm;rS
aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk
olrxkwfí
jycJhavonf?
odkU&mwGif
odomaom
tusKd;
wpfpHkwpf&mr½dS jzpfcJhavonf? olr\ aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;&mü þpmydk'frsm;udk vltrsm;wdkUu rsufpdvQHcJhonf[lí vnf;aumif;? þpmydk'frsm;u tewå0g'udk qefUusifaeaMumif; azmfjyonf[lí vnf;aumif; olru xl;qef;pGm qdkonf? rpöpfa[mem uJhodkUaom xif½Sm;onfh ygVdpaumvm; wpfa,mufu þpmydk'frsm;udk þenf;twdkif; em;vnfxm;onfudk awGU&í trSefyif thHMordygonf/ odkU&mwGif emrnfausmf ygVdynm½Sif uG,fvGefol rpöpf½dkufpfa';Apfonf olruG,fvGefcgeD;tcgü tvm;wl t,ltqrsm; ,lqoGm;cJh&m olr\ ajc&mudk rpöpfa[mfem vdkufaejcif; jzpfrnf[k awG;rdí pdwfoufom&m &ygonf/ rpöpfa[mem udk;um;xm;aom (twåa0g[m& ygaom) pmydk'ftrsm;rSm avmua0g[m& tm;avsmfpGm ]]rdrd}}[laom pum;vHk;\ teufudk em;vnfvdkufygu t"dyÜm,f ½Sif;vif;oGm;rnf[k av;pm;pGm tMuHûyygonf/ oif\-tm&f t,fv qdkeD Armjynf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
407
tpodkU 20/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhwdkUonf igç ig[mç ightdrfç igh,mç igESifhpyfaomol paom
avmua0g[m& toHk;tEIef; [lorQwdkUudk twå0g'kyg'gef [k xifrSwfí ,if;udk vlaovljzpf0g'\ tajccHûyxm;jcif;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;vSonf/ aoqHk;ol vlwpfa,muf\ Oyg'dEé"mwfonf avxkwGif;odkU tjcm;"mwfrsm;ESifh ta&mtpyf r½dS oD;jcm;
vGifhyg;oGm;yHkç
xdkvGifhaom
"mwfonf
rlvwl&m
"mwfrsm;ESifh
pyf&ef
owå0gwdkU\
ESmacgif;twGif;odkU &IavESifhtwl ygoGm;MuyHkç "mwfwl&m vlüomvQif ¤if;wdkU\ aoG;ESifh a&mpyfum aoG;rS okuftjzpfodkU ajymif;í vdkufygoGm;yHkudkvnf; OD;Ouú|u rnfonfh ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumrSmrS tqdktvm r½dSbJ rdrdxif&mjrif&m taMumif;,kwdåûyí qdkcJhonf/ r[mwPSmocF,okwf
y#doaE¨aecef;ü
*E¨AÁ[laom
y#doaE¨aernfh
owå0gudkvnf;
*E¨AÁ"mwf[k ½Sm½SmazGazG xkwfvkyfwDxGifcJhonf? þtqdk þ,kwådwdkUum; twå0g'kyg'gef[laom uGif;qufonf usKd;ç Oyg'dEé"mwf[laom uGif;qufvnf;jywfç *E¨AÁ"mwf[laom uGif;qufvnf; yJhíaeojzifh vlaovljzpfwnf;[laom vdktyfaom tusKd;udk qufpyfí ray;Edkifatmif ½dSawmh\? xif&m jrif&m pyf[yfzmax;xm;aom uGif;qufrsm;jzpfí vlaovljzpf0g'tjzpfjzifh qufpyfívnf; r&EdkifbJ ½dSavawmhonf/ (aemufü tus,f½Sif;OD;tHh) 21/
þwGif ocifjrwfqdkif ñTefjyxm;aom taMumif;,kwådrsm;teuf vlESifh wd&pämefwdkUonf
wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; têudufcsif;vnf;rwlç todcsif;vnf;rwlMu? vluyef;udk vSrSef; odí wd&pämefu pm;zG,f[k xifonf [laom ,kwådudk jy\/ þ,kwådonf cdkifvHkjcif; r½dSay? wd&pämefrSmvnf; tod ½dSonfom jzpf\/ olwdkUvnf; tvSty êudufonfyif? wd&pämefwdkUvnf; vluJhodkUyif om,maomtoHudk êudufonf? ykavGoHcsKdcsKd wl&d,moH omomudk uJRç EGm;ç jrif;ç aus;iSuf tp½dSaom owå0gwdkUonf pdkufí em;axmifwwfMuonf? vlonf tcsKdç tzefç tiefç tcg; êudufovdk om;aumif iSufaumifwdkUvnf; êudufonfyif/ 22/
ocifjrwfqdkifu aoG;oGif;&mwGif vl-vlcsif;rS aoG;oGif;í &onf? wd&pämefaoG;udk
oGif;r&[k ,kwådwpfck jy\/ þtaMumif;jycsufonf vufawGUusus rSm;avonf? vl-vlcsif;yif jzpfaomfvnf; wpfrdaygufwnf;yif aoG;csif; wlygoavm? aoG;trsKd;tpm; rwlvQif vlvlcsif;yif aoG;oGif;í r&ay? wpfzefvnf; wd&pämefwdkU\ taoG;tom;udk tjrJrjywf pm;aomufrDS0Jaeaom vlwdkU\ aoG;ESifh
rwnfhcJhygvQif
xdkwd&pämefwdkU\
taoG;tom;onf
tqdyfawmufjzpfav&m\?
a&m*g
pJGuyfaeaom tcsKdUolrsm;onf arsmufaoG;ESifh t&ufudk aomuf&rS a&m*gaysmufí emvHxlí vmMu\? usef;rm0ûzd;í vmMu\? þtcsufudkaxmufvQif vlUaoG;ESifh wd&pämefaoG;onf a&mpyfí r&avmufatmif rwnfh[k qdkEdkifzG,f r½dSaMumif; odomvSayonf/ 23/
tdyfruf ruf&mwGif vlonf vlUtaMumif;udkom rufonf? wd&pämeftaMumif;udk rruf?
ewfjA[®mtaMumif;udk rruf? xdkUaMumifh atmufodkUvnf; rqif;? txufodkUvnf; rwuf[k ,kwådjyjyef\?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
408
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tdyfrufruf&mwGifvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;½dS&m "mwfacsmufcsm;í rufjcif;ç wpfpHkwpf&m jzpfysuf&ef edrdwftjzpf tdyfruf rufjcif;ç awGUêuHcHpm;zl;onfudk pJGí rufjcif; ponftaMumif;rsm;teuf rdrdtawGUtêuHudkom
trsm;tm;jzifh
rufwwfonfrSmvnf;
"r®wmvdkyif
jzpf\/
odkUaomf
wd&pämeftaMumif; rruf[k rnfol qdkEdkifygoenf;/ xdkUaMumifh
þ,kwådvnf;
aCmouolaX;tavmif;onf
zJGpkay:ü
wdkifpdkufjcif;uJhodkU
acG;rBuD;taMumif;udk
pOf;pm;,if;
cdkifjrJjcif; uG,fvGefí
r½dS
jzpfayonf?
acG;jzpfoGm;aMumif;?
EGm;owform;ç 0ufowfrm;wdkUonf aocgeD;aomtcg EGm;vdkatmf 0ufvdkatmfonfudk Mum;odaeMu &aMumif; "r®y't|uxmüvmonf? tdrfü arG;xm;aom acG;uav; aMumifuav; ponfwdkUudk pdwfrcsEdkifí t&yfwyg; c&D;oGm;,if; tdyfrufaxG&m rufMuonfrSmvnf; rjiif;omaom tcsufjzpfonf/ 24/
toHvTifh&mwGif rDwmcsif; wlrS zrf;í &onf[k ,kwådwpfck qdk\? odkUaomf xdk,kwådvnf;
vlaovljzpftwGuf usm;uefay;Edkifjcif; r½dSay/? tbd"r®m oabmw&m;t& r[mbkwf "mwf½kyfwdkUonf bkwftqufquftm;jzifh t&yf&yfwGif ysHUvGifhae&m owå0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tmumo"mwfç reodum&ç aomwyom' þoHk;rsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; csKdUwJhaevQif xdkbkwftqufqufrSvmaom toHudk rMum;Edkif[k qdkxm;onf r[kwfavm? taMumif;rpHkvifvQif teD;tem;ü uyfvsuf½dSaom toHudkyif rMum;Edkif? Oyrm-em;yif ½dSaomfvnf; aomwyom' tvGeftm;enf;vQif rMum;Edkif? txl;ûyjyifxm;aom
ud&d,maomfvnf;aumif;
'dAÁaomw
tbdnmOf
paom
emrf"mwf
txl;ud&d,maomfvnf;aumif;ç r½dScJhygvQif a0;uGmaom t&yfrS toHç odrfarGUao;i,faom toHrsm;udk rMum;Edkifay/ xdkenf;twdkif; tqif; ta&miftrsKd;rsKd; teD;tem;üyif ½dSaomfvnf; pu©Kyom' tvGef tm;enf;aevQif rjrifEdkif? tm½Hku tvGef rIefrTm; ao;i,faevQifvnf; pu©Kyom' tm;aumif;apumrl rjrifEdkif? xdkUaMumifh oabmprS ydkrdkuJvGefaom tultnDjzpfonfh rsufrSefrS pí rSefajymif;txd ½kyftultnD 'dAÁKpu©K paom emrftultnD rygvQif xdk½lyg½Hkudk ½Sdyif ½dSaomfvnf; rjrifEdkifonfum; vlwdkif; vufcHxm;aom obm0"r®yif r[kwfavm? xdkUaMumifh þ,kwådvnf; rcdkifvHkay/ 25/
þqdkcJhNyD;aom taMumif;tcsuf oufaoom"u ajrmufjrm;pGmwdkUjzifh pdppfcsuft&
½kyf0g'udk tajccHí [dk[mjyif onf[mpGufç zsufvdkzsufç jznfhvdkjznfhç taMumif;rwef rcdkifvHkaom ,kwådwdkUudk jyvdkjy OD;Ouú| zefwD;cJhaom vlaovljzpf0g'bufu a½SUaevdkufaom ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyaom"emcsufonf avmuDavmukwå&m ed,mr "r®ESifh rnDñGwfonfjzpfí w&m;r0ifonfhtjyif t"r® avQmufvJcsufrsm;om
jzpfaMumif;
trSwf(2)
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
pdppfoHk;oyfí
qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
409
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oHa,m*okwfESifh vlaovljzpf
26/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u or®m'd|dokwoetzJGUcsKyf\ opöm"r®pmapmif twJG1? trSwf
(1)ü awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|u Oyg'gef rjywfao;wJhvl aovQif vlyJjzpfr,fvdkU oHa,m*okwfü bk&m;a[maMumif;
azmfjyxm;csufonf
oHa,m*okwfESifhvnf;aumif;
tjcm;
trSefwu,f
½dSaeaom
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf
bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;
qefUusifvsuf½dSaMumif;
apm'emwifcJhMu\/ ,if; apm'emudk pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu jyefvnfacsy&mwGif OD;Ouú|\ tmabmftwdkif;yif a,musfm; rdef;rwdkUonf Oyg'gefaMumifh aoaomtcg rlv vlUb0üyif jyefjzpfaMumif; acsy avQmufxm;cJhayonf/ vlao vljzpf rjzpf(0g) vlaovQif vlomjzpf rjzpf[laom tcsufESifh ywfoufí apm'u pk'dwuESpfbuf vkí ajymaeMuaom t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf owåuedygwf oHa,m*okwfudk Munfh&mwGif þodkUawGU&ayonf/ ]]£w¬d bdu©a0 tZÑwåH £wd`E´d,H reodua&mwd £w¬dukwåH £w¬muyÜH/ y/ {0H acg bdu©a0 £w¬d £w¬wHå emwd0wåwd? (tH/ 2? 440/) (tH-owåuedygwf oHa,m*okwf)
jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU. . .trowå0gonf rdrdoEÅmefü jzpfaom trowå0gwdkU\ £a`E´ç tûytrl/ y/ toGiftjyifç trowå0gwdkU\ rmefç tvdkç toHç tqifwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\? olronf xdkckESpfrsKd;wdkUü wyfruf\? tvGefarGUavsmf\/ xdkolronf xdkckESpfrsKd;wdkUü wyfrufonf jzpfí arGUavsmfonf jzpfí xdkolronf tjyifyü zdkowå0g\ £a`E´/ y/ tqifwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\/ xdkckESpfrsKd;aom zdkowå0g\ £a`E´ponfwdkUü wyfruf\/ tvGefarGUavsmf\? xdkolronf xdkckESpfrsKd;aom yk&doda`E´ ponfwdkUü wyfrufonfjzpfí tvGef arGUavsmfonfjzpfí tjyiftyü aygif;azmf,SOfwJGjcif;udk tvdk½dS\? aygif;azmf ,SOfwJGjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom okca0'em aomreóa0'emwdkUudkvnf; tvdk½dS\/ &[ef;wdkU. . . trowå0g\ tjzpfü tvGef arGUavsmfaom owå0gonf tzdkowå0gwdkUü aygif;azmf,SOfwJGjcif;odkU a&muf\? &[ef;wdkU þodkUvQif trowå0gonf trowå0g\ tjzpfudk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ zdkowå0gtwGufvnf; þtwlyif a[mawmfrlygonf? xdkUjyif trowå0gonf trowå0gtqifhrS vGefajrmufí tzdkjzpfvmyHk tzdkowå0gonf tzdkowå0gtjzpfrS vGefajrmufí tr jzpfvmyHkudkvnf; ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ þokwfü ouúm,'d|dESifh b0wPSmudk tajccHNyD; tzdktr jzpfwwfyHk tMurf;pm;udk a'oemtpOf a&mufonftm;avsmfpGm a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
410
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
27/
þoHa,m*okwfudk tusOf;csKyfaomf þodkU &ay\/
(1)
rdef;ronf
rdrdb0udk
oGifjyif[efyefudk
om,m\?
oabmus\?
wGJ,SOfjcif;aMumifh
rdrdb0udk
a,mufsm;ESifh
jzpfay:vmrnfh
arQmfvifhawmifhwonfhtwdkif;
om,m,if;
wJG,SOfjcif;udk
MunfEl;rIudk
wJG,SOfjcif;odkU
a,mufsm;wdkU\
arQmfvifhawmifhw\? arQmfvifhawmifhw\?
a&muf\?
þodkUûyvQif
rdef;ronf
rdef;rb0udk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ (2)
a,musfm;onf oGifjyif[efyefudk wGJ,SOfrIaMumifh
rdrdb0udk
om,m\?
oabmus\?
rdef;rESifh
jzpfay:vmrnfh
rdrdb0udk
om,m,if;
wJG,SOfjcif;udk
MunfEl;rIudk
arQmfvifh arQmfvifh
rdef;rwdkU\ awmifhw\? awmifhw\?
arQmfvifhawmifhwonfhtwdkif; wJG,SOfjcif;odkU a&muf\? þodkUûyvQif þa,musfm;onf a,musfm;b0udk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ (3)
txufyg tcsufESpf&yfudk ajymif;jyef vSefaomtm;jzifh rdrd rdef;rb0udk rom,m? rdef;rtoGiftjyifudk oabmrus? zdkESifhwJG&ef rarQmfvifh? ,SOfwJGMunfEl;rIudk rvdkvm;? zdkESifh r,SOfwJGaom rdef;ronf rdef;rb0udk vGwfajrmufEdkifonf/
(4)
xdkenf;twl a,musfm;b0udk rom,molç a,musfm;oGifjyifudk oabmrusolç rESifhwJG&ef rarQmfvifholç ,SOfwJG MunfEl;rIudk rarQmfvifholç rESifh r,SOfwJGol a,musfm;onf a,musfm;b0udk vGefajrmufEdkifonf/
txufyg
tcsufav;csufudk
þoHa,m*okwfu
azmfjyayonf/
þoHa,m*okwf\
tqdktrdefUonf ouúm,'d|dESifh b0wPSmt& zdkrjzpfwwfyHkudk a,bk,senf;tm;jzifh a[mMum;aomokwf jzpfayonf? owå0gwdkU\ pdwfqE´tvdkuf zdk r jzpfwwfyHkudkom azmfjy\? a,musfm;ao a,mufsm;jzpf rdef;rao rdef;rjzpf[k rlao r½dSaMumif;vnf; þokwfuyif azmfjy\? xdkESifh wpfqufwnf;yif vlaovQif vljzpf&rnf[laom owfrSwfcsufrsKd; (0g) oów'd|dt,lrsKd;udkvnf; þokwfu vHk;0 rjyacs/ xdkUjyif þoHa,m*okwfvm twd0wåwd vGefajrmuf\ [laom pum;udk ]]twd0wåwDwd tebd&wmwd {0H 0kwåm, Av00dyóem, t&d,r*¾H ywGm twd0wå0d}[k t|uxmq&mawmf teufzGifhxm;\? jrefrmvdkaomfum; ]]vGefajrmuf\}}[k qdk&mwGif a½SUem;u ]]rarGUravsmf}}[laom pum;ESifhtnD cGeftm;½dSaom 0dyóemÓPftjrifjzifh t&d,r*fudk &a&mufjcif;tm;jzifh vGefajrmufjcif; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ a,musfm;b0ü raysmfaoma,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;b0udk vGefonf? rdef;rb0udk rwG,fwmaom rdef;ronf rdef;rb0udk vGefonfqdk&mü vGefyHkvGefenf;um; ta&;BuD;\? a,musfm;b0udk rwG,fwm rpJGvrf;oltaejzifh a,musfm;b0udk vGef\ qdkonfum; rdef;rjzpfoGm;onf[k qdkvdkonf r[kwfay?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
411
tpodkU odkUjzpfvQif
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rnfodkU
vGefoenf;?
t"dyÜm,ftwGif;ikyfae\?
xdkUaMumifh
t|uxmq&mjrwfu
vGefonfqdkonfrSm t&d,mr*fudk &oGm;jcif; jzpfonf[k teufrSefudk 0ifNyD; azmfay;jcif; jzpfayonf/ pifppf þoHa,m*okwfonf oHo&m0#ftwGif;ü vnfwwfyHkESifh oHo&m0#frS uRwfvGwf xGufajrmufyHkudk azmfjyaom okwfaywnf;? OD;Ouú|wdkUvlpk qdkvdkouJhodkU vlaovljzpf oów'd|dt,ludk azmfjyaomokwf r[kwfacs/ OD;Ouú|wdkUonf rdrdwdkU vlaovljzpftwGuf ygVdawmfrsm;udk toHk;cs&ef jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;udkyif
oów'd|dt,l½dSol
rdpäm'd|dBuD;wpfOD;
jzpfatmif
pGyfpJGapmfum;MuavNyD? oHo&m0efum; av;pG/ 28/
xdkUjyif
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf[lonf
þoHa,m*okwf
wpfokwfwnf;om
½dSonf
r[kwfay? tjcm;aom axmufxm;zG,f&m okwfygVdawmfrsm; 0denf;w&m;awmfrsm; tbd"r®mw&m;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm ½dSayonf? xdkxdk ygVdawmf tqdktrdefUrsm;ESifh nd§EIdif;csdefqwwf&ef vdkayonf? vlaoNyD;aemuf ewfjzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf i&JusyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf acG;jzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf NydwåmjzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf tol&um,fjzpfyHkç vlaoNyD;aemuf edAÁmef0ifpHyHk ponfjzifh a[mMum;aom okwfaygif;rsm;pGm ½dSavonf/ r[m0*¾ygVdawmf
Ze0obokwfü
vlaoNyD;aemuf
ewfjzpfyHkudk
þodkU
azmfjyxm;\?
AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk a½S;OD;pGm trÁv|d0eO,smOfü emMum;&onfh tcsdefrS pí aomwmyeft&d,mjzpfcJhonf? rif;BuD;onf vlUb0rS pkawaomtcg rdrd tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJhzl;aom pmwkr[m&mZfewfbHkü wG,fwmrIaMumifh xdkbHkü ewfom; oGm;í jzpfavonf? Ze0ob ewfom;[k trnfwGif\/ ewfom;onf
jrwfpGmbk&m;xHarSmuf
a&mufaomtcg
þodkU
avQmufxm;avonf?
½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. . .bk&m;wynfhawmfonf a½S;tcgu wynfhawmf aecJhzl;aom bHkü þewfb0rS vlUb0udk ckESpfBudrf? xdkvlUb0rS þewfb0odkU ckESpfBudrf? aygif; 14-Budrfwdkifwdkif (ewftjzpf? vltjzpf) jzpfcJh&onfudk rSwfrdygonfbk&m;-[k avQmufxm;avonf ('D? 3? 167/) ('DCedum,f r[m0*f Ze0obokwf) tu,fí vlUbHk vlUb0 vlrif;pnf;pdrfudk wG,fwmí Oyg'geftpJGtvrf;aMumifh jzpfpwrf;qdkvQif AdrÁdom&rif;onf
aoNyD;aemuf
Ze0obewfom;[lí a[mMum;csufonf
vlom
jyefí
txift½Sm;jzpfavonf? rkcsa'oem
r[kwf?
jzpf&ef½dSonf? þtcsufudk
jzpfwwfaom
,ckrlum;
pmwkr[m&mZfbHkü
axmuf½Ijcif;jzifh
oHa,m*okwfü
oabmrQudkom
a,bk,stm;jzifh
om"uwpfckudkvnf;
r[m0*¾ygVdawmf
a[mjcif;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 29/
vlrdef;rb0rS
ewfom;
oGm;jzpfaom
ouúyO§okwfü þodkU azmfjyxm;\? jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmftcgu uydv0wfûrdUü a*gydumrnfaom ousomuD0if trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf ½dS\/ olronf &wemoHk;yg;ü Munfñdkí tusifhoDvESifh jynfhpHkol jzpf\? rdef;rb0udk ½GH½Smpufqkyfí a,musfm;jzpf&mjzpfaMumif; w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\? xdkUaMumifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
412
tpodkU olr
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
uG,fvGefaomtcg
wm0wðomewfjynfü
a*g,uewfom;[laom
trnfjzifh
txift½Sm;
jzpfavonf/ a*gyuewfom;u ol\ twdwf vlUb0taMumif;udk þodkU jyefajymcJh\? tuREkfyfonf xdkpOftcgu rdef;rom;jzpfvsuf &wemoHk;yg;ü Munfñdkí oDvjznfhusifhNyD;vQif rdef;rb0udk pufqkyfí a,musfm;b0udk awmifhwcJhaomaMumifh odMum;rif;\ om;tjzpfodkU a&mufcJh&ygonf/ ('D? 2? 216/) txufyg
a*gydumtrsKd;orD;
taMumif;t&mudk
axmufí
rdef;rao
rdef;rjzpf[lí
tjrJr½dSEdkifaMumif;? vlaovljzpf[lívnf; ]]rl}} r½dSaMumif; odomxif½Sm;avonf? oHa,m*okwfonfum; udkif;ñTwfrI txl;½dSol tenf;pktwGuf jzpfwwfaom tajctaerQudkom azmfjyjcif; jzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ 30/ yg½dS\?
xdkrSwpfyg; vlaoNyD;aemuf i&Jusa&muf&yHkonfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ygVdawmfwdkUü rsm;pGm
txif½Sm;qHk;
om"urSm
a'0'wfyif
jzpf\?
bk&m;½Siftm;
aoG;pdrf;wnfatmifûyNyD;
oHCmoif;cJGaom yÍöeEÅ&d,uHaMumifh aoNyD;onfhaemuf t0Dpdi&JodkU usa&muf&aMumif; tcdkiftrm a[mMum;xm;csuf
½dSacsonf?
a'0'wfonf
t0Dpdi&Jom;wpfOD; oGm;í jzpf&avonf?
a,mufsm;jzpfí
vla,musfm;jyefjzpfzdkU
a0;pG?
þom"uonfvnf; oHa,m*okwfonf OD;Ouú|wdkU
qdkvdkouJhodkU vlaovljzpf om"u r[kwfaMumif; odEdkifonf/ 31/
xdkUjyif vlaoNyD; wd&pämef jzpf&yHkwdkUonf ygVdt|uxmwdkUü txift½Sm;yg½dS\/
oDvu©efygVdawmf okbokwf tzGifhü okb'g,um\ zcif awma',s ykPÖm;onf olUom;tdrfü acG; jyefjzpfaMumif; twdtvif; yg½dSonf/ awma',sykPÖm;onf Opöm&r®ufBuD;í ypönf;ESajrm\? bk&m;½SifESifh t&d,moHCmrsm;tm;
vª'gef;avh
r½dS?
aoaomtcg
om;tdrfü
acG;BuD;jzpfaeNyD;
bk&m;½Sifudk
awGUjrifaomtcg 0kwf0kwf[k a[mif\? xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]awma',s. . . oifonf ,cif vlb0wkef;uvnf; ypönf;&r®uf avmbwufí olawmfaumif;wdkUudk ray;rvªcJh? ,ckvnf; igbk&m;udk tb,faMumifh a[mif&bdoenf;}}[k rdefUMum;vdkufaomtcg awma',srS jzpfvmaom acG;onf pdwfrcsrf;omvSí jymykHü 0yf\/ okb'g,um odí olUzciftm; acG; jzpfaeonf[k ajym&ygrnfvm;[k rausreyfjzpfum jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmuf\? xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u þ acG; wd&pämefonf oifhzcif vlb0 awma',srS jzpfvmyHk? rSefuefaMumif; vufawGUodvdkvQif jr§Kyfxm;aom ypönf;wdkUudk þacG;tm; tjycdkif;avmh[k rdefUMum;\? acG;u ol vlUb0wkef;u vQKdU0SufpGm ajrü jr§Kyfxm;aom ypönf;OpömwdkUudk olUom;tm; jyay;ojzifh okb'g,umonf ypönf;Opöm rsm;pGm&rS jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUawmfrlonfhtwdkif; þacG;BuD;onf olUzcif vlrS jzpfvmaom wd&pämefygwum;[k vHk;0 ,HkMunfvufcHavonf/ ('D? |? 1? 317/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
413
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þodkUaom jzpf&yfESifh om"uwdkUudk bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;ü txift½Sm;awGU&aomaMumifh vlaovljzpfudk igom a[mwm r[kwf? bk&m;uyg a[mygw,f[k bk&m;½Siftm; qJGxnfhí r&EdkifaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 32/
wpfzef
vlaoNyD;
Nydwåm
jzpfaom
olwdkUum;
teEÅyif?
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('dAÁpu©KtbdnmOfjzifh) jrifí jrwfpGmbk&m;xH avQmufxm;&m igbk&m;vnf; xdkNydwåmBuD;udk jrifcJh\? xkwfajymaomf r,HkMuygu tjypfjzpfrnfpdk;í rajymcJhay? trSefpifppf xdkNydwåmonf &mZû*d[fûrdUwGif;rS EGm;owform; wpfa,mufaoNyD; jzpfaeaom Nydwåmwnf;[k rdefUMum;awmfrlavonf/ (0d? 1? 144/) þpum;onf
yg&mZduPfygVdawmf
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Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\
a[mMum;csufyif jzpf\? xdkEGm;owfa,musfm;onf ol\ a,musfm;b0udk Oyg'gefrnfrQ uyfonf jzpfap olûyaom tukodkvfuHu BuD;vGef;aeojzifh olaoNyD;aemuf vljzpfcGifh ray;bJ NydwåmBuD;jzpfvsuf ½dSayonf/ 33/
vlaoNyD;
tok&um,fjzpfaom
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ygxduokwfü þodkU yg½dS\? jrwfpGmbk&m;aemufu oydwfxrf;vdkufaom okeu©wåonf pdwfazmufjyefNyD; 0wfvpfpvpfaeí
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jrwfpGmbk&m;uodí aum&cwåd,wuwúwGef;udk oifrMunfñdkESifh[k okeu©wåtm; wm;jrpf\? r&ay? xdkUaMumifh oif Munfñdkaom aum&cwåd,onf ,aeUrS ckESpf&ufajrmufaomaeUü pm;ydk;eifhí aovdrfhrnf? aoNyD;aemuf t,kwfnHhqHk;aom tok&mbHkü umvuÍödumrnfaom tok&m jzpfvdrfhrnf? olUtavmif;udk Nydwfjrufawm½dSaom ocØsKif;ü pGefYypfMuvdrfhrnf? okeu©wå. . . tu,fí oif rauseyfao;vQif tavmif;aumifudk vufjzifhykwfNyD; igh½Sif aum&cwåd,. . .oifh vm;&mb0udk odoavm[k ar;vQif umvuÍödutok&m jzpfaeaMumif; ajymvdrfhrnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u *eaocsmpGm rdefUawmfrlvdkuf\? jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUMum;onfhtwdkif;yif tm;vHk; jzpfavonf/ ('D? 3? 4/) þbk&m;vufxufawmfBuD;u jzpfcJhaom wpfu,fhjzpf&yfrSef rIcif;udpöudk avhvmMunfhvQif vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpf½HkrQru tyg,fav;yg; t0iftyg tok&m jzpfaMumif; txift½Sm; od&ayonf/ þodkU vlaoNyD;aemuf ewfç i&Jç wd&pämefç Nydwåm jzpfonfhjyif ukodkvfuHtvdkuf vlvnf; jyefjzpfol ½dS\? þonfum; *wdig;yg; vm;&mig;axG [laom Ak'¨0g'twdkif; jzpfrIaywnf;/ xdkUjyif
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414
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tm;xkwfawmfrlpOf ajcmufBudrfwdkifwdkif psmefavQm&½Sm\? xdkUaMumifh ckESpfBudrfajrmuf psmefjyef&aomtcg vnfyif;udk oifwkef;"m;jzifh vSD;&ef anmifapmif;i,fay:ü vJSvdkuf\/ xdkcPav;wGif rm&fewfu odNyD; þ&[ef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd aoaMumif;MuHNyD; xdka0'emudk 0dyóemwifvdkufygu &[EÅm jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf? &[EÅm rjzpfatmif igwm;rSyJ[k MuHNyD; csufcsif; jrwfpGmbk&m;xH 0ifí a*g"du&[ef; olUudk,fol owfaoawmhrnf? wm;jrpfawmfrlyg bk&m;[k avQmufav\? xdkcPrSmyif rax&fonf rdrdvnfyif;udk "m;jzifh vSD;í xdka0'emudk 0dyóem½Ium raocifuav; t&[wår*f t&[wåzdkvfudk &NyD; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlonf/ rm&fewfonf a*g"durx&f aoNyD; b,fb0oGm;í jzpfovJ[k ol\ ewfrsufpdjzifh ½SmazG&m b,fb0rSmrS ½SmrawGUí a*g"durax&f ½kyftavmif;udk oû*Øvf&ef a&mufvmonfh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ar;avQmuf\? jrwfpGmbk&m;u rm&fewf. . .oifvdkyk*¾dKvfonf y&dedAÁmefpHaom &[EÅm\ 0dnmPfudk rjrifEdkif[k rdefUMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ þjzpf&yfudk axmuf½Iyguvnf; vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfívnf; rjzpf? rnfhonhfbHkb0ürQ rjzpfawmhbJ y&dedAÁmef pH,lawmfrlaom t&d,m&[EÅm yk*d¾Kvfjrwfrsm;vnf; ½dSaMumif; od&ayonf/ 35/
þodkUvQif oHa,m*okwfawmf\ t"dyÜm,frSefudk acsacsiHiH wwfodem;vnfolwdkUonf
vnf;aumif;? þuJhodkU ygVdt|uxmwdkUudk arTaESmufacsmufcsm;í vlaoNyD;aemuf *wd 5-yg; vm;&m 5axGodkU oGm;a&mufjzpfEdkifyHk om"uwdkUudk ½SmazG Munfh½IEdkifolwdkUonfvnf;aumif;? vlaoNyD;aemuf rnfonfh*wd rnfhonfhb0wGifrQ rjzpfawmhaom edAÁLpHt&d,mwdkU\ taMumif;udk ,HkMunfholwdkUonf vnf;aumif; oHa,m*okwfü jrwfpGmbk&m;u vlaovljzpfw&m;udk a[mcJhonf[k a&;MuajymMurnf r[kwfay/ trSefpifppf oHa,m*okwfu 0#fESifh 0#fuif;&mudk jyonfh tESpfom&udkvnf; rqkyfrd? yd#uwfpmaywdkUudk pHkvifatmif rMunfhwwf? rdrdwdkU xlaxmifvdkonfh vlaovljzpf0g'twGuf r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHqGJ,lí
&rnfhokwfrsKd;udkom
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vlaovljzpfudk igom ajymonf r[kwf oHa,m*okwfrSm bk&m;uyg a[mxm;onf[k bk&m; ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfum 0d0g'g"du½kPf;jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;rQom jzpfavonf/ þum; a0pkqufcHaom
oHa,m*okwfESifh pk'dwu
pyfvsOf;í
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OD;Ouú|\
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
415
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf uGif;qufrsm;
36/
,cktcgwGif apm'em\ txnfudk,fjzpfaom vlaovljzpf0g'udk wnfaqmuf&mü
OD;Ouú| toHk;ûyoGm;aom tkwfcsyfrsm;udk pm&if;wifvdkufaomf ½kyf0g'udk tkwfjrpfcHí- (1) uHudk y,fjcif;ç (2) 31-bHkwnf;[laom tusKd;w&m; cH.pH&mXmeudk ypfy,fjcif;ç (3) bmom omoemudk y,fjcif;ç (4) twdwftem*wfudk y,fjcif;ç (ypöKyÜefwpfb0 oE´d|du[kqdkjcif;) (5) ½kyf0g'wdkUyif t&d,mvrf;pOfûyvkyfjcif;ç (6) pdwfûyjyifrIudk y,fjcif;ç (7) Ak'¨"r®? Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI tm;vHk;udk y,fjcif;ç (8) ½kyfom t½dS emrfudk tjzpfrQom xm;jcif;ç ({upöoówrdpäm0g') (9) tbd"r®myd#uudk vdkovdk zsufjcif;ç pGufjcif;ç tjcm;0denf; okwåefyd#uudkzsufqD;jcif;ç (10) y#doaE¨aecef;udk rdrdpdwful;jzifh xifovdk jyifqifjcif; paom tkwfcsyfwdkUudk toHk;ûyxm;aMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkvlaovljzpf
,Zfyv’if\
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tcsufwdkUudk a½SUvmrnfh apm'em&yfwdkUü rusOf;rus,f a0zefpdppfjyoGm;rnf jzpfayonf? ,ckapm'emürl cdkifjrJrcdkifjrJ odomap&ef vlaovljzpf yv’iftkwfcsyfrsm;udk tenf;i,fpD pdppf oHk;oyftyfayonf/
uHy,frI txufyg tkwfcsyfrsm;udk wpfckpD pdppfMunfhvdkufaomtcg owå0gwdkUonf uHtm;avsmfpGm 31-bHk avsmf&mb0ü jzpfMu&í uHudk ry,fvQif vlaovljzpfudk wnfaqmufí r&Edkif? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|onf uHudk ypfy,fvdkufonf? wpfzef uH\ tusKd;quftjzpfjzifh oGm;a&muf cH-pH&rnfh bHkXmersm;udk ,HkMunfrI ½dSaeao;vQifvnf; vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfjcif;udk ,HkMunfzdkU&ef rjzpfEdkifay? xdkUaMumifh 31bkHwnf;[laom
uH\
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,if;aemuf
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
416
tpodkU 37/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'¨"r®wGif
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xdef;ausmif;ûyjyif&rnfjzpf&m pdwfudk ûyjyifaeygu uHudky,fí r&Edkif? raemuHonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; tvdktm;jzifh ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfaeayonf? xdkUaMumifh pdwfudk wGef;z,fí xkwfypfvdkojzifh edAÁmefudk oGm;&mwGif pdwfrvdk? owdom vdkonf? pdwfum; y[mwAÁy,f&rnfh w&m;omwnf;[k ajcmufckajrmuf tkwfcsyfwpfcsyfudk OD;Ouú|zefwD;&jyefonf? yÍörtkwfcsyf tjzpfjzifh ½kyf0g'udk t&d,mvrf;pOf ûyvkyfcJhNyD; jzpfí ½kyf0g'ESifhqefUusifaom Ak'¨"r® Ak'¨,Ofaus;rItm;vHk;udk y,fzdkUvdkonf? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨,Ofaus;rIudk y,fjcif;[laom owårajrmuftkwfcsyfudk zefwD;jyefonf? OD;Ouú|onf vlaovljzpfwnfaqmuf&mü ½kyf0g'udk tkwfjrpfcs ½kyf0g'udkyif tkwfcsyfûyvkyfcJhonfh tm;avsmfpGm emrf\ ta&;yg t&ma&mufyHkudk tenf;i,frQ
todtrSwfrûybJ
½kyfomy&rwft½dSw&m;?
emrfum;
t&dyfta&mifjzpfonfqdk½HkrQ
jzpfay:vmaom jzpfumrwå tjzpfw&m;[k t|rajrmuf tkwfcsyfudk zefwD;jyefonf? vlaovljzpf[k qdkaomfvnf; trSefpifppfrSm ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;udkom b0[k em;vnfxm;aom ypöKyÜefudkom tcdkiftrm ûyxm;aomaMumifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk zsufqD;ypfrSjzpfawmhrnfjzpfí tbd"r®mESifhwuG tjcm;yd#uwfrsm;udk rdrdvdkovdkzsufjcif;
jznfhpGufjcif;wnf;[laom
tkwfcsyfwpfvTmudk
pDrHavonf?
½kyf0g't&
y#doaE¨aejcif;udpöudk rdrd\ twåaemrwdjzifh xif&mjrif&mpD&ifívnf; rjzpfaumif;aomaMumifh Ak'¨a[m y#doaE¨aecef;udk þonfum;
xifovdk vlaovljzpf
jyifqifjznfhpGufvsuf taqmufttHkudk
'ortkwfcsyfwpfvTm wnfaqmuf&mü
pDrHxkwfvkyfjyefavonf?
OD;Ouú|
pDrHxkwfvkyfaom
t"r®tkwfcsyfrsm;aywnf;/ 38/
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU aqmifjyaom oufaoom"u-
(u)
]]vlom;qdkwJh owå0g aoqHk;NyD;wJhaemuf tu,fí jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmaumifrS jzpfp&m r½Sd}}[laom tcsufyg½dS\? xdktcsufESifh ywfoufí atmufyg OD;Ouú|\ pum;&yfwdkUudkvnf; qufpyfoHk;oyfae&rnf jzpf\/
(c)
avmu"r®onf wrvGefavmu vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufrSm½dSaom b0ESifhvnf; qufpyfjcif;r½dSbJ
,ck
ypöu©oE´d|du
rsufarSmufjzpfaom
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vHk;0oufqdkifonf [lí jywfjywfom;om; em;vnfMuukef&m\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 151) (*)
aoNyD;onfhaemufumv (0g) vkyfwdkif;ukef;\? [dkrSmbufudk vufñdI;ñTefaom t,lum; Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfrS Ak'¨0g'e,fy,ftwGif;odkU 0ifa&mufvmaom {nfhonf0g'jzpfcJhavonf/
(C)
(Ak'¨pmcRefawmf 22-23)
]]t,H "ar®m oEd´|daum- ig a[maom þw&m;onf ,ckypöu©rsufarSmufb0ESifhom qdkif\}}[lí
tBudrfBudrf
axmufjcif;tm;jzifh
txyfxyf
Ak'¨\
rjywfrarm
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wGifom
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417
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyfavonf? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufü ½dSonf[lí vufñdI;xdk;um ñTefjytyfaom raem'Gg& wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk yufyufpyfpyf wdkufzsufypf&ef rkcsvdkvm;tyfavonf/
(i)
(vlaovljzpf-51)
aumif;rI aumif;wmudk aeUruGm nrvyf 'vpyf tm;xkwfí ûyvkyfêud;yrf;ol vlom;twGuf tzdk;wef trsKd;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkcef;rsm;udk wcrf;wem;pDrHí xm;cJhMuukef\? zefwD;í xm;cJhMuukef\? odkU&mwGif raumif;rI[k qdktyfaom 'kp½dkuft,kwfw&m;rsm;udk vdkufrSm; usK;vGefaom vlom;twGufvnf; pl;½Sxufjruf wu,ftcH&cufonfh xm;cJhMuukef\? pdwful;oufoufjzifh
yufyufpufpuf
tjypf'Pfrsm;udk
&uf&ufpufpuf vlom;\
ajcmufvSefUcJhMu\/
tjypf'PfcwfcJhMuukef\?
pdwf"mwfudk
tjyif;txef
jzm;a,mif;
csrSwfí
pifpifvdk&if;rSm
aoG;aqmifcJhMuukef\? (vlaovljzpf-14)
txufygazmfjyyg (u) trSwfrS (i) trSwftxd OD;Ouú|\ pum;&yfrsm;udk aoaocsmcsmpdppf Munfhaomtcg þodkU t"dyÜm,f&ayonf/ vlaoNyD;aemuf tu,fí jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif vlyJjyefjzpfrnf/ tu,fí rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif bmrSrjzpfawmhay/ ]]tu,fí}}[laom oHo,epum;onf t"dyÜm,fESpfcsufxGufonf? tu,fí jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif? tu,fí rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif þodkU ESpfcsufxGufayonf/ txufyg(u) trSwfjypum;xJu tu,fí rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif [laom 'kwd,t"dyÜm,fcsufudk (c) (*) (C) (i) trSwfjypum;wdkYjzifh axmufcHcsufay;xm;\? rSef\- (c) u-avmu"r®onf þb0ESifhom vHk;0qdkifonf? (aemufb0ESifhrqdkif[lvdk)/ (*) u-aoNyD; [dkbuf vufñdI;ñTefaom t,lum;? bk&m;t,l r[kwf? aemufrSay:aom t,l? (aemufb0r½dS [lvdk) (C) u-vkyfwdkif;ukef; (ocsKØif;)\ [dkrSmbufrSm b0r½dS? (aemufb0 r½dS[lvdk)? (i) u-ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;ay;&m bHkeef;qdkonfwdkUrSm pdwful;,OfrQom? (aemufb0 aemufbHkb0 r½dS[lvdk)? 39/
txufyg OD;Ouú| pum;rsm;xJü ]]Ak'¨}}[laom pum; ]]oE´d|du}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;udk
EkwfvdkufvQif OD;Ouú| 0g'ppfppf awGU&\? ]]Ak'¨}} ]]oE´d|du}}[laom pum;vHk;wdkUudk xnfhxm;jcif;um; vkyfMuHzefwD;&ef ckwHk;vkyfjcif;rQom jzpfayonf? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|\ 0g'ppfppfum; ]]aemufb0}} r½dS[lownf;/ rSefvS\? OD;Ouú|onf ae&mrsm;pGmü tBudrfBudrf a
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418
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rsufpdjzifh jrifír&aom em;axmifí rMum;Edkifaom udk,fjzifhxdawGUí r&omaom ½kyfvGefobm0 jzpfaeojzifh rnfhonfhenf;ESifhrQ vufcHí r&acs? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[laom ypöKyÜKefwpfb0udkom wzGzG a
OD;Ouú|onf
aemufb0r½dS[laom
½kyf0g'tjrifudkvnf;ydkifydkifBuD;
rudkif0Hhol
jzpfaomaMumifh ]]tu,fí}}[laom pum;udk oHk;í ]]aoNyD;aemuf}} tu,fí jzpfOD;rnf qdkvQif}}[laom pum;0gusudk wufavonf? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\aemuf [dkbufrSm bmrQr½dS? ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;yg[k qdkygvsuf tu,fí jzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif}}[k vmjyefacsao;onfhtwGuf atmf. . OD;Ouú|ES,f udk,fhudk,fudk opömjyefazmuf aeacsonfwum;[k owdxm;rdvdkufMuonf/ aumif;ygNyD? ]]aoNyD;wJhaemuf tu,fí jzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmrSjzpfp&mr½dS? vlyJjzpf&rnf}}qdkaom pum;t& ]]vlaovljzpf vljzpfvlao}} oHo&m vnf&ayrnf? ol\ pmtkyf wpfae&müvnf; þtwdkif; a&;xm;avonf/ txufyg tcsufwdkUudk yd#uwf usrf;*efESifh nd§í aumufcsufcsonf ½dSaomf aemufb0r½dS[k ,laomt,lonf Oapä''d|d jzpf\? 0db0wPSm\ pm;usuf jzpf\? vlaovljzpf jrJonf[laom t,lonf oów'd|d jzpf\? b0wPSm\ pm;usuf jzpf\? odkUjzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ouú|onf Oapä''d|dudka&m
oów'd|dudkyg
jzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf?
b,fnmESpfzufvHk;
Ak'¨omoemhordkif;ESifh
qkyfudkifxm;aom
,SOfí
od&aom
xl;jcm;aom
rdpäm0g'½Sif
rdpäm'd|dordkif;wGif
OD;Ouú|vdk
wpfûydifeufxJ Oapä''d|dudka&m oów'd|dudkyg,lol tawmfuav; ½Sm;ayonf? xdkUaMumifh xl;jcm;aom rdpäm0g'½SifjzpfaMumif; olUpum; olU0g't& od&ayonf/
oE´d|du pdppfcsuf 40/ "ar®m
,ckqufvufí oE´d|duESifh pyfvsOf;aom OD;Ouú|\ pum;wdkUudk pOf;pm;MuukeftHh ]]t,H
oE´d|daum-ig
tBudrfBudrfa[mcJhaom
a[maom a'oemudk
þw&m;onf
,ckypöu©
axmufxm;jciftm;jzifh
rsufarSmufb0ESifhom Ak'¨\
ur®0g'onf
qdkif\[lí ykcufESifh
acgif;tMum;wGifom usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyf\? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufü ½dSonf[k vufñdI;xdk;um ñTefjytyfaom raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk wdkufzsuf ypf&ef vdktyfonf}}[k OD;Ouú|u qdkcJh\? þpum;&yfwGif ]]t,H "ar®m oE´d|daum- ig a[mtyfaom þw&m;onf ,ckypöu©rsufarSmuf b0ESifhom qdkif\}}[k teuf t"dyÜm,fxGufaom pum;rsdK;udk yd#uwfawmf\ rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;rSmrS rawGU&? Ak'¨jrwfpGmu þuJhodkU rnfonfhtcgrS ra[m? jrwfpGmbk&m;ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfí a&;jcif;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; pGyfpJGjcif;om jzpfayonf? bk&m;a[m oE´d|du trSefudk odomap&ef ]]oE´d|daum}}[lí a[mawmfrlonfh ae&mrsm;pGm teufrS ygVdawmftcsKdUudk xkwfjy½Sif;vif;OD;tHh/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
419
tpodkU 41/ rdrd\
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t*Fkwå&edum,f? quúedygwf? oE´d|duokwfygVdawmf 313-ü armVd,od0u y&dAdkZftm;
twGif;oEÅmefü
avmbjzpfvQif
avmbjzpfaMumif;
odoavm[k
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
ar;awmfrlaomtcg? odygonf[k ajzqdkavQmufxm;onf? xdkUtwl a'go arm[ rdrdtwGif; oEÅmefü jzpfay:vmvQif a'goç arm[ jzpfaMumif; odoavm[k ar;awmfrlaomtcgvnf; armVd,od0uy&dAdkZfu odygonf[k ajzqdk&m þodkU odcJhvQif oE´d|du"r®jzpfawmhonf[k rdefUawmfrl\/ 'kwd,oE´d|duokwfüvnf; ykPÖm;wpfa,mufu oE´d|du udk,fwdkif jriftyfaom oabm? tumvdu-wpfyg;tcsdefü r[kwfrlí ,ckcsufjcif; odEdkifaom oabm? {[dyódu vmprf;yg Munfhprf;yg[k
zdwfac:jyEdkifavmufaom
oabm?
Moyae,sdu
rdrdpdwfü
uyfí
aqmifxdkufç
tpGrf;ukefpdwfü oGif;xm;xdkufaom oabm? ypöwåH a0'dwAÁ 0dñl[d ynm½dSwdkU udk,fwdkifodEdkif cHpm;Edkifaom oabm[lonf tb,fenf;[k ar;vm\? Ak'¨jrwfpGmu rdrdoEÅmefü &m*ç a'goç arm[ç udk,fç EIwfç pdwfudk zsufqD;wwfaom tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mjzpfaevQif jzpfrSef;odoavm[k ar;awmfrl&m ykPÖm;u odygonf[k ajzqdk\? þodkU odvQif oE´d|du ponfjzpfawmh\[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm rdefUawmfrl\/ 42/
þokwfawmfwdkU\
wynfhaemufvdkufwdkU twwfodEdkifayonf/
teuft"dyÜm,fudk
tm;udk;wBuD;
pOf;pm;MunfhvQif
oHk;pJGaeusjzpfaom
omrmefvlwpfa,mufonf
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
teuft"dyÜm,frsKd;
rdrdoEÅmefü
r[kwfaMumif;
avmbjzpfaeonfudk
jzpfrSef;rod
a'gojzpfaeonfudk jzpfrSef;roday? jrwfAk'¨tqHk;trudk&í pdwåmEkyóemç "r®mEkyóemudk ½IrSwf yGm;rsm;aom
olonfomvQif
rdrdoEÅmefü
bmjzpfí
aeonfudk
odEdkifayonf/
a½SUpdwftpOfü
yg0ifjzpfysufaeaom oabmwpfckckudk aemufpdwf tpOfjzifh odatmif avhusifhyGm;rsm;Edkifjcif;onf Ak'¨"r®tvdkus
ypöa0u©PmÓPf\
onfaomfvnf;aumif;
pGrf;&nfonfaomfvnf;aumif;?
jzpfayonf?
xdkUaMumifh
þokwfwdkU\
0dyóemÓPf\ tzGifh
pGrf;&nf
t|uxmq&mu
ypöa0u©PmÓPfudk &nf½G,fí bk&m;½Sifa[mawmfrlonf[k rSwfcsufcs ay;awmfrlxm;ayonf/ 43/
þoE´d|duokwf
ESpfokwfü
Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf
udk,fwdkifodEdkifaom
ypöKyÜefjzpfonfh
w&m;awmfudk a[mawmfrlonf? odkU&mwGif- 1/
cPypöKyÜef=y&rw¬ppfppf Oyg'fqJjzpfaom cP?
2/
oEÅwdypöKyÜef=aZm0g& av;ig;BudrfrQ qufí jzpfqJcP?
3/
t'¨gypöKyÜef=y#doaE¨pkwdjzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfaom wpfb0wnf; [laom ypöKyÜef?
4/
or,ypöKyÜef=eHeufydkif; naeydkif; wpfaeUwmponf avmua0g[m&tvdkufydkif;jcm;owfrSwf ac:a0:tyfaom jzpfqJcP
[lí ypöKyÜef 4-rsKd;&dS&mwGif oEÅwdypöKyÜefudkom &nf½G,fí þokwfü a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[laom ,ck ypöu© rsufarSmufb0ESifhom qdkifonf[laom teuf þokwfwdkUrS
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
420
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rxGufay? ]]oE´d|du}}[laom pum;ESifh ywfoufí t|uxmygVd atmufxufnd§í odom½kHazmfjyOD;tHh? ]]oE´d|du}} yk'fudk þodkUzGifhqdkay\/ t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf? wduedygwf? tnw&jA[®Pokwft|uxmü þodkU zGifhjy\- (u)
oE´d|daum "ar®m a[mwDwd omrH yódwaAÁm a[mwd/ oE´d|daum a[mwd? udk,fwdkifjrifxdkufaom oabm jzpf\ [lvdk/ (wdu-tH? tnw&jAm[®Pokwf? |-141)
(c)
oE´d|daum t,H "ar®mwd t,H avmukwå&"ar®m a,e a,e t"d*awm a[mwd? awe awe y&o'¨g, *EÅAÁwH [dwGm ypöa0u©PÓaPe o,H '|aAÁmwdoE´d|daum/ ]]oE´d|daum t,H "ar®m}}[lonfum; þavmukwå&mw&m;onf udk,fydkifvufudkif&onfh rnfolrqdk
olwpfyg;tay:
,HkMunfjcif;jzifh
csnf;uyfjcif;udkpGefUy,fí
udk,fwdkif
odjriftyfaomaMumifh oE´d|durnfayonf [lvdk/ (o*gxm0*¾-|? a'0wmoH,kwf ord'¨okwf? 41-42) (*)
t&d,ra*¾g wm0 twåaem oEÅmae &m*g'DeH tbm0H ua&maEÅe t&d,yk*¾aveomrH '|aAÁmwd oE´d|daum/ a½S;OD;pGm
t&d,mr*fonf
rdrdoEÅmefü
&m*ponfwdkU\
r½dSjcif;udk
ûywwfaom
t&d,yk*¾dKvfu udk,fwdkif jrifxdkufaomaMumifh oE´d|du rnf\ [lvdk/ (0dok'¨dr*f-y209) (C)
tyd p e00da"m yd avmukwå&"ar®m a,e a,e [d t"d*awm a[mwd? Aweawe y&o'¨g, *EÅAÁwH [dwGm ypöa0u©PÓaPe o,H '|aAÁmwd oE´d|daum/ wpfenf;rSm
avmukwå&mw&m;
udk;yg;vHk;yif
udk,fydkif&½dSxm;ol
rnfolrqdk
olwpfyg;tay: ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh csOf;uyfjcif;udk pGefUy,fí ypöa0u©PmÓPfjzifhudk,fwdkif jrifxdkufaomaMumifh oE´d|du rnf\/ (0dok'¨dr*f-|? y/ 209) (i)
'd|EÅd 'óeH 0kpöwd? 'd|ar0 oE´d|H/ y/ t&[wDwd oE´d|daum/ avmukwå&m"ar®m[d bm0embdor,0aoe
opädud&d,mbdor,0aoep
'dórmaema,0
0¥b,Hed0awåwd/ jrifjcif;udk 'd|[k qdktyf\/ 'd|ESifh oE´d|dutwlwlyif? jrifjcif;udk xdkufaomaMumifhoE´d|du rnf\/ xifpGmjytHh-avmukwå&mw&m;onf bm0embdor, (yGm;apaomtm;jzifh
odwwfaom
todÓPf)
opädud&d,mbdor,
(rsufarSmufûyaomtm;jzifh odwwfaom todÓPf) tpGrf;tm;jzifh jrifrSomvQifoHo&m 0#fab;udk uif;apwwf qkwfepfapwwf\/ (0dok'¨dr*f-|? y? 209) tvGefcdkifrmvSaom þtaxmuftxm;rsm;t& udk,fwdkif jriftyfaomoabmudk oE´d|duac:onf? vufawGU rsufawGUw&m;[k ac:vdku ac:Edkifonf? w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmukwå&mw&m;udk;yg;udk aomfvnf;aumif;? ypöa0u©Pm ÓPfudkaomfvnf;aumif; oE´d|du\ t&aumuf&onf[k rkcsqwfqwf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
421
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rSwftyf\? þpum;t& oE´d|duudk ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[lí owfrSwfjcif;onf qefUusifbuf t,lomjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/ 44/
xdkUjyif
]]oE´d|du"r®}}
wpfrsKd;udk
jyOD;tHh?
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf?
wduedygwf?
tnw&jA[¨Pokwfü þodkU vm½dS\? jA[¨PwpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfí ]]oE´d|du udk,fawGUw&m;[k ajymaeMuygonf? b,ftaMumif; b,ftcsufjzifh udk,fawGUw&m;ç tcgrJhw&m;ç vufawGUprf;oyfEdkifaomw&m;ç
pdwfygvufyg
0ifpm;xdkufaomw&m;ç
tod
udk,fwdkif
cHpm;xdkufaomw&m; rnfygoenf;}}[k ar;avQmufonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ½Sif;½Sif;uav; a0zefjyawmf rlonfrSm- ]]jAm[®P. . . &m* txdk;tusifhç tESdyfpufcH&í
wyfwwfaom
a,musfm;onf
rdrdç
olwpfyg;ysufpD;atmif
tm;xkwfwwfonf?
pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk cHpm;&wwfonf? ,if; &m* uif;aysmufoGm;aomtcg rdrdolwpfyg;udk ESdyfpufjcif;iSm tm;rxkwfawmh? pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk rcHpm;&awmhacs? xdkenf;twdkif; wyfwwfaom a,musfm;onf udk,fEIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh raumif;rI ûyrdwwf\? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;udkvnf; odwwfaom ÓPfray:? ,if; &m* uif;oGm;aomfum; udk,fç EIwfç pdwfwdkUjzifh raumif;rIudk rûyjzpf? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;udk odEdkifaom ÓPfay:vmwwf\? jA[®mP. . .þodkUaom taMumif;aMumifh udk,fawGUw&m; (oE´d|du) jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifavawmh\? (a'gotESdyfpufcH&ol? arm[tESdyfpufcH&ol txufenf;twdkif;yif)/ (wdu-tH? tnw& jA[®Pokwf? 156) (csHK;í jrefrmjyefqdkcsuf jzpfonf)? ,if; wdu-tHy&dAÁmZmuokwf 157-158 üvnf; tvm;wl a[mawmfrlonf/ 45/
þjA[®PokwfESifh y&dAÁmZmuokwfESpfokwfü avmuDavmukwå&m vufawGUrsufawGU
w&m;udk Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlonf? avmuDvufawGUrsufawGUw&m;um; t&d,r*fvrf;aMumif; ay:odkU avQmufíaeaom Ak'¨om0u t&d,r*ft,OfodkU 0ifqJ 0ifNyD;jzpfaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUudk &nf½G,fí a[maom w&m;wnf;? þüvnf;? ]]oE´d|du"r®}} udk ]]omrH yódwaAÁm}} udk,fwdkifjriftyfaom w&m;[líomvQif t|uxmq&m½SifESifhwuG OD;Ouú|qdkouJhodkU
omoemhtpOftvmu
oE´d|duonf
,ckypöu©
teuft"dyÜm,f
aumuf,lavh
rsufarSmufb0ESifhom
qdkif\
½SdMuonf? [laomteuf
t"dyÜm,frxGufay/ aemuft*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? oE´d|du"r®okwf? wpfokwfüvnf; þodkU awGU&\? t½SiftmeE´monf aumorÁDjynf
aCmodwm½Hkausmif;ü½dSpOf
tb,frQavmufaom
taMumif;jzifh
t½SifO'g,DESifh
vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;udk
w&m;pum;aqG;aEG;Muaomtcg bk&m;½Sif
a[mawmfrlygoenf;[k
tar;½dSvmí ajzqdkonfrSm- igh½Sif. . . yXrpsmef0ifpm;í aejcif;jzifhvnf; Ak'¨jrwfpGmu y&d,m,ftm;jzifh vufawGU rsufawGUw&m; (oE´d|du)[k a[mawmfrlygonf? xdkUtwl 'kwd,psmefç wwd,psmefç pwkw¬psmefç tmumomeÍö,wepsmefç 0dnmPÍöm,wepsmefç tmudÍönm,wepsmef ae0onmeonm,wepsmefudk 0ifpm;í
aejcif;tm;jzifhvnf;
Ak'¨jrwfpGmu
y&d,m,ftm;jzifh
vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;[k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
422
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a[mawmfrlygonf? rkcspifppftm;jzifhrlum; ae0onmeonm,wepsmefudk ausmfvGefí eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vsuf udavom tmoa0gwdkUudk ukefapvsuf aejcif;jzifh oE´d|du"r® vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;udk Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlygonf[k ajzqdkavonf/ (e0u-tH? oE´d|du"r®okwf 245-246) txufyg okwfawmfü ]]y&d,m,f}} [laompum; rkcs[laompum;ESpf&yfudk uJGuJGjym;jym; rSwf,l&rnf? rkcsteuf[lonfrSm ESpfenf;ESpfvrf; r½dS? wpfxpfcsenf;vrf; wpfvrf;tm;jzifhom jzpfEdkifaom teuft"dyÜm,frsKd; jzpfonf? y&d,m,f[lonfum; wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh xdkoabm½dSí wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh xdkoabmvnf;r½dSaom teuft"dyÜm,f þoE´d|duokwfawmfudk
axmufqvQif
(Relatively Senseful-Thing)
vufawGU
rsufawGU[laom
jzpfonf/
oE´d|du"r®onf
Ak'¨omoemawmfü aeUpOfawGUêuHaeus pmjcif;-aomufjcif;-tdyfjcif;-jrif-Mum;-eH-vsuf-xdawGUjcif;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwf? ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;udk qdkvdkonf r[kwf? orm"d ynmwdkUjzifh tawmftxufwef; usaeaom w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;&,lxm;jcif;om jzpfonf[k odEdkifayonf/ odkU&mwGif t½Siford'¨dax&f awmtkyftwGif;ü a&csKd;NyD;p udk,foefUpifaepOfwGif ewforD;wpfOD;u t½Siford'¨dax&f\ ½lyum, jynfh0wifhw,frIudk Munfh½Ium ]]t½Sif&[ef;. . . oifonf i,f½G,fEkysKdí eufaomqHyifjzifh yXrt&G,fü t½G,faumif;jcif;ESifh jynfhpHkaepOf vlUumr*kPfwdkYudk cHpm;ygOD;vm;? (rm oE´d|duH [dwGm umvduH tEk"m0D)- udk,fawGU umr*kPfudk y,fcGmí udk,fawGUr[kwfaom aemiftcgrS &rnfh umr*kPfaemufodkU rvdkufygvifh}}[lí qdkavonf? þpum;&yfü ewforD;\ tvdkrSm ,ckvufiif; cHpm;Edkifaom umr*kPfonf oE´d|du? aemufb0 ewfjynfusrS cHpm;&rnfh umr*kPfonf umvdu? þodkUaom xifjrifcsufjzifh þpum;udk qdkjcif; jzpfonf? xdkpOftcgu vla&mewfyg t&nftcsif;nHhaom owå0gwdkUonf &[ef;w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;udk ewfjynfpnf;pdrf cHpm;&efç wrvGefumvü csrf;om&&efç trsKd;aumif;om;wdkU ûyvkyfMuonf[k tjrifrSm;vsuf ½dSMuonf/ xdkewforD;\ pum;udk ord'¨dax&fu jyefMum;&mü tdkewforD;. . . igonf wrvGefavmu csrf;omaemufodkU rsufarSmufcsrf;omudk
vdkufaeonfr[kwf? vdkufpm;
wrvGefavmucsrf;omudk
½SmazGae\?
wrvGefavmuü
y,fpGefUum &½dSrnfh
oE´d|du
umr*kPfwdkUudk
qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;rsm;vS\[k bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlonf? rESpfoufzG,f tjypfwdkUvnf; vGefpGm rsm;\[k a[mawmfrlonf? ,ck igvdkufpm;usifhMuHaeaom w&m;um; oE´d|du udk,fwdkifjrifEdkifaom w&m;? tumvdu-tcsdefrvifh tusKd;&aom w&m;? {[dyódu-vufudkudkifqJG &J&JBuD; prf;Munfhprf;yg[k zdwfac:Edkifaom w&m;? Moyae,sdu-edAÁmefudk ydkUaqmifwwfaom t&d,r*fwnf; [laomw&m;? rsufarSmufûyxdkufonfh tjzpfodkU uyfaqmif&rnfh t&d,mzdkvfESifh edAÁmefw&m;? 0dñl[d ypöwåH a0'dwAÁ ynm½dSwdkU udk,fwdkifudk,fus od½dScHpm;xdkufaomw&m; jzpfonf[k rdefUqdkavonf/ ewforD;\
oE´d|du"r®ESifh
t½Sifor'¨dax&f\
oE´d|du"r®wdkUonf
þo*gxm0*¾?
a'0wmoH,kwf? ord'¨dokwf 9-wGif ododomom xl;jcm;uJGvJGí aeayonf? OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
423
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
om;ajr;wdkU\ oE´d|du"r®um; þokwfü ewforD;ajymqdkaom oE´d|dursKd;jzpfonf? omoemawmf\ tESpfom&jzpfaom
oE´d|du"r®um;
t½Siford'¨dax&f
&nfñTef;ajymqdktyfaom
t&d,mr*fzdkvf
edAÁmefw&m;rsKd; jzpfayonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;a[maom ]]oE´d|du}}onfum; orm"d ynmç r*fÓPfç zdkvfÓPfç edAÁmefwdkU\ t&omjzpfayonf? ]]oE´d|du}}onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum; wpfb0twGif; [lonfum; bk&m;tvdk r[kwfay/ bk&m;ESifh rnfodkUrQ roufqdkif jzpfayonf/
]tEkrme} oHk;oyfcsuf 46/
,cktcg
OD;Ouú|\
]]raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf
tEkrmersm;udk
yufyufpufpuf
wdkufzsufypf&rnf}}[laompum;udk pdppfOD;tHh? OD;Ouú|taejzifh tEkrmeudk vufrcHjcif;rSm ]]ypöu©ar0 yrmPH}}[laom ½kyf0g'DwdkU\ tqdktrdefUt& vufawGU rsufawGU ypöu©wpfckwnf;udkom OD;Ouú| vufcHjcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf? tEkrmeudk OD;Ouú|u y,fpGefUonfqdkaomfvnf; ]]vlaovljzpf}} onf ol\rsufawGU
vufawGUr[kwf?
olUwynfh
wpfOD;OD;\
vufawGUvnf;
r[kwf?
tEkrme
rsuf&rf;qrQomjzpfaMumif; owdûyrd[ef r½Sdacs? ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumBuD;wdkYü ypöu©od'¨d? tEkrmeod'¨d? Oyrmeod'¨d? oa'¨,sod'¨d[lí NyD;ajrmufaprI od'¨d 4-rsKd;udk vufcH toHk;ûyayonf? tdE´d, 'óeaA'ü a½SUoGm;wpfOD;jzpf[ef½dSaom a*gwru &aohonfvnf; teuft"dyÜm,fudk od½dSyHkenf;vrf; av;rsKd;½dSaMumif; þodkU azmfjyxm;onf1/ ypöu© = rsufjriftm;jzifh awGUêuHcHpm;í od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç
(Perception)
2/ tEkrme = cefUrSef;pOf;pm;í teuft"dyÜm,fudk od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç
(Inference)
3/ Oyrme = EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;í od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç (Comparism) 4/ oa'¨,s = ,HkMunfxdkufaom ol\pum;udk taxmuftxm;ûyí teuft"dyÜm,fudk od½dSem;vnfjcif;ç
(Understanding through the statement of trustworthy person)
þudk&nfí
a*gwruÓ,okwfü
þodkUqdk\?
=(jrefrm)rsufjriftm;jzifh odjcif;ç cefUrSef;aom tm;jzifhodjcif;ç EIdif;,SOfí odjcif;ç ,HkMunfxdkufaom ol\ pum;t& odjcif;-[lí odjcif; 4-rsKd;wdkU ½dSukef\ (wuúbmom ESm-32 a*gwr uÓ,okwf 113) trSwf 1-ypöu©od'¨drSm OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG avmum,w0g'D (0g) ½kyf0g'DwdkU\ vufawGUrsufawGU [laom 0g'yif jzpfonf? pyspfoD;udk csKdonf[laom olwpfyg;ajymaom pum;udk udk,fwdkifjrnf;prf;í rMunfh&orQ
r,HkMunfjcif;ç
u&d0dufiSuf\
udk,fwdkifrMum;bl;í r,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;aywnf;
tvGefom,m
(Seeing
is
csKdNrdefaom
beliveing)[k
toH[lonfudk
,ckacwfü ajymqdkoHk;EIef;
aeMuaom pum;uJhodkU udk,fawGUr[kwfvQif r,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
424
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSwf 2-tEkrmeod'¨d[lonfrSm wpfESifhwpfck csdefxdk;í cefUrSef;vsuf odjcif; jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom nu yifv,fa&wufvmonfudk rsufpdjzifh udk,fwdkifrawGUvdkuf&? odkYaomf eHeufrdk;vif;aomtcg atmufxyftdrfwdkifrsm;ü
a&wufvmpOfu
a&a&mufcJhonfhtxdrf;trSwf
a&pdkaeonfhae&mudk
Munfhívnf;aumif; Nidwifusef&pfcJhaom 'dkufoa&m jrufopf½GufwdkUudk jrif&ívnf;aumif; vGefcJhaom nu yifv,fa&wufcJhaMumif;udk od&\? þenf;twdkif; rD;cdk;awGUvQif rD;udk rjrif&aomfvnf; rD;½dSaMumif; od&\? taphrS tyifaygufaMumif; ed,mrudk axmufxm;í taphudk udk,fawGUyif rjrif&aomfvnf;
o&ufyifBuD;
tyifBuD;rsm;jzpfaMumif;
refusnf;yifBuD;rsm;udk
od&onf?
jrifaomtcg
þodkUrSef;qí
taphrS
odjcif;rsKd;udk
aygufvmaom
tEkrmeod'¨d
ac:onf?
trSwftom;wpfckckudk oHk;oyfem;vnfjcif;onf tEkrmernf\[k tdE´d, 'óea*gwru &aohu qdkonf/ trSwf
3-Oyrmod'¨d[lonfrSm
odjcif;rsKd;wnf;?
EGm;aemufowå0gudk
EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;í rjrifzl;aom
odjcif;ç
tqifwltoGifwludk
vlwpfa,mufonf
jrifí
EGm;aemufqdkonfrSm
EGm;ESifho@efwlaom owå0gwpfaumifjzpfaMumif; Mum;em rSwfom;zl;í awmodkU a&mufaomtcg EGm;aemufudk awGUjrifvQif þowå0gum; EGm;ESifhwlonf? EGm;aemuf {uefjzpf&rnf[k odonf? ,if;udk &nf½G,fí t"dyÜm,frSm
a*gwruokwfü wpfpHkwpfa,muf
ñTefMum;ajymqdkvdkufaom
pum;\teufudk
qdkonf?
trSwf&jcif;ESifhwuG
jzpfaptyfaom EGm;ESifhwlnDrIonf txl;ûytyfaom txnfj'Afudk odjcif;udk Oyrme[k ac:onf/ trSwf 4-oa'¨,sod'¨d[lonfrSm
jA[®mBuD;\ pum;[k todtrSwfûyMuaom
a0'qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;ç c&pfawmf\ rkcygXfawmfrsm;ç tv’mbk&m;ocif\ rkcygXfawmfjzpfaom udk&ftefusrf;pmrsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;? tus,fjzefUí teufaumufaomf Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü pJGjrJxufoefpGm ,HkMunfrIudk taMumif;ûyí bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;udk trSef[k ,HkMunfjcif;ç
"mwfcJGcef;ü
rSefajymif;ponfwdkUjzifh
txufwef;usaom
Munfh½IoHk;oyfí
"mwfcJGBud,mrsm;
ajymqdktyfaom
tao;Munfh
odyÜHynm½SifwdkU\
ta0;Munfh
odyÜHynmESifhpyfaom
pum;rsm;udk odyÜHynmem;rvnfaom omrmefvlwef;pm;wdkYu trSef[k ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd; yg0ifonf? OyrmodyÜH ynm½SifwdkY\ pum;udk ,Hkí vurÇmodkU vla&mufonfudk ,HkMunfjcif;ç a&wpfpuf-zHkwpfrIefUvQif ydk;rTm;i,fuav;rsm; ajrmufajrmufjrm;jrm; yg0ifjcif;udk ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;/ 47/
tEkrmeudk vufrcHqdkaom OD;Ouú|onf Oyrme EIdif;,SOfjcif;ç o'¨=,HkMunfxdkufaom
olwdkU\ pum;udk taxmuftxm;ûyí ,HkMunfjcif;wdkUudk vufrcH[k awG;xifp&m½dSonf/ odkU&mwGif þodkUum; r[kwfacs? odyÜHynm½SifwdkU\ pum;udkrl bk&m;a[mxuf tav;ydkíxm;ojzifh 'g0if\ 0g'ESifh tjcm;½kyf0g'wdkUudk OD;Ouú| vufcH,HkMunfvSayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
425
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkUjyif ,aeU qdkifaumfavmf*sDu vufcHxm;aom1/
½dk;½dk; jrifod Mum;od paom yÍö0dÓPfod
2/
tMum;tjrif ryg? awG;awm MuHqod(Bare sensation or imagination)
3/
awG;MuH,if; tqifhqifhodaom tod (0dyóemtod tygt0if)
4/
jyefvnfawG;MuHod
xdkwGif 1-rSm tm½Hk
(Rememberance) rsm;
Hk (Sense-object)
raem'Gg& oufoufomjzpfonf? tm½Hk
(Perception)
yg0ifonf/
ESifh reodum&
(Object)
(Speculation)
udk tajccHonf? 2-rSm
(Attention)
ESifh owduyfrI
(Impression)
rsm; ryg0ifay?
þESpfrsKd;wGif OD;Ouú|onf 1-udkom vufcHí 2-udk vufrcHvdkay? (0g) yÍö0dnmPfod ½kyfodudkom vufcHí raem0dnmPfod emrfod pdwfodudk vufoifhrcHay? þum; ½kyf0g'Dwdkif; xm;½dSaom oabmxm;wnf;/
odkUaomf
OD;Ouú|onf
tMum;rygonfhtod
(Bare sensation)
i,fi,fu
pmusufí
ynmoifcJhzl;\?
tjrif
udk em;rvnfí vufrcHjcif;om jzpf&rnf? OD;Ouú|oEÅmefü
xdktodrsdK;aygif; tqrsm;pGm &dScJhzl; jzpfcJhzl;onfrSmum; trSefyifwnf;/ 48/
wpfzefwHk e,m,'óeu 1/ 2/
tm½HkESifhqufpyfí od&aom tod? tm½Hkxifvmjcif; r½dS? wpfpHkwpf&m xl;jcm;aom taMumif;wpfckcku
tm½HkESifh tm&r®Pduudk qufpyfay;aom tod? ,if;udk
Extra - sensory - per - ception.
[k ac:Muonf?
þodkU todESpfrsKd;cJGjcm;azmfjy\? ,if;ESpfrsKd;wGif 1-udkom OD;Ouú|u vufcHí 2-udk vufrcHvdkay/ xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨w&m;awmfu jyñTefaom psmef0darmu© r*fzdkvf edAÁmefwdkUudk OD;Ouú| r,HkMunfay? ½kyf0g'Djzpfaeí vufrcH-r,HkMunfonfrSmvnf; qef;awmh rqef;ay/ 49/
þae&mü wuúaA'Sylogismac: tEkrmewpfck xkwfMunfhvQif þodkU awGU&rnf-
OD;Ouú| tvdk (u)
Ak'¨a[maom w&m;rsm;onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf/
(c)
ur®0g'onf bk&m;a[m jzpfonf/
(*)
xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨\ ur®0g'onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf/
t|uxm #Dum q&mrsm;ESifhwuG Ak'¨0g'DwdkU\tvdk (u)
Ak'¨a[maom w&m;rsm;onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf r[kwf? twdwf tem*wfESifhvnf; qdkifonf/
(c)
ur®0g'onf bk&m;a[mjzpfonf/
(*)
xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨\ur®0g'onf ,ckb0 ypöu©ESifhom qdkifonf r[kwf? twdwf tem*wfESifhvnf; qdkifonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
426
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þwuúaA'pepft&
OD;Ouú|\
tEkrmeonf
tajccHrSpí
vJGrSm;aeonf?
xdkUaMumifh
taMumif;jycsufESifh ed*Hk;onfvnf; trSm;pifppfjzpfawmhonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkU\ tqdkonfomvQif Ak'¨bmodw pum;awmfwdkUESifh nDñGwfí ,kwådESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaomaMumifh tajccH rSefvsuf ½dSonf? xdkUaMumifh taMumif;jyESifh qHk;jzwfcsufwdkUonfvnf; y&0g'DwdkU vIyf&Sm;r,dkif jrJcdkifaom tEkrme jzpfayonf/ OD;Ouú|onf tEkrmudky,fí rsufawGU vufawGU 0g'Dvdkvdk xifp&m½dSaomfvnf; tu,fpifppfum; þodkU r[kwfay/ tEkrmeudk vufcHvdkonfhtcg vufcHí y,fvdkonfhtcg y,fonf? arsmufu vljzpfvmonfqdkaom 'g0if0g'uJhodkU tEkrmersuf&rf;qonfudkum; OD;Ouú| vufcHxm;ayonf? ]]tDaAmfvl½Sif;pepf} qdkonfrSm tEkrmeyif jzpf\? þ½kyf0g' tEkrmeudk OD;Ouú| udk;uG,fjyefonf/ ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumvm tEkrmeudkrl y,f½Sm;ypfavonf/ qdktyfcJhNyD;aom pum;pOft& OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpf taMumif;jywpfcsufjzpfaom Ak'¨\ ur®0g'onf ykcufESifh acgif;tMum;wGif usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyf\[k qdkaompum;ç bHkcef; i&Jcef;onf raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrme[laom pum;wdkUonf "r®ESifh rnDñGwfaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif; trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
ecoDcokwfESifh vlaovljzpfudk pdppfcsuf 50/
vlaovQif vlomjzpfonf [laom 0g'onf atmufyg ecoDcokwf ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh
ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaeygonf bk&m; [k ed'gef;ysKd;í atmufyg ecoDcokwfudk apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyMuonf/ xdktcgü bk&m;½Sifonf tenf;i,faom ajrrIefUudk vufonf;ay:ü wifawmfrlNyD;vQif ]]&[ef;wdkU. . .'gudk b,fvdkxifMuovJ/ vufonf;ay:ü ig wifxm;aom ajrrIefUESifh þajrBuD;onf tb,fu omvGefí rsm;oenf;}}[k ar;awmfrlonf/ ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. . .þajrBuD;uom ydkí rsm;ygonf? vufonf;ay:ü ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; wifxm;aom þajrrIefUonfum; rajymavmufzG,f tenf;i,frQom ½dSygonf bk&m;? þajrBuD;udk axmufqvQif vufonf;ay:ü ½Sifawmfbk&m; wifxm;aom ajrrIefUonf a&wGufjcif;odkU ra&mufEdkifyg? axmufqjcif;odkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg? tpdwftzdkUodkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg[k avQmufxm;Muygonf/ &[ef;wdkU. . .þtwlyif vlUjynfrS pkawMuí vlUjynfüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUum; enf;yg;vSukef\? pifppfrSmrl vlUjynfrSmpkawMuí i&Jüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ wd&pämefrsKd;üjzpfaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ NydwåmbHkwdkUüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ ewfjynfüjzpfaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? i&Jü jzpfMuukef wd&pämefü jzpfMuukef NydwåmbHkü jzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUom omvGefí rsm;vSukef\[k Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u rdefUawmfrlonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
427
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þenf;twl ewfbHkç i&JbHkç NydwåmbHkwdkUrS pkawí vlUbHkü vlvmjzpfolenf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkwdkUü jzpfMuolwdkUom rsm;vSyHkudkvnf; r[m0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf? yÍö*wday,smv0*f? pmrsufESm (412?
413?
414)
wdkUü
½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ygonf[k
xdkxdkokwåefrsm;udk axmufí apm'emwifMuonf/ 51/
þapm'em
rSwfausmufay:ü
pum;&yfjzifh
wifvdkufaomtcg
tvGefcdkifrmwdusaom
vlaovljzpf0g'wnf;[laom
ecoDcokwfwnf;[laom a½T&nfpdrf
rdk;êud;onf
a½Ttppfr[kwfbJ twkjzpfaeaMumif; bGm;bGm;BuD; ay:vmayonf/ ygyo®ð &raw raem bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& owå0gwdkU\ pdwf"mwfonf raumif;rIü tpOfñGwf,drf;vsuf ½dSaomaMumifh udk,f EIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh ûyorQ ajymorQ awG;MuHorQwdkUonf £óm rpä&d, a'go rme igpJG q&mpJG vlrsKd;pJG tp½dSaom wPSm'd|dtpJGwdkUjzifh tjrJzHk;vTrf;tkyfpdk;jcif;udk cHae&onfjzpfí ,if;wdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHonf taumif;jzpfzdkUxuf tqdk;jzpfzdkUom rsm;aeayonf? okp½dkufjzpfzdkUxuf 'kp½dkuf jzpfzdkUu rsm;í aeayonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG aemufvdkuf wynfhwyef;wdkUonf ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHudk y,faomfvnf; um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwdkUudk vufcHaMumif; þae&mü owdûy&ayrnf? xdkUaMumifh rdk;usa½Tudk,f[k OD;Ouú|wdkU orkwfxm;aom twdwfuHudk csefvdku csefxm;apOD;apawmh ,ck avmavmq,f ypöKyÜefü ûyvkyfajymqdkawG;MuHaeaom um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwdkUum; rdk;ay:us uHr[kwfrlí vufawGU rsufawGU udk,fwdkifûyvkyftyfaom uHjzpfayonf/ xdkuHonf ]]tuf½Sif;ESifh &Dtuf½Sif;
(Action
and
Reaction)
taMumif;ESifh tusKd;w&m;}}
oabmw&m;t& eH&HbufodkU uefvTwfvdkufaom abmvHk;onf eH&Hudk xdrSefí uefaomvlxHodkU jyefvmonfhyrm?
a&xJodkUusoGm;aom
cJvHk;uav;onf
urf;em;odkUta&muf
vIdif;tqufquf
xaponfhyrm tusKd;rûybJ rae? tusKd;rjzpfapbJ aysmufí roGm;ay? þum; avmued,mr "r®ed,mr (The Universal Law, The Order of Norm)
om jzpfonf? rsufarSmufacwf ½lyaA'ynmwdkUu
vufawGUprf;oyf axmufcHxm;aom obm0 jzpfayonf/ ,if;odkUjzpfvQif taMumif;nDñGwfvQif
xdkuHonf
,ckb0üom
oifhavsmfaom
tusKd;ay;onf
tvSnfhtBudrf
r[kwf?
b0rsm;pGmüvnf;
tcgtcGifhwpfckckü
tusKd;ûyonf[k
em;vnfEdkifayawmhonf? xHk;tdk;xJwGif vufudkEIdufí jzLvmaom vufudkvnf;aumif;? uwå&mtdk;xJodkU vufudkEIdufí eufvmaom vufudkvnf;aumif; Munfhum ,ckvkyf ,cktusKd;ay;onf? aemifb0 apmifh&efrvdk [laom pum;rsKd;udk ajymqdkjcif;onf obm0Oya'udk rysHU rESHU rûcHriHkrdaom tqdkjzpfonf/ rD;cJudk udkifrdí ,ckcsufcsif; ylonfrSefaomfvnf; ,if;tylonf csufcsif;aysmufí roGm;? rdrd&& ususee
udkifrdcJhygu
nbufüjzpfap
aemuf&ufrsm;üjzpfap
zl;a,mifaygufuJG
udkufcJemusifí
tusKd;quf 'ku©vSvSBuD; ay;aewwfonfudk vlwdkif;todyif jzpfonf? euf½dIif;pGm ql;pl;cH&aom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
428
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
owå0gwpfa,mufonf ,if; ql;\ tqdyf'Pfudk csufcsif; rcH&apumrl &ufanmif;aomtcg twGif;aqG; aqG;ykyfí t½dk;cdkufatmif temjzpfvsuf 'ku©ay;wwfonfrSmvnf; rsufjrifxif½Sm;aom oufaowpfckyif
jzpfonf?
i½kyfoD;onf
csufcsif;pyfjcif;xuf
umvMumrS
i½kyfowåd½dSonfudk
rsufuG,fûyí
,ckpm;vQif
,ckpyfonf[k
qD;yla&m*gjzpfapwwf? r&aumif;ay?
rsufpdrIefrJG
qdk\/
odkUaomf
,ck
&ifxJylavmifapwwfaom
0rf;EIwfaq;pm;vQif
csufcsif;0rf;emí
"mwfroGm;aomfvnf; tcsdefusvmaomtcg 0rf;emí 0rf;oGm;&onf? xdkenf;twdkif;yif rusef;rrmaom olwpfa,muf oifhavsmfaom aq;0g;"mwfpmudk rDS0Jae&m ,ck csufcsif; xdkaq;onf tpGrf;rjyaomfvnf; umvMumaomtcg
a&m*gaysmufuif;apí
tom;ta&
pdkajy0ûzd;jcif;
touf½Snfjcif;tp½dSaom
tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfaponfrSm vlwdkif;yif awGUêuHzl;aom cHpm;csuftawGUtêuHjzpfonf? þenf;twdkif; tuf½Sif;wpfckonf &Dtuf½Sif;wpfckudk jzpfap&mü ,ckcsufcsif;vufiif;udkom uGufí Munhfum rqHk;jzwf&m? ,ckcsufcsif; vufiif;udkom Munfhí qHk;jzwfwwfonfum; vlnHhwdkU\ t&mrsKd;om jzpfayonf? uH\ tusKd;qufonfum; ,ckb0üaomfvnf;aumif;? b0oHo&m wpfauGUüaomf vnf;aumif; jzpfapvdrfhrnf[lonfudk oEéd|mefus rSwfom;Mu&monf/ 52/
,if;odkUqdkvQif xdkowå0g\ xdkraumif;uHonf &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefaom oludk xdkol\
jypfrIu tcsKyfaxmifodkU ydkUí axmifeef;pHapouJhodkU i&Jpaom 'k*¾wdwdkUü 'ku©vSvScHaprnf rcRwfwnf;? xdki&Jpaom bHkudk xm0&paom bk&m;½SifwdkUu zefwD;xm;onf r[kwf? obm0uom zefwD;onf? obm0[lonfrSm aemufuqdkcJhaom
(The Universal Law.The Order of Norms)
avmued,mr "r®ed,mr
yifjzpfonf? xdki&Jpaom bHkodkU rnfolurQ ydkUonfr[kwf? (The Law of Action & Reaction) ur®ed,mru ydkUonf/ xdktcgrSm vlom;onf vlUb0udk om,mvSygonf? wG,fwmvSygonf? þom; þr,m; þpnf;pdrfESifh rcGJEdkifrcGm&ufyg[k Oyg'gef taxmiftaomif; ½Sdaeaomfvnf; ,if;Oyg'gefxuf tm;½Sdaom Av0 tukodkvfuHu a&rsm; a&Edkif rD;rsm; rD;Edkifyrm xdkvlom;udk tyg,fodkU qGJac:oGm;rnf rcRwfwnf;? vlaovlrjzpfonfhjyif aMumifuav; acG;uav;aomfrS rjzpfrlí i&Jaumif Nydwåmaumif tjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;rnf {uefwnf;/ 53/
xdkodkUr[kwf vlom;onf rdwfaqGaumif; q&maumif;udk rSD&í pdwfaumif;0ifum
aumif;rIaumif;&m ûyvkyfajymqdkawG;MuHrdvQif vlUbHkrSm vlvnf;jyefí jzpfEdkifonf? vlUxuftqifhjrifhaom ewfjA[®mtjzpfjzifhvnf; jzpfvmEdkifonf? ,if;udk&nf½G,fí – rdwåorÜ'rm*r®? a,medaom p y,kÍÆawm/ 0dZÆm0drkwåd 0oDbma0g? oAÁarawe vAÇwd/ rmEkódum p orÜwåd? a'0avmau p ,m &wd/ ,m p edAÁmeorÜwåd? oAÁarawe vAÇwd/ (ck? 1? 10/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
429
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmtusOf;
rdwfaqGaumif;ESifh
jynfhpHkrIudk
taMumif;ûyí
enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;xkwfrdaom
owå0gonf
0dZÆmÓPf t&[wåzdkvf tbdnmOf þw&m;tm;vHk;udk &Edkifayonf/ vlUbHk
vlUb0ü
aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhrI
jynfhpHkaom
pnf;pdrfOpömrsdK;udkvnf;aumif;?
trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf;aumif;?
ewfjynfü½Sdaom
edAÁmefcsrf;omudkvnf;aumif;?
jynfhpHkrI
xdkowå0gonf
þtusdK;tm;vHk;udk &½SdEdkifayonf[k ck'´uygX? ed"du@okwfü Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlonf/ vlaoNyD; vljzpfonfum; tvGefenf;í vlUxuftqifhedrfh owå0gom tjzpfrsm;aMumif; trSm;udk ñTefjywwfaom rrSefonfudkûyí tm;ay;wdkufwGef;wwfaom rdwfaqGwkudk rSDcdk q&mwkESifhaygif;rd enf;rSm;vrf;rSm;udk
ûyvkyfrdaom
olrsm;tzdkU
rdrdpdwfxifwdkif;
jzpfvdkonfhb0
jzpfcsifonfhtjzpf
taersdK;rjzpfrlí z½dkz&JûyduGJysufpD;vsuf usjcif;udk tjcm;ygVdawmfrsm;pGmü 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm txyfxyf a[mñTefawmfrlcJhonf/ ,if;odkU tqifhedrfh bHkb0wdkUü rnfa½GUrnfrQ rsm;pGmjzpfyHkudk pHxdk;jyawmfrlvdkojzifh ajrrIefUudk vufonf;ay:
wifawmfrlum
ra&rwGufEdkifatmif
urÇmajrBuD;onf
BuD;rm;bd
ouJhodkU
þvufonf;ay:u
xdktqifhedrfh
bHkb0wdkUü
ajrrIefUxuf
tqaygif;
jzpfjcif;onf
vlUbHk0,f
vljyefjzpf&jcif;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkrdkrsm;jym;onf[k Ak'¨jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlavonf/ txufyg oHk;oyfcsufrSm vlwdkU\pdwfç vlwdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuH wdkUudk tajccHí ur®ed,mr "r®ed,mr obm0usus ecoDcokwfw&m;awmfudk a0zefazmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpf\/ þbk&m;a[m ygVdawmf ecoDcokwf a'oemawmfESifh OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpfudk ,SOfMunfhvdkufaomtcg ]]rdk;ESifhajrBuD; vif;uGif;wD;í
reD;onfhES,f}}[laompum;uJhodkU
uGmaeaMumif;
awGU&ayonf/
bk&m;pum;ESifh
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh
OD;Ouú|\
OD;Ouú|pum;onf
tuGmBuD;
vlaovljzpf0g'onf
"r®rppf
t"r®omjzpfaMumif; trSwf(2) oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUu oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
twå0g'kyg'gefESifh vlaovljzpf0g' pdppf oHk;oyfcsuf 54/
ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpfjyóempmtkyf? ESm-162? 163 – ü – ]]'DvdkuG udk,fh½kyf udk,fhemrftay:rSm wu,fpGJwJh ½kyfemrfoP²mef t½Sdudk pGJwJh
twå0g'kyg'geftwdkif; vl[m vlyJjzpfw,f? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH qdkwmu vleJUrqdkifao;bl;? 'gayr,fh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh udk,f EIwf ESvHk; raumif;wJh ½kyfysufujyefay:vmwJh blw½kyfqdkawmh ½kyfqdk;jzpfvmr,f}} [lí OD;Ouú| ajymjycsufudk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? þpum;&yfudk pdppf oHk;oyfOD;tHh/ udk,fh½krf twå0g'kyg'gef
udk,fhemrftay:rSm [lonfç
þXyem
wu,fpGJwJh pum;&yfü
twå0g'kyg'gefç twå0g'kyg'gef
½kyfemrfoP²meft&Sdudk [lonf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
pGJwJh
tb,fenf;?
430
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ygVdawmfvmonfhtwdkif; qdk&vQif rdrdoP²mefü½Sdaom ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwdkUudk (yef;yGifh\ ta&miftqif;ESifh arT;êudifaom teHUudk wjcm;pD,lí yef;onf tarT;eHUESifh jynfhpHkonf? yef;onf vSaom tqif;ESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ajym&müuJhodkU) twå[lí vnf;aumif;? twåudk ½kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d ½Sdonf[lívnf;aumif;? twåü ½kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d ½Sdonf[lívnf;aum;if;? ½kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0dü twå½Sdonf[lívnf;aumif; jrifjcif; oHk;oyfjcif; pGJvrf;jcif;udk twå0g'kyg'gef[k qdk&onf/ xdkwGif rdrd½kyfudkvnf;aumif;? a0-oOf-oif-0d [laom rdrdemrfudkvnf;aumif; twå[lí pGJ,ljcif;rSm Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif\ wynfhom;rsm;jzpfMuaom bk&m;\tqdktqHk;rudk &½Sdojzifh ½kyf-emrf tydkif;tjcm;udk uGJuGJjym;jym; em;vnfaeMuaom okw0EÅ t&d,om0ursm;tzdkU ,if;odkU twå0g'kyg'gef [k ac:qdkEdkifavmufatmif pGJ,ljcif; r½Sdwwfay/ taMumif;rlum; tnwdw¬d, [dE´LjAm[®P polwdkU ,lqaom twåpGJ[lonf xdk½kyf? xdkemrfwdkUudpöudk ½kyfudpö emrfudpö ½kyfoabm emrfoabm[k rxifjrifbJ twå\udpöç
twå\
oabmç
twå\vu¨Pmç
twå\
tvkyf[k
xifjrif,lqaejcif;
jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ ,if;twåum; xdk[dE´LjAm[®P polwdkUtvdkt& ysufpD;jcif; r½Sd? tjrJwnfonf? ykwD;ukef;\ twGif;ü
êud;\oP²mefuJhodkU
jzpf\/
ykwD;vHk;rsm;
a½GUvQm;aeaomfvnf;
êud;onfra½GUrvsm;
twGif;om;taejzifh wnf½SdouJhodkU cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;azmufjyef a½GUvsm;aeaomfvnf; twåonf azmufjyefa½GUvsm;jcif; r½SdbJ tjrJwnfaeonf[k qdkMu\/ xdktwå\qdkcJhNyD;aom o½kyf oabm vu©Pmudk trSef[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ,lqí oGm;wm vmwm twå? odwm jrifwm twå? pm;wm aomufwm twå ponfjzifh ½kyfemrfy&rwfw&m;wdkU\ udpötrSefudk twåudpöwnf;[k xifjrif,lq pGJvrf;jcif;onfomvsif twå0g'kyg'gef jzpfonf/ 55/
½kyfemrf t½Sdudk pGJwdkif; twå0g'kyg'gef r[kwfay? ½kyfemrft½Sdudk twå[k pGJvQifjzpfap
½kyfemrfwdkU\udpöudk twå\ udpö[k pGJvQifjzpfap twå0g'kyg'gef jzpfonf/ ½kyfemrft½Sdudkyif om,mzG,f[k pGJu umrkyg'gef jzpfayonf/ Ak'¨"r® Ak'¨tqHk;trudk rMum;em rrSwfom;zl;ç roif,l ravhvmzl;aom AmvwdkUtzdkU vlrSef;odonfh
tcsdeftcgrSpí
t&d,om0aum}}[lívnf;aumif;?
xdktwåpGJ ]]tokw0g
½Sdaewwfonf/
xdkUaMumifh
ykxkZÆaem}}[lívnf;aumif;
ygVdawmfü
]]okw0g
ESpfydkif;ESpfu@
cGJí
a[mawmfrlonf/ ,if;odkU yk*¾dKvfESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; ½Sd&mwGif yxrtrsdK;tpm; jzpfaom okw0EÅt&d,om0uwdkU\ oEÅmefü twå0gEkyg'gef[lí r½Sd? t&d,r*fudk r&ao;orQ umrkyg'gefum; tenf;trsm;½dSonf/ xdkumrkyg'gef[lonfum; ig;yg;tm½kH umr*kPfESifhwuG rdrd\ udk,fcE¨m rdrd\ om;r,m; pnf;pdrfOpöm ta>ct&H bHkAdrmef tdk;tdrfponfwdkUü NidwG,fwyfruf pGJvrf;vsuf½Sdaom qGJwdkif;&onfh oa&êud;yrm [dkbHk
onfbHk
[dkb0
onfb0
rdrdjzpf&mXme
rdrdqdkif&mydkif&mwdkUü
NidwG,f
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
wkyfaESmif
431
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
qGJcsdwfvsufaejcif;wnf;/ ,if; umrkyg'gefonf &[EÅm rjzpfao;orQ tem*grf wdkifatmif vufvSrf;rDvsuf ½Sdonf/ tem*grfyk*¾dKvfrsm;ü
umr&m*[lí
r½Sdaomfvnf;
b0&m*
½ly&m*
t½ly&m*
trnfwGifaom
umrkyg'gefum; ½Sdaeao;onf/ ,if;umrkyg'gef ½Sdaeao;orQ b0taESmif tzGJUrS rvGwfao;? aoNyD;aemuf vlUbHk vlUb0ü rnfonfhtcgrQ jyefí rjzpfawmhacs? jA[®mYjynfü y#doaE¨aernf pif;pif;wnf;/ om"uum; ]]uwarm p yk*¾avm tem*grD? £a"uapöm yk*¾avm yÍöEéH Mo&rÇm*d,meH oHa,mZemeH y&du©,m Moyygwdaum a[mwd ww¬ y&dedAÁm,D tem0w¬d"ar®m wo®m avmum? t,H 0kpöwd yk*¾avm tem*grD/ (tbd? 4? 119/)
jrefrmtusOf; tem*grf yk*¾dKvf[lonf tb,fodkU oabm½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfenf;? þavmuü tcsdKUaom yk*¾dKvfonf Mo&rÇm*d,oHa&mZOfig;yg;
ukefjcif;aMumifh
jA[®mhjynfü
Oyywfy#doaE¨aeum
xdkjA[®mhjynfrS
rjyefvnfawmhbJ y&dedAÁmef pHawmhrnfholwnf;? þyk*¾dKvfrsdK;udk tem*grf[k ac:qdktyf\/ (yk*¾vynwfygVdawmf? 119-ponf)
&Sif;vif;csuf Mo&rÇm*d,oHa,mZOf ig;yg;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaom umr&m* oHa,mZOfudk y,fNyD;aomaMumifh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf vlUjynfü y#doaE¨aemufxyfraebJ jA[®mhjynfodkUuyfa&mufí y#doaE¨aeonf/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fh½kyf udk,fhemrftay:rSm wu,fpGJwJh twå0g'kyg'gefç ½kyf emrft½Sdudk pGJwJh twå0g'kyg'gef[laom OD;Ouú|\ pum;onf umrk'yg'gef\ oabmo½kyfudkyg twå0g'kyg'gef[k qdkrdacsaomaMumifh y&rw¬ cGifrus? teuf"dyÜm,f rjywfom;? rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfvsuf ½Sdonf/ 56/ a½SUem;u
wpfqifhwufí vl[mvlyJjzpfw,fqdkaom pum;udk qdkjyef\/ þtqdk\ trSm;udk qdkcJhNyD;aom
ecoDcokwfjzifhyif
½Sif;vif;y,f½Sm;NyD;jzpfonf/
vlaowdkif;vlrjzpf?
tvGef½Sm;½Sm;yg;yg; taMumif;nDEdkifrS vlUbHkodkU jyefí jzpfonf/ odkUygvsuf vlaovljzpf[k qdkjcif;onf Ak'¨a'oemawmf t&yf&yfESifh qefUusifaom tvGefvGJrSm;aom tqdkjzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmftrSwf(2) oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
432
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) uHESifhvlrqdkif ½kyfysufESifhqdkifaom vlaovljzpf pdppfcsuf
57/
]]ukodkvf tukodkvf udpöu oleJUrqdkifao;bl;? 'gayrJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh
udk,fEIwfESvHk;? raumif;wJh ½kyfysufu jyefay:vmwJh blw½kyfqdkawmh ½kyfqdk;jzpfvmr,f}} þpum;&yfü a½SUESifhaemuf txufESifhatmuf 0da&m"djzpfaom pum;vHk;rsm; yg0ifvsuf ½Sdonf/ txufyg OD;Ouú|pum;ü ukodkvf tukodkvfuH qdkonfrSm apwemjzpfaom emrfoabmjzpfí emrfaMumufaom OD;Ouú|u ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHudk y,fjcif;jzpfonf/ um,uH 0pDuH raemuH[k OD;Ouú|u qdk&mü ]]raemuH}}[laompum;onf Ak'¨0g't& trsm;em;vnfaom raemuH r[kwf? olu ]]raem}}udk [',0w¬K½kyf[k ,lxm;oljzpfí udk,ftrI EIwftrI ESvHk;om;trIudk OD;Ouú|u um,uH 0pDuH raemuH[k qdkaejcif; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh ]]um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh udk,fEIwfESvHk; raumif;wJh ½kyfysuf}}[laom pum;udk oloHk;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGUayonf/ rSefuefaom Ak'¨0g'tm;jzifhrl ukodkvf tukodkvfESifh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH [lonfrSm bmrQ xljcm;onf r[kwf? trnfuGJaomfvnf; oabmcsif;twlwlyif/ ukodkvfrSm um,uH 0pDuH raemuHoHk;yg; tukodkvfrSmvnf;
,if;
oHk;yg;yif/
odkUjzpfvsuf
emrfaMumufaom
OD;Ouú|onf
ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuHudkum; uH[krjrif rdk;ay:usuH[kqdkum jAm[®P0g'uH[k wHqdyfwyfvsuf y,fxm;cJhonf/ um,uH 0pDuH raemuH udkom uH[kjrifí vufcHonf/ onfrQruao; Zeuç Oyw¬rÇuç OyyDVuç OyCmwu [laom uHav;rsdK;? 'd|"r®a0'ed,ç OyyZÆa0'ed,ç ty&my&d,a0'ed,ç ta[moduH [laom uHav;rsdK;? þuHwdkYudkvnf; bk&m;a[mr[kwf? jAm[®PawG
xnfhoGif;xm;onfhuH[k
oû*Ø[fq&m
t½SiftEk½k'¨gudk
vufñdI;aigufaigufxdk;vsuf
oû*Ø[fu jAm[®P0g'udk Ak'¨0g'xJodkU xnfhoGif; vufcHxm;oa,mifqdkum vufrcHbJ y,fonf? um,uH
0pDuH
raemuH
azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;
oHk;rsdK;udkom
ZeuuHç
Ak'¨0g'uH[lí
'd|"r®a0'ed,uH
qdkonf/
ponfwdkUrSm
taMumif;um;
emrfobm0rsm;jzpfí
txufü OD;Ouú|u
emrfaMumufaomaMumifh ZGwftwif; jiif;uG,fjcif;ûyonf/ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHürl ]]raem}} udk [',0w¬K½kyf[k ,lvsuf oHk;rsdK;vHk;udk ½kyfuHvkyfum vufcHjcif; jzpfavonf/ rSm;,Gif;vSaypG/ yxrapm'emü Ak'¨a'oemawmfxJüygaom
jyqdkcJhonfhtwdkif; emrfydkif;qdkif&mudk
OD;Ouú|onf
½kyf0g'DppfppfwpfOD;jzpfí
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jyNyD;y,fonf/
Ak'¨"r®
½kyfbufygatmif
qGJí&aom tcsufudk ½kyfbufqGJí vufcHonf/ xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨0g'udk OD;Ouú|u ½kyf0g'jzpfatmif vkyfaejcif;om jzpfaMumif; txl;owdxm;í Munfhjrifwwf&ef vdktyfvSayonf/ 58/
þae&mü Zeu paom uHwdkUudk ½Sif;í jyOD;tHh? xdkuHwdkUonf OD;Ouú| pGyfpGJonfhtwdkif;
t½SiftEk½k'¨g\ vuf&mr[kwf? bk&m;a[m uHrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; trSeftwdkif; od½SdMuap&ef jzpfayonf/ y|mef;ygVdawmf? yO§m0g&? tEkvHk? urÜypö,ü ]]ememu©Pdum ukovm apwem 0dygumeH cE¨meH u#wåm p ½lygeH ur®ypöa,e ypöa,m}}[lí vnf;aumif;? ]]ememu©Pdum tukovm apwem 0dygumeH
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
433
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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½kyf0g'orm;yDyD ½kyfudkom ta&;ay;jcif; jzpfayonf/ 59/
Oyw¬rÇuuH OyyDVuuHudk ½Sif;OD;tHh? þuHESpfrsdK;ESifh ywfoufí tbd"r®m0dbif;
ygVdawmfBuD;ü þodkUa[mawmfrlxm;\/ (u)
taw¬upömed ygyumed ur®orm'gemed 0wdorÜwåd ywdAmVmed e 0dypöEÅd?
(c)
. . . . . . . OywdorÜwåd ywdAmVmed . . . . . . . .
(*)
. . . . . . .umvorÜwåd ywdAmVmed . . . . . . . .
(C)
. . . . . . ya,m*orÜwåd ywdAmVmed e 0dypöEÅd/ (tbd? 2? 380/) (tbd"r®m0dbif; ygVdawmf)
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(c)
acsmarm vSywifhw,fjcif;ç ½kyfqif;Mueftif vu©PmjynfhpHk wifhw,fjcif; [laom OywdorÜwåd\ tumtuG,fay;jcif;cH&vQif . . . . .
(*)
acwfaumif; tcgaumif;[laom umvorÜwåd\ tumtuG,fay;jcif; cH&vQif . . . .
(C)
ypöu©b0ü avmavmq,ftm;jzifh aumif;&mvkyfç aumif;&majymç aumif;&mawG;jcif; [laom ya,m*orÜwåd\ tumtuG,f ay;jcif;cH&vQif raumif;rI tukodkvfuHwdkUonf raumif;usdK; ray;Edkifukef/
xdkenf;twdkif; *wd0dywåð tm*r®ç Oy"d0dywåð tm*r®ç umv0dywåð tm*r®ç ya,m*0dywåð tm*r® raumif;aom jzpf&mbHkXme b0wdkUESifh awGUêuHvQif t½kyfqdk; tusnf;wef t*FgajcvufrpHk acgif;ao;udk,fBuD; udk,fao;acgif;BuD; ykvGef; ½SnfvGef; ponfjzifh nHhzsif;vGef;vQif/ y/ rdk;rrSef avrrSef &moDysuf Owkysuf acwfqdk; acwfysufpaom umv0dywådESifh awGUêuHae&vQif/ y/ tûyrSm; tajymrSm; nHhzsif;aom pdwfaepdwfxm; rSm;,Gif;aom raemuHpaom ya,mu0dywådESifh awGUêuHae&vQif tukodkvfuHwdkUonf xdxdcdkufcdkuf tusdK;ay;ukef\ [lí ygVdawmfü qufvufí a[mawmfrlonf/ 60/
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taMumif;udk&aomtcg raumif;usdK;ay;\/ qefUusifbuf taMumif;ESifhawGUaomtcg tusdK;ray;ay? tukodkvfuHtm;
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þb0okwfawmfü umrb0? ½lyb0? t½lyb0[laom pum;&yfonf Oypmtm;jzifh
a[maom pum; jzpf\/ rkcstm;jzifhrlum; umrbHk? ½lybHk? t½lybHkwdkUü wyfrufaom wPSmudkom a[mawmfrlaom pum;jzpfonf/ 19/ umrbHk?
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trSeftm;jzifh
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tu,fí ocifjrwfqdkif wifonfhtwdkif; umrb0 ½lyb0 t½lyb0wdkUudk y,f&rnf[k
rkcsteuf,lvQifvnf; umrb0 ½lyb0 t½lyb0 ½Sdaeonf[k t"dyÜg,f oufa&mufonfyif jzpf\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ½Sdaeaomt&mudkomvQif ty,fcdkif;&ef vdktyf\? r½Sdaom t&mudkrl ty,fcdkif;&ef rvdktyfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ 22/
xdkUaMumifh ocifjrwfqdkifwifjyaom þb0okwfonf 31-bHkudk y,faomokwf r[kwf?
31-bHk0g'udk vufrcH[lí a[mMum;aom okwfvnf;r[kwf? trSefpifppf 31-bHk½SdaMumif;udkyif tw¬myEé pum;usenf;tm;jzifh ñTefjyaom okwfjzpfaeayonf/
[mvd'´dumedokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 23/
ocifjrwfqdkifu 'kwd,acsycsuftjzpf [mvd'´dumedokwfudk xkwfaqmifí ]]ol
tem*wfumvü þodkUaom ½kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmP½Sdol jzpf&vdk\/ þuJhodkU tem*wfb0udk MuHolonf 0#fudk a½SUoGm;ûyol rnf\}}[k wifjyxm;avonf/ 24/ a½SUoGm;ûyol
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tZÑwådum,weokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
25/
ocifjrwfqdkifu wwd,acsycsuftaejzifh ]]ax&0g' yd#uwf t*FkwådK&f? r[m0*¾oH,kwf?
opöoH,kwf? tZÑwådum,weokwfwGif . . . ]]b0opfudk jzpfapaom ork',opöm[lonf umrwPSm? b0wPSm? 0db0wPSmwdkUwnf;? xdkwPSmwdkUudk y,ftyfukef\? r*fjzifhy,favm}}[k acsyxm;avonf/ q|rl jrefrmjyefESifh udkufnDrI r½Sdacs/ 26/
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avmuokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 28/
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]b0üuyfNidaom avmuonf wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfavh½Sdum b0jzifh
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r[med'geokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 31/
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o*Ðwdokwf oHk;owfcsuf 32/
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þo*Ðwdokwfonfvnf; ocifjrwfqdkifqdkvdkonfh 31-bHk r½SdaMumif;udk razmfjy?
razmfjy½HkrQru 31-bHk ½Sdjcif;udkyif jyaeonf/ taMumif;rlum; xdkokwfü ay;vªrIaMumifh vlUbHkç ewfbHkç jA[®mhbHkodkU a&mufaMumif;jyqdkxm;onfjzpf&m xdkxdkbHkrsm; xif½Sm;½SdaeyHkudk (þokwfudk udk;jcif;tm;jzifh) ocifjrwfqdkifudk,fwdkif 0efcHNyD;jzpfacsonf/
*Pdumokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 35/
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b0udkarQmfudk;olonf rdpäm'd|d[k qdkxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonfbk&m;[k wifjyavQmufxm;avonf/ 36/
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tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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þokwfonf tpGef;ESpfyg; a½SmifMuOf&ef a[maomokwf jzpfonf/ 31-bHk r½Sd? 31-bHkudk
y,faMumif; jyqdkxm;jcif; r½Sday/
ykPÖu rmP0ykpäm 38/
t|racsycsuftaejzifh ocifjrwfqdkifu ykPÖurmP0ykpämudk ñTefí ]]vlewfjA[®m b0udk
awmifhwí vªoltm;vHk;onf b0udk wyfpGef;vsuf wPSmjzifh vªaomaMumifh Zmwd Z&m r&P 0#fqif;&JrS rvGwfajrmufEdkif}}[k wifjyavQmufxm;jyefonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif\ wifjycsufonf rl&if;ygVdawmftwdkif; r[kwfay? rl&if;ygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyef tjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/ ]]ykPÖu tvªcHyk*¾dKvf
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t*FkwådK&f? {uedygwf? {u"r®? wwd,0*f 41/
e0rajrmuf acsycsuftaejzifh ocifjrwfqdkifu t*FkwådK&f? {uedygwf? {um'or?
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454
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[laom pum;udk udk;um;í b0onf rpifuJhodkUwnf;[l wifjyxm;avonf/ 41/
b0onf rpifuJhodkU ½GHzG,faumif;onfrSm rSefvSay\? þodkUrSefaomaMumifh b0½SdonfrSm
xif½Sm;vSayonf/ pk'dwuonf þokwfudk om"uûyjcif;tm;jzifh 31-bHk½SdaMumif;udk xkwfjyouJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/
'd|d*wokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 42/
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tpodkU 48/
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apawmcdvokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 49/
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apawmcdvokwf\ rl&if;jrefrmjyefrSm ocifjrwfqdkifwifjy ouJhodkU r[kwfay? xdkUaMumifh
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arxkeokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 52/
pk'´or om"utjzpf ocifjrwfqdkifu owåuedygwf? arxkeokwfudk xkwfaqmifí
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457
tpodkU
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a'0avmuokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 55/
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15-Budrfwdwd
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ocifjrwfqdkif udk;um;wifjyaom okwfawmfrsm;onf 31-bHkudk Ak'¨vufrcH[k t"dyÜg,f
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
458
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xif½Sm;½SdaeaMumif; bk&m;a[mygVdawmfwGif 31-bHk trSefyif ½SdaeaMumif; tajzxGufavonf/ xdkUaMumifh ocifjrwfqdkifonf apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pGJqdkcsufudk ajyvnfatmif ajz½Sif;acsyjcif; rûyEdkifonfudk awGU&ayonf/
OD;cif[ef\ acsyvTmudk oHk;oyfcsuf 59/
,ckwpfzef
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\
acsycsufudkvnf;
aumufEkwfazmfjyí
pdppfoHk;oyf&ayrnf/ or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ Ouú|jzpfol pk'dwu OD;cif[efu apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm; rlvpGJqdkcsuf tydk'faygif; ½Spfck&Sdonfhteuf (u) (c) (*) (C) (i) (p) ESifh (Z) trSwfjy pmydk'frsm;udk vHk;0ajzqdkjcif;rûybJ (q)trSwfyg tcsufudkom acsy ½Sif;vif;avonf/ 60/
½Sif;vif;yHkrSm apm'ut½SifjrwfwdkUonf tpGJûywfwJukyfa½Teef;awmfpmtkyfrS rdrdvdk&m
pmydk'fudk qGJxkwfNyD; rSm;,Gif;pGm apm'emxm;aMumif; tñGefUwufum tpGJûywfwJukyfa½Teef;awmfpmtkyf pmrsufESm-52wGif a&;om;xm;aom OD;Ouú|\ pmtkyfudk azmfjyavQmufxm;avonf/ (q)
wefcdk;jym#d[mwdkUudkvnf;aumif; vnf;aumif;?
ewfjynf
vnf;aumif;
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þuyÜmavmuBuD;udk t½l;axmiftjzpfodkU a&mufapcJhonf/ (tpGJûywfwJukyf a½Teef;awmfpmtkyf ESm-54) þum; rlvpGJcsuf jzpfavonf/ 62/
,if;pGJcsufwGifygaom wefcdk;jym#d[mESifh ywfoufí or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUu]]q&mawmf t½SifOuú| a&;om;azmfjyaom wefcdk;jym#d[mESifh txufatmufbHkwdkUonf
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qifajcay;Mu½HkrQru
apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;udkyif
xm0&bk&m;bufu
a½SUaevdkufolrsm;tjzpf
jyuf&,fûyoGm;Muavonf/ 62/
þwGif 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uESifh pk'dwursm; ESpfzuf tudk;tum;ûyí
wifjyMuaom OD;Ouú|\ ]]tpGJûywf wJukyf a½Teef;awmf}}pmtkyfudk aocsmpGm avhvmMunfh½I&mwGif atmufygpmydk'fudk xif½Sm;pGm awGUMu&avonf/ ]]xdkrQru xdkbmomBuD;av;&yfwdkUonf ESpfoufzG,faumif;vSaom aumif;uifbHkESifh aMumufrufzG,faumif;vSaom i&JwdkUudk zefqif;cJhMuukef\}} (tpGJûywfwJukyf a½Teef;awmf 62)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
459
tpodkU 63/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þtpGJûywfwJukyfa½Teef;awmfpmtkyf
pum;udkaxmufí
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xdkUaMumifh
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vufjzpfygVdtrSm; 64/ wu,fr½Sd
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pGJcsufwifxm;Muavonf/ xdkpGJcsufudk þu@ü pk'dwuwdkUbufrS wpfpHkwpf&mjyefvnf acsyjcif; rûyMuay/ 65/
,if;ygVdudk þ½Hk;awmfodkU wifjyxm;aom oufaocHpmtkyfrsm;wGif ½SmazGMunfh½I&m
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS twGif;a&;rª;OD;udkudkav; ûypkaom ]]31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH}} trnf½Sd pmtkyftwGif;rsufESmzHk;wGif a½SUwef;wifí atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ upöm,e . . . avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d/ (Ak'¨a*gwr) 66/
þ 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcHpmtkyfudk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS oabmw&m;a&;wm0efcH
em,uBuD; (tbd"r®m q&mpdef wnf;jzwfonf)[k azmfjyxm;NyD; A[dkobmywdtzGJU Ouú|BuD; OD;wifu trSmpm ed'gef;a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ þygVdtrSm;udk tbd"r®m q&mpdef ûypkaom ]]or®m'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif; ta&;awmfyHk}} pmtkyf? ESm 62-wGifvnf; bk&m;a[mygVd jzpfav[ef rSm;,Gif;pGm azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xdkygVdudk teufjrefrm jyefqdk&ygvQif]]tdk upöm,e avmu\jzpfaMumif; wPSmonfvnf; ½Sd\/ avmu\ csKyf&m edAÁmefonfum; r½Sd}} þodkU yd#uwfoHk;oG,f
t"dyÜg,fjzpfaeí oH*g,em
q&mawmfwdkU
6-wefwif
tvGefwkefvIyfacsmufcsm;rdayonf?
usrf;pmwdkUü
ydkufpdwfwdkufí
edum,fig;&yf
½SmazGMunfh½Iygaomfvnf;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
460
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rnfonfhusrf;*efwGifrS rawGU½Sd&/ odkUygvsuf xdkpk'dwuwdkU\ vufjzpfyHkrSm;½dkufygVd\ atmufrS (Ak'¨a*gwr)[k xifxif½Sm;½Sm;BuD; a&;jyxm;onfrSmvnf; bmoma&;udk ½dk;½dk;om;om; avhvmolrsm;tzdkU BuDrm;aom tEÅ&m,fBuD;wpfckyif jzpfaeayonf/ rSwfcsuf/
/
þtaMumif;udk
apm'emtrSwf
(18)udk
oHk;oyfonfhtcg
tus,fa0zefí
½Sif;vif;jyqdkrnf jzpfonf/
0daooapm'em pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 67/
,ckwzef
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ þtrSwf(3)
0daooapm'emudk
apm'emESifh
ywfoufí
pDppfoHk;oyf 31-bHk½SdaMumif;
jy&ayOD;rnf/ cdkifvHkaom
tudk;om"ursm;udk xkwfaqmifay;&ef awmif;qdkcJh&m apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 0daooapm'emtjzpf bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;udk tcdkiftrm wifoGif;jyqdkoGm;ayonf/ ,if;odkUwifoGif;&mü t*FkwådK&f{uedygwf? {u"r®ygVd? q|rl pmrsufESm 39-ESifh ,if;\ jrefrmjyef ESm 48-udk axmufí(u) vlaoewfjzpfenf;yg;í tyg,fbHkü tjzpfrsm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? (c) vlaovljzpf enf;yg;í tyg,fbHkü tjzpfrsm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? "r®[',0dbif;ygVd q|rlç ESm 427-ESifh 436-udk axmufí(*) umr 11-bHk ½SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? (C) ½ly 16-bHk ½SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? (i) t½ly 4-bHk ½SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? "r®[',0dbif;ygVd q|rlç ESm 437-udk axmufí(p) 'ge oDv OaygoxaMumifh ewfjynfajcmufxyf a&mufEdkifyHkudk vnf;aumif;? o|dedygwf? oHudpöZmwf ESm 60-udk axmufí(q) i&J½SdaMumif;udk vnf;aumif; toD;oD; oufaoom"u wifjycJhayonf/ xdkapm'u q&mawmfwdkU wifjyudk;um;aom om"uwdkUonf 31-bHkESifhywfoufí tvGefcdkifrmaom om"ursm; jzpfMuayonf/
31-bHk0g'[laom pum;udk pdppfcsuf 68/
NyD;cJhaom
pum;&yfwdkUjzifh
31-bHkqdkif&m
þtrSwf
(3)apm'emESifh
pyfvsOf;í
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pGJqdkwifjycsufudk acsyaom pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ acsycsufudk a0zefpdppfjyjcif;ç apm'emyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ 0daooapm'emudk a0zefpdppfjyjcif; þudpöESpf&yf NyD;jywfcJhayNyD/ ,ckwpfzef qufvufí 31-bHkjyóemESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ oD;jcm;okH;oyfcsufudk azmfjyaytHh/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
461
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
]]31-bHk0g'}}[laom pum;&yfü 31-bHkESifh 0g'[laom pum;ESpf&yf yg½Sdonf/ 31-bHktaMumif;udk a½SUwGifazmfjyrnf jzpfonf/ ,ck 0g'[laom pum;udk ½Sif;vif;aytHh/ 69/
0g'qdkonfrSm
,ckacwfü
jrefrma0g[m&
pum;vHk;tjzpf
wGifus,faeaomfvnf;
rl&if;bmomtm;jzifh ygVdpum;vHk; jzpfonf/ «0'"mwf+Pypönf;jzifh NyD;aomyk'fwnf;» ,if;0g'[laom ygVdpum;\ teufrSm t&mXmeodkUvdkufí teuf (7)rsdK; xGuf½Sdayonf? ,if; teuf(7)rsdK;wdkUum;(u) pum;[laomteuf? (c) ajymqdkjcif;[laomteuf? (*) tjypfa'go[laomteuf? (C) t,l[laomteuf? (i) rdpämÓPf[laomteuf? (p) ajymqdkonfh t&if;cHapwem [laomteuf? (q) tjiif;tcHkpum;[laom teufwdkY jzpfayonf/ 70/
t*Fvdyfbmom tpfZif
(ISM)
[laom pum;vHk;udk jrefrmjyefqdkaomtcg 0g'[lí
jyefqdkMuonf? om"utm;jzifh (qdk½S,fvpfZif;=qdk½S,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepfZif;=uGefjrLepf0g') ponfwdkU jzpfayonf/ ,if; tpfZif[laom pum;udk zGifhqdkMu&mü vufawGUaqmif½GufrI ponfwdkUjzpfonf/ txufyg
t"dyÜg,f
zGifhqdkcsufrsm;t&
toifhavsmfqHk;udk
,lonf½Sdaomf
þü
0g'[laompum;vHk;\ teufrSm ]pum;} odkYr[kwf ]t,l} [lí jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh 31-bHk 0g'[l&mü ]31-bHkqdkif&mpum;} odkUr[kwf ]]31-bHkqdkif&mt,l}}[lí jzpfayonf/ þt"dyÜg,ft& 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH[laom a&;om;csuf\ teufudk zGifhqdkonf½Sdaomf 31bHkESifh pyfaompum;ç t,l[k qdk&ma&mufayonf/ þonfum; 31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH[laom a0g[m&ESifh ywfoufí ½Sif;vif;csufaywnf;/
31-bHkpm&if; 71/
txufwGif apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyonfh tudk;om"ursm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½IygvQif
31-bHkudk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; vufcHonfhtaMumif; (bk&m;a[ma'oemwGif 31-bHk xif½Sm;½SdaMumif;)udk odomEdkifayNyD? ydkrdkíodomxif½Sm;ap&ef tenf;i,fpdppfí azmfjyaytHh? 31-bHk qdkonfrSm atmufygwdkUyif jzpfMuayonf/ (1) i&JbHk? (2) wd&pämefbHk? (3) NydwåmbHk?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
462
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(4) tok&um,fbHk? (5) vlUbHk? (6) pmwkr[m&mZf ewfbHk? (7) wm0wðom ewfbHk? (8) ,mrm ewfbHk? (9) wkodwm ewfbHk? (10) edr®me&wd ewfbHk? (11) y&edr®dw0o0wåd ewfbHk? (12) jA[®yg&doZÆm jA[®mbHk? (13) jA[®yka&m[dwm jA[®mbHk? (14) r[mjA[®m jA[®mbHk? (15) y&dwåmbm jA[®mbHk? (16) tyÜrmPm jA[®mbHk? (17) tmbó&m jA[®mbHk? (18) y&dwåokbm jA[®mbHk? (19) tyÜrmPokbm jA[®mbHk? (20) okbudPSm jA[®mbHk? (21) a0[yædKvf jA[®mbHk? (22) tonowf jA[®mbHk? (23) t0d[m jA[®mbHk? (24) twyÜm jA[®mbHk? (25) ok'óm jA[®mbHk? (26) ok'óD jA[®mbHk? (27) tued| jA[®mbHk? (28) tumomeÍöm,we jA[®mbHk? (29) 0dnmPÍöm,we jA[®mbHk? (30) tmudÍönm,we jA[®mbHk? (31) ae0onmemonm,we jA[®mbHk/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
463
tpodkU 72/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þ 31-bHkpm&if;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom ygVdawmfrS
aumufEkwfazmfjyxm;aom pm&if;jzpfayonf/ ,if;ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;udk rrDrurf; rMunfhr½IEdkifolrsm;u]]¤if; 31-bHkonf Ak'¨a*gwr y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD; ESpfaygif; 956-ESpf tMum;wGifrS oD[dkVf t½SiftEk½k'¨gûypka&;om;aom tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf; (0g) oû*Ø[fusrf;üom vmonf}} [k rSwfcsufûyí wm0efrJh ajymqdka&;om;Muavonf/
31-bHkESifh ywfoufí tcsufoHk;csuf 73/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk ûcHíavhvmMunfhvQif 31-
bHkESifhywfoufí tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&onf/ (u)
yxrtcsuf 31-bHk 31-b0 {uefrkcs½Sdonfh taMumif;udk a[mMum;jcif; jzpfonf/
(c)
'kwd,tcsuf 31-bHkom;wdkUtzdkU txdkuftavsmuf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;jzpfonf/
(*)
wwd,tcsuf 31-bHk? 31-b0wdkUudk rwG,fwmapbJ vGwfajrmufrI enf;vrf;udk a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
74/
½Sif;OD;tHh?
31-bHk?
31-b0½SdaMumif;
a[mMum;jcif;onfum;
Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf
avmu0d'l*kPfawmfESifhtnD t½Sdudkt½Sdtwdkif; a[mawmfrljcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdk 31-bHk? 31-b0onf þurÇmüomru ,cifh,cif urÇmYurÇmwdkUüvnf; ½SdcJhzl;NyD; jzpfonf/ ,ckvuf½Sd urÇmüvnf; ½Sdaeonfyif jzpfonf/ aemif tawmrowf vmvwåHUaom urÇmYurÇmwdkUüvnf; ½Sdaevdrfhrnfom jzpfonf/
om"utm;jzifh
avonfvnf;aumif;ç
avmutwGif;ü
rD;onfvnf;aumif;
ajronfvnf;aumif;ç ½SdNyD;
½SdqJ
a&onfvnf;aumif;ç
½SdvwåHU
jzpfouJhodkUaywnf;/
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf 31-bHkonf MoumoavmuBuD; jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ 75/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
t"duOD;wnfcsuf
yGifhawmfrlvmaomtcg
xm;aomfvnf;
½SdESifhaeaom
avmuESifh
avmuESifh
b0rS b0udk
xGufajrmufa&;twGuf taMumif;wdkufqdkifovdk
xkwfazmfa[mMum;&onfrSm obm0usaom tcsufyif jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkU\ jzpfysufûyjyifajymif;vJaeaom aMumif;usdK;quf obm0"r® (tbd"r®m)ynmudk azmfxkwf&mü 31-bHk? 31b0wdkUonf ynm&yf\ toHk;cHypönf;rsm; jzpfvmayonf/ 76/
31-bHkom;wdkU taejzifh yg&rD tEkt&ifhvdkufí b0rS vHk;0rxGufajrmufEdkifao;onfh
Mum;umvwGif txdkuftavsmuf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; Ak'¨u a[mMum;xkwfazmfawmf rlcJh&ayonf/
Oyrm-
orÜ'gw&m;ç
r*Fvmw&m;ç
od*Fgavm0g'okwfpaom
w&m;rsdK;udk
a[mMum;awmfrljcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkw&m;rsm;udk vdkufemusifhoHk;olwdkif; txdkuftavsmuf trSefyif BuD;yGm;csrf;omrIudk &½SdMuayonf/ rnfonfhusrf;*efyd#uwfwGifrS ]]bk&m;[lu 0drkwådudkom a[monf}}[k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
464
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tqdkr½Sdacs/ 77/
þwGif tvsOf;oifhí qdk&ayOD;rnf? Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk opömav;yg;w&m;ç tewåw&m;ç
y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m; þw&m;oHk;rsdK;avmufudkom a[mMum;cJhaom bk&m;tjzpf ajyma[ma&;om; 0g'jzefUí aeolrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkU\ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk(u)
rjynfhpHkaom bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;?
(c)
wpf,loef bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;?
(*)
avmuom;tm;vHk;wdkU\
aus;Zl;½Sifr[kwf?
edAÁmef&&m&aMumif;
wpfckwnf;udkom
tm;xkwfol (vlenf;pk) wdkU\ aus;Zl;½Sif bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;? wGef;ydkUvsuf ½Sdayonf/ þodkUûyvkyfjcif;onf
jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;
tBuD;tus,f
jypfrSm;&ma&mufonf?
yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; zsufqD;&ma&mufayonf/ 78/
pd&H
wd|wk
o'¨ar®m
[lí
Ak'¨bmom0iftm;vHk;
awmifhwvsuf½Sdaom
o'¨r®
(olawmfaumif;w&m;)onf(u)
avmud,o'¨¨r®=avmuDqdkif&m olawmfaumif;w&m;?
(c)
avmukwå&mo'¨r®=avmurS vGwfajrmufa&;qdkif&m olawmfaumif;w&m;
[lí 2-rsdK; ½Sdayonf/ avmud,o'¨r®qdkonfrSm 'ge oDvw&m;rsm;ç jA[®pdk&fw&m;rsm;ç r*Fvm od*Fgavm0g' ponfwdkU yg0ifayonf/
avmurS
vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í
a[mMum;awmfrlaom
avmukwå&mo'¨r®
w&m;awmfrsm;onfvnf; xdkxdkbk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;ü tajrmuftrsm; yg½Sdayonf/ txl;ojzifh r[mowdy|meokwfawmfonf
b0rS
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
vufawGUvrf;ñTefjyaom
usifhvrf;
MuHvrf;w&m;awmfyif jzpfayonf/ owdy|mefw&m;udk bk&m;½Siftvdkawmftwdkif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfolonf r*¾opömvrf;pOfay:odkU trSefyif a&muf½SdEdkifayonf/ þum; 31-bHkESifhywfoufí odrSwfzG,f&m tcsufoHk;csufaywnf;/
31-bHk½SdaMumif; om"ursm; 79/
edum,fig;&yfç yd#uwfoHk;yHkwGif 31-bHkç 31-b0 ½SdaMumif; a[mxm;aom ygVdawmf
tajrmuftrsm;udk
yd#uwfusrf;*ef
oifMum;zl;olwdkif;
awGU½SdrSwfom;
EdkifMuayonf/
odom½Hk
aumufEkwfazmfjy&aomf£wd0kwf ygVdawmfwGifaw 0¹k,EÅd ed&,H? wd&pämeÍö a,meda,m? tok&H aywåd0do,H? trkwåm rm&AE¨em/ (ck-1? 257/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
465
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[lívnf;aumif; aewådygVdawmfwGifed&,*grD ra*¾g wd&pämea,med*grD ra*¾g aywåd0do,*grD ra*¾g tok&a,meda,m ra*¾g o*¾*grda,m ra*¾g rEkó*grD ra*¾g/ (ck-10? 62/) [lívnf;aumif; a[mxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf? þ £wd0kwf ygVdawmfESifh aewådygVdawmfvm a'oemawmfrsm;t& tyg,fav;bHk ewfjynf 6-xyf vlUbHktm;jzifh-umr 11-bHk txift½Sm;½SdaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ wpfzef t*Fkwå&ygVd? wduedygwf? ESm-213? 214? 215 wGifvnf;aumif;? 0dbif;ygVdawmf? ESm 437? 438?
439
wGifvnf;aumif;
ewfjynf
6-xyfudk
trnfESifhwuG
oufwrf;udkyg
,SOfwGJí
a[mMum;xm;onfudk awGU½SdEdkifayonf/ 0dbif;ygVdawmf? ESm-439? 440? 441 wGif jA[®m 20-wdkU\ trnfudk oufwrf;ESifhwuG a[mMum;xm;onfudk awGU½SdEdkifayonf/ þygVdawmft& 31-bHk trSefyif½Sdaeonf qdkaomtcsufudk oHo,uif;pGm vufcH,HkMunfxdkufayonf/
,rdkufygVdawmfvm 31-bHkrsm; 80/
txufazmfjyyg
ygVdawmfrsm;tjyif
,rdkufygVdawmf?
Moumo0g&?
yk*¾avmumo
0g&rsm;üvnf; 31-bHkwdkU\trnfudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ a[mxm;onfudk awGU½SdEdkifayonf/ tenf;i,f xkwfazmfí jy&ygvQif(u)
cE¨,rdkuf ygVdawmf yxrpmtkyf ESm-31? 32 wGif (tonoawå) (yÍöa0guma&) (t½lay) [laom trnfemrwdkUudk wyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowfbHk? yÍöa0gum&bHk? t½lybHkwdkU ½SdaMumif;udk odEdkifayonf/
(c)
tm,we,rdkuf? ygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? ESm 48-wGif (½lyg0pa&) (umrm0pa&) (tonoawå) [laom trnfemrwdkUudkwyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh ½lyjA[®mbHk? umr0p&bHk?
tonowf
jA[®mbHkwdkU
½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf;
tm,we,rdkufudk
axmufí odEdkifayonf/ (*)
opö,rdkufygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? ESm-213? 215-wGif (tonoawå) (pwka0guma&) (yÍöa0guma&) (tyga,) [laom trnfemrrsm;udk wyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowf
jA[®mbHk? cE¨mav;yg; ½SdaombHk? cE¨mig;yg;½SdaombHk? tyg,fbHkwdkU
½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; (C)
opö,rdkufudkaxmufí odEdkifayonf/
ocFg&,rdkuf? 'kwd,pmtkyf? ESm-7-wGif (yXrZÑmae) (½lyg0pa&) (t½lyg0pa&) [laom trnfemrwdkYudk
wyfía[mxm;aomaMumifh
½lyg0p&bHk?
t½lyg0p&bHkrsm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
466
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½Sdaeonfqdkaom tcsufudk ocFg&,rdkufudk axmufqí odEdkifayonf/
(i)
"r®,rdkuf ygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-9-wGif (tonoawå) (pwka0guma&) (yÍöa0guma&) [laom trnfemrwdkUudk wdkuf½dkuf a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowf jA[®mbHk?
cE¨mig;yg;½SdaombHk cE¨m av;yg; ½SdaombHkrsm;udkvnf; "r®,rdkufudk
axmufpí odEdkifayonf/ (p)
£`E´d, ,rdkuf ygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-124-wGif (tonoawå) (t½lay) (yÍöa0guma&) [laom trnfwdkUudk wdkuf½dkuf a[mxm;aomaMumifh cE¨mwpfyg;½Sdaom tonowfbHk?
cE¨mav;yg;½Sdaom
t½lybHk?
cE¨mig;yg;½Sdaom
yÍöa0gum&bHkwdkU
½SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; £`E´d, ,rdkufudk axmufqí odEdkifjyefayonf/ (q)
tEko, ,rdkufygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-61-wGif (½ly"mwk,m) (t½ly"mwk,m) (umr"mwk,m) [laom trnfudk oHk;oyfí a[mxm;aomaMumifh ½ly 16-bHk?
t½ly
4-bHk? umr 11-bHk tm;jzifh 31-bHk trSefyif ½SdaMumif;udk tEko,,rdkufudk axmufqí odEdkifayonf/ þum; 31-bHk ½SdaMumif; t>rufrQazmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/ ,rdkuf ygVdawmf wpfusrf;vHk;wGif 31-bHk
trnfrsm;udk
omav,suokwfwGif
tBudrfrsm;pGm 31-bHkwdkU\
a[mxm;cJhayonf? trnfrsm;ESifh
txl;ojzifh
rlvyPÖmo
a&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
ygVdawmf? twdtvif;
a[mMum;xm;cJhayonf/
31-bHka&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm; 81/
31-bHk½SdaMumif;udk jyqdkNyD;aemuf ,ckwzef 31-bHka&mufaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkvnf;
jyqdk&ayOD;rnf/ 31-bHkudk trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;MunfhvQif 'k*¾wdbHk? ok*wdbHk[lí 2-rsdK; 2-pm; uGJjym;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ tyg,fav;bHkudk 'k*¾wdbHk[k ac:í? usefbHkrsm;udk ok*wdbHk[k ac:qdkonf/ (u) t"r®p&d,m=rw&m;usifhjcif; (tukodkvfapwem) (c) 0dorp&d,m=rnDrrQusifhjcif; (tukodkvfapwem) wdkUaMumifh
tyg,fbHkodkU
usa&mufEdkifaMumif;
rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf?
omav,suokwfwGif
atmufygtwdkif; a[mxm;cJhayonf/ ]]t"r®p&d,m0dorp&d,ma[wk acg *[ywa,m {0rda"uapö owåm um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆEÅd}} (r? 1? 354/)
jrefrmjyef ]]ol
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
467
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ysufpD;í us&mi&JodkU a&mufMu&ukef\}}/ (rjref 1? 467/) 82/
ok*wdbHkb0odkU a&mufEdkifjcif;\ taMumif;rSmvnf;(u) "r®p&d,m=w&m;ojzifh usifhjcif; (ukodkvfapwem) (c) orp&d,m=nDrQpGm usifhjcif; (ukodkvfapwem)
wdkUaMumifh jzpfaMumif; rlvyPÖmoygVdawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a[mxm;cJhayonf/ ]]"r®p&d,morp&d,ma[wk acg *[ywa,m {0rda"uapö owåm um,ó ab'g y&H r&Pm ok*wð o*H¾ avmuH OyyZÆEÅd}} (r? 1? 355/)
jrefrmjyef ]]ol
/ þrlvyPÖmo ygVdawmf? omav,suokwfwGif tyg,fbHk? ewfjynf 6-xyf? jA[®mbHk
20-wdkU\ trnfESifhwuG a&mufaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkyg twdtvif; a[mMum;xm;ayonf/
31-bHky,f 0g'udk pdppfjcif; þ
31-bHky,f0g'onf
vlaovljzpf0g'D
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ol\aemufvdkuf
wynfhtcsdKU\
0g'jzpfonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf 31-bHk0g'? Ak'¨vufrcHaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;jzefUa0jcif;ç a[majymjcif;rsm;
ûyvkyfaeMuaomfvnf;
avhvmoifMum;zl;Muaom tenf;i,frQudkom
olrsm;um;
avhvmcJhMuolwdkU
pifppfrl
r[kwfMuay/ jzpfonf/
Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk jrefrmjyef
yd#uwfESifh
(þtaMumif;udk
tajccHusus t*Fvdyfbmomjyef
EdkifiHawmf
oD;jcm;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; ar;jref;pdppfpOfu pk'dwuwdkUudk,fwdkif &[ef;? ½Sif? vl y&dwfowfrsm;\a½SU þ½Hk;awmfwGif 0efcHcJhMuNyD; jzpfonf/)
31-bHkudk tb,fhaMumifh y,fMuoenf; 84/
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tb,fhaMumifh 31-bHkudk oJoJrJrJ y,faeMuoenf;/ þtcsufudk
pl;prf;½SmazGaomtcg atmufyg OD;Ouú|\ oabmw&m; cH,lcsufudk awGU&ayonf/ ]]xdkUaMumifh vlom;onf awG;awmqifjcif&ayrnf? tjyeftvSef ppfaq;a0zef&ayrnf (p-o-C-Z-u) qdkwJh ol\ yom'½kyfig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;ûyí ae&ayrnf/}} (tpGJûywf wJukyfa½Teef;awmf? ESm-52-53-rS) txufyg pum;&yfonf OD;Ouú|pGJudkifaom tajccH oabmw&m;udk azmfjyvsuf ½Sdayonf/ yom'½kyfig;ckudk pOf;pm; a0zefrItm;vHk;\ tajccHtjzpf qkyfudkifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ]]yom'½kyf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
468
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;ûyíae&ayrnf/}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ ñTefMum;csufonf vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|0g'D? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU\ r@dKifoabmxm;yif jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkU (rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f)[laom vuf½SdvlwdkU\ yom'½kyf ig;ckudkom toHk;csí ,if;yom'½kyf ig;ckwdkUjzifh ae&mwum wdkif;wmMunfhaeMuygu tb,fodkUvQif tjrifrSef&EdkiftHhenf;/ OD;Ouú|\ tawG;tac:wGif raem0dnmPf\ tcef;u@um; vHk;0 aysmufuG,fvsuf ½Sdayonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfü yg½Sdaom ewfbHk? i&JbHk? 31-bHkESifh wefcdk;tbdnmOf ponfwdkUrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u xl;aom raem0dnmPfjzifh odjrif&½Sdí a[mMum;cJhaom t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí vufcH ,HkMunfa&;onfvnf; raem0dnmPfudk toHk;csrSomvQif jzpfEdkifayonf/ 85/
,ck OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ (p-o-C-Z-u)[laom yom'½kyf
ig;yg;udkom trSefw&m;\ wdkif;wmrI aywHwpf&yftjzpf toHk;csNyD; azmfjyyg bk&m;a[m w&m;rsm;udk wdkif;wm MunfhMujcif; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ewfbHk? i&JbHk? 31-bHkESifh wefcdk;tbdnmPf ponfwdkUudk
rdrdwdkU\
vuf½Sdrsufpdjzifh
rjrifMu&aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;?
ewfoH?
i&JoHESifh
wefcdk;tbdnmPfoHwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ yuwdem;jzifh rMum;&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ewf&eHU? i&J&eHUESifh wefcdk;tbdnmPf&eHUwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ arG;&myg ESmacgif;jzifh teHUcHí r&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ewft&om?
i&Jt&om?
wefcdk;tbdnmPf
t&omwdkUudk
rdrdwdkU\
yifudkvQmjzifh
vsufí
r&aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ewftawGU? i&JtawGU? wefcdk; tbdnmPftawGUwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ rdarG;wdkif;? zarG;wdkif;vufrsm;jzifh udkifwG,fprf;oyfí r&MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? xdkUjyif yom'ig;yg;wdkU\ tuljzpfaom rSefajymif;ponfwdkUjzifh Munfh½Ií rjrifMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ewfbHk? i&JbHkr½Sd? 31bHkr½Sd? wefcdk;tbdnmPfr½Sd ponfjzifh a&;om; a[majym aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ayonf/ 86/
OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhwdkUonf þuJhodkUaom yom'½kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfMuav&m olwdkU\0g'udk
xlaxmif jzefUjzL;&mü usm;uefay;&eftvdkUiSm yd#uwfoHk;yHkxJrS okwfw&m;tcsdKUudk vGJrSm;pGm xkwfaqmif udk;um;Muívnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkU\ vufjzpfygVdrsm;udk bk&m;a[mygVdrsm;tjzpf zefwD;Muívnf;aumif;? xdkxdkpmtkyfrsm;udk xdkxdkae&mrsm;wGif azmfjyaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; twdtvif;awGUMu&ayonf/ trSefpifppf rsufpdponfjzifh jrifawGU&rS (0g) yom'ig;yg;jzifh prf;oyfí&rS rSefuefonf[k bk&m;a[mpmay vHk;0 r½Sday/ yom'ig;yg; ½kyfw&m;udkom qkyfudkifxm;aom0g'onf Ak'¨0g'r[kwfay/ 87/ awGU&ayonf/
vlaovljzpf0g'udk wDxGifol OD;Ouú|udk,fwdkif t,l0g'a&;&mü jywfom;rI r½Sdonfudk 31-bHky,f0g'ESifh
vlaovljzpf0g'
ESpfcktMum;ü
vIyf½Sm;
,drf;,dkifaeonfudk
awGU&ayonf/ om"uudk jy&ygrl]]Ak'¨\ ur®0g'onf ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;wGifom usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyfavonf/ vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufü ½Sdonf[lí vufñdI;xdk;um ñTefjytyfaom raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk yufyufpufpuf wdkufzsufypf&ef rkcs vdkvm;tyfavonf/}}
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
469
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrf½dkuf? ESm-51-[laom a&;om;csufonf aovQifjywf\ (aemufb0r½Sd) [laom Oapä'0g'udk vufcHaMumif; odomayonf/ wzef]]vlom;onf
aoNyD;aemufü
qufvufí
jzpfae&OD;rnfqdkvQif
vlrSwyg;
tjcm;aomowå0gtjzpfodkU ra&mufEdkif/}} (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? ESm-306) [ka&;om;xm;jyef&m
þa&;om;csufonf
oówoabmudk
vufcHaMumif;
aMujimonfhoabm
oufa&muf aejyefonf/ 88/
OD;Ouú|onf vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 51-ü aoNyD;onfrSaemufü jywf\[laom
t,ltqudk a&;om;NyD; jzpfygvsuf? ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 306-wGifrl vlaoNyD;aemuf vlyifqufí jzpf&rnf[laom oówoabmudk qdkjyefavonf/ ol\a&;om;csuft& OD;Ouú|onf 31-bHky,f0g'ESifh vlaovljzpf0g' 2-cktMum;ü pdwfxm; rwnfrNidrf ½Sdaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ wenf;qdkaomf OD;Ouú|onf oów0g'vnf;½Sd? Oapä'0g'vnf; ½Sdaeayonf/ t,l0g'a&;&mü rSm;onfjzpfap? rSefonfjzpfap jywfom;&rnfjzpfonf/ OD;Ouú|rSmrl oabmw&m;a&;&mü rydkifaomaMumifh ,ckuJhodkU a,mif0g;0g; ,lqa&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfrdayonf/ þuJhodkU q&m rjywfom;rIaMumifh b0jywfjcif;ESifh vljyefjzpfjcif;[laom 0g' 2-ckudk wpfûydifeuf udkifpGJxm;aom q&mBuD;\ aemufvdkufwynfhwdkUvnf; xdkxdkþþ tvDvDuGJjym;í a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; jzpfaeMuonfrSm rxl;qef;vSay/ 89/
31-bHky,f0g'DwdkUteuf tcsdKUwdkUonf vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufcHMuí tcsdKUwdkUu
vlaovljzpf 0g'udk vufrcHMuacs/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufrcHMuolwdkUonf aovQifjywf\[laom t,lpGJ½Sdí Oapä''d|dwdkU jzpfMuonf/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufcHMuukefaom olwdkUonf b0rjywf (b0 wpfqufwnf;)[laom oów'd|dodkU ,drf;aomolrsm; jzpfMuukefonf/ þodkU uGJjym;MuaomaMumifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkcsuf 21-csufwdkUwGif (vlaovljzpf0g')pGJcsufudk tcsdKUuom ajz½Sif;í tcsdKUu jyefvnfajz½Sif;jcif; rûyMuacs/ ajz½Sif;jcif;rûyMuaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf rdrdwdkU q&mBuD;\ 0g'udk(rESpfoufonfhwdkifatmif) ypfy,f&ef 0efav;aeMuukef[efwl\/ odkU&mwGif ,if;odkU ajz½Sif;jcif; rûyMuaomolwdkUonf ]]qdwfqdwfae oabmwl}}xHk;jzifh apm'uq&mawmfwdkU pGJqdkonfhtwdkif; [kwfrSef\[k 0efcHaomoabmodkU oufa&mufaeayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
470
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\qHk;jzwfcsuf
90/ ukodkvfuH
þ 31-bHkESifhywfoufí ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHw&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ayrnf/ (okp½dkufw&m;)aMumifh
'k*¾wdb0odkUusa&muf&jcif;
ok*wdb0odkUa&muf&jcif;ç
[laomtodw&m;
rxm;½Sdol
tukodkvfuH rSeforQ
('kp½dkufw&m;)aMumifh
31-bHkudk
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pdwfonf
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Ak'¨a'oemt&
tukodkvfbufüom
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ypfy,fjcif;ç
ay:aygufvmukef&m\/
tukodkvfudk þuJhodkU
vufcHjcif;paom
uHy,f?
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Ak'¨\yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk o'¨gw&m; cdkifcdkifxm;í avhvm tm;xkwf&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/ þtrSwf(3) pGJqdkcsufESifh ajz½Sif;csufwdkUudk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyfMunfh&mwGif apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJcsufudk pk'dwuwdkUbufrS ajyvnfatmif rajz½Sif;EdkifaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh 31-bHkudk y,faom0g'onf oH*g,em 6-wefwif ax&0g' yd#uwfa'oemawmfESifh qefUusif½HkrQru avmu vlom;taygif;wdkUtm;vnf; raumif;rI xGef;um;a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;aom 0g'jzpfaomaMumifh t"r®0g' ppfppfjzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
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471
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'emtrSwf(4) uH-uH\ tusdK;udky,fjcif;ESifh pyfaom0dedpä, Ak'¨bmom\ tajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK;w&m;ü ouf0if,HkMunfrI ysufpD;atmif zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf
1/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u-
(u)
aumif;rI
aumif;wmudk
aeUruGm
nrvyf
'vpyftm;xkwfí
ûyvkyfêud;yrf;ol
vlom;twGuf te*¢tzdk;wef trsdK;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkeef;rsm;udk wpfcrf;wem; pDrHí xm;cJhMuukef\/
y/
pifppf
vdk&if;rSm
pdwful;oufoufjzifh
vlom;pdwfudk
jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif cHMuukef\? ajcmufvSefUcJhMuukef\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,ESdyf? ESm-14) (c)
]]tEdkUtck 'Db0 aumif;pm;csrf;om aewmawG[m a½S;b0u y&Hy& b0b0u ukodkvf r[kwf&bl;aygh}} ]][-'gu b,fa½S;a½S;u uHrSr[kwfbl;/ y/ bk&m;tvdkawmh t"r®wJh w&m;r[kwf vdkU qdkwmyJ}}/
(*)
(vlaovljzpf jyóem ESm-158-159)
ukodkvf tukodkvf tusdK;w&m;[lonfum; taMumif;aMumifh tusdK; rjywfqufonf[k ur®óuwvrf;*dkPf;rS ,HkMunfaom w&m; jzpf\/ xdkw&m;onf jAm[®Pa0' a'oemrS
jrpfzsm;cH
pD;qif;vmaom
w&m;jzpfav&m
tm;ay;aeaom w&m;jzpfonf/ (C)
Ak'¨\
rl&if;a'oemrsm;ü
(Ak'¨0dyóem 1-ESm-146) twdwfuHudk
tpGJûyaom
tukodkvfrsdK;tm; pGJolvufcH ,HkMunf&ef rygr½Sday/ (i)
oHo&mvnfaea&;udkom y&Hy&
ur®m0p&ukodkvf
(Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; ESm-57)
t0dZÆm wPSm Oyg'gef uH ocFg& [laom twdwfb0 taMumif;uHaMumifh ,ck ypöu©b0rSm jzpfvm&onf
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pk'dwuwdkU\
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or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D polwdkUonf Ak'¨omoemawmf\ tajccHrlvjzpfaom ur®óuwm or®m'd|dudkyif ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dESifh a&maxG;um vGJrSm;pGm ajymqdk ,lqMuaMumif;? uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk y,fvdkufvQif vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh tH0if*Gifus jzpfrnf[kwGufqí uHESifhuH\tusdK;wdkUudk y,f½Sm;aom pum;wdkUudk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
472
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ajymrSm; a&;rSm;MuaMumif;[k omrnapm'em wifoGif;Muonf/ 2/
wzef? Oy&dyPÖmoygVd? plVur®0db*Fokwf ESm-244-üvmaom ]]ur®óum rP0
owåm}} vkvif owå0gwdkUonf rdrdwdkU ûyvkyfaom uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpöm ½Sdukef\paom om"u? £wd0kwåuygVd? wyed,okwf ESm-212-üvmaom ]]raem'kpö&dwH uwGm}} paom om"u? ,if;ygVdawmf twyed,okwf ESm-213-üvmaom ]]um,'kpö&dwH [dwGm}} paom om"uwdkUudk xkwfjyíukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHaMumifh owå0gwdkU t,kwftjrwf uGJjym;&yHk? ok*wd'k*¾wdvm;&yHk ponfwdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhaMumif;/ t*Fkwå&ygVd? wduedygwf ESm-133-ü ]],H bdu©a0 avmbyuwH ur®H}} paom om"uudk xkwfjyí rsufarSmufb0ü tusdK;ay;aomuH? 'kwd,b0ü tusdK;ay;aomuH? wwd,b0rSpí wpfcsdefcsdefü tusdK;ay;aomuH[lí EdIufaomvufonf
jrwfpGmbk&m; csufcsif;jzLovdk?
a[mawmfrlygvsuf uwå↦ykef;xJ
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|wdkUu
EdIufaomvufonf
xHk;tdk;xJ
csufcsif;eufovdk?
i½kyfoD;udkpm;vQif csufcsif;pyfovdk? Ak'¨\ur®0g'onf ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;om jzpfav[ef vkyfMuH a&;om;MuaMumif;/ oDvu©E¨0*¾ygVd? ESm-56? 59wdkYü vmaom ]]'gaee 'are oH,are}} paomom"uESifh ]]ew¬d r[m&mZ 'dEéH}} paom om"u? ,if;\ t|uxm ESm-150 üvmaom ]]wwå ur®H y#dAm[aEÅemyd 0dygaum y#dAm[dawm a[mwd}} paom om"uwdkUudk xkwfjyí OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf yk*¾dKvfwdkU\ 0g'onf ,ckacwfrS ay:vmonfh topftqef;r[kwfbJ? bk&m;½Sifvufxufuyif ay:aeNyD;jzpfaom yl&Puóy? ru©vda*gomv? tZdwauourÁvac: urÇmausmf wdw¬dq&mBuD;wdkU\ 0g'omjzpfí t"r®0g'omjzpfaMumif;[lí 0daooapm'emwifoGif;Muonf/ 3/
xdkapm'emudk pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifuacsy&mü-
(u)
oVm,we0*¾oH,kwf? ur®eda&m"okwf 340-wGif edAÁmefudk uHcsKyf&m[k qdktyf\[lí a[mMum;aMumif;?
(c)
r[m0*¾oH,kwf? yygwokwf-399 wGif uHonf y,f&efw&m;jzpfaMumif;? uHaysmfolonf qif;&JrS rvGwfEdkifaMumif;udk a[mxm;ygaMumif;?
(*)
r[m0*¾oH,kwf? tE¨um&okwf 402-wGif uHaysmfolwdkUonf tarSmifwGif;usaeolom jzpfaMumif;udk a[mawmfrlaMumif;?
(C)
t*FkwådK&f? {uedygwf? aum|duokwf 188-wGif ]]½Sifom&dykwå&mu xdkuJhodkU uHwdkUudk cHpm;&ef r[kwf? rod&ao;aom opömav;yg;üvnf;aumif;? xdkopömav;yg;udk odNyD;í xdk;xGif;em;vnf od&efvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;xHü usifhoHk;yg\[k ajz\}}[lí a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
473
tpodkU (i)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ynmrJhrsm;omvQif
uHudk,Hk\[k
okwåedygwf?
'G[wmEkyóemokwf
380-wGif
uHy,fa&;qdkif&m rsm;udkvnf; a[mxm;aMumif;? (p)
r[m0*¾ aAmZÑ*FoH,kwf? wPSmu©,okwf 128-wGif ]]wPSmukefjcif;aMumifh uHukef\/ olUukefjcif;aMumifh qif;&J'ku© ukefqHk;jcif;odkU a&muf\}}[k a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
(q)
rZÑdryPÖmo?
Oygvdokwf
41-wGif
]]Ak'¨½Sifawmfu
wyoD
raumif;rIûyjcif;ç
aumif;rIûyjcif;wdkUü uHoHk;yg;udkom igbk&m; ynwf\/ tb,f uHoHk;yg;enf;[lrl um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdkUwnf;}}[lí rdefUawmfrlaMumif;? (Z)
raumif;rI
tukodkvfûyolwdkif;
tyg,fodkUus\qdkaom
pum;onf
uHudk
vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udk oVm,weoH,kwf? ocF"r®okwf 499-wGif a[mMum;xm;aMumif;? (ps)
uHtm;vHk;rS
pGefUolonfomvQif
qif;&Jtaygif;rS
vGwfaMumif;udk
okwåedygwf?
obd,okwf 340-wGif awGU&aMumif;? (n)
zóaMumifh
uHajrmuf\[k
t*FkwådK&f
owåuedygwf?
edaAÁ"duokwf
456-wGif
a[mxm;aMumif;? (#)
okwåedygwf? 'G,wmEkyóemokwf 373-wGif uHjywfrS oHo&mjywfaMumif;udk Ak'¨bk&m; a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
(X)
O'gef; tm,kocFga&móZÆeokwf 139-wGif Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifonf uHtm;vHk;udk y,fpGefUyHkudk a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
txufygokwåef
taxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifh
ukodkvf
tukodkvfwdkU\
taMumif;tusdK;udk
qufcgrjywf usifvnfwwfaom b0oHo&m\ taxmuftul uHw&m;wdkUudk pGefUy,fawmfrlaMumif; wifjy tyfygonfbk&m;[k acsyavonf/
pk'dwuwdkU\ aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf (u) yXraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 4/ edAÁmefonf
pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkifu ]]oVm,we0*¾oH,kwf? ur®eda&m"okwf 340-wGif ]]&[ef;wdkU um,uH?
0pDuH?
raemuHwdkU\
csKyfjcif;aMumifh
udavomrS
vGwfajrmufaom
t&[wåzdkvftm½Hk jzpf\/ &[ef;wdkU þedAÁmefudk uHcsKyf&m[k qdktyf\}}[lí a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;}}[k aom"emavonf/ þ om"u pum;&yfü ]]t&[wåzdkvf tm½kH jzpf\}}[laom pum;onf rSm;,Gif; aeonf? ]]t&[wå zdkvfodkU tm½kH\tjzpfjzifh a&muf\}}[kom jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ þokwfü ]]edAÁmefudk uHcsKyf&m}}[k a[mawmfrlonfum; rSef\/ edAÁmefonf uHomru ½kyfcE¨mtm;vHk; csKyfNidrf;onfh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
474
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tocFw"mwfom jzpf\/ odkUaomf a½S;twdwfuH r½Sd [líum; a[mawmf rrlay/ a½S;twdwfuH ½SdaMumif;udk þokwf\ tpüyif]]&[ef;wdkU topfta[mif; jzpfaomuHwdkUudk vnf;aumif;? uH\csKyf&mudk vnf;aumif;? uHcsKyf&modkU a&mufaomtusifhudk vnf;aumif; a[maytHh}}[k 0efcHawmfrlNyD;vQif ]]&[ef;wdkU rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\(taMumif;t&mwdkUu) ûyjyiftyf\? (apwem [laom twdwfuHu) pDrHtyf\? cHpm;rI a0'em\ taMumif;[k ½I&rnf}}[ka[mawmfrlonf/ (oVm,weoH,kwåygVd-346? t|uxm-46? jrefrmjyef-340) þokwfü ]]rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\}}[laom pum;&yf0,f rsufpdonf ta[mif;r[kwf? uHomvQif ta[mif;jzpfonf/ uHa[mif;aMumifh jzpf&onfhtwGuf taMumif;uH\trnfudk tusdK;rsufpdü wifpm;í Oypm&tm;jzifh ]]rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\}}[ka[mawmfrlonf/
(,if; t|uxm-46)
þokwfjzifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfqdkvdkaom ]]uH uH\tusdK;r½Sd}}[laom teufudk rjyEdkif? apm'u q&mawmfrsm; qdkvdkaom ]]uH uH\tusdK; ½Sd\}}[laom teufudkom jyaomaMumifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvftwGuf om"u
rajrmuf½kHrQru?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\
tqdkudkyg
axmufcH&m
a&mufayonf/
pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkifonf þur®eda&m"okwf\ av;eufaom "r®a&;&mudk rod&íom tm;udk;ckcH rdjcif;jzpfayonf/
(c) (*) 'kwd,? wwd,aom"emwdkYudk oHk;oyfcsuf 5/
¤if;aemuf uHonf y,f&efw&m; jzpfaMumif;udk vnf;aumif;? uHaysmfolonf qif;&JrS
rvGwfEdkifaMumif;udk vnf;aumif;? ¤if;aemuf uHaysmfolwdkUonf tarSmifwGif; usaeolom jzpfaMumif;udk vnf;aumif; 'kwd,? wwd, acsycsufrsm;tjzpf avQmufxm;avonf/ 6/
pk'dwuwifjyaom þyygwokwf? tE¨um&okwfwdkUü bk&m;½Sif\ a[mawmfrlvdk&if;
t"dyÜg,f tusOf;csKyfrSm ]]opömav;yg;wdkUudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGmrodMuol orPjAm[®PwdkUonf Zmwd? Z&m? r&P? aomu? y&da0'? 'ku©? a'greó? Oyg,mowdkUudk jzpfapwwfaom uHocFg&wdkUudk ûyMuukef\/ xdkodkU ûyMuaomaMumifh Zmwd? Z&m? r&P? aomu? y&da0'? 'ku©? a'greó? Oyg,mownf;[laom acsmufurf;yg; tarSmifxkü usa&mufMu&ukef\/ xdkolwdkUonf Zmwd? Z&m? r&P? aomu? y&da0'? 'ku©? a'greó? Oyg,mo[laomqif;&JrS rvGwfukef}}[líjzpfayonf/ 7/
½Sif;vif;csuf- þokwfwdkUü ]]þum; qif;&Jwnf;[k rodMuukef}} paom pum;awmfjzifh
opömav;yg;wdkUudk rodatmifzHk;vTrf;wwfaom t0dZÆmudkjyawmfrlonf/ ]]uH ocFg&wdkUü arGUavsmf ukef\}}[laom pum;awmfjzifh wPSmEko,udk jyawmfrlonf/ þ tcsufESpf&yfonf ta&;BuD;vSaom aomhcsuf pum;wdkUaywnf;/ t0dZÆmESifh wPSmEko, ruif;Muao;aom ykxkZOf? aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwdkUonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwnf;[laom ocFg&wdkUudkûyMuí Zmwdponfjzpfum 'ku©rS
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
475
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rvGwfMuukef\[kqdkvdkonf/ þa'oemawmfjzifh pk'dwuwdkU qdkouJhodkU ]],ckb0 tusdK;w&m;onf a½S;uH taMumif;aMumifh r[kwf}}[laomteufudk rjy? ]]uH uH\tusdK;r½Sd}}[laom teufudkvnf; rjyacs/ ygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if;um; wjcm;? ocifjrwfqdkif qGJ,laom t"dyÜg,fum; wjcm;aywnf;/ trSefpifppf uH-uH\ tusdK; &Sd\/ uHocFg&aMumifh Zmwdpaom tusdK;jzpf&\ [laom teufudkom jyayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þom"ujzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkvdk&if; tcsufudk ry,fzsuf racsyEdkifacs/ tudk;rSm;jcif;om jzpfayonf/ Ak'¨0dyóem
(1)ESm-146üvmaom
]]oHo&mvnfaea&;udkom
tm;ay;aeaomw&m;
jzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csuftwGuf ajz½Sif;acsyonfh om"ujzpfygonf[kqdkvQifvnf; omoemy wdw¬dwdkU\ur®0g'onf oHo&mvnfa&; tm;ay;aeaomw&m; [kwfayvdrfhrnf/ omoeduAk'¨bmom0if wdkUonfum; r*fÓPf\taMumif; taxmuftyHh jzpf&ef&nfoefí ukodkvfuHudk ûyMuaomaMumifh r*fÓPf\ yuwlyedó, ypönf;omjzpfí oHo&mvnfa&; tm;ray;aMumif;udk ½Sif;jycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ wdw¬d0g'ESifh Ak'¨0g'udk uGJjym; jcm;em;pGm em;rvnfíaomf vnf;aumif;? Ak'¨0g'udk wdw¬d0g'jzpfatmif zsufqD;vdkíaomf vnf;aumif; þodkU rrSefruef a&;om;ajymqdkaejcif; jzpf[ef½Sdavonf/
(C) pwkw¬aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 8/
xdkUjyif
t*FkwådK&f-{uedygwf-aum|du
okwft&
aum|du&[ef;u
avQmufí
]]om&dykwå&mu xdkuJhodkU uHwdkUudk cHpm;&ef r[kwfyg? rod&ao;aom opömav;yg;üvnf;aumif;? xdkopömav;yg;wdkUodNyD;í
xdk;xGif;em;vnfod&ef
vnf;aumif;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;xHü
usifhoHk;yg\[k
ajz\}}[lí a[mMum;xm; aMumif;ygbk&m;[k pwkw¬aom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/ þaum|duokwfonf {uedygwfü rvm? e0uedygwf(188)üom vmonf/ aum|duokwfudk csHK;íqdkaomfvnf; pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkifonf rcsHK;wwfaomaMumifh t"dyÜg,f ysuf,Gif;aeonf/ ]]trSefrSm rsufarSmufb0ü cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½Sdaom uHonf wrvGefb0ü cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? wrvGefb0ü cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½Sdaom uHonf rsufarSmufb0ü cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½Sdaom uHonf qif;qif;&J&J cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? qif;qif;&J&J cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuHonf csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? &ifhusufrS cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuHonf r&ifhusufrD cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? r&ifhusufrD cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuHonf &ifhusufrS cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? rsm;pGm cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuHonf
tenf;i,f
cHpm;&rnfh
tusdK;½SdaomuH
jzpfygap?
tenf;i,f
cHpm;&rnfh
tusdK;½SdaomuHonf rsm;pGm cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuH jzpfygap? cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;½SdaomuHonf cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;r½SdaomuH jzpfygap [laom tusdK;iSm jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfü tusifhjrwfudk usifhoHk;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
476
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aeygoavm}}[k toQifr[maum|du u ar;jref;av&m t½Sifom&dykwå&mu ]]þodkUr[kwfyg? rod& ao;aom opömav;yg;udk od&ef jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfü tusifhjrwfudk usifhoHk;aeygonf}}[k ajzMum;aom okwfjzpfonf/ þokwfüvnf; pk'dwuwdkU qdkouJhodkU ]],ckb0 aumif;usdK; raumif;usdK;onf a½S;a½S;uHaMumifh r[kwf}}[laom teuft"dyÜg,f rygacs/ apm'uwdkU\ pGJcsufudkacsy&ef om"ur[kwf? ygVdawmf rsm;vQifNyD;a&m[laom oabmrsdK;jzifh rqDrqdkif okwfw&m;awmfrsm;udk qGJxnfhjcif;om jzpfayonf/
(i) yÍöraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 9/
]]ynmrJhrsm; omvQif uHudk ,Hk\[k atmufyg okwåedygwf? 'G,wmEkyóemokwf-370
wGif avmuü rsm;pGmukefaom qif;&J'ku© [lorQonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkUaMumifh jzpf&ukef\/ ynmEHkUolwdkUonf rodem;rvnfonfjzpfí avmuDukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkUudk ûy&um; ykxkZOfonf tzefzef qif;&Jjcif;odkU uyfa&muf&\/ ydkif;jcm;odolonf xdk0#fqif;&JjzpfaMumif; avmuDukodkvf tukodkvfuHudk rûyvkyf&m[k a[mygonfbk&m;}}[k yÍöraom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/ þokwfjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf uH-uH\ tusdK;r½Sd[k y,fawmfrlonf r[kwfbJ? ESpfrsdK;aom tpdwftydkif;½Sdaom w&m;udk aumif;pGm ½IrSwfrI ]]'G,wmEkyóem}} 16-rsdK;wdkUudkom a[mawmfrl\/ xdk 16-rsdK; wdkUwGif pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf xkwfjyaom om"upum;&yfum; 'kwd,0g&ü vmaompum;&yfjzpfonf/ odomxif½Sm;atmif xdk'kwd,0g&udk tjynfhtpHk xkwfjyOD;rnf/ (u)
&[ef;wdkU tjcm;wyg;aom taMumif;jzifhvnf; ESpfrsdK;aom tpdwftydkif;½Sdaom w&m;udk aumif;pGm ½IrSwfrIonf jzpf&mtHhavm[k þodkUar;olwdkU ½SdMuukefrl jzpf&m\[k ajzqdkxdkuf ukef\/ tb,fodkU jzpf&moenf; [lrl jzpfay:vmorQ qif;&J[lorQ tm;vHk;onf b0qif;&J\ wnf&mtaMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvf tukodkvfuH[laom (Oy"d) taMumif;aMumifh jzpf\/ þum; wpfrsdK;aom ½IrSwfrIwnf;/ b0qif;&J\ wnf&mtaMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvf tukodkvf uHwdkU\omvQif t&[wår*fjzifh t
tm;xkwfvsuf
edAÁmefodkU
t&[wåzdkvfodkU
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jzpfap?
apvTwfaeaom
Oyg'geu©E¨m
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tem*grdzdkvfodkU jzpfap? xdkESpfrsdK;wdkUwGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;aom zdkvfudk rcRwf&vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhEdkif\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf þpum;udk a[mawmfrl NyD;aemuf þ*gxmudk a[mawmfrl\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
477
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) avmuü
rsm;aomoabm½Sdukefaom
qif;&J'ku©
[lorQwdkUonf
b0qif;&J\
wnf&mtaMumif; jzpfaom ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH [laom (Oy"d)taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:ukef\/ ynm½Sdaom tMuif ykxkZOfonf pifppf b0qif;&J\ wnf&m taMumif;jzpfaom ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH [laom (Oy"d)udk ûy\/ ynmEHkUaom ykxkZOfonf tzefwvJvJ qif;&JodkU uyfa&muf&\/ xdkUaMumifh ydkif;jcm;í odwwfolonf 0#fqif;&J\ Zmwd[laom trGeftpudk ½IrSwfqifjcifvsuf b0qif;&J\ wnf&m taMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvf? tukodkvf [laom(Oy"d)udk rûy&m[k a[mawmfrl\/ (ck jref?1? 391-2/)
(okwåedygwygVd? 'G,wmEkyóemokwf)
þpum; ESpf&yfwGif (u)onf tus,fpkPÖd, y"me pum;&yf jzpf\/ (c)onf tusOf;aqmifyk'f *gxm jzpf\/ þ0g'onfvnf; yxr0g&uJhodkUyif opömav;yg;udkjyvsuf t&[wåzdkvf txGwfwyfum a[mtyfaom 0g&jzpfonf/ usef0g&tm;vHk;onf tvm;wlcsnf;jzpfonf/
(,if; t|uxm-222)
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tukodkvfuHudkom rûy&m[k qdkonf/ 0d0#³edódw (0#fudk rrSD? edAÁmefudk &nfaom) ukodkvfuHudkum; rûy&m[k rqdkacs/ 0d0#³edódw ukodkvfuHudkvnf; rûy&m[k qdkvQif r*fzdkvf\ eD;uyfaomtaMumif; y'|mefjzpfonfh (0g) r*fzdkvf&atmif vkyf&onfh 0dyóemukodkvfudkyif rûy&m[k qdk&ma&mufcsdrfhrnf/ 0d0#³edódw ukodkvfudk rûyvkyfvQifvnf; rnfonfhtcgrQ r*fzdkvfudk r&EdkifawmhbJ 0#³cgPku oHo&m0#f opfikwfomjzpfí aeawmhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh r*fÓPfudk &atmifvkyfí r*fukodkvfjzifh avmuDukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk y,fpGefU&efudkom a[mawmfrlonf[k rSwf&m\/ þt"dyÜg,fudk odem;vnf EdkifMuap&ef rZÑdryPÖmo? ukuúK&0wduokwf ESm-52? 53 üvmaom uHav;rsdK;wdkUudk tusOf;csKH;í jyOD;tHh/ uHonf(1)
rnf;npfí rnf;npfaomtusdK;½Sdonfh ]uPSuPS0dygu} uH?
(2)
jzLpifí jzLpifaomtusdK;½Sdonfh ]okuúokuú0dygu} uH?
(3)
rnf;npfjzLpifí rnf;npfjzLpifaomtusdK;½Sdonfh ]uPSokuú uPSokuú0dygu} uH?
(4)
rrnf;npf rjzLpifí rrnf;npf rjzLpifaomtusdK;½Sdonfh tjcm;uHudkukefapwwfaom ]tuPStokuú tuPStokuú 0dygu ur®u©,} uH[líav;rsdK; ½Sd\/
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkav;rsdK;wdkUwGif(1)
rnf;npfí rnf;npfaom tusdK;½Sdaom uH[lonf tjypf½Sdaom um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH[k qdktyfaom tukodkvfuHjzpfonf/
(2)
jzLpifí
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tusdK;½SdaomuH[lonf
tjypfr½Sdaom
um,uH?
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raemuH[kqdktyfaom avmuDukodkvfuHjzpfonf/ (3)
rnf;npfjzLpifí rnf;npfjzLpifaom tusdK;½Sdaom uH[lonf tjypf½Sd r½Sd a&maESmaom avmuD ukodkvf tukodkvfuHjzpfonf/
(4)
rrnf;npf rjzLpifí rrnf;npf rjzLpifaom tusdK;½Sdonfh tjcm;uHudk ukefapwwfaom uH[lonf avmukwå&mukodkvf[k qdktyfaom r*fapwemjzpfonf/
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,if;pum;&yf\ tqufü ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]Ak'¨0g'D taeESifh,laom ukodkvfum;
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rnDay?
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(p) q|aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 12/
uHy,fa&;qdkif&mrsm;udkvnf; a[mxm;aMumif; r[m0*¾ aAmZÑ*FoH,kwf? wPSu©,okwf
182-wGif ]]Oayu©m oarÁmZÑifudk yGm;rsm;aom xdk&[ef;onf wyfrufrI wPSmudk y,f\/ wyfrufrI wPSmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh uHudky,f\/ uHudky,fjcif;aMumifh 0#fqif;&Judk y,f\/ O'g,D þodkUvQif wPSmukefjcif;aMumifh uHukef\? uHukefjcif;aMumifh qif;&J'ku© ukefqHk;jcif;odkU a&muf\[k a[mMum;
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(q) owåraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 13/
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(Z) t|raom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 14/
raumif;rI
tukodkvfûyolwdkif;
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vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udk oVm,weoH,kwf? ocF"rokwf 499-wGif ]]Ak'¨½Sif\ tvdkum; xdkraumif;rI aumif;rI ukodkvfuHwdkUudk rpGJvrf;? jyefvnfrpOf;pm;aomf xdkraumif;rIrS vGwf\/ umrwdkUrS
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480
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rSm;rSef;odí aemifrûyvkyfawmhyg[k a½SmifMuOfaomf? y,fpGefUaomf raumif;rI[k odojzifh xdkuHrSvGwf\/ odkU&mwGif igonf raumif;rIudk ûycJhrd\wum;[k pGJvrf;í ESvHk;romjzpfaeaomf xdkraumif;rIuHudk pGJvrf;jcif;jzifhyif
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ray;onfudk
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481
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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yGm;rsm;í toufowfjcif;
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r[*¾KwfuHjzpfyHkudkvnf;aumif;? umrm0p&uHudk
vTrf;rdk;oGm;í
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ûyrdaom
tukodkvfuHudk
tm½kHûyí
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xdktukodkvfudk aemifwpfzef rûyrdatmif a½SmifMuOf&efESifh tukodkvfudk y,fEdkifaom *½kuuHudk tm;xkwf&efudkom a[mjyaom okwfjzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif ajymouJhodkU raumif;rI tukodkvfûyolwdkif; tyg,fus\ [laom pum;onf uHudk vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udkvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrrl? apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; þodkU apm'emrI rûyMuay/ Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ tvdkum; xdkraumif;rI tukodkvfwdkUudk rpGJvrf;? jyefvnfrpOf;pm;aomf xdktukodkvfrSvGwf\ [laompum;onf Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ tvdkr[kwf? ocifjrwfqdkif\ tvdkomjzpfonf/ rdrdtvdkudk Ak'¨bk&m;tvdkjzpfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif tvdktm;jzifhum; tukodkvfudk vkyfcsifoavmufvkyf rpGJvrf;vQif NyD;a&m? rpGJvrf;vQif xdkuHrSvGwf\[k qdkvdk\/ þt,lonfum; ]]ewåd okuw'kuúwmeH ur®meH zvH 0dygaum}}paom uH-uH\ tusdK;udk y,faom wdw¬dwdkU\ tvdkESifh udkufnDayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þokwfonf pk'dwu\ taxmuftul rjzpfEdkifacs/
(ps) e0raom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 15/
uHtm;vHk;rS
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obd,okwf 340-wGif ]]tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf qif;&JusdK;'ku©udk jzpfapwwfaom twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜKefuH[lorQwdkUudk r*fÓPfjzifh vTifhrIwfxkwfypfí vSnfhywfrI rm,m? armufrmrI rme? trsufxGufrI a'gowdkUudk ydkif;jcm; odvsuf (jzpfaMumif;? jzpfjcif;ç csKyfjcif;ç csKyfaMumif;) ½kyferfwdkU\ tqHk;udk ûytHh[k usifhaom y&dAÁmZu tjzpfodkU a&muf\/ y&dAÁmZu qdkonfrSm uHudk vTifhrIwf xkwfypfoljzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonfbk&m;}}[k e0raom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/ þaom"emvm om"upum;&yfonf okwåedygwfüvmaom'ku©a0yuHú ,'w¬d urH®? O'¨ra"m wd&d,H 0gyd raZÑ/ y&dAÁmZ,dwGm y&dnmpm&D?
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482
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rm,H rmeraxmyd avmbaum"H/ y&d,EÅrumod emr½lyH? wH y&dAÁmZurm[k ywådywåH/ (ck 1? 361/)
[laom *gxm\ jrefrmjyef jzpfaomfvnf; ocifjrwfqdkif wifjyonfh t"dyÜg,fonf vGJrSm;aeonf/ trSefrSm ]]tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf qif;&JusdK;udk jzpfapwwfaom twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜKefuHudk r*fÓPfjzifh y,fxkwfvTifhrIwfí vSnfhywfrI rm,mudkvnf;aumif;? axmifvTm;rI rmewdkUudkvnf;aumif;? avmba'go wdkUudkvnf;aumif; ydkif;jcm;odvsuf usifhoHk;NyD;vQif erf½kyfwdkU\ tqHk;udk ûycJhNyD; t&[wåzdkvfodkU a&mufNyD;aom xdkyk*¾dKvfudk y&dAÁmZu[k qdkMuukef\}} (ckjref 1? 340/) [líomjzpfonf/ þokwfonfvnf; ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH\ tusdK;r½Sd[k y,faom okwfr[kwf?
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tusdK;ay;aomtcgürlum;
aumif;rIûyolonf aumif;usdK;wdkUudkom awGUjrif&awmh\/ (ck jref 1? 30/) þuJhodkU tvGefcdkifrmvSaom bk&m;a[m a'oemt& uHonf &ifhusufrS tusdK;ay;onf[laom 0g'onfom Ak'¨\ur®0g' jzpf\/ i½kwfoD;pyfovdkqdkonfrSm Ak'¨\ur®0g'r[kwf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh txufygbk&m;a[mygVd txift½Sm;½Sdaeí i½kwfoD;ur®0g'udk Ak'¨\ur®0g'jzpfatmifvSnfhpm;aomfvnf; atmifjrifrnfr[kwfay/ tumvdaum-[laom w&m;*kPfawmft& csufcsif; tusdK;ay;onf qdkonfum; 'ge? oDvpaom ukodkvfuHrsdK;? ygPmwdygwç t'dEém'gepaom tukodkvfuHrsdK;ESifh vHk;0roufqdkif? avmukwå&mcef; zGifhaomtcg
r*fukodkvfjzpfNyD;
csufcsif;
zdkvftusdK;ay;onfudkom
qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
r*fNyD;
zdkvfvmonfudkom tumvdu udef;ao tcgrvifhjzpfay\/ avmuDukodkvf tukodkvfcef;üum; tcgrvifhr[kwf? tcgvifhonfomjzpfonf/ &ifhusufrSom tusdK;ay:onf/ þum; Ak'¨\ur®0g' ppfppfaywnf;/ OD;Ouú|\uHt,ltqonf atmufyg bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;ESifh tb,frQavmuf qefUusifyHkudk qufvufNyD;qdkOD;tHh/ tusdK;ay;&mumvudk ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;[k owfrSwfjcif;onf tusdK;ay;&m umvtm;jzifh tukodkvf uHoHk;yg;udk a0zefa[mjyaom ed'geokwfa'oemawmfESifh qefUusifaeonf/ pk'dwuwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;onf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wifjypGJqdkonfhtwdkif;
bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh
qefUusifonfrSm rjiif;omay/ 34/
ydkrdkxif½Sm;ap&ef
t*Fkwå&ygVd?
'ouedygwfüvmaom
oaÍöweduokwfESifh
u&Zum,okwfwdkUudk tusOf;csHK;íjyvdkayonf/ xdkokwfwdkUü]]em[H bdu©a0 oaÍöwedumeH ur®meH uwmeH OypdwmeH tyÜ#doHa0'dwGm AsEÅDbm0H 0'grd? wÍö acg 'da|0 "ar®m OyyaZÆ0g tya& 0g y&d,ma,}} (tH 3? 497? 503/) ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]&[ef;wdkU aphaqmf? tm;xkwf? ûyvkyf? qnf;yl;tyfukefaom uHwdkU\tusdK;udk rcHpm;&bJ uif;aysmufjcif;udk igrqdk? xdktusdK;udkvnf; rsufarSmufb0üjzpfap? tjcm;rJh('kwd,) b0üjzpfap? aemufb0 tqufqufüjzpfap cHpm;&\ }}(tif jref 3? 487?493/) [kpum;csDawmfrlNyD;vQif towfoufjcif;paom um,uH ysufpD;rIoHk;rsdK;? r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;paom 0pDuH ysufpD;rIav;rsdK;? olwpfyg;pnf;pdrfudk rw&m;vdkcsifrI tbdZÑmpaom raemuHysufpD;rIoHk;rsdK;? þtukodkvfuH q,frsdK;udk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
493
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aphaqmftm;xkwfrI [laomtaMumif;aMumifh owå0gwdkUonf aoonfrSaemufü i&JodkU a&muf&ukef\/ olUtoufowfjcif;rS a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom
a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom
um,uHjynfhpHkrIoHk;rsdK;?
0pDuHjynfhpHkrIav;rsdK;?
tbdZÑmr½Sdjcif;paom
r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;rS raemuHjynfhpHkrIoHk;rsdK;?
þukodkvfuHq,frsdK;udk aphaqmftm;xkwfrI [laomtaMumif;aMumifh owå0gwdkUonf aoonfrSaemufü ewfjynfodkUa&muf&ukef\ [ka[mawmfrlonf/ þa'oemawmfwdkUjzifh tusdK;ay;aom
rsufarSmufb0ü
OyyZÆa0'eD,uH?
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
[lí
tusdK;ay;aom
wwd,b0rSpí
þuHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk
'd|"r®a0'eD,uH?
tqufqufaomb0wdkUü wdkuf½dkufa0zefí
'kwd,b0ü tusdK;ay;aom
jyawmfrlonf/
xdkUaMumifh
ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;rSm tusdK;ay;onf [laomt,lonf Ak'¨\ur®0g'r[kwfaMumif; odomayonf/ 35/ t½Sifom&dykwå&mr[max&fjrwfonfvnf;(1)
ta[mod ur®H ta[mod ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í twdwfb0ü tusdK;ay;NyD;aomuH?
(2)
ta[mod ur®H ea[mod ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í twdwfb0ü tusdK;ay;NyD;r[kwfaomuH?
(3)
ta[mod ur®H tw¬d ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0üjzpfNyD;í ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ay;aomuH?
(4)
ta[mod ur®H ew¬d ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ray;aomuH?
(5)
ta[mod ur®H b0dówd ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0ü jzpfNyD;í tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYaomuH/
(6)
ta[mod ur®H eb0dówd ur®0dygaum/ twdwfb0üjzpfNyD;í tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåH r[kwfaomuH[lí twdwfuH 6-rsdK;/
(7)
tw¬d ur®H tw¬d ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ay;aomuH?
(8)
tw¬d ur®H ew¬d ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí ypöKyÜefb0ü tusdK;ray;aomuH?
(9)
tw¬d ur®H b0dówd ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYaomuH?
(10)
tw¬d ur®H eb0dówd ur®0dygaum/ ypöKyÜefb0üjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYr[kwfaomuH[lí ypöKyÜefuH 4-rsdK;/
(11)
b0dówd ur®H b0dówd ur®0dygaum/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
494
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tem*wfb0ü jzpfvwåHYjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHYaomuH?
(12)
b0dówd ur®H eb0dówd ur®0dygaum/ tem*wfb0ü jzpfvwåYHjzpfí tem*wfb0ü tusdK;ay;vwåHY r[kwfaom uH[lí tem*wfuH 2-rsdK; wdkUudk a0zefydkif;jcm;í a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ (ck 9? 271/) (y#dorÇd'gr*f
þy#dorÇd'gr*f
ygVdawmf/)
ygVdawmfuvnf;
i½kwfoD;ur®0g'?
ykcufESifh
acgif;Mum;ur®0g'onf
Ak'¨\ur®0g' r[kwf y,fcsvsuf ½Sdayonf/ 36/
þt&mü
jrwfpGmbk&m;a0zefa[mMum;onfh
Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf?
r[mur®0db*F
a'oemawmfudk tusOf;rQazmfjyvdkayao;onf/ aygwvdykwåy&dAdkZf\ tar;udk t½Siford'¨donf cGJjcm;a0zefí ajzqdkoifhvsuf wpfzufowf ajzqdkrdjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í uHtrsdK;rsdK;udk a0zef a[mMum;awmfrlvdkaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf(1)
þrsufarSmufb0ü toufowfrIpaom 'kp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí aoonfrSaemufü i&JodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf?
(2)
þrsufarSmufb0ü toufowfrIpaom 'kp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí aoonfrSaemufü ewfjynfodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf?
(3)
þrsufarSmufb0ü
toufowfrIrSa½SmifMuOfjcif;paom
okp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí
aoonfrSaemufü ewfjynfodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf? (4)
þrsufarSmufb0ü
toufowfrIrSa½SmifMuOfjcif;paom
okp½dkufq,fyg;wdkUudkûyí
aoonfrSaemufü i&JodkUa&muf&aomyk*¾dKvf? þav;rsdK;wdkYudk
rmwdum(acgif;pOf)xm;í
wpfyg;aom
orP
jAm[®PwdkU\
t,lwdkUwGif
cGifhûyEdkifaomt,l? cGifhrûyEdkifaomt,lwdkUudk a0zefawmfrlNyD;vQif tcsKyftm;jzifh þodkUa[mawmfrlonf/ (1)
yXryk*¾dKvfonf xdk'kp½dkufuH\ a½SUtzdkU? aemuftzdkUü 'ku©a0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom ,kwfrmaomuHudk ûy\/ aocgeD; umvüvnf; rdpämt,ludk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aqmufwnf\/ xdk,kwfrmaom uHaMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIpaom uH\tusdK;udk rsufarSmufb0ü jzpfap? 'kwd,b0üjzpfap? wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/
(2)
'kwd,yk*¾dKvfonf xdk'kp½dkufuH\ a½SUtzdkU? aemuftzdkUü okca0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom aumif;aomuHudk
ûy\/
aocgeD;
umvüvnf;
or®mt,ludk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
aqmufwnf\/ xdkaumif;aom uHaMumifh ewfjynfodkU a&muf&\/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIpaom
uH\tusdK;udk
rsufarSmufb0ü
jzpfap?
'kwd,b0üjzpfap?
wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
495
tpodkU
(3)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wwd,yk*¾dKvfonf
xdkokp½dkufuH\
a½SUtzdkU?
aemuftzdkUü
okca0'em\
taMumif;jzpfaom aumif;aomuHaMumifh ewfjynfodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIrS
a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom
uH\tusdK;udk
rsufarSmufb0üjzpfap?
'kwd,b0üjzpfap? wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/ (4)
pwkw¬yk*¾dKvfonf xdkokp½dkufuH\ a½SUtzdkU? aemuftzdkUü 'ku©a0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom ,kwfrmaomuHudk ûy\/ aocgeD; umvüvnf; rdpämt,ludk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aqmufwnf\/ xdk,kwfrmaom uHaMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0ü ûycJhonfh toufowfrIrS a½SmifMuOfjcif;paom
uH\tusdK;udk
rsufarSmufb0üjzpfap?
'kwd,b0üjzpfap?
wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0üjzpfap cHpm;&\/ (r jref 3? 25-rS-260/) þOy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf? r[mur®0db*Fokwft&vnf; i½kwfoD;ur®0g'ESifh ykcufESifhacgif;Mum; ur®0g'onf bk&m;w&m;ESifh roufqdkifaom OD;Ouú|\ omoemjyify0g'omjzpfaMumif; odomayonf/ 37/
xdkUjyif-
(1) *wdorÜwdå = vlewfjA[®m[laom aumif;aomb0? (2) Oy"dorÜwdå = vSyjynfhpHkaom ½kyfqif;t*Fg? (3) umvorÜwdå = rif;aumif;? vlaumif;wdkUjzpf&m acwfumvaumif;? (4) ya,m*orÜwdå = aumif;aomvHkUvya,m* todtvdr®m? þav;yg;wdkUonf ukodkvfuHtusdK;ay;cGifh&&ef taMumif;rsm;jzpfukef\/ (1) *wd0dywåd = tyg,fav;yg;[laom raumif;aomb0? (2) Oy"d0dywåd = rvSy? rjynfhpHkaom ½kyfqif;t*Fg? (3) umv0dywåd = rif;qdk;? vlqdk;wdkUjzpf&m acwfqdk;acwfysuf? (4) ya,m*0dywåd = rSm;,Gif;aomvHkUvya,m*ESifh todtvdr®mr½Sdjcif;ç þav;yg;wdkYonf tukodkvfuHtusdK;ay;cGifh&&eftaMumif;rsm;jzpfukef\/ tcsdKU tukodkvfwdkUonf orÜwdåESifh êuHêudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;cGifh r&MubJ? 0dywådESifh êuHêuduf onfhtcg tusdK;ay;Muukef\/ tcsdKU ukodkvfuHwdkUonf 0dywådESifh êuHêudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;cGifh r&MubJ? orÜwdåESifh êuHêudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;Muukef\ [lívnf; uHwdkU\ tusdK;ay;[ef? ray;[efwdkUudk 0dbif;ygVdawmfBuD;ü tus,fa0zef a[mMum;awmfrlonf (tbd 2? 351/) / xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf ]]wzef xdkUjyifvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜefjzpfonfh aqmufwnftyfaom uHwdkU\ tusdK;udk taxmuftyHhtaMumif; jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;tm;jzifh [kwfrSefpGm odawmfrl\/ twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜefjzpfonfh aqmufwnftyfaom uHwdkU\ tusdK;udk taxmuftyHhtaMumif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
496
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;tm;jzifh [kwfrSefpGm odaMumif;jzpfaom þÓPfawmfonf bk&m;½Sif\ ÓPfawmftm;aywnf;/ ,if; tm;awmfodkUa&mufí (,if; tm;awmfudk taMumif;ûyí) bk&m;½Sifonf jrwfaom oAÁñkwÓPft&mudk 0efcHawmfrl\/ y&dwfowfwdkUü r½GHUraMumuf jcaoFha[mufouJhodkU &J&Jawmuf rdefU>rufawmfrl\/ jrwfaom"r®pufudk vnfapawmfrl\}}[k jcaoFha[mufouJhodkU &J&Jawmuf êuH;0g;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (0dbif;ygVdawmf-329) 38/
þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜefuHESifh xdkuHwdkU\
tusdK;w&m;wdkUudk cGJjcm;ydkifydkif odjrifEdkifonfh oAÁñkwÓPfwnf;[laom wxm*w\ tm;awmfjrwfudk ykwfcwfapmfum;?
y,f½Sm;wm;jrpfvsuf
i&JbHkrsm;onf
pdwful;
]]ukodkvf?
oufoufjzihf
tukodkvfuHwdkU\ vlom;\pdwfudk
tusdK;w&m;ESifh
ewfbHk?
jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifjcif;ç
ajcmufvSefUjcif;omjzpfonf}}[lívnf;aumif;? ]],ckb0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaejcif;onf a½S;a½S;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifhr[kwf? ,ckb0tvkyf\ aus;Zl;oufoufjzpfonf}}[lívnf;aumif;? Ak'¨\ ur®0g'um; ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;om jrpfzsm;cHvmonf}}
jzpfonf}}[lí
vnf;aumif;?
[lívnf;aumif;?
y&rÜ&umrm0p&ukodkvf?
]]Ak'¨\
tukodkvfusdK;udk
]]ur®óuwvrf;pOfonf rl&if;a'oemü
vufcH,HkMunf&ef
jAm[®Pa0'rS
twdwfuHudk
tpGJûyaom
rygr½Sd}}[lívnf;aumif;
a&;om;
a[majymaeMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkU\ t,lonf uH-uH\ tusdK;udky,f½Sm;aom ru©vda*gomv wdw¬dq&mBuD;\ rdpämt,lrsdK;om jzpfonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f r½Sdacs/ 39/
xdkuH-uH\tusdK;udk
y,faomwdw¬dt,l0g'udk
t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf?
wduedygwf?
auourÁv okwfü þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; ½Iwfcsawmfrl\/ ]]&[ef;wdkU csnfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf[lorQwdkUwGif vlqHcsnfrQifjzifh &ufxm;tyfaom urÁvmudk t,kwfnHhqHk;t0wf[k qdkxdkuf\/ &[ef;wdkU vlqHcsnfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom urÁvmonf at;aom&moDü tvGefat;\/ yltdkufaom&moDü tvGefyltdkuf\/ tqif;vnf;rvS? teHUvnf;raumif;? Murf;wrf;aomtawGUvnf; ½Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU þwlomvQif rsm;pGmukefaom orP jAm[®PwdkU\ t,l0g'[lorQwdkUwGif ru©vda*gomv\ t,l0g'udk t,kwfnHhqHk;[k qdkxdkuf\/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm;jzpfonfh ru©vda*gomvonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom 0D&d,r½Sd[k ajymqdkavh ½Sd\/ þodkU,lavh ½Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU
a½S;vGefavNyD;aom
umvü
yGifhawmfrlukefNyD;aom?
ylaZmftxl;udk
cHawmfrlxdkufaom?
w&m;tm;vHk;udk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom bk&m;½SifwdkUonfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrlukefNyD/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaoma,mufsm; ru©vda*gomvonf xdkyGifhawmfrlukefNyD;aom bk&m;½SifwdkUudkvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, r½Sd[k wm;jrpf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
497
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
&[ef;wdkU aemiftem*wfumvü yGifhawmfrlvwåHUaom? ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? w&m; tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaombk&m;½SifwdkUonfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrlukefvwåHU/ &[ef;wdkU ,cktcgü ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? w&m;tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom igbk&m;onfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;wdkU
r*fzdkvfrS
tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm;jzpfonfh
ru©vda*gomvonf
yGifhawmfrlNyD;?
yGifhawmfrlvwåHU bk&m;½SifwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? igbk&m;udkvnf;aumif; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, r½Sd}}[k wm;jrpfbd\/ &[ef;wdkU ,cktcgü ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? tvHk;pHkaomw&m;wdkUudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom igbk&m;onfvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrI ½Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, ½Sd\[k a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaoma,mufsm; ru©vda*gomvonf ighudkvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHonfr½Sd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfrIr½Sd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, r½Sd[k wm;jrpf\/ &[ef;wdkU jrpfqHkjrpf0ü axmifxm;tyfaomjr§HK;onf rsm;pGmukefaom ig;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef? qif;&J&ef? tusdK;rJhysufpD;&efjzpfouJhodkU? þtwlomvQif vlaxmifjr§HK;yrm avmuü jzpfay:vmaom tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm; ru©vda*gomvonf rsm;pGmaomowå0gwdkU tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef? qif;&J&ef? tusdK;rJh ysufpD;&efjzpfayonf}}[k rdefUawmfrlavonf/ (tif jref 1? 307-308/) þbk&m;½Sif\ rdefUcGef;awmfESifhtnD OD;Ouú|onfvnf; wdw¬dBuD;ru©vda*gomvyrm jzpf\/ pk'dwuwynfhBuD; tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef?
ocifjrwfqdkifrStp qif;&J&ef?
qdkoifhayawmhonf/
a*gwr
or®m'd|dokawoeorm;rsm;
tusdK;rJhysufpD;&ef
jzpfay:vmaom
bk&m;wpfqludkomru?
tp½Sdaom
owå0gtrsm;
vlaxmifjr§HK;BuD;jzpfonf[kom
bk&m;tqlqludk
qefUusifol?
wm;jrpfol
jzpfayonf/ (c)trSwfaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 40/
(c)]],ckb0ü csrf;omjcif;udk a½S;a½S;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,HkMunfvQif ykaAÁuw
a[wk'd|d jzpfonf/ t"r®jzpfonf/}}[laompum;&yfudkvnf; ur®óuwÓPfESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dudk uGJjym;pGm rodem;rvnfjcif;aMumifh qdkrdjcif;jzpfayonf/ ur®óuwÓPfESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dwdkUum; tenf;i,frQrwlay/ uH-uH\tusdK;onf ½Sd\/ ukodkvfuHaMumifh aumif;aomtusdK; jzpfonf/ tukodkvfuHaMumifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
498
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
raumif;aomtusdK; jzpfonf[k odaomÓPfonf ur®óuwÓPf rnf\/ tvª\tusdK;onf ½Sd\ponfjzifh
jzpfaomÓPf?
opömEkavmrduac:
0dyóemÓPfudkxm;í
tm;vHk;aom
avmuD
ukodkvfÓPfonf ur®óuwÓPfrnf\[k 0dbif;ygVdawmf 341-üvmonf/ csrf;omcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ qif;&JcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onfvnf; a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ rqif;&J? rcsrf;om Oayu©mcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onfvnf; a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ olUtoufowfjcif;ç olUOpömcdk;jcif; wdkUonfvnf; a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMuonf/ rnfonfht&mrqdk jzpfjzpforQonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMuonf[k a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;udkcsnf; tjrwfwEdk; ,HkMunfpGJvrf;rIonf
ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d
jzpfonf/
ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dudk
odem;vnfMuap&ef
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonfhpum;&yfrS t"dyÜg,frysuf tusOf;csHK;í jyvdkayonf/ ]]&[ef;wdkU vnf;aumif;?
þowå0gonf
rqif;&J?
taMumif;aMumifhom
tvHk;pHkaom
csrf;omrIokcudk
rcsrf;om(vspfvsL½IrI)
cHpm;&\}}[k
Oayu©mudk
ajymavh,lav½&Sdaom
vnf;aumif;? vnf;aumif;
qif;&JrI'ku©udk a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
orPjAm[®PtcsdKUwdkU
½Sdukef\/
xdkorPjAm[®PwdkUodkU csOf;uyfí t½SifwdkU þowå0gonf tvHk;pHkaom okc? 'ku©? Oayu©mudk a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom cHpm;&\[k oifwdkU ajymavh,lavh½SdMu\[lonf rSefoavm[k igar;\/ rSef\[k xdkolwdkUuvnf; 0efcHMu\/ t½SifwdkU odkUjzpfvQif olUtoufudk owfavh½SdolwdkUonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom
a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom
jzpfMu&vdrhfrnf/ jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/
rjrwfaomtusifhudk
usifholwdkUonf
rkom;ajymolwdkUonf
a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom jzpf&vdrfhrnf/ ukef;wdkufpum;? Murf;wrf; aompum;? Nydefzsifa;ompum;udk ajymolwdkUonf
a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom
jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/
olwpfyg;pnf;pdrfudk
rufarmav½&Sdol? ysufpD;apvdkpdwf½Sdol? rSm;aomt,l½SdolwdkUonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf[k igqdk\/ &[ef;wdkU
a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;udkomvQif
tjrwfwEdk;
,HkMunfpGJvrf;MuolwdkUtm;
þtrIudpöudk ûy&ef? rûy&ef tvdkqE´? tm;xkwfrI 0D&d,onf rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/ þodkU ûyoifhonf? rûyoifhonfudk trSeftuef? tcdkiftjrJr&cJhaomf owdvGwfuif; apmifhpnf;jcif;r½SdbJ aeolwdkUtwGuf toD;tjcm;
taMumif;ESifhwuGjzpfaom
orP0g'
r½SdEdkifawmhacs/
&[ef;wdkU
þonfum;
þodkUajymavh,lav½&Sdaom orPjAm[®PwdkUü taMumif;ESifhwuG ig\yXrESdyfjcif;wnf;}} (tif jref 1? 192? 193/) þwdw¬,weokwfvm bk&m;a[mw&m;udk em;vnfolrSeforQonf ,ckb0ü csrf;omjcif;onf a½S;ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,lqcsufudk t"r®[krqdkcJhMuay/ 41/
ur®óuwÓPfESifh ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|dwdkU\ xl;jcm;yHkudk em;vnfcJhMuonfhtwGuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
499
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t|uxmq&mBuD;u
þodkU
tukodkvfuHESifh,SOfaom
qufvuf½Sif;jyxm;\/
ur®a0'em?
cHpm;rI
ud&d,mpdwfü,SOfaom
a0'emonf
ud&d,a0'em?
ukodkvfuH?
0dygufpdwfü,SOfaom
0dygua0'em[lí oHk;rsdK; ½Sd\/ xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkUwGif ur®a0'em? ud&d,a0'emwdkUonf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf
r[kwf?
0dygua0'emonfomvQif
vuf½SdawGUêuHvmaom
a½S;uûycJhzl;aom
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh
taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k
jzpfonf/
odjrif,lqjcif;onf
ur®óuwor®m'd|djzpfonf/ ur®a0'em? ud&d,a0'em? 0dygua0'emoHk;rsdK;vHk;onf a½S;uûycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpf\[k vufcH,HkMunfjcif;onfom ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/ tema&m*gwdkUonf onf;ajcaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? ovdyfaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? avaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? xdkoHk;rsdK;aygif;qHk usa&mufrI oEédygwfaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? OwkazmufjyefrIaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? cE¨mudk,fudk rnDrñGwf? rrQrw aqmif½Gufjcif;aMumifh jzpfaom tema&m*g? vHkvtm;xkwf ûyvkyfjcif;aMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? uH\tusdK;aMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g[lí ½SpfrsdK;½SdMu\/ xdka&m*g ½SpfrsdK;wdkUudk oufqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkUaMumifh jzpfonf[k odjrifjcif;onf ur®óuwor®m'd|d jzpf\/ ]]tema&m*g rSeforQ a½S;uHaMumifhom jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;onf}} ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d jzpf\/ rsufarSmufb0ü cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;½Sdaom (rsufarSmufb0ü tusdK;ay;aom) 'd|"r®a0'eD,uH? 'kwd,b0ü uyfa&mufí cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;½Sdaom ('kwd,b0ü tusdK;ay;aom) OyyZÆa0'eD,uH? tqufqufaom
b0ü
cHpm;tyfaom
tusdK;½Sdaom
(tqufqufaomb0ü
tusdK;ay;aom)
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH[lí uHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkuHoHk;rsdK;vHk;udk odjrif ,HkMunfjcif;onf
ur®óuwor®m'd|d
jzpf\/
a½SUESpfrsdK;wdkUudk
y,fí
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH ,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/ rsufarSmufb0ü cHpm;&aomtusdK;? 'kwd,b0ü cHpm;&aomtusdK;? tqufqufb0ü cHpm;&aom tusdK;[lí
uH\tusdK;oHk;rsdK;wdkUudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mxm;awmfrlonf/
xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk
odjrif
,HkMunfjcif;onf ur®óuwor®m'd|d jzpf\/ a½SUESpfrsdK;wdkUudk y,fí ty&my&d, tqufquftusdK; wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH ,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/ ukodkvfapwem? tukodkvfapwem? 0dyguapwem? ud&d,apwem av;rsdK;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkav;rsdK;vHk;udk odjrif,HkMunfjcif;onf ur®óuwor®m'd|d jzpf\/ 0dygu apwemrS wpfyg;aom apwemoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk y,fí 0dyguapwem wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d jzpf\/ (tH | 2? 156/) 42/
þodkUvQif
ur®óuwor®m'd|dESifh
ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|donf
wGif;xGufpdefESifh
csufausmufyrm vGefpGm uGJjym;jcm;em;vSayonf/ ,if;odkU vGefpGmuGJjym;jcm;em;onf\ tjzpfudkvnf;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
500
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t|uxmtqdkudk rMunfh½Irdapumrl jrwfpGmbk&m;\ 'kwd,0guspum;awmfjzifhyif ay:vGifxif½Sm;pGm odEdkifayonf/ ,if;odkU odEdkifygvsuf aemuf0gus pum;&yfudk csefvSyf0Sufxm;í wpfyg;olrsm; ,HkrSm;oHo, jzpfavatmif MuHaqmifvsuf ]],ckb0 csrf;om
ur®óuwÓPfESifh
ykaAÁuwa[wk'd|d
jcm;em;csufudk
trSefwu,f
rodí
a&;om;a[majymrdjcif;avm[k xifrSwfzG,fr½Sd? omoemawmfudk tajctjrpfrSvSefí wl;ûzdzsufqD;ypf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh a&;om; a[majymjcif;om jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ouú|onf pu©K? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um,[laom yom'½kyf ig;yg;udkom toHk;csonfh ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; ae&mrsm;pGmü a&;om;a[majym qHk;raeonfudk awGUMu&onfjzpfí Ak'¨0g'udk ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh MunfhNyD; a&;om;aejcif;om jzpfonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf ol\½kyf0g'udk Ak'¨"r® tultnD,lNyD; xlaxmifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf Ak'¨"r®rsm;udk ½kyf0g'rsm;jzpfatmif yufyufpufpuf omoemxJ0ifNyD; zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyf ,lqawmfrlMuonf/
(*) trSwfjyaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 43/
(*)
]]ukodkvf?
tukodkvftaMumif;aMumifh
tusdK;qufjzpfonf[laom
ur®óuwmvrf;pOfonf jAm[®Pa0'rS jrpfzsm;cHvmonf/ oHo&m vnfaea&;udkom tm;ay;aomw&m; jzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csufvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;a'oemESifh zDvmjzpfaom a&;om;csufjzpfonf/ Ak'¨"r® tppfrsm;udk jAm[®P0g'[korkwfNyD; jynfolvlxk xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;om jzpfavonf/ ur®óuwmor®m'd|donf ukodkvfw&m; tm;vHk;wdkU\ tajccHt&if;tjrpfjzpfonf/ ur®óuwmor®m'd|d ½SdrSomvQif tukodkvfudkvnf; a½SmifMuOfEdkifonf/ 'ge? oDv? bm0em ukodkvfw&m;wdkUudkvnf; jzpfyGm; apEdkifonf/ xdkUaMumifh þur®óuwmor®m'd|dESifh oDvudk ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tp[lí jrwfpGmbk&m; þodkU a[mawmfrlonf/ wo®mwd[ wGH bdu©K tm'dar0 0daoma"[d ukoavok "ar®ok/ aum pm'd ukovmeH "r®meH? oDvÍö ok 0dok'¨H 'd|d p OZkum/ (oH 3/ 124/)
jrefrmjyef &[ef; oif w&m;awmif;yefjcif; taMumif;aMumifh oifonf ukodkvfw&m;wdkUü tpydkif;udkom okwfoif pifMu,fapOD;avmh/ ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tpydkif;[lonf tb,fenf;? pifMu,faomoDvESifh ajzmifhrwfaomt,lyifwnf;/ &[ef; odkUjzpfvQif oifonf ukodkvfw&m;wdkUü tpudkyif okwfoifavmh/ ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tpum; tb,fenf;/ aumif;pGm pifMu,faomoDvESifh ajzmifhrwfaomt,lyifwnf;/ (oH jref 3/ 129/) 44/
þur®óuwmor®m'd|dESihf
jynfhpHkaom
olonfomvQif
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
t,lrSef½Sdol?
501
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ajzmifhrwfaomt,l½Sdol? w&m;awmfü rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifMunfñdkoljzpfí olawmfaumif;w&m;[laom omoemawmfodkU a&mufvmol (omoemhEG,f0if) jzpfaMumif;udk or®m'd|dokwfü þodkU a[mawmfrlonf/ igh½Sif...t&d,mwynfhonf
tukodkvf
tukodkvf\
taMumif;&if;?
ukodkvf
ukodkvf\
taMumif;&if;udk cGJjcm;í od\/ igh½SifwdkU þrQjzifhvnf; t&d,mwynfhonf t,lrSef½Sdol jzpf\/ xdkol\ t,lonf
ajzmifhrwf\/
w&m;awmfü
rwkefrvIyf
ouf0ifMunfñdkrIESifh
jynfhpHkvsuf
olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;[laom omoemawmfodkU a&mufvmol jzpf\/ (rlvyPÖmoygVd-57) 45/
þw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk axmufxm;í ur®óuwÓPf (ur®óuwor®m'd|d)onf
jAm[®Pa0'rS oGif;,lxm;aom w&m;r[kwf? bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlxm;aom w&m; jzpfonfudk oHo, uif;uif;½Sif;½Sif; rSwf,l&m\/ ]]avmuonf uHaMumifh jzpf\/ owå0gtaygif;onf uHaMumifh jzpf\/ oGm;aeaom &xm;\ em;yef;pGef;uJhodkU owå0gwdkUudk uHu zGJUpyfxm;\/}} (r jref 2/ 418/) (owå0gonf) uHaMumifh ausmfapmjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? csD;rGrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; &\/ uHaMumifh qHk;½IH;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
owfjzwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
aESmifzGJUjcif;udkvnf;aumif;
&\/
txl;xl;ûywwfaom xdkuHudk odvwfaomf avmuü uHonf r½Sd[lí tb,fhaMumifh ajymqdk&mtHhenf;}} (tbd jref 4-'k/ 292/)
(uxm0w¬KygVdawmf jrefrmjyef)
(C)trSwfjyaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 46/
(C) ur®óuwmvrf;pOfudk oHo&mvnfa&;vrf;pOf[k OD;Ouú|u pGyfpGJjyefonf/
ur®óuwÓPf[k qdktyfaom 'd|dZkur®yknud&d,0w¬Konf oHo&mvnfa&;udk tm;ay;aomw&m; [kwf-r[kwfudk pdppfMuukeftHh/ ur®óuwÓPf[lonf ]]'kp½dkufq,fyg;onf tusdK;pD;yGm;wdkUudk zsufqD;wwf? tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh udk,fydkifOpömjzpfaom uHr[kwf? okp½dkufonf tusdK;rJhwdkUudk zsufqD;wwf? tusdK;pD;yGm;wdkUudk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh udk,fydkifOpömjzpfaom uHrnf\}}[k odwwfaomÓPfyifwnf;/ xdkÓPfü wnfí 'ge? oDv? Oaygoxpaom aumif;rIwdkUudkûyvsuf csrf;ompnf;pdrf tqifhqifh cHpm;NyD;vQif edAÁmefodkU a&mufMuolwdkUrSm *Pef;csí rjyEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfudk oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxm ESm-397- ü þodkU jyqdkxm;ayonf/ ]]OpömjynfhpHk uHkvHk
t&yfodkU
okp½dkufq,fyg;onf
a&mufEdkifouJhodkU? udk,fydkifOpömjzpfonf[k
þtwl('kp½dkufq,fyg;onf odpGrf;Edkifaom)
udk,fydkifOpömr[kwf?
ur®óuwÓPfü
wnfvsuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
502
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rsm;pGmaomtvªudk
ay;vª?
oDvudkjznfhusifh?
Oykofudk
aqmufwnfí
csrf;omtqifhqifh?
pnf;pdrftqifhqifh cHpm;NyD;vQif edAÁmefodkU a&mufukefaom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ ta&twGufum; tydkif;tjcm;r½SdEdkif? *Pef;rjyEdkif}}/ (tbd? |? 2? 497/) 47/
tcgwpfyg; a0omvDjynfom; O*¾ol
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ajzmifhrwfaom tvªcHyk*¾dKvfwdkUü vdkvdkcsifcsif t0wfouFef;? tdyf&mae&m? qGrf;abmZOf? tazsmf,rumESifh trsdK;rsdK;aom vªzG,fypönf;wdkUudk ay;vª\/ v,f,majraumif;ESifhwlaom
&[EÅmwdkUudkodí
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ay;vªaom xdkolawmfaumif;onf pGefUEdkifcJonfudk pGefUí ESpfûcdufzG,ftusdK;udk &\/ aemiftcg O*¾ol
xdkUjyif
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t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? wduedygwfü þodkUa[mawmfrl\/ ]]tMuifolwdkUonfum;
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503
tpodkU 49/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ck'´uygXygVdawmf? ed"du@okwfüvnf; þodkUa[mMum;\/ ]]vlUjynf½Sd pnf;pdrfOpömudk
vnf;aumif; ewfjynfü arGUavsmfzG,fudkvnf;aumif; edAÁmefcsrf;omudkvnf;aumif; tusdK;tm;vHk;udk xdkukodkvfa½Ttdk;aMumifh &Edkif\}} (ck jref 1? 9/) 50/
yXmef;ygVdawmfBuD;ü
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tajcûyí
oHo&mjywfNyD;
edAÁmef&yftxd a&mufyHkudk þodkU a[mMum;xm;\/ o'H¨ Oyedóm, 'geH a'wd? oDvH orm'd,wd? Oaygoxur®H ua&mwd? psmeH OyÜga'wd? 0dyóeH OyÜga'wd? r*H¾ OyÜga'wd? tbdnH OyÜga'wd? ormywdå OyÜga'wd/ &wemoHk;yg; uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;tay: ouf0if,HkMunfrIudk trSDûyí (taMumif;ûyí) tvªay;vª\/ oDv aqmufwnf\? Oykofapmifh\? psmef&atmif tm;xkwfí psmef&\? 0dyóem ur®|mef;w&m;
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\?
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Ak'¨0dyóem
(1)ü
a&;om;xm;aom
ur®óuwmvrf;pOfonf
azmfjyyg
bk&m;a[ma'oemwdkUESifh vHk;0qefUusifonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
(i) trSwfjy aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 51/
(1) ]]t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? uH ocFg&[laom twdwfb0taMumif;uHaMumifh
,ckypöu©b0rSm 0dnmPf? emrf½kyf? oVm,we? zó a0'em[laom tusdK;w&m;rsm;vmí jzpf&onf ponfjzifh
twdwfb0u
taMumif;aMumifh
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tusdK;w&m;rsm;vmí
jzpf&ol[laom
t,ltqrsm;rSm twåvrf;pOf 0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om jzpfonf}}[laom 0drkwåd&ot&aumufusrf;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
504
tpodkU ESm-22?
23
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wdkUüygaom
a&;om;csufonf
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twåvrf;pOf0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;[k pGyfpGJxm;aom a&;om;csufom jzpfonf/ y#dpöorkyÜg'fw&m;udk vufcHoa,mifa,muf wpfae&mü [efjyxm;í þae&mü yufyufpufpuf zsufqD;xm;jcif;om jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfESifh omoeywdw¬dwdkU\ twå0g'wdkU rwluGJjym; jcm;em;yHkudk
trSeftwdkif;
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a½S;OD;pGm
jyqdkMuukefthH?
omoemywdw¬dwdkU pGJvrf;xifrSm;aom twåonf y&rwå (y& + twå)? ZD0twå[lí 2 rsdK; ½Sd\/ urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh owå0gawGudk pDrHzefqif;Edkifol r[mjA[®m½Sdonf xm0&bk&m;½Sdonf[k pGJvrf;xifrSm;rIonf y&rwåpGJjzpfonf/ xdky&rwåpGJvrf;yHkudk oDvu©ef ygVdawmf ESm- 19-20 ü jyqdkxm;ayonf/ owå0gwpfa,mufwpfa,muf\ toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmOfaumif ½Sdonf[k pGJvrf;xifrSm;rIonf ZD0twåpGJjzpfonf/ 52/
ZD0twåpGJvrf;yHkum; owå0gwdkU\ cE¨mudk,ftwGif;ü toufaumif? vdyfjymaumif?
0dnmOfaumif[k qdk&aom twå½Sdonf/ xdktwåonf vGefpGm tpGrf;xufjrufonf/ um&u - ûyvkyfzG,f[lorQudk twåuûyvkyfonf/ aumif;rI raumif;rI[lorQudk twå\ owådaMumifh ûyrdMuonf? oGm;vmvkyfudkifrI [lorQ twå\ owådaMumifhom jzpf&onf/ a0'u - aumif;rI raumif;rI\ tusdK;udkvnf; twåu cHpm;onf/ csrf;omrI qif;&JrI paom cHpm;zG,f[lorQudk twåucsnf; cHpm;onf? ,ckvdk b0u aumif;rI raumif;rIwdkUudk ûycJhvQif aemiftcg rdrdûycJhaom aumif;rI raumif;rI\ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfwdkUudk twåuyif cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ omrd - cE¨mtdrfqdkif&m0,f ydkifotkyfpdk;Edkifaom twåonf cE¨mtdrf\ t½Sifocifjzpfonf/ ed0goD - cE¨mtdrfa[mif; ysufpD;aomtcg cE¨mtdrfopfudk pDrHzefwD;vsuf cE¨mtdrfopfodkU a½GUajymif;
aexdkifonf?
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twåaumifum;
b,ftcgrQ
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tjrJwnfonf/ o,H0oD - cE¨mudk,fESifh qdkif&m0,f rdrdtvdkodkU vdkufygapEdkifonf/ þum&u? a0'u? omrd? ed0goD? o,H0oD[laom tjcif;t&m ig;rsdK;jzifh twå½SdaMumif; pGJvrf;xif&Sm;aerIonf
twå0g'udk
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(0g)
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jzpfayonf/
cE¨mudk,fxJrSm
twåoufouf½Sdonf[laom rdpämtjrifaywnf;/ tcsdKUurl cE¨m 5-yg;xJu cE¨mwpfyg;yg;udk twå[k pGJMu\/ cE¨mig;yg;wdkUwGif tcsdKUu ½lyu©E¨mudk twå[k pGJvrf;Muonf/ tcsdKUu 0dnmPu©E¨m (pdwf)udk twå[kpGJvrf;Muonf/ tcsdKUu a0'emu©E¨mudk tcsdKUu onmu©E¨mudk tcsdKUu ocFg&u©E¨mudk twå[k pGJvrf;Muonf/ rSwfcsuf/
/ aoaomol\ Oo®m"mwfysuf *E¨AÁ"mwfonf ESvHk;tdrfrS aemufqHk;ysufNyD; ESmacgif;u
xGufvmwJhavxJrSm ygvmNyD;vQif A[d'¨avxkxJrSm ysHUESHUoGm;vsuf xdkavudk ½Irdaom rdbavmif;wdkU\
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
505
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
udk,fcE¨mtwGif;odkU a&mufum aoG;xJrSm a&mpyfoGm;NyD;aemuf xdk*E¨AÁ"mwfrS vljyefjzpfvmonf[laom OD;OuúX ocifjrwfqdkifESifh ol\aemufvdkuf aemufygwdkU\ t,lonf ½kyfudk twåpGJvrf;aom twå0g'om jzpfayonf? rdpäm0g'ppfppfom jzpfawmhonf/ Ak'¨0g' vHk;0r[kwfay/ 53/
a½S;b0u ½kyfjzpfap? emrfjzpfap wpfckckonf odkUr[kwf ½kyfemrfESpfrsdK;vHk;onf b0opfü
ygvmonf[k,lvQif
oów'd|djzpfonf/
a½S;b0u
½kyfemrf[lorQESifh
vHk;0tquftoG,fr½Sd
aemufb0ü aemuf½kyf aemufemrf topfjzpfonf[k ,lvQif Oapä''d|djzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfum; rnfonfhtwå rnfonfh½kyfemrfrQ wdkuf½dkuf ul;ajymif;vmjcif; r½SdbJ taMumif;aMumifh tusdK;jzpfyHkrQudkom jyaomaMumifh qdkcJhyg twå0g'ESifh vm;vm;rQ roufqdkif? xdkoów'd|d? Oapä''d|dESpfrsdK;rS uif;vGwfí tewåtjzpfudk xif½Sm;pGm azmfjyaom a'oemawmfom jzpfonf/ ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkUonf þypöu©b0 yuwdumvüyif wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkUvnf;aumif;? wpfcPrS wpfcPodkUvnf;aumif; rajymif;ra½GU EdkifMuukef? Oyg'f XD bif=jzpf wnf ysufpepfjzifhom jzpf½SdaeMuayonf/ xdkUaMumifh b0a[mif;rS pkawí b0opf0,f jzpf&mtcgü ]]b0a[mif;rS ½kyfemrfrsm; ajymif;a½GUygavovm;}}[k tb,frSmvQif ,HkrSm;zG,f ½Sdcsdrfhrnfenf;/ b0topf y#doaE¨ ½kyfemrfcE¨monf b0a[mif;rS ½kyfemrfcE¨mrsm; ajymif;a½GUvmjcif; r[kwf? odkUaomf t0dZÆm? wPSm? ocFg&wdkUu 0dkif;0ef;pDrHvdkMuojzifhom b0opf y#doaE¨ ½kyfemrf cE¨m jzpfay:vm&jcif;aMumifh b0a[mif;rS taMumif;rsm;ESifhvnf; ruif;acs/ þodkUom aMumif;usdK;uGif;quf ½Ijrifjcif;onf y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmjzpfayonf/ 54/
xif½Sm;atmif jyOD;thH? twdwfb0ü aocgeD; owå0g\ oEÅÅmef0,f aemufb0ü
y#doaE¨usdK;udk ay;rnfhuH tm½Hkjzpfap? xdkuHudkûypOf awGUêuHcJh&aom tajctae (ur®edrdwf) tm½Hkjzpfap jzpf&rnfhb0ü tajctae (*wdedrdwf) tm½Hkjzpfap? wpfrsdK;rsdK; xifvmjrJ jzpfonf/ xdkaocgeD; owå0gonf
t0dZÆmEko,
ruif;ao;aomaMumifh
xdktm½Hkü
tjypfudk
rjrifEdkif
wPSmEko,
ruif;ao;aomaMumifh xdktm½Hkudk pGJvrf;ñGwfudkif;aeavonf/ naecsrf;tcgü awmif&dyfBuD;rsm;onf ajrjyifay:ü t&dyfxdk;í zHk;vTrf;vmouJhodkU xdkuH? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwf tm½Hkwpfckckonf pdwftpOfü vTrf;rdk;í xifaeavonf/ xdkxifay:aeaom tm½Hkudk r&PmoEéaZm 0dnmPfu qkyfudkifxm;ouJhodkU tm½Hkûyavonf/ xdktcgb0\ aemufqHk;jzpfaom r&PmoEéaZm0dnmPf tm½HkûycJhaom uH? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwf? tm½Hkwpfckckudkyif tm½Hkûyvsuf b0opf0,f y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfay:avonf/ y#doaE¨ESifhtwl pdwf apwodwf emrfw&m;ESifhwuG ur®Z½kyfrsm;vnf; jzpfavonf/ t½lybHkürlum; ½kyfw&m;rygbJ emrfw&m;oufoufom jzpfavonf/ ,if;odkU taMumif;aMumifh
b0topfjzpf&mü b0opfü
b0a[mif;u
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t0dZÆm
wPSmEko,ESifh
jzpfvm&onf/
uH
owå0gaumif?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ocFg&[laom toufaumif?
506
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
twåaumifjzpfvmonf r[kwf? xdk½kyfemrfw&m;onfvnf; b0a[mif;rS ajymif;a½GUvmonf r[kwf? b0a[mif;u t0dZÆm? wPSmEko, uH ocFg&[laom taMumif;ESifhuif;ívnf; jzpfvmonf r[kwf? Oyrm awmif\teD;ü [pfatmifvdkufaom toHonf awmifeH&Hudk ½dkufí yJhwifoHac:aom toHwpfrsdK; ay:xGufvm\/ xdkyJhwifoHonf rlvatmfoH r[kwf? rlvatmfoHESifh uif;vsuf tvGwfoufoufvnf; rjzpfEdkifouJhodkUvnf;aumif?
qDrD;wpfckrS
rD;ul;&mü
'kwd,rD;onf
yxrrD;vnf;
r[kwf?
yxrrD;ESifhuif;í tvGwfoufoufvnf; rjzpfEdkifouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? wHqdyfESdyf&mü wHqdyf&monf rlvwHqdyfvnf;r[kwf? rlvwHqdyfESifhvnf; uif;ívnf; rjzpfouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? rSefMunfh&mü rSefxJu
t&dyfonf
yuwdvlvnf;r[kwf?
yuwdvlESifhuif;í
tvGwfoufoufvnf;
rjzpfouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? y#doaE¨ ½kyfemrfcE¨monf b0a[mif;u ½kyfemrfvnf; r[kwf? b0a[mif;u t0dZÆm wPSm uH ocFg&taMumif;wdkUESifhvnf; ruif;Edkifacs/ 55/
a½S;a½S;b0u t0dZÆm wPSm uH ocFg&taMumif;aMumifh b0opfü ½kyfemrf jzpf\[k
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t0dZÆm
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pmayusrf;*ef
oiftHavhusifzl;olrsm;aomfvnf; em;vnf&efcuf\/ xdkUaMumifh bk&m;omoemawmftay: Munfñdkaom pdwfjzifh êud;pm;zwf½I avhvm&efjzpfayonf/ (oar®m[0daem'eD -154-155? 0dok'd¨ 2/ 186 -187) vlaovljzpf jyóem 146 -ü ]]at; tJ'gayghuG? 'dkUvlawGu tJ'D uHedrdwf? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwfqdkwJh tJ'Doû*Ø[f bHkydkif;u[meJY tvSnfhtywf tvdrfcHae&wm MumyaumuGm}}[laom a&;om;csufudk
awGU&\/
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ckESpfusrf;
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
507
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ao&manmifapmif;ü wifxm;tyfonfvnf;jzpfaom ao&majrt&yfü rxbJ avsmif;tdyfonfvnf; jzpfaom xdkvlrdkuf\ a½S;uûycJhaom um,'kp½dkuf? 0pD'kp½dkuf? raem'kp½dkuf[lukefaom ,kwfrmaom tûytrlwdkUonf aocgeD;tcgü xifukef\/ ay:ukef\/ vTrf;ukefvmukef\/ &[ef;wdkU Oyrmtm;jzifh BuD;pGmaom
awmifxGwfwdkU\
t&dyfwdkUonf
naecsrf;tcg
ajrjyifü
xifukef
ay:ukef
vTrf;rdk;vmukefouJhodkU &[ef;wdkU þtwl ao&mtif;ysOfü/ y / vTrf;rdk;vmukef\/}} (r 3? 208/) txufwGif qdkcJhNyD;aom bk&m;a[mygVd t|uxmwdkUt& ]]twdwf b0taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ypöKyÜefb0tusdK; jzpfonf}}[laom t,lonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tvdkawmfus tewåvrf;pOf trSefjzpfonf/ 0drkwåd&ot&aumuf usrf;vm y#dpo ö rkyÜg'fudk ykwfcwfa&;om;csufonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ a'oemawmfudk zsufqD;aom pum;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf
uH-uH\tusdK;&SdyHkESifh
t&[wår*fÓPfjzifh
uHy,fpGefUyHkpaom
rSefuefaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& ½Sif;vif;oHk;oyfí jyawmfrlcJhMuNyD? þodkU jycJhNyD;aom uHudk y,f&ef (0g) ur®0#f udavo0#fuif;&ef enf;vrf;rSefudk OD;OuúXESifhwuG ol\aemufvdkuf[lorQwdkUonf usepGm rodMuíaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsdKUodMuapumrl omoemudk tjrpfygrusef y,fvSefzsufqD;vdkívnf;aumif;? uH\tusdK;rsm;udk pdwful;oufouf[lívnf;aumif? ,ckb0csrf;omrIonf a½S;uHaMumifh r[kwf vdrfvnfaoG;pkwf tjrwfxkwfzdkY odkUr[kwf aumif;atmif rSefatmifvkyfzdkU[lívnf;aumif;? ur®óuwmvrf;pOfonf jAm[®P0g'[lívnf;aumif;? twdwfb0 taMumif;aMumifh ypöKyÜefb0tusdK; jzpfol[laom y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfudkyif twåvrf;pOf[lí vnf;aumif;?
wGifwGifBuD;
ur®óuwmor®m'd|dudk
ykwfcwfMuí zsufqD;vsuf
ukodkvf[lorQwdkU\ omoemawmfBuD;
rlvtkwfjrpf
uG,fyatmif
tajccHjzpfaom MuHaqmifêud;ukwf
tm;xkwfaeMuonfh ]]tud&d,wdw¬d,0g'D}} rsm;om jzpfMu\/ txl;tm;jzifh ,kwfrmqdk;0g;aom tcsufrSm rdrdwdkUajymcsifonfh tcsufudk ]]Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ tvdkum;}} ]]Ak'¨ESifhrqdkif}} ]]Ak'¨\ 0g'r[kwf}} ponfjzifh Ak'¨udk rw&m; toHk;csí a&;om;ajyma[mMujcif; jzpfayonf/ þodkU ]]Ak'¨oH}} vdIifvdIifay;NyD; pnf;½Hk;Muojzifh ½dk;½dk;rubJ tqef;xGifí uçcsifMuaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUonf ea0wdrfawmif a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;jzpfNyD; olwdkUvSnfhpm;rIatmufrSm usqHk;½SmMuNyD? tdrfOD;u bk&m;pifudk ûzwfcsol ûzwfcsMuavNyD? qHk;½HI;MuavpGwum;/ trSefpifppf
uHr½Sd?
uH\
tusdK;tjypfr½Sdpaom
ew¬du0g'udk
a½S;acwfurÇmYvlom;wdkU
a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; usifhoHk;cJhMuavNyD? Ak'¨bk&m;ryGifhcif acwftcgu tqdkyg ew¬du0g'ponfjzifh vlay:vlaZmfvkyfNyD; xm;cJhMu\/ wynfharG;cJhMu\/ odkU&mwGif a*gwrAk'¨yGifhay:awmfrlvmaomtcg a½S;a[mif;ur®0g'xJrS twåudk y,fEkwfNyD; tw¬du0g'udk tm;ay;cJhonf/ tw¬du0g'udk b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufrItqifhtwGuf tajccHtjzpf owfrSwfawmfrlcJh\/ ew¬du0g'udk vHk;0rSm;,Gif;aMumif; jywfjywfom;om; qefUusifcJhonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
508
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
odkUjzpfavaomaMumifh a*gwrAk'¨bk&m; yGifhay:awmfrlcsdefrSpí urÇmhvlom; cyfrsm;rsm;onf ew¬du0g' rSm;rSef;odí pGefUypfcJhMu\/ tw¬du0g'rSefudk vufcHusifhoHk; vmMu\/ xdkUaMumifhyif w&m;rSefudk usifhMuHtm;xkwf MuNyD; w&m;xl;&cJhMuavNyD/ þodkU
Ak'¨omoemha&mifjcif
ay:vmonfhtwGuf
a½S;vlwdkU
pGefUypfcJhonf
ew¬du0g'
taqG;ta[mif;BuD;udk awmifwGif;BuD;rS OD;OuúXu jyefvnf toufoGif;NyD; yGJxkwfjcif; jzpfayonf/ tb,faMumifh
ew¬du0g'udk
OD;OuúX
jyefaumufoenf;qdkaom
ew¬du0g'
(uHr½Sd?
uH\
tusdK;r½Sd0g')onf OD;OuúXudkifpGJxm;aom ½kyf0g' (p o C Z u yÍöyom0g')ESifh udkufnDaeaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
rSef\-
ew¬du0g'onf
wpfb0pmrQom
jzpf\/
OD;OuúX\
½kyf0g'onfvnf;
wpfb0pmrQom jzpf\? þodkU 0g'csif; ESD;aESmrdí OD;OuúX\ acwfa[mif;0g'udk jyefvnfqef;opfjcif; jzpf\/ a½S;acwf
wdw¬dBuD;rsm;ESifh
,ckacwf
OD;OuúX
xl;aomtcsufrSm
a½S;acwfwdw¬dwdkUu
xdkew¬du0g'udk rdrdwdkU0g'tjzpf ajymifajymif½Sif;½Sif;0efcHa[mMum;\/ OD;OuúXurl Ak'¨yd#uwfxJ 0if½IyfNyD; Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onfyif uH-uH\ tusdK;udk y,foa,mifaqmifvSnfhNyD; Ak'¨\ rsufESmzHk;udkpGyfum olU0g'udk
jzefU\/
þodkUxl;ayonf/
xdkUaMumifh
bmoma&;rSm
½dk;½dk;usifh
jrifhjrifhMuHr[kwfbJ
tqef;vdkufcsifolwdkU taejzifh OD;OuúX\ pufuGif;rdum i&Jaq;azmfí rSD0JaeMujcif; jzpfavonf/ OD;OuúX\ vkyf&yfudk o½kyfay:atmif Oyrmaqmif&aomf a½S;vlwdkU0wfNyD; pGefUypfxm;onfh ykqdk;pkwfudk
jyefaumufí
ûyjyifNyD;
Ak'¨wHqdyfuyfum
jyefvnf0wfqifjcif;
0wfqifapjcif;om
jzpfavonf/ þodkU oHk;oyfjyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;t&yf&yfaMumifh OD;OuúXESifhwuG ol\aemufvdkuf [lorQwdkU\ uH-uH\tusdK;udk y,faom0g'onf Ak'¨jrwfpGma'oemESifh zDvmuefUvefUjzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfonf/ bk&m;½Sifvufxufuvnf; yl&mPuóy? ru©vda*gomv paom wdw¬dq&mBuD;rsm;\ 0g'udk jyefvnftoufoGif;xm;aom
rdpäm0g'rsm;rsdK;om jzpfonf[k trSwf(2) EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f
tzGJU0if q&mawmfwdkU wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
509
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (5) twdwf tem*wfb0wdkUudk y,fjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,
1/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u OD;OuúXESifh ol\aemufvdkuf wynfhwdkUa&;om;xkwfa0aom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS (u)
uyÜmYvlom;\
wpfckwnf;aom
(0g)
ESpfckrjzpfEdkifaom
t"dutvdkqE´um;
ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;½Sd ypöKyÜefwdwdjzpfaom ypöu©e,ftwGif;ü udk,fa&mpdwfyg {uef csrf;omrI&a&;yif jzpfonf/ (c)
or®m'd|dokawoDwdkUonf
(tewåa&mifjcnf? ESm-186) aumif;rI
raumif;rI
taMumif;tusdK;wdkUudk
ypöKyÜefus
vufcH,HkMunfonf/ (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;qdkif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm; tydk'f - *) (*)
Ak'¨onf olonf ykcufESifhacgif;tMum; vufiif;'d| awGUêuHae&aom ypöKyÜefb0udkom wdusjywfom;pGm
azmfxkwfcJhojzifh
ajymovdkvkyfí
vkyfovdkajymcJhaom
vufawGUorm;jzpfcJhonf/ (Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef? oifwef; trSwfpOf 1? or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyf? ESm-39) (C)
Ak'¨&JU vrf;ñTefcsufu/ y/ wrvGefudpu ö sawmh pOf;udk rpOf;pm;MueJUwJh? rif;wdkUeJU bmrSrqdkifbl;?
tJ'gawG
r½Sdygbl;wJh/
oGm;pOf;pm;ae&if
'ku©yGm;pnf;a&;rSwpfyg;
bmtusdK;rS
(opömAdrmef twGJ 1/ trSwf 6? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)
þpmydk'fwdkUudk xkwfjyMuí OD;OuúXESifh ol\aemufvdkufrsm;onf (1)
twdwfb0
tem*wfb0wdkUudk
vufcH,HkMunfrI
r½SdMubJ
ypöKyÜefwpfb0udkom
vufcH,HkMunfMuolrsm; jzpfaMumif;? (2)
tem*wfb0 wpfydkif;wpfpudk vufcH,HkMunfMuolrsm;uvnf; ]]vlaovQif vljzpfonf}} [laom abmiftwGif;üom vufcHMuaMumif;?
(3)
]]twDwH emEk aompmrd}} paom bk&m;a[m awrdZwfvmpum;udk udk;vsuf Ak'¨udk ypöKyÜeform;jzpfav[ef vdrfnmí 0g'jzefUaMumif; oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifudk olwdkUvdkyif rsufaphwpfqHk;om MunfhEdkifonfh olvdkigvdk omrnvlpm; ypöKyÜefwpfb0orm;jzpfatmif yHkoGif;aeMuaMumif;?
(4)
,if;odkU
yHkoGif;aeMujcif;onf
odzG,f&mrSeforQudk
vHk;0OóHk
twdwfb0ESifh tukeftpif
tem*wfb0taMumif;t&m
odjrifEdkifaom
ykaAÁed0goEkówd?
tem*wHoÓPfawmfrsm; tygt0ifjzpfonfh ÓPfawmfBuD;rsm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ü r½SdMuyg[k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
510
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ajymEdkifatmif êud;pm;aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; a½S;OD;pGm apm'emMuonf/
2/
wpfzef apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u -
(u)
pk'dwuwdkUonf
0dyóem½I&ef
*gxmpum;&yfjzifh
useforQ
&nf½G,fí
a[mawmfrlaom
Ak'¨a'oemtm;vHk;udk
ba'´u&wåokwfvm
y,f½Sm;&ef
êud;pm;aejcif;om
jzpfaMumif;? ,if; ba'´u&wåokwfvm*gxmrsm;onf 0dyóem½Ionfhtcg ypöKyÜefudkom ½I&rnf[k qdkvdkí twdwf tem*gwf r½Sd[laom teuft"dyÜm,f vHk;0rxGufaMumif;? (c)
]]wo®mwd[ bdu©a0 ,H udÍöd½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH}} paom tewåvu©Pokwf ygVdawmfü twdwfESifh tem*gwfudk ypöKyÜefESifh wajy;nD a[mqdkxm;aMumif;? twdwfcE¨m tem*wfcE¨m
ypöKyÜefcE¨m[lí
umvoHk;yg;
aocsmpGm
a[mxm;aMumif;?
tewåvu©Pokwfü a[maom twdwf tem*gwfudk y,fjyefaMumif;? (*)
'DCedum,f? r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü ig;yg;oDv\ tusdK;tjypfjyawmfrl&mrSmyif ypöKyÜefESifh tem*wf
tusdK;tjypfwdkUudk
yl;wGJí
jyawmfrlcJhaMumif;
[lí
0daootm;jzifh
apm'emMuavonf/ 3/ OD;Z0e?
xdkapm'emudk pk'dwursm;jzpfMuaom awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU? ae½Sife,fausmif;q&mawmf awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU
OD;OaZÆmwduwdkUu
ig;qifhausmif;q&mawmf
jyefvnfacsyjcif;
OD;Z0e?
rûyMubJ
a';'&JûrdU
uGif;ausmif;q&mawmf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
apm'emtwdkif;
t"r®0g'jzpfonfqdkonfrSm rSefuefí pGefUvTwfygaMumif; 0efcHoGm;Muonf/ usefpk'dwursm;jzpfMuaom
awmifwGif;BuD;ûrdU?
ewfrSDawm&ausmif;ae
OD;qE´m"du?
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfOuúX OD;cif[efESifh ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUuom toD;oD; acsy aom"emMuonf/ xdkapm'em aom"emrsm;onf twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 ½Sd-r½Sd[laom t,l? twdwfb0 tem*wfb0
jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[m-ra[m[laom
t,lESifhpyfvsOf;í
jzpfay:vm&um;
xdktajccHtaMumif;ESifh oufqdkifaom pum;rQudkom xkwfEkwfoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfMuukeftHh? ,if;apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfwGif aom"emudk roHk;oyfrD apm'empum;&yf\ ,xmblwus-rusukd a½S;OD;pGm oHk;oyfawmfrlMu&mü apm'uq&mawmfrsm; aumufEkwfwifjyxm;aom (u) (c) (*) (C) trSwfjy pk'dwuwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;0,f pk'dwuwdkU\ tvdkudk wdusrSefuefpGm odEdkif&ef oufaocH pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS
atmufazmfjyyg
a&;om;csufrsm;udkyg
xkwfEkwfí
ESD;aESm
wdkufqdkifvsuf
oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ (1) b0ul;0g'onf
Ak'¨ray:rD
a½S;acwfuwnf;uyif
ay:aygufcJhaom
0g'jzpfonf?
,if;0g'onf ur®0g'tjzpf toGifajymif;um Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlaom acwftxd wGifus,fcJhonf? ur®0g'rSm jA[®Pa0'\ twåudk tajccHonf? twåtajccHaom 0g'jzpfonfhtwdkif; ,cifuvnf;jzpfcJhNyD?
,ckvnf;jzpfqJ
aemifvnf;
jzpfvdrfhOD;rnf[lí
umvoHk;yg;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
511
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tpOfquf\/
rnfonfhtcgrS umv0drkwf rjzpf/ ,if;0g'udk Ak'¨u umv0drkwfjzifh
awmfvSefy,fpGefUap\/
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-6)
(2) þtcsufonf yxroH*g,emwifyGJudk &[ef;awmftcsdKU tm½HkûyawmfrrlaMumif; xif½Sm;onf? tb,faMumifhenf; twdwf tem*wfw&m;pkrsm;? twåtwåed,paom 0dnmP0g'rsm; jyefygvmaomaMumifh -
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-6)
(3) þokwfü 'k*¾wd=raumif;aom vm;&m[lonf aoNyD;aemufrS i&JbHkponfudk a&muf&rnf[k t"dyÜm,f taumufoifhay? ,ckypöu©rsufarSmufüyif ao&m anmifapmif; rvJavsmif;rDrSmyif t&d,mwynfhom;wdkif; OD;wnfcsDwuf&rnfh 0drkwådyef;wdkifESifh vGJacsmfí 'ku©tm;vHk;wdkU\ vufonfjzpfaom wG,fwmrI oHa,mZOfrsm; wdk;yGm;um rvdkvm;tyfaom 'ku©rsm;ESifhom awGUêuHae&rnf[k t"dyÜm,faumuf,l oifhvSayonf/ odkUrSom oEd´|d*kPfajrmufí Ak'¨\ "r®oabmudk em;vnfoljzpfvdrfhrnf jzpfownf;/ rSwfcsuf/
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-128)
/ þokwf[lonf rZÑdredum,f? aygwvd,okwfudk qdkvdkonf/
(4) odkU&mwGif þy#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfBuD;udk vGefNyD;b0 a&mufqJb0? vmvwåHUaomb0 (0g) rarG;rD [dkbuftajctae jzpfqJ? ,ckb0tajctaeESifh aoNyD;aemuf a&muf&rnfh tajctae oHk;&yfay:wGif jzefUcif;í jywwfMu\/ þt,ltqonf tAsmuwoH,kwf ponfwdkUwGif Ak'¨udk,fwdkifu ra[mtyf[laom udpö&yfudk y&d,m,fjzifh a[mawmfrlap&m a&mufayonf/
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-161? 162)
(5) oEd´|daum-ypöKyÜefumv ,ckb0[k qdktyfaom (ykcufESifh acgif;tMum;ü) vufiif;'d| apmifhrae&bJ atmifhrae&bJ aMumifhMuí rae&bJ tusdK;&wJh vu©Pm/ (opöm"r® twGJ 3? trSwf 8? ESm -2) (6) or®m'd|dtzGJU\ vufoHk;0g'rSm oEd´|du ypöKyÜef0g'jzpfaMumif; jynfvHk;uRwf "r®obifu qHk;jzwf owfrSwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
(opöm"r® twGJ -2? trSwf-7? ESm-12)
þa&;om;csufrsm;ESifh ,cif (u) (c) (*) (C) a&;om;csufrsm;udk pyf[yfí txyfxyf oHk;oyfonfhtcg apm'uq&mawmfrsm; pGJqdkaom (1) (3) trSwf? pGJqdkcsuftwdkif; OD;OuúXESifh ol\aemufvdkufrsm;onf twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 r½Sd? ypöKyÜefwpfb0om ½Sdonf[k Oapä't,ludk vufcH,HkMunfolrsm;
jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;
ypöKyÜefwpfb0orm;jzpfatmif
vdrfnmí 0g'jzefU yHkoGif;aeMuaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; xif½Sm;pGm awGUMu&ayonf/ OD;Ouú\
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf?
vlaovljzpfpmwrf;rsm;udk pGJqdkcsuftwdkif;
tcsdKUu
ocifjrwfqdkif\
Munfh½IoHk;oyfonfhtcg tem*wfb0
vlaovljzpfjyóempmtkyfESifh
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wpfydkif;wpfpudk
]]vlaovljzpf}}
pGJqdkaom
(2)trSwf
abmiftwGif;üom
vufcHaMumif;udkvnf; awGUMu&ayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
512
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSefw&m;okawoe
trSwf(1)
pmapmifü
tbd"r®m
q&mpdefqdkolu
bk&m;½Sif\
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm apmfum;ykwfcwfxm;onfudk awGU&ojzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm; pGJqdkaom (4) trSwfjy? pGJqdkcsuftwdkif; pk'duwwdkUonf bk&m;½Sifü ÓPfawmfxl;BuD;rsm; r½Sdyg[k ajymEdkifatmif êud;pm;aeMuolrsm; jzpfonfudkvnf; awGUMu&ayonf/ (þtcsufudkum; apm'emtrSwfpOf (7) ü oHk;oyfMuukeftHh) þoHk;oufcsufjzifhyif apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ rlvpGJqdkcsuf 4-csufvHk;onf ,xmblwusí rSefuefaom pGJqdkcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/
(u) trSwfjy 0daooapm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 4/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u pk'dwuwdkUonf 0dyóem½I&ef &nf½G,fí a[mawmfrlaom
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
528
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rdrdudk,fudk rcsD;ajr§muf? olwyg;udk r½Iwfcs? þodkUvQif xdkolrSm a½S;rqGuyif raumif;aom tusihfonf y,fxm;NyD; jzpf\? aumif;aom tusifhonf a½S;½Iwnfae\? þrSefaom t,l rSefaom tMuH rSefaom pum; t&d,mwdkUESifh rqefUusifjcif; olawmfaumif;w&m;udk odapjcif; rdrdudk,fudk rcsD;ajr§mufjcif; olwyg;udk r½Iwfcsjcif; [laom rsm;pGmaom ukodkvfw&m;wdkUonf rSefaomt,l[laom taMumif;aMumifh xdkolrSm jzpfay:vmMuukef\/ ol
þa'oemawmfwdkUudk axmufí jrwfpGmbk&m;onf yk*¾dKvf\ tvdk tZÑmo,tvdkuf tm;avsmfpGm
ypöKyÜef
wpfb0udkomru
twdwfb0
tem*wfb0wdkUudkvnf;
a[mjyawmfrlonfrSm vGefpGm xif½Sm;vSayonf/ xdkUaMumifh twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 r½Sd ypöKyÜef wpfb0om ½Sdonf[laom t,lonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t,l r[kwf? xdkt,ludk jrwfpGmbk&m;\t,l[k a&;om;a[majym 0g'jzefUaeMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufwdkU\ t,lonf Oapä'0g' t"r®0g'om jzpfonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;udkyg olwdkUuJhodkU ½kyf0g'Djzpfatmif (ykcuf ESifh acgif;tMum;) wpfb0orm; jzpfatmif vkyfMuH vnfq,f pGyfpGJaeMujcif;om
jzpfonf[k
EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU
trSwf(2)tzGJU0if
q&mawmfwdkU
wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
529
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) apm'em trSwf (6) (20) tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkjcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,? oH*g,em 6 wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymjcif;ESifh pyfaom 0dedpä,
trSwf(6) apm'emwifvTm (tbd"r®mudk bk&m;ra[m r[kwf[k qdkjcif;)? trSwf(20) apm'emwifvTm (o*Fg,em 6 wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymjcif;)/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k pk'dwuwdkUu a0zefykwfcwfMuaMumif;? xdkpGyfpGJcsufonf ax&0g' yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh rnDñGwfojzifh t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif;? xdkUjyif o*Fg,em(6)wefwif ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ayghysufatmif xdk;ESufa0zefjcif;rsm;onfvnf; bk&m;a[mudk bk&m;ra[m[k vkyf&ef êud;pm;csufjzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaotaxmuftxm;
pHkvifpGmjzifh
wifjyavQmufxm;Muonf?
þapm'emcsufudk
OD;qE´m"du?
ocifjrwfqdkif ESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzJGUwdkUu aom"emcJhMuonf? þapm'emwifvTm ESpf&yfwdkU tcsif;csif; uGif;quf jzpfaeaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkUudk wpfaygif;wnf; pdppfoHk;oyf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/ pdppfoHk;oyf&mü aMumif;usKd;tquftpyf rSefuefjcif;ç a½SUaemuftpOfusjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;í pOf;pm;rnf jzpfjcif;aMumifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU aom"emûycsuf tpOfusrnf r[kwfay/ 1/
pk'dwuwdkUu tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwfaMumif;udk(u)
r[m0if 'Dy0if plV0g (4 usrf;ajrmuf) 0denf;ygVdawmf rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif yxro*Fg,em 'kwd,o*Fg,em ESpf&yfvHk;ü tbd"r®myd#uwf[lí rygjcif;ç
(c)
bmPupm&if;wGif tbd"r®m rygjcif;ç
(*)
t|uxmrsm;ESifh
a½S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif
tbd"r®mbmPu
[lí
rawGU&jcif;ç þtcsuf oHk;csufjzifh a½S;OD;pGm wifjyMuonf/ txufyg (u) (c) (*) tcsufwdkUudk MunfhvQif tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwfaMumif;udk ]]pm}}ESifh pum;ajymMujcif; jzpf\? rsm;aomtm;jzifh OD;Ouú|*dkPf;om;wdkUonf ]]pm}}a½SmifMu\? olwdkU\ 0g'rSm;yHkudk pmwwfolrsm;u pmayjzifh ajymMuavaomtcg tvum; pmorm;BuD;awG w,loefBuD;awG[k ajymNyD; ypfrSwfudk
a½SmifMuonf?
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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; taejzifh pmjzifhyif ½Sif;vif;oHk;oyf&ayrnf/ Ak'¨tbd"r®mESifh ywfoufí usrf;*efydkif; tbd"r®mbmom&yf\ oabmw&m;ydkif; ESifh ordkif;ydkif; [lí t"du tydkif;BuD; (3)ydkif; ½Sdonf? bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jzpfaom taemufwdkif; okawoDwdkUESifhwuG ¤if;wdkU\
aemufvdkufpk'dwu
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ocifjrwfqdkif
or®m'd|dokawoe
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qdkolwdkUonf
530
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ordkif;ydkif;rSomvQif tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k a0zefMujcif; jzpfonf? tbd"r®m ckESpfusrf;\ oabmw&m;ydkif;tjrifjzifh
bk&m;a[m
r[kwf[k
a0zefEdkifMuolrsm;
r[kwfay?
þtcsufudk
av;av;eufeufBuD; êudwifrSwfom;Mu&ayrnf/ tbd"r®mudk
oabmw&m;ydkif;rS
OD;Ouú|wdkU\
q&morm;rsm;jzpfaom
taemufwdkif;
okawoDwdkUonfvnf; ra0zefEdkif? OD;Ouú|wdkUvnf; ra0zefEdkifacs/ 2/
r[m0ifESifh 'Dy0ifwdkUonf yxro*Fg,em 'kwd,o*Fg,emESifhpyfí plV0gygVdawmfudkyif
,lí a&;om;Mu&m plV0gygVdawmfudk oHk;oyfvQif udpöNyD;awmhonfom/ plV0gygVdawmf yÍöowduo*Ðwdu©E¨uü t½Sifr[muóyax&fonf yxro*Fg,emwif&ef tMuHjzpfí &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;]][E´ r,H tm0kaom "r®Íö 0de,Íö o*Fg,mr yka& t"ar®m 'dAÁwd? "ar®m y#dAm[d,swd (0d? 4? 481/)}} ]]igh½SifwdkU t"r®rxGef;yrD "r®ypfy,fjcif; rcH&rD "r®ESifh0de,udk aygif;pk½Gwfum oH*g,emwifMuukeftHh-}} [lí a½S;OD;pGm rdefUawmfrlonf/ ¤if;aemuf ynwf&jcif;taMumif;
0de,ESifhpyfí rnfolUudk
yxryg&mZduodu©myk'fudk taMumif;ûyí
ynwf&aMumif;
tpûyvsuf ynwf&m
Xme
odu©myk'fudk ponfwdkUudk
t½SifOygvdtm; ar;jref;aomtcg 0dóZÆujzpfol t½SifOygvduvnf; ar;jref;orQudk ajzawmfrlonf? tar;tajz NyD;aomtcg 500 aom oHCmawmfwdkU pkaygif; ½GwfqdkawmfrlMuonf? þtpOfrQavmufom xif½Sm;apí o*Fg,emwifMuyHkudk t>rufrQ jyawmfrlonf? xdkenf;twdkif; "r®ESifh pyfqdkif&müvnf; t½Sifr[muóyax&fu t½SiftmeE´mtm; jA[®Zmvokwfudk tb,ft&yfü tb,foludk taMumif;ûyí tb,fodkUaom
taMumif;tcsufaMumifh
Ak'¨jrwfpGm
a[mawmfrlonfudk
ar;awmfrlyHk?
t½SiftmeE´muajzawmfrlyHk? tar;ajz NyD;aomtcg oHCmawmfrsm; pkaygif;½GwfqdkawmfrlMuyHkudk t>rufrQ jyawmfrlonf/ 3/
owåowduo*Ðwdu©E¨u
'kwd,
o*Fg,emwifcef;üvnf;
ykpäujzpfawmfrlaom
t½Sifa&0wax&fu 0dóZÆu jzpfaom t½SifoAÁumrdax&ftm; ]]od*ÐavmP-tyfygoavm? rtyfvQif tb,ft&yfü tb,fygVdawmfwGif Ak'¨jrwfpGm y,fawmfrlcJhygoenf;? ,if; od*ÐavmPudk toHk;ûyvQif tb,f
tmywfoifhygoenf;}}
ponfjzifh
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tao;pdwf
ar;awmfrlyHk?
t½SifoAÁumrdax&fu toD;oD; ajzawmfrlyHkudk t>rufrQ jyawmfrlonf? þodkU plV0g aemufqHk;cE¨u ESpf&yfwGif tbd"r®[laom pum;vHk; rygaomaMumifh tbd"r®m bk&m;a[mr[kwf[kqdkygvQif oH*g,em tar;tajzwGif ryg0ifbJ
okwåef"r®qdkif&müvnf;
okwfwpfokwfrQ
erlemtjzpf
ar;ajzyHkudk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
jyvQif
531
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tbd"r®mESifh
pyfívnf;
ar;um
ajzum
oH*g,emwifoGm;awmfrlMuonf[k
odtyf
odEdkifayawmhonf? wpfzef 'kwd,o*Fg,emcef;üvnf; 0de,0w¬K 10-csuf tar;tajzrQudkom plV0gygVdawmfu
jyxm;aomaMumifh
0denf;ygVdawmf
okwåefygVdawmf
tbd"r®mygVdawmfwdkUudk
o*Fg,emrwif[k qdkEdkifaumif;rnfr[kwf? trSefpifppfaomfum;]]£rm, acg ye 0de,o*Ðwd,m owåbdu©Kowmed tElemed tem"dumed ta[oHk? wo®m,H 0de,o*Ðwd owåowdumwd 0kpöwd}}/ (0d 4? 508/) (plV0gygVdawmf) þ 0de,o*Ðwdü &[EÅm 700 r,kwfrydk yg½SdMuaomaMumifh þ 0de,o*Ðwdudk owåowdum 0ded,o*Ðwd[k ac:qdk&avonf/ þ pum;t& 0denf;udk aygif;pk½Gwfjcif; (0de,o*Ðwd)[k qdkaomfvnf; okwf 0denf; tbd"r®m 3yg;vHk;udk aygif;pk½Gwfqdkjcif;[k em;vnfMuí aumuf,lMu&onfom jzpfayonf? 0de,o*Ðwd[k wdkuf½dkufqdkxm;í 'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJü okwåefESifh tbd"r®mudk o*Fg,emrwif[k uyfudk;ír&ay/ 5/
þü
"r®0de,o'´g
(yk'fpk
ormofyk'ftjzpfjzifh)
omoemwpfckvHk;udk
a[myHkudkvnf;aumif;? "r®o'´gwpfckwnf; 0de,o'´gwpfckwnf;u yd#u 3-yHkudk a[myHkudk vnf;aumif;? ]]"r®H 0de,H p "ar®m p 0dea,m p}[k 0gus'Gef taejzifh a[mvQif "r®o'´gjzifh okwåefESifh tbd"r®mudk aumuf,l&í 0de,o'´gjzifh 0denf;yd#uudk aumuf,l&yHkudkvnf;aumif;? "r® tbd"r®? 0de, tbd0de, tpdwfpdwf cJGí a[mvQif "r®ESifhtbd"r®? 0de,ESifhtbd0de, toD;oD; cGJí aumuf,l&yHkudk vnf;aumif; ½Sif;vif;pdppfí jyOD;tHh/ (u) ormofyk'f "r®0de,o'´gu omoemudk a[myHk a, aw bdu©a0 bdu©K e0g tpd&yAÁZdwm t"kem*wm £rH "r®0de,H aw a0g bdu©a0 bdu©L pwkEéH owdy|memeH bm0em, orm'aywAÁm ywd|maywAÁm/ (oH 3? 125/) (r[m0*¾oH,kwf)
jrefrmtusOf; &[ef;wdkU
topfjzpfí
a&mufvmMuaom
&[ef;wdkUudk
rMumrDu
&[ef;ûyvmMuaom
owdy|mefav;yg;
yGm;apzdkU&ef
þomoemawmfodkU aqmufwnfap&
,ckrS
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csxm;Mu&rnf/ £rH acg wH bdu©a0 aomabx ,H wkarS {0H oGmu©maw "r®0dea, yAÁZdwm ormem tmp&da,ok
tmp&d,arawåok
OyZÑma,ok
OyZÑm,rawåok
t*g&0g
tyÜ#dóm
tobm*0kwådum 0d[a&,smwd/ (0d 3? 275/) (0denf;r[m0gygVd)
jrefrmtusOf; ]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
532
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
&[ef;wdkU oifwdkU\ q&m q&mavmuf av;pm;xdkufol OyZÑm,fq&m OyZÑm,fq&mavmuf av;pm;xdkufol yk*¾dKvfrsm;tay: r½dkrao rwkyfrysyf toufarG;rI rwlnDbJ oifwdkU aeMurnfqdkvQif þodkU igbk&m; aumif;pGm a[mxm; (aumif;pGm pDrHxm;) tyfaom omoemawmfü &[ef;ûyolrsm; jzpfMuygvsuf xdkomoemudk oifwdkU wifhw,fapEdkifukefrnfavm? wifhw,faponf rnfMuukefrnfavm/ þ ygVdawmfESpf&yfü a[mawmfrltyfaom "r®0de,o'´gjzifh omoemawmfudk qdkvdkonf? "r®0de,o'´gu ]]omoem}}[laom teuft"dyÜm,fudkazmfjyonf? þodkU ]]omoem}}[laom teufudk ,ljcif;onf
ygVdawmf\
teuft"dyÜm,f
aumuf,lyHk
xHk;enf;jyaom
atmufyg
r[meda'´o
t|uxmpum;t& ygVdwwf ynm½Sifwdkif; em;vnfNyD;om; jzpfMuygonf/ (1)
tyd apwH odu©wå,ocFgwH ouvH omoeH? twåaem um&uH tyga,ok tywrmeH uwGm "ma&wDwd "ar®m? aom0 oHudavoyu©H 0daewDwd 0dea,m? "ar®m p aom 0dea,m pmwd "r®0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 126)
wpfenf;rSm odu©moHk;yg;jzifh a&wGuftyfaom omoemwpfckvHk;onf vdkufemusifhMuHoludk tyg,frusapbJ aqmifxm;wwfaomaMumifh "r®? npfñl;aom tydkif;udk y,fwwfaomaMumifh 0de, rnf\? "r®0de, [laom ygVdjzifh bk&m;omoemwpf&yfvHk;
aumuf,l&yHkudk
atmufygtwdkif;
odEdkifayao;\/ (2)
ukv"ar®[d 0g tukovm "r®meH {o 0dea,mwd "r®0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 126)
ukodkvf"r®wdkYjzifh
tukodkvf"r®wdkYudk
y,fazsmufwwfaomaMumifh
(oDvwå,o*Ðwdu)
omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (3)
"ar®e 0g 0dea,m e '@m'D[Dwd "r®0dea,m/ (r 1? 127/)
wkwfvQifuef ponfjzifh r[kwfbJ w&m;ojzifh qHk;r&m jzpfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (4)
"r®m, 0g 0dea,m "r®0dea,m? te0ZÆ"r®wåaO§S§o 0dea,m? e b0abm*grdow¬H/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)
b0pnf;pdrf
tusKd;iSm
r[kwfbJ
tjypfuif;aom w&m;tusKd;iSm qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh
omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (5)
0dod|H 0g e,wDwd 0dea,m? "r®awm 0dea,m "r®0dea,m? oHom&"r®awm [d aomum'd"r®awm 0g {o 0dod|H edAÁmeH e,wd/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)
oHo&moabm aomu paom oabmrS xl;aom edAÁmefodkU aqmifwwfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (6)
"r®ó 0g 0dea,m e wdw¬u&meEdÅ "r®0dea,m? "r®blawm [d b*0g? waó0 0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
533
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
w&m;wHk; w&m;cJBuD; jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh omoemawmfonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (7)
,o®m 0g "r®m {0 tbdan,sm y&dan,sm y[mwAÁm bma0wAÁm opädumwAÁm p? wo®m {o "ar®ok 0dea,m e oawåok eZDa0ok pmwd "r®0dea,m/ (r[meda'´o? |? 127)
tbdan,s
y&dan,s
y[mwAÁ
bma0wAÁ
opädumwAÁ
jzpfaom
w&m;wdkUü
qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r®0de, rnf\/ (c)
"r®o'´goufouf yd#u oHk;yHkvHk;udk a[myHk £" ye bdau©a0 {upö ukvykwåm "r®H y&d,mykPEdÅ okwåH a*,sH a0,smu&PH *gxH
O'geH £wd0kwåuH ZmwuH tAÇKw"r®H a0'vH’? aw wH "r®H y&d,mykPdwGm awoH "r®meH ynm, tw¬H e Oyy&du©EÅd/ (r 1? 187/)
jrefrmtusOf; &[ef;wdkU
þomoemawmfü
tcsKdUaom
tESpfrJhaom
a,mufsm;wdkUonf
okwå?
a*,s?
a0,smu&P? *gxm? O'gef;? £wd0kwf? tAÇKw"ar®? a0'v’ [kqdktyfaom "r® (yd#u oHk;yHk) udk oif,lMuukef\? oif,lNyD;aomf xdkolwdkUonf xdkygVd"r®wdkU\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk ynmjzifh aumif;pGm rqifjcifMuukef (ponf)/ rSwfcsuf/
(rlvyPÖmo tv*'´Lyrokwf/)
/ þ ygVdawmfonf okwåo'´gjzifh 0denf;ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh eda'´o okwåedygwf ponfwdkUudk
aumuf,l&rnf[lívnf;aumif;?
a0,smu&Po'´gjzifh
tbd"r®yd#uwpfckvHk;ESifh
*gxmrygaom
okwfrsm;udk aumuf,l&rnf[lívnf;aumif; þokwftzGifh t|uxm ESm-9 ü t|uxmq&m zGifhqdkxm;onf/ (*)
0de,o'´goufoufu yd#uoHk;yHkvHk;udk a[myHk uwarm p bdu©a0 ok*w0dea,m? aom "rH® a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZÑuvsmPH
y&da,momeuvsmPH omw¬H oAsÍÆeH au0vy&dykPÖH y&dok'¨H jA[®p&d,H yumaowd? t,H bdu©a0 ok*w0dea,m/ (tH 1? 465/) (ok*w0de,okwf)
jrefrmtusOf; &[ef;wdkU igbk&m;\ tqHk;tr[lonf tb,fenf;? xdkigbk&m;onf tp tv,f tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; aumif;í teufo'´gESifh jynfhpHkaom? tbufbufrS pHkvifí pifMu,faom "r® (yd#uawmf)udk a[mawmfrlonf/
jrwfaomtusifhudk
xifpGmjyawmfrlonf/
&[ef;wdkU
þonfum;
igbk&m;\
tqHk;trawmfaywnf;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
534
tpodkU rSwfcsuf/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) / a½SUokwfü "r®o'´gonf yd#u 3-yHkudk a[mouJhodkU þokwfü 0de,o'´gonfvnf;
yd#u 3-yHkudk a[monf/ (C)
okwåo'´g yd#uoHk;yHk a[myHk
"r®o'´g 0de,o'´gwdkYonf yd#u 3-yHkudk a[mouJhodkU okwå(okwåEÅ)o'´gonfvnf; yd#u 3yHkudk a[mao;onf? t*Fkwå&edum,f pwkw¬r[mya'ookwfü£' ye bdu©a0 bdu©K {0H 0a',s? or®KcgaywH tm0kaom b*0awm okwH or®Kcg y#d*¾[dwH t,H "ar®m t,H 0dea,m ow¬KomoeH/ (tH 1? 489/) ]]&[ef;wdkU þomoemawmfü &[ef;wpfyg;onf þodkUqdk&m\? igh½SifwdkU igonf jrwfpGmbk&m; rsufarSmufü þum; "r®? þum; 0de,? þum; ow¬Komoe [lí emMum;oif,lcJhonf[kqdk&m\? &[ef;wdkU xdk&[ef;\ pum;udk vufrcHESifhOD;? y,fvnf; ry,fESifhOD;? olqdkaomyk'f ygVdtu©&mwdkUudk aumif;pGm avhvmí okwå(yd#u 3-yHk)ücsoGif;um &m*uif;aMumif;w&m;ü xifapum yd#uodkU 0ifvQif? &m*uif;aMumif;w&m;ü xifvQif þum; igbk&m;\ pum;wnf;? þ&[ef;onf aumif;pGm oif,l avhvmEdkifayonf[k qHk;jzwfavmh ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ rSwfcsuf/ / þokwfü ok'dEéax&fonf okwå[laom pum;vHk;jzifh rodrf;ûcHEdkif riHkrdEdkifaom bk&m;pum;awmfr½Sd? tokwå emruH Ak'¨0peH ew¬d [kqdkí þ r[mya'ookwfü yd#u 3-yHkonf okwå &m* ponf uif;jcif;\ taMumif;onf 0de, rnf\[k rdefUqdkcJhzl;avonf? þodkU ax&0g'udk jyqdkum t|uxmq&mu qufí- xdkUaMumifh okawå awyd#au Ak'¨0pae Mowma&wAÁmed (yd#u 3-yHk Ak'Á0pe [laom okwfü csoGif;&rnf)? 0dea, {wo®ð® &m*g'd0de,um&aP oHoaE´wAÁmed (tH |? 2? 357/ 'D |? 2? 156/) (&m* ponf uif;jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom 0de,ü xifap&rnf)[k þae&mü teufaumuf,lyg[k zGifhqdkxm;avonf/ (r[mya'ookwf |-ESifh r[m0*¾ r[my&dedAÁmeokwf-157) / (i)
"r®o'´g avmukwåw&m; 9-yg;udk a[myHk "r®mEk"r®y#dy'g,mwd "ar®m emr e0 avmukwå&"ar®m? tEk"ar®m emr 0dyóem'd
wó"r®ó tEk½lyg "r®y#dy'g "r®mEk"r®my#dy'g/ (r[meda'´o |? 55/)
jrefrmjyef "r®mEk"r®y#dy'g
[laom
pum;&yfü
"r®[lonf
avmukwå&mw&m;
9-yg;wnf;?
avsmfaomtusifh[lonf 0dyóemponfwnf;? xdkavmukwå&m w&m; 9-yg;tm; avsmfaom 0dyóem paom tusifhonf "r®mEk"r®y#dy'g rnf\/ (p)
(r[meda'´o t|uxm)
"r®o'´g tbd"r®mudk a[myHk okwåEÅdaumwd okwåaEÅ ed,kawåm? 0de,"a&mwd 0de,yd#u"a&m? "r®uxdaumwd tmbd"r®daum/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
535
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(r[meda'´o |? 172/)
(r[meda'´o t|u0*¾ 'k||uokwf)
jrefrmjyef okwåefygVdawmfü wm0efcsxm;jcif;cH&aom olonf okwåEÅdu rnf\? 0denf;yd#uudk aqmifaom olonf 0de,"& rnf\? "r®udk a[majymol[lonfum; tbd"r®mudk (wm0ef,lí) aqmifaom olwnf;/ 6/
þodkU ]]"r®0de,}}[lí "r®ESifh0de, wGJvsufyk'f? ]]"r®}}oufouf? ]]0de,}}oufoufyk'f?
,if;ESifh tvm;wlaom ]]okwåo'´g}}? ¤if;wdkU\ a[mavh½Sdaom yd#uusrf;*efü oHk;pGJavh½Sdaom teufwdkUudk ,ckuJhodkU xkwfjyjcif;rSm ]]"r®H p 0de,H p}} paom yk'fudk vufudkifûyí teuft&aumuf xkwfMuaom bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm; taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUESifh ,if;wdkU\ aemufvdkuf jrefrm(or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if)wdkU\ tqdkudk pdppf&ef jzpfonf? "r®H p 0de,H [laom ygVda0g[m&wdkU\ o'´geuf &if;jrpfteufuav;avmufudkom usOf;ajrmif;pGm qkyfudkifívnf;aumif;? bk&m;a[mygVd a0g[m&wdkU\ ,xmblw teufrSef&atmif zGifhjyaom t|uxmq&mBuD;wdkU\ ñTefjycsufwdkUudk ypfy,fívnf;aumif;? udk,fvdk&mudk pGJí a&;om;ajymjcif;onf yd#uwfawmfESifh qefUusif½HkrQru avmutpOftvmtm;jzifhvnf; vHk;0 qefUusifayonf/ om"u jy&aomf EdkifiHwumü tajccHOya'yg pum;vHk;wdkUudk Oya'jy|mef;ol tpdk;&wdkUu rnfonfhpum;udk rnfodkU qdkvdkonf[k teufzGifhqdkcsuf owfrSwfay;pjrJjzpfonf?
owfrSwfay;onfh
teuftwdkif; jynfolwdkUu vdkufem&onf? Mum;vl
wpfOD;wpfa,mufu tajccHOya'üygaom a0g[m&udk tbd"mefvSefMunfhNyD; rdrdvdkcsifovdk t"dyÜm,f azmf,lí
r&ay?
þenf;twl
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfü
ygaom
a0g[m&wdkU\
teufudkvnf;
t|uxmq&mrsm; zGifhjyonfhtwdkif;om teuf,l&ayonf? þum; obm0enf;vrf;aywnf;/ 7/
]]"r®}}ESifh ]]tbd"r®}}? ]]0de,}}ESifh ]]tbd0de,}} wGJpyfí a[mvQif ,l&rnfh teufrsm;udk
qufvufjyqdkOD;tHh/ (u)
]]yke py&H bdau©a0 bdu©K "r®umarm a[mwd yd,ork'g[ma&m tbd"r® tbd0dea, OVm&ygarmZÆm}} (tH 3? 275/ 'D 3? 257) ponf ('ou? tH? yxr emxokwfESifh 'D-3? o*Ðwdokwf)
jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU &[ef;wpfyg;onf (yd#u 3-yHk[k qdktyfaom) w&m;udk vdkvm;onf cspfzG,f emvdkzG,faom pum;udkajymqdkwwfonf? tbd"r®m (odkUr[kwf -r*fzdkvf)üvnf;aumif;? cE¨u? y&d0g& [laom jrwfaom (us,f0ef;rsm;jym;aom) 0denf; (odkUr[kwf-udavom Nidrf;at;aMumif;w&m; [laom tbd0de,)üvnf;aumif; (oif,lavhvmjcif;ç usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh) xl;jcm;jrifhrm;aom 0rf;ajrmufjcif; &Sdonf/ (c)
0denf;r[m0gygVdawmf
OyorÜma'wAÁ
yÍöuü
edó&nf;ay;Edkif?
OyZÑm,fûyí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
536
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &[ef;cHay;Edkifaom &[ef;\t*Fg (t&nftcsif;) 5-yg; teuf]]y#dAavm a[mwd taEÅ0goð 0g tbd"r® 0daewHk tbd0dea, 0daewHk}} (0d 3? 93/)
rdrd\ twGif;aewynhfudk jzpfap twlaewynfhudk jzpfap ½kyfemrfcE¨mESifh pyfaom tbd"r®mü oGefoifqHk;rjcif;iSm
pGrf;Edkif&rnf?
ygwdarmuf
Obawm0dbif;ESifhwuG
plV0gcE¨u
r[m0gcE¨u
aomVoy&d0g& [laom txufwef;usaom tbd0de,ü ydkUcsoGefoif ûyjyifqHk;rjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifol jzpf&rnf[laom t*Fg 2-&yf vm½Sdayonf/ ,ck
aqmifjyxm;aom
okwf
ESpfokwfwGif
yxrokwfü
"r®umarm[laom
ygVdjzifh
"r®udkvnf;aumif; tbd"r®[laom ygVdjzifh tbd"r®mudkvnf;aumif; ESpfrsKd; a[mxm;&m ,if; emxokwf t|uxm (tH |? 3? 291/) "r®t& tbd"r®mESifhwuG yd#uoHk;yHkudkvnf;aumif; tbd"r®mt& r*fzdkvfudkvnf;aumif; aumufjyxm;ayonf? wpfenf; aumuf,lvQif "r®t& okwåEÅyd#uudk,lí tbd"r®mt& tbd"r®myd#uudk ,l&rnf[kzGifhjyxm;onf? 'kwd,okwfü tbdormpm&dum, odu©m,mwd cE¨u0awå[kzGifhqdkvsuf aocd,odu©myk'f toDwdu©E¨u usifh0wfrsm;ESifhwuG Obawm0dbif;udk 0de,[k aumuf&rnfudkvnf;aumif;?
tbd0de,
[lonfudk
plV0gcE¨u
r[m0gcE¨u
aomVoy&d0g&
aumuf,l&rnfudkvnf;aumif; ñTefjyawmfrlonf? wpfenf;aumuf,lvQif 0denf;yd#u wpfckvHk;udk 0de,? udavom Nidrf;at;jcif;taMumif;udk tbd0de,[k aumuf,ljyxm;ayonf/ txufwGif azmfjycJhNyD;aom ygVdawmft|uxm pum;&yfwdkUudk tusOf;csKyfí azmfjy&aomf þodkU odtyf\/ (u)
plV0gygVdawmf o*Fg,emcef;ü tbd"r®myd#u rygjcif;rSm tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m r[kwfí rygjcif; r[kwf? plV0gygVdawmfü o*Fg,emwifyHk odom½Hk t>rufrQygjcif; jzpfí rygjcif;om
jzpfonf?
tjynfhtpHkrygacs? usefaom
tbd"r®momru
tjcm;aom
okwf
0denf;rsm;pGmvnf;
plV0grSm rygí bk&m;a[mr[kwf&pwrf;qdkvQif tbd"r®momru
ygVdawmf(90)&mcdkifEIef;onfvnf; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&ef½Sdonf/
odkUaomf þodkYr[kwf?
o*Fg,em q&mjrwfwdkUonf tbd"r®mESifhwuG jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
o*Fg,emwifNyD; wm0efcGJa0
oif,lcJhMu\? cufcJeufeJaom Ak'¨tbd"r®mw&m;awmf
,aeUtxd raysmufrysuf
wnfwHhvmjcif;onf
oifol
aqmifol
½SdcJhíom
"r®0de,o'´gonf omoemawmf wpf&yfvHk;udk a[monf? "r®o'´gwpfckwnf;
yd#u
jzpfaMumif; tvGefxif½Sm;ayonf/ (c)
3-yHkudk
a[monf?
(okwåEÅo'´g)
0de,o'´gwpfckwnf;
yd#u
3-yHkudka[monf?
okwåo'´g
vnf; yd#u 3-yHkudk a[monf? olUae&mESifhol ygVda0g[m&rsm;onf
teufrsm; trsKd;rsKd;½Sdonf/ (*)
bk&m;½Sifvufxufawmfüyif
tbd"r®mw&m;
½SdaeaMumif;
0denf;r[m0gygVdawmfü
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
537
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]tbd"ar® 0daewHk}} tbd"r®mw&m;ü qHk;rpdrfhaomiSm[k wdkuf½dkuf txift½Sm; yg½Sdonf/
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh plV0gygVdawmf o*Fg,emcef;ü tbd"r®m[laom a0g[m& tbd"r®mbmPu rygí tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k pk'dwuwdkU aumufcsufcsjcif;onf plV0gygVdawmfrSwyg; tjcm;aom ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUudk us,fus,fjyefUjyefU rMunfhwwfíom ,ckvdk trSm;udkajymrdMujcif; jzpfayonf/ 9/
,if;odkU omoemawmf\ xHk;enf;Oya' ygVd*wd (ygVdawmf\ taetxm;)udk a½SUaemuf
axmufq a'oujzpfaom ½Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;\ As*Fsw¬ (qdkvdkaom teuft"dyÜm,f) udk r0SufruG,f vnfvnfywfywf odaomÓPf r&½SdygbJvsuf wpfenf;awGUjzifh avGUavGU&rf;&rf; uavmifo&rf; vQm&rf;Muum Ak'¨bmodw (bk&m;a[m) jzpfygvsuf tAk'¨bmodw (bk&m;a[m r[kwf)[k qdkrdMuvQif tvGef aMumufzG,faumif;aom trSm;udk vGefusL;&m a&mufí oHo&m0ef BuD;av;vSayonf/ 10/
,cktcg
]]tbd"r®mudk
Ak'¨jrwfpGm
ra[mcJh}}[kqdkMuaom
olwdkU\
vufoHk;
tudk;om"uûyaom pum;rsm;udk pdppfjyOD;tHh/ a,m acg tmeE´ r,m "ar®m p 0dea,m p a'odawm ynawåm? aom 0g rrpöa,e ow¬m - ('D? 2? 126-7/) tmeE´m "r®ESifh 0de,udk igbk&m;onf a[mMum;cJh aumif;pGm em;vnfatmif ½Sif;vif;cJhNyD? igbk&m;vGefawmfrlaomtcg xdk"r®ESifh 0de,onf (oifwdkUudk tjrJrjywf oGefoif>ruf[ enf;vrf;jyaom) q&mjzpfonf? (q&mtjzpf oGefoifqHk;r enf;vrf;jyayvdrfhrnf/) þpum;onf Ak'¨jrwfpGm y&dedAÁmef0ifpHawmfrlcgeD; ta&;wBuD; cdkifcdkifvHkvHk cHkwifavmufatmif rdefUqdkcJhaom pum;awmfjzpfonf? þpum;ü "r®ESifh 0de,udkom awGU&í tbd"r® [laom pum;vHk;udk rawGU&? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨onf tbd"r®mudk ra[mcJhay? þodkU bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm; taemufokawoDwdkU xifjrifMu cH,lMuonf/ 11/
þrQru
o*Fg,emwif&mtcg
oHCmhacgif;aqmif
obmywd
jzpfawmfrlaom
t½Sifr[muóyonf 500-aom oHCmhtv,fwGif þodkU rdefUawmfrl\okPmwk ar tm0kaom oHaCm? ,'d oHCó ywåuv’H? oHaCm £rmed yÍöbdu©Kowmed orÜaEé,s &mZ*a[ 0óH 0oEÅmed "r®Íö0de,Íö o*FgwHk? e tan[d bdu©L[d &mZ*a[ 0óH 0odwAÁEÅd? {om Úwåd/ (oH 1? 31/)
jrefrmjyef ]]igh½SifwdkU oHCmawmfonf ig\pum;udk em;axmifapcsif\? oHCmawmftm; taMumif;tcGifh oifhwifhnDñGwfvQif &[ef;ig;&mwdkUonf &mZû*d[fûrdUü 0gqdkvsuf "r®ESifh0de,udk aygif;pk½Gwfum o*Fg,emwif&ef oHCmawmfrsm;u or®Kwday;apcsifyg\? tjcm;&[ef;rsm;onf &mZû*d[fûrdUü 0gruyf&[k oHCmawmfrsm;u or®Kwday;apcsifyg\? þum; (ig\) tqdkûycsuf odapcsufwnf;}} (plV0gyÍöowducE¨u)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
538
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þpum;&yfüvnf; "r®ESifh0de,om ygonf? tbd"r® ryg? tbd"r®m[lonf om0u&[ef;wdkU\ aemufrSxGifaom
aemufwdk;vuf&jzpfonf/
yxro*Fg,emwif&müvnf;
ryg?
'kwd,o*Fg,em
wif&müvnf; ryg[k Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwfaom taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUu qdkMuonf? xdkbmomjcm; vlrsKd;jcm; pma&;q&mwdkU\ pum;us aumufenf;twdkif; xdkygVdawmfü ]]"ar®m p 0dea,m p? "r®Íö 0de,Íö}}om ygonf? okwåÍö (0g) okwåEÅÍö[lí rygay? xdkUaMumifh okwåefudkvnf; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&rvdk ½Sdayonf? tbd"r®[laom pum;vHk;rygí bk&m;a[m r[kwf[kqdkaom pum; toGm;tvmt& okwå[laom pum;vHk;rygí okwå(okwåef)ygVdawmfrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qufqdk&efyif ½Sdayonf? ]]"r®}}udk okwåef[k tb,fhaMumifh aumuf&rnfenf;? ]]"r®}}udk okwåef[kaumufvQif "r®ESifh tvGefeD;pyfaom tbd"r®mudka&m tb,fhaMumifh raumuf,lEdkif rxnfhoGif;EdkifbJ ae&ygrnfenf;? þum; olYpum;ESihfol jyefí oHk;oyfjycsufaywnf;/ 12/
trSefum; a½SUpmrsufESmrsm;ü qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; "r®o'´gonf bk&m;pum;awmf [lorQ
(yd#u 3-yHkvHk;)udka[m\? þü ,if;ESifh wGJzufjzpfaom 0de,o'´g\ 0denf;yd#u[laom teufudk csefvSyfí
þ o*gxm0*¾ a'0wmoH,kwf aZw0eokwf ygVdawmfü "ar®m [laom ygXfjzifh
avmukwå&mr*¾if 8-yg;vHk; a[mEdkifaomfvnf; 0dZÆm[laom ygXfjzifh or®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜr*¾if[laom ynmr*¾if 2-yg;udk aumuf,l&ef ½SdaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? oDvH-[laom ygXfjzifh or®m0gpmç or®mur®EÅç or®mtmZD0 [laom oDvr*¾if 3-yg;udkom aumuf,l&awmhonf/ 14/
,ckqdkcJhNyD;aom aumuf,lenf;udk a*gAvdA'¨enf;[lívnf;aumif;? yknÓPorÇm&enf;
[lívnf;aumif; ac:qdk&onf? tenf;i,f½Sif; OD;tHh? ]]*ga0gp AvdAa'¨ p *P,aEÅm tmae[d= 0efaqmifEGm; vm;ESifh tjcm;EGm;wdkYudk a&wGufum ac:,lcJhyg (avmuDyHkpH)[k qdk&mü *ga0g=[laom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
539
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pum;vHk;jzifh EGm;tdkç EGm;ysdKç EGm;ydkufç EGm;aygufp txD;tr tm;vHk;udk odrf;csHKí a[mEdkifaomfvnf; AvdA'¨[laom aemufyk'fjzifh 0efaqmifEGm;vm;udk csefum
þenf;twdkif; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ rkcygXf EIwfxGufpum;awmf [lorQudk &nfñTef;í "ar®m
p 0dea,m p "r®Íö 0de,Íöyk'f 2-yk'fudk awGUavorQ 0de,jzifh 0denf;yd#uudk aumuf,l&aMumif; odrSwf&ayrnf/ xdkUaMumifh£rH "r®0de,EÅd £rH "r®Íö0de,Íö? Ob,arÜwH omoeaó0 emrH? "ar®e a[w¬ a'G yd#umed 0kwåmed? 0dea,e 0de,yd#uH? £wd wD[d yd#au[d yumodwH y#dywåð t"kem tm*awmrSDwd 0'wd - (oH? |? 1? 42/) [lí vnf;aumif;? £rH "r®0de,H[lonfum; þokwftbd"r®modkUvnf;aumif;? þ0de,odkUvnf;aumif; ,ckrS a&mufvmol jzpfonf? þ 2-yk'fvHk;onf omoemawmf\ trnf jzpf\? rSef\- þwpfyk'fwGif "r®jzifh yd#u 2-yHkudk 0de,jzifh 0denf;yd#uudk qdktyfonf? þodkU yd#u 3-yHkjzifh jytyfaom tusifhodkU ,ckrS ig a&mufvmonf[k &[ef;u qdk\/ "ar®mwd okwåmbd"ar® o*FPSmwd? 0dea,mwd ouvH 0de,yd#uH/ y/ ouvO§d Ak'¨0peH "r®0de,0aoe ‘'k0d"H a[mwd? (om&w¬? #D? 1? 21/) [lí vnf;aumif;? "ar®m [laom ygXfjzifh okwftbd"r®mwdkUudk odrf;,l\? 0dea,m [laom ygXfjzifh 0de,yd#u tvHk;pHk;udk odrf;,l\? rSef\- tvHk;pHkaom bk&m;pum;awmfonf "r®0de,\ tpGrf;jzifh ESpfyg; ½Sd\? t|uxm #Dumq&mwdkU omoem tpOftvmtwdkif; zGifhqdkjcif; ûyMuayonf/ 16/
,cktcg
tbd"r®mudk
bk&m;a[maMumif;
ygVdawmfrsm;ü
wdkuf½dkufvmaom
om"upum;&yfwdkUudk xkwfEkwfí jyOD;tHh(1)
ukovm[H 0dok'¨Dok? uxm0w¬K0dom&'/ tbd"r®e,nL p? 0odyÜwårSd omoae/ (ck? 4? 228/)
jrefrmjyef wynfhawmfr acrmonf 0dok'¨dw&m;wdkUü vdr®m uRrf;usifygonf? 10-yg;aom uxm0w¬KwdkUü (tusdK;tjypfudk odaomtm;jzifh) &J&ifhygonf? tbd"r®menf; (jzpfaom blrEÅ& ponf) wdkUudk em;vnf oabmaygufygonf? odkUjzpfí bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfü tpGrf;xufol tjzpfodkU a&mufcJhygonf/ rSwfcsuf/
/ txufyg uxm0w¬K0dom&'g-[laom acrmax&Dty'gefvm pum;&yfü ]]uxm0w¬K}}
udk tbd"r®m 7-usrf;rS 5-ckajrmuf uxm0w¬Kusrf;udk r,l&? uxm0w¬K 10-yg; (uxm=pum;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
540
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0w¬K=wnf&m? pum;wnf&m? pum;jzpfaMumif;) udkom ,l&rnf? taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUum; þodkUaom
teufrQudk
rod½SmMuí
uxm0w¬K[k
toHMum;umrQjzifh
tbd"r®m
7-usrf;rS
uxm0w¬Kusrf;yJ[k ,lí xdkty'gefygVdawmfudkyif wwd,oH*g,em aemufydkif;usrS a&;om;aomusrf; jzpfonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm pGyfpGJ ajymqdkMuonf/ (2)
okwåEÅH tbd"r®Íö? 0de,Íöyd au0vH/ e0*ø Ak'¨0peH? {om "r®obm w0/ (ck? 3? 48/)
okwåefç tbd"r®mESifh 0de,yd#uwpfckvHk;onfvnf;aumif;? t*Fg 9-yg;½Sdaom Ak'¨tqHk;tronf vnf;aumif; þtvHk;pHkonf oif\ "r®obif jzpfonf/ þpum;um; Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkifu Oygvdax&ftm; rdefUawmfrlaom pum;jzpfonf? þ*gxmü yd#u 3-yHkudk wdkuf½dkuf >rufqdkxm;awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ (3)
£"m0kaom om&dykwå a'G bdu©L tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅd? aw tnrnH yO§d ykpäEÅd? tnrnó yO§d yk|m 0dóaZÆEÅd? aem p oHoma'EÅd? "r®D p aeoH uxm y0wådeD a[mwd? {0½laye acg tm0kaom om&dykwå bdu©Kem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s/ (r? 1? 275/)
igh½Sif om&dykwå&m þomoemawmfü &[ef; 2-yg;onf tbd"r®mESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;udk ajyma[maeMuukef\? olwdkUonf tcsif;csif; jyóem ar;Muukef\? jyóem ajzMuukef\? ar;ajz&mü tcsif;csif;udk rqkwfepfapMuukef? olwdkU\ w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;onf (aMumif;usdK;,kwåd tjynfh½Sdí) w&m;ESifhnDpGm
tvsOfrjywf
jzpf\?
Igh½Sif
om&dykwå&m
þodkUaom
&[ef;rsdK;jzifh
a*god*F
tifMuif;awmBuD;onf om,mwifhw,f ay&m\/ (rlvyPÖmo r[ma*god*Fokwf? t½Sifarm*¾v’mef\ avQmufxm;csuf? ) (4)
yke py&H bdu©a0 b0dóEÅd bdu©L tem*wr'¨geH tbm0wdum,m tbm0dwoDvm tbm0dw- pdwåm tbm0dwynm? aw tbm0dwum,m ormem tbm0dwoDvm tbm0dwpdwåm tbm0dwynm tbd"r®uxH a0'v’uxH uaxEÅm uPS"r®H Mouúrrmem e AkZÑdóEÅd/ (tH? 2? 94/)
&[ef;wdkU wpfzefaemufxyf qdktHh? tem*wfumvü udk,fudk wpfenf; (um,*wmowd) udkvnf; ryGm;apç oDvudkvnf; rjznfhusifhç orm"dESifh ynmudkvnf; rwdk;yGm;apbJ aeMuaom &[ef;wdkU ½SdMuvdrfhrnf? xdk&[ef;wdkUonf um,*wmowdvnf; r½Sdç oDv orm"d ynm wdk;yGm;atmifvnf; tm;rxkwfMurlí
tbd"r®m
pyfaom
pum;
a0'v’ESifh
pyfaompum;udk
ajymqdkMuonf½Sdaomf
rnf;eufaom tukodkvfoabmodkU oufa&mufMuum teuft"dyÜm,f rodbJ ½SdMuvdrfhrnf/ (t*Fkwå&rÍöu edygwf wwd, tem*wb,okwf/) (5)
awe acg ye ora,e orÁ[kvm ax&m bdu©L ypämbwåH yd@ygwy#duúEÅm r@vrmaV oEdéodEém oEédywdwm tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅd? wMw ok'H tm,o®m pdawåm
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
541
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) [w¬dom&dykawåm ax&meH bdu©LeH tbd"r®uxH uaxEÅmeH tEÅ&EÅ&m uxH Moygawwd/ (tH? 2? 344)
xdktcg rsm;pGmaom ax&fwdkUonf qGrf;pm;NyD;aemuf qGrf;pm;&mrS zJcGmMuNyD; wefaqmif;0ef;ü xdkifum pnf;a0;MuvQuf tbd"r®mpum; ajyma[maeMuavonf? xdktpnf;ta0;ü [w¬dom&dykwå [lívnf;ac:Muaom t½Sifpdwåonf ax&fBuD;rsm; tbd"r®mpum; ajyma[mMupOf tMum;tMum;ü pum;0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufavonf/
(t*Fkwå&yÍöuedygwf [w¬dom&dykwåokwf ygVdawmf/)
txufazmfjyyg ty'gefygVdawmf acrmax&D O'gef;pum;üvnf;aumif;? rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf r[ma*god*Fokwfüvnf;aumif;?
Oygvdax&my'gefüvnf;aumif;?
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf
wwd,
tem*wb, okwfüvnf;aumif;? ¤if;t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf [w¬dom&dykwåokwfüvnf;aumif; tbd"r®me,ç tbd"r®uxH ponfjzifh tbd"r®moHrsm; tvGefnHaeonfudk awGUEdkifayonf/ þokwfawmfrsm;vm tbd"r®[laom pum;&yf wdkUonf yd#uoHk;yHkxJrS tbd"r®myd#u (tbd"r®m w&m;jcif;awmif;) udkyif txift½Sm; ñTefjyaeayonf? þum; okwåefygVdawmfrsm;ü vmaom tbd"r®m\ om"ursm;aywnf;/ xdkUjyif 0de,yd#uygVdawmfrsm;ü vmaom tbd"r®o'´g oufoufudk jyqdkOD;rnf/ (1)
temywåd e 0d0aPÖwkumarm ]]£CF wGH okwåaEÅ 0g *gxma,m 0g tbd"r®H 0g y&d,mykPók? ypäm 0de,H y&d,mykPdóoDwd bPwd? Or®wåuó tm'dur®duómwd/ (0d? 2? 189/)
jrefrmjyef 0denf;udk uJh&JUvdkaom pdwfr½SdbJ ]]oifonf a&S;OD;pGm okwåefygVdawmfrsm;ç *gxmrsm;udk jzpfap? tbd"r®mudk jzpfap oifESifhyg? aemuftcg 0denf;udk oif&ygvdrfhrnf? þodkUajymvQif tmywfroifh? ½l;oGyfí ajymrdajym&m ajymaom &[ef;ç vufOD; vGefusL; ajymrdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/ (0davceodu©myk'f)/ (2)
yO§H ykapä,smwd okwåaEÅ MoumoH um&maywGm 0de,H 0g tbd"r®H 0g ykpäwd? tmywåd ygpdwåd,ó? 0dea, MoumoH um&maywGm okwåEÅH 0g tbd"r®H 0g ykpäwd? tmywåd ygpdw¬d,ó?
tbd"ar® MoumoH um&maywGm okwåEÅH 0g 0de,H 0g ykpäwd? tmywåd
ygpdwåd,ó/ (0d? 2? 460/)
jrefrmjyef yO§H ykapä,s= [lonfum; okwåefü tcGifhawmif;NyD; 0denf;udk jzpfap tbd"r®mudkjzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\? 0denf;ü tcGifhawmif;NyD; okwåefudkjzpfap tbd"r®mudk jzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\? tbd"r®mü cGifhawmif;NyD; okwåefudk jzpfap 0denf;udk jzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/ (bdu©LeDyO§mykpäe odu©myk'f) txufyg 0denf;ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk MunfhvQif 0de,H 0g tbd"r®H 0g [lí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
542
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xifomjrifom pGmawGUMu&ayonf? 0denf;udk rnfolynwfoenf;? a*gwrbk&m; ynwfonf? rnfolrQ rjiif;Edkif? odkUjzpfvQif xdk0denf;ESifh uyfaeaom tbd"r®mudk rnfola[moenf;? a*gwrbk&m;a[myif jzpf&ayrnf? rSef\- 0denf;uawmh a*gwrbk&m; ynwfwJh 0denf;yJ? tbd"r®muawmh OyedoQ'fusrf;u vmwJh twå0g' tbd"r®myg[k pdwfrSefaomol rnfolurQ ajymvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ þuJhodkU ½dk;½dk;ESifh ½Sif;½Sif; awG;Munfhwuf½HkrQjzifh tbd"r®monf a*gwrbk&m;a[m rkcs{uef odEdkif rSwfEdkifMuayonf/ owdûy&efum;
urÇmYbmomBuD;
4-&yfü
Ak'¨bmomonf
þ
tbd"r®maMumifh
tvGef
cdkifrmaeonf? tvGef rsufESmyef;yGifhaeonf? odyÜHynmuyif vdkufí rrDao;? xdkUaMumifh bmomjcm;rsm; Ak'¨bmom
qefUusifa&;orm;wdkUu
Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk
odu©mcszdkU
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u
êud;pm;vmcJhMuayNyD/ 17/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ol\ aemufvdkufwdkUonf udk,fhÓPfpGrf; udk,fhÓPfpjzifh
Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk qefUusif ykwfcwfMuonfr[kwf? Ak'¨bmomr[kwfaom bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm; pma&;q&mwdkU\ ESmacgif;jzifh touf½lolrsm; jzpfMu\? ,cktcg pk'dwuwdkU\ tm;udk;&m taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkU\ tqdktcsdKUudk xkwfjypdppf OD;tHh/ (A)
The omission of the Abhidhamma only proves that it was not yet known as a separate Pitaka. At the same time it is unnecessary to suppose that anything like the Abhidhamma was in existence at the first recital of the Dhamma.
yxroH*g,emü tbd"r®m rygjcif;onf xdkpOfu tbd"r®myd#utaejzifh oD;jcm; r½Sdjcif;udkom azmf½HkomrubJ ,if; yxroH*g,emü (tbd"r®mtrnfESifhyif r[kwfapumrl) tbd"r®mESifh wlaom (tbd"r®m oabmudkaqmifaom) wpfpHkwpf&m ½Sdonf[líyif awG;xifzG,f rvdkay/ (E.J.Thomas P.167)
(B)
The date of the Pali Abhidhamma is very doubtful and I don’t reject the hypothsris that it was composed in Ceylon, for the Sinhalese seen to have a special taste for such literature. But there is no proof of this Sinhalese origin.
jrefrm ygVdtbd"r®m\acwfonf
tvGef
raorcsm½Sdonf?
,if;tbd"r®mudk
oD[dkVfü
a&;om;cJhonfqdkaom wifjycsufudk uREfkyf rjiif;y,f? ,if;odkU ry,fEdkifonfrSm oD[dkVfom;rsm; þodkU cufcJeufeJonfh pmayrsm;ü av;pm;jrwfEdk;rI txl;½SdyHk&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkUaomf oD[dkVfu ponf[laom tcsufudk oufaojyp&m r½Sdjzpfonf/
(Hindusim and Buddhism Vol.1 G.Eliot P,292)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
543
tpodkU
(C)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Thus neither the Khuddaka Nikaya nor the Abhidhamma receives mention is the earliest tradition of the first Council and both consequently may be deemed as later and less suthotitative additions, however ancient.
jrefrm yxroH*g,em a½S;OD;qHk; tpOftvmü ck'´uedum,fa&m tbd"r®myg>rufqdkjcif;rcH&? xdkUaMumifh ,if; ck'´uedum,fESifh tbd"r®m 2-rsdK;vHk;onf a&S;yifusapumrl aemufydkif;acwfESifh qdkifí cdkifvHkrI r½SdvSaom usrf;rsm;[k todtrSwfûy cH&ayrnf/
(J.G.Jenning’s Vedantic Buddhism. Introduction Notes
P.L VII)
(D)
No Abhidhamma is mentioned. It is possible that when the account was composed there was on Abhidhamma not separated as a third Pitaka, but we can be sure that whatever it was it did not consist of the works now known by that name. However, other schools hold that the Abhidhamma was recited, and that this was done by Kassapa himself.
jrefrm (yxroH*g,emü) tbd"r®mudk rqdkay? yxroH*g,em taMumif;t&mudk a&;om;pDpOfpOftcg tbd"r®yd#utjzpf cGJrxkwf&ao;aom tbd"r®mum; ½SdEdkifonf? odkUaomf xdktbd"r®m[laom trnfjzifh ,ckodaeMuaom usrf;pmrsm;udk yxroH*g,emü ryg-[k uREfkyfwdkU tcdkiftrm qdkEdkifonf? odkU&mwGif tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;uvnf; xdkyxroH*g,emwGif tbd"r®mudk oH*g,emwifonf? ,if;udk t½Sifr[muóy udk,fwdkif ½Gwfqdkonf[k ,lqMuavonf/
(The History of Buddhist thought by E.J. Thomas . P.28)
(i) rpfpf½dkufpfa';Apfum; olr\ "r®o*FPDbmomjyef ed'gef;ü twdtvif; twdtus qdkxm;onfrSmAbhidhamma is not the message of the founder. It is the work of the monkish world that grew up after him.
tbd"r®mqdkwm Ak'¨0g'udk pwifwnfaxmifol Ak'¨\pum; r[kwf? ol(Ak'¨)\ aemufrS wdk;wufjyefUum;vmaom om0u&[ef;rsm;\ vuf&m jzpfonf/
(Preface to “A Buddhist manual of
Psycho-Logical Ethice”)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
544
tpodkU
18/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þtqdkrsm;wGif tenf;i,f uGJvGJrI ½Sdapumrl yxroH*g,emü tbd"r®myd#u r½Sdao;-
[laom tqdkum; wlnD\? xl;jcm;onfum; oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf; tqdk tbd"r®mudk yxroH*g,emü wifí t½Sifr[muóy udk,fwdkif ½Gwfqdkonf[laom tcsufjzpfonf? (c) trSwfjy a*sm*sftDvDa,mhwf\ tqdkum; a0;uGmvGef;vS\? oD[dkVfuRef;usrS a&;onf[kqdkvQif rdvdE´yO§mudkyif todtrSwfûy&m a&muf\? &,fzG,f aumif;aom tqdkomjzpfayonf/ (aemufü ½Sif;OD;tHh) txufyg bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm;wdkU\ oHk;oyfcsufudk MunfhvQif olwdkU\xifjrifcsuf(0g) twåaemrwdudkom ajymaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; odomvSonf? olwdkUonf plV0gygVdawmf yxroH*g,em rSwfwrf;ü tbd"r®m yd#u tbd"r®bmPu [lí wdkuf½dkuf ryg½Sdonfh tcsufudkudkifNyD; yxroH*g,emü tbd"r®m ryg[k oJoJrJrJ udkifNyD; ajymaeMujcif; jzpf\/ xdkolwdkU\ aumufcsufum; plV0gygVdawmf oH*g,emcef;ü tbd"r®mudkrjyí tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k aumufcsufcsvdkufMujcif; jzpfonf/ þaumufcsuftay: xyfqifhuJNyD; ½dkufpfa';Apfu bk&m;r½SdrS ol\wynfhawGu a&;xnfhjcif; jzpf\[k uGefUvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ trSefpifppf taemufEdkifiHu Ak'¨bmomudk a&;aom olrsm;onf tbd"r®m\ av;euf us,fjyefUyHkudk &dyfrdzdkU rqdkxm;bd? 0denf; okwåefudkyif ususee od½Sdolrsm; r[kwfMuay? tbd"r®mESifh ywfowfí olwdkUcsxm;aom rSwfcsufudk MunfhygOD;? tbd"r®mynm[m
bmrSvnf;
em;rvnf?
“Valley of dry bones”
(½dk;acsmuf *Edkif) BuD;ygwJh?
odyfysif;p&maumif;wJhtwGuf
Oyrmtm;jzifh
t½dk;awG
awmifvdkyHkaewJh awm*EdkifBuD;ESifh wlygonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ q&mESifhwynfh ESpfydkif;½Sdonf? Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u q&m? aemufacwfay:&[ef;wdkUu wynfhwnf;? q&monf rsm;aomtm;jzifh wynfhxufawmfjrJwnf;? xdktaemufEdkifiHu aomrwfwdkU tDvDa,mhwfwdkU *sif;eif;wdkU a';ApfwdkU qdkaom pma&;q&mwdkUonf tbd"r®m,rdkufusrf;ESifh y|mef;usrf;udk ,ckacwf wdyd#u pmar;yGJ0if t½Sifjrwfrsm;avmuf pepfwus oif,lrdygvQif þodkU xifjrifMurnf r[kwfay/ yxroH*g,mü
tbd"r®m
ryg[laom
tjrifudk
olwdkUjrifMuonfrSm
tpü
qdkcJhovdk
"r®0de,toHk;udk em;rvnfaomaMumifh jzpf\? ,if;odkU em;rvnfjcif;rSmvnf; t|uxmq&mrsm;\ tzGifhudk aocsmpGm rMunfh½I roHk;oyfwwfaMumifh jzpf\? rMunfhjcif;onf t|uxmq&mrsm;udk rvdkvm;í jzpf\? txifrBuD;ívnf; jzpf\/ t|uxmq&mrsm;tay: taemufEdkifiHom;wdkU txifrBuD;yHkudk ½Iyg?
K.E.Neumann
au-tD;
EsLref qdkolu t|uxmq&mrsm;udk Ak'¨\ qdkvdk&if; rodem;rvnfMuaom idiotic nitwits evAdef;wHk;rsm; jzpfMuonf[k wpfcgu qdkzl;avonf?
(Buddhist thought in India by Edward Conze p.32)
t|uxmq&mBuD;rsm;udk Ak'¨\ qdkvdk&if;udk rod[k oluqdkojzifh olurS Ak'¨\ qdkvdk&if;udk odonf[k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
545
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
r½SufraMumuf ajym&ma&mufayonf/ aomrwf 0DvD,H ½dkufpfa';Apfuvnf; Ak'¨a[maom opömav;yg;udkyif Truth
So-called Four Aryan
]]t&d,opöm 4-yg;[kqdkaom}} [k ('D? 3? o*Ðwdokwf bmomjyef ed'gef; ESm-198)ü rav;rcefU
a&;cJhzl;onfhjyif t|uxmq&mrsm;\ tpOftvm rSwfwrf;rsm;ç tqdktrdefUrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; ajymjyxm;\/ The root of that BIRNA which growing up along with the rest of Buddhism went on sperding so luxuriantly that radually covered up much that was volue in the earlier teaching and fiually to the downfall in its home in India of the aneient faith.
jrefrm Ak'¨"r®\ t
jyefUESHUvmcJh&um;
a½S;a[mif;Ak'¨tqHk;rrsm;wGif
wefcdk;BuD;aom
tcsuftvuf
trsm;tjym;udk wpfjznf;jznf; zHk;tkyfvmum aemufqHk;ü tdEd´,jynfwGif a½S;a[mif;,HkMunfrI\ usqHk;aysmufuG,fjcif;odkUyif ydkUaqmifcJhayonf}} [k qdkcJhavonf? ('D-2 r[my'geokwf bmomjyefed'gef; ESm-6) opöm 4-yg;udkyif ayghysufysuf a&;om;azmfjyaom aomrwfpf a';Apf\ ygVdbmomoif,ljcif;onf Ak'¨bmomudk cszdkU tjrpfu EkwfypfzdkUom oif,lavhvmMujcif;ayavh[k pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfayonf? opömav;yg;udkrS
[movkyfaeuwnf;u
Ak'¨"r®bufu
ckcHa&;aeaom
t|uxmq&mBuD;rsm;udk
ykwfcwfonfrSm rqef;awmhay/ 19/
olwdkU\ t,ltq ajymif;vJcJhyHkudkvJ ½Iyg? a½S;a[mif; tdEd´,ordkif;udk a&;ol
V.A.Smith
onf ol\ ]]taomu}} [laom pmtkyfwGif 'Dy0HoESifh r[m0Hotqdkudk uJh&JUjypfwifí Ak'¨ESifh *sdef;acgif;aqmif r[m0D&wdkU\ uG,fvGefonfhESpfudk
B.C.-487-486
[k tcdkiftrmqdkcJhNyD; aemufrS ]]cg&a0}}
ausmufpmudk awGUjrif&aomtcg 'Dy0HoESifhr[m0HowdkU\ tqdkudk jyefvnfaxmufcHum Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHonfhESpfudk
bDpD-543-[k
jyifqifcJh&avonf?
þtcsufudk
axmuf½Ií
taemufEdkifiH
pma&;q&mwdkUonf tvGefta&;&rf;Muonf[k aumufcsuf&\? xdkUjyif olwdkUtodÓPf rus,fjyefUyHk rESHUpyfyHkudkvnf; odEdkifayao;onf/ Senart
(The Early History of India p.50)
aqewfqdkaom ynm½SifBuD;uvnf; taomuausmufpmudk taxmuftxm;ûyí Ak'¨0g'ü
oDvrQom yg0ifaMumif; taomuacwfrQru oD[dkVfü omoemrjyefUyGm;rDESpf 100-ausmftwGif;üvnf; oDvrQxuf rydkaMumif;
Path ac:
r*¾if 8-yg; [lonfrSm om0u&[ef;wdkU\ xGifvHk;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;?
edAÁmefqdkwmudkvnf; Ak'¨ ra[maMumif;
(Indian Antiquary 2892.P.364-5)
ü qdkxm;avonf/
(Early
Buddhism and its origins by Varma p.428)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
546
tpodkU
20/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
olwdkUonf vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;rsm;yDyD Ak'¨udk vufcH,HkMunfaomolrsm; r[kwf? Ak'¨\
oAÁKñkwÓPfawmfudk r,HkMunfMu? oAÁKñkwÓPfawmfudk &&m&aMumif; yg&rDw&m;wdkUudk r,HkMunfMu? psmef
0darmu©r*f
qdkonfudkvnf;
r,HkMunfMu?
vlvdkajymonf?
olawmfpifBuD;wpfa,muf
xl;jcm;onf[k
,HkMunfvdkMuonf?
a*gwrAk'¨onf
ynm½SifBuD;wpfa,muf
oAÁñkwÓPfjzifh
odjrifí
vlom;omjzpfí
vlvdkaeí
tjzpfrQom
olwumxuf
a[mxm;aom
,ckavmuç
wrvGefavmuç ewfjynfç jA[®mjynfç i&Jç Nydwåmqdkonfrsm;udkvnf; r,HkMu? ewfjynf i&Jjynf ponfygaom tbd"r®mudk r,HkMunfMu? olwdkU ,HkMunfonfum; zefqif;cH&NyD; vljzpfvmrIudkom ,HkMunfonf/ xdkUaMumifh twdwfb0udk r,HkMunf? aoNyD; 0dnmOfb0jzifh urÇmysufatmif apmifh&rnfudk ,HkMunfonf? xdkUaMumifh aemifb0tqufqufudk r,HkMunfMu? Ak'¨bmomw&m;onf olwdkUtzdkU tvGefqef;aeonf? xdkUaMumifh ordkif;aMumif;t& oufaoxlEdkifaom a½S;a[mif; ausmufpm ponfü yg½Sdoavmufom
(Historical fact)
trSefw&m;[k ,lqMuonf/
olwdkUrawGUao;aom rawGUEdkifaom ausmufpmwdkUüygaom w&m;wdkUudkrl olwdkUrodMuawmhacs? jrefrm Ak'¨0g'D trnfcHaom pifppf ½kyf0g'D OD;Ouú|ESifh pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm; txl;tm;jzifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk pepfwus vHkvHkavmufavmuf avhvmrI tvsOf;r½SdbJ taemufpmayrsm;udkom oHa,mifvdkufum
tcsdef½Sdoa½GU
t"r®0g'awGudkom
&[ef;awmfaumif;awGudkyg tvif;a&mifudkay;&ef u,fwif&ef
odrf;usHK;
avhvmtxifBuD;vGef;MuNyD; a&;om;jzefUa0Mu ykwfcwfaeMuayonf?
tjcm;rodem;rvnfaom
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf
olrsm;tm;vnf;
usrf;tapmifapmifrS
xdkbmomjcm;vlrsdK;wdkU\
a[majymMu?
omoemh0efxrf;
,if;wdkUtm;vnf;
trSefw&m;
vlaovljzpf
0g'ab;tEÅ&m,frS
xkwfEkwfwifjy
qHk;jzwfcsrSwfjcif;
ûy&ayonf/ 21/
xdkUjyif Ak'¨"r®udk eufeJpGm oif,lavhvmí tbd"r®mudk tav;teuf cH,lxm;aom
taemufEdkifiHom; tjcm;ynm½Sifrsm;url Ak'¨tbd"r®mESifh pyfí b,fvdka&;om;cJhonfudk qufvufí azmfjyOD;tHh?
"r®o*FPD
tbd"r®ygVdawmfBuD;udk
*smreDvlrsdK;
bdu©KÓPwdavmuonf
*smrefbmomjyefqdkcJh&m ed'gef;udk tawmfjynfhpHkpGm okawoeoabmw&m;rsm; n§yfía&;om;cJhonf? ,if;ed'gef;udk wynfhjzpfol ÓPaygPdu u t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh jyefqdkum
Abhidhamma Studies
(tbd"r®mavhvmcsufrsm;) [laom pmtkyfudk a&;cJhonf? xdkpmtkyf zóyÍöru
(The Pentad of Sense
Inperssion)
[laom tcef;ü tbd"r®monf Ak'¨ñTefjyaom vrf;p (rmwdum) jzifh xdkxdk okwåef (Oyrm-
rZÑdredum,f Oy&dyPÖmo tEky'okwf ponf) ü a[mawmfrlaom "r®tpkwdkUudk tpDtpOfusatmif pepfwuspDpOfí t½Sifom&dykwå&m oifjyxm;aom csydkUpOf jzpfonf[lí a&;om;ayonf/ qufvufí ÓPaygPdu u ol\ tbd"r®mavhvmcsufrsm; pmtkyf ESm-25-ü þodkU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
547
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a&;om;xm;\/ “The Anupada Sutta showe that an elaboration of thdoctrine in the manner of the Abhidhamma was under taken at the Master’s Life time, by analytically and Philosophically gifted disciples. This development was experessly encouraged by the Buddha when, in that Discourse he mentioned and highly praised Sariputta’s fourtnight of analytical onguiry 2.”
jrefrm y'0dbm* (tu©&m yk'fAsnf;wdkUudk cGJpdwfa0zef ydkif;jcm;jcif;) tw¬0dbm* (teuft"dyÜg,fudk tpDtpOfwus
a0zefuefUowfydkif;jcm;jcif;)
t&mü
tvGefawmfMuaom
wynfhrsm;onf
Ak'¨vufxufawmfuyif tbd"r®m yHkoP²meftoGifjzifh ]]"r®}} rsm;udk tao;pdwf pDpOfcJhMuonf qdkonfudk tEky'okwfu azmfjyaeayonf? þtEky'okwfü t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ 2-yu©twGif; tEky'0dyóem (tpdwftpdwf cGJjcm;oHk;oyfEdkifjcif;)udk txl;>rufqdk csD;usL;awmfrlpOf Ak'¨onf þodkU tbd"r®mtoGif jrifhrm;wdk;wufjcif;udk odompGm tm;ay; awmfrlavonf/ (Abhidhamma Studies by Nyanaponika p.25) tbd"r®mudk omrefvlwdkUtm; Ak'¨onf a[m>rufjcif; rûyay? cufcJeufeJaom t"dyÜm,frsm;udk a[majymaejcif;jzifh
tcsdefrukefapbJ
okPEÅyk*¾dKvf
(w&m;emyk*¾dKvf)wdkUtm;
,if;wdkU\
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tajccHusaom vufawGUusifhoHk;zG,f w&m;rsm;udk a[mawmfrlonf? ,if;"r®wdkUudk r[m0*¾oH,kwfüvmaom aomwmywådoH,kwf opöoH,kwf paom okwåefwdkUü Ak'¨jrwfpGm txyfxyf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf? tdrfaeolvlom;wdkUtm; rqdkxm;bd? omoemawmfwGif;odkU0ifí wpfudk,fwnf; usifhvdkMuaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;yif
tbd"r®mw&m;awmfBuD;udk
a[mMum;awmfrrlbJ
,if;wdkUESifh
oifhawmfaom ur®|mef;tvkyfw&m;rsm;udkom a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ vlenf;pkom vufcHodrf;ydkufEdkif em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifaom tbd"r®mudk xufjrufpl;½Saom ÓPf½Sdaom ½Sifom&dykwå&m ½Sifr[maum|du ½Sifr[mupöme paom ax&fBuD;rsm;tm; tus,f½Sif;vif; a0zefap&ef wm0efay;aomtm;jzifh &[ef;y&dowftv,fwGif tusOf;t>rufrQom a[mí ae&mrSxum
csOf;uyfrSwfom;
tus,ftm;jzifh
em;vnfMu&ayonf?
xdkUaMumifh
&[ef;rsm;
tm;udk;,HkMunfpGm ½Sifom&dykwå&mxH csOf;uyfem,lEdkifMuap&efom&dykawåm bdu©a0 wxm*awe tEkwå&H "r®puúH y0wådwH or®a'0 tEky0awåwd (r? 3? 79/) &[ef;wdkU
igbk&m;
vnfapawmfrlaom
(a[mawmfrlcJhaom)
tjrwfqHk;w&m;pufudk
om&dykwå&monf igbk&m;enf;wl vnfapjcif; (a[majymjcif;) iSm pGrf;Edkifayonf [lívnf;aumif;/ ]]&[ef;wdkU
jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom
oDvç
orm"dç
ynmESifh
0drkwådt&mü
xdyfwef;a&muf
pGrf;aqmifEdkifol[k qdkvQif om&dykwå&mudk &nf½G,fí ajymrS rSefrnf}} [lívnf;aumif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
548
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
]]igbk&m;\ twGif;ESvHk;"mwfudk em;vnfaomaMumifh &ifrSaygufzGm;olç EIwfxGufpum;awmfudk em;vnfaomaMumifh EIwfawmfrS aygufzGm;olç "r®aMumifhjzpfí "r®u zefwD;tyfaomolç "r®tarGudkom cH,lí tmrdotarGudk rcH,laomol-[líqdkvQif om&dykwå&mudk &nf½G,fíajymrS rSefrnf}} [lívnfaumif; Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf cHwGif;rqefU csD;usL;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (rZÑdredum,f? Oy&dyPÖmo tEky'okwf) xdkjyif ÓPaygPdu u qufvufí qdkjyefonfrSmIt is therefore quite probable that the Buddha transmitted the gist of his Abhidhammic knowledge to such individual monks whom he knew to be capable of elaborating and applying the briefly indicated by their own penetrative intellect e.g in the case of Sariputta.
jrefrm xdkUaMumifh
Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf
tbd"r®mqdkif&m
todÓPfESifhpyfí
tusOf;t>rufrQuav;udk
½Sifom&dykwå&muJhodkU tus,fcGJa0 a[majymEdkifrnfholç ûcHí jyvdkufaom enf;udk rdrdwdkU *rÇD&ÓPfjzifh toHk;ûyEdkifrnfhol[k
,HkMunfcJholwdkUtm;
tvGefjzpfEdkifonfh tcsuf jzpfonf/
vTJajymif;
vufurf;awmfrlcJhonf?
þtcsufonf
(Abhidhamma Studies by Nyanaponika p.24-25)
txufyg *smrefvlrsdK; bdu©KÓPwdavmu? ÓPaygPdu wdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk csifhcsdef zwf½IMunfhvQif tb,frQ ynmom;ygyg oHk;oyfa&;xm;onfudk awGUEdkifayonf? pmzwfoufwrf; &ifholrSeforQ csifhwGufí&onf? aomrwfpfa';ApfuJhodkU udk,fvdk&m qGJí oHk;oyfxm;csufrsdK; r[kwf? ausmufpmwpfcsyf MunfhNyD; Ak'¨bmomwpf&yfvHk;udk qHk;jzwfxm;csufrsdK;r[kwf? yd#uoHk;yHkudk ususee oif,lavhvmNyD;rS wm0ef½Sd½Sd a&;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf? urÇmynmausmfwdkU\ tqdkum; tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[monf[laom trSefw&m; jzpfayownf;/ 22/
P.T.S
ygVdtoif; (vef'ef) twGif;a&;rª; jzpfcJhaom uG,fvGefol
Mr.Lggleden
rpöwmtpf*av'ifqdkol tbd"r®mpaumvm;u ol\ Introductory Notes on the Abhidhammatthasangaha ü atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;\/ taemufokawoDwdkUonf a½S;tcgu ajymcJha&;cJhMuovdk tbd"r®monf tjcm;yd#ursm;xuf aemufusrS ay:vmonf? Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef0ifpHNyD;aemuf &mpkESpfrsm; vGefNyD;rS om0u&[ef;rsm;\ xGifrIjzifh wdk;wufvmonf?
cefUrSef;ajctm;jzifh
taomurif;vufxuf
bDpD-250-cefUwGif
tawmfjynfhpHkNyD;
jzpfyHk&aom Ak'¨\ "r®o*FPD rmwdumay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom usrf;pmrsm;[k ,lqxm;Muonf? odkU&mwGif oHCmhavmuwGif wnf½Sdaeaom a½S;tpOftvm tjrift& Ak'¨tjzpf a&mufawmfrlNyD; pwkw¬owåm[wGif
emrfESifh½kyf
y&rwftxyftvTm
wpfckvHk;udk
jzpfEdkiforQ
tao;pdwfí
½IjrifoHk;oyfawmfrl&mrS tbd"r®m[lonf ay:aygufvmcJhonf? ,if;udk reom00w¬mydwa'oem The initial
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
549
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Conecption in the Master’s mind
[k ac:onf? ,if;aemuf tbd"r®m oiftHavhusuf aqmif½Gufaom
oludk w&m;ra[mapumrl "r®uxdu ac:a0:cJhMuonf? þrQ BuD;us,frsm;jym;í a½SUaemuf(qefUusifjcif; r&Sd) tpOfajyjypfaom usrf;pmonf Ak'¨\ ÓPfawmfrSwyg; tjcm;olwdkU\t&m r[kwfEdkif
“Abhidhamma
is the domain Proper of the Buddha”.
tpf*av'ifonf rpöpf½dkufa';ApfwdkU r½SdaomtcgrS vef'ef ygVdtoif;BuD;\ twGif;a&;rª; jzpfvmolaywnf;? ,cifOuú| a';Apfu tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m r[kwf? aemufay:[k qdkoGm;\? tck twGif;a&;rª; tpf*av'ifu 'DavmufBuD;us,frsm;jym;NyD; a½SUaemuftqifajyvSaom usrf;BuD;onf bk&m;ÓPfrSwyg; tjcm;ol\vuf&m rjzpfEdkifyHkudk ydkifydkifBuD; qdkxm;\? (0g) tbd"r®monf bk&m;a[m tppfyg[k qdk\/ a';Apfu plV0gygVd oH*g,emtcef;ü tbd"r®m[koD;jcm;trnfwyfí oH*g,em rwifonfudk uyfNyD; bk&m;a[m r[kwf? aemufay:[k ajym\? tpf*av'ifu ]]'Davmuf BuD;rm;us,fjyefU tqifajy}} [laom 0daooeBuD;rsm;jzifh *kPfûyum bk&m;a[mtppf[k qHk;jzwf\? þESpfOD;om; pum;wGif a';Apfonf
tbd"r®m
usrf;om;udk
rEdIufMunfhbJ
twdrfteuf
rodbJ
tjyifu
MunfhNyD;
ajymjcif;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ae\? tpf*av'ifrSmrl tbd"r®mudk avhvmMunfhNyD;rS BuD;us,fvScsnfhvm;? rsm;jym;vScsnfhvm;?
'DavmufBuD;us,frsm;jym;ayrJh
a½SUaemuf
nDñGwftqifajyvScsnfhvm;[k
twGif;om;odkU 0ifMunfhNyD;rS tbd"r®mudk bk&m;rSwyg; tjcm;rnfolrQ ra[mEdkif[k obm0udk udkifNyD; rSwfcsufcsjcif; jzpfayonf/ OD;Ouú|wdkU vlpkum; Ak'¨bmomudk zsufqD;&atmif êud;pm;aeaom ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfMuí a';ApfwdkU aemufodkU vdkufMu\? ÓPwdavmuwdkU tpf*av'ifwdkUESifhum; rwJhMuacs/ 23/
,cktcg pk'dwuwdkU\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzpfaom bmPu pm&if;wGif rawGU&jcif;ç
t|uxmrsm;ESifh
a½S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif
tbd"r®bmPu[lí
rawGU&jcif;aMumifh
tbd"r®m
bk&m;a[mr[kwf qdkonfudk pdppfjyOD;tHhokr*Fv0dvmodeDrnfaom
'DCedum,f
oDvu©E¨0*f
t|uxm-ESm
15?
16-wdkUü
yxroH*g,emtNyD; t½Sifr[muóyax&fu t½SiftmeE´mtm; 'DCedum,fudk? t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;tm;
rZÑdredum,fudk?
t½Sifr[muóytm;
oH,kwåedum,fudk?
t½SiftEk½k'¨gax&ftm;
t*Fkwå&edum,fudk ydkUcsapmifha½Smuf&ef vTJtyfaMumif; qdkonf/ 0denf;yd#uudk t½SifOygvdtm; vGJtyfaMumif;qdkí tbd"r®myd#uudk Zmwfç eda'´oç y#dorÇd'gr*fç ty'gefç okwåedygwfç ck'´uygXç "r®y'ç O'gef;ç £wd0kwfç 0drme0w¬Kç ayw0w¬Kç ax&*gxmç ax&D*gxm [laom þusrf;i,f 13-usrf;ESifhtwl ck'´u*E¦trnfay;í oH*g,emwifaMumif;udkqdkonf? þum; 'DCbmPuax&fwdkU\ tpOftvm rSwfom;csuft& jzpfonf? rZÑdrbmPuwdkU\ trSwftom;t&um; p&d,myd#u
Ak'¨0Hoyg
xnfhoGif;í
aygif;
15-usrf;udk
ck'´u*E¦trnfjzifh
okwåEÅyd#utjzpf
oH*g,emwifcJh Muonf[k qdkonf? þrSwfom;csuft& tbd"r®myd#u u wjcm; usefusrf;i,f 15-
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
550
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
usrf;u wjcm; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf? (pk'dwu OD;qE´"du qdkouJhodkY tbd"r®m 20-usrf; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf r[kwfay) odkU&mwGif þ ck'´u*E¦ 15-usrf;udkvnf;aumif tbd"r®myd#uudkvnf;aumif; rnfolUtm; pOfqufrjywf csydkUaqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;onf[k þokr*Fv0dvmodeDt|uxmu rqdkacs/ þodkU rqdkaomaMumifh ck'´uedum,f[lí yxroH*g,emü r½Sd? tbd"r®m yd#u[lívnf; r½Sdao;[k
taemufwdkif;
okawoDwdkUu
qdkMu\?
aemufvdkufjzpfaom
or®m'd|dokawoe
tzGJU0ifwdkUuvnf; oHa,mifvdkufí qdkMu\/ 24/
xdktqdkudk
pdppfMunfhOD;tHh?
okr*Fv0dvmodeD
rnfaom
'DCedum,f
t|uxm
jA[®ZmvokwftzGifh ed'gef;ü rqdk½HkrQjzifh tbd"r®mbk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&tHhavm? tjcm;ae&m tjcm;okwfwdkUü zGifhqdkxm;onfudk tb,fhaMumifh vspfvsL½IMuoenf;? t*Fkwå&edum,f wdu 'kwd, ygyPduokwfü þodkU a[mawmf rlxm;\/ ]]£" bdu©a0 bdu©K a, aw bdu©L A[kókwm tm*wm *rm "r®"&m 0de,"&m rmwdum"&m? aw umave umvH OyouFrdwGm y&dykpäwd y&dyO§wd}} (tH? 1? 155/) &[ef;wdkU yd#u 3-yHkudk rsm;pGm Mum;emrSwfom;NyD;aomç edum,fudkaqmifukefç yd#u 3-yHkudk aqmifukefç 0denf;udk aqmifukefç rmwdumudk aqmifukefaom &[ef;wdkUonf ½Sdukef\? þ&[ef;onf &Hcg&Hcg xdkA[kokw &[ef;wdkUodkU csOf;uyfí ar;jref;pHkprf;\/ þt*FkwådK&fygVdawmfü tm*wm*rm [laom ygXfjzifh edum,f 5-rsdK;wGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;udkaomf vnf;aumif; ESpfrsdK; oHk;rsdK;udkvnf;aumif; ig;rsdK;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; aqmifolwdkUudk taotcsm azmfjyxm;\? þtcsufudk bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkudk odaom t|uxmq&mBuD;u þodkU zGifhjyxm;\/ tm*wm*rmwd {aum eduma,m {aum tm*arm emr? a'G edum,m a'G tm*rm emr? yÍö edum,m yÍö tm*rm emr? {awok tm*arok a,oH {aumyd tm*arm tm*awm y*kaPm y0wådawm? Aw tm*wm*rm emr/ (tH |? 1? 87/)
jrefrmjyef tm*wm*rm [lonfum; edum,fwpfusrf;onf tm*rwpfck rnf\? edum,f 2-usrf;onf tm*r 2-ck rnf\? edum,f 5-usrf;onf tm*rm 5-ck rnf\? þtm*rxJrS tm*rwpfckckudk EIwfwuf½G½G aqmifxm;aomolonf tm*wm*r rnf\/ rSwfcsuf/
/ tm*r[laom pum;vHk;udk ajrmufydkif; Ak'¨0g'DwdkUu ouúwbmomjzifh a&;om;&mü
oHk;pGJMuonf? ax&0g' ygVdusrf;*efrsm;üum; edum,ç tm*r-[laom pum; 2-rsdK;vHk;udkyif edum,ftjzpf toHk;ûyMuonf? "r®"&m [l&mü "r®t& yd#u 3-yHkudk aumuf,l&rnf[k ('D? r[m0*¾|? 146) ü qdk\? wpfzef okwåEÅyd#uudk aumuf,l&rnf[k t*Fkwå& edum,f wdu-'k ygyPduokwf t|uxm (ESm-89) ü qdk\? 0dok'¨dr*f r[m#Dumq&m t½Sif"r®ygvu okwåmbdocFgwó "r®ó "m&aPe "r®"&m- [k edum,fBuD; 4-rsdK;rS
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
551
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tbd"r®mudk "r®t& aumuf,l&rnf[k qdk\/ (yx0D uodPtzGifh ESm-141) þt|txm #Dumrsm;tqdkudk ûcHí,laomf edum,faqmifrsm;udk 'DCbmPuç rZÑdrbmPuç oH,kwåbmPuç t*Fkwå&bmPu[lí toD;toD; wpfpkwpfzGJUpD rqdkbJ tm;vHk; ygatmif tm*wm*rm [lí bk&m;½Sifudk,fwdkif a[mawmfrl\? "r®"&m[laom ygXfjzifh
wpfzef pmayordkif; ½Iaxmifhjzifh oHk;oyf&aomf bDpD 125- rS 95 txd tdE´d,jynf e,fjcm;wpfavQmuf tkyfpdk;oGm;aom *&dwfbk&if areE´&fac: rdvdE´rif;BuD;onf
(Indus)
omoemawmfudk
Munfñdkav;pm;í
ar;avQmufcJhzl;onf?
xdktcg
r½Sif;rvif;aom
yd#uwft&m
uRrf;usifí
Ak'¨"r®a&;&m
ar;cGef;tajrmuftjrm;udk
EIwfa&;
ÓPfBuD;us,faom
t½Sifem*odefonf tar;[lorQ oabmusatmif ajzqdkcJhonf? xdk taMumif;t&m tm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom
usrf;pmudk
rdvdE´yO§m[k
ac:onf?
t½SifAk'¨aCmouJhodkUaom
ax&0g'D
t|uxm#Dumq&mwdkUonf tcGifhêuHwdkif; rdvdE´yO§mvm pum;rsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; udk;um;í zGifhqdkoGm;Muonf/ ,if; rdvdE´yO§mü(u)
awe acg ye ora,e tm,o®m em*aoaem orP*P y&d0kawm 0deDawm 0dom&a'g aw yd#aum a0'*l / y/ om0ve*&H tEkyÜawåm a[mwd/ (ck? 11? 19/)
xdktcg pwkopöÓPfjzifh
&[ef;taygif;
jcH&Hvsuf
vrf;qHk;a&muf
odrfarGU,Ofaus;í
aygufajrmufNyD;ol
&J&ifhawmfrlNyD;
yd#u
t½Sifem*aoeonf
3-yHkaqmif om*vûrdUodkU
a&mufvmavonf[lí vnf;aumif;(c)
aw p awyd#um bdu©L? yÍö aeum,dumyd p/ pwk aeum,dum ap0? em*aoeH yka&u©½Hk/ (ck? 11? 20/) (,if; rdvdE´yO§m)
yd#u 3-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;ç edum,f 5-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;ç edum,f 4-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm;onf em*aoeax&fudk a½SUoGm;ûyawmfrlMuukef\ [lívnf;aumif;? yd#u 3-yHkaqmifç edum,f 5-&yfaqmifç edum,f 4-&yfaqmif [laom pum;vHk;rsm; txift½Sm; awGU&\/ 26/
þrQru rdvdE´yO§mü þodkU qdkxm;\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
552
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]b*0awm acg r[m&mZ "r®e*a& {0½lyg Zem y#d0oEÅd okwåEÅdum a0e,dum
tmbd"r®dum "r®uxdum ZmwubmPum 'DCbmPwm rZÑdrbmPum oH,kwåbmPum t*Fkwå&bmPum ck'´ubmPum}} (ck? 11? 324/) ponf-
jrefrmjyef rif;jrwf
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\
w&m;ûrdUawmfü
okwåefaqmifç
0denf;aqmifç
tbd"r®maqmifç
tbd"r®mw&m;udk a[majymolç Zmwuudk aqmifol 'DCbmPu('DCedum,faqmif)ç rZÑdrbmPuç oH,kwåbmPuç t*Fkwå&bmPuç ck'´ubmPu(ck'´uedum,faqmif)? þodkU oabm½Sdaom ûrdUawmfol ûrdUawmfom;wdkU aeMuygukef\/ þygVdawmfü
ck'´uaqmifç
tbd"r®maqmif[laom
pum;vHk;rsm;
twdtvif;
qdkxm;í
yxroH*g,emwifNyD;csdefrS tqufrjywf aqmifvmMuaom tpOftvm rkcs½SdcJhayonf? c&pfray:rDESifh ay:NyD;p &mpkESpfOD; (bk½Sm;&Sif y&dedAÁmefpHNyD; ESpf 500-cefY) ü xif½Sm;cJhaom rdvdE´yO§mü tmbd"r®du [lívnf;aumif;ç ck'´ubmPu[lívnf;aumif; yg½SdcJhvsuf at'D 500-&mpk (rdvdE´yO§maemuf ESpfig;&mcefU)ü
a&;om;pD&ifaom
taMumif;½Sd&rnf? t½Sifom&dykwå&m\
t½SifAk'¨aCmo\
taMumif;um;
½Snf½Snfa0;a0;
wynfhrsm;onf
tbd"r®mudk
okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|txmü ½SmaezG,f
rvdk?
tjrJavhvm
csydkUaeojzifh
rygonfrSm
Ak'¨vufxufawmfrSpí vGefpGmxif½Sm;
todrsm;aeaomaMumifh jzpf&ayrnf? xdkUaMumifh txl;wvnf tbd"r®mudk wm0efvTJaep&m rvdk/ aemufwpfaMumif;rSmvnf; ]]ZmwubmPum}} [lí rdvdE´yO§mü t>rufazmfjyxm;ouJhodkU "r®y'bmPuç O'gebmPuç £wd0kwåbmPu ponfwdkUvnf; {uef ½Sd&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm ck'´uedum,fü yg0ifaom usrf;pmrsm;onf ½Snfvsm; rsm;jym;vSonf r[kwf? wpfyg;pD wpfOD;pDcGJí aqmifMuvQif *gxm 300? 400 rQavmufom ½SdaomaMumifh pum;vkyfí ajymp&myif r½Sdacs? wdkawmif;í aqmifvG,f rSwfvG,faomaMumifh aqmifolvnf; aygrsm;cJhayvdrfhrnf? xdkUaMumifh ck'´uedum,fudk b,folUtm;
wm0efay;cJhonf[k
qdkzG,f
rvdkawmhí
½SifAk'¨aCmoonf
okr*Fv0dvmodeDü
ck'´ubmPu- [lí rqdkbJ csefcJh[ef ½Sdayonf/ okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|uxmpum;udk taoudkifvsuf tbd"r®momru usefck'´uedum,fwpfckvHk; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&ef½Sdonf? odkUaomf ck'´uedum,fwpfckvHk; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkvQif &,fzG,fom jzpfrnf? xdkUaMumifh tbd"r®mwpfckwnf;udk uGufNyD; xdk;ESufcsufonf vHk;0 obm0 rusay/ 27/(u) þü qdkzG,f ½Sdao;\?
E.J Thomas
qdkolu ol\
The History of Buddhist Thought
]]Ak'¨"r®ordkif;}} [laom pmtkyfü t½Sifom&dykwå&monf ol\ wynfh 500-wdkUtm; tbd"r®mudk
ydkUcscJhonf[laom
t½SifAk'¨aCmo\
tqdkudk
jyuf&,fûyonfhyrm
rZÑdredum,fudk t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;tm; wm0efvTJcJhonf[laom pum;udk tav;teufxm;
trSeftm;jzifh
rSwf,lygvQif
tbd"r®mudk
olwdkU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
avhvm
553
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aqmif½Gufonf[laom pum;onf tajctjrpf r½Sd[k qdkvdk[efjzifh oHo,udk rodrom oGif;cJhavonf/
(c)
onfomru "r®b@m*g&du (w&m;b@mpdk;BuD;) [k *kPfûycsD;usL;jcif;cH&avmufatmif Ak'¨yg0persm;udk tvHk;pHk&½Sd aqmif½Gufol t&SiftmeE´mtm; 'DCedum,fudk wm0efvTJonf [lonfrSmvnf; oHo,½SdzG,f aumif;onf[k oHo,oHESifh ol\ xifjrifcsufudk a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&\/
(*)
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ acsycsufüvnf; odkUuavmufBuD;us,f xif½Sm;onfh tbd"r®mBuD;udk ao;i,faom ck'´uedum,fü xnfhoGif;xm;onfrSm tvGef &ifemzG,f&m aumif;vSonf[k qdkxm;\/
þtqdk þoHo,wdkUum; ax&0g' tpOftvmudk vHk;pHkaphiS rodMuívnf;aumif; Prejudice
Bius or
ac:aom ordkif;q&mwdkU\ bufvdkufrIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwef&m\? igwdkU\
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif a&;om;oGm;Muaom t*Fvdyfordkif;q&mrsm;ç tdE´d,&mZ0ifESifh pmayordkif;udk tay:pD;jzifh tEdkifusifh a&;om;oGm;Muaom udkvdkeDacwf Adkvfocif ordkif;q&mrsm;\ tMuHyufpuf trSm;teufrsm;udk aemufay:wdkif;&if;om; a'ocH ynm½SifwdkUu xkwfazmfwifjyNyD; trSefodkUjyefa&mufatmif renf;BuD; êud;pm;aeMu&onf r[kwfygavm? odkUjzpfí tbd"r®mESifh ywfowfí olwdkUoGif;cJhaom oHo,tyif;vHk;udk csEdkif&ef trSefudk þodkU em;vnfMuapvdkonf? wpfcsufpD ½Sif;jytHh/ (u)
t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;onf xufjrufpl;&Saom ÓPfy#dbmef½Sdonfh yg&rD orÇm&½Sifrsm; jzpfMuí tbd"r®mudk xufatmufjyefvSef tzefzefydkUcs EIwfvGwf&Muonf? Ak'¨tbd"r®m a[mNyD;onfh ckESpf0gajrmuf *-0g ta&mufavmufrS pí tbd"r®m wwfajrmufcJhMuonf? Ak'¨y&dedAÁmefrpHrD 37-ESpfeD;yg;avmuf tbd"r®mudk aqmifcJhMuonf? xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf rZÑdredum,fudk wm0efay;vQifvnf; 0efrav;MubJ tvG,fuav; aqmifxm;Edkifaom ÓPAv ½SdMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh t½Sifr[muóy trª;½Sdaom yxr oH*g,emwif ax&ft½Sifrsm;u xdkt½Sifom&dykwå&m\ wynfhrsm;tm; tbd"r®mqefvSaom rZÑdredum,fudk wm0efay;Muonf? þ
Buddhist
Tradition
tpOftvmBuD;rSm tvGef cdkifvHkaom rSwfwrf;BuD;wpfqlozG,f jzpfonf? bmrQ awG;awm,HkrSm;aezG,f oHo,jzpfzG,f r½Sday/ (c)
"r®b@m*g&du
w&m;b@mpdk;BuD;
t½SiftmeE´mtm;
'DCedum,fudk
wm0efay;awmfrlonfrSmvnf; bmrsm; qefUusifygoenf;? t½SiftmeE´m yd#u 3-yHk aqmifEdkifapumç wpfenf;qdk&vQif t½SiftmeE´monf yd#u awmtkyfwGif t½IyftaxG; ,Sufajr§;rwG,f tvG,fusufpm; jcaoFhrif;BuD;ozG,f jzpfjim;vnf; wynfhwdkUtm; ydkUcs&mü abmifcufí xm;vQifMum½Snf av;jrifh toifhvG,ful wHcGefxlaqmuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
554
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aygufajrmuf BuD;yGm;vGefpGm xGef;um;Edkifonf r[kwfygavm? oD[dkVfuRef;ü 'DCbmPu wdyd#u r[moD0ax&f [lonf udk 'DCedum,f r[m0*¾t|uxm ESm 133üvnf;aumif;?
,if;'DCedum,f
ygxdu0*¾t|uxm
ESm-66-ü
vnf;aumif;
t½SifAk'¨aCmo rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk ½Iyg? ,if; r[moD0ax&fonf wdyd#u (yd#u 3-yHk aqmifxm;onfh) tjyif 'DCbmPu [laom bGJUudkvnf; cH,lxm;ayao;onf? xdkUaMumifh t"dum&rf rnfaom oD[dkVfom;ynm½Sif a&;om;onfh ]]oD[dkVfuRef; a½SUydkif;omoema&; ordkif;}} pmtkyf ESm-25ü þodkU rSwfcsuf csxm;avonf/ “It is necessary to note here that being a Bhanaka of a particular section of canon meant only that the person in question made a special study of that portion and did not in any way imply an ignorance or neglect of ther other sections of pitakas.”
]]edum,fwpfckckudk
aqmifxm;ol
bmPuqdkonfrSm
xdkedum,fudk
txl;wvnf
avhvmusufrSwfol [líom qdkvdkí tjcm;edum,f tjcm; yd#uudk vspfvsL½Iol ravhvmol[lí rqdkvdkaMumif; rSwfom;zdkU vdktyf onf}}
(Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon p.25 by Adikaram)
(8) 1 ^0de,"& (0g) a0e,du [laom pum;vHk;jzifh 0denf;udk aqmifolç tmbd"r®du [laom pum;vHk;jzifh
tbd"r®mudk
aqmifolrsm;
½SdcJhaMumif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;
jycJhNyDjzpfonf?
Ak'¨pum;awmfrsm;udk 5-pkcGJí edum,[laom pum;jzifh oHk;EIef;ac:a0:aomtcg 0denf;a&m tbd"r®myg ck'´uüxnfhoGif;í oH*g,em wifMuonfhtavsmuf ck'´uedum,f [líyif ac:a0:oHk;EIef;Muayonf? ck'´u[lonfrSm 'DC t½Snfç rZÑdr tv,ftvwfESifh EdIif;,SOfí ck'´u twdka[m t"dyÜm,fudk aumuf,l&onf? tao;tzGJ wefzdk;enf;aom okwfrsm; ygVdawmfrsm;[k tvGJraumuf&m? xdkUaMumifh 0denf;udk aqmifolrsm;udk 0de,"&-[k ac:qdkouJhodkU 0db*F"&mç rmwdum"&m[lí ac:qdkxm; onfudkvnf;
ygVdawmfrsm;ü
trsm;tjym;awGU&ay&m
0denf;ig;usrf;vHk;udk
aqmifol½Sdovdk
Obawm0dbif;rQ aqmifolç rmwdumac: ygwdarmufrQ aqmifolç cE¨urQ aqmifolrsm; ½SdaomaMumifh xdkedum,fBuD;rsm;ESifh EdIif;pmvQif wdkawmif;onf[k qdkEdkifayonf/ (*)
2 ^wpfzef tbd"r®mudk aqmif&müvnf; rmwdum"&m-[laom ygVdawmfpum;udk axmufí wdurmwdum 'kurmwdumrQudk aqmifolç eda'´oy'bmZeDrsm;ESifhwuG "r®o*FPDudk aqmifolç 0dbif;rQudk aqmifolç y|mef;oufoufudkom aqmifolç "mwkuxm yk*¾vynwfrQaqmifolç ,rdkufrQaqmifol [lívnf; ½Sdonf? tbd"r®m 7usrf;[k cGJxm;onfrSmvnf; u@tvdkuf cGJjcm;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? obm0"r®odkU csOf;uyf enf;tm;jzifh cGJxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? xdkUaMumifh rdrdoef&m qE´½Sd&m aqmifxm;cJhMuonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh tvGef cufvSygonf (us,fvSygonf) qdkaom y|mef;usrf;BuD;udk þ 20-
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
555
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &mpkESpfü tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k rEÅav; rpdk;&drfq&mawmfBuD; txl;oD;oefU jyifqifum enf;opf pepfopfrsm;jzifh xyfwvJvJ ydkUcsaqmif½GufouJhodkU jzpfonf? þqdkcJhNyD;aom tpOfjzifh csydkUaqmif½Gufjcif;onf wm0efcGJa0jcif;
Divison
of
Labour
pepft&
Mum½SnfwnfwHhapaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom tpOftvm jzpfayonf? þodkUqdkaom ck'´u(wdkaom ck'´uedum,fü
okwfrsm;)
[k
ac:qdkonfhtwGuf
xnfhoGif;a&wGufaomaMumifh
bmrQ
twdktxGm
odrfi,fp&m
rvdkyg?
tao;tzGJuav;rsm;[k
b,ftcgrQ t"dyÜm,frxGufay? xdkUaMumifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU bmrQ &ifemzG,f rvdkay/ (C)
3 ^tydkif;cGJa0&mü &Hcg rvdktyfaom teuft"dyÜm,f qefUusifovdk½Sdaom w&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; a&wGuf&onfvnf; ½Sdwufonf? a0'em 3-rsdK; (csrf;omç qif;&Jç toifhtwifh tv,ftvwf cHpm;rI)udk okcESifh 'ku© 2-rsdK;om cGJa0aomtcg Oayu©m[laom tv,ftvwf cHpm;rIudk wnfNidrfaom oabm½SdaomaMumifh okcü xnfhoGif; a&wGuf&\/
Oayu©m ye oEÅwåm okcrdapö0 bmodwm/ (tbd |? 2? 170) (oar®m-|) xdkUtwl bk&m;&[EÅmwdkU\ oEÅmefüjzpfaom [odwkyÜg'fpdwfudk aombe(aumif;) taombe (raumif;) [k ESpfydkif; cGJa0aomtcg taombebufodkU xnfhoGif;Mu&onf? [odwkyÜg'fpdwfudk,fwdkifu raumif;aomaMumifh taombe ac:&onf r[kwf? aombe trnf&aeus jzpfaom ukodkvfrlvrsm; r½SdaomaMumifh rlt& taombe[k ac:qdk&jcif; jzpfavonf? xdkUaMumifh tydkif;cGJa0aomtcg pum;vHk;\ Literary Meaning
(pum;vHk;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,f)xuf Derivative Meaning (qifhyGm; t"dyÜm,f)udk ydkí
owdûy&ayrnf? þodkUaom pmayynm\ odrfarGUaom oabmobm0udk us,fus,f0ef;0ef; ravhvmbJ tawG;tac:
zDvdkqdkzD
q&mrsm;uJhodkU
xif&mpGyfa&;cJhMuav&m
xdktaemufwdkif;
okawoDwdkU\
trSm;rsm;udk aemufvlwdkUu vdkufjyifírqHk; ½Sdaeayonf/ 28/
OD;Ouú|trª;ûyí a';'&JûrdU yÍöedum, "r®omupämtzGJUrS a&;xdk;pdkufxlxm;tyfaom
ausmufpmESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom Ak'¨omoemhordkif; ESm-10-ü yxroH*g,emwGif oHCm
(1000)
wpf,lZemtuGm
ausmfwdkUu
owåyPÖdvdkPf*l
y@0vdkPf*lwGif
(ax&fBuD;wdkU
yxroH*g,em
oH*g,emwif&mXme)\
tûydifwifMuonf
[laom
taemuf tqdkonf
ax&0g'rSwfwrf;rsm;ü rvmaom cdkifvHkrIr½Sdaom tqdk jzpfonf? ,if;wdkUudk r[mo*Ðwd[k ac:qdkaMumif; xyfqifhí qdkjyefao;\? 'kwd, oH*g,emESifh tûydifwif Muaom r[moHCdu (0g) r[mo*ÐwdESifh a&maxG;aejcif;om jzpfonf? yxroH*g,emü pifûydifoH*g,em r½Sdacs/ atmufyg J.J.Jones a&;om;aom r[m0w¬K t*Fvdyfbmomjyef twGJ-3? ed'gef;
Introduction
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ü-
556
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Mahasanghikas were a Buddhist sect formed at the time of the second Council at Vesali 338. B.C. They subsequently split up into sevetal schools among which, the Lokuttaravadins seem to approximate closest to the original Sect.
(jrefrm) r[moHCduonf bDpD 338-ckESpf a0omvDü usif;yaom 'kwd,oH*g,emwifcsdefü ay:vmaom Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;uGJwpfck jzpfonf? ¤if;wdkUonf aemufxyfí *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;Muao;&m avmukwå&
0g'D*dkPf;uGJwpfckonf
'kwd,oH*g,emwifcsdefü
rlvax&0g'ESifh
oD;oefUcGJí
tawmfeD;pyfyHk&onf[laom
oH*g,emwifMuaom*dkPf;udk
pum;jzifh
r[moHCdu[lívnf;aumif;ç
r[mo*Ðwd[lívnf;aumif; ac:qdk Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf/ 29/
þü r[m0w¬K[lonf r[moHCdu*dkPf;\ 0de,0w¬K jzpfonf ,if;\ ed'gef;ü
=rZÑdr r[moHCdu
*dkPfBuD;\
tpysdK;xm;ayonf? avhvmMunfh&mwGif
ygVdawmfrlt&
odkU&mwGif
0w¬Krsm;pGm
0de,yd#u[k
0denf;ynwfawmfrsm;
a'o
yg0ifaom
avmukwå&0g'Djzpfaom
0de,yd#u
trnfay;xm;aomfvnf; bmrQrawGU&?
tpum;}}
[lí
xdkr[m0w¬Kusrf;udk
ax&0g'yd#urS
[dkrSonfrS
xkwfEkwfa&;om;aom 0w¬KtaMumif;t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/ 30/
wdAufpma&;q&m
wm&memx
a&;om;í
½Sdzem;
Schiefner
qdkolu
t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkaom wdbuf0d e,rSwfwrf;rsm;ç at'D 629-ck w½kwfc&D;onf [Gifqdkif\ (qJjrL0Jvfbdvf) t*Fvdyfbm omjyefqdkaom rSwfwrf;rsm;ç a&;om;onfh
]]oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS
J.Takakusu
tbd"r®mpmayrsm;}}[laom
S.Beal
wumulqlrnfaom *syefynm½Sif
pmwrf;rsm;udk
ûcHíMunfhvdkufaomf
yxroH*g,emwifcsdefü ESpfrsdK;awGU&onf? tbd"r®myg½Sdonf [lívnf;aumif; ryg[lívnf;aumif; tqdkESpfrsdK;udk awGU&onf? tbd"r®myd#u ygonf [laom w½kwfr[m0w¬K usrf;tqdkrSm ygVdpmayESifh qdkyHk wlonfudk
awGU&í
Dulva
Oygvdax&fuvnf;aumif;ç
'kvfA-ac:aom "r®udk
wdAuf0de,usrf;
tmeE´max&fuvnf;aumif;
'kwd,wGJ tbd"r®mudk
tqdkt&
0de,udk
r[muóyax&fu
vnf;aumif; OD;aqmifí oH*g,emwifonf[k qdkonf? wm&memxtqdk t& oAÁw¬d0g'*dkPf; (aemiftcg 0dbmom
rnfaom
t|uxmudk
a&;om;í
xdkt,ludk
vufcHaomaMumifh
a0bmoduwGifonf) u tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk bk&m;a[m[k ,lí
okwåEÅdu*dkPf;url
bk&m;a[m[k r,lqbJ q&mtoD;oD;u a&;om;onf[k ,lqMuaMumif; od&onf/ 31/
rnfodkUqdkap Ak'¨jrwfpGm tbd"r®mudk a[mawmfrlcJhonf[laom rSefuefrIudk awmifydkif;
ajrmufydkif; ESpfydkif;vHk;u vufcHMuonf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf? *dkPf;toD;oD; uGJoGm;jcif;rSmvnf;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
557
tpodkU 0de,t,ltqESifh
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vdkufemusifhMuHa&;wdkUwGif
tavsmYtwif;
twdrfteuf
uGJjym;&mrS
pcJhonf?
uGJjym;oGm;NyD;aomtcg Ak'¨a[mawmfrlaom w&m;"r®ESifh pyfí t,ltqa&;&mwGifvnf; trSefrS aoGz,fwdrf;apmif; oGm;Muayonf? xdkUaMumifh 'Dy0Ho yÍöru@ü þodkUqdk\/ edaj*ma"m0 r[m½kau©m? ax&0g'gerkwåarm/ tEleH te"duH ap0? au0vH ZdeomoeH/ u@um 0d, ½ku©rSd? edAÁwåm 0g'aooum/ (*gxm-52/)
jrefrmjyef 0g'wdkUwGif
tjrwfqHk;jzpfaom
ax&fBuD;wdkU0g'onf
jrwfAk'¨omoemawmfonf
r,kwfrydk
jynfh0ayonf?
tvHk;pHk
yanmifyifBuD;ESifhwlonf?
*dkPf;0g'wdkUum;
opfyifrSmaygufaom ql;wdkUESifh tvm;wl ukefonf/ yxar 0óoaw ew¬d? 'kwda, 'oowEÅa&/ bdEém owå&o 0g'g? OyÜEém Zdeomoae/ ( *gxm-53/)
jrefrmjyef Ak'¨y&dedAÁmef pHawmfrlNyD;aemuf tESpfwpf&mtwGif; tuGJtjym; r½Sdao;? 'kwd,&mpkwGifum; omoemawmfwGif *dkPf;BuD; 17-*dkPf; uGJjym;pGm ay:vmMuawmhonf/ r[mo*Ðwdum bdu©L? 0davmrH tuHok omoeH/ bdE´dwGm rlvo*F[H? tnH tuHok o*F[H/ (*gxm-32/)
jrefrmjyef r[mo*Ðwdu*dkPf;om;
&[ef;wdkUonf
omoemawmfudk
wdrf;apmif;atmif
ûyMuvsuf
rlvoH*g,emudk zsufí oH*g,emtopf ûyMuonf/ tnw¬ o*F[dwH okwåH? tnw¬ tu&ðok aw/ tw¬H "r®Íö bdE´ðok? a, eduma,ok yÍöok/ (*gxm-33)
jrefrmjyef olwdkUonf tjcm;yd#uü pkpnf;NyD;aom okwfudk onfhjyifwyg; tjcm;yd#uü xnfhoGif;Muí edum,f 5-&yfwGif teufa&m ygVdudkyg zsufqD;Muonf/ y&d,m, a'odwH pmyd? taxm edyÜ&d,m, a'odwH/ eDww¬H ap0 ae,sw¬H? tZmedwGme bdu©a0g/ (*gxm-34)
jrefrmjyef xdk&[ef;wdkUonf y&d,m,fjzifha[monfh a'oemudk rkcsenf; aumuf,lMuonf? eDwwå=
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
558
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wdkuf½dkufteuf ae,sw¬= oG,f0dkufaom teufudk rod½SmMuítnH oE¨m, bPdwH? tnw¬H Xy,ðok aw/ AsÍöepäm,m, aw bdu©K? A[Hk tw¬H 0demo,Hk/ (*gxm-35)
jrefrmjyef xdk&[ef;wdkUonf teufwpfrsdK;udk &nf½G,fí a[mawmfrltyfaom okwfudk teufwpfrsdK; azmfxkwfMuonf? pum;vHk; xyfwdk;í teufrSef tajrmuftjrm;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ qa×wGm {ua'oH p? okwåH 0de,Íö *rÇd&H/ ywd½lyH okwå0de,H? wÍö tnH u&ðok awm/ (*gxm-36) y&d0g&H tw¬K'¨g&H? tbd"r®yu&PH/ y#dorÇd'H p eda'´oH? {ua'oH p ZmwuH/ {wåuH edóZÆdwGme? tnmed tu&ðok aw/ (*gxm-37/)
jrefrmjyef eufeJcufcJaom okwftcsdKU 0denf;tcsdKUudk y,fpGefUí xdkolwdkUonf tjcm; oifhawmfaom okwf 0denf;udk ûyvkyfMuonf? aomVoy&d0g& ESifh t|uxmu@ tbd"r®m? wpfenf; t|uxmu@ xdkrS
,cktcg yxroH*g,emudk t,HktMunf r½SdMuaom oHCmawmfrsm; ½SdMuaMumifhESifh
xdkoHCmwdkU\ a½SUajy;tjzpf 'u©dP*d&drS t½Sifyl&Pudk yHkpHxkwfvmMuaom pk'dwuwdkU\ tqdkudk pdppfjythH/ taMumif;t&mum;
'u©dP*d&dZeyk'fü
&[ef;y&dowf
tajrmuftjrm;ESifh
a'opm&D
vSnfhvnfaeaom t½Sifyl&Ponf &mZû*d[fodkU a&mufvmaomtcg oDwif;0gv uRwfaeayNyD? tb,fudk axmufí 0guRwfrS a&mufvmaMumif; od&oenf;- [ljim;tHh? 0grqdkrDuyif ½Sifr[muóyax&fu oHCmhtv,fwGif a½G;aumuf xm;aom oHCm 500- rSwyg; tjcm; &[ef;rsm; &mZû*d[fü 0gruyfMu&[k oH*g,emÚwfjzifh aMunmxm; NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh 0gwGif;r[kwfrlí 0gytcgjzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf? &mZû*d[f a0VK0efausmif;odkU a&mufvmaomtcg t½Sifyl&Ponf oH*g,emwif ax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ESD;aESmajyma[monf? (axa& [d bdu©L[d o'¨ð y#doar®m'dwGm {urEÅH edoD'dplV0gygVdawmf) t½Sifyl&P
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
559
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkoH*g,em (wifNyD;aom "r®0de,) odkU csOf;uyfyg (csOf;uyfí "r®0de, wdkUudk avhvmyg) [k ajymqdkMuonf/ rSwfcsuf/
/ oH*g,emodkU csOf;uyfyg[lonfudk oH*g,emwif&m yg0ifyg[k t"dyÜm,f r,l&?
taMumif;rSm rlvuyif tjcm; oHCmrsm;udk wm;jrpfNyD; jzpfí wpfaMumif;ç ,cktcg oH*g,emwifNyD; jzpfaeí wpfaMumif; jzpfonf/ xdktcg
t½Sifyl&Pu
]]ax&fBuD;rsm;
"r®0de,udk
oH*g,emwifMuonfrSm
tvGef
aumif;rGefygonf? (oko*Ðwm0kaom axa&[d "ar®m p 0dea,m p) odkUaomf wynfhawmfuawmh toufvnf;BuD;vSNyDjzpfí
"r®0de,awG
tm;vHk;
ravhvmEdkif
raqmifxm;Edkifyg?
bk&m;½Sif
rsufarSmufawmfwGif Mum;em rSwfom;cJhwJhtwdkif;yJ aqmifxm;ygrnf? &wmavmufyJ aqmifxm;ygrnf (,ax0 r,m b*0awm or®Kcg okwH or®Kcg y#d*[ ¾ dwH wax0g[H "ma&ómrd)}} [k avQmufxm;onf/ rSwfcsuf/
/ þygVdawmfvm t½Sifyl&P\ avQmufxm;csufü pk'dwuwdkU ,lqouJhodkU tcsdKU
rax&frsm; oabmrwlaMumif; [laom teuft"dyÜm,f tenf;i,frQ rxGufay/ 33/
,cktcg
oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS
tbd"r®m
7-usrf;udk
pdppfMutHh?
Ak'¨jrwfpGm
vufxufawmfrSpí tbd"r®mudk oif,lavhvmMuaom &[ef;rsm;tv,fwGif wm0efcGJa0 aqmifxm;Mu&ef tydkif;u@
cGJMu&m
7-usrf;
7-pk[laom
pum;onf
tbd"r®maqmif
r[kwfaom
tjcm;
om0u&[ef;rsm;xHodkUvnf; ysHESHUxif½Sm; todrsm;aom pum;jzpfcJhonfrSm {uefjzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh tbd"r®m\ (7) ocFsmESifh ywfoufí t|omvdeD t|uxmü 0dw@0g'D (qefUusifbuf ajymwwfaom) yk*¾dKvfrsm;u
7-usrf;jynfh&ef
r[m"r®[',rnfaom
usrf;udkvnf;aumif;ç
r[m"mwkuxm
usrf;udkvnf;aumif; xkwfaqmifvmMuonfudk azmfjyxm;ayonf? þwGif orme0g'Dyk*¾dKvfrsm;u oifwdkUwifjyvmaom r[m"r®[',usrf; qdkonfrSm rlv"r®[',0dbif;rSm ygNyD;om; w&m;awGcsnf; rsm;ygonf? topf[lí rsm;pGm ryg? ar;cGef;awG xkwfxm;aom yO§m0g&rQyJ ryg
r[m"mwkuxmusrf;
rlv"mwkuxmusrf;&if;xuf
tydk[lí
qdkonfrSmvnf;
rsm;rsm;r½Sd?
txufenf;twdkif;yif
aemufjznfhygVdawmf
tenf;i,frQ
ygonf[lívnf;aumif; ajz½Sif;um 0dw@0g'DwdkU\ tqdkudk acszsufcJhMuonf/ 34/
þae&mü awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm& OD;qE´m"du\ aom"emü ]]r[m"r®[',ESifh
r[m"mwk-uxmusrf;BuD;rsm;rS
wpfusrf;usrf;om
tjynfhtpHk
½SdcJhygvQif
uxm0w¬Kusrf;\
tajctaeonf wpfrsdK;wpfzHk jzpfoGm;EdkifaMumif; aqG;aEG;&ygonf bk&m;}} [k aom"emûyoGm;onf? ygVdtqdkESifh ygVd\oabmoGm;udk rydkifEdkifaomaMumifh OD;qE´m"du t"dyÜm,f t,ltq rSm;oGm;jcif;om jzpf\? ol\ tvdktm;jzifh tykAÁH ew¬d? uwdy,m0 yO§m0g&m t0aoom [laom ygXf\t"dyÜm,frSm txufü qdkcJhovdk topftqef; bmrQryg[lí r[kwfawmhbJ yO§m0g&enf;enf;yJ usefawmhonf? tjcm;[mawG aysmufukefNyD;[lí t"dyÜm,f xGwfaeawmhonf/ pk'dwu OD;qE´m"du jyóemtudkifrwufrI
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
560
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jzpfayonf? rajyvnfonfhtjyif trSm;wpfck xyfrHí ûyrdvsufom; jzpfayawmhonf? OD;qE´m"du qdkouJhodkU oAÁw¬d0g' tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk tm;usjcif; r[kwf? oAÁw¬d0g'DwdkUuom ax&0g' tbd"r®mudk oHa,mifvdkufí tbd"r®m 7-usrf; pDpOfxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? rnfolu rnfolUxHrS twk,lonf qdkonfudk atmufygrSwfwrf;udk ½Ií qHk;jzwfEdkif\/ 35/
ausmufpm0ef
qm*Refrm½S,fESifh
ya&mfzufqm
&ufyqifwdkU\
qHk;jzwfcsuft&
uedoQurif; eef;wufaom tcsdeftcgonf c&pfESpf 77-78 jzpf&m xdkrif;\ vufxuf oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS wwd,oH*g,em wifjcif;onf at'D ESpf 100-cefUavmufwGif jzpfzG,f½Sdonf[k qdkMuonf? at'D wpf&monf bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefNyD; ESpfaygif; (700) cefUjzpfavonf? uedoQurif;udkvnf; 'kwd,taomurif;[k todtrSwf ûyMuonf? ,if; wwd,oH*g,em taMumif;udk at'D 6-&mpkESpfwGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom w½kwfc&D;onf Hiuen Tsiang ([Gifqdkif)\ rSwfwrf;rS uREfkyfwdkU od&onf/ 36/
oH*g,emwif&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;udk a½G;aumuf&mü yxroH*g,emwGif t½SiftmeE´mudk
csefvSyfí 499-yg; a½G;aumufouJhodkU þüvnf; t½Sif0okrdwåudk csefvSyfí oHCmtajrmuftjrm;xJrS &[ef;awmf 499-yg;udk a½G;aumufavonf? t½SiftmeE´monf yxroH*g,emwGif rygvQif rNyD;Edkifaom tvGef t&nftcsif;jynfh0ol jzpfaomfvnf; &[EÅmrjzpfao;í 500-wGif pm&if;rxnfhEdkifao;ouJhodkU þoH*g,emüvnf; t½Sif0okrdwåonf y&d,wåd*kPf jynfhpHkaomfvnf; &[EÅm rjzpfao;aomaMumifh 500wGif
wpfyg;csefí
a½G;aumufcJhjcif;
jzpfonf?
aemiftcgrS
&[EÅmjzpfí
500-
ta&twGuf
jynfh0avawmhonf[k qdk\/ 37/
t½Sif0okrdwåudk
acgif;aqmiftjzpfxm;í
okwåefyd#utwGuf
Oya'oow¬
0denf;yd#utwGuf 0de,0dbmomow¬ tbd"r®myd#utwGuf tbd"r®0dbmomow¬[lí #DumBuD; 3apmif a&;om; pDuHk;Muonf? uedoQubk&ifonf ,if;wdkUudk aMu;jym;ay:wGif a&;wifapí apwDwnfum XmyemxnfhoGif; ylaZmfonf[k qdkonf/ 38/
þoAÁw¬d0g'D*kPf;rS tbd"r®m 7-usrf;rsm;wGif umwsm,edylMw a&;om;pD&ifaom vdk&if;jzpfonf? ,if;onf ax&0g' y|mef;usrf;BuD;udk twk,lí
ÓPy|mef;onf
trnfemray;xm;aomusrf; jzpfaomfvnf; yg0ifaom w&m;awGrSm y|mef;ypönf;rsm; ryg0if? AE¨eç ur®ç ½ly"mwkç aAm"dt*Fç orm"dESifh 'd|d paom ÓPfjzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;om yg\? usef 6-usrf;rSm tjcHt&H? wpfenf; tajccHusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf? ,if;wdkUudk usrf;trnf\ aemufü wGJí yg'o'´gjzifh ac:a0:Mu&onf? ,if;wdkUrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ (1)
o*Ðwdy&d,m,yg'- r[maum|dv? odkUr[kwf om&dykwåa&;? tbd"r®m (ax&0g') yk*¾vynwfESifh wlonf[k qdk\/
(2)
jyu&Pyg'
- 0okrdwåa&;? 0dbif;usrf;ESifh wlonf[k qdkMu\/
(3)
0dnmPum,yg'- a'0or®a&;? 0dnmP 6-yg;ESifh qdkifonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
561
tpodkU (4)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) "gwkum,yg' - yl&P? odkUr[kwf 0okrdwåa&;? "mwf 18-ESifhqdkifonf? wpfenf; "gwkoH,kwfESifh tvm;wlonf[k qdkMu\/
(5)
"r®u©E¨yg'
- om&dykwå? odkUr[kwf arm*¾vme a&;? ,ordwåtvdk r[maum|dva&;?
ta&;BuD;aom tbd"r®m oabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifonf[k qdkonf/ (6)
ynwådyg'
- ygxdurS vu©PokwfESifh wlonf? ½Sifarm*¾vmefa&;[k qdkMu\/
39/
txufyg oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;rS tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk oHk;oyfaomf awmifydkif;ax&0g'
tbd"r®mESifh tuGmBuD; uGmaeayonf? ax&0g'tbd"r®mudk twk,lí wDxGifyHk&aMumif;rSm tay:&H EdIif;,SOfpOf;pm;½HkrQjzifh odomayonf? y"mejzpfaom ÓPy|meusrf;onf trnfrQ qifwl½dk;rSm; wlaomfvnf; ax&0g' y|mef;usrf;uJhodkU tcufcJqHk; teufeJqHk; tus,fjyefUqHk;jzpfaom aMumif;usdK; ypönf;qufrsm; 24-ypönf; rawGU&bJ ax&0g' 'kwd,tbd"r®musrf; 0dbif;ygVdawmfrS ÓP0dbif;qefqef pDpOfxm;onfh usrf;wpfapmif jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf? ax&0g' tbd"r®mudk ½Sifom&dykwå&mu pDpOfonf? oifjyonf? ocFsmenf;t& aqmifvG,frSwf vG,fatmif ocFsm0g&[lí taxmuftulûy u@wpfck jznfhpGufay;onf? rmwdumwGifvnf; Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif oifjyonfh wdurmwdum 'kurmwdumtjyif xdkxdkokwåefrS aqmif,l pDpOfum okwåEÅrmwdum[lí 'ku rmwdumwpfrsdK; jznfhpGufayonf? þum; ax&0g' tbd"r®mwGif trsm;odç trsm;vufcHxm;Muaom q&mpOf qufrS qif;oufvmaom tpOftvmBuD; wpf&yfjzpfonf? ,if; tpOftvmudk ½SifAk'¨aCmoonf rzHk;ruG,f wdwdyy today; ½Sif;vif;cJhayonf? ,if;udk twk,lí Ak'¨wynfhBuD;rsm;\ trnfudk oHk;um t½Sifr[muóy ûyonf[kvnf;aumif; t½Sifom&dykwå&m t½Sifarm*¾vmefç t½Sifr[maum|dv ûyonf[lí vnf;aumif; ax&0g'ü tqef;topfjzpfaom a'0½S&frmç uwsm,eDylMwç yl&P0okrdwå[laom usrf;ûytrnfrsm;udk jznfhpGufívnf;aumif; oAÁw¬d0g'D tbd"r®mudk qdkjcif; jzpfay&m\/ þtcsufudk &nf½G,fí 'Dy0Hotcef; 5? *gxmeHygwf 39-ü ykAÁ*Frm bdEé0g'g? r[mo*Ðwd um&um? awoH p tEkuma&e? bdEé0g'g A[l t[Hk/
jrefrmjyef t,ltq uGJjym;aom r[mo*Ðwd *dkPf;om;wdkUonf (teuft"dyÜm,f t,ltq uGJjym;&mü) a½SUoGm; jzpfMuukef\? tjcm; rsm;pGmaom *dkPf;uGJwdkUonfvnf; xdk r[mo*Ðwd *dkPf;om;wdkUudk twkvdkufaomtm;jzifh t,luGJjym; jcm;em;pGm jzpfay:vmMuavukefNyD[lí qdkxm;avonf/ xdkUaMumifh tqdkyg oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf; tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨ra[movdk ax&0g' tbd"r®mudkvnf; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaom tqdkom jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
562
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) &wem,& (pwkw¬) owåm[ESifhpyfí pdppfcsuf
40/
pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;\ aom"emcsuf tcsKyfrSm-
(1)
r[m0*¾0denf;ygVdawmfü
owåm[
5-ckom
ygygvsuf
tbd"r®mudk
bk&m;a[m
vkyfcsifaomaMumifh pwkw¬(&wem,&) owåm[ESifhwuG owåm[ 7-ckudk Ak'¨aCmo csJUxGif a&;om;onf? ygVdESifh t|uxm 2-&yfwGif b,foif;udk tav;teuf xm;xdkufygovJ(2)
Ak'¨onf (u) a&rD;tpHk wefcdk;jyawmfrlNyD;aemuf (c) 2-vSrf; 3-z0g;jzifh (*) jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyf½Sd
(C)
wm0wðomewfjynfodkU
tbd"r®mw&m;
a[mawmfrl&ef
½SifAk'¨aCmoonf
to*F
wm0wðomewfjynfodkU
oGm;í
jyóemar;jref;jcif;
Zmwfvrf;udk ,lí tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m vkyf&ef Zmwfvrf;topf xGifonf[k jzpfavonf/ or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkU\ pum;ü 0denf;ygVdü owåm[ 5-ckom ygonf[k qdkonf? trSefu ygVdawmfü 4-ckom ½Sdonf? to*F wm0wðomodkU oGm;onf qdk&mü wm0wðomr[kwf? wkodwm jzpfonf? pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf bk&m;omoemawmfudk zsufvdkaZmrTefaeMuNyD; rdrdwdkU\ pum;udkyif rSefatmif rqdkEdkifbJ jzpfaeaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ 41/
a½S;OD;pGm t½SifAk'¨aCmotay: pk'dwuwdkU tjypfyHkí csjcif;udk ½Sif;vif;vdkayonf?
jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmf umvuyif bk&m;pum;awmfudk zGifhqdkonfh ygVdawmftzGifh (0g) t|uxmrsm;
½SdcJhonf?
ay:xGef;vmoljzpfonf?
½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf xdk½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo
omoemESpf ray:cifu
900-rS
1000-twGif;üom
bmt|uxmrQ
r½Sdonfr[kwf?
t|uxmusrf;BuD;awG ½SdcJhonf? bk&m;y&dedAÁmef pHvGefNyD;csdefrS pí ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo ay:csdeftxd Mum;umv
ESpfaygif;
(rlvt|uxm)ç
1000-c&D;
twGif;rSm
r[mypö&Dt|uxmç
&SdcJhaom
t|uxmBuD;wdkUum;
uk½kE´Dt|uxmç
tE¨ut|uxmç
r[mt|uxm oacFyt|uxmç
oD[Vt|uxm (ayg&mPt|uxm) wdkU jzpfMuonf/ xdkt|uxmBuD;wdkUonf Ak'¨rsufarSmuf om0uBuD;rsm; jzpfaom ½Sifr[muóy ½SiftmeE´m paom rax&ftqufquf q&mpOfquf tjrwfwEdk; odrf;ydkufvmcJhaom teuft"dyÜm,f oabmobm0 tqHk;tjzwf
jzpf&yfrSwfwrf;rsm;udk
o'¨r®oar®ookwfvm
odkrSD;odrf;qnf;vmcJhaom
a'oemawmft&
]tu©&mwpfvHk;
a½TwHwif;BuD;rsm;yrm
bk&m;wpfql}
taejzifh
jzpfMuonf? tav;*½kûyum
wnfwnfNidrfNidrf xdef;odrf;vmMuaom usrf;r[mBuD;rsm; jzpfMuonf? odkUjzpfí cuf\? us,f0ef;\/ xdkUaMumifh usrf;ûytmZmenfjzpfaom ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo ay:vmaomtcg bk&m;½Sif vGefawmfrlNyD;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
563
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aemuf tESpfwpfaxmifcefU uGmvSrf;aeNyD;aom &[ef;½SifvlwdkU\ ynm owd orm"dwdkUESifh oifhavsmfatmif a½S; t|uxmBuD;rsm;udk aygif;½Hk;í xdkt|uxmBuD;rsm;\ tqdktrdefUudk rwdrf;r,drf;apbJ tusOf;csHK;í t|uxmopfrsm;udk ûypkolom jzpfonf? o*F[um&u (twdkcsKyfol) omjzpfonf? xdkodkU a&;om;&mü Ak'¨bmodw bk&m;a[mjzpfaom ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;ojzifh ol\t|uxmrsm;onf ydkí acwfpm;vmNyD; trsm;oHk; jzpfvmcJhonf/ ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoonf t|uxmopfrsm;ü olUoabm olUxifjrifcsufudk a&;vdkaomtcg twdtvif;yif
½dk;om;pGm
0efcHí
a&;wwfaom
yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf?
rvdrfhwywfjzifh
[dkuonfu
yHkwlul;cswwfaomolrsdK; r[kwfaMumif;udk ygVdpmayESifh &if;ESD;í ygVdt|uxmudk rjywfavhvm Munfh½IoHk;oyf csydkUaeMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ç bufrvdkuf okawoDrsm; todyif jzpfayonf/ tu,fí olUoabmESifhol r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHa&;omygrl xdkpOftcgu omoemawmfapmifh jzpfawmfrlMuaom ax&0Ho y'Dyq&max&fjrwfBuD;wdkYonf vufydkufMunfhaeawmfrlMurnf r[kwfay? rkcspifppf zsufy,f½kyfodrf;cJhrnfrSm {uefjzpfonf? ,ckacwfvdk yd#upm&if;0if usrf;BuD; usrf;cdkifrsm;udk jyufwdjyufacsmf ua&mfurnf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm; a&;om;0hHrnfhacwftcgvnf; r[kwf? o'¨gç ynm tjynfht0&Sdaom acwftcg jzpfí ,kwfnhHaom pdwfaepdwfxm; ½Sdolrsm; cdkem;usufpm;EdkifzG,f r½Sday? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG aemufvdkufom0uwdkUonf cJypfaom oludkoma½S;½Itm½Hkpdkufí a&mufvmaom cJudk trIrxm;aom jcaoFhuJhodkU rusifhrlí rdrdxHarSmuf a&mufvmaom cJudkom rmefzDudkufcJ rJíaeaom aumav,suuJhodkU usifhaeMuayonf/ 42/
(1) 0denf;r[m0*¾ygVdawmf O'gef;ygVdawmfwdkUü (5-r[kwf) owåm[ 4-ckom vmonf?
odkUaomf tpOftvm ax&0g'rSwfom;csuf t&rSm 4-owåm[ rubJ 7-owåm[ jzpfaeayonf? trSefpifppf 7-owåm[jzpfvsuf ygVdawmfü tb,fhaMumifh tb,fodkU tb,fyHk 3-owåm[ aysmufí aebdoenf;? þum; ar;p&mç ar;oifhar;xdkufaom ar;cGefyif jzpfonf? xdkar;cGef;\ tajzum;“tx acg b*0g owåm[ó tpöa,e wrSm omrm"drSm 0k|[dwGm” xdkpOftcg Ak'¨jrwfpGmonf 7-&ufvGefvwfaomf xdkt&[wåzdkvform"drS xawmfrlNyD;í“aAm"d½ku©rlvm a,e tZygvedaj*ma"m? awEkyouFrd” aAm"dyif teD;rS xGuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
564
tpodkU qufí
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aeawmfrlonf)
þvufoJuGif;twGif;ü&Sdaom
pum;
2-&yfonf
ygVdawmfü
wdkuf½dkufrygaomfvnf; &Edkif-&aumif;aom teuft"dyÜm,f (y#dau©yw¬ç tEknmww¬) jzpfonf? ygVda0g[m&wGif wm;jzpftyfaom y#dau©yw¬ç &oifhojzifh ,lEdkifaom tEknmww¬ 2-rsdK;½Sd&m þae&mwGif aAm"dyifrS tjcm;t&yfodkU oGm;jcif;onf y#dau©yw¬ç þaAm"dyif atmufrSyif aemuf &ufaygif; 21-&uf qufí aejcif;onf tEknmww¬ jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh(1)
rrSdwfaom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh oAÁñkwÓPfudk &awmfrl&m rm&f 5-yg;udk atmifawmfrl&m yv’if(ae&m)udk pl;pdkufpGm Munfhvsuf &ufowåwpfywfMumrQ aeawmfrlonf/
(2)
yv’ifESifh &yfae&m 2-cktMum; zvormywftMum; ypöa0u©Pm ÓPfappm;&if; pBuø
(3)
ewfwdkU
zefqif;tyfaom
w&m;&wemrsm;
&wema½Ttdrf
oHk;oyf&mjzpfaom
(wpfenf;) ae&mü
qifjcifoHk;oyf&if;
&ufowåwpfywfMum
aemufxyfqufí
ukefapawmfrljyefonf/
tbd"r®m
t|uxmtvdk
teEÅe,orEÅy|mef;usrf;BuD;udk
aeawmfrlonf
þodkU
3-owå[udk
þwGif 1-udk tedrdoowåm[ç 2-udk puFrowå[ç 3-udk &wemC&owåm[[k ac:onf? ,if; owåm[toD;oD; ukefvGefap&mXmewdkUü apwDtoD;oD; wnfcJhMuonf? (þ ae&mtoD;oD;onf t|uxmq&mrsm; vufxufu trSefwu,f½SdcJhaom apwDrsm; jzpfzG,f½Sdonf[k tD;a*saomrwfpf a&;om;aom The life of Buddha ac: pmtkyfESm 85-ü azmfjyxm;onf/) ,if;odkUqdkvQif ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm qefYusifjcif; r½Sd? r½SdaomaMumifh ygVdESifh t|uxm b,foif;u yrmPûyavmufonf [laom jyóem ray:awmhacs/ 43/
(2) u^a&rD;tpHk wefcdk;jyjcif;ç i^edr®dw½kyfudk zefqif;jcif;ç p^ajrmufuRef;odkU qGrf;cH
þtcsuf 3-csufrSm omoemawmf\ tjyifbufüyif ½SdEdkifaom avmuDtbdnmOf\ udpörsm; jzpfonf? Ak'¨avmif;vsm rzGm;rDESifh zGm;NyD; oli,fb0ü eef;awmfwGif;odkU &Hcgzefcg
Ak'¨jrwfpGm
rlEdkifjcif;wnf;[laom
tzdkUum;
tvGefvsifjrefpGm
cdyÜedoEÅd*kPfawmfESifh
psmef0ifpm;Edkifjcif;ç
jynfhpHkawmfrlaomaMumifh
psmefrSxajrmufawmf
omvGefí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
pGrf;aqmifawmf
565
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rlEdkifrnfrSm qdkzG,fr½Sd jzpf\? odkUaomf omoemawmfudk r,HkMunf rMunfñdkaom oltzdkU ajymí ,HkEdkifrnf r[kwf&um; þü tus,fqdkzG,f rvdkawmhNyD/ 44/
(2) c^ 2-vSrf; 3-b0g;[laom pum;rSm tu,fwdwd vlwdkUajcjzifh vSrf;
wpfvSrf;pD
qdkvdkonf
r[kwf?
vlUjynfom0w¬dûrdUrS
jrif;rdk&fawmiftv,f pwkr[m&mZfewfjynfwGif wpfaxmufem;[ef jyawmfrlum wm0wðomewfjynfü xif½Sm;pGm ay:awmfrlvmjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf? vlwdkUajcjzifh oGm;jcif;uJhodkU pum;wefqm Oypmoabm ajymqdkjcif;om jzpfayonf? Oypm pum;udk rkcspum;rSwfjcif;onf Ak'¨pmayavhvm&ef rxdkufaom ÓPfrGJrsdK; jzpfaMumif; odEdkifonf/ OD;Ouú|*dkPf;om;wdkUonf
olwdkU
aMunmxm;onfhtwdkif;
p-o-C-Z-u
[laom
yom'½kyfig;yg;udkom t½Sdw&m; tajccHw&m;tjzpf w&m;aoudkifxm;Muaom ½kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfMuí ½dk;½dk;vlwdkU rvkyfEdkifaom wefcdk;tbdnmOft&mrSeforQ r,HkEdkifMuí wm0wðom tbd"r®mwdkUudk '@m&D[k pGyfpGJMujcif; jzpfayonf? pyspfoD; csOfonf[laom tajymrsdK;yif jzpfavonf/ 45/
(2) *^ C jrif;rdk&fawmifudk vlwdkUrsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;onf r[kwfç rSefajymif;jzifhyif
jrifEdkif aumif;aomt&m r[kwfay? û*dvfwk 'kef;ysH? urÇmywf,mOfwdkU aumif;uiftESHU oGm;aeonf[k qdkaomfvnf; jrif;rdk&fawmif\ cg;v,favmufrQ a&mufEdkifzG,f r½Sday? vAdrmefodkU vlom;rsm; oGm;a&mufajccsEdkifNyD;[k qdkjcif;onf Ak'¨pmaytjrift& rqef;ay? psmeftbdnmOf wefcdk;&½Sdaom olrsm;onf v-aersm;udk vufjzifh udkifwG,foHk;oyfEdkifonf[k ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;u qdkonfrSm ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmfcJhNyD jzpfonf? rE¨mwkrif;BuD;onf wm0wðomewfjynfü odMum;rif; 32-quf vJonfhwdkifatmif ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;cJhonf[k qdk\? rjzpfEdkifonf r[kwf? ewfjynf 6-xyfwGif pwkr[m&mZfESifh wm0wðomewfjynf 2-xyfonf ajrudk rSDí wnfaeaom bkr®|uewfjynf jzpfonf?
4-xyfonf
[mvm[if;vif;
aumif;uifjyifwGif
wnfaeaom
tmumo|u
ewfjynfjzpfonf[k ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;u qdk\? tuef;udk jrifatmif rjyEdkifouJhodkY psmefudk r,Hkaom olrsdK;tm;
,Hkatmif
rajymEdkif?
vufawGUvnf;
owå0gtoD;oD;ü txift½Sm; ½SdMuaom pdwf
Intellisence, Insight
rjyEdkif?
rjyEdkifaomaMumifh
Spinit, Cognizance, Consciousness
r,Hkpwrf;qdkvQif
ponfjzifh ac:aeMuaom
paom ynmÓPf\ tqifhtwef; t&nftcsif;rsm;udk "mwfyHk½dkufí rjyEdkif?
rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fwdkUjzifhvnf; prf;oyfrawGUEdkifaomaMumifh r,HkEdkif[k qdkMurnfav? jrif;rdk&fawmif ESifhpyfí ygVdusrf;*efrsm;ü tjrifh,lZem rnfrQç ajratmufwGif ûryfaeaom twdkif;tq rnfrQ[k twdtus qdkaomfvnf; ajymif;vJwwfaom obm0t& xdktwdkif;twmrsm;onf xdktwdkif; tjrJwnf½SdMurnfr[kwf? jrif;rdk&fawmifBuD;\ ywf0ef;usifwGif ,k*E¨& paom awmifBuD; 7-vHk;ESifh awmifwdkU\ tMum;tMum;wGif tvGefat;jraom oD'EÅ&ork'´&mrsm; ½SdaMumif; qdkonf? þudpörsdK;ü pmqdkESifh
vufawGUonf
tcgcyfodrf;
udkufnDonf
r[kwf?
jrif;rdk&fawmifonf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
566
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;wnf&mt&yf rjzpfEdkifygoavm? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;ptcgu ½k&Sm; odyÜHq&mwdkYonf tmwdwfa'o
a&cJvGifjyifBuD;rsm;
atmufwGif
a&cJawmifwef;BuD;
wpfck
udkawGUcJh\?
rdkvdkawmhpfawmifwef;[k trnfay;cJhonf qdk\? ,if; a&cJawmifwef;onf rdkif 1-axmifcefU ½Snfvsm;í tcsdKUawmifxGwfrsm;onf ay 1-aomif;ausmf jrifhonf? awmiftar&duwdkuf½Sd tif'D;awmifwef;BuD;rQ ½Sdrnf[k cefUrSef;cJhMu\? vuf½SdurÇmüyif ,aeUvlom;wdkU rawGUao; rodao;aom tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm ½Sdaeonf? ,aeUodorQonf tukefyJ[k rnfonfhodyÜH½SifurQ rajym&JMuonfudk owdcsyftyfonf/ Surface at the pole! By Commander James Calvert U.S.N.
46/
xdkuJhodkU
vlwdkUvufvSrf;
rrDEdkifavmufatmif
ÓPf½dk;½dk;jzifhvnf;
awG;ac:í
r&avmufatmif OD;Ouú|wdkU\ rsufvHk;aygif; 4-5 q,favmufjzifh 0dkif;Munfhaomfvnf; rjrifEdkifatmif qef;Mu,fvSaom
pMu0Vm
urÇmhtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm
tvGefrsm;jym;aMumif;
odyÜHynm½SifwdkU
0efcHNyD;jzpfonf? pMu0VmteEÅ[laom pum;udk Ak'¨0g'Drsm;u pí oHk;Mu\? Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif pí a[mawmfrlcJh\? ,cktcg odyÜHynmu xdkteEÅ pMu0Vmudk awGU½SdMuNyD;
Galaxy
ac: e*g;aiGUwef;onf
tvif;ESpf 150ç000 us,f ½Sdí tvif;ESpf 25ç000 rS 40ç000 txd xkxnf½SdaMumif;
Aposaltic Nabula
ac: eufAsLvmBuD;onf tmumo [if;vif;jyifBuD;rS tvif;ESpf oef;aygif; 225-oef;wdwd aeywfí wpfywfjynfhonfh
tcsdefavmufusrS
wpfywfjynfhEdkifavmufonfh
tajrmuftjrm;udk ac:onf[k qdkonf? qdkcJhonf
jabila
Milkyway
rpfvuD
a0;
rsdK;aygif; oef; 30-cefUyif awGUjrifNyD;NyD[k qdk\?
tqdkyg eufAsLvmwpfckESifh wpfck tuGmta0;rSmvnf; tvif;ESpfaygif; 2-oef;cefUpD uGma0;onf[k tqdk½Sdonf/ 47/
,if;odkU tMurf;pm;½kyf0w¬Kudk awGUjrifEdkifaomfvnf; El;nHh odrfarGUvSonfh ½kyfEkwdkUjzifh
zGJUpnf;xm;aom ewfjA[®mwdkUudkum; rSefajymif;jzifhaomfrS rjrifEdkif? yuwdrsufpdjzifhum; qdkzG,f r½SdNyD? ewfjA[®mwdkUudkxm; wapä Nydwåm ajrbkwfbDvl; paom owå0gwdkUudkvnf; yuwdvlwdkU\ rsufpdjzifh rjrifaumif;ay? tcgwyg; oD[dkVfuRef; xlyg½HkapwDwHcg; teD;ü ajrbkwfbDvl;uav; 2-aumifonf tpmqmvGef;vSí qGrf;cH
(rZÑdryPÖmo plVoukvk'g,dokwftzGifh t|uxm)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
567
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tmuo[if;vif;jyifü ouf½Sdowå0grsm; ½SdEdkifaom taxmuftxm;
48/
Am*sDeD,m;wuúodkvfESifh
ae½Sife,f
ouf½Sdowå0grsm;wGif
awGU&aom
tmumo[if;vif;jyifü
awGU½Sd&aMumif;
eu©wfwm&mavhvma&;pcef;rS
armvDusKtawmfrpftJvdrifh csm;avmh[wfpADvf
Atomic
ZGefv
ynm½Sifrsm;u Element
15^70
udk
owif;wdkuav;
awGU½Sdvdkuf&\? wpfzef bGrf;ûrdU ZEé0g&Dv 20^77 owif; tqdkt& taemufEdkifiH eu©wåaA' ynm½SiftzGJUu uREkfyfwdkU\ *JvufZD
Galaxy
tjyifbufü a&½SdaMumif; a½S;OD;qHk; awGU½SdcJhonf? ,if;odkU
awGUvdkufjcif;onf tjcm; *JvufZDrsm;wGif touf ZD0(0g) owå0g wnf½SdEdkifaMumif; azmfjyonf[lvnf; owif;tjzpf awGUvdkuf&\? xdkUaMumifh ]]jrif;rdk&fawmif}} qdkonfrSm ,aeU rawGU&ao;aomfvnf; wpfaeUwGif awGUvmEdkifp&mtaMumif; ½Sdonf? ax&0g'usrf;pm rsm;jzifh ,HkMunfMurnf r[kwfí acwfay:ynm taxmuftxm; tenf;i,fudk azmfjyvdkuf&ayonf/ 49/
(rmefq½dk0&f) trnfjzifh
(2) q^ te0wwftdkif qdkonfrSmum; ,cktcg
awGU½Sd em;vnfaeMuayNyD? a½S;tcgu t|uxm#Dum usrf;a[mif;rsm; tqdkESifh tvHk;pHk rwlnDapumrl &mywdç CmC&mç *@wf *sremç r[Djrpfrsm;\ jrpfzsm; taemufajrmufzuf½Sd xifxif½Sm;½Sm;
(Indus
Bias)
vlodrsm;aeMuavNyD?
tif'wfpf
Asmq
b,fynm½SifurQ
(Sourse
paom
)
taejzifhvnf;aumif;
jrpfzsm;cH&mXmetjzpfvnf;aumif;
te0wwftdkif
r[kwfyg[k
rqdkEdkifaom
a½S;a[mif;trSwftom; rsm;vnf; ½SdNyD; jzpfavonf/
wm0wðomZmwfvrf; [lonfESifh pyfí pdppfcsuf 50/ awGU&í
pk'dwuwdkU\ tawG;tac: t,ltqwdkUonf trsm;tm;jzifh ajymif;jyefvefaeonfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u
oAÁw¬d0g'D*kPf;rSwqifh
oem;u½kPm
ul;ajymif;oGm;aom
ouf&awmhonf?
r[m,meynm½Sif
to*F
wm0wðomZmwfvrf;udk wm0wðomrStjyef
a,m*gpm&blrdusrf;udk a&;onf[laom t,ltqonf oD[dkVfuRef;wdkifatmif jyefUESHUaeí ,if;udk twk,lum ½SifAk'¨aCmoonf tbd"r®m bk&m;a[m vkyf&ef wm0wðomZmwfvrf;udk zefwD;onf[k pk'dwuor®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUu qdkvdk[ef ½Sd\? þpGyfpGJcsufESifh ywfoufí t&if;Zmpfjrpfudk tenf;i,f vSefjyvdk\/ uo®d&wdkif; yufoQ0gûrdUü c&pfESpf 5-&mpk ESpf0ufavmufwGif 0okAE¨K trnfjzifh nDtpfudk 3a,muf ½SdcJhonf? tBuD;ESifh tvwf 0okAE¨K 1-ESifh2-wdkUonf oAÁw¬d0g'D*dkPf;0if &[ef;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf? eHygwf 1- 0okAE¨Konf okn0g'
(The Docrine of voic) udk
avhvm&m oabmraygufEdkif
jzpfaeavonf? pdwfnpfí olUudk,fol ]]'DrQ zsif;nHh&rnfvm;}} [k tjypfwifum owfaozdkUyif êud;pm;rdonf? xdktcg ykAÁ0da'[? 0g- ta½SUuRef;rS t½Sifyda@mv
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
568
tpodkU a[majymonf?
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) olonf
þrQjzifh
auseyfrI
r&Edkifao;ay?
tavmif;awmf
arawå,s½Sd&m
okodwmewfjynfodkU tbdnmOfwefcdk;jzifh oGm;a&mufum tavmif;awmf arawå,sxHrS okn0g'w&m;udk emcHrSwfom;avonf? xdktcg wyfrufrI pGJvrf;rI (o*F) auGuGif;uGm oGm;awmhojzifh xdktcgrSpí 0okAE¨K 1-rS to*Ftjzpf trnfajymif;vJ ac:wGifvmawmhonf? wpfzef to*Fonf vlwdkUtm; okn0g'udk oabmaygufatmif
a[majymí
r&Edkifojzifh
tavmif;awmf
arawå,sudk
awmif;yef&m
vlUjynfodkU
/ ya&mzufqm
H.Ul
u ewfjynfrS tavmif;awmfr\arawå,s? r[kwf vlom;
q&marawå,s [kqdkonf/ þZmwfvrf;udk
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU
xifjrifpGyfpGJouJhodkU
½SifAk'¨aCmou
vHk;0
twkrcdk;onfrSm xif½Sm;onf? rSefvS\- 0okAE¨KnDaemifwdkUESifh ½SifAk'¨aCmo acwfûydif jzpfonf? ajrmufydkif;ESifh awmifydkif; tvSrf;uGmvSonf? Ak'¨wynfhom; tm;vHk;twGif; wm0wðomwGif tbd"r®mudk Ak'®jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlaMumif; jyefUESHUxif½Sm;cJhrnfrSm {uefjzpfonf? twkcdk;onf[k ajymqdkvQif aemufrSay:aom ajrmufydkif;u awmifydkif;tqdkudk cdk;onf[kom qdkEdkifonf? taMumif;rSm Ak'¨0g' *dkPf;uGJwdkif;wGif (tbd"r®m Ak'¨a[m-ra[m) tjrifrwlMuaomfvnf; tbd"r®m[laom trnfjzifh oabmw&m; wpfrsdK;udk olUenf; olU[ef udk,fenf; udk,fh[efjzifh toD;oD; xkwfazmfaeMujcif;onfyif wlnDaom "r®tarGtESpf wpfckudk tm;vHk; ydkifqdkifMuaMumif; xif½Sm;apaom oufaowpfckjzpfayonf? tcsif;csif; woD;wjcm; ruGJrjym; brdrsm; ydkifqdkifcJhaom ,if;tarGtESpfudk uspfvpfodyfonf; rysufruGJ&atmif tpGrf;EdkifqHk; xdef;odrf; apmifha½SmufcJhonfrSm rlvyifr *dkPf;BuD;jzpfaom ax&0g' *dkPf;BuD;omvQif jzpfayonf? xdk*dkPf;BuD;onf tdE´d,ajrmufydkif;rS awmifydkif; awmifydkif;rS oD[dkVfodkU wpfa½GUa½GU ajymif;a½GU oGm;apumrl ½SifAk'¨aCmowdkU acwfwdkifatmif r[m0d[m& *dkPf;BuD;twGif; wif;wif; &if;&if; cdkifcdkifrmrm aumif;pGm wnfvsufom ½Sdayownf;/
0drkwådr*¾ESifh 0dok'¨dr*¾ pdppfcsuf 51/
tbd"r®mudk Ak'¨bmodw (bk&m;a[m) r[kwf[k qdkvdk&muaeí OD;Ouú|ESifhwynfh
pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUonf tbd"r®mudk bk&m;a[m jzpfaMumif; a&;ol t½SifAk'¨aCmoudkyg pmolcdk;[k pGyfpGJvdkaomaMumifh]]þodkUqdkvQif 0dok'¨dr*fonf 0drkwådr*fudk rSDjirf;ûy enf;,l&rnfrSm aocsmvSonf[k taxmuftxm;r½SdbJ xdyg;ykwfcwfjcif; (tom;vGwf? tajctjrpfr½Sd pGyfpGJjcif; ûycJhMuavonf? ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoay:ü tjrJwap tqdk;jrif 0g'jzifh Munfhavh&Sdaom OD;Ouú|\ Mo0g'cH OD;OaZÆmwduESifh or®m'd|dokawoe (yÍöedum,okawoDtzGJU) qdkolwdkUonf a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wdkuf twGif;ü
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
569
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ausmufpmwdkifBuD;wpfckudk tcdkiftrm pdkufxlxm;NyD;vQif Ak'¨omoemawmfBuD; ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; pum;&yfrsm;udk txift½Sm; a&;xdk;xm;cJhMuonf? ,if; ausmufpmwdkif\ awmifbufrsufESmwGif 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;qdkonfrSm
0drkwådr*¾usrf;udk
bmomjyefxm;av[ef-
½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmotm;
atmufygtwdkif; odu©mcsí rSm;,Gif;pGm twd tvif; ajymifajymifwif;wif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;Muavonf/ ]]oD[dkVfa&mufvQif Ak'¨aCmoonf aZw0e0goD*dkPf;odkU yxra&mufoGm;\? yd#uwfrSm r[m0d[m&
0goD*dkPf;üom
t½SifAk'¨aCmo
oD[Vtu©&mESifh
csOf;uyf&avonf?
ol\
xdef;xm;av&m
yifudkt&nftcsif;udk
r[m0d[m&0goDodkU jyvdkí
0drkwådr*¾tm;
jyefqdka&;om; wifjyvdkuf&\? þonfwGifrS r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;rS vufcHavonf}}/ olwdkU qdkovdk [kwf r[kwf pdppfMuOD;tHh52/
*vfw,f#Dom*r od&d&weaZmwdrax&fESifh w&v’d,'´ od&dygvrax&fwdkU 1963-ü
BuD;MuyfyHkESdyfaom ygVdbmoma&; 0drkwådr*¾usrf;onf pmrsufESm 41-rsufESm ½Sdonf? oD[dkVfom; aomrESifh acrdE´wdkU w½kwfbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqdkaom 0drkwådr*¾usrf;onfum; 362-rsufESm ½Sdonf? rpöwmbmywf\ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefrlvnf; ½Sdonf? odkU&mwGif ,if; bmomjyefonf aomrESifh acrdE´wdkU\ bmomjyefavmuf rjynfhpHk? ygVdrlESifh w½kwfrlwdkUonf tcef;cGJyHkcsif; wloa,mif ½Sdaomfvnf; w½kwfrl t*Fvdyfbmomjyefü yg½Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;pGmonf ygVdrlü aysmufuG,fae\? odkUaomf tu,fyif jynfhpHkpGm yg½Sdonfjzpfap? r[m0d[m &0goDwdkU\ 0g'[k rqdkEdkifay? taMumif;rlum; 0dok'¨dr*fr[m#Dumu
tb,*d&d0goDwdkU\
0g'[k
jyñTeftyfaom
tcsuf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk
t½SifAk'¨aCmo 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ü y,fxm;onfudk awGUjrif&aomaMumifh aywnf;/ 53/
t½SifAk'¨aCmoonf 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;udk a&;aomtcg ]]r[m0d[m&0goDeH 0HoZó
b'´EÅoHCygvó taZÑoeH *a[wGm}} r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkU\ tEG,füjzpfaom t½SifoHCygv\ wdkufwGef;jcif;udk ,lí ûyonf[lívnf;aumif;ç rdrdudk,fudk &nfñTef;um ]]r[m0d[m&0goDeH ax&meH 0HomvuFm&blawe}}
r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkU
wefqmqifwwfaomax&fonf
þusrf;udk
tquftEG,fudk
ûypD&ifonf[lívnf;aumif;
tuGufvnfatmif qdkcJhonfESifhtnD
r[m0d[m&0goDwdkUESifh t,lrNyD rwlnDaom usrf;wpfusrf;udk rSDí enf;cHí twk,lí (0g) cdk;í a&;om;cJhvdrfhrnfavm[k awG;rS rawG;aumif;aom udpöjzpfonf? ,if;udpöudk pk'dwuwdkU MuHMuHzefzef awG;awm pOf;pm;MuonfrSm tvGef tHhMop&m aumif;vSayonf? Ak'¨bmombufu &J&Jawmuf ckcHaeaom ½Sifr[mAk'¨aCmoudk usqHk;atmif enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh qJa&;ae Mujcif;omjzpfonf? þtcsufudk MunfhvQif or®m'd|dokawoe
qdkolwdkUonf
omoemESifh
ywfoufí
Ak'¨bmom
uG,faysmufa&;udk
tm;xkwfaeMuolrsm; jzpfaMumif; odomvSonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
570
tpodkU 54/ vlajymolajym
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ygVd0drkwådr*¾usrf;i,fuav;\ ed'gef;udk ûypkMuaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUu pmwdkUudk aypmESifh tcsufwdkUudk
t&Sifr[dE´xHrS&aom pD&ifxm;aMumif;
rlwnfí
enf;Oya'owdkUudk
aemufrS
ygVdbmom
r[mt&d|Oywdóax&fonf pkpnf;í
0drkwådr*¾
jyefqdkxm;aMumif;
oD[dkVf
a&S;OD;omoemûy
trnfay;um
oD[dkVfbmomjzifh
,if;udk
r[m0d[m&0goD
&[ef;wdkU
EIwfwufaqmifxm;MuaMumif;udk qdkMu\? þtqdk rnfrQtxd rSefrnfrod&aomfvnf; t½SifAk'¨aCmowdkU t½Sif"r®ygvwdkUacwfü
awGU&aom
tqdktrdefU
t,ltqrsm;um;
wdrf;apmif;
azmufjyefaeaom
tb,*d&d0goDwdkU\ 0g'rsm; jzpfaeMuayonf? xdkUaMumifh r[m0d[m&0goDwdkU\ qDrD;wefaqmif jzpfol t½SifAk'¨aCmoonf taMumif;tcsuf jyufjyufxifxif ay:vGifatmifjyum y,fcJh&avonf? odMum;0Suf Zmwfvrf;onf yg;pyf&mZ0ifrQom jzpfí *E¦0ifajrmuf cHkwnfavmufaom udpö r[kwf&um; pum;vkyfí ajymqdk ajz½Sif;aezG,f rvdk? 0drkwådr*¾udk enf;rrSD twkrcdk; ax&0g' t½dk;tpOfudkom wifjyxm;aom 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;ûyol t½SifAk'¨aCmo\ ½dk;om;jzLpif Munfvifaom ÓPftpGrf;aMumifh 0drkwådvrf;ç 0dok'¨dpcef;udk ajzmifhwef;atmif ydkYaqmifvsufom ½Sdayownf;/
tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;ESifhpyfí pdppfcsuf ]]trSefrSvnf; oû*Ø[fESifh ewfrSDoHCmrSm wapmif;ap;ESifh rsufacs;om jzpf\}} (ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlao vljzpfjyóem ESm-142) ]]rifhoû*Ø[fqdkwmu
cyf½Sif;½Sif;ajym&,if
or®m'd|dqdkwJh
trSefjrif
trSefodzdkU
udpöjzpfwJh
OD;pD;w&m;udkawmif rsufajcjywfEdkifwJh 'd|Kyg'gefw&m;awG jzpfvmEdkifw,f}} (vlaovljzpfjyóem-144) ]]'dkU vlawGudk tJ'D uHedrdwfç ur®edrdwfç *wdedrdwfqdkwJh tJ'Doû*Ø[fbHkydkif;u[meJY tvSnfhtywf tvdrfcHae&wm MumyaumuGm? tJ'DedrdwfawG ig tvum; ajywm r[kwfygbl;uGm? tbd"r®m 7-usrf; pvHk;xJrSm ½Smcsifwdkif;½Smyg? b,fae&mrS ygwm r[kwfbl;}} apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;
þ½Hk;awmfodkU
wifjyxm;aom
(vlaovljzpfjyóem-146) oufaocH
pmtkyfpmwrf;trsm;xJu
ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpf jyóemwpftkyfxJrSmyif oû*Ø[fq&mudk vufñld;xdk;í Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk rawmfrw&m;
oa&mfapmf
um;xm;csuf
tawmfrsm;rsm;ygonf?
Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk
odu©mcsvdkí
t½SiftEk½k'¨gudk a½SUwrf;wif ]]Aef;jy}} r[kwf w½kwf tykyfcsvdkufyHk erlemrQ azmfjyvdkufonf/ 56/
t½SiftEk½k'¨g\ tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;um; i,fyifi,faomfvnf; wu,fxda&mufç
tbd"r®m 7-usrf;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;í aESmufEdkifavmufatmif *kPfajrmufaom usrf;uav; jzpfonf/ “The Abhidhammatthasanghaha is the most authoritative of thesese there texts. In this short manual, the Abhidhamma doctrine of the Mahavihara sect is very clevery condensed the book may be said to represent the highest peak the of doctrinal development of Abhidhamma”. Encyclopaed 1A of Buddhism Buddhism Fascicule; A-ACA pp.79-80
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
571
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
tbd"r®w¬o*F[usrf;uav;onf tEk½k'¨ga&; o*F[ç y&rw¬0dedpä,ç emr½lyy&dapä' 3-usrf;wGif tcdkifrmqHk;
usrf;jzpfonf?
oabmw&m;rsm;udk
þvufpGJ
usrf;i,fuav;wGif
tvGefusifvnfEdkifeif;pGm
r[m0d[m&edum,BuD;\
oyfoGif;jznfhodyfí
xm;onf?
tbd"r®m
þpmtkyfuav;udk
tbd"r®myd#u\ "r®a&;&m tjrifhqHk;tqifhtxd wifjyEdkifaom pmtkyf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ (Ak'¨"r®pG,fpHkusrf; twGJ? at-tp? ESm-79-80) “It is interesting to mote what the says in the Namarupaparicheda, that he composed the work according to the commentaries of the Mahavihara”.
emr½lyy&dapä'usrf;ü r[m0d[m&edum,rS t|uxmrsm;ESifhtnD þusrf;udk ol pD&ifaMumif; qdkxm; onfudk rSwfzdkUaumif;onf?
Pali Literature of Ceylon
(oD[dkVf ygVdpmayrsm;) pmtkyfü a'gufwm
rmvmvmaqu& u qdkonf? tcsKyfajym&vQif o*F[usrf;uav;onf tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk udk,fpm;ûyonf? r[m0d[m&edum, (ax&0g'*dkPf;)BuD;rS t|uxm#DumBuD;rsm;udk rSDí a&;onf? ol\ twåaemrwdjzifh
wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ
a&;onfr[kwf?
atmufajcrS
xdyfqHk;
a&mufatmif
tbd"r®moabmw&m;rsm;udk ûcHí a&;onf[k qdkvdk\? ,if;odkUqdkvQif t½SiftEk½k'¨gudk? odkUr[kwf ol\ oû*Ø[fusrf;udk bmrQ tjypfwifaezG,f odu©mcsaezG,f rvdk? t|uxm#DumBuD;rsm;? ,if;wdkUrSwpfqifh ygVdawmfudkom owåd½Sd½SdESifh
Challenge
vkyfzdkU pdefac:zdkUom ½Sdavonf/
ocifjrwfqdkifu ol\ vlaovljzpfjyóempmtkyf ESm-149? 150-ü ]]Armtac: vufoef;ac: oû*Ø[f 9-ydkif;udk ½SiftEk½k'¨gonf tdE´d,jynfawmifydkif;
Kancipura
aupdyl&½Sd wrÁm&|ausmif;wGif
oGm;a&muf ynmavhvmpOf a&;onf[laom tydk'fodkU a&mufvm\/ þae&modkU a&mufaomtcg q&mawmf (OD;Ouú|)u &yfcdkif;vdkufNyD; ]]udkif; rif; ½SiftEk½k'¨g[m jAm[®P Ak'¨bmomausmif;rSm aeNyD; ynmoifw,f? 'DoN*ØK[f 9-ydkif;udkvJ tJ'D aupdyl&rSmyJ a&;w,fvdkU qdkwm awGUyvm;}} ]]uREfkyfonf oufjyif;csvdkuf\? oû*Ø[faemufydkif;wGif tb,f aupdq&mwdkUu tb,fodkU aumuf,lonf? tb,f aupd0g't& b,fodkUqdkonf paom rSwfcsufrsm;udk awGU&onfudk jyefvnf pOf;pm;rdvmonf?
tdE´d,jynfwGif
rlvAk'¨w&m;awmfrsm;rSm
jAm[®Pt,lw&m;rsm;
wpfpwpfp
a&mESmvmojzifh wjznf;jznf; cRwfacsmf wdrf;yg;vmonfwGif ouú&mZf 700-at'DrS tpûyNyD; vHk;0 aysmufuG,fcJh&onf? ,ck ½SiftEk½k'¨g oû*Ø[f 9-ydkif;udk a&;aom aupd0g' xGef;um;&m tcsdefudk Munfhvdkufaomtcg c&pfouú&mZf 12-&mpkyif ausmfpûycsdef a&mufaeNyDjzpfí rlvAk'¨acwfESifh ESpfaygif; 1600-ausmfrQyif uGmvSrf;aomumv jzpf½Hkru tE´d,jynf uGefcsD0&rfü Ak'¨0g'Dysuf jAm[®P0g' tBuD;tus,fvGrf;rdk;csdefodkUyif a&mufaeNyDudk awGU&acsNyD}} [l í pk'dwuwdkUu a&;om;xm;onf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
572
tpodkU 57/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a'gufwmrmvmvmaqu&\ oD[dkVfygVdpmay pmtkyf-173 udk Munfhvdkufaomtcg-
“Both works were written while the author was residing at Kancipura in the Tambarattha, as he says in the colophon or nigamana of the Paramattha Winicchaya.”
]]emr½lyy&dapä'ESifh y&rw¬0dedpä, 2-usrf;udk uÍödyl&ç wrÁ&|-ü aexdkifpOf a&;onf[k y&rw¬0dedpä,usrf; ed*Hk;wGif qdkxm;aMumif;}} udk awGU&\? uÍödyl&ü a&;aom oû*Ø[f 9-ydkif; r[kwfacswum;? y&rw¬0dedpä, ed*Hk;ü aoa| uÍöd0a& &a|ç uma0&d e*a& 0a&/ ukav oÍÆwblaweç A[kókawe ÓPdem/ tEk½ka'¨e axa&eç ted½k'¨,oódem? wrÁ&a| 0oaEÅeç e*a& wÍö emrau/ y&rw¬H yumaoEÅHç y&rw¬0dedpä,H/ yu&PH uxH aweç y&rw¬w¬ a0'dem/ [lí qdkxm;onf
jrefrmjyef ]]uÍöd0&rnfaom wdkif;? uma0&drnfaom ûrdU? jrwfaom trsdK;aumif;ü zGm;jrifBuD;yGm;aom tEk½k'¨ax&fonf wrÁ&|wdkif; wÍörnfaomûrdUü aepOf y&rw¬0dedpä,usrf;udk a&;onf}} tusOf;teuf þodkUxGuf\?
uma0&dü
oû*Ø[fudk
a&;jcif;r[kwf?
y&rw¬0dedpä,udk
a&;aMumif;
þed*Hk;u
oufaotaxmuftxm; tcdkiftrm jyvsuf½Sdonf? OD;Ouú| q&mwynfh 2-OD;wdkUu oû*Ø[fudk uÍödyl&ü a&;owJh? rSm;rSrSm; jzpfygay\/ 58/
emr½lyy&dapä'usrf; ed*Hk;ü ,if;usrf;udk b,fae&mrSm a&;onf qdkonfudk wdkuf½dkuf
rqdkbJ oG,f0dkufí þodkU qdk\/ r[mar½kedbH a*[Hç r[mapwd,blodwH/ r[m0d[m&rm½kV-r[maAm"dr[kó0H/ tvuFmwHk ya[mEÅmvHç pd&umvH wayg"em/ vuFm'Dyó vuFm&Hç uvuFmy*wmv,H/
jrefrmjyef jrif;rdk&fawmifBuD;ESifh
wlaom
r[mapwDjzifh
wefqmqiftyfaom
r[maAm"dyGJawmfBuD;odkU
wufa&muf&mjzpfaom vuFmuRef;\ tqifwefqm jzpfaom tjypfuif;aom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ ae&mjzpfaom (r[m0d[m&H a*[H/) r[m0d[m& rnfaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pGrf;pGrf;wrH
Mum½Snfav;jrifh
wefqmqifjcif;iSm
pGrf;EdkifMuygap?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
þpum;jzifh
573
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm aeí þpmudk a&;jcif;jzifh igonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk wefqmqifouJhodkU þausmif;wdkufBuD;udk
tjcm;
&[ef;awmfwdkUonfvnf;
wefqmqifEdkifMuygap[k
pmayydkUcsjcif;
usrf;pma&;jcif;jzifh
tmoDoykAÁued*Hk;udk
tEk½k'¨gqdkavonf/
a'gufwmrmvmvmaqu&-u oû*Ø[fusrf; b,frSma&;onf[k rqdkcJh? o*F[usrf; ed*Hk;üpm&dwåaombdw0domvukavm'a,e? o'¨gbd0k¹ky&dok'¨*kaPm'a,e? erÜ0Sa,e yPd"m, y&mEkurÜH/ ,H yw¬dwH yu&PH y&ded|dwH wH/
jrefrmtusOf; erÜrnfaom 'g,umonf olwyg;wdkUudk oem;MuifemrIudk aqmufwnfí awmif;yeftyfaom o*F[ usrf;onf NyD;qHk;cJhayNyD/ yane awe 0dykave wkrlvaomrH? "nm"d0gork'dawm'dwrm,kuEÅH/ ynm0'gw*kPaombdwvZÆd bdu©L? ynEÅK ykn0dba0g',r*Fvm,/
jrefrmjyef BuD;rm;aom xdkaumif;rIaMumifh ynmjzifh jzLpifaom *kPfwdkUjzifh wifhw,faom vZÆD&[ef;wdkUonf bkef;uH½SdolwdkU\ wnf&mjzpfí oDv ponfwdkUjzifh tjrJwdk;wufaeaom rlvaomrausmif;wdkufBuD;udk yknorÜwådjzifh
wdk;wufjcif;
r*Fvm
jzpfygap&ef
toufxufqHk;
(rnEÅK)
tm½kHûyum
apmifha½SmufawmfrlEdkifMuygap? þüvnf; a½S;enf;twdkif;yif rlvaomr (tEk&m"ûrdUawmf? oD&dvuFm) ausmif;wdkufrSmaepOf
þo*F[usrf;udk
a&;jcif;jzifh
rlvaomrausmif;wdkufBuD;udk
yknorÜwåd
r*FvmtusdK;iSm ig apmifha½Smufovdk vZÆD&[ef;wdkUonfvnf; ighenf;wl apmifha½SmufEdkifMuygap-[k tmoDoykAÁued*Hk;jzifh (b,frSm aeí þusrf; a&;onf [lonfudk) t½SiftEk'¨g jyawmfrlcJhayonf/ 59/
þodkUqdkaomf
wrÁ&|wdkif;udk
wrÁ&|ausmif;[k
ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU
q&mwynfhu
qdkjcif;rSm [kwf rSefyg\avm? rrSefay? ]]rifh ½SiftEk½k'¨g[m jAm[®PAk'¨bmomausmif;rSm aeNyD; ynmoifw,f? 'Doû*dØ[f 9-ydkif;udkvJ tJ'Daupdyl&rSmyJ a&;w,fvdkUqdkwm awGUyvm;}} þodkU OD;Ouú|u ajymonfhtaejzifh a&;om;xm;&m onftwdkif;rSefvQif jAm[®P0g'awG oû*Ø[fxJ xnfha&;xm;onf[k ajymvdkNyD oû*Ø[fudk y,fvdkaomaMumifh OD;Ouú| xGifvdkufjcif; jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;aeavNyD/ apmVwdkif; uma0&DûrdUwGifaom
um0d&y¥e-[k ûrdUawmfç
a½S;u
ac:cJhMuaom
xdkûrdUawmf\teD;
uma0&DjrpfteD;rSm
wnf½SdaomaMumifh
uGef*sD0&rfü
arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;cJhol
Conjeveram
t½SiftEk½k'¨gonf wrÁ&| wdkif; Tanjore [k ,ck ac:aeMuaom wÍöûrdUü aepOf y&rw¬0dedpä,udk a&;onf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
574
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tdEd´,rSma&;aom þusrf;rSm oû*Ø[fr[kwf? y&rw¬0dedpä,om jzpfonf? ,if; y&rw¬0dedpäüvnf; jAm[®P0g' ryg? Ak'¨0g'awGudkyif ]]wapmif;ap;ESifh rsufacs;yrm}} rdrdwdkUESifh rwnfhaomaMumifh jAm[®P0g'
wHqdyf
wyfvdkufjcif;om
jzpfonf?
oD[dkVfuRef;
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf
rlvaomrausmif;wdkufBuD;ü aeí r[m0d[m&edum,BuD;\ t|uxm#Dumrsm;ESifhtnD a&;ygonfqdkaom t½SiftEk½k'¨gudk MuHMuHzefzef jAm[®P0g'awG xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;onf[k pGyfpGJjcif;rSm OD;Ouú|wdkUonf ½kyf0g'wnf;[laom ta&mifysuf rsufrSefaMumifh tjrifysuf tjrifrSm; azmufjym; ajcmufcsm;aejcif;om jzpfonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ ¤if;jyif uÍödyl&udk aupdyl& toHzvS,fNyD; aupd0g'awG[m uÍödyl&çu jAm[®P0g'awGyJ-[k xifjrifum ocifjrwfqdkif oufjyif;csrIum; rSm;,Gif;vSaom oufjyif;csrIaywnf;? "r®od&d paom ax&fwdkU\ 0g'udk aupd0g'[k rSwfMu&monf? uÍöyl&udk aupdyl&[k b,folurQ rac:aMumif; aupd0g'ESifh uÍödyl& b,fvdkrQ roufqdkifaMumif; ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU jyifqif rSwfMu&monf/
OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhom0uwdkU y,fxm;Muaom uH ur®edrdwf *wdedrdwfESifh pyfí pdppfcsuf 60/
Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf Amvy@dwokwfü þodkU a[mawmfrl\/ yke py&H bdu©a0 AmvH yDXorm½kVH 0g rÍÆorm½kVH 0g qrm,H 0g aormeH ,medó ykaAÁ
ygyumed ur®med uwmed uma,e 'kpö&dwmed 0gpm, 'kpö&dwmed reom 'kp&ö dwmed? wmedó wrSd ora, MovrÁEÅd taZÑmvrÁEÅd tbdyÜvrÁEÅd? ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 r[wH yAÁwul#meH qm,m om,ESor,H yx0d,m MovrÁEÅd taZÑmvrÁEÅd tbdyÜvrÁEÅd/ (r? 2? 203/) &[ef;wdkU aemufxyf wpfrsdK;um xdkaovkeD;yg; acsmufcsm;íaeaom vlrdkuftm; Oyrmtm;jzifh naecsrf;tcsdefrSm awmifBuD;wdkU\ t&dyfrsm;onf ajrjyifü vmí xifouJhodkU a½S;a½S;u ûycJhzl;aom um,uH raumif;rIç 0dpDuH raumif;rIç raemuH raumif;rIwdkUonf xdkifcHkü jzpfap ckwifü jzpfap ajrüjzpfap ae&pOf xdktcgü wGJvsm;usouJhodkU xm;í xifMuukef\/ y/ xdkvlrdkufonf udk,f EIwf pdwfjzifh raumif;rIudk ûyusifhcJhí (ûyusifhcJhaomaMumifh) cE¨mudk,f ysufuGJí aoyGJodkU 0ifa&mufaomtcg i&JodkU usa&muf&\/ (jrefrmcsHK; jyefxm;onf)/ þum; aocgeD;tcgüvnf;aumif;ç raorD 'ku©qif;&J tusyftwnf;BuD;pGm usa&mufaom tcgüvnf;aumif; Amvowå0gtm; xdkuHtm½Hkrsm; xifwwfyHkudk jyaom Ak'¨pum;awmf pifppfwnf;? rSefvS\?
owå0gwpfOD;
wpfa,mufonf
tukodkvftrI
wpfckckudkjzpfapç
aumif;rI
aumif;&m
pdwfcsrf;omzG,f wpfckckudkjzpfap ûyvkyfxm;rdygvQif xdkuH xdktvkyfonf olUpdwfü tm½Hktjzpfjzifh rMumrMum ay:vmavh½Sdonf? xdktm½Hkonf aocgeD;rSom ay:vmwwfonf r[kwf? raorDcP tcsdeftcgoifhwdkif; oifhwdkif; ay:vmavh½Sd\? Oyrm &mZ0wfrIwpfckck ûyvkyfxm;rdaom oltzdkU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
575
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdk&mZ0wfrIBuD;onf t&dyfyrm aemufuvdkufí ajcmufvSefU aeouJhodkU ½Sd\? trSwfxifxif aumif;rIwpfckck ûyvkyfxm;aom oltzdkUvnf; 0rf;ajrmufzG,f tm½HkwpfckckESifh awGUwdkif;awGUwdkif; xdkaumif;rIay:vmavh ½Sdonf? xdkOyrmtwdkif;yifwnf;? xdkuJhodkU ay:vmaom xdkuHtm½Hkonf uHudk ûypOfwkef;uuJhodkUyif pdwftpOfü xifvmwwfayonf? aocgeD;rS ûyvkyfaomuH jzpfygrl xdkuHuyif y#doaE¨usdK;ay;avawmh&m xdkuHrsdK;udk tmoEéuH[lí ac:onf? xdkUaMumifh r[mur®0db*F Oy&dyPÖmo okwfü þodkU a[mawmfrl\/ ykaAÁ0gówH uwH a[mwd ygyur®H 'ku©m a0'eD,H? ypäm0gówH uwH a[mwd ygyur®H 'ku©a0'eD,H? r&Pumav0gó a[mwd rdpäm'd|dorwåm orm'dEém? awe aom um,ó ab'g y&r®&Pm tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆwd/ (r? 3? 257/)
jrefrmtusOf; ]]xdkowå0gonf raorD a½SUtzdkU (qif;&Japwwfaom) tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfNyD;aomfvnf; jzpf&m\? aemufydkif;usrS ('ku©a0'eD,) tukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfNyD;aomfvnf; jzpf&m\? odkUr[kwf aocgeD;umvusawmhrS (uyfí) rSm;,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefaom t,ludkaomfvnf; pGJjrJpGm ,lrdav&m\? xdkuHaMumifh xdkowå0gonf aoaomf i&JodkU usa&muf&awmh\}} þygVdawmfrsm;t& aocgeD; uH ur®edrdwf ponf xifaMumif; odtyfayonf/
y|mef;ygVdawmfü a[mawmfrlyHk ]]tJ'DedrdwfawG ig tvum; ajymwm r[kwfbl;uGm? tbd"r®m 7-usrf; pvHk;xJ½Sm ½Smcsifwdkif; ½Smyg? b,fae&mrS ygwm r[kwfbl;” [k OD;Ouú|u &J&J0Hh0Hh qdkjcif;onfvnf; tbd"r®m 7-usrf;udk ESHUpyfatmif
roifzl;íaomfvnf;aumif;?
r,lqwwfíaomfvnf;aumif; r[kwfonfjzpfap
cyfwnfwnf
olUwynfhawG&JU
oifzl;apumrl
aocsmaphpyfpGm
txifBuD;rIudk
vdrfnmxm;jcif;om
cH&atmif
jzpfonf?
t"dyÜm,f
[kwfonfjzpfap?
y|mef;ygVdawmf
xdkxdk0db*F0g&
tm&r®Pypönf;ü a[mMum;tyfaom r&PmoEé0Dxd\ tm½Hk? y#doE¨0Dxd\ tm½Hkrsm;onf xdk uH? ur®edrdwf? *wdedrdwftm½Hkrsm;yif jzpfayonf? tenf;rQ xkwfjyOD;rnf/ aocgeD; aooGm;NyD;aemuf
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf ok*wd
a½S;u
b0wpfckckü
rdrdûycJhzl;aom
ukodkvfuHudk
y#doaE¨wnfaecJhrl
ESvHk;oGif;tm½Hkûyí
xdkol\
b0a[mif;u
r&PmoEéukodkvfaZmrsm;onf a½S;uûycJhonfh ukodkvfuH tm½Hkudk tm½HkûyMu\/ þteufoabmudk(1) ]]ukoavm "ar®m ukovó "r®ó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m? 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm wH ypöa0u©wd? ykaAÁ okpdPÖmed ypöa0u©wd}} (tbd? p/ (y|me-y)132/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
576
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyeftusOf; ukodkvfw&m;u ukodkvfw&m;tm; tm&r®Powådjzifh aus;Zl;ûy\? tvªay; oDvaqmufwnf OykofapmifhoHk;NyD;vQif
xdkukodkvfudk
ukodkvfuHwpfckcku
ukodkvfwpfcktm;
jyefvnfpOf;pm;
ESvHk;xm;rdí
tm&r®Powådjzifh
pdwfxJrSm
aus;Zl;qufay;vdkufonf/
ay:vmvQif a½S;tcgu
avhusufûyvkyfcJhonfh tavhaumif; trltusifhaumif;wdkU pdwfxJü ay:vmvQif xdkaumif;rIrsm;u ukodkvfuHwpfcktm; tm&r®Powådjzifh aus;Zl;qufay;vdkufonf/ xdkol\ b0opf y#doaE¨pdwf b0ifpdwfwdkUonf a½S;b0 r&PmoEéaZm ,lay;tyfaom ukodkvfuHtm½Hkudkyif tm½Hk ûyMu\? þteufoabmudk(2)
]]ukoavm "ar®m tAsmuwó "r®ó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m}}[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrlonf/ (tbd? 8/ (y|me-y)133/) (y|me)
þum; uHtm½HkxifyHk t>rufwnf;/
twdwf ur®edrdwfxifyHk yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufonf aocgeD;ra&mufcif a½S;tcgu apwDawmfudk zl;ajrmfcJh\/ xdkyk*¾dKvf aocgeD;aomtcgü xdk apwDawmfwnf;[laom ur®edrdwf½lyg½Hkonf pdwftpOfü xifay:vmavonf/ xdktm½Hkudk
tm½Hkûyí
pkawNyD;aemuf
ok*wdb0wpfckckü
y#doaE¨aecJhrl
xdkol\b0a[mif;u
r&PmoEéukodkvfaZmonf apwDawmfwnf;[laom ur® edrdwf½lyg½Hkudk tm½Hkûy\/ þteufoabmudk(3)
]]tAsmuawm "ar®m ukovó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m}}[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrlonf/ (tbd? 8/ (y|me-y)135/) (y|me)
xdkol\ b0opf y#doaE¨pdwf b0ifpdwfwdkUonf a½S;b0u r&PmoEéaZm ,lay;tyfaom apwDawmfwnf;[laom ur®edrdwf ½lyg½Hkudkyif tm½HkûyMu\/ þteufoabmudk(4)
]]tAsmuawm "ar®m tAsmuwó "r®ó tm&r®P ypöa,e ypöa,m}}[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrlonf/ (tbd? 8/ (y|me-y)134/) (y|me)
o'´g½Hkur®edrdwf ponf xifyHkudkvnf; þenf;twl rSwf,lMu&m\/
ypöKyÜef ur®edrdwfxifyHk yk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf aocgeD;tcgü rdbaqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[wdkUu yef;paom ylaZmfzG,frsm;udk ,lvmí ]]þyef; paom ylaZmfzG,frsm;udk bk&m;tm; vª'gef;ylaZmfyg}}[k ajymMu\/ vlrrmuvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;udk &nfrSef;í yef; paom ylaZmfzG,fwdkUjzifh ylaZmfavonf/ ukodkvfaZmrsm; txyfxyf apmaeavonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
577
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkukodkvfaZmrsm;um;
b0opf
y#doaE¨udsK;udkay;rnfh
tmoEéuHrsm;
jzpfMu\/
,if;
ukodkvfaZm0Dxdrsm;ESifh wqufwnf;yif pu©K'Gg&ur&Pm- oEé0Dxd usí pkawoGm;\/ xdktcg aocgeD;0,f yef;ponf ylaZmfcJhaom tmoEéuH ukodkvfapwemu ememu©Pdu ur®owådjzifh 'kwd,b0ü y#doaE¨ emru©E¨mu#wåm½kyfac:aom twåabm jzpfay:atmif aus;Zl;ûyvdkufavonf/ xdkUaMumifh y|mef;yO§m0g& ukovwdufü(5)
]]ememu©Pdum ukovm apwem 0dygumeH cE¨meH u#wåmp ½lygeH ur®ypöa,e ypöa,m}} (tbd *(y|me-y)? 154/)
raorD
a½S;twdwfb0u
ûyvkyfcJhaom
ememu©Pdu
ukodkvfapwemonf
ypöKyÜefb0
xdkowå0goEÅmefü 0dygufcE¨m u#wåm½kyfac:aom twåabmudk jzpfapaomtm;jzifh aus;Zl;ûyavonf[k a[mawmfrl\/ xkdyk*¾dKvf\ b0a[mif;u r&PmoEé0Dxdü ygaom pu©K0dnmPfonf yef; paom ypöKyÜefur®edrdwf ½lyg½Hkudk tm½Hk ûy\/ (6)
þteufoabmudk-
]]½lyg,weH pu©K0dnmPó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m}} (tbd *(y|me-y)? 135/)
[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrl\/ xkd0Dxdü ygaom r&PmoEéukodkvfaZmwkdUonfvnf; qkdcJhNyD;aom yef; paom ypöKyÜefur®edrdwf ½lyg½Hkudkyif tm½Hkûy Mu\/ pu©K0dnmPfESifh y#doaE¨pdwfwkdUonfvnf;
þteufoabmudk qkdcJhNyD;aom (3)trSwfjy ygXfjzifh jyawmfrl\/ aZmrS
yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;paom
qkdcJhNyD;aom
paom
yef;
ur®edrdwf
pdwfrsm;ESifh ½lyg½Hkudkyif
b0opf tm½HkûyMu\/
þteufoabmudk qkdcJhNyD;aom (4)trSwfjy ygXfjzifh jyawmfrl\/ rSwfcsuf/
/ uHtm½Hk[lonf ukodkvf tukodkvf ûypOf jzpfaeaom apwemjy|me;faom ukodkvf
tukodkvf pdwftpOfukd ac:onf/
ur®edrdwftm½Hk[lonf xkdapwemESifh pdwftpOfjzpfay:pOfu wGJzuf
taMumif;wpfckjzpfaom yef;? qDrD;? za,mif;wkdif? pm;aomufzG,f paom tm½Hkudk ac:onf/
*wdedrdwfxifyHk 61/
*wdedrdwf[lonf
aemufjzpf&rnfh
b0opftm½Hkrsm;
jzpfonf/
t&yfwyg;odkU
oGm;rnfhol\pdwfxJü rdrd oGm;a&mufrnfh t&yfrS xl;jcm;aom tm½Hk0w¬Kwpfckckonf xifa,mifjrifa,mif jzpfaewwfonf? Oyrm &efukefûrdUodkU oGm;rnfhol\ pdwftpOfü &efukefûrdU½Sd rdrdwnf;ckdrnfhtdrf? a½Twd*kHapwDawmf paom tm½Hkrsm; xifay:aewwfonf/ þtwlyif b0wpfyg;odkU vm;a&muf&rnfh b0opfu tm½Hkrsm;vnf; uH\tpGrf;aMumifh xifvmwwfonf/ vlUbHk a&mufrnfholü eDaom tqif;½Sdaom trd0rf;a& ponf? ewfjynfa&mufrnfholü ewforD; Adrmef ponf? i&Ja&mufrnfh olü i&JrD; ponf?
wd&pämefjzpfrnfholü
awmawmifponf?
Nydwåmjzpfrnfholü
trdkufarSmif
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ponfwkdU
578
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xifvmwwfonf/
xkdxifvmaomtcgü-
]]tAsmuawm "ar®m ukovó "r®ó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m? tAsmuawm "ar®m tukovó "r®ó tm&r®P ypöa,m}} paom y|mef;ygVdawmft& vm;a&muf&rnfh b0opfu ½lyg½Hk*wdedrdwfonf raem'Gg&du- rPmoEéukodkvfaZm tukodkvfaZmtm; tm&r®Powådjzifh aus;Zl;ûyay;aeayonf/ xkdaZmaemif
pkwdusí
xdky#doaE¨pdwfb0ifwkdUonf tm½HkûyMuonf/
b0opfü
a½S;b0u
y#doaE¨pdwfb0ifwkdY
r&PmoEéaZm,lay;vdkufaom
jzpfaomtcgüvnf; ½lyg½Hk
*wdedrdwfudkyif
þteufoabmudk qkdcJhNyD;aom (4) trSwfjy ygVdawmfjzihf jyawmfrlonf/
aocgeD; tcsdKUyk*¾dKvfwkdYonf ajrmarhaewwfMu\/
xkdokdY ajrmarhaepOfrSmvnf; uH? ur®edrdwf?
*wdedrdwf tm½Hk wpfckckudk tm½Hkûyvsuf pdwftpOf jzpfNrJ jzpfaeayonf? pdwftpOf rusbJ jywfpJaeonfr[kwf/ pdwf apwoduf tpOf[lonf tm&r®PrsdK; aMumif;usdK;quf? o[ZmwrsdK; aMumif;usdK;quf? yka&ZmwrsdK; aMumif;usdK;qufawG rjzpfbJ b,ftcgrQ rae? obm0"r®
Own-Being
ac:aom
jzpfpOfonfum; owå0gu odonf jzpfap rodonfjzpfap? owdxm;rdonfjzpfap rxm;rdonfjzpfap jzpfí aeonfomwnf;/ OD;Ouú|onf
þuJhodkU
odrfarGUav;eufaom
tbd"r®m
y|mef;ygVdawmfudk
rodem;rvnfaomaMumifh 'DedrdwfawG tbd"r®mckepfusrf;xJrSm rygbl;[k ½Sufp&mpum; cyf
y|mef;pmtkyfudkrQ
rzwfwwf½Smaom
ocifjrwfqkdifwkdUu
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
vufcH,HkMunfcJhMuayonf? rodrIum; qkd;0g;avpG/ 62/ ig
]]edum,fawGxJu "r®pMumeJU wkdufNyD; a½G;xkwfvdkU&wJh okwfawGxJu 5-okwfavmufyJ
udkifxm;vdkufr,f?
t|uxm#DumawG
uRrf;jyefusrukefawmh ighajymuGm}} þum;
OD;Ouú|u
½SdoavmufeJU
ighudkwkdufcsifwkdif;
wkdufMuprf;ygap?
(OD;Ouú| tajym-vlaovljzpfjyóem-353) arSmifxJü
oû*Ø[fq&mbufu &yfaeygNyDaum/
vufoD;qkyfjyjcif;omjzpf\/
ygVdawmfrsm;uyif
uRrf;axmifusolum; OD;Ouú|om trSefjzpfrnf/
wpfzef]]t|uxm#DumqkdwmawGu bk&m;a[mudk rSD;a&;w,fvdkUom qkdwmyJ½Sd&JU Ak'¨bk&m; a[mwmuav;
wpfvHk;udk
udk,fvdkwJhteufxifatmif
udk,fvkd&m
udk,fqGJa&;wJh
oD[dkVfpma&;q&mawG&JU ÓPfawGcsnf;yJ}} OD;Ouú|onf ocifjrwfqkdif&JU vlaovljzpfjyóem pmtkyf 353-rSm ygwJhtwkdif; ajymonfrSef&if þtajymonf ]]udk,fcsif;pmí ajymjcif;? udk,fESifhEdIif; r½dkif;}} [laom ajymjcif;om jzpfayrnf/ bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk ocifjrwfqkdifESifhtwl q&mwynfhESpfa,muf ÓPfeDÓPfeufawGeJU udk,fvdk&m
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
579
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
udk,fqJGa&;Mu ajymMuwmawGum; *Pef;csjyíyif r&Ekdifatmif ½Sdawmh\/ oû*Ø[fq&m\rSD&m jzpfaom t|omvdeDESifh oar®m[0daem'ed tbd"r®mt|uxmBuD; ESpfapmif? rlv#DumESifh tEk#DumBuD; ESpfapmif ruG,forQ Ak'¨tbd"r®m b,fawmhrQ ruG,fEkdifatmif ygVdawmfawGudk opöm½Sd½Sd ,kwådrSefrSefESifh t0gt
oH*g,em 6-wefukd ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majyma&;om;csufESifh pyfí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ pdppfcsuf 63/
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU wifjycsuft& OD;Ouú|\ tpGJûywfuJukwfa½Teef;awmf ESm 68-9 ü-
]]olwkdUonf rdrdwkdUESifh oufqkdif&m rkcygXfawmfrsm;udk oH*g,em txyfxyfwifjcif;jzifh rGrf;rHjyifqif&ef êud;yrf;cJh MuukefNyD/
'gayr,fvdkU xkdxkd oH*g,emwifyGJwkdUudk t,lonf; acgif;rmaom
wpf,loefyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;u BuD;pdk; vTrf;rkd;vsuf aewJhtjyif trSm;udk jyifqif&ef xnfhygXfukd Ekwfy,fypf&ef (0g) ydkzsuf vkdpGuf ûyvkyf&ef pGrf;&nfowåd olwkdUrSm tjynfhtpHkr½Sdjcif;aMumifh olwkdU\êud;yrf;rIrsm;onf pdwful;tqifhüom pkawcJhMu&avNyD}} þpum;udk awGU&\/ oH*g,emwifjcif;\
&nf½G,fcsufudk
plV0gygVdawmfrSwfwrf;wGif
t"r®0g'rsm;
acgif;raxmifEkdifatmif? "r®0g'rsm; rwdrf;rapmif; aumif;pGmwnfwHhatmif ½GwfqkdoH*g,emwifMurnf[k azmfjycJhonf/
xkd&nf½G,fcsuftwdkif;yif yxr? 'kwd, oH*g,emrsm;udk wifawmfrlcJhMuonf/
yxroH*g,emwGif
yg0ifcJhaom
ax&fBuD;rsm;ukd
'Dy0if
tcef;
(4)ü
xkdwGif
atmufygtwkdif;
rSwfwrf;ûypkxm;cJhMuonf/ *gxm(7)jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfü "kw0g'DwkdUwGif tawmfqHk;jzpfol t½Sifr[muóyonf vnf;aumif;? A[kokwyk*¾dKvfwdkUwGif tawmfqHk;jzpfol t½SiftmeE´m? 0de,t&mü ynm½Sdaom t½SifOygvdonf vnf;aumif;? ("kw0g'Dera*¾g aom? uóayg Zdeomoae? A[kókwmermeaE´m? 0dea, Oygvd y@abm/) (8)
'dAÁpu©KtbdnmOft&mü tawmfqHk;jzpfaom t½SiftEk½k'¨g? y#dbmefÓPf xl;vSaom t½Sif0*Ðo?
"r®uxduyk*¾dKvfwkdUwGif
tawmfqHk;jzpfol
t½SifykPÖ?
qef;Mu,faom
w&m;pum;ukd ajyma[mwwfol t½Sifukrm&uóyonf vnf;aumif;? ('dAÁ pu©KrdS tEk½ka'¨g? 0*Ðaom y#dbme0g? ykaPÖm p "r®uxdumeH?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
580
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0dpdMuwuxukrm&uóayg/) (9)
tus,fcGJa0
ajzqkd&mü
tawmfqHk;jzpfol
tawmfqHk;jzpfol
t½Sifr[mupönf;?
t½Sifaum|duonfvnf;aumif;?
y#dorÇd'gt&mü
tjcm;rsm;pGmaom
{w'*ft&mü
xm;jcif;cH&ol rax&fBuD;wkdUonfvnf;aumif; yg½SdMuukef\/ (0dbZÆrSd upöm,aem? aum|daum y#dorÇd'g/ tanywåd r[max&m? t*¾edu©dwåum A[l/) (10)
tqkdyg ax&fBuD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? olawmfaumif;jzpfMuaom &[ef;udpö NyD;NyD;ol tjcm; ax&fBuD;wkdUonfvnf;aumif; ig;&maom xkdax&fwkdUonf pkaygif;½Gwfqkdjcif; ûytyfaom "r®0de,oH*g,emukd ax&0g'[lí qkdtyf\/ (aw[d
pan[d
axa&[d?
uwudapö[d
om"l[d/
yÍöoaw[d
axa&[d?
"r®0de,o*Fa[m/ axa&[d uwo*Fa[m? ax&0ga'gwd 0kpöwd/) þ'Dy0HorSwfwrf;t&
yxroH*g,emwGif
yg0ifaom
t,lonf;acgif;rmol wpf,loefrsm; r[kwfMuay/ jzpfMuayonf/
xkd&[EÅmax&fBuD;rsm;
rax&fBuD;wkdUonf
OD;Ouú|uJhodkU
udavomrvdrf; tylNidrf;NyD;aom ax&fBuD;rsm;
tzkdU
twå
twåed,
jAm[®Pvrf;pOfawGudk
jyefvnftoufoGif;í ax&0g'usrf;pmawGxJ xnfhoGif;zkdU jzpfEkdif rjzpfEkdif pOf;pm;jcif;rûybJ ]]edum,f\ edum,f}} ESm 6-Ak'¨omoemhorkdif; acgif;pOfatmufwGifvnf;aumif;? a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduftwGif;ü pdkufxlxm;aom
ausmufpmwkdifwGifvnf;aumif;
atmufygtwkdif;
rrSefruef
a&;xkd;xm;onfudk
awGU&ayonf/ ]]þtcsufonf xif½Sm;onf/
yxroH*g,emwifyGJukd
tb,faMumifhenf;/
&[ef;awmftcsdKU
tm½HkûyawmfrrlaMumif;
twdwf tem*wfw&m;pkrsm; twå twåed, paom
0dnmP0g' jyefygvmaomaMumifh þyxroH*g,em wifyGJü ryg0if&aom usefoHCmawmfwdkUu t½Sifr[muóypaom wpf,lZemtuGm
ax&fBuD;wkdU
yPÖ0vdkPf*lü
tûydif
oH*g,emwif&m
owåyPÖdvdkPf*l\
oH*g,emwifMujyefonf}}
[lí
taemuf r[kwfrrSef
vkyfBuHa&;om;xm; avonf/ w½kwfrSwfwrf;ü awGU&aom ]yxroH*g,em pifNydKifwifonf} [laom tqkdonf ,kwådr½SdaMumif; þqHk;jzwfcsuf wpfae&mü pdppfNyD;jzpfonf/
'kwd,oH*g,emwGif 0de,udk qefUusifbufûyusifhMuaom
&[ef;rsm;\ t"r®0g'D tazmftaygif;udk pkaygif;pnf;½Hk;í tûydifoH*g,emwifaMumif;udkvnf; atmufü pdppfNyD;jzpfonf/ 64/
,ck wwd, oH*g,emESifh pwkw¬oH*g,emtaMumif;udk pdppfOD;tHh/ OD;Ouú|trª;ûyí a';'&JûrdUü jyKvkyfusif;yaom yÍöedum, "r®omupämtzGJUrS xkwfa0onfh
]]edum,f\ edum,f}} ac: pmtkyf ESm-9 ü atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;\/ Ak'¨0g'onf tewåur®0g' jzpfí [dE´LjA[®P0g'onf twåur®0g'jzpfaomfvnf; tewåESifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
581
tpodkU twå[laom
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tajccH
wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk
jcm;em;csufukd ,lí
rsufuG,fûyum
[dE´LjAm[®P0g'D
xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif ûyvkyf0g'jzefUMu\/
ur®0g'[laom
bk&m;ESifh
wlnDonfh
Ak'¨0g'Dbk&m;
a0g[m&
twlwlyif[k
pmPus paom jAm[®P ynm½SifBuD;rsm;uvnf;
Ak'¨0g'twGif;odkU a&maESmxnfhoGif;um Ak'¨0g'twGif;u0ifí zsufqD;Muavonf/ þwwd,oH*g,emü
tûydif[lí
xifxif½Sm;½Sm;
wif&ef
taMumif;ray:awmhay/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf taomurif;BuD;u tuGJuGJaom oHCmrsm;\ tvkdodkUvdkufí trsm;êudufjzpfap&ef pkaygif;NyD; wifvdkufaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ax&0g'D*dkPf;om;wkdUu vkdufavsmcJh&\/
rauseyfMuaomfvnf;
rif;tmPmaMumifh
rqefUusifvdkojzifh
þtrSm;\ 'Pfonf tpOftquf omoemorkdif;wpfavQmufü tarGcHcJh&\}}
(a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduftwGif;½Sd ausmufpmwkdifwGifvnf; þpmydk'fudk a&xkd;xm;avonf/) txufyg OD;Ouú| OD;OaZÆmwduwkdU\ ta&;tom;rsm;onf [kwfonfxufydkí rdrdvdkovdk qGJ,lum a½S; oH*g,emrsm;udk t½SdeftapmfrJhap&ef apwem,kwfjzifh a&;om;xm;aom ta&;tom;rsm; jzpfavonf/
taMumif;rlum;
omoemawmfwGif;odkU omoeygvu
rdpäm'd|d
wwd,oH*g,em
t,ltrsdK;rsdK;½SdolwkdU
(omoemapmifh)
rwifrDumvu 0ifa&mufum
ax&fBuD;rsm;onf
,ck
OD;Ouú|wkdYuJhodkU
twGif;rSaeí
rsufajcjywfrcHbJ
zsufaeapumrl omoemawmfudk
umuG,fapmifha½SmufawmfrlcJhaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ 65/
rSefvS\-
taomurif;BuD;
eef;rwufrDuESifh
eef;wufNyD;aomtcsdefydkif;
twefMumatmifyif tjyifrS t,l0g' trsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh Ak'¨omoemawmfukd ykwfcwfxdyg;aeMuaom jAm[®PwkdUonfvnf;aumif; pm; 0wf aea&; ajyvnfrI r&Muí ta,mifaqmif ouFef;0wf acgif;&dwfvsuf ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom Ak'¨wynhfom; &[ef;awmfrsm;Mum;wGif wkd;0ifaexkdifum twGif;rS zsufqD;aeMuaom
tacsmiform;
vlwef;pm;
trsdK;rsdK;onfvnf;aumif;
trSefyif
½SdaeMu\/
xkdtaMumif;udk r[m0ifuvnf;aumif; orEÅygom'duac: yg&mZduPft|uxmuvnf;aumif; ruG,f r0Suf yGifhvif;pGm a&;om;xm;cJhMu\/ ,if;odkU
tjyifa&mtwGif;yg
tzsuftqD;
taESmifht,SufawG
½SdaeMuaomfvnf;
&[ef;awmfwkdUonf trIrJh trSwfrJh aeMuonf r[kwf? b,foif;u tppf b,f[mu twk[k aumif;aumif;BuD; odawmfrlcJhMu\/ odrftwGif; a&mufESifhaeMu\/
oHCmtrsm; Oykofûyrnf BuHvQif oHCmwkawGu Oykoftdrf
uHBuD;uHi,fwpfckckûyrnf BuHvQif olwdkUt&ifodí ae&m,lESifhMu\/
oHCmawmfrsm;onf tajcrvSyHkudk odaomaMumifh tEÅ&m,f 10-yg;wGif jA[®p&d,\ tEÅ&m,fudk jrifawmfrlojzifh OykofrûybJ y0g&PmrûybJyif ckepfESpfwkdifwkdif aeawmfrlcJhMu\/
þodkU owdorÜZOf
½SdMuaom &[ef;awmf oHCmawmfrsm;onf jAm[®P0g' rdpämt,lwkdUukd tb,frSmvQif ta&mtaESm cHMurnfenf;/
owdorÜZOf BuD;rm;awmfrlvSí omoemawmfudk toufESifhxyfwl jrwfEkd;awmfrlMuaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
582
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
oHCmhax&f t&d,myk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; txift½Sm; ½SdawmfrlMuonf/
aemiftcg taomurif;w&m;BuD;onf
tajctaet&yf&yfukd odawmfrlí 0dbZÆ0g'ESifh tnmwdw¬d,0g' uGJjym;jcm;em;atmif oifMum;avhvmum omoemawmfudk oefU½Sif;atmif tyef;wBuD; tm;xkwfawmfrlcJh&onf r[kwfavm/ 66/
bkd;awmf
pE´*kwfrif;BuD;vufxufü
wkdif;ûyjynfûy
bk&ifhtwkdifyifcHjzpfaom
pmPustrwfBuD;onf aum#dvs trnfjzifh tw¬ow¬EkdifiH tkyfcsKyfyHk usrf;BuD;wpfapmif Arthasastra
udk a&;om;cJhonf/
Kautilya's
rSef\-,if;usrf; \ t"sm, tcef;(2)ü orP? y&dAÁmZu (Ak'¨0g'D
&[ef;ESifh tjcm;&[ef;) rsm;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
t"dyÜm,frSm tqkdyg orP y&dAÁmZuwkdU
tb,fudpörSm yg0ifoifh tb,fae&mü ryg0ifoifh ponfjzifh u@ cGJjcm;csufrsdK;rQom jzpf\/ bmoma&;pnf;ESifh EkdifiHa&;pnf; jcm;ay;jcif;om jzpfonf/ trSefrSm (rEkówd) uJhodkUaom a0'\ tNcHt&Husrf;rsm; acwfrrDawmhí jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf a,mtwGif;0efrif;BuD; pD&ifaom &mZ"r®o*F[usrf;uJhokdU
acwfESifhavsmfatmif
omoemawmftwGif;odkU
0ifa&mufaESmifh,SufaMumif;
“Everything is not given for that matter.”
EkdifiHukd
jyifqifa&;usrf;BuD;wpfapmif taxmuftxm;
ûycJhayonf/
bmrQrawGU&aomaMumifh
'Dtcsufudk axmufcHonfh oufaor& [lí
E.J.Thomas
qkdovdk qkd&rnfom jzpf\/ 67/
]]taomurif;BuD;onf tuGJuGJaomoHCmrsm;\ tvdkodkUvkdufí trsm;têudufjzpfap&ef
pkaygif;NyD; wifvkdufaomaMumifh jzpfonf}} þum; OD;Ouú|ESifh wynhfom0uwkdU tBudrfBudrfa&;om; apmfum;aeMuaom pum;jzpfonf/
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-9? Ak'¨omoeorkdif;pmapmif tusOf; ESm-
14? a';'&JûrdU uGif;ausmif;wkdiftwGif; pdkufxlxm;aom ausmufwkdif½Sd taemufzufrsufESmrS pm) taomurif;BuD;onf trsm;têuduf jzpfap&ef ,ckuJhokdU pkaygif;wifvkdufaom taMumif;t&mudk omoemawmf usrf;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? ausmufpmESifhwuG avmuDrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrsm;ü vnf;aumif; ,aeUtxd rawGU&/
ynm½SdwkdU oabmvu©Pmum; xl;jcm;aomtaMumif;t&m uGJvGJaomtcsuf½SdvQif
ckdifvHkaomtukd;tum;
taxmuftxm;jyí
a&;om;NrJjzpfonf/
OD;Ouú|wkdU\
edum,f\
edum,fpmtkyf? þomoemorkdif;pmwrf;wkdUum; tukd;tum; razmfjy? ighpum; EGm;&? Murf;ydk;ukd vdyfjzpfatmif pum;Ekdifvk ajym&aom pum;&nfvkyGJrsdK;uJhokdUom jzpf\/
wpfenf; t½l;tESrf; ajymaom
pum;uJhodkUom ½Sdayawmh\/ 68/
wpfzefvnf;
]]ax&0g'D*dkPf;om;wkdY
rqefUusifvdkojzifh vkdufavsmcJh&\/
rauseyfMuaomfvnf;
rif;tmPmaMumifh
þtrSm;\'Pfonf omoemorkdif;wpfavQmufü tarGcHcJh&\}}
[k qkdvdkufao;onf/ t½Sifarm*¾vdykwåwdó uJhodkUaom &[EÅmBuD;rsm;udk apmfum;vdkufaom pum;onfom jzpf\/ "r®r[kwfonfudk aMumufaomaMumifh
"r®[k rif;ESifh
qkdrnfhtpm;
taocHoGm;rnfh
qefUusif&rSm
pkd;í
t&d,mrsm;
jzpf\/
rif;tmPmudk
xkdt&d,myk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;onf
rawmfrw&m;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
583
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ausmufta&ma&m oJta&ma&m oH*g,em wifjzpfcJhMuonf[k qkd&uf qkd0HhonfrSm tvGeftHhMop&m aumif;vS\/ oH*g,emudpöonf &[ef;awmf oHCmawmfwkdU\ tvkyfjzpfonf/
rif;ESifh rnfodkUrQ
rqkdif/
vHkûcHa&;
rif;\taxmuftyHhudk
&,ljcif;um;
ae&mxkdifcif;
qGrf;uGrf;ESifhwuG
paom
tjyiftyudpötwGufom jzpf\/ "r® [kwfonf r[kwfonfudk pdppfí þum; "r®? þum; 0de,[k "r®0de,wkdUudk pdppfNyD;rS aygif;pk½Gwfjcif; oH*g,emwifjcif;onf oHCmawmfwkdU\udpö jzpfonf/ wifNyD;aemufvnf;
xkdacwf
aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf tqHk;tjzwfwkdUrSmvnf;
xkdtcgü
ay:aygufíaeaom
uxm0w¬Kusrf;BuD;udk
Ak'¨pum;awmfudk
udk,fxnfûyí
"r®a&;&m
t½IyftaxG;wkdUukd
a[mxm;awmfrlcJhonf/
þusrf;üay;aom
Ak'¨ay;awmfrlcJhonfh
enf;vrf;twkdif;om
jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh tbd"r®mckepfusrf;wGif wpfusrf;tjzpf pm&if;wifawmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þaqmif½GufawmfrlcsufrS jzpfyGm;vmaom toD;tyGifhwkdUudk ,aeUwkdifatmif awmifydkif; ax&0g'omoem rSmomru ajrmufykdif; r[m,meomoemrSmvnf; cHpm;pHpm;vsufyif ½SdMuayonf/ jyóemwpf&yf&yfudk uxm0w¬K tqkdESifh n§dí qHk;jzwfMu&ayonf/ odkUuavmuf BuD;us,faom aumif;arGBuD;udk qkd;arGBuD; jzpfav[ef]]þtrSm;\ 'Pfonf tpOftquf omoemhorkdif;wpfavQmufü tarGcHcJh&\}}[k qkdcJhMu\/ þtqkdonf vlwkdU\ ÓPfrsufpdxJodkU oHo,ESifh trSm;wnf;[laom oJudk yufvdkufjcif;om jzpf\/ ynm½SdwkdU\ tv,fü tvGef½SufzG,f aumif;avpG/ 69/
xkdUjyif
oD[dkVfuRef;omoemukdvnf;
*kPfodef
ysufapvdkaomaMumifh
wwd,oH*g,emwif\ trSm;udk oD[kdVfuRef;u qufícH,lyHk? tdE´d,rS oD[dkVfuRef;odkU *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; 0ifa&mufvmojzifh ydkrkd½IyfaxG;í oGm;yHk? uRef;om; &[ef;awmfrsm;\ vufcsufaMumifh ,ufcsnfxuf csKyfcsnfu rsm;aeyHk ponfjzifh [kwfonfxuf tqrwef ydkrkd csJUum;í jrefrmEkdifiHomoemxd *kPfysuf oa&ysuf zsufqD;vsuf qkdcJhMuonfrSm]]oD[dkVfodkU a&mufvmaom yd#uwfonf wwd,oH*g,emrS twnfûycJhaom a'oemrsm;yif jzpf&m rlvuyif *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK;wkdU\ tqkdtrdefUrsm; t,ltqrsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif yg0ifvsuf ½Sdae? aemufxyf yd#uwfaqmif pmayynm½SifwkdU\ tzGifh oH0PÖem? t|uxm? #Dum ponfwkdUu xyfavmif;í uGefUvdkufMujyefojzifh ydkíyif a&maxG;um Ak'¨\ tewå"r®rsm; arS;rSdefcJh&jyefonf}} [k edum,f\
edum,f
ESm(10)ü
vnf;aumif;?
Ak'¨omoemorkdif;
ESm(16)ü
vnf;aumif;
OD;Ouú|udk,fwkdifESifhwuG tjcm;aemufvkdufwkdU\ yÍöedum,"r®omupämtzGJU0if polwkdU (oGm;ykyfavvGifh) qkdcJhMuonf/ þae&mü oD[dkVfuRef;om; omoemapmifh omoemûy a½S;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ Ak'¨ omoemawmfukd toufyrm jrwfEkd;umuG,f apmifha½SmufcJhMuyHkudk tusOf;rQ jyvkdayonf/ 70/
bDpD 50 rS 43-txd jAm[®Pwdóckd;olBuD;[k orkdif;wGif xifusef&pfcJhaom
jAm[®PtrsdK;om;
wdó
olykefBuD;aMumifh
oD[dkVfwpfuRef;vHk;
rif;ESifhjynfol
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
½Sifvltrsm;wkdU
584
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tvGeftwd'ku©a&mufí
z½dkz&JjzpfaeMupOf
tdE´d,
awmifykdif;rS
wrdvfvlrsdK;
olykefacgif;aqmif
ckepfOD;wkdUvnf; oD[dkVfuRef;odkU 0ifa&mufwkdufckduf vk,uf owfjzwfí aepOf rkd;acgifa&½Sm;jcif;? iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;[laom ab;&efBuD;uvnf; q,fhESpfESpfMumrQ qufvsufyif usa&mufvsuf ½Sdaeaom tcsdeftcgjzpfonf/ xkdtcsdefonf wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvsufaeaom 0¥*grPdrif;yif &ifrqkdif&J avmufatmif
tiftm;enf;yg;aeonfjzpfí
a½Smifykef;aeaom
tcsdeftcgvnf;
jzpfonf/
oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxm tqkdt& odMum;rif;uyif]]r[m baEÅ OyÜaEé apma&m e ouúm y#dAm[dwHk? oHaCm y&ork'´H *päwk? t[H ork'´g&u©H u&dómrd}} (tbd-|? 2/ 427/) t½Sifbk&m;wkdU ,ckjzpfay:aeaom ckd;om;olykefukd wynfhawmf rwm;qD;Ekdifyg/
oHCmawmfrsm;
ork'´&mwpfbuf tdE´d,odkU
[k
uHqkd;rkd;arSmifusvsuf½SdpOf tvGefrsufESmyef;rvS
avQmufxm;&ayonf/
þrQavmuf
omoemawmfonfvnf;
wkdif;oljynfom;vltrsm;wkdU
axmufyHhrnfhol
atmufwef;usaomtajctaeodkU
ulnDrnfh'g,umr½Sdí
a&mufíaeqJjzpfaom
tcgBuD;yif/
omoeygvu (omoemapmifh) rax&fBuD;rsm;\ tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh apmifha½SmufyHkudk ½Iygavmh/ 71/
aomif;ESpfaxmifcefY
oHCmawmfwkdUonf
tdE´d,bufodkU
ul;oGm;í
a&Munf&m
0rf;jynhf&mt&yfü avsmfovdk aeMu&pOf usefcJhaom ajcmufusdyfrQaom&[ef;awmfwkdUonf igwkdY toufESifhudk,fwnfNrJorQ igwkdUaqmifíxm;aom t|uxm#DumESifhwuG ygVdawmfrsm;udk wpfvHk;wpfavQ tustayguf t,dktzdwf r½Sd&atmif tpGrf;ukef apmifhxdef; Murnf[k oEéd|mef ckdifckdifcsvsuf &orQaom toD;?
tacguf?
xkdifívnf;aumif;? pmayrsm;udk
t½Gufwnf;[laom
tm[m&jzifh
rxkdifEkdifavmufatmif
tprStqHk;
jyefvSefoHk;oyfawmfrl
tqHk;rStp
Mu&onf/
rQwawmfrlvsuf
yifyef;vmaomtcg acgufwHkUacgufjyef
wpfcgwpf&HwGif
vlwkdUu
xkdifEkdifaomtcsdeftcg
tdyfívnf;aumif; tzefzeftxyfxyf
þyd#uwf pdwfrSwfjzifhyif
r,fZ,foD;tqHrsm;udk
cRwfí
tcGHukdypfoGm;Mu&m xkdtcGHukdyif tuyfcHí a&pdrf um bkOf;ay;awmfrlMu&onf/ ukrkj'mMumyef;awGudk cl;qGwfMuí MumpG,fMum&if;rsm;udk vlwkdU pGefUypfcJhMu&mwGifvnf; tuyfcH aq;aMumí
oydwfxJxnfhum
bkOf;ay;awmfrlMu&onf/
½GwftHo&ZÑ,fawmfrlaeMuaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qufuyfum rQw apMu&onf/ csifa½G;yif awmiSufaysmyif tcGHtacgufrsm;udk bkOf;ay;awmfrlMu&onf/ yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk
þuJhokdU
cE¨mur®Z½kyfukd
arhavsmhaysmufysufí
rysufrpD;ap&ef
roGm;ap&ef
wpfbufrS
xdef;vsuf
apmifhxdef;awmfrlcJhMu&avonf/
tEk&m"ûrdUawmfü½Sdaom ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;onfvnf; usD;ESifhzkwfzkwf ½Sdaeawmh&m tpma&pm &Ekdifaom ae&modkU vlrsm;ajymif;a½TUoGm;Muaomtcg &[ef;awmfrsm;onfvnf; xkdausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;udk pGefUypfum
vlwkdUajymif;a½TU&m
awmifay:a'orsm;odkU
vkdufygajymif;a½TUMu&onf/
aeUbufwGif
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
585
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t&dyfaumif;aom ae&mrsm;ü aeckdí nbufwGif oJaomifurf;ajcrsm;ü qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;'Pfukd tat;"mwfjzifh
ajzazsmufí
atmifhtnf;
onf;cHum
aeawmfrlcJhMuonf/
jrifhjrwfaom
ESvHk;oGif;tm;avsmfpGm pmayrsm;raysmufa&;udk rnfrQta&;ay;awmfrlcJhMuonfukd awG;í MunhfvQif tvG,fESifhyif odEkdifavmufayonf/ 72/
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;aMumifh
vla&m&[ef;yg
aoqHk;uG,fvGefMuonfhteuf
udk,fhwm0efESifhudk,f yd#uwfudk aqmifawmfrlcJhMuaom rax&fBuD;rsm; tajrmuftjrm;yif uG,fvGef&mwGif ygawmfrloGm;Muavonf/
12-ESpf
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;tNyD;
Mumaomtcg
rkd;av0o
bDpD
&moDOwkrsm;
29-rS
17-txd
0¥*grPdrif;onf
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmí
oD[dkVfuRef;BuD;
wpfuRef;vHk;udk jyefvnfûyjyifa&;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcsdefusa&mufvmojzifh xD;eef;udk jyef,lum vlrsdK;ESifh omoemu,fwifjcif;wm0efukd jynfhpHkpGm cH,lavonf/ r[m0Housrf;ü wrdvfvlrsdK; olykefBuD;rsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;udk urÜnf;rwifcJhaomfvnf; jAm[®Pwdó ckd;olBuD;ukd ,if;wrdvfolykefrsm;uyif owfjzwfvdkufaMumif; tjcm;oD[kdVforkdif;rsm;t& od&onf/
wrdvfolykef
o,faqmifíajy;avonf/ jynfawmfjyefavonf/
wpfa,mufu tjcm;wpfOD;u
0¥*grPdrif;
0¥*grPdbk&if\rdzk&m;BuD;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
xGufajy;wdrf;a½SmifaepOf
oydwfawmfukd usef
aomrma'0Dukd ,lí
auseyfpGm
wrdvfig;a,muf
wkdUonf
oD[kdVfxD;eef;udk qufumqufum cH,ltkyfpdk;Muonf/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;owfí aemufqHk; yÍörajrmuf wrdvf olykefBuD; usef½Sdaomtcg ,if;udk 0¥*grPdrif;u okwfoifazsmufzsufí wpfEkdifiHvHk;udk rdrdtmPmatmufodkU odrf;oGif;,lvdkufavonf/ 73/
tajctaersm;um;
0¥*grPdtb,rif;onf
wjznf;jznf;
wkdif;jynfESifh
jyefvnfaumif;rGefp
omoemawmfudk
xkdufoavmuf
ûyvmNyDjzpfí
ûyjyifcsD;ajr§mufavonf/
tdE´d,jynfrS jyefvmaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdU\ omoema&;vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk toD;toD;
qufvufaqmif½GufaeMuayonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk
Mum;od&aomtcg
tqkdyg
ajcmufusdyfaom &[ef;awmfwkdUonf aejynfawmfodkU jyefvmMuí rdrdwkdUaqmifxm;aom yd#uwfudk tdE´d,jyef
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh
ESD;aESmwkdufqkdifí
MunfhMuav&m
wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ
wdrf;,drf;azmufjyefjcif;r½Sd? yuwdtwkdif; nDñGwfí aeonfukd awGUMu&ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;rIum; EIdif;,SOfwkdif;wmp&myif r&awmhygacs/ 74/
okdU&mwGif
yg&mZduPft|uxmü
rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom
tjzpftysufuav;
wpfckonfum; omoem orkdif;wGif wifvsuf usef½Sdaeayonf/ r[mwdóax&fu r[m&u©dwax&fukd igh½Sif þrnfaom &[ef;xHrSm r[meda'´udk oGm;í oifygav/ oifum; rSwfÓPf tvGefaumif;aomol jzpfayonf/ r[meda'´udk aqmifxm;aom rax&fBuD;rsm;onf ab;qkd;BuD;rsm;wGif vGefawmfrlcJhMuojzifh aysmufvkeD;yg;jzpfaeaom
xkdr[meda'´udk
oif
wm0ef
,lygacs[k
qkdum
wkdufwGef;avonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
586
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wynfhawmf roGm;vdkyg/ roif,lvdkyg/ xkdrax&fonf oDvr½Sd? ,kwfrm aom ax&f jzpfygowJh- [lí jyefvnfavQmufxm;aomtcg igh½Sif oifoGm;íom oif,lavmh/ oif\teD;ü ig xkdifíaernf[kqkdrS r[m"r®&u©dwax&fonf xkdrax&fxH oGm;íoif,lavonf/ aeUa&mnyg oif,lNyD;onf tqHk;ü ckwifanmifapmif;atmufrS rmwk*grwpfa,muf xGufvmonfudk jrifaomtcg þtaMumif;aMumifhyif wynfhawmf þrax&fxHü roif,lvdkcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;[k jyefí avQmufavonf/ rnfokdU½Sdap xkd r[m"r®&u©dwax&f\ tm;xkwfrIaMumifh r[meda'´ousrf;BuD; raysmufrysufbJ touf0ifí aeojzifh xkd r[m"r®&u©dwax&frS
rsm;pGmaom
ax&fBuD;wkdUonf
qufvufoif,lum
,if;r[meda'´oudk
pOfqufrjywf aqmifxm;awmfrlEkdifMuayonf/ (0d | 2? 274/)
oD[dkVfuRef;wGif tu©&mpmwifí a&;jcif;ESifh pwkw¬ oH*g,emwifjcif; 75/
,if;odkUvQif
aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom
ab;qkd;BuD;
êuHêudufvkduf&ojzifh
omoemapmifh ax&fBuD;rsm;onf ]]þenf;twkdif; EIwfvGwfaqmif½HkrQjzifh omoem Mum½Snfwnfrnf r[kwf/ ayxuf tu©&mwifíxm;rS Mum½Snf av;jrifh wnfawmhrnf}}? þodkU pOf;pm;awmfrlMuonf/ þtaMumif;udk r[m0Ho tcef; 33? *gxmeHygwf 100-1 ü vnf;aumif;? 'Dy0Ho tcef; 20? *gxm 20rS 21-üvnf;aumif; þodkU rdefUqkdxm;avonf/ yd#uwå,ygVð p? wó t|uxrÜd p/ rkcygaXe tmaeoHk? ykaAÁ bdu©K r[mrwD/ [með 'doGme owåmeH? w'g bdu©L orm*wm/ pd&|dww¬H "r®ó? aygw¬auok vdcgy,Hk/
jrefrmjyef BuD;rm;aom EIwfrS½Gwfqkdjcif;jzifh
ynm½Sdaom
&[ef;awmfwkdUonf
aqmifcJhMuukefNyD/
xkdtcgü
a½S;tcgu pnf;a0;
yd#uoHk;yHkESifht|uxmudk
a&mufvmMuaom&[ef;wkdUonf
owå0gwkdU\qkwf,kwfjcif;udk jrifawmfrlMuí omoemawmf Mum½Snfav;jrifh wnfwHhap&ef aywkdUü a&;wifapawmfrlMuukefNyD/ 76/
þae&mü oD[dkVfuRef; Ak'¨"r®a½S;OD;orkdif;
Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon
ü
t"dum&rfu yd#uwfudk pwifí a&;om;jcif;\ taMumif;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; pm&if;csí jyonf/ (1)
oD[dkVfuRef;onf Ak'¨bmom r[kwfaom EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdU\ rjywfrvyf
wkdufckdufjcif;?
ab;&efcHae&jcif;? ,if;wkdU atmifjrifrI&aomtcg xkdtcsdefonf Ak'¨"r®twGuf tarSmifxk usa&mufaom tcsdeftcgjzpfjcif;? xkdonfhtcgrsdK;ü r[m0d[m&paom pmayoif&m A[kdXmeBuD;rsm;udkyif pGefUypfí xm;&jcif;? ,if;odkU pGefUypfí xm;&ojzifh q&mESifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
587
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wynfhudk tqufjywfoGm;Ekdifjcif;/
(2)
jAm[®Pwdóab;&efESifh
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;
ab;&efu
EIwfvGwfaqmifcJhonfh
tpOftvmudk tEÅ&m,f½SdaMumif; owday;ouJhodkU ½Sdaejcif;? ,if;okdU tcuftcJ tusyftwnf;êuH&mtcgrsdK;ü
ygVdt|uxmrsm;udk
cJcJ,Of;,Of;
yifyifyef;yef;ESifh
aqmifxm;Mu&onfudk udk,fawGU awGUêuHvmjcif;/ (3)
tcsdefumv Mumanmif;vmaomtcg bmoma&;pdwf"mwf rudef;atmif;ol wm0efrJh yk*¾dKvfrsm; omoemawmftwGif;odkU 0ifvmMuí yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk wynfhpOfquf vTJajymif;ay;&ef pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;vmjcif;/
77/ a0;uGmaom
txuftqkdyg taMumif;rsm;aMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tv,fydkif;jynfe,f tEk&m"ûrdUrS rmwavht&yf\
teD;tem;
wpfae&mjzpfaom
tmavmu0d[m&ü
yd#uwfrsm;udk
ayay:üwifí a&;om;&ef qHk;jzwf awmfrlMuonf/ þae&mü omoemawmftwGuf uHqkd;onf[k qkdEkdifaom
tcsufwpfcsufrSm
xif½Sm;apOD;tHh-tcuftcJ 0¥*grPdtb,rif;onf
tkyfcsKyfolbk&if\ tusyftwnf;rS
rdrd
pdwfygvufyg vGwfajrmufí
ajy;vTm;ykef;atmif;aepOftcgü
tm;ay;jcif;ukd
rcH&rIyifwnf;/
xD;eef;udk
jyefí&vmaom
rdrdtm;
ulnDapmifha½SmufcJhaom
ukyd*¾v0d[m&ae r[mwdóax&ftm;vnf;aumif;? [rÁK*v’u0d[m&ae wdóax&ftm;vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;qyfaom
taetm;jzifh
*sdef;bmom0if
*d&dqkdol\ausmif;udk
zsufí
xdkae&mü
tb,*d&d0d[m&rnfaom ausmif;wkdufBuD; wpfckudk aqmufvkyfí r[mwdóax&ftm; wifvªavonf/ (xkdtcsdefum;
c&pfray:rD
tjcm;trwfBuD;rsm;uvnf;
29-ESpfcefU[k
r[m0Hotvdk
tjcm;ausmif;rsm;udk
cefUrSef;&ayonf)
0¥*grPdrif;\
wdóax&ftm;
wifvªMuonf/
aqmufvkyfí
xkdpOfwGif r[mwdóax&fonf 0denf;udk tav;ûyoifhoavmuf rûy? vlwkdUESifh qufqHjcif;rsm; ½Gmt0iftxGufrsm;rIaMumifh r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;rsm;u ¤if;tm; ESifxkwfvkdufavonf/ odkUaomf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufESifh
tb,*d&d0d[m&
ausmif;wkdufBuD;
ESpfwkdufonf
xkdtcsdefwGif
0g'a&;&mtm;jzifh uGJjym;rI r½Sdao;ay/
oD[dkVfuRef;ü "r®½kpd*dkPf;ESifh om*vd,*dkPf; jzpfay:vmyHk 78/
"r®½kpd*dkPf;onf
pwifay:vmcJhonf/
0¥*grPdrif;vufxuf
t½Sifr[dE´ax&frS
tb,*d&d0d[m&wGif
qif;oufvmaom
ax&0g'udk
XmecsKyftjzpfjzifh
a½S;OD;pGm
xkd;ESufjcif;[k
qkdEkdifonf/ a0g[m&uwdó (eef;wuf at'D- 204) vufxufwGif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESifh tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufBuD;
ESpfwkdufwkdUonf
a0wkvs
yd#uwfudk
vufcHjcif;ESifhpyfí
jiif;cHkrI
jzpfay:vmMuonf/ bmwdutb,rif; (at'D-38-66) vufxufrS pí woD;wjcm;pD ynmoif&ef XmeBuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuaom
xkdausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfwkdufonf
0g'a&;&mt,ltq
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
uGJjym;rIaMumifh
588
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wpnf;w½Hk;wnf; r½Sdawmhacs/ 79/
a0wkvs[lonfum; taomurif;BuD;vufxuf Ak'¨omoemudk zsuf&ef 0ifvmMuaom
a0wkvsykPÖm;wkdU aMunmxm;Mu\/ vufrcHMuay/
pD&ifa&;om;onfh
usrf;jzpfonf/
ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;u ,if;a0wkvs0g'onf
,if;udk
xkdusrf;udk
aemiftcg
olwkdUu
Ak'¨0g'ESifh
r[m,me*dkPf;
bk&m;a[musrf;[k qefUusifonf[kqkdum
0ifwkdU\
a0ykv’okwåESifh
toGifoP²mef wl[ef½Sdonf/ rSwfcsuf/
/ r[m,me pwifay:vmonfh tcsdefudk ynm½Sifrsm;u c&pfouú&mZf yxr&mpk
ESpfpavmuf[k cefUrSef;Muonf/
tóaCmowkdU\ pmayrsm; xif½Sm;acwfpm;vm&m tcsdefudk rSef;í
yxr&mpkESpf[k qkdMuaomvnf; xkdUxufyif apmí ay:vm[ef½Sdonf/ 80/ vufydkufí
,if;odkU ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESpfwkduf jiif;cHkrIay:vmaomtcg a0g[m&uwdórif;onf Munfhraeom
awmhay/
uydvrnfaom
trwfudk
pmayt&yf&yf
avhvmapí
tpD&ifcHapaomtcg Ak'¨0g'r[kwfaMumif;od&í a0wkvsusrf;pmrsm;udk &EkdiforQ ½SmazGrD;wkdufaponf/ ,if;t,ludk rodromvnf;aumif;? odompGmvnf;aumif; vufcHaom &[ef;rsm;udk ESifxkwfaponf/ od&doCFaAm"drif;udk owfí rif;tjzpf cH,lvmaom a*gVmb,rif; (at'D 309-322) vufxufwGif tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufü a0wkvst,ltq acgif;axmifvmjyefonf/ Oódvd,wdórnfaom ax&fonf xkd0g'udk oabmrusí tb,*d&drSxGufcGmcJhNyD; 'u©dP*d&dausmif;odkU oGm;onf/ 'u©P*d&dausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcg om*vrnfaom ax&fukd acgif;aqmifxm;í om*vd, rnfaom *dkPf;udk zefwD;onf/ odkUaomf ¤if;wkdU\ 0g'ukd trsm;pku vufrcHMuacs/ a*gVmb,rif;onf xkdtaMumif;udk odaomtcg trSefw&m;0g'udk taotcsm xkwfazmfrnf[k (1) r[m0d[m&? (2) xlyg&mr? (3) £ó&orPm&mr? (4) a0ó*d&d0d[m&? (5) apwd,0d[m& ausmif;wkdufBuD;ig;wkdufrS ax&fBuD;rsm;udk yifhac:pka0;apNyD; xkdax&fBuD;rsm;udk
qHk;jzwfap&m
,if;a0wkvs0g'onf
rdpämt,lom
jzpfonf[k
tqHk;tjzwf
ay;awmfrlMuí a0wkvs0g'ESifh pyfaom pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk rD;wkdufypfaponf/ ,if;0g'acgif;aqmif &[ef;ajcmufq,fwkdUudk a½G;aumufí trSwftom;rsm; xifapum wkdif;jynfrS ESifxkwfvdkufonf/ 81/
xdktESifcH
&[ef;ajcmufq,fwkdYonf
tdE´d,awmifykdif;
uma0&odkU
oGm;a&muf
a½Smifykef;aeMuonf/ uma0& wkdif;om;wkdUu xkd&[ef;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fMuonf/ 82/
þae&mü "r®½kpd*dkPf; jzpfay:vmyHkudk þodkU odtyf\/ tb,*d&dausmif;ü aeaom
&[ef;trsm;pkonf r[m,met,ltqrsm;ü wdrf;ñGwfMu\/ r[moHCdu*dkPf;om;rsm; jzpfMuaom tdE´d,
yv’m&mrt&yfrS
0ZÆDykwåu
&[ef;rsm;\0g'ukd
vufcHMuonf/
½kd;om;ajzmifhpif;aom
ygVdbmomxuf ta&;tzGJUqef;Mu,f ouúwbmomü ydkípdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ xkdpOfwGif "r®½kpdrnfaom ouúwynm½Sd 0ZÆDykwåu0g'Dyk*¾dKvf\ ajymrIqkdrI t,ltqwdkUukd vufcH&mrS tb,*d&dausmif;ae &[ef;rsm;udkyif "r®½kpd*dkPf;[lí ac:vmMuonf[k odrSwf&rnf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
589
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
83/ uma0&wkdif;odkU a&muf½SdoGm;Muaom &[ef;wkdUwGif jAm[®PtrsdK;om; oHCrdwåqkdol &[ef;i,fwpfyg; yg0ifonf/ rdrdq&mrsm;txHrS a0wkvs0g'udk oifMum;wwfajrmufcJhonfhtjyif oD[dkVfuRef;okdUoGm;um
tb,*d&d
jzefUjzL;a[majymrnf[laom
ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd
oEéd|mefjzifh
xkd0g'
ZGJBuD;pGm
vufrcHrae&?
pmayynmrsm;udk
vufcHatmif
avhvmoifMum;í
oD[dkVfuRef;odkUul;um tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufokdU oGm;a&mufaexkdifavonf/ 84/
xlyg&mrausmif;wkdufü bk&ifudk,fwkdif ta&;w,lûyí oHCmrsm;udk pka0;apvsuf
0g'a&;&mrsm;udk ajymqdkapaomtcg tqkdyg oHCrdwåonf r[m0d&0goD&[ef;wkdU\ t,ltqESifh trltusifhwkdU
½Iwfcsjypfwifum
a0wkvs
t,ludk
bk&ifoabmusavmufatmif
trTrf;wifí
ajymjyavonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;yGJwGif bk&ifhOD;av;awmfol r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufae tb,ax&fvnf; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/ oHCrdwå\t,ltqrsm;ukd zsufqD;í ax&0g'udk ½Sif;vif;ajymjyonf/ odkUaomf oHCrdwå\ EIwfa&;
ig;&mpk
ESpfxuf0ufwkdifwkdif
trSefw&m;bufrS
tapmifhta½SmuftaerQom
&yfwnfEkdifí
bk&iftm;ay;rI rcH&aomaMumifh pdk;aESmifhAsma0 taeêuHUvsuf ½Sd\/ odkUaomf t½IH;ay;tm;avsmhí pdwfaysmhaom olrsm;um; r[kwfMuygay/ 85/
a*g|mb,rif;onf
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
a½S;uvdk
ewf½GmpHaomtcg
r[m0d[m&ukd
rNrJapumrl
om;awmfBuD;
vHk;vHk;ypfy,fíum;
qufvuf
aZ|wdó
axmufyHhNrJ
eef;wufonf/
xm;onfr[kwf/
axmufyHhaeayonf/
oHCrdwåonf
xkdrif;
rdrdêud;qGJwkdif;ruí
tcsdefaumif;udk apmifharQmfonfhtaetm;jzifh xkdrif;vufxuf wpfavQmufvHk;wGif tdE´d,jynf uma0&okdU jyefí
tomckdaeavonf/
aZ|wdórif;um;
ol\
eef;pH
q,fhav;ESpfumvywfvHk;
r[m0d[m&&[ef;rsm;ukd axmufyHhapmifha½SmufoGm;avonf/ 86/
xkdrif;\ nDawmf r[maoe eef;wufaomtcg oHCrdwåonf oD[dkVfuRef;okdU
jyefa&mufvmonf/ aZ|wdó r[maoe nDaemifESpfa,mufvkH; rif;om;i,fb0u oHCrdwåxHwGif pmayynm oifMum;zl;onf/ r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wkdUtm; oHCrdwåonf a0wkvs0g'udk vufcH&ef aoG;aqmifaomfvnf;
r&ay/
bk&iftm;
tcGifhoifhwkdif;
r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wkdU\
0de,
rrSefuefaMumif; ajymqkdaoG;aqmifaomaMumifh r[maoerif;onf aemufqHk;ü vkdufavsmoabmwlcsuf ay;avonf/ r[m0d[m&&[ef;wkdUtm; qGrf;avmif;vQif aiG'Pfwyfrnf[líyif trdefUxkwfonftxd jzpfavonf/ þum; ajcmuf&mpkESpftwGif; r[m0d[m&&[ef;rsm; yXrqHk;tBudrf qGrf;iwfjcif;aywnf;/ oHk;&ufwkdifwkdif qGrf;cHxGufaomfvnf; qGrf;r&í oydwfa&aq; aomufMu&onf/ pwkw¬aeUü igwkdUum;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
590
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rdpämt,ludk r,l? toufudkom taocHonf[k oEéd|mefcsí tEk&m"ûrdUrS xGufcGmMuavonf/ xkd&[ef;awmfwkdUaMumifh aemiftcg orkdif;wGif oD[dkVfuRef;onf
“Lanka is the home of Buddhism whose
teachings
by
are
pure
and
unsullied
and
untainted
heresy.”
rdpäm0g'rsm;
rayrvl;
rvdrf;rusHavmufatmif pifMu,foefU½Sif;aom Ak'¨"r®\ wnf&mXme jzpfonf[k ausmfapmxif½Sm;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ 87/
r[m0d[m&rS xGufcGmcJhMuaom rax&fwkdUonf tcsdKUu rm,mrnfaome,f? tcsdKUu
a&m[PZeyk'fokdU oGm;Muonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkduf½Sd toHk;taqmiftm;vHk;ESifh taqmufttHkwkdUukd bk&ifhemrnfjzifh "r®½kpd*dkPf;0ifwkdUonf xifovkd toHk;ûyMuavonf/ ypönf;rsm;udk o,fykd;Muí tvHk;pHk ajrvSefypfvkdufMuonf/
oHCrdwåESifh
taygif;ygwkdUonf
udk;ESpfwkdifwkdifyif
tb,*d&dü
rif;rlíaeMuavonf/ q,fESpfajrmufü arC0PÖb,rnfaom trwfBuD; OD;aqmifonfh olykefwyfESifh r[maoerif;\ ppfwyfwkdUonf bmoma&;taMumif;cHí r[m*grü tvHk;t&if;ESifh wkdufckdufMu&ef &ifqkdifMuavonf/ odkU&mwGif ppfrwkdufvdkuf&bJ bk&ifESifhbk&ifhtrwfBuD;wdkUonf ESpfOD;om; ajyvnfpGm aqG;aEG;í nDñGwfrI&um ppfwyfESpfckvHk; ½kyfodrf;vsuf aejynfawmfokdU jyefMuavonf/ 88/
jynfwGif;üum; rdzk&m;wpfyg;onf rdrdwnfaqmufaeaom xlyg&mrausmif;wkdufukd
oHCrdwåu [efUwm;&ef êud;pm;ojzifh vuform;wpfOD; apvTwfí oHCrdwåudk towfckdif;avonf/ ,if;rdzk&m;onf
a0wkvsusrf;pm
[lorQudk
rD;½IdUzsufqD;aponf/
r[maoerif;onfvnf;
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd jyefvnf wnfaqmufay;&avonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;onf udk;ESpfvHk; ykef;atmif;ae&mrS jyefa&mufvmMuonf/ ESpftwefMumatmif Nidrf;csrf; om,mrI &vkdufMuaomfvnf; omoemawmf\ uHMur®mum; taESmuft,SufrS rvGwfao;ay/ r[maoeu bk&ifonf rdpämt,lbufü pdwfrukefao;bJ ½Sdí 'u©dP*d&dü aeaom udk0Sefwdórnfaom om*vd*dkPf;om; &[ef;wpfyg;udk tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufonf/
xkd&[ef;twGuf
wkduft&mrftwGif;rSmyif
bk&ifu
aZw0e0d[m&ukd
ausmif;aqmufay;&mwGif
aqmufjzpfatmif
r[m0d[m&ausmif;
aqmufonf/
xkd&[ef;onf
odu©myk'ftmywfrsm;jzifh pGyfpGJjcif;cH&í &uf½Snfvrsm; ppfaq;NyD; vl0wfvJ&ef 0dedpä,csrSwfjcif; cH&onf/ bk&ifhtrdefUjzifh
"r®duac:
w&m;olBuD;csKyfukd
xyfrHppfaq;&m
a½S;enf;twkdif;yif
trdefUjyefcsí
vlxGufaponf/ oHCmhabmifrS ESifxkwfvkduf Muavawmh\/ r[maoebk&ifonf aemifw&í r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukdyif ypönf;av;yg;wkdUjzifh axmufyHhí at'D 300-ESpfwGif uG,fvGefavonf/ 89/
þrQavmufaom
acwfumvtydkif;tjcm;twGif;ü
oD[dkVfuRef;omoemonf
edrfhcsnfjrifhcsnf ½SdcJhaomfvnf; ax&0g'D r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wkdU\ omoemapmifhpdwf"mwfum; ,drf;,dkifûyduGJjcif;r½Sd? 0de,ESifhpyfí oHCmtwGif; uGJjym;ap&ef vHk;yrf;jcif;udk Ak'¨udk,fawmfjrwftm; aoG;xGufoH,dkûyapjcif; oabmxm;Muonf[k rmvmvmaqu& u qkdcJhavonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
591
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) “In the Vinaya an attempt to bring about disunion among the Sangha is put in the
same
category as shedding the blood of the Buddha.” (Pali Literature of Ceylon by Malalaxekera p.54)
¤if;jyifvnf; rmvmvmaqu& u þodkU qufí qkdjyef\/ “To the assaults of open opponents the Buddhist displays the calmest indifference, convinced
that in its undiminished strength his a faith is firm and inexpugnable.”
twdtvif;qefUusifvmolrsm;\ wkdufckdufjcif;tm; Ak'¨0g'D &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh 'g,umwkdUonf twnfNidrfqHk;aom
vspfvsL½IrIudk
azmfjyEkdifMuonf/
taMumif;rlum;
Ak'¨"r®\
rukefqHk;Ekdif
rysufpD;Ekdifaom cGeftm;tay:ü ,if;wkdU\ ,HkMunfrIonf z,f½Sm;í r&Ekdifavmufatmif ckdifNrJonf[k od½Sdem;vnfxm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
rif;ESifhjynfolwkdU\
Ak'¨"r®tay:ü
cH,lcsufjrifhrm;rIum;
pHwifavmufayonf/ Oyrm at'D 623-ckepfü aZ|wdórif;onf wrdvfawG ESifh ppfwkduf&mwGif ½IH;zkdUjrifojzifh rdrd rdzk&m;xH o0Pfpmjzifh rSmMum;onfrSm ]]þppfyGJü rdrdonf atmifjrifzkdUvrf; rsm;pGm r½Sd/ tu,fírsm; wdrf;yg;cJhaomf oDv½Siftjzpfjzifh tbd"r®m oifMum;apvdkonf/ rdrdukdvnf; ukodkvfbm* trQa0apvdkonf}} [k rSmMum;avonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;onf bk&mrSmMum;onfhtwkdif; ûyvkyfaomaMumifh tbd"r®mESifh
t|uxmBuD;rsm;üyif
uRrf;usifaMumif;
r[m0Hoü
qkdonf[k
oD[dkVfuRef;
ygVdpmayorkdif;wGif rmvmvmaqu& u azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xkdUjyif yÍörajrmuf uóybk&if\ (at'D q,f&mpkESpfxkd;)
ausmufpmwpfcsyfwGif
*kPfûyrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk
usrf;pmrsm;udk
,aeUuREkfyfwkdU
EIwfwufaqmif½Gufaom
awGUEkdifonf/
xkdbk&ifonf
&[ef;wkdUtm; "r®o*FPDusrf;udk
bmomjyefapí a½Tjym;ay:ü a&;wifapcJhonf[k od&onf/ tmvk0d[m& oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;onf ygVdawmfESifht|uxmrsm;udk pepfwuspDpOfí &[ef;toD;oD;tm; ydkif;íydkif;í cGJa0usufrSwfapum wynfh wyef;wkdUtm;
oifay;aponf/
oD[dkVfbmomjzifh
½Sif;vif;
zGifhjyaponf/
aqmifvG,frSwfvG,f
tusOf;vuFm oHaygufuav;rsm;? *gxmygVdrsm;udk a&;om;ay;cJhMuonf/ xkd&[ef;awmfig;&mwkdU\ aus;Zl;um; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;tzkdU qyfrukefEkdifavmufatmif BuD;rm;vSayonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh atmufyg rmvmvmaqu&\ rSwfcsufuav;ukd axmuf½Ií OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdU\ pGyfpGJajymqkdcsuf rrSefyHkudk od½SdEkdif&m\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
592
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
How far the Alu-vihara's redaction agreed with or differed from the cannon and commenttaries settled by the third Council and introduced into Ceylon by Mahinda's mission, whether after their introduction into the island any passapes previously considered unorthodox had creptinot the orthodox scriptures and whether the Alu-vihara Council separated such interpolations, and how far the Tipitaka and its commentary reduced to writing at Alu-vihara resembled them as they have come down to us now, no one can say.
tmvk0d[m&ü
okwfoifjyifqif
tu©&mwifjcif;
(pwkw¬oH*g,em
wifjcif;)onf
wwd,oH*g,emu twnfûycJhNyD;aom oD[kdVfuRef;odkU t½Sifr[dE´ acgif;aqmifaom "r®'lwtzGJUu ,laqmifvmcJhonfh ygVdt|uxmrsm;ESifh rnfrQavmuf wlnDí rnfrQavmuf uGJjym;onf qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif? ax&0g' r[kwf[k a½S;tcgu ,lqcJhaom pmykd'frsm; (t,ltqrsm;) onf ax&0g'twGif;odkU yg0ifavcJhovm;? tmvk0d[m&ü oH*g,em wifaomtcg ,if;0ifvmcJhNyD;aom pmydk'frsm; (t,ltqrsm;) udk xkwfy,fypfcJhavovm; qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif? tmvk0d[m&ü a&;wifcJhaom ygVdt|uxmrsm;onf ,aeU (uREkfyfwkdUacwf uREkfyfwkdUxHodkU a&mufvmaomtcg xkd ygVd t|uxmrsm;ESifh rnfírnfrQ wlnDonf qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif/ þodkU
qGJ,lvkyfBuHzefwD;í
,lwwfajymwwfaomaMumifh
0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;onf
rl&if;twkdif; (Quotation) udkaw;½Sif;rsm;ukd xkwfaqmifwifjy&jcif; jzpfonf/ This much, however, is certain that in the fifth century of the Christian era the present Pitakas, etc., were considered orthodox both on continet and in Ceylon, as is evidenced by the visits of Buddhaghosa and ta Hsian, and in view of the great care with which the orthodox monks attempted to preserve the purity of the Word there is not much probability that the canon underwent any material changes in the interval.
odkUaomf
at'D
ig;&mpkü
½SifAk'¨aCmoESifh
w½kwf&[ef;awmf
zm[D,efwkdU
vma&muf
(avhvmaqmif,loGm;) jcif; [laom tcsufu xif½Sm;aponfhtavsmuf tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh oD[dkVfuRef;uyg vuf½Sdyd#uwfudk
a½S;a[mif;ax&0g'
aocsmaomtcsufjzpfonf/
trSefjzpfonf[k
ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
todtrSwfûyMuonf/ pum;wpfvHk;wpfav\
þtcsufu oefU½Sif;rI
(teuft"dyÜm,f rcRwf,Gif; razmufjyefaprI) udkyif txl;*½kûyMuonf [laom ½IaxmifhrSaeí ½IvQif yd#uwfusrf;pmawmfrsm;onf wpfpHkwpf&m txnfudk,ftm;jzifh ajymif;vJcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifzG,f r½Sdygay/ þrSwfcsufa½SUydkif;udk yHkBuD;csJUí Ak'¨omoemorkdif;pmapmif ESm 16-üvnf;aumif; edum,f\edum,f ESm 10-üvnf;aumif;
OD;Ouú|\
todkif;t0dkif;
yÍöedum,
"r®omupämtzGJU0if
ponfwkdUu
]]oD[dkVfyd#uwfaqmif &[ef;awmfwkdUonf [dkuxJu a&maESm½IyfaxG;NyD;om;jzpfwJh yd#uwfudk a&maxG;NyD;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
593
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rltwkdif;om rSwfaqmifMu&onf[k ynm½Sd rmvmvmaqu& u ol\ oD[dkVfuRef; ygVdpmayorkdif;wGif a&;cJhonf[k r[kwfrrSefvkyfBuHí qkdxm;avonf/ þpum;&yfrsm;udk orkdif;q&mwpfa,muftaejzifh olwyg;wkdUawG;awmBuHqrnfh a½SUqufzwfaomf
oHo,udk
êudwif
þodkUawGU&rnfjzpf\/
xkwfazmf
,if;wkdU\
ed'gef;cif;ay;xm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
&nf½G,fcsufum;
oD[kdVfuRef;rSwpfqifh
a&mufvmaom jrefrmjynfomoemonfvnf; a&ma&maxG;axG; jA[®P0g' vTrf;rkd;aeaom omoem[k (oGm;ykyfavvGifh) odu©mcsvdkaom apwemqkd;jzifh a&;om;jzefUa0&efom jzpfonf/ 90/
jrefrmjynfomoemonf
taomurif;BuD;\
wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;csdef
"r®'lwtzGJUwpfzGJUjzpfaom
pwifqif;oufvmaom
t½SifaomP
omoemjzpfayonf/
rax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh
t½SifOwå&
OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUrS
aemiftcgü
tdE´d,rSvnf;aumif;?
oD[dkVfuRef;rSvnf;aumif; acwftrsdK;rsdK;ü usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ jrefrmjynf omoem\ a½SUaqmifjzpfawmfrlMuaom ax&fBuD;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm#Dum tjcm; *E¦EÅ&rsm;udk
rnfonhfusrf;*efu
em;vnfawmfrlcJhMuonf/
Ak'¨bmodw?
rnfonfhusrf;*efu
tnbmodw[k
cGJcGJjcm;jcm;
odkUjzpfonfhtavsmuf tqifhtwef;tvdkuf tav;tjrwfûy&mwGifvnf;
tedrfhtjrifhtqifhxm;í
rSwfom;
awmfrlMuonf/
txl;tm½Hkpdkuf avhvmawmfrlcJhMuonf/
tbd"r®muJhokdU
av;eufaom
usrf;*efrsm;udk
t|uxm #Dumusrf;BuD;rsm;ukdyif ausmfvGefí t&aumufrsm;
edó,usrf;rsm;udk jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh cefUnm;x,f0g jynhfpHkpGm zefwD;awmfrlEkdifcJhMuonf/ odkUaomf ygVdawmf t|uxmESifh qefUusifjcif; r½SdMuacs/ 91/
jrefrmhomoemorkdif;wGif
trSwfûycJhMuonfh
jrefrmouú&mZf
uHqkd;rkd;arSmifusaom 888-ckESpf
rD;½IdUjcif;cH&aomfvnf;
toufESifhxyfwl
rlvyPÖmot|uxm
ayxkyfESpfxkyfrSwyg;
pkpnf;awmfrlEkdifcJhMuonf/
tqkdyg
]]*-i,foHk;ck?
½Srf;odk[efbGm;vufxufwGif
apmifha½Smufawmf tvHk;pHkaom
t|uxm
OoQpfxk}}
yd#uwfawmfrsm;
rlcJhMuojzifh
yd#uwfygVd
plV0gt|uxm
t|uxmrsm;udk
ayxkyfESpfxkyfudkum;
[k
½SmazG
ESpftwefi,fMumrS
tvGefacsmifusaom ½Srf;jynf aus;awmZeyk'frsm;rS jyefvnfí qifhyGm;ul;,lEkdifcJhMuonf[k q&mpOfquf ajymqkdonfukd
rSwfom;Mu&onf/
wefzkd;xm;wwfaom
þenf;tm;jzihf
tavh0goem
jrefrmwkdU\
or®mOóm[aMumifh
omoemawmfudk
acwfumvtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh
cspfjrwfEkd;í
awGU&aomfvnf;
wkdif;jcm;jynfjcm; bmomjcm;wkdU\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGifyif Asmyg&ukd rkcs xufoefaom vHkUv0D&d, owdorÜZOfjzifh
xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufawmfrlvmcJhMuonfrSm
yÍöroH*g,emESifh
q|
oH*g,em
acwfwkdifatmifyif jzpfonf/ 92/ qufívmaom
xkdUaMumifh
xkd
oD[dkVfuRef;
wwd,oH*g,emonfvnf;aumif;? tmavmu0d[m&ü
xkd
pkaygif;½Gwfqkdjcif;
wwdw,oH*g,emrS ayxuftu©&mwifjcif;
pwkw¬oH*g,emonfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHü 2-Budrfwkdif EIwfjzifh ½Gwfzwf½HkrQru ausmufpmwifí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
594
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vnf;aumif;? tEkdifEkdifiHoHk; ckdifcHhom;em; xl;jcm;aom pmtkyfrsm; ½dkufESdyfívnf;aumif;? yÍörtBudrf? q|rtBudrfwiftyfaom oH*g,emwkdUonfvnf;aumif; npfaMu;rwif tjypfuif;pifaom "r®mEkavmr oH*g,emwkdUom jzpfMuayonf/ ,if;odkUjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
apm'uq&mwkdU
wifjyxm;tyfaom
pk'dwuwkdU\
oH*g,emajcmufwef ayghysufao; odrfatmif ûyvkyfí ajymqkda&;om; xkwfa0Muaom oH*g,emorkdif;? Ak'¨omoemorkdif;?
edum,f\
edum,fpmtkyf?
a';'&JausmufpmwkdifwkdUyg
pum;&yfwkdUonf
t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ jyqkdcJhNyD;aom ,kwådtm*r om"ut&yf&yfwkdUaMumifh tbd"r®mudk bk&m;ra[m[k pGyfpGJjcif;onf t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;? oH*g,em 6-wefudk ao;odrfayghysufatmif vkyfjcif;onf "r®udk t"r®? 0de,udk t0de, jzpfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpfí t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif; EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2) q&mawmfrsm;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
595
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf (2) apm'em trSwf (7) oAÁñkwÓPfukd y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedpä,
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk xdyg;rIESifh pyfvsOf;í wifjyavQmufxm;aom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/ ÓPfawmfudk
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf trSwf (7) apm'em tjzpfjzifh ]]Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ oAÁñkw xdyg;apvsuf
Ak'¨bmom
ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;
a[majyma&;om;rIESifhywfoufí
apm'emcsufyg bk&m;}} [laom avQmufxm;vTmudk þ0denf;"dk&f½Hk;awmfodkU wifoGif;í þtaMumif;udk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS
tbd"r®mynmay;wm0efcH
(tbd"r®mq&mpdef)u
a0zefykwfcwf
a&;om;xm;ygonf[k pGJqkdxm;ayonf/ 2/
þpGJqkdcsufwGif
tbd"r®mq&mpdef
a&;om;xm;aom
tcsuf
5-csufukd
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocH tjzpf azmfjyxm;ayonf/ (u)
wdw¬dq&mBuD;wkdUudk
tnHhrcHvdkíom
t|uxmq&mrsm;u
Ak'¨udk
oAÁñkwÓPf
&onf[k qkdMuaMumif;/ (c)
oAÁñkwÓPf &ygvsuf rdrd\ &efoljzpfaom a'0'wfudk tb,fhaMumifh
&[ef;ûycGifh
ay;&oenf;/ (*)
oAÁñkwÓPf&onfqkdygvsuf
ao;Ekyfaomodu©myk'frsm;udk
y,fEkwfMuavmh[k
tb,faMumifh rdefUqkd&oenf;/ (C)
0dZÆmoHk;yg;onf
&[EÅmwkdif;&½Sdaom
todÓPfjzpf\/
þodkUqkdygrl
Ak'¨ESifh
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfonf rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;/ (i)
Ak'¨
&½Sdtyfaom
oAÁñkwÓPfonf
0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdYudk
xkd;xGif;NyD;
odjrif&½SdcJhaom ÓPfjzpf\/ (þum; tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om;csufrS jzpf\) 3/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf
yxrOD;pGmwifoGif;aom
omrn
apm'emü
tqkdyg
tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om;csuf rl&if;rsm;udk oufaocHpmtkyfrsm;jzifh wifjyí pnf;urf;pepfwus apm'emMuonf/
'kwd,
xyfqifhwifoGif;aom
0daooapm'emü
tqkdyg
tbd"r®mq&mpdef
a&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;a[m yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh qefUusifbuf jzpfaomaMumifh tbd"r®m t"r®0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfay;yg&ef avQmufxm;oGm;Muavonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
596
tpodkU 4/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þoAÁñkwÓPfESifh
ywfoufaom
apm'emwifcsufudk
pk'dwursm;
jzpfMuaom
awmifwGif;BuD;rS OD;Z0e (ae½Sife,f)? ig;qifhausmif; OD;Z0e? ewfrSD t½SifqE´m"du? a';'&JrS OD;OaZÆmwdu? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS Ouú| OD;cif[efESifh &ckdifjynfe,f OD;a½TjynfhwkdU vHk;0acsyjcif; rûycJhMuay/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ pGJqkdcsuf (21)csufvHk;udk pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfxJu rnfolrqkd acsyEkdifonfhtcGifhta&;udk 0denf;"dk&f½Hk;u
ay;tyfxm;ayonf/
odkUygvsuf
þapm'em
wifcsufudk
racsyMujcif;jzifh
apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ pGJqkdcsufukd 0efcH&modkU a&mufayonf/ 5/
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;teuf ocifjrwfqkdif wpfOD;wnf;uom acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf/
,if;okdU avQmufxm;&mü ]]udk,fwkdifa&;om;cJhaom q&mpdefESifh aqG;aEG;Munhf&mwGif}} [k pum;cif;NyD; avQmufxm;onfukd
axmufcsifhjcif;
tm;jzifh
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
rdrdÓPfpGrf;ÓPfpjzifh
acsyEkdif½Smjcif;r[kwfbJ ÓPftiSm;jzifh 0hH0Hhpm;pm; avQmufxm; jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ayonf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 6/
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfukd xdyg;rIESifh ywfoufí apm'u pk'dwuwkdU ESpfOD;ESpfbuf
wifjyavQmufxm;csufrsm; teufrS yxrOD;pGm apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ wifjycsufudk oHk;oyfaytHh7/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom omrnapm'emcsufudk Munfh½I&mwGif pGJqkdvdkaom
tcsufay:vGifNyD; oufaocH taxmuftxm; ckdifvHkonfudk awGU&ayonf/ oufqkdif&mpmapmifudkvnf; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;xH
oufaocHtjzpf
wifjyxm;ayonf/
xyfqifh
apm'emcsufudk
oHk;oyf&mwGifvnf; q|oH*g,emwif ygVdawmfrsm;udk tukd;tum;ûyí wifjyxm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/ apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk odom½Hk azmfjy tyfayonf/ 8/
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfonf rnfonhfom0uwkdUESifhrQ rqkdifaom Ak'¨bk&m;½SifwpfOD;wnf;om
ydkifonfh tom"m&P ÓPfawmfjzpfaMumif; av;toacsFESifhurÇmwpfodef;wkdifwkdif yg&rDawmfwkdUudk jznfhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhaomaMumifh
xkdÓPfudk
&awmfrljcif;jzpfaMumif;?
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfBuD;ü
pGrf;&nfoHk;yg;½SdaMumif; ponfwkdUukd usrf;*efESifhtnD azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/ 9/ ay;cJhaMumif;?
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wfonf
r[mu½kPm½SifjzpfaomaMumifh
tmCmwBuD;vGef;oljzpfí
&[ef;ûycGifh
a'0'wfudk
&[ef;ûycGifh
&onfjzpfap?
r&onfjzpfap
Ak'¨bk&m;udk jypfrSm;rnfomjzpfaMumif;? &[ef;ûycGifh&onfhtwGuf a'0'wfrSm yapöuaAm"dÓPf tajccH&í tusdK;½SdcJhaMumif;? olawmfaumif;wkdU\ oabmonf rdrd\&efoljzpfapumrl zsufqD;jcif;rûyaMumif;ukd AdrÁdom&ESifh tZmwowfwkdU\jzpf&yfukd oufaoxlí avQmufxm;cJh Muonf/ 10/
xkdUjyif bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefcgeD;u ao;i,faom odu©myk'frsm;ukd oHCmu
y,fEkwfvdkvQif y,fEkwf ygav[k rSmMum;cJhjcif;onf wynfhom; oHCmrsm;\ESpfoufrIukd jzpfapcJhaMumif;? wynfhom; oHCmrsm;taejzifhvnf; wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ y,fEkwfjcif;rûybJ bk&m;½Sif oufawmfxif½Sm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
597
tpodkU ½SdonfESifh
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rjcm;
av;pm;vdkufemMuaomaMumifh
ESpfouftm;&zG,f
jzpfcJhaMumif;wkdUukd
azmfjy
avQmufxm;jcif;rsm;onf ,xm"r® ,xm0de,oabmokdU ouf0ifvsuf ½Sdonfukd awGU&ayonf/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsycsufudk oHk;oyfcsuf 11/
wpfzef
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqkdif\acsycsufudk
oHk;oyfaythH?
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; oAÁñkw ÓPf½Sifr[kwf}} [laomtcsufudk OD;wnfíacsyxm;ayonf/ þodkUacsy&mü ocifjrwfqkdif tukd;ûyaom om"urSm rZÑdryPÖmo aw0dZÆ0päokwf jrefrmjyefyif jzpfonf/ xkdokwf jrefrmjyefukd ocifjrwfqkdifu]]t½Sifbk&m; &[ef;a*gwronf tvHk;pHkudk od\/ tvHk;pHkudk jrif\/ tNrJrjywf ÓPftjrifonf a½S;½I xif\[k t
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0pä
pum;t&
&[ef;a*gwronf
ajymqkdolrsm; tvHk;pHkudk
jzpfygukef\avm
od\/
tvHk;pHkudkjrif\/
igoGm;aeonfjzpfap? &yfaeonfjzpfap? tNrJrjywf ÓPftjrifonf a½S;½Ixif\[k t
ocifjrwfqkdif\acsycsufonf þuJhodkU ta&;BuD;aom rl&if;a'oemygpum;&yfudk bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;?
yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh
rnDñGwf&um;
oabmroufa&mufjcif;? apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\
om"urajrmufjcif;rsm;aMumifh
pGJqkdcsufudk
acsyEkdifjcif;
r½SdaMumif;
awGU&ayonf/
aw0dZÆ0päokwf oHk;oyfcsuf 13/
apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdY\ wifvTm acsvTmwkdUudk oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfukd
xdyg;aomtcsufESifh ywfoufí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ oHk;oyfcsufukd azmfjyaythH/ ocifjrwfqkdif wifjyaom pum;&yfwGif rnfonfhpum;vHk;udk ûzwfxm;cJhaMumif; odEkdifap&ef aw0dZÆ0päokwf rl&if; ygVdESifh ,if;\ jrefrmjyefukd xkwfjyvdkufayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
598
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wpfcgu 0päEG,f0ify&dAdkZfwpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHkNyD; þodkUaompum;udk avQmufxm; avonf/ okwH arwH baEÅ oraPm a*gwarm oAÁnK oAÁ'óm0D ty&daooH ÓP'óeH y#dZmemwd? p&awm p ar wd|awm p okwåó p Zm*&ó p owwH ordwH ÓP'óeH ypöKy|dwEÅd/ (r 2? 148/)
jrefrmjyef ]]t½Sifbk&m; &[ef;a*gwronf tvHk;pHkudk od\/ tvHk;pHkudk jrif\/ ig oGm;aeonfjzpfap? &yfaeonf jzpfap? tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap? Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap? tNrJrjywf ÓPftjrifonf a½S;½Ixif\[k t
0päy&dAkdZfu
qufvufí
]]ÓPftjrifudk
0efcH\[lí
ajymqkdaomolwkdUonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;t& ajymqkdolrsm; jzpfygukef\avm? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk r[kwfrrSefaomtm;jzifh rpGyfpGJbJ ½Sdygukef\avm}} ponfjzifh avQmufxm;avonf/ 15/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajzMum;csufudk razmfjyrD þy&dAdkZf avQmufxm;aom pum;udk pdppf&ef
vdktyfayonf/
þy&dAkdZfonf
oów0g'udk
tajccHí
ar;aejcif;jzpfonf/
þokwfü
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfESifh ywfoufí ta&;BuD; aomtcsufrSm ]]owwH ordwH ÓP'óeH}} [laom tcsufyif jzpfonf/ ÓP'óeH=ÓPftjrif[laom pum;ukd rnfodkUaom ÓPftjrifrsdK; jzpfaMumif; ]]owwH ordwH}} [laom pum;t& azmfjyvsuf ½Sdonf/ owwH ordwH\ teufrSm = tNrJrjywf tcgcyfodrf; edpö xm0&[líyif jzpfonf/ pdefwHk;BuD;rsm; xm0& vif;ae ouJhodkU rnfonfhtcsdeftcgürqkd tNrJwef; jrifaeaom ÓPftjrifrsdK;yif jzpfonf/
þtcsufukd
xif½Sm;apaom
pum;&yfrSm
okwåó
p=tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap[laom
pum;&yfjzpfonf/ tdyfaysmfaepOfrSmvnf; jrifaeaomÓPf[k y&dAkdZfu qkdvdkayonf/ 16/
xkdacwftcgu
rZÑdra'ow0dkufwGif
twå0g'vnf;
xGef;um;vsuf
½Sdayonf/
vl\ukd,ftwGif;ü csrf;om okcudk cHpm;aom twåonf tNrJ½Sdae\/ twåonf t&mtm;vHk;udk jrif\? od\/ þodkUaom t,ltqrsdK; ½Sdayonf/ wdw¬d q&mBuD;wkdUonf þtwå0g'udk tajccHvsuf rdrdwkdUonfoAÁñl=w&m;tm;vHk;udk odonf oAÁ'óm0D=w&m;tm;vHk;udk jrifonf[lí
0efcHMuaomtcg
tNrJrjywfjrifaeonf
odaeonf[lí
a
0efcHMuavonf/
þ0päy&dAdkZfonf xkduJhodkU edpöoAÁñkwÓPf0efcHolwkdU\ pum;udk Mum;emrSwfom;&ol jzpfonfhtavsmuf jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;vnf; þodkUaom edpöoAÁñkw ÓPftjrifrsdK;jzifh oAÁñktjzpf 0efcHygoavm ar;vdk&if; jzpfayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
599
tpodkU rSwfcsuf/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) / þ 0päy&dAdkZf\ tar;rsdK;udk t*FkwådK&f e0uedygwf? avmum,wdu okwfwGifvnf;
tvm;wl awGU½SdEkdifonf/ 17/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
xkwfazmfa[mMum;aom
tbd"r®ma'oemt&
rnfonfh½kyf
rnfonfhemrfrQ edpö[lí r½Sdacs/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oyg'f? XD? bif jzpf wnf csKyfysuf tedpötcsufcsnf;om jzpfayonf/ ÓPfqkdonfrSmvnf; emrfw&m;wkdUwGif tacgifcsKyf jzpfapumrl taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oyg'f XD bif pepf jzifhomvQif ay:aom obm0 wpf&yfjzpfayonf/ xkdUjyif tdyfaysmfaepOftcgü rnfonfhÓPfxl;rQrjzpf b0if(tdyfpdwf)omvQif jzpfvsuf ½Sdonf/ þonfrSm tbd"r®mq&mBuD;rsm;udk rqkdxm;bd vlomrefwkdUyif odEkdifaom vufawGUobm0 jzpf&yfaywnf;/ odkUjzpfí Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh tjcm;aom wdw¬dbk&m;wkdUonf tbd"r®mtjrifcsif; vHk;0uGJjym;vsuf ½Sdacsonf/ þodkU uGJjym;ygvsuf pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf ¤if;\ jrefrmjyefüokwåó p=tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap? Zm*&ó p=Ekd;Mum;aeonfjzpfap[laom bk&m;a[m rl&if;ygVdawmfjrefrmjyefukd wrifûzwfí ay,smvuef 0uGufí csefxm;cJhjcif;rSm Mum;emolrsm; taejzifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mESifh wdw¬dwkdU\ tbd"r®m rwlaom tcsufudk &dyfrdoGm;rnf pdk;aomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/ 18/
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;onfum;
þuhJokdUaom
tedpötbd"r®m
tjrif½Sdoljzpfí
y&dAdkZf\
]]tdyfaysmfaewkef;rSmyif jrifíaeaom ÓPftjrifrsdK; ½Sdonfh oAÁñkyk*¾dKvf [kwfygoavm}} [laom ar;cGef;udk jywfjywfom;om; y,fcsawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ ]]igonfum; ,if;uJhodkU tdyfaysmfaewkef;rSmyif jrifaeonfqkdaom oówÓPfrsdK;½Sdonfh oAÁñkrsdK; r[kwf}} [lí ajzqkdawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ 19/
þuJhodkU
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
wdw¬dwkdU\
oAÁñkrsdK;udk
0efrcHaomtcg
y&dAkdZfu
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk rnfokdUajymvQif trSefajym&m a&mufrnfenf;[k qufvuf ar;avQmufayonf/ þwGifrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;jref;ol y&dAkdZfESifh wefavmuf½Hk þodkU tajzay;awmfrlonf/ ]]aw0daZÆm oraPm a*gwarmwd acg 0pä Asmu&rmaem 0kwå0g'D ap0 ar tó}} (r 2? 149/)
jrefrmjyef 0pä &[ef;a*gwronf 0dZÆmoHk;yg; ½Sd\[k ajymqkdaomolonf trSeftm;jzifh ig\pum;t& ajymqkdjcif; jzpf&m\/ 20/
þpum;t&vnf; olwyg;u þodkU ajymvQif rSef\[kom rdefUawmfrlonf/ igonf
0dZÆmoHk;yg;udkom &onf/ oAÁñkwÓPfukd r&[lí 0efcHjcif;rsdK; r[kwfay/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
600
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdawmfrlonfh taMumif;udk tBudrfrsm;pGm 0efcHawmfrlcJhayonf/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; om"u xkwfaqmif í avQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ txufyg pum;pOft& tusOf;csKyf&aomf aw0dZÆ0päokwfü jrwfpGmbk&m;u oAÁñk[lí 0efrcHjcif;onf ar;ol y&dAdkZfu tdyfaysmfwkef;rSmyif odaeaom edpöoAÁñk? owwoAÁñkrsdK;ukd 0efcHovm;[k ar;onhftwGuf 0efrcHjcif; jzpfonf/ oAÁñkwÓPfudk r&í 0efrcHjcif; r[kwfay/ aw0dZÆÓPfudk &onf[k ajymvQif rSefonf[k qkdjcif;onfvnf; ar;olESifh wef½Hkom ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh 0dZÆmoHk;yg;udkom &onf 0dZÆm½Spfyg; oAÁñkwÓPfwkdUudk r&í r[kwfay/ tjcm;okwf
a'oemawmfrsm;pGmwkdUü
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
rdrd
oAÁñkwÓPf½Sif
jzpfaMumif;
0efcHa[mMum;xm;csuf rsm;pGm½Sdayonf/ aw0dZÆokwfukd ukd;um;í Ak'¨bk&m;½Siftm; oAÁñkwÓPf½Sifr[kwf[k ajymqkdMuolwkdUonf aw0dZÆ0päokwf\ t"dyÜm,fudkyif em;rvnfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? xkdokwfrSwpfyg; oAÁñkwÓPfudk 0efcHa[mMum;xm;aom okwf a'oemrsm;udk rawGUzl;MuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨bmomwkdU\ udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m
txGwftjrwfqHk;jzpfaom
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
ao;odrfatmifûyvkyfvdkonfh
apwemqkd;aMumifhvnf;aumif; ajymqkdMujcif;jzpfayonf/
oAÁnKwÓPf qifjcifrSod 21/
bk&m;ocif
udk,fawmfjrwfonf
tvHk;pHkudkodaom
oAÁñk?
tvHk;pHkudk
jrifaom
oAÁ'óm0D jzpfawmfrl\ qkd&mwGif tdyfaysmfaeckdufü vnf;aumif;? rqifjcifaom tckdufüvnf;aumif; odjrifawmfrljcif;
r½Sday/
tdyfaysmfaeckdufü
b0ifpdwfwkdUom
jzpfaeukef\/
xkdb0ifpdwfwkdUonf
tm½Hk½Sdonf qkd½HkrQom jzpfukef\/ wpfpHkwpf&mudk uGJuGJjym;jym; odjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifukef/ xkdenf;wlpGm rqifjcifaom
tckdufüvnf;
odjrifawmfrljcif;
r½Sd/
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfjzifh
qifjcifawmfrlrSom
odjrifjcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdif\/ 22/
Oyrm
tpGrf;xufjrufaom
tdyfaysmfaeaomfvnf;aumif;?
rSefajymif;BuD;ukd
toHk;rûyaomfvnf;aumif;
vuf0,fydkifydkifudkifxm;oltm;
rSefajymif;\
xufjrufaompGrf;tm;rSm
rxif½Sm;aomfvnf; rSefajymif;udk tpGrf;xufjrufrI r½Sd[k rqkdomouJhodkU xkdUtwl tdyfaysmfaeckduf rqifjcifckdufü
rodrjrifaomfvnf;
tvHk;pHkudkrod[kvnf;aumif;?
tvHk;pHkudk
rjrif[kvnf;aumif;
rqkdomacs/ þtaMumif;udk aw0dZÆ0päokwft|uxmü atmufygtwkdif; ½Sif;vif;jyxm;ayonf/ (u)
oAÁñl oAÁ'óm0D ty&daooH ÓP'óeH y#dZmemwDwd [d £'H tEkZmedwAÁH od,m?
(c)
p&awm p ar/y/ ypöKy|dwEÅd £'H ye emEkZmedwAÁH?
(*)
oAÁñkwnmaPe [d tm0ZÆdwGm yZmemwd (r | 3? 136/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
601
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"dyÜm,fqkdvdkcsuf
(u)
tvHk;pHkudk od\? tvHk;pHkudk jrif\? t
(c)
oGm;aeonf jzpfap &yfaeonf jzpfap tdyfaysmfaeonf jzpfap Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap tNrJrjywf tcgcyfodrf; ÓPftjrif a½S;½Ixif\ [laom pum;udkom jrpfy,fawmfrl\/ (vufcHawmfrrl)/
(*)
oAÁñkwÓPfjzifh qifjcifrSom tvHk;pHkudk odawmfrl\/
wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh odolr½Sd 23/ om"uudk
oAÁñkwÓPfESifhpyfí rZÑdryPÖmoygVd uPÖuw¬vokwf ESm 328-329-ü vmaom xkwfaqmifí
½Sif;vif;jy&ayOD;rnf/
tcgwpfyg;ü
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
uPÖuw¬v
trnf½Sdaom awm0,f aeawmfrl\/ xkdpOfu yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xHokdU csOf;uyfí oAÁñkwÓPfESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk oHo,uif;atmif ar;zl;avNyD/ ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;tvHk;pHkudk odaom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk jrifaom t
þuJhodkU
yaóe'Daumovrif;u
avQmufxm;aomtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
atmufygtwkdif; jyefíajzMum;av onf/ ]]rif;BuD; w&m;tvHk;pHkudkom odaom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk jrifaom t
orPaomfvnf;aumif;
taMumif;rsdK;
r½SdEkdif[k
jAm[®Paomfvnf;aumif;
&[ef;a*gwru
ajymqkdaMumif;
r½SdEkdif/
(vdkufvH
þodkU
0efcHEkdifaom
owif;vTifhaeMuolrsm;onf)
ighpum;twkdif; ajymjcif;r[kwf? ighukd pGyfpGJ&m a&muf\/ uJh&JU&m a&muf\}} 25/
bk&m;½Sif\tajzpum;udk Mum;aomtcg aumovrif;BuD;u atmufygtwkdif;qufí
ar;avQmufjyefavonf/ ]]t½Sifbk&m;
vlawG
em;vnfwmu
wjcm;?
bk&m;a[mwmu
wjcm;jzpfaeygonf/
½Sif;jyawmfrlyg bk&m;}} aumovrif;\
tar;pum;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
atmufygtwkdif;
wdwdusus
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
602
½Sif;jyawmfrlavonf/
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
]]rif;BuD;
wpfBudrfwnf;jzifhomvQif
tvHk;pHkudk
odEkdifaom?
tvHk;pHkudk
jrifEkdifaom
orPaomfvnf;aumif; jAm[®P aomfvnf;aumif; r½Sd? odEkdif jrifEkdifaom taMumif;rsdK;onf r½SdEkdif? þpum;udk &nfí ig ajymqkdjcif; jzpfonf}}/ 26/ vdkonf/
þokwfü bk&m;ocif rdefUMum;aom pum;\ t"dyÜm,fukd rdrd&& aumufwwfzkdU a[mawmfrlvdk&if;rSm ]]tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odaomol jrifaomol r½Sd[k ig ra[m?
tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odaomol jrifaomol ½Sd\[k ig a[monf/ odkUaomf wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odEkdifjrifEkdifol r½Sd? tBudrfBudrf ÓPfjzifh qifjcifrS odEkdifjrifEkdifonf}} [k ajzawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ ûcHí qkd&aomf ]]tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk odjrifaom oAÁñkyk*¾dKvftrSef ½Sdonf/ tvHk;pHkudk odaomfvnf; wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh tukefod tukefjrif[laom teufoabmudk rrSwf&}} [k qkdvkdayonf/ 27/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
þuJhodkU
oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk
wdwdusus½Sif;jyaomtcg
yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;onf vGefpGm oabmusí 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHygaMumif;]]oAÁnKwH r,H baEÅ b*0EÅH tykpädrSm? oAÁñkwH b*0g Asmumod? wÍö yerSmuH ½kpöwd ap0 crwd p? awe prSm twårem}} (r 2? 333/) [k avQmufxm;avonf/
jrefrmjyef ]]t½Sifbk&m; tuREkfyfwkdUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk ar;avQmufygukef\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk
ajzMum;awmfrl\/
xkdajzMum;awmfrlcsufukdvnf;
tuREkfyfwkdUonf oabmvnf;usyg\/ ESpfvnf; ESpfoufyg\/ xkdtajzjzifhvnf; ESpfvdkaompdwf ½SdMuygukef\/}} 28/
þuPÖuw¬vokwfü Ak'¨udk,fwkdif oAÁñkwÓPftaMumif;udk twdtus taotcsm
a[mxm;ygvsuf ]]t|uxmq&mwkdUu Ak'¨onf bmrqkd tMum;tjrif tod½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef½Sd\}} [laom tbd"r®mq&mpdefqkdol\ a&;om;csufonf bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;ESifh vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
Ak'¨udk,fawmfwkdif oAÁnK[k0efcHyHk 29/
or®morÁK'¨ (oAÁñk)ESifhpyfvsOf;í bk&m;udk,fwkdif 0efcHxm;yHkudkvnf; om"utjzpf
xkwfaqmifjyvdkufayOD;rnf/
aumovoH,kwf'[m&okwfwGif
yaóe'Daumovrif;BuD;u
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyfí þodkU ar;avQmuf zl;avonf/ ]]b0rÜd aem a*gwarm tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨gwd yZmemwd}} (oH 1? 68/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
603
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
]]t½Sifa*gwronfvnf; twkr½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPfudk odol[lí 0efcHygoavm}}/ xkdokdYar;avQmufaomtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
twdtvif;0efcHaMumif;
atmufygtwkdif;
rdefUMum;awmfrlonf/ ]]t[H [d r[m&mZ tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨g}} (oH 1/ 68/)
jrefrmjyef ]]rif;BuD; rSefvSay\/ igonf twkr½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPfudk odawmfrl\}}/ 30/
þaumovoH,kwf '[&okwfü bk&m;udk,fwkdif (oAÁñk) jzpfaMumif; 0efcHxm;csuf
twdtvif;½Sdygvsuf tbd"r®mq&mpdefqkdolu r,HkMunfEkdifjcif;rSm rdpäm'd|d rdpämouFyÜ oabmrSvGJí tjcm;oabmrjzpfEkdifacs/ 31/
Ak'¨u
þuJhodkU
oAÁñkjzpfaMumif;
0efcHaomtcg
yaóe'Daumovu
wdw¬dq&mBuD;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;yHkudk þodkU avQmufxm;jyefonf/ ]]t½Sifa*gwr yl&Puóy paom q&mBuD;wkdUukd oAÁñkwÓPf½Siftjzpf 0efcHyg oavm[lí tuREkfyf udk,fwkdifar;&m oAÁñktjzpf olwkdU0efrcHMuyg/ t½Sifa*gwronf t½G,fvnf;i,f\/ &[ef; ûyopfpvnf; jzpf\/ odkUjzpfvsuf tb,fhaMumifh oAÁñk[k 0efcHygoenf;}}/ aumovrif;u þodkU ar;jref;aomtcg Ak'¨u ]]rif;udkvnf;aumif; a>rudkvnf;aumif; rD;udkvnf;aumif; &[ef;udkvnf;aumif; þ 4-rsdK;udk i,fonf[k txifrao;oifhaMumif;}} rdefUawmfrl\/ þ'[&okwfawmfü Ak'¨onf oAÁñkwÓPfudk xkd;xGif;í od\(&\) [k twdtvif;0efcHawmfrlonfudk awGU&ayonf/ 32/
þokwfü wdw¬dwkdUu oAÁñktjzpf 0efrcH? a*gwrbk&m;uom oAÁñktjzpf 0efcHonfudk
awGU½Sd&ayonf/ oabmw&m;a&;&m
þodkU
bk&m;a[myd#uwfusrf;*ef
wm0efcHwpfOD;jzpfaom
txift½Sm;
tbd"r®mq&mpdef\
½Sdygvsuf
or®m'd|dtzGJUcsKyf\
]]t|uxmq&mwkdUonf
Ak'¨\
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk csD;ajrmufa&;om;&mü xdkoAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonfqkdaom wdw¬dq&mBuD;wkdUukd tnhHrcHvdkonfu wpfaMumif;? Ak'¨udk tjcm;t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdUESifh cGJjcm;xm;vdkaomaMumifh Ak'¨onf bmrqkd tMum;tjrif tod½Sdaom oAÁñkwÓPf &½Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef wl\}} [laom a&;om;csufonf t|uxmq&mwkdUukd jyuf&,fûyjcif; bk&m;ocifukd apmfum;jcif;jzpfí t"r®0g'DwkdU\ rawmfrw&m; pGyfpGJa&;om;jcif;om jzpfonf[lí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
604
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ygVdawmfwkdUü vm½SdyHk
33/
pk'dwutzGJUom;wkdUu
¤if;wkdU\
xifjrifcsufoufoufjzifh
oAÁñkwÓPf[lonf
t|uxmq&mwkdU vkyfBuH xm;aom *kPfyk'f jzpfav[ef a&;om;xm;&m t|uxmwkdU vkyfBuHa&;om;csuf r[kwfrlí tbd"r®mygVdawmfwkdYüyif vm½SdaMumif;udk xyfrH azmfjyayOD;thH/ ]]uwarm p yk*¾avm or®morÁKa'¨g? £a"uapöm yk*¾avm ykAÁteEkókawok "ar®ok omrH opömed tbdorÁKZÑwd? ww¬ p oAÁñkwH ygykPmwd? Aavok p 0oDbm0H? t,H 0kpöwd yk*¾avm or®morÁKa'¨g}} (tbd 3/ 117/) (yk*¾vynwåd ygVdawmf)
jrefrmjyef or®morÁK'¨yk*¾dKvf[lonf
tb,fenf;?
þavmuü
tcsdKUaom
yk*¾dKvfonf
a½S;u
rMum;zl;ukefaom w&m;wkdUü udk,fwkdif opömwkdUukd xkd;xGif;í od\/ xdkopömw&m;wkdUü tukeftpif odjrifjcif;
(oAÁñktjzpf)
okdUvnf;aumif;?
tm;awmfq,fwef
ÓPfawmfq,fyg;wkdUü
avhvmEkdifeif;jcif;okdYvnf;aumif; a&muf\/ þyk*¾dKvfudk or®morÁK'¨[k qkdtyf\/ rSwfcsuf/
/
yapöuorÁK'¨yk*¾dKvftaMumif;
ygykPmwd=xkdopömw&m;wkdUü opömav;yg;udk
oAÁñktjzpfodkU
odjcif;wlaomfvnf;
a[m&müum; ra&muf}}
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
[k
]]e
p
vm½Sd\/
yapöuAk'¨gwkdU
ww¬
oAÁñkwH
þygVdawmfudkaxmufí
todcsif;
uGmjcm;aMumif;
tjcm;t&d,mwkdUESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm omíyif uGmjcm;rnf jzpfaMumif;udk rSwfom;xm;oifh\/
obm0,kwådazmfjycsuf 34/
bk&m;a[mygVd
aom"u
tm*r,kwådtm;jzifh
oAÁñkwÓPf½SdyHk
a*gwrbk&m;½Sif
oAÁñkwÓPf&½SdyHkwkdUukd jyNyD;aemuf avmuobm0,kwådtm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh oAÁñkwÓPf &½SdyHkudk jyOD;tHh/ yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufü todÓPf ynm½Sdvm&efrSm (xl;jcm;aom yg&rD½Sifrsm; r[kwfvQif) tcsdef,lum qE´ 0D&d, orm"dwkdUjzifh avhvmêud;ukwf tm;xkwfqnf;yl;&NrJ jzpfayonf/ rsufjrifavmu ynmoif,laeMuaom ausmif;om;b0udk avhvmvQif 3-ESpf? 4-ESpfom ynmoifMum;EkdifolwkdUonf rlvwef;tqifh ynmavmufom wwfajrmufMu\/ 6-ESpf? 7-ESpf oifMum;EkdifvQif tv,fwef;tqifh? xkdxuftcsdef,lum avhvmtm;xkwfygvQif txufwef;tqifh wuúodkvftqifh ponfh tqifhjrifynmudk &½SdEkdifayonf/ þum; a,bk,soabmudk ûcHiHk oHk;oyfjcif; jzpf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
605
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tcsdKUaom olwkdUüum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tHhMoavmufatmif ynmxl;cRefonfukd awGUEkdifayonf/ Oyrm(u)
jrefrmjynfwGif
t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufu
yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk
EIwfwuf
6-ESpfom;t½G,f
tm*HkaqmifEkdifí
armifxGef;êudifonf
yd#uwfarmifxGef;êudif[k
xif½Sm;cJhzl;onf/ ol\taMumif;rSm jrefrmjynfomru urÇmokdUyif ausmfMum;cJh\/ (c)
rHk½Gmc½dkif
uEéDûrdUrS
ausmfMum;xif½Sm;aom
uEéDq&mawmfBuD;\
r,fawmfBuD;
a':aumif;onf yd#uwfawmf ygVdpmayrsm;udk wpfBudrfrQ zwf½Ijcif;jzifh EIwfwuftm*Hk &½Sdavonf/ (*)
NAdwdoQ oHtrwfwpfOD;jzpfol 0DvsH[mrDvfwefonf 3-ESpft½G,fuyif a[NAJ ([Db½l;) bmomudk wwfajrmuf \/
7-ESpft½G,fwGif a[NAJbmomudk oifMum;aeaom
wuúodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD;xuf ydkí wwfajrmufNyD; 12-ESpft½G,fwGif yg½Sef tl&'l [if'lpwefeD (C)
tygt0if bmompum;aygif; 12-rsdK;udk ajymqkdEkdif\/
tar&duefjynfrS
0DvsH*sdrf;qpf'pfonf
touf
2-ESpft½G,frSmyif
ta&;tzwf
wwfajrmuf\/ (i)
ocFsmynmbufwGif t½G,fESifhrvdkufatmif xl;cRefaeaomuav;rsm;udkvnf; rMumcP awGUjrifMum;odae&\/
þxl;cRefrIrsm;um;
þb0ü
avhvmqnf;yl;aom
0D&d,
ponfaMumifhom
r[kwfbJ
a½S;a½S;b0u avhvmcJhaom yg&rDukodkvftxHkwkdU\ taxmuftyHhu vGefuJpGmyg0ifaeaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wpfb0 ESpfb0ru b0aygif; &maxmifodef;oef;[k ra&wGufEkdif? av;toFacsESifh
urÇmwpfodef;wkdU
½SmrSD;awmfrlcJhavonf/
umvywfvHk;
b0rsdK;pHkü
oAÁñkwÓPfynm&½dSa&;twGuf
usifvnfum
oAÁñkwÓPfudk
y"meOD;wnfcsufxm;vsuf
jzpfav&m&m
b0rsm;pGmwkdUü ay;urf;vª'gef;jcif; ('geyg&rD)? tusifhoDvapmifhxdef;jcif; (oDvyg&rD)? umrtaESmiftzGJU tdrftaESmiftzGJUwkdUrS cGJcGmxGufajrmufjcif; (aeu©r®yg&rD)? todynmtxl;xl;udk qnf;yl;avhvmjcif; (ynmyg&rD) paom yg&rDawmfwkdUukd trsm;olwkdYxuf xl;uJpGmjznfhusifhawmfrlvsuf oAÁñkwÓPfynmudk ½SmrSD;cJhavonf/ xkdokdU av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; xl;xl;uJuJ jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhjcif;aMumifh &½Sdvmaom ynmrSm rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf\ynmESifhrQ EIdif;,SOfwkdif;wmír&aom tvHk;pHkodaomynm (0g) oAÁñkwÓPfawmfom jzpf&ayrnf/ 35/
xkdUjyif jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmfwdkUukd qifjcifavhvmvQif
oAÁñkwÓPfawmf½Sif w&m;awmf?
jrwfpGmbk&m;jzpfaMumif;
y#dpöorkyÜm'f
w&m;awmfwkdUuJhokdU
od½SdEkdifayonf/ rSefuefwdus
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf cufcJeufeJvSaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
opömav;yg; w&m;awmfrsm;?
606
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jA[®ZmvokwfuJhokdU
t,l0g'rsdK;pHk
y|mef;usrf;BuD;tygt0if
rdpäm'd|dtzHkzHkudk
vTrf;ûcHí
tbd"r®ma'oemwkdUuJhokdU
a[mMum;aom
BuD;us,fvSaom
a'oemrsm;?
a'oemawmfwkdUukd
a[mMum;awmfrl&m ¤if;a'oemawmfwkdUukd jzpfay:apaomÓPfrSm oAÁñkwÓPfrSwyg; tjcm;ÓPf rjzpfEkdifawmhay/ jA[®ZmvokwfuJhokdU av;eufus,fjyefUaom okwfw&m;awmfBuD;rsm; "r®o*FPD 0dbif; paom tbd"r®mckepfusrf; w&m;awmfrsm;udk zwf½Hkavmuf r[kwfbJ q&morm;enf; ususee oif,lqnf;yl; avhvmusihfBuHzl;ol rSeforQ twdrfteufudk em;vnfNyD; bk&m;½Siftm; oAÁñkwÓPfawmfr½Sd[k rnfolrQ rajym&JMuay/ yd#uoHk;yHkudk oabm a&;ajzESifhwuG EIwfiHkaqmifMuaom rnfonfhq&mawmfurQ oAÁñkwÓPfawmftay: oHo,r½SdonfrSm xif½Sm;aom vufawGUom"u jzpfavonf/ 36/
xkdUjyif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf udk,fawmfwkdifxkd;xGif;od½Sdaom w&m;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif
a[mawmfrlcJhonf r[kwfay/ od½Sdxm;aomw&m;awmfwkdUteuf owå0gwkdUtusdK;½Sdr,fh w&m;tcsdKU wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufukdom a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ odawmfrlvsuf ra[mMum;cJhaom w&m;wkdUum; a[mMum;NyD;w&m;wkdUxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm usef½Sdaeao;\/ þtcsufonf atmufyg r[m0*¾oH,kwåygVd oDoyg0eokwf -ESm 383-jzifh xif½Sm;\/ 37/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
aumorÁDjynf
,if;wkdufawmü
oDwif;oHk;aexkdifawmfrlpOfu
tenf;i,faom ,if;wkduf ½GufwkdYukd vufjzifhudkifí ]]&[ef;wkdU ig vufjzifh udkifxm;aom ,if;wkduf½GufwdkUESifh (usefaom) awmtwGif;½Sd ,if;wkduf½GufwkdUonf tb,fu rsm;oenf;}} [k ar;awmfrl\/ &[ef;wkdUu ]]t½Sifbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m; vufjzifh udkifxm;aom ,if;wkduf½GufwkdUonf enf;vSyg\/ pifppfum; awmtwGif;½Sd ,if;wkduf½GufwkdUonfom rsm;vSygukef\/}} [k avQmufxm;Mu\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]&[ef;wkdU þtwlyif igonf xl;aomÓPfjzifh odí ra[mMum;aom w&m;wkdUom rsm;ukef\/ tb,fhaMumifh ra[moenf;[lrl r*fwnf;[laom tusifhjrwf\ tp r[kwf/y/ wPSmrS xGufajrmuf&ef rjzpf? xkdUaMumifh ig ra[m[k rdefUawmfrl\/
(r[m0*¾ oHokwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef
oDoyg-0eokwf-389) xkdrQ
rsm;jym;vSaom
w&m;wkdUukd
odaomÓPfrSm
tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;r½Sd
odjrifaom
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfyif jzpfayonf/ þodkU jzpfEkdifcsuf obm0,kwådukd axmufívnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ü tvHk;pHkodaom oAÁñkwÓPfawmf ½SdaMumif; odEkdifonf/
a'0'wfudk &[ef;ûyay;jcif; 38/
a'0'wfukd &[ef;ûycGifh ay;jcif;aMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wf\ a½S;tjzpfukd rod?
jrwfpGmbk&m;ü oAÁñkwÓPfr½Sd[k or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUem,u q&mpdefu trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmifü pGyfpGJ a&;om;cJh\/ a½S;tjzpf[k qkd&mü jzpfvwåHUaom tem*wfudk qkdvdk[ef
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
607
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
½Sdayonf/ q&mpdefonf a'0'wfudk &[ef;ûycGifh ay;jcif;taMumif;udk rodaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\
w&m;a'oemwkdUudk
oabmaygufem;vnfrI
r½Sd?
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
Munfñdkaom
o'¨gw&m;enf;yg;NyD; tjypf½SmvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; xkdodkU pGyfpGJa&;om;jcif; jzpfayrnf/ a'0'wftm; &[ef;ûycGifhay;jcif;taMumif;udk apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUu "r®y't|uxmtukd;tum;jzifh 0daooapm'emü
wifjycJhMuNyD;
jzpfonf/
rdvdE´yO§ygVdawmfüvnf;
rdvdE´rif;BuD;u
ar;í
t½Sifem*aoeu atmufygtwkdif; ajzqkd awmfrlcJh\/ ]]um½kPdaum
r[m&mZ
b*0g
oAÁñk
p?
um½kane
r[m&mZ
b*0g
oAÁñkwnmaPe a'0'wåó *wð MoavmauaEÅm t'´o a'0'wåH/y/ tyAÁZdawmyd t,H armCyk&daom uyÜ|dwd, ar0urÜH tm,l[dówDwd um½kane a'0'wåH yAÁmaZod}} (ck 11? 14/) (rdvdE´yO§ygVd)
jrefrmjyef rif;jrwf
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
oem;jcif;
]]u½kPm}}vnf;
½Sdawmfrl\/
tvHk;pHkaom
w&m;wkdUudkvnf; odawmfrl\/ oem;awmfrlaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfjzifh a'0'wf\ vm;&m ]]*wd}} udk Munfhawmfrlonf½Sdaomf tyg,fü usapwwfaom uHukd tm;xkwfí uka#wpfodef;ru rsm;pGmaom urÇmwkdUywfvHk; i&JwpfckrS i&J wpfckokdU ysufpD;us? a&muf&mwpfckrS ysufpD;us
a&muf&mwpfckodkU
vm;a&mufvwåHUaom
a'0'wfudk
jrifawmfrl\/
xkdtaMumif;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfjzifh odawmfrlí þa'0'wf\ tykdif;tjcm;r½Sdaom uHonf igbk&m;\ omoemawmfü &[ef;ûyonf½Sdaomf tqHk;tykdif;tjcm; ½Sdonf jzpfvwåHU/ qif;&Jonf a½S;qkdcJhNyD;aom tydkif;tjcm;r½Sdaom uHukdaxmufí tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;½Sdonf jzpfvwåHY/ (r*fzkdvfrS) tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom
þolonf
&[ef;rûyaomfvnf;
(i&Jü)
wpfurÇmywfvHk;
wnfvdrfhrnfom
jzpfaomuHukd tm;xkwfvwåHU[k odawmfrlí oem;aomaMumifh a'0'wfudk &[ef;ûyay;awmfrl\/ (rd jref? 123 /) (rdvdE´yO§ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef) ¤if;ygVdawmfukd tusOf;csKyfaomf oAÁûywÓPfawmf t&if;cHaom r[mu½kPmawmfaMumifh a'0'wftm;
&[ef;ûycGifhay;onf[k
rSwf,ltyf\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
a'0'wf\
a½SUtjzpf
aemuftjzpfwkdUukd wpfb0omru b0 rsm;pGmwkdUukdyg odjrifawmfrlayonf/ 39/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf bk&m;tjzpfokdU a&mufawmfrlcgrS rdrdtoufudk tEÅ&m,fûyrnfholwkdU\
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmifawmfrlonf r[kwfao;/ yg&rDjznfhusifh&if EkpOftcgwkdUüvnf; rdrdOD;acgif;udk ausmufcJjzifh xkum touf &ef½Smaom rsufaphvnf vrf;rSm;aeaom ykPÖm;wpfa,muftm; vrf;rSefukd ñTefMum;jyoum tusdK;ukd aqmifawmfrlcJh\/ (Zmwut|uxm yÍör r[muydZmwf? ESm-70) xkdokdU tusdK;udk aqmifcJhaom b0wkdUrSm rsm;jym;vSukef\/ vuf½Sd or®m'd|dokawoe todkif;t0kdif; yk*¾dKvfrsdK;taejzifhum; rdrdukd &efrlrnfholtm; êudwifumuG,f ESdrfeif;xm;rnfom jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
608
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þodkU &efoludk ta&;,ljcif;onf vlomrefwdkUtwGuf obm0us[ef ½Sdaomfvnf; twkr½Sd xdyfwef; olawmfaumif;BuD;jzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;tzkdUrlum; &efoludk êudwifta&;,ljcif;onf obm0rusay/ or®m'd|dokawoeorm;wkdUonf bk&m;udpöudk bk&m;vdk rpOf;pm;bJ rdrdwkdUuJhodkU ukd,fcsif;pmNyD; pOf;pm;aerdMuojzifh ,ckvdk pGyfpGJrdjcif; jzpfayonf/ bk&m;um; bk&m;aywnf;/
ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm; 40/
oAÁñkwÓPf&ygvsuf tb,faMumifh Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm;udk
Ekwfy,fMuyg[k rdefUawmfrl&ygoenf;[lí q&mpdefu apm'emxm;\/ oAÁñkwÓPf r½Sdíom xkduJhodkU rdefUawmfrljcif;jzpf\[k
q&mpdefwkdU\
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUu
,lqcJhMujcif;
jzpfonf/
apm'uq&mawmfwkdUu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ao;i,faom odu©myk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fypfMuavmh}} [k wpfxpfcs
ckdif;awmfrrlbJ
Ekwfy,fvdku
Ekwfy,fMu[kom
ckdif;awmfrlcJhaMumif;ESifh
xkdokdU
rdefUMum;awmfrljcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufESpfrsdK;udkyg ('D #D 2? 186) tudk;tum;jzifh 0daooapm'emü wifjycJhMuayonf/ 41/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf rl&if;jzpfaom ygVdawmfudk Munfh½Iaomtcg 'DCedum,
r[m0*¾ygVd r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü]]tmucFrmaem tmeE´ oHaCm rrpöa,e ck'´gEkck'´umed odu©my'ged orl[ewk}} ('D 2? 127/) [k awGU½Sd&onf/
jrefrmjyef ]]tmeE´m oHCmawmfonf ig uG,fvGefaomtcgü tao;tEkyfodu©myk'fwkdUukd Ekwfy,fvdkaomf Ekwfy,favavmh}} [k jzpf\/ þwGif q&mpdefu ]]Ekwfy,fvkdcJhaomf}} [laom pum;udk csefxm;í ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom}} [laom pum;udk xnfhoGif; xm;&m a[mawmfrl&if; pum;awmfESifh tmabmfvGJaeayonf/ q&mpdef a&;om;cJhaom (8) trSwfjy pum;ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunhfyg/ rl&if;pum;awmfrSm ]]Ekwfy,fvkdcJhaomf Ekwfy,fav}} [k a[mawmfrl&um; ]]rEkwfy,fvdkaomf rEkwfy,fESifh}} [laom t"dyÜm,fpum;us oufa&mufawmhonfom jzpf\/ xkdokdU rdefUawmfrljcif;\ taMumif;rSmvnf; ao;i,faom odu©myk'frsm;udk rusifhBuHvdkMuaom yk*¾dKvfwkdU\
tvdk(yk*¾vZÑmo,)
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
omoemawmfESifh
oHCmawmfwkdU\
BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfyHkudk xif½Sm;apvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; rdefUMum;jcif; jzpfaMumif;ukd om&w¬'DyeD#Dum wwd,wGJ (ESm-499) ü jyqkdxm;onf/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUuvnf; þt"dyÜm,frsdK;udk 0daooapm'emü jyqkdNyD; jzpf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
609
tpodkU 42/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]Ak'¨udk,fwkdif ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh odu©mydk'frsm;ü Ekwfy,foifhaom odu©myk'frsm;
yg½SdEkdifygrnfavm}} [k q&mpdefu xyfqifhí apm'u wufxm;\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;awmfü ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'f rsm;udk}} [k rqkd? ]]ao;Ekyfaom odu©myk'frsm;udk}} [kom 0daooerûybJ qkdonf/ ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom}} [laom 0daooerSm q&mpdefu tydkxnfhxm;jcif; jzpfNyD; rdrdxnfhxm;aom pum;&yfukd rdrdukd,fwkdif apm'emaejcif; jzpf\/ xkdUaMumifh ajz½Sif;zG,fyif rvdkawmhNyD/ 43/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom; om0uwkdUonf ¤if;odu©myk'fwkdUukd Ekwfy,fvdkaom qE´r½Sd?
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0dZÆmoHk;yg; 44/
q&mpdefu ]]0dZÆmoHk;yg;onf &[EÅmwkdif; &½Sdaom todÓPf jzpf\/ þodkUqkdygrl Ak'¨ESifh
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610
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jrwfpGmbk&m;txHawmfü t&[wåzkdvf&aMumif; (&[EÅmjzpfaMumif;) avQmufxm;Mu&m okodrrnfaom &[ef;u ]]t½Sifbk&m;wkdU xkduJhodkU odjrifMuvQif (&[EÅmjzpfMuvQif) wefckd;trsdK;rsdK; zefqif;Ekdifygovm;/ ykaAÁed0goudk atmufarhEkdifygovm;/ 'dAÁpu©Kjzifh owå0gwkdUukd jrifEkdifygovm;}} ponfjzifh ar;jref;&m xkd&[ef;wkdUu
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okodronf
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611
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh &[EÅmwkdU jcm;em;yHk
47/
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jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
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0dZÆmoHk;yg;wkdUwGif ykaAÁed0gomEkówd0dZÆmudk(1) wdw¬drsm;? (2) yuwdom0ursm;? (3) r[mom0ursm;? (4) t*¾om0ursm;? (5) yapöuAk'¨grsm; (6) jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU &½SdEkdifMu\/ xkdyk*¾dKvfwkdUwGif(1) wdw¬dwkdUonf urÇmav;q,fom atmufarhEkdifukef\/ (2) yuwdom0uwkdUonf urÇmwpf&m? wpfaxmif atmufarhEkdifukef\/ (3) r[mom0uwkdUonf urÇmwpfodef; atmufarhEkdifukef\/ (4) t*¾om0uwkdUonf wpftoacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef; atmufarhEkdifukef\/ (5) yapöuAk'¨gwkdUonf ESpftoacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; atmufarhEkdifukef\/ (6) jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdYonf tykdif;tjcm;r½Sd atmufarhEkdifukef\/ 48/
xkdUjyifvnf;(1)
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(6)
jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdUonfum; cE¨mtpOfodkUvnf; avQmufzG,frvdk? pkwdy#doaE¨udkvnf; ½IzG,fr½SdbJ tvdk½Sdovdk atmufarhEdkif\/
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612
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þodkUvQif ykaAÁed0got&mü om0ujzpfaom &[EÅmcsif;vnf; uGmjcm;Mu\/ &[EÅmESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdUonfum; omíyif uGmjcm;awmhonfom/ 49/
,m0wuH ye tmuacF,s? wm0wuH yaó,s? {0H y&dok'¨H b*0awm 'dAÁpu©K/
(r[meda'´oygVd/
277/
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174)
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613
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52/
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614
rqufqH? oD;jcm;jzpf\/
tpodkU
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aom"emvTm pmykd'feHygwf 14? 15-pum;&yfwdkUjzifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUu rdrdwdkUonf
'd|"r®ç ywå"r®ç y&da,m*gV"r®tay:üom usifhokH;vsuf½SdaMumif; oHo,rsm; vGefajrmufNyD? odkUavm odkUavm rjzpfNyD/ ajym&Jqdk&JNyD; wpfyg;olESifh rqkdifNyD[laom 0dyóemrsdK; orxrsdK; udkom usifhokH;aMumif; avQmufxm;Muavonf/ 'd|"r®paom *kPfwdkUum; aomwmyefyk*¾dKvf\ *kPfrsm;jzpfayonf/ pk'dwuwdkUu rdrdwdkUrSm xdk*kPfrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHNyD[kqdkojzifY aomwmyef\tjzpfudk 0efcH&ma&mufonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;tygwkdU aomwmyef
jzpfrjzpfudkum;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
qkH;jzwfcGifhr½Sdacs/
xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkU\
trlt&m
tajymtqkd ponfwdkUudkaxmufí [kwfavmuf r[kwfavmufudk y&dowfwdkUuom qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfayonf/ at;csrf;pGm Ak'¨w&m;udk usifhokH;aeMuolrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? yd#uokH;ykH edum,fig;&yf bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
y&rw¬oHCm
orkwdoHCm
oHCmawmfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
Ak'¨bmomwdkU\ usifh½dk; BuH½dk; vrf;½dk; vrf;rSef wdkUudkvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh apwDykxdk; qif;wkawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif; ½dkif;½dkif;ysys a0zefykwfcwf a&;om;ajyma[mjcif; Ak'¨bmomwdkufzsufa&; pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmifrsm;udk xkwfa0jcif; jyuf&,fajymifavSmifûyjcif; ponfwdkUudk toif;tyif;zGJUí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
620
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
us,fus,fjyefUjyefU
ûyvkyfaeMuaom
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUom;
(½kyf0g'orm;)wdkUtm;
olwdkU\
vkyfief;rsm;udk axmuf½Ií rnfodkUaom yk*d¾KvfrsdK;rsm;jzpfaMumif;udk odjrifEdkifMuayonf/ 14/
pk'dwuwdkU\
þaom"emrsm;udk
ûcHikHokH;oyfaomf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
pGJcsuf
wifxm;aom (u) (c) (*) pum;&yfwdkUjzifh orx0dyóemvrf;pOfonf Ak'¨0g'ü ryg0if[k vnf;aumif;? Ak'¨\
orx0dyóemvrf;pOfrsm;udk
[dE´La,m*tusifh[lívnf;aumif;
pGyfpGJvsuf
Ak'¨\
orx0dyóemudk zsufqD;aeMuonf[laom apm'emcsufudk pk'dwuwdkU\ acsy jiif;qdkcsufudk rawGU&acs/ acsyjiif;qdkjcif; rûy½kHrQru aom"emvTmpmydk'f (16)ü apm'uq&mawmfrsm;qdkvdkaom a,m*vrf;pOf omoemy orPjAm[®PwdkU\ vrf;pOfrsdK;ü tusHK;0ifonfh orx 0dyóemrsdK;udk wynfhawmfrsm; rusifhokH;Muygbk&m;[k xyfrHíyif 0efcHpGyfpGJ Mujyefavonf/ xif½Sm;apOD;tHh? apm'uq&mawmfrsm; qdkvdkaom orx0dyóem [lonf ygxdu0*¾ygVd rZÑdryPÖmoygVd Oy&dyPÖmoygVd t*Fkwå&edum,f tbdnmokwåygVd tocFwoH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;ü vmaom
Ak'¨ESifh
Ak'¨om0uwdkU
a[mawmfrlaom
orx0dyóem
rsm;yifjzpfonfudk
omrn
apm'emvTm(4)eHygwf pmydk'fjzifhyif odomayonf/ xdkwGif ygxdu0*f ygVdawmf ESm-186ü orm"dav;yg; yGm;ykHudkvnf;aumif;? ESm-187 ü tyÜrnmav;yg; tm½kyÜav;yg; yGm;rsm;ykHwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? ESm-189ü aAmZÑifckepfyg; yGm;rsm;ykHudkvnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ ESm-228 üvnf; ]]uwar a'G "r®m bmaowAÁm? oraxm p 0dyóem p? £ar a'G "r®m bma0wAÁm -}} [k a[mawmfrlonf ( 0daooapm'emü ygNyD;jzpf\)/ 15/
rZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmf uE´&uokwf (ESm-7-12) twåEÅypaom yk*d¾Kvfav;rsdK;wdkUwGif
pwkw¬jzpfaom rdrd olwyg; ESpfOD;vkH;udk rylyefrqif;&Japwwfonfh ae0twåEÅy ey&EÅyyk*d¾Kvfudkjy&mü ]]o'¨gw&m;½Sdaom trsdK;aumif;om;onf bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfü &[ef;ûyvQif jrwfaomoDvtpk jrwfaoma&mifh&Jjcif; jrwfaom£a`E´udk apmifhpnf;jcif;? jrwfaom owdorÜZOfESifY jynfhpkHapí pwkw¬psmef &onfhwdkifatmif orxur®|mef; tm;xkwfykHudk vnf;aumif;? ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf 'dAÁpu©KÓPfwdkUudk &½Sdatmif
tm;xkwfykHudkvnf;aumif;?
xkdUaemuf
0dyóem½Ií
t&[wår*fÓPfwnf;[laom
tmo0u©,ÓPf&atmif tm;xkwfykHudk vnf;aumif;}} a[mMum;awmfrl\/ 16/
,if;ygVdawmf t|ue*&okwf (ESm 12 rS 16) ü 'orol
a[mawmfrlaom edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;wpfckudk a[mawmfrlyg}} [k t½SiftmeE´mtm; avQmufxm;&m t½SiftmeE´mu yXrpsmefpaom psmefav;yg; arwåm apawm0drkwdå paom tyÜrnmpsmefav;yg; tmumomeOö,we 0dnmPOöm,we tmudOönm,wepsmefwdkUudk tajccHí 0dyóemÓPfodkUwufum t&[wår*f
t&[wåzdkvfwdkifatmif
aygufa&mufEdkifykHudk
enf;aygif;(11)yg;wdkUjzifh
a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ xdktcg 'orol
tûrdufedAÁmefwHcg;(11)aygufudk
yGm;rsm;&ef
&½SdygNyD/
wHcg;(11)ayguf½Sdaomtdrfudk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
621
tpodkU rD;avmifvQif
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wHcg;wpfaygufaygufjzifh
rdrdudk,fudk
csrf;omatmif
ûyEdkifovdk
wynfhawmfonf
þtûrdufedAÁmefwHcg; (11)aygufwdkUwGif wpfaygufaygufjzifh rdrdudk,fudk csrf;omatmif ûyEdkifygvdrfhrnf}} [k
avQmufxm;ykH
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
jyqdkxm;avonf/
þonfwdkUum;
Ak'¨bmomwdkU\
orx0dyóemw&m;rsm;yif jzpfayonf/ 17/
,if;ygVdawmf aocokwf ESm 16-21 ü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ apcdkif;wdkufwGef;jcif;aMumifh
t½SiftmeE´mu omuD0ifrif;wdkUtm; a[mMum;aom 0dZÆmokH;yg; p&Pwpfq,fhig;yg; orx0dyóem w&m;wdkUudk jyqdkxm;\/ ESm 83-86 r[m&m[kavm0g'okwfü
"mwfur®|mef; tyÜrnmur®|mef;
tmemygeówd ur®|mef;rsm;udk jyqdkxm;\/ ,if;ygVdawmf 162-r[m0pä okwfü 0päa*gwåy&dAdkZfwdkUonf omoemawmfü &[ef;ûyí rMumrD 15-&uftwGif;ü tem*grd zdkvfodkU qdkufa&mufNyD;aemuf bk&m;xHarSmuf oGm;a&mufum ]]t½Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfonf aocyk*d¾KvfwdkU\ OpömjzpfaomÓPf aocyk*d¾KvfwdkU\ Opömjzpfaom0dZÆmjzifh
a&mufoifhaomzdkvfodkU
a&mufcJhygNyD/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
wynfhawmftm;
txufwef;w&m;udk a[mMum;awmfrlyg}} [k avQmufxm;av&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]0pä xdkodkUjzpfvQif oifonf orx0dyóem ESpfjzmaom w&m;wdkUudk yGm;rsm;avmh? orx0dyóem ESpfjzmaomw&m;wdkUudk yGm;rsm;vQif rsm;pGmaom "mwfwdkUudk xdk;xGif;í odjcif;iSmjzpfvdrfhrnf/ £'d¨0d" 'dAÁaomw apawmy&d, ykaAÁed0gomEkówd 'dAÁpu©K tmo0u©, tbdnmOfwdkUudk &vdrfhrnf}} [k a[mawmfrlonf/ ESm 436-438 o*Fg&0okwfü jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifodjrif udk,fawmfwdkifavQmuf vSrf;í udk,fawmfwdkif atmifjrifcJhaom orx0dyóem vrf;pOfrsm;udk xif½Sm;pGm jyqdkxm;\? xdkUjyifvnf; þrZÑdryPÖmoygVdawmfü orx0dyóem usifhpOfwdkUudk rsm;pGmjyqdkxm;\/ 18/
Oy&dyPÖmoygVdawmf a'0'[okwf ESm 11 rS 16 wdkifatmif uE´&uokwfü uJhodkUyif
orxpsmeftusifhESifh tmom0u©,ÓPf &onfhwdkifatmif 0dyóemusifhpOfwdkUudk jyqdkxm;\/ xdkUtwl *Puarm*¾v’meokwf
r[mykPÖrokwf
qAdÁaomreokwf
ponfwdkUüvnf;
orx0dyóemwdkUudk
jyqdkxm;\/ txl;tm;jzifY tmemygeówdokwf (eSm-122-130)ü tmemygeówd bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;ykHudk
(t&[wåzdkvfayguf)
tus,fjyxm;\/
um,*wmowdokwf(ESm-130-140)ü
um,*wmowdur®|mef; pD;jzef;yGm;rsm;ykHudk (t&[wåzdkvfayguf) tus,fjyxm;\/ 19/
t*Fkw¬dK&fygVdawmf pwkuúedygwf tbdnmokwf(570)ü ]] Oyg'geu©E¨m w&m; ig;yg;onf
ÓPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;od&rnfhw&m; t0dZÆmESifh b0wPSmonf ÓPfjzifhodí y,f&rnfhw&m; orxESifh 0dyóemonf
ÓPfjzifhodí
yGm;rsm;&rnfhw&m;
0dZÆmESifh
0drkwdåonf
ÓPfjzifhodí
rsufarSmufûy&rnfhw&m;[k jyqdkxm;ayonf/ oVm,we0*¾oH,kwfygVdd tocFwoH,kwf(535-543)ü ]]&m* a'go arm[ ukef&mudk tocFw(edAÁmef)[k
qdktyf\/
um,*wmowdudk
orx0dyóemudk/
y/
0dwuf0dpm&½Sdaom
yXrpsmeform"d 0dwufr½Sd 0dpm&rQom½Sdaom 'kwd,psmeform"d 0dwuf0dpm&r½Sdaom wwd, pwkw¬
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
622
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
yOörpsmeform"dukd tocFw(edAÁmef)odkU oGm;a&mufaMumif;vrf;[k qdktyf\}}ponfjzifh orx0dyóem yGm;rsm;&ef jyqdkxm;ayonf/ þyd#uwfawmfrsm;ü
bk&m;½SifESifh
om0uwdkU
a[mjyxm;aom
orx0dyóemrsm;onf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; qkdvdkaom orx0dyóemrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkorx 0dyóemrsm;ukd
omoemy
orPjAm[®PwdkU\ a,m*vrf;pOfrsm;[k qdkjcif;jzifh bk&m;½Sif\ orx0dyóem usifhpOfrsm;udk omoemy orPjAm[®PwdkU\ a,m*usifhpOfrsm;[k pGyfpGJ&ma&mufacsonf/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuwdkUonf þ(16)pmydk'fyg aom"empum;jzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkcsuf udk jiif;y,facsyjcif; rjyK½kHrQru xyfrHíyif 0efcHvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ 20/
aom"emvTmpmykd'f
jynfhpkHvkHavmufjcif;r½SdaMumif;
(17)ü
jyqdkvsuf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; &x0deDwokwf
wifjyonfh
jrefrmjyefudk
&x0deDwokwåefrSm
azmfjyum
þokwåef\
t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmeftwGufom jzpfaMumif;? 0dok'd¨(7)cef; vrf;pOf[lívnf;aumif;? oDv0dok'd¨ESifh
pdwå0dok'd¨onf
ponfwdkUonf
orxusifhpOf[lívnf;aumif;-
0dyóemusifhpOf[lívnf;aumif;
usef(5)yg;jzpfonfh
azmfjyxm;jcif;r½SdaMumif;
'd|d0dok'd¨
xdkokwåeftwGuf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ twåaemrwdrQomjzpfaMumif; okwåef"r®udk avhvm&mwGif t½Sdudk t½Sdtwdkif;om apm'emoifhaMumif; "r®udk t"r®jzpfatmif 0de,udk t0de,jzpfatmif udk,fvdk&mqGJí apm'emvQif tmywfoifhí tyg,fodkUvm;rnfudk pdk;&drfylyefrdaMumif;[k acsy aom"emxm;onfudk awGU&\/
oHk;oyfcsuf 21/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf
&x0deDwokwfvm
0dok'd¨(7)yg;udk
odu©mokH;yg;jzifh
oû*Ø[fa&wGufjyí ,if;usifhpOfonf tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef[laom tusdK;udk &apEdkifaomusifhpOf jzpfygonf[k apm'emMuonf/ xdkapm'emü apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkUwifjyvdkaom 0dok'¨(7)yg;rQudkom xkwfEkwfjyqdkygu vdktyfaom teufjynfhNyDjzpfí xkdrQom jyjcif;jzpf&um; rjynfhpkH[k rqdkomacs/ 22/
]]þokwåef\ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmeftwGufom jzpfygonf/ 0dok'd¨
(7)yg; vrf;pOf[lí azmfjyxm;jcif; r½Sdyg}} [laom acsycsufonfvnf; tusdK;rxifouJhodkUom jzpfonf/ xif½Sm;apOD;tHhedAÁmaem*"H [d tm0kaom 0domc jA[®p&d,H edAÁmey&m,eH edAÁmey&da,momeH/ (r? 1? 379/) jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfü oDv orm"d ynm [laom tusifhjrwfonf edAÁmefüom ouf0ifí
tqkH;owfavonf/
xdkUaMumifh
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf;
þtEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef
wnf;[laom tusdK;udkyif txGwfwifvsufxm;NyD; jzpf\/ þ&x0deDwokwf ygVdawmfüyif 0dok'd¨(7)yg;udk xif½Sm;pGmjyxm;ygvsuf
0dok'd¨(7)yg;vrf;pOf[k
azmfjyxm;jcif;r½Sdyg[k
OD;Ouú|
wynfhrsm;u
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
623
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
acsyjcif;onf yd#uwfawmfü txift½Sm;vm½Sdaom 0dok'd¨(7)yg; usifhpOfrsm;udk y,f½Sm;zsufqD;vdkaom ta,medaom
reoDum&jzifh
rjrif[efûyí
acsyjcif;omjzpfayonf/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\
a½SUarSmufrSmyif þuJhokdU jr§KyfuG,fvSnfhpm; ajymMum;aeMuonfudk awGUMu&í OD;Ouú|\ wynfhvufom; ½kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf pnf;½kH;aeMurnfudk
½dk;om;aom aumif;pGm
bmom0ifwdkUtm; odavmufayonf/
tb,frQavmuf
vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;
þtaMumif;onf
pmydk'feHygwf(2)vm
aom"empum;&yfjzifhyif ay:vGifxif½Sm;NyD;jzpfonf/ 23/
rl&if;ygVdawmfü½Sdaom t½SifykPÖu t½Sifom&dykwå&mtm; ajzqdkaom &x0deDw okwfvm
Oyrme Oyar,swdkU\ t"dyÜm,fudk tenf;i,frQ ½Sif;vif;azmfjyOD;tHh/ yaoe'Daumovrif;onf
om0wD¬ûrdUüaepOf
omauwûrdU0,f
taqmwvsif
ûyzG,fudpö
jzpfay:vmí ,if; 2-ûrdUtMum;ü jrif;uaom &xm;ckepfpD;wdkUudk toifhjyifxm;apí om0wd¬ûrdUrSxGufum eef;wGif;wHcg;0rS yxr&xm;udk pD;vsuf xdk&xm;jzifh 'kwd,&xm;odkU a&muf\/ yxr&xm;udk pGefUcJhNyD;vQif 'kwd,&xm;udk pD;jyef\/ þenf;twdkif; owår&xm;jzifh omauwûrdU eef;wGif;wHcg;odkU qdkufa&mufvmavonf/ þOyrmtwl
oDv0dok'd¨onf
pdwå0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm
jzpf\/
pdwå0dok'd¨onf
'd|d0dok'd¨
tusdK;iSmjzpf\/ 'd|d0dok'd¨onf ucFg0dw&P0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'd¨onf r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ r*¾gr*¾ÓP'óe0dok'd¨onf y#dy'gÓP'óe 0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ y#dy'gÓP'óe0dok'd¨onf ÓP'óe0dok'd¨tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ ÓP'óe0dok'd¨onf tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;½Sd\/ igonf þtEkyg'gy&dedAÁmef tusdK;iSm jrwfpGmbk&m;txHawmfü tusifhjrwfudk usifhokH;\-[k t½SifykPÖ u t½Sifom&dykwå&mtm; avQmufxm;\/ 24/
þpum;&yfü Oyrme Oyar,sESD;aESmykHudk rlvyPÖmo t|uxm 'kwd,tkyf ESm-63 rS
,lí jyqdkOD;tHh? Z&mr&PrS aMumufaom a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf yaoe'Daumovrif;ESifh wl\/ cE¨mig;0 ouúm,onf
om0wd¬ûrdUESifh
wl\/
edAÁmefûrdUawmfonf
omauwûrdUESifhwl\/
a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvf\
rod&ao;aom opömav;yg;wdkUudk xdk;xGif;í odzG,fudpöonf rif;\ taqmwvsif ûyzG,fudpöESifh wl\/ 0dok'd¨(7)yg;onf &xm;(7)pD;ESifhwl\/ oDv0dok'd¨ü wnf&mtcgonf yxr&xm;udk pD;&mtcgESifhwl\/ oDv0dok'd¨ponfwdkUjzifh
'd|d0dok'd¨ponfwkdUü
wnf&mtcgonf
yxr&xm;ponfwdkUjzifh
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r&Edkifay/ 0DxdwdkU
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pifMu,frI
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txl;jyqkdzG,f ½Sdao;\/ trÁygvD jynfhwefqmronf pk'dwuwdkU xifrSwfouJhodkU
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629
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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vlNydef;rsm;twGuf txl;owday;csufyifjzpfayonf/ 39/
aom"emvTm pmykd'feHygwf(22)ü apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wifjyonfh ,k*e'¨okwf onf
bk&m;a[mr[kwf?
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2-yg;pkH a½SUoGm;jzpfí
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okH;oyfcsuf 40/
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630
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]okwHå emr wdaóm o*Ðwda,m tm½kVmed wDPd yd#umed / y/ ww¬ okwåH
tyÜ#dAm[d,H? wH y#dAm[aEÅe Aka'¨g0 y#dAm[dawm a[mwd}} ('D | 2? 158/) t"dyÜg,frSm - oH*g,emokH;wefwdkUodkU wiftyfukefaom yd#uwfokH;ykHwdkUonf okwårnf\/ xdkokwå[kqdktyfaom
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ygVdawmfudk
wm;jrpfypfy,faomolonf bk&m;½Sifudkyif wm;jrpfypfy,f&ma&mufacsonf/ 41/
þokwf\qkdvdk&if;rSm orxESifh 0dyóemudk yGm;rsm;&rnf[k qdkvdk&if;r[kwfyg/ orx
a½SUoGm;½Sdaom 0dyóemjzifhjzpfap 0dyóem a½SUoGm;½Sdaom orxjzifhjzpfap orx 0dyóem ESpfyg;pkHa½SUoGm;íjzpfap
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pm½dkufolu (228)udk (222)[k ½dkufrSm;jcif;omjzpfí pdppfzG,frvdk? pmydk'feHygwf (24)vm aom"emum; pmydk'feHygwf (4) rS (15) txd aom"emrsm;udk oHk;oyf&mü yg0ifNyD;jzpfonf/
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631
tpodkU 43/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aom"emvTm
awmifwGif;BuD;
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oHk;oyfcsuf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;onf Ak'¨\orx 0dyóemwdkUudk pGyfpGJykwfcwfy,f&Sm;rI rûycJhvQifvnf;aumif; "r®pMumESifh tewåvu©Pokwfvm pum;wdkUudk vGJrSm;pGm vkyfBuHazmfjyrI rûycJhvQifvnf;aumif; ,if;odkUapm'em&ef roifhacs? OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;onf Ak'¨\orx 0dyóemrsm;udk pGyfpGJykwfcwfrI y,f&Sm;rI ûy-rûyudkvnf;aumif; "r®pMumESifh tewåvu©Pokwfvm pum;wdkUudk vGJrSm;pGmvkyfBuHazmfjyrI ûy-rûyudkvnf;aumif; pdppfonf½Sdaomf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;onfh
(u)
pGyfpGJy,f½Sm;xm;onfudk "r®tvif;a&mif
(c)
(*)
trSwfygpum;&yfrsm;jzifh
wyftyfxifxif
opöm"r®pmapmifç
awGUjrifae&ayonf?
Ak'¨\orx xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkU
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0dyóemwdkUudk
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ponfrsm;ESifh
Ak'¨tbd"r®mç
tewåa&mifjcnfpaom pmtkyfrsm;üvnf; pGyfpGJy,f½Sm;rI qefUusifazmfjyrIrsm;udk awGUjrifae&ayonf? ,if;tcsufrsm;udk
pk'dwuwdkUu
acsyjiif;qdkjcif;
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trSeftwdkif;
apm'emMujcif;jzpf&um;
tMunfñdkysufatmif
wrifa&;om;azmfjyonf[k rqdkoifhacs? b,folrûy rdrdrIqdkonfhtwdkif; pk'dwuwdkU\vkyfyHkudkom azmfjyjcif;jzpfayonf/ 44/
xdkpk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk tenf;i,fxkwfjyOD;tHh/
(u)
½kyfESifhemrfwdkU\ csKyf&mNidrf;&m ukefqHk;&m edAÁmefBuD;jzpfonf[laom Ak'¨ bmom jrefrmavmuom;wpf&yfvHk;\ tEkrmeum; Ak'¨\"r®Mumü rxifaom t,ltqrQom jzpfacsonf? pifppfrSm acs;añSmf aumf[k qdktyfaom wPSm"mwf uGmus&ef êud;yrf;rI udkomvQif Ak'¨t½Sif &nfñTef;cJhonf? ½kyfawG emrfawGudk xkacs½dkufcGJNyD; vufpwHk; ukefqHk; csKyfNidrf;jcif;odkU a&mufoGm;atmiftm;xkwf&ef tvQif;yif Ak'¨ü r½SdcJhacs/
(c)
]]Zmwdyd
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t&
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
632
tpodkU (*)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]yÍöKyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©m}} qdkonfrSm cE¨mig;yg;üpGJaom Oyg'gefw&m;udk qdkvdkonf? Oyg'gefrJhaom (r½Sdaom) cE¨mig;yg;onf okcwnf;/ (Ak'¨tbd"r®m y-ESdyf? ESm-198)
(C)
]]b0jywfjcif;t,ludk oHa,mifvdkufí rSm;,laeMuaom jrefrmEdkifiH½Sd Ak'¨bmomtrnfcH ta&ûcHvlwpfpkwdkUuvnf; b0½SdvQif 'ku©ç b0jywfrS okcedAÁmef? edAÁmefrSm ½kyfcE¨mç b0r½Sd[k ajymqdkawmifhw aeMuacsao;\? xdkt,lonf a*gwr\ tvdkus r[kwfacs}}/ (Ak'¨tbd"r®m-204)
(i)
]]yÍöKyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©m? Oyg'gefwPSmESifhwuGjzpfaom cE¨mig;yg; omvQif 'ku©wJh? Oyg'gefwPSmr½Sdaom cE¨mig;yg;[m eda&m"? edAÁmeokcaygh}}/ (Ak'¨tbd"r®m y-ESdyf? ESm-206)
(p)
um,duokc
= udk,fcsrf;om?
apwoduokc
= pdwfcsrf;om?
avmuü udk,fcsrf;om pdwfcsrf;omtjyif bm½Sdao;vJ? ¤if; 2-ckuvGJí csrf;omr½Sdyg? vlcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omç jA[®mhcsrf;omç edAÁmefcsrf;omwdkUvnf; xdk 2-rsdK;xJwGif tusKH;0if\/ (q)
(Ak'¨tbd"r®m y-ESdyf? ESm-216)
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vnf;aumif;? "k0- cdkifwJhoabmudkvnf;aumif;? oów- wpfrsdK;wnf;wnfwJh oabmudkvnf;aumif;?
t0demoD-
rysufpD;wJhoabmudkvnf;aumif;?
oAÁmAsmyD-
tvHk;pHkysHUESHUí wnfwJhoabmudkvnf;aumif; aqmifMuukef\}} (tewåa&mifjcnf? ESm 97-98) (Z)
]]0dyóemvkyfief;pOfrsm;vnf; b0oHk;yg;tay:wGif tajccHxm;NyD; tusdK;cE¨may:wGif ½IrSwfqifjcif yGm;rsm;aeMuonfomrsm;Muonf? ynwftm½Hkrsm;udk ½IrSwf qifjcif yGm;rsm;aeMuonf? tusdK;udkowfí aejcif;tm;jzifh vrf;qHk;odkUra&muf½SdEdkif}} (Ak'¨0g'jyóemrsm;? ESm-20) ]]tusdK; ½kyfemrfcE¨mwdkUonf ynwfw&m;rsm;yif r[kwfygavavm}} (,if;pmapmif ESm-21)
(ps)
aqmif,l ESvHk;oGif;&rnfh opömum; tb,fenf;? eda&m"ESifh r*¾opömwdkU jzpfonf/ (Ak'¨0dyóem-2? ESm-79)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
633
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þum; OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\aemufvdkufrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS tenf;i,frQ xkwfjytyfaom rSm;,Gif;aom t,ljypum;&yfrsm;jzpfonf? xdkpum;&yfrsm;udk tenf;i,f ½Sif;jyOD;tHh/ 45/
(u) trSwfjypum;&yfonf rdrdomvQif usrf;*ef\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk use rSefuefpGm
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Ak'¨bmom
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omoemhol&Jaumif;BuD;rsm;
jzpfawmfrlMuaom
r[max&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf
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tpodkU
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0denf;onf omoemawmf\ toufrnfaMumif;?
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tpodkU (i)
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(q)
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rlrrSefaom &[ef;tcsdKU\ usifhMuHaexdkifyHkudkom jyjcif;jzpfaMumif;?
(C)
OD;Ouú|onf temrmo0w¬K a½TaiGudk rcH,laMumif;?
(i)
OD;Ouú|onf ausmif;uefwefaqmif;rsm;udk a&pufcsí udk,fydkif tvªrcHaMumif;?
þtcsuf 5-csufom apm'emudk aom"em&m a&mufí useftcsufrsm; teuf(p)
OD;Ouú|ü pdwfqdk;jcif; rmefwufjcif; rawGU&aMumif;?
(q)
OD;uú|onf i&JESifh ajcmufí ewfbHkESifh ajr§mufjcif;udk rûyaMumif;?
(Z)
OD;Ouú|onf rnfonfh*dkPf;wGifrQ ryg0ifaMumif;?
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tpodkU
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(i)
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pu©Kygvrax&f0w¬Kudk oufaowifí usL;vGefvdkom apwemr½SdvQif rnfonfhjypfcsuf tmywfrQ roifha&mufEkdifonfudk &nf½G,fí vnf;aumif;-
OD;Ouú| a&;om;cJhaMumif; a½SUaevdkuf ajz½Sif;xm;Muayonf/
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qifjcifawmfrlaomftcg 0dyóDç odcDç a0óbl bk&m;oHk;qlwdkUonf om0uwdkUtm;
tus,fw&m; a[mawmfrrlcJhMu? om0uwdkUtwGuf odu©myk'fudk ynwfawmfrrlcJhMu? tmPmygwdarmufudk jyawmfrrlcJhMuacs? xdk bk&m;½SifwdkUESifh rsufarSmufwynfhBuD;rsm; vGefawmfrlaomtcg trnftEG,ftrsdK;rsdK;ç trsdK;ZmwftaxGaxG ½SdMuaom wynfhwdkUonf xdkomoemudk vsifjrefpGm uG,fyapMuukef\? êud;jzifh roDyJ ysOfcsyfay:ü wifxm;tyfaom yef;yGifhwdkUudk tvG,fwul avo,f,lum ypfvTifhvdkufouJhodkU xdkomoemonfvnf; tvG,fwul a
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655
tpodkU 8/
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qJa&;armif;rJonf rnfavawmhonf/ ojA[®pm&D olawmfaumif;&[ef;awGudk qJa&;armif;rJolrsm; cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;w&m;udk t*Fkw¬dK&f yÍöued ygwf tauúmouokwfü]]a,m aom bdu©a0 bdu©K tauúmouy&dbmoaum t&d,ly0g'D ojA[®pm&DeH? wó yÍö tm'De0g yg#ducFg? uw ar yÍö yg&mZdaum 0g a[mwd qdEéy&dAaE¨m? tnw&H 0g oHudvd|H tmywåð tmyZÆwdç AmV§H 0g a&m*gwuø zkowd? or®KaV§m umvH ua&mwd? um,ó ab'g y&r®&Pm tyg,H 'k*¾wð 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZÆwd}} ponfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyeftusOf; ]]oDwif;oHk;azmf &[ef;wdkUudk qJa&;wwfaom&[ef;rSm avmukwå&mw&m; &p&mtaMumif; jywfpJoGm;jcif;
npfEGrf;aom
tmywfodkUa&muf&jcif;
jyif;xefaom
tema&m*g&wwfjcif;
awGa0pGmao&jcif; aoNyD;aemuf i&Jusa&muf&jcif; tjypf 5-yg; rcRwfjzpfvwåHU[k Ak'¨½Sifawmf þodkU xkwfazmfrdefU[xm;onf/ 25/
(*) ,ckacwf *dkPf;aygif;pHk bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf tukodkvfwHk; tukodkvfcJrsm;
jzpfayonf[k tw¬myEéenf;tm;jzifh qdk&ma&mufaomaMumifh Ak'¨rSwfausmuf pmtkyfa&;aom OD;Ouú|onf &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk qJa&;wdkif;xGmojzifh oifhaom Moro0g'odu©myk'fjzifh ygpdwftmywfoifh Edkifayonf? xdkrQru xdk*dkPf;aygif;pHk bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;wGif aomwmyefpaom t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifEkdifojzifh t&d,mpGyfpGJaom t&d,ly0g'uHvnf; xdkufEdkifonf? t&d,ly0g'uH[lonfum; ukpm;í&EdkifcJaom uHjzpfonf? t&d,mpGyfpGJjypfudk t*Fkw¬dK&f 'ouedywf aumumvduokwfü þodkY azmfjyxm;\owH o[ómeH ed&AÁK'geH? owåð owd yÍö p tAÁK'ged/ ,r&d,*&[D ed&,H Oaywd? 0gpH reÍö yPd"m, ygyuH/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
661
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
,kwfrmaom EIwfudkvnf;aumif; pdwfudkvnf;aumif; aqmufwnfxm;í t&d,mudk uJh&JU (pGyfpGJ) avh½Sdolonf tMuif (y'kr) i&JodkUa&muf\? xdki&Jum; ed&AÁK'aygif; wodef;oHk;q,fajcmuf ed&AÁK'ESifh igtAÁK' ta&twGuf½Sd\? (y'kr i&Jum; ocFsmtm;jzifh rjyEdkifavmufatmif ESpft½SnfqHk; cHpm;&aom i&Jjzpfonf? xdki&JodkU a&mufwwf\- [lvdk)/ 26/
þrQqdkcJhaom pum;pOfjzifh pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkif\-
(u)
OD;Ouú|wGif 0denf;awmfudk ypfy,fjcif;r½SdaMumif;?
(c)
OD;Ouú|onf
omoemhta&ûcHum
rodem;rvnfaom
olwdkUudk
vdrfnm
vSnfhpm;jcif;r½SdaMumif;? (*)
rlrrSefaom &[ef;tcsdKU\ usifhMuHaexdkifyHkudkom jyojcif;jzpfaMumif;-
[laom pum; 3-&yfonf tajctjrpfr½Sdaom pum;&yfjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;NyD; tjyefoabmtm;jzifh OD;Ouú|onf
0denf;udk
trSefy,foljzpfonf?
rodem;rvnfaomolwdkUudk
[kwfvdrfhEdk;Edk;
xifa&mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif vSnfhpm;ol jzpfonf[k aumifcsufcstyfayonf/ xdkUaemuf pk'dwuor®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwdkU\(C)
0denf;wckomtav;xm;vdkvQif Oyg'gef uyfNidwwfonf?
(i)
0denf;wckom
tav;xm;vGef;í
oHo,pdwfyGm;um
Oyg'gefjzpfvmvQif
tjcm;&[ef;w&m;rsm; avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonf[laom
acsqdkcsufrSmvnf;
0de,*½kujzpfaom
t"dyÜg,fr½Sdacs?
&[ef;awmfrsm;ü
0denf;udktaMumif;ûyí
tjcm;&[ef;w&m;rsm;
rnfonfhOyg'gefrQ
rvpf[if;yJ
rjzpf?
tEkyg'gy&dedAÁmeftxd
&Edkifayonf/ 27/
ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em
(C)
OD;Ouú|onf a½TaiGudk rcH,laMumif;?
(i)
ausmif;uefponfudk a&pufcsí udk,fydkiftvªrcHaMumif;? þtcsufrQjzifh 0denf;udk rypfy,fol[k rqdkEdkifay/
(p)
OD;Ouú|ü pdwfqdk;jcif;? rmefwufjcif; rawGU&?
þtcsufESifh pyfvsOf;í ocifjrwfqdkifonf ouFef;0wfOD;Ouú|ESifh 'umwOD;taejzifhom (0g) 0wfaMumif
wOD;taejzifhom
qufqHzl;onf?
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ocifjrwfqdkifxufydkí
&if;&if;ESD;ESD;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
662
aygif;oif;zl;olwdkUu ocifjrwf qdkif\ pum;udk raxmufcHay/
tpodkU (q)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) OD;Ouú|onf i&JESifhrajcmufç ewfbHkjzifhrajr§muf?
þtcsufonf 0denf;udk y,fzsufjcif;ESifh rqdkif[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; ½kyf0g'Dtjrifjzifh bk&m;a[m i&JESifhewfjynfudk r,HkMunfawmhyJ 0denf;w&m;udk tvum;[k oabmxm;aMumif;rSm wenf;tm;jzifh ydkíxif½Sm;ayonf/ (Z)
OD;Ouú|onf rnfonfh*dkPf;wGifrS ryg0if[kqdkonfrSm OD;Ouú|udk,fwdkifu ryg0ifvdkí ryg0ifjcif;r[kwfyJ 0denf;r½Sd? Oyk'fy0g&Pmrûy½HkrQru-
(ps)
trSwf acsqdkcsuft& ½Gm0ifouFef;½Hkjcif; odu©myk'fudkrQ r½dkrao rvdkufemjcif; paomtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh rnfonfh *dkPf;*PurQ vufrcHyJ MuOfz,fxm;Muojzifhom ryg0ifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf?
xdkUaMumifh xdkacsqdkcsufonfvnf; toufr0ifç w&m;rxifonfom jzpfayonf/ 28/
(ps) ocifjrwfqdkifonf ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf eE´okwfygVdawmfudk udk;um;um OD;Ouú|um;
tjrJwef;vufuawmhxdk;um ouFef;ûcHavh½SdaMumif;? ½Gm0ifaomtcgvnf; ouFef;r½HkyJ ûcHvsufom 0ifaMumif; qdkonf? ocifjrwfqdkif udk;um;aom okwfrSm“tx acg tm,o®meaE´m b*0awm rmwkpämykawåm tmaum#dwypömaum#dwmed pD0&med yg½kydwGm tu©Ded taÍöwGm tpäH *a[wGm a,e b*0g awEkyouFrd? (y) e acg aw wH eE´ ywd½lyH ukvykwåó o'¨g t*g&o®m te*g&d,HyAÁZdwó? ,H wGH tmaum#dwypömaum#dwmed pD0&med yg½kay,smod? tu©Ded p taÍö,smod? tpäÍö ywåH "ma&,smod/
jrefrmjyeftusOf; xdktcg bk&m;½Sif\rdaxG;awmf a*gwrD\om;jzpfol t½SifeE´onf(vufçwif;ykwfwckckjzifh) a½S;½I xkcwftyfç jyefvSefí xkcwftyfaom (0g-acguf½dk;xifatmif vdyfxdk;um acgufíxm;tyfaom) ouFef;wdkUudk 0wf½HkNyD; rsufpOf;uGif;um Munfvifajymifvufaom oydwfudk,lí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ txHawmfodkUoGm;um ½Sdcdk;vsuf xdkifae&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]eE´ o'¨gw&m;jzifh &[ef;tjzpfodkU a&mufvmaom oifhtm; acguf½dk;xifatmif vdyfxdk;í acgufxm;tyfaom ouFef;wdkUudk 0wf½Hkjcif;ç rsufpOf;uGif;jcif;ç Munfvifajymifvufaom oydwfudk udkifpGJjcif; onf roifhavsmfacs}} ponf rdefUawmfrlavonf/ þpum;&yfütmaum#dwypömaum#dwmeDwd {uo®ð yaó ygPdem 0g rk*¾a&e0g tmaum#aee tmaum#dumed y&d0awåwGm tmaum#aee ypömaum#dwmed (,if;t|uxm eE´okwf) þtzGifhpum;udk em;rvnfaomaMumifh ]]vufvdyfxdk;ouFef;udk 0wf½Hkjcif;}} [k ocifjrwfqdkif qdkrdavonf? ½Gm0ifcgeD; vufvdyfxdk;í ouFef;½Hkonfudk t"dyÜm,faumuf,lrdavonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
663
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSefpifppfrSm ouFef;udk a&vdyfxdk;&m wzufpGef;rS vufjzifhjzpfapç wif;ykwfjzifhjzpfapç xkcwfjcif;ç
tjyefjyeftvSefvSef
ouFef;yifjzpfap
þodkU
xkcwfjcif;udk
vufvdyfxdk;í
t|uxmq&m
0wfvQif
zGifhjyavonf?
vuf½dkxifí
a[mif;EGrf;aom
awmifhawmifhwif;wif;½Sdum
0wfíaumif;onf? Munfhí aumif;onf? þodkU ûyvkyfjcif;onf pD0&r@e= ouFef;udk wefqmqifjcif; rnf\? tmywfroifhaomfvnf; OEéVyrwå (axmifvTm;wuf
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU\ acsqdkcsuf trSwf (2) t& 227-yg;aom odu©myk'fwdkUonf
tus,fyGm;vQif 7-uka#ausmf ½Sdonf[laom pum;onf r[kwfrrSef? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;a½SUrSmyif jzef;oef;ajymjcif; jzpfavonf? oHo,ESifh Oyg'gefudk jzpfwwfygonf[lonfrSmvnf; vl0wfaMumifawG jzpfonfESifhtnD 0denf;oabmudk em;rvnfaomaMumifh qdkrdaomacsqdkcsufjzpfonf? odu©myk'ftrSefrSm tus,ftm;jzifh uka#udk;axmifwpf&m ½Spfq,f ig;oef; oHk;aomif; ajcmufaxmif ½Sdonf/ e0 aum#d o[óed? toDwd ow aum#da,m? ynmo owo[óed? qwåð om p ykemya&/ odom½HkrQjy&aomf
yxryg&mZdu
odu©myk'fwckwnf;rSmyif
tmywfaygif;
rnfrQ½Sdonfudk
atmufygtwdkif; pdppfMunfhEdkif\/ pdppfyHkrSmvlrdef;rwa,mufwGif usifi,faygufç usifBuD;aygufç yg;pyfayguf[lí r*f 3-ayguf½Sdonf? r*faygufwckckwGif &[ef;onf arxkefrI usL;vGefaomtcg 0ifqJcPç 0ifNyD;cPç wnfqJcPç xkwfqJcPç cPwckckwGif om,mrI rvGJraoG ½SdEdkifonf? tbd"r®m obm0pdwf jzpfyHkudk tajcûy&onf? xdkUaMumifh þwGifyif tmywf 12-csuf jzpfaeNyD; (3_4=12)? xdk rdef;ronfvnf; Edk;aeqJç rl;,pfaeqJç ½l;aeqJç arhavsmhaeqJç wzefwHk aovGefNyD; p? aoNyD;r*f 3-ayguf oHk;yHk 1-yHk ysufpD;aeNyD? r*f 3-ayguf oHk;yHk ESpfyHk ysufpD;? þodkU 8-rsdK; ½Sdonf/ xdkUaMumifh (12_8=96) tmywfjzpfonf? þwGif vlrdef;r wudk,fwnf;yif tajctaetvdkuf tmygwfaygif; 96 jzpfvmonf/ ewfrdef;r 96? wd&dpämefrdef;r 96? (96_3=288)? ObawmAsnf; (a,mufsm;t*Fg rdef;rt*Fg 2&yfvHk;ygol) rSmvnf; vlç ewfç wd&dpämef[lí 3-rsdK;½SdaomaMumifh 288_2=576 ½SdNyD/ vla,mufsm;wGif
usifBuD;aygufç
yg;pyfayguf[lí
r*fayguf
2-ayguf
½Sdonf?
r*faygufwpfckckwGif om,mrI 4-rsdK;½SdEdkifonf? (2_4=8) a½S;enf;twdkif; Edk;aeqJ ponf tajctae 8rsdK; ½Sdaumif;aomaMumifh (8_8=64)jzpfonf? ewfa,musfm;ç wd&dpämefa,musfm;wdkUü enf;wl½SdaomaMumifh (64_3=192)jzpfonf/ a,musfm;vnf;r[kwf rdef;rvnf;r[kwfaom y@KufwGif tvm;wl 192-
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
664
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jzpfaomaMumifh (192_2=384)? ESpf&yfaygif;aomf (576+384=960) tmywfaygif;jzpfvmonf/ þum; yg&mZdu oufoufrQ jzpf\/ wzef yxryg&mZdurI ûyusifhusL;vGefaomfvnf; arxket*Fgrajrmufaomt&mrsdK;ü xkv’pöOf;ESifh ‘'kuú#f[lí tmywåd0g' 2-rsdK;½Sdao;\/ odom½kHrQ jy&aomf vlwdkU\ udk,fay:wGif rsufvHk;aygufç ESmacgif;aygufç em;aygufç qD;yHk;ç "m;i,fjzifh cGJtyfaom tem0wdkUü arxkefrIûyvQif 'kuú#ftmywfoifh\/ ,if;odkU a,musfm; rdef;r ObawmAsnf; y@Kuf 4-rsdK; wzef vlewf wd&dpämef 3-rsdK;wdkUjzifh ajr§mufyGm;vdkufaom tmywfrnfrQ jzpfay:vmonfudk cefUrSef;Munfh&m\/ bk&m;½Sifonf
0denf;odu©myk'fwckudk
ynwfawmfrlaomtcg
t
rlvtmywfESifhwuG tMum;wGif oifha&mufEdkifaom tmywfç vHk;vHk;tmywfroifh[laom temywåd0g&[lí jynfhpHkpGm
a[mNrJjzpfonf/
yg&mZduusapvdkojzifh
Oyrm-&[ef;\
rdef;r½Sd&modkU
zdxdkifaponfqdktHh?
&[ef;onf
vHk;vHk;rom,mvQif
yg&mZdurus?
&[ef;udk
cP
&efol ayGUcsDoGm;í
4-rsdK;wGif
aemufwpfrsdK;um;
wrsdK;rsdK;ü
wpfa,mufa,mufonf r*faygufwpfckckodkU om,mcJhaomf
&[ef;wpfyg;onf
&[ef;udk &nf½G,fum
yg&mZduusonf/
vdift*Fgudk
wckckjzifh
&pfywfíjzpfap? rdef;r\ yó0r*ftwGif;ü tom;ESifhrxdap&ef ydwfyg;ç &mbmponf xnfhoGif;íjzpfap? arxkefrIûytHh? yg&mZdu us\/ rdrdukd,fwdkifu rodpOfç odkUr[kwf pdwfryg rom,mvQifç odkUr[kwf tdyfaysmfaepOf rdef;rwa,mufa,mufu udpöNyD;onftxd (Avuúm&) twif;t"r® ûyvkyfoGm;aomf rom,mvQif &[ef;rSm yg&mZdrusay/ þodkUvQif yxryg&mZdu odu©myk'fü temywåd0g&ESifh ESpfaxmifausmfausmfaom 0g&rsm; xGufvmonf/ ,if;onfyif yxryg&mZdu odu©myk'fESpfaxmifausmf jzpf\/
tvm;wl½Sdonfudk
uka#udk;axmifausmf½Sdonf
[lonfudk
cefUrSef;Munfh&m\/ tvG,fESifh
,if;odkUqdkvQif
oabmaygufEdkifavmuf
227-oG,fwGif ayNyD/
rnfodkUrQ
oHo,0ifp&mvnf;r½Sd? Oyg'gefum; vHk;0rjzpfEdkifacs/ Oyg'gefESifhvnf; rqdkifay/ 30/
trSwf 4-acsqdkcsuf ]]odu©myk'fawG rsm;vGef;vSí vlxGufrnfBuHaom &[ef;rSm
Oyg'gefaMumifhomjzpfonf}} [lonfrSmvnf; r[kwfrrSefaom taMumif;jycsuf jzpfonf/ rdrd\ÓPf rus,fjyefUjcif;aMumifh oabmrSefudk em;rvnf? em;rvnfaomaMumifh pdwfESvHk; qkwfepfrIjzpfonf/ pdwfqkwfepfjcif;aMumifh vlxGufvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;pdwfqkwfepfrIum; oDvudk taMumif;ûyíjzpfaom Oayu©mo[*kwf ÓP0dyÜ,kwf oocFg&du umrm0p& ukokdvfpdwfrQom jzpfonf/ tukodkvfpdwf r[kwf? tukodkvf r[kwfvQif Oyg'gefjzpfzdkU a0;vS\/ xdkUaMumifh þacsqdkcsufonf vHk;0 tajctjrpf r½Sdacs/ 31/
trSwf-3 acsqdkcsuf ]]apwem½SdrS tmywfoifhonf/ apwemr½SdvQif tmywfroifh}}[k
pu©Kygv rax&f0w¬Kudk xkwfaqmifjcif;rSmvnf; 0de,omoemudk ravhusufrd okwr½Sdí qdkjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ ygPmwdygwESifhpyfaom odu©myk'frsm;onf opdwåu (apwem½SdrSç pdwfygrSoifhaom)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
665
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tmywfjzpfonf rSefaomfvnf; &[EÅmrsm;yif oifhEdkifaom tpdwåutmywf (pdwf apwem rygaomfvnf; oifhaomtmywf) t&ufygaomaq;udk
rsm;pGm
½Sdonf/
oHk;aqmifjcif;rsdK;
Oyrm-
rodí
ponfjzpf\/
rmwk*grESifh xdkUaMumifh
wrdk;w&Hwnf;
xdkacsqdkcsufonf
tdyfjcif;ç rcdkifvHkaom
,kwådrrDaom acsqdkcsufom jzpfonf/ 32/
]]0denf;udk t"duxm;vGef;í bdu©KeDr omoemuG,fy&jcif;onf yxroH*g,emrS
ponf}} qdkaompum;rSm rqDrqdkif rpyfr[yf 0denf;usifh0wfí ayghavsmhap&ef (wenf; 0de,*½ku yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk Oyg'gefwHqdyfwyfay;&ef vkyfBuHajymqdkaom pum;rsm;omjzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifh bdu©KeDomoem uG,fy&jcif;rSm 0denf;udk t"duxm;vGef;aomaMumifh r[kwf? 0denf;udk jynfhpHk av;eufpGm rusifhjcif;ç rvdkufemjcif;aMumifhom jzpf\/ bdu©KeDomoem
uG,fonfrSm
yxroH*g,emrS
ponfr[kwf?
wwd,
oH*g,emtNyD;
pwkw¬oH*g,em[k qdktyfaom ayxuftu©&m wif&mumvtxd oD[kdVfuRef;wGif bdu©KeDrrsm; ½Sdaeao;\/ yk*Hausmufpmrsm;t& jrefrmjynf yk*HûrdU omoemtxd bdu©KeDrrsm; ½Sdaeao;aMumif; od&\/ xdkUaMumifh þtqdkrSm rl&if;yk*¾dKvf Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef;q&m OD;udkudkav;qdkol\ awm&rf;r,fzGJU 0denf;udk uJh&JUaom pum;rQomjzpfí t0de,t"r®omjzpfaMumif; oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf-2 q&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwftyfayonf/ 33/
(9)trSwf apm'uwdkU wifjytyfaom apm'emcsufum; pum;0gus rjynfhpHkojzifh vdk&if;
ra&mufcJhay/ qdkvdk&if;rSm OD;Ouú|ESifh OD;0go0wdkUonf 0de,omoemawmfudk trSDûyí &[ef;tjzpfudk &,lxm;Muolrsm; jzpfvsuf ,if;0de,omoemudk r½kdrao ½IwfcsuJh&JUMuí "r®0de,udk pGefUy,folrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ,if;odkU Ak'¨ESifh "r®udk pGefUy,fMuaomaMumifh ]Ak'¨H ypöu©mrd}[k qdkí odu©mcsaomoluJhodkU Ak'¨ykwå (bk&m;om;awmfrsm; [kwfEdkifzGif r½SdawmhaMumif; qdkvdkayonf/ pum; rjynfhpHkapumrl OD;Ouú|wdkUtm; t0de,0g'Drsm; jzpfaMumif; qdkvdk&if;rSm odomxif½Sm;ayonf/ 34/
trSwf 5-acsqdkcsuf ]]ao;i,faom tmywfonf psmefr*f zdkvf\ tEÅ&m,fudk
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666
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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667
tpodkU
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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tESpf(2500)ausmfu
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669
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670
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jrefrmjyef ]]ykPÖm;wdkU ynm½Sdonf tMuift&yfü tdrf&maqmufvkyfaexdkif\/ þt&yfü oDv½Sdaom udk,fEIwfESvHk; apmifhoHk;aom jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUudk qGrf;auR;NyD;vQif xdkt&yfü½Sdaom ewfwdkUtm; tvª\ tzdkUudk trQay;a0&m\/ þodkU trQay;a0vwfaomf ewfwdkUonf ylaZmfcH&ojzifh xdk(trQay;a0)olwdkU twHkUjyefí ylaZmfukef\/ jrwfEdk;cH&ojzifhvnf; twHkUjyefí jrwfEdk;ukef\/ xdkUaMumifh rdcifonf &if0,fom;udk apmifha½SmufouJhodkU ewfwdkUonf xkd(trQay;a0) olwdkUapmifha½Smufukef\/ ewfwdkUapmifha½SmufcH&aom olonf tcgcyfodrf; aumif;jcif;r*Fvmudk awGUjrif&av\}} [lí jzpfayonf/ xdkUtwlyif ½Sifûy em;o em;xGif;paom udprö sm;üvnf; tvª'ge ûyvkyfMuykHwdkUudk "r®y'0w¬K wdóomraP okcomraPponfwdkUtaMumif;wGif xif½Sm;vSonf/ xdkUaMumifh omrIr*Fvm udpörsm;ü 'geûyjcif; tpOftvmrSm OD;Ouú| qdkouJhodkU aemufacwfrS xGifxm;aom udpö&yfrsm; r[kwfaMumif; Ak'¨vufxufuyif Ak'¨udk,fwdkif yg0ifcJhaom omoemh½dk;&mpOfvm wEÅD ya0PD xHk;pHBuD;yif jzpfaMumif; odomvS\/ 11/
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½Gwfqkdjcif;? 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdU\ yifhavQmufcsuft& oGm;a&muf½Gwfqkdjcif; [lí ESpfrsdK;½Sd&m 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUtwGuf ½Gwfqkdjcif;ü ygxdu0*¾| uxm tm#mem#d,okwftzGifh 149-t&teufo'´gudk okwfoifí aumif;pGm oif,lxm;jcif;? yk'fAsnf;wkdUudk r,kwfap&? jynfhpHkatmif avhvm usufrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh? vmbfvmbudkriJh arwåma½SUxm;í ½Gwfqkdjcif;? þodkU t*FgoHk;yg;½Sd&m aemufqHk;t*Fgjzpfaom vmbfvmbudk riJh arwåma½SUxm;í ½Gwfqkdjcif;udk tav;teuf xm;Mu&NrJyif jzpfonf/
xkdUaMumifh ]]vmba[wk O*¾a[wGm bPEÅómyd tw¬H e
oma"wd}} [k ,if;t|uxmü txl;qkdxm;ayonf/
xkdUaMumifh &Hzef&Hcg 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUu
yifhzdwfí y&dwfw&m;awmif;qkdvQif vmbfvmbudpö yg0ifvmygu y&dwftusdK;w&m;udk wkd;yGm;NyD;pD;jcif; r½SdEkdifojzifh
y&dwf½GwfrIudk
omoemhxHk;wrf;pOfvmw&yfom
a½SUwef;wifí
&[ef;wkdU
jzpfavonf/
tmZD0udpöudk
½Sif;½Sif;qkd&vQif
raqmif½GufMu&onfrSm
&[ef;wkdUonf
y&dwf½Gwfí
pm;aomufaejcif;rsdK; r½Sd? &Hzef&Hcg taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm y&dwf½Gwf&onf½Sdaomf vmbfvmbudk riJh arwåma½SUxm;í ½GwfqkdMujcif;onfom &[ef;aumif; &[ef;jrwfwkdU\ wm0efjzpfonf/
xkdUaMumifh
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk oifMum;½Gwfqkdjcif;ESifh omrnzvokwfvm a>rtwwf tqdyftwwf uif;NrD;aumuf twwfwkdUESifh wpfxyfwnf; xm;í a&;om;pGyfpGJxm;jcif;onf oabm½dk; oabmajzmifhr[kwf? ½IwfcsuJh&JU w½GJUwapmif; raumif;aom oabmom aygavmay: xif½Sm;í aeayonf/ 13/
þrQaom taMumif;tusdK;wkdUukd axmuf½Ií y&dwf½Gwf y&dwfemjcif;ü tusdK;r½Sd[k
a0zef½IwfcsaeMuaom t&nf;BuD;vufusef ,dk,Gif;qkwf,kwfaMumif;
vlaovljzpf
0g'gEk0g'yk*¾dKvfwkdUonf
[lívnf;aumif;?
bmtusdK;rQ
[lívnf;aumif;?
y&dwfukd
bk&m;a[mr[kwf?
rûy[lívnf;aumif;? vljzpfusdK;
omoemawmf
reyf[lívnf;aumif;
a&;om;ajymqkd,lpGJaejcif;wkdUtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ax&0g'oH*g,emajcmufwefwif okwåefyd#uawmf yg0pewkdUudk wm;qD;y,fzsuf aESmuf,Suf aoGzDaeMuolrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ ¤if;jyifokawå 'kyÜ#dyaEém pwåma&m ar yk*¾vm/y/ twåmeÍö cewd? A[kÍö tyknH yo0wDwd? wawm rdpäm'd|duH ygykPmwd ('D?|?1?23)[laom oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxmyg pum;t& okwåefw&m;awmfü raumif;ojzifh usifhaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf t"dyÜm,f
t,ltq
taumufvGJrSm;NyD;vQif
trSefudk
rodbJ
rSm;aom
t,ludkom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
,lpGJ\[k
688
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
,if;rdpämt,lrSm;rsm;udk &nfñTef;í jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ rdrdukd,fwkdif t,lrSm;udk ,lojzifh bk&m;½Sifukd pGyfpGJ&ma&muf? rdrdukd,fudkvnf; wl;ûzd&m a&mufí rsm;pGmaom tukodkvfw&m;qkd;wkdUom yGm;wkd;í aeavonf/ xkdUaMumifh bk&m;a[mygVdawmf y&dwfw&m;rsm;udk qefUusifzsufqD;í aeMuaom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|dokawoe0g'orm;wkdUonf rdpäm0g' t"r®oabmodkU a½GUavsmajy;0ifaeMuolrsm;om jzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u pdppfoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
689
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (12) "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfudk y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedpä,
"mwfawmf arGawmf apwD ykxdk; ½kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;ukdapmfum; a&;om;a[majymjcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'em-aom"emESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf 1/
apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 81-ü a&;om;xm;aom-
]]0wfxnfzsOfpif;udk olawmfaumif;wkdU&JU
ouFef;[k
rcGJjcm;awmhbJ
qHyifwnf;[laom
t0wf[lí
tarG;onf
aysmufuif;apEkdifonf[laom
Oyg'gefudkvnf;
jrifhjrwfaom"mwfawmfarGawmf
ponfwkdUudk
jrif;NrD;xuf
,ckacwfü
bmoma&;
wpfom;wnf;
jrifMuavNyD/
ydkí
tema&m*gudk
awmfvSefMuavNyD/
,cktcgü
trIdufo½dkufrsm;
jzpfonf[k
uREkfyfwkdU
aocsmxifxif odjrifMuukefNyD}} [laom pum;udkvnf;aumif;OD;0go0u 16-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrûrdU or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if OD;ppfwif\ aetdrfw&m;yGJü a[majymaom
]]a½Twd*Hk[m
bk&m;r[kwfbl;uG/
trSefawmh
ocsØKif;ukef;uG}}
[laom
a[majymcsufudkvnf;aumif; xkwfjyMuí OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\aemufvkdufwkdUonf "mwfawmfarGawmf apwDykxkd;rsm;udk bmoma&;trIdufo½dkufrsm;tjzpf uJh&JU½Iwfcs a[majyma&;om;MuaMumif;? omoemawmf roefY½Sif; rwnfwHh rjyefYyGm;atmif zsufqD;aom rdpäm0g'om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMuonf/ 2/
¤if;apm'emESifh ywfoufí pk'dwuq&mawmf (4) yg;wkdUuvnf;aumif;? OD;a½TjynfhESifh
OD;cif[efwkdUuvnf;aumif; acsyjcif; rûybJaecJhMuonf/
ocifjrwfqkdifu aom"emwifoGif;&mwGif
]]t½dk;aumufyGJonf ½GmolwkdU tvkyf? ykxkZOfwkdU tvkyfomjzpfí t&d,mwkdU tvkyf r[kwf}} ponfjzifhvmaom t*kFwådK&f a"m0eokwf? ]]awmawmif t&H udk;uG,f&m[lorQwkdUonf ab;uif;aom udk;uG,f&mr[kwf/ ,if;wkdUukd udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;jzifh 'ku©cyfodrf;rS rvGwfajrmufEkdif}} [laom "r®y'? "mwfav;yg;tpk oufoufomjzpfaom t&mwkdUudk ESpfoufjcif;onf 'ku©udk ESpfoufonfrnf\ ponfjzifh vmaom ed'geoH,kwf? ]]0uúvd ... ig\ þtykyfaumifwnf;[laom udk,fudk zl;ajrmfjcif;onf roifhavsmf}} paom cE¨0*¾oH,kwf 0uúvdokwf? ]]jrif½HkrQjzifh owå0gtm; pifMu,f\[k qkdaomf/y/ xkdokdUqkdoludk rdpäm'd|d[k qkd&m\}} [laom okwåedygwf ok'¨|uokwfwkdUudk xkwfjyxm;\/ xkdokdU xkwfjyjcif;jzifh xkdokwfwkdUt& "mwfawmfarGawmf apwDawmfrsm;udk ylaZmfjcif;onf tusdK;r½Sd? bmoma&; trdIufo½dkufrsm;[kyif q&mYenf;wl wynfhuvnf; xifjrif,lq[ef ½Sdayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
690
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) a"m0eokwf t"dyÜm,frSef
3/
t*Fkwå&edum,f 'ouedygwf a"m0eokwf 431-2 ü ]]wÍöacg {wH bdu©a0 a"m0eH [DeH
*r®H aygxkZÆeduH te&d,H}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl&m ]]xkdt½dk;aq;yGJonf ,kwfnhH\/ tvkyfjzpf\}} [k jrefrmjyef&rnf/
½GmolwkdU\
t*kFwådK&fjrefrmjyef 424-üvnf; ]]t½dk;aq;yGJ}} [k jrefrmjyefonf/
ocifjrwfqkdifwkdU\ jrefrmjyefum; ]]t½dk;aumufyGJ}} [k jzpfae\/
xkdt½dk;aq;yGJ usif;yyHkudk
t*kFwå&t|uxm? wwd,? 335-ü]]wo®ð [d Zeya' /y/ wawm eu©wåH uDVEÅd}} [k zGifhjy\/ t"dyÜm,fum;- ]]xkd'u©Pdwkdif; Zeyk'fü vlwkdUonf rdrdwkdU aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm; aovQif rD;r½IdUbJ wGif;wl;jr§Kyf xm;Mu\/ ykyfaomtcg t½dk;wkdUudk azmfxkwfaq;aMumMuí yef;eHUomwkdUjzifh ylaZmfyoMuNyD; eu©wfyGJobif a&mufaomtcg xkdt½dk;wkdUudk ,lí idka
xkdUaemuf eu©wfyGJobif
upm;Muonf}} [k qkdvdkonf/ xkdodkU zGifhjycsuft& t½dk;aq;yGJü vlomrefjzpfaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;wkdU\ t½dk;jzpfí bk&m; &[EÅm olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;\ "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;ESifh rqkdifay/ xkdpum;rSef\/ 'DCedum, r[m0*¾ygVd r[my&dedAÁmeokwf 117? t*kFwå& edum, pwkuúedygw xlyg&[okwf 567wkdUüjrwfpGmbk&m;? yapöuAk'¨g? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t&d,mwynfh? pMu0aw;rif;? þav;OD;udkom
apwDxkdufonf[k
a[mawmfrlí
aoqHk;olyk*¾dKvfwkdif;udk
(oDv½Sdaom
ykxkZOf&[ef;udkaomfrS) apwDxkdufonf[k ra[mcJh&um; apwDrxkdufaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;wkdU\ t½dk;ESifh apwDxkdufaom bk&m; &[EÅm ponfwkdU\ "mwfawmfrsm;udk xyfwlxyfrQ r,lqoifhay/ 4/
apwDrxkdufaom vlomrefwkdU\ t½dk;udk ylaZmf&mü tusdK;r½Sdaomfvnf; apwDxkdufaom
"mwfawmfarGawmfwkdUukd ylaZmf&müum; tusdK;rsdK;pGm ½Sd\/ tusdK;½SdaMumif;rSm,xm acg tmeE´ &anm puú0wådó o&Da& y#dyZÆEÅd? /y/ awoH wH b0dówd 'DC&wåH [dwm, okcg, ('D? 2? 117) [laom 'DCedum, r[m0*¾ygVdjzifh xif½Sm;\/
jrefrmjyef ]]tmeE´m ... pMu0aw;rif;\ tavmif;ü aqmif½GufukefouJhodkU xkdUtwl jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tavmif;awmfüvnf; wnfxm;tyfay\/
aqmif½Guftyfay\/
vrf;rav;cGqHk&mü
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
apwDukd
xkdapwDü tMuifolwkdUonf yef;udkjzpfap? eHUomudk jzpfap? eHUomrIefUukdjzpfap
wifrlvnf; wifukefvwåHU/
½Sdckd;rlvnf; ½Sdckd;ukefvwåHU/
pdwfjzifhrlvnf; MunfñdkukefvwHh/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
691
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xkdokdUûyjcif;onf MumjrifhpGmaomumvywfvHk; xkdolwkdUtm; pD;yGm;csrf;omtvkdUiSmjzpfvwHh}} ('D? jref? 2? 136) xkdokdU a[mawmfrlonfhtwkdif;yif bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf tZmwowfrif; paom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU apwDwnfxm;MuyHkudk]]tx acg &mZm rm*a"m}} ponfjzifh r[m0*¾ygVdawmf r[my&dedAÁmeokwf 137-ü a[mawmfrl\/ ¤if;ygVdawmft& jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf(1)
&mZû*d[fjynfü tZmwowfrif; wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(2)
a0omvDü vdpä0Drif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(3)
uydv0wfü omuD0ifrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(4)
tv’uyÜü AkvDrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(5)
&mr½Gmü aumvd,rif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(6)
a0|'Dywkdif;ü ¤if;wkdif;om; ykPÖm;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(7)
yg0gjynfü rv’mrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(8)
ukodem½Hkü rv’mrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(9)
a'gPykPÖm; wnfxm;aom wkrÁapwD?
(10)
arm&d,rif;wkdU wnfxm;aom t*Fg&apwD-
[lí apwDq,fql ½SdcJhzl;aMumif; od&onf/
(r[m0*¾ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 159-160) xkdUjyif
rdvdE´yO§mygVdawmf 323? (¤if;-jrefrmjyef 346)ü]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\
t*Fgudk;yg;ESifh
jynfhpHkaom
pum;awmfonfvnf;aumif;?
udk,fawmfpm;
jzpfukefaom O'´dóapwD "mwkkapwDwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHk;aqmifawmfrltyfaom oydwf? ouFef; paom y&dabm*apwDwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHCm&wemonfvnf;aumif; ukefrsdK;pHka&mif;aom aps;½Hk rnf\/
xkdaps;½Hkü
edAÁmeorÜwådwkdifatmifaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ukefrsdK;pHkwkdUukd
ZmwdorÜwådtp jzefUcif;xm;tyf\/
edAÁmefcsrf;omESifh xkdaps;½Hkü
jynfhpHkrI xkdxkd
[laom ukefwkdUukd
tcsdKUolwkdUonf oDvaqmufwnfjcif;jzifh 0,f,lMuukef\/ tcsdKUu OykofuHjzifh 0,f,lMuukef\}} [k apwDawmfwkdUudk ukefaps;½HkBuD;ESifh EIdif;í jyqkdxm;onf/ þygVdawmfwkdUukd axmufuvnf; "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;onf tusdK;½Sdonf/
'u©dPZeyk'fü
aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm; aoNyD;aemuf ûyvkyfMuaom t½dk;aq;yGJuJhokdU tusdK;r½Sdr[kwfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ a"m0eokwfvmpum; t&dyft>rufrQudk ,lí vlomreft½dk;ESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmfudk wpfwef;pm;wnf; twlwl,lqum ypfy,fjcif; rûyoifh? oAÁñkbk&m;½SifESifh ykxkZOfvlomrefwkdUukd xyfwlxyfrQxm;NyD;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
692
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pOf;pm;aeMuojzifhom ,ckuJhokdU "mwfawmf arGawmf rylaZmfaumif;[k t,lwdrf;apmif;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;½Sifonf wpfavmuvHk;xufjrwfonf[k ,lqvdkuf½Hkjzifhyif þjyóem r½Sdawmhay/ 5/
"r®y'ü vmaom t*¾d'wåjAm[®P0w¬K t"dyÜm,frSefukd qkdOD;tHh-
]]awmifudk udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfMu/ awmudk t&Hudk opfyifukd udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfMu/ xkd awmawmif t&H opfyifwkdUukd udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfvQif 'ku©cyfodrf;rS vGwfrnf}} [k qHk;rMo0g' ay;aeaom t*¾d'wåykPÖm;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u xkdawm awmif t&H opfyifwkdUonf ab;uif;aom jrwfaom udk;uG,f&m r[kwf? 'ku©cyfodrf;rS rvGwfEkdif[kvnf;aumif;? bk&m; w&m; oHCmwkdUonf ab;uif;aom jrwfaom udk;uG,f&mjzpf\/ 'ku©cyfodrf;rS vGwfEkdif\[lí vnf;aumif; "r®y't|uxm 'k-159-ü a[mawmfrlonf/ ¤if; a'oemawmfü(u)
188-189 *gxmwkdUjzifh ab;uif;&m r[kwfaom awmawmif t&H opfyif paom ukd;uG,f&mudk vnf;aumif;?
(c)
190-191-192 *gxmwkdUjzifh ab;uif;&m jzpfaom bk&m; w&m; oHCm- [laom udk;uG,f&mudk vnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonfukd awGU&\/
pk'wdwuyk*¾dKvf\ aom"emvTmü (u) trSwfjy ab;uif;&m r[kwfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUukdom xkwfjyí (c) trSwfjy ab;uif;&m jzpfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUukd csefxm;cJhNyD; ]]þodkU udk;uG,f&m[lorQudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;jzifh 'ku©cyfodrf;rS rvGwfEkdif}} [k udk;uG,f&mtm;vHk; odrf;usHK;í a[monfhtaejzifh r½dk;rom; jyqkdxm;onf/
trSefrSm bk&m; w&m; oHCm [laom udk;uG,f&mwkdUonf ab;uif;aom
jrwfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUom jzpfMuonf/
"mwfawmf arGawmfwkdUukd ½dScdk;ylaZmfjcif;onf (u) trSwfjy
awm awmif t&H opfyifwkdUukd udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK; r[kwfrlí (c) trSwfjy bk&m; w&m; oHCm udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK;üomvQif
tusHK;0ifonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf
"mwfawmf
arGawmf
wkdUukd
ylaZmfolrsm;onf bk&m;½Sif\ aus;Zl;awmf *kPfawmfwkdUukdom &nfpl;í ylaZmfMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh ¤if;"r®y'ygVdawmft&vnf; "mwfawmfarGawmf apwDawmfwkdUukd rylaZmf&[k t"dyÜm,frxGuf? ylaZmfoifh onf/ ylaZmfaumif;onf[líom t"dyÜm,f xGufayonf/ 6/ rnf\/
ed'geoH,kwf tbdeE´eokwfü ]]yx0D"mwfudk ESpfoufaomolonf 'ku©udk ESpfoufonf 'ku©ukd ESpfoufaomolonf 'ku©rS rvGwf}} [k a[mawmfrl\/
tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf
0ga,m"mwfukd ESpfoufoludkvnf; xkdenf;twkdif; a[mawmfrl\/ xkdokdU "mwfav;yg;udk ESpfoufolrsm;udkom xkdokdU a[monfr[kwf/ ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom
cE¨mig;yg;wkdUukd
ESpfoufolwkdUudkvnf;
xkduJhodkUyif
a[mawmfrl\/
(cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf tbdeE´eokwf/ 26)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
693
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, re ½ly o'´ *E¨ &o azm|AÁ "r® [laom tm,we 12-
yg;wkdUukd
ESpfoufolwkdUudkvnf;
xkduJhodkUyif
'ku©rS
rvGwf[k
a[mawmfrl\/
ylaZmfjcif;udk
rvdkvm;ojzifh
jzpfatmif
"mwfav;yg;udk
(oVm,we0*¾oH,kwåygVd-246)/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;ü
ocifjrwfqkdifonf tjypfjyvkd&um;
jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmf
"mwfawmfESifh
a[maomokwfudkom xkwfjyxm;[ef wlayonf/ "mwfav;yg;omru
qifwl½kd;rSm;
jrwfpGmbk&m; tvdkawmfrSm yx0D paom
cE¨mig;yg;
tm,we
12-yg;udk
trSefpifppftm;jzifh
ESpfoufjcif;
(wpfenf;)
wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;[lorQonf
rnfonfhw&m;udkrQ
ESpfoufpGJvrf;rI
rûyoifhay/
ESpfoufolrsm;udkyg
"mwfawmfwkdUudk
a[mxm;ay\/ wPSm&m*omjzpfí
½Sd;ckd;ylaZmfjcif;um;
cE¨m
tm,we"mwfwkdUudk wPSm&m*jzifh ESpfoufpGJvrf;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? "mwfawmfwkdUü o'¨gw&m;jzifh pdwfukd Munfvifapí ylaZmfjcif; Munfñdkjcif;om jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh tbdeE´eokwft&vnf; "mwfawmfrsm;udk rylaZmfaumif;? rylaZmfoifh[laom teuf t"dyÜm,f rxGufay/ 7/
wpfzefvnf; cE¨0*¾oH,kwf 0uúvdokwfü ]]0uúvd ... oifhrSm þtykyfaumifudk
Munfh½Iaejcif;jzifh tb,f tusdK;½SdtHhenf;}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonfrSm þodkU jzpfonf0uúvdonf jrwfpGmbk&m; qGrf;cH
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
jrifEkdifavmufaomt&yfüaeí
Munfh½Izl;jrifvsufom
aeavonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf o'¨gvGefuJí ynmÓPfenf;yg;vSaom 0uúvd&[ef;tm; todÓPf r&ifhusufao;rD wpfpHkwpf&m ra[majymao;bJ todÓPf &ifhusufvmaomtcgrS ]]uð aw 0uúvd £rdem ylwduma,e 'da|e? 0uúvd ... oifhrSm þtaumifykyfudk Munfh½Iaejcif;jzifh tb,ftusdK; ½SdtHhenf;}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ ("r®y't|uxm? 'k? 380? t*Fkwå&t|uxm? y? 195/) þodkU &[ef;w&m; ur®|mef; ryGm;rsm;bJ tcsdefûzef;aeonfudk wm;jrpfí w&m;½IrSwfyGm;rsm;ap&ef a[maomokwf
jzpfayonf/
yk*d¾Kvftm;vHk;tm;
bk&m;rzl;&
wm;jrpfawmfrlonf
r[kwfay/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd rqkdxm;bd oDv orm"d ynm ½Sdaom zl;jrifjcif;onfyif tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;pGm ½SdaMumif;udka, aw bdu©a0 bdu©L oDvorÜEém orm"dorÜEém ynmorÜEém /y/ 'óerÜm[H bdu©a0 awoH bdu©LeH A[kyum&H 0'grd (ck?1?267) [k £wd0kwfygVdawmfü a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdUjyif t*kFwå&edum,f t|uedygwf r[memrokwf ESm-56-ESifh ZD0uokwf ESm-58 ü ]]rdrdvnf; &[ef;wkdUudk zl;jrifjcif;iSm tvdk½Sdí olwpfyg;wkdUudkvnf; &[ef;wkdUukd zl;jrif&ef wkdufwGef;aom Oygoum
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
694
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
('g,um)onf rdrdtusdK; olwyg;tusdK; ESpfrsdK;vHk;udk usifhaqmifolrnf\}} (tif?jref?3?57-8) [k a[mawmfrl\/ t*kFwå&edum,f? wduedygwf? wd|meokwfüvnf;'óeumarm oDv0wH? o'¨r®H aomwkrdpäwd/ 0dea, rapä&rvH? o a0 oa'¨gwd 0kpöwd (tH?1?149)/ [k a[mawmfrl\/
jrefrmjyef (tMuifyk*¾dKvfonf) oDvESifh jynfhpHkolwkdUukd zl;jrifvdk\/ olawmfaumif;w&m;udk emMum;vdk\/ 0efwkdjcif;[laom tnpftaMu;ukd y,fazsmuf\/
xkdoludk pifppf o'¨gw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkaomol[k
qkdtyf\ (tif?jref?1?167)/ &[ef;awmfwkdUukd
zl;jrif&jcif;ukd
aumif;usdK;w&m;
wkd;yGm;aMumif;
r*Fvmwpfyg;taejzifh
orPmeÍö 'óeH (&[ef;wkdUtm; zl;jrifjcif;onf r*Fvmrnf\) [k ck'´uygXygVd r*Fvokwf ESm-4? okwåedygwygVd r*Fvokwf ESm-319 wkdUü a[mawmfrl\/
xkdUaMumifh bk&m;½Sifukd xm;bdOD;? bk&m;
wynfht&d,mom0u
&[ef;awmfwkdUukd
oDv0EÅ
ykxkZOfjzpfaom
zl;jrif&jcif;onfyif
aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk jzpfapwwfaom r*Fvmwpfyg;jzpfaMumif; a[mawmfrl\/ þtwlyif t*kFwå&ygVd quúedygw tEkwå&d,okwf ESm 286-ü jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom; om0u &[ef;awmfwkdUukdvnf;aumif; zl;ajrmf&jcif;onf 'óemEkwå&d, (jrif&jcif;wumwkdUwGif tjrwfqHk;aom jrif&jcif;)
jzpfí
owå0gwkdUtzkdU
pifMu,faMumif;?
aomuy&da'0
uif;Nidrf;aMumif;?
'ku©a'greóNidrf;aMumif;ESifh r*f zkdvf edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufûy&aMumif; aumif;jrwfaomw&m; jzpfonf[k a[mawmfrlxm;ayonf/ 8/ pifMu,f\/
"mwfawmf arGawmf apwDawmfwkdUukd zl;ajrmfjcif;onf jrif½HkrQ tqif;oP²mefukd od½HkrQjzifh qif;&Jukd vGefajrmufEkdif\[k ,lqonf r[kwf? xkdodkU ,lqí zl;jrifjcif; ylaZmfjcif;
r[kwfaomaMumifh okwåedygwf ok'¨|uokwfESifhvnf; rqefYusifay/ pifppf "mwfawmf apwDawmf ylaZmfjcif;um;tom'd,EÅaó0 wxm*wó a'0rEkóm "mwk&weH 0w¬HK u&dwGm 0xm*wó ÓP&wem&r®aPe or®my#dywåð ao0EÅm wdaóm orÜwåda,m y#dvbEÅd (ck?11?103)/
jrefrmjyef ]]rom,monfjzpfí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmf&wemudk ewfvlwkdUonf wnf&mrSD&m ûyvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ÓPfawmf&wemudk tm½Hkûyojzifh aumif;aom tusihfukd rSD0Jukefonfjzpfí vl ewf edAÁmef oHk;wefaom csrf;om pnf;pdrfwkdUukd &½Sdukef\ (ck?jref?112) rdvdE´yO§m ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefü
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
695
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jyqkdxm;onfhtwkdif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
"mwfawmf&wemudk
trSDûyum
ÓPfawmf
*kPfawmfwkdUukd
tm½HkûyvQif aumif;jrwfaom or®my#dywfjzpfí edAÁmefwkdif tusdK;&onfom jzpfayonf/ xkdUjyifvnf;]]apwd,H 0g aAm"ð 0g 'doGmyd [d Ak'¨g&r®PH oHC'óaee oHCm&r®PH yDwð OyÜga'wGm wa'0 c,awm 0,awm or®oaEÅm t&[wåH ygykPmwd}}[k
oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm
166?
rlvyPÖmot|uxm?y?
258-wkdUü
zGifhjy
enf;ñTefxm;onfhtwkdif; apwDukd jzpfap? aAm"dyifukd jzpfap? zl;jrifí jrwfpGmbk&m;vQif tm½Hk½Sdaom yDwd jzpfay:vm\/
,if;yDwdukd c,0,tedpö (ukefqHk; ysufpD;aom) tm;jzifh oHk;oyfaomfvnf;aumif;?
oHCmawmfukd zl;jrif&í oHCmh*kPfvQif tm½Hk½Sdaom yDwdukd c,0,tedpö[lí oHk;oyfaomfvnf;aumif; t&[wåzkdvfodkUyif a&mufEkdif\/
þokdUvQif pdwfxm;aumif;í zl;jrifwwfol ÓPf½SdolwdkUtwGuf
t&[wåzkdvfwkdifatmif tusdK;&onfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f rvdkay/
pdwfxm;raumif;í rzl;jrifwwfol?
ÓPfr½SdoltwGufum; tusdK;r&onfjyif tjypfyif jzpfwwfayonf/ om0w¬djynfü wpfcgrQ ray;vªzl;aomaMumifh t'dEéykAÁu rnfaom ykPÖm;\om; r|uk@vDonf tema&m*g&í aocgeD;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; zl;jrif&í Munfñdkaompdwfjzpfum vuftkyfcsDrkd; ½Sdckd;cJhav\/ xkdukodkvfaumif;rIudkûyí
wm0wðomewfjynfokdU
a&muf&aMumif;ukd
0drme0w¬KygVdawmf
115?
0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 303-4 ü jyqkd xm;onf/ onfrSwyg;vnf; yGifhawmfrl\/ &wemapwD
þurÇmrSjyefía&wGufaomf
urÇmoHk;aomif;xufü
okar"jrwfpGmbk&m;
okar"jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH&mtcgü vlwkdUonf bk&m;½Sif\ "mwfawmfwkdUukd wnfxm;Mu\/
trsdK;om;wpfa,mufonf
olwpfyg;wkdUukdvnf; ylaZmf&efwkdufwGef;\/
"mwfawmf
apwDawmfudk
ylaZmfí
xkdtrsdK;om; wm0wðomewfjynfodkU a&muf&aMumif;ukd
0drme0w¬K ygVdawmf 112-3? 0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 310-1-ü jyqkdxm;onf/
apwDawmfonf
ukodkvfûyvkyf&mXme ukodkvfa½Ttkd; jr§KyfESH&mXmewpfckjzpfonf[k ck'´uygXygVd ed"du@okwfü apwd,rSd p oHaC 0g? yk*¾av twdxDok 0g/ rmw&d ydw&d pmyd? taxm aZ|rSd bmw&d (ck?1?10) apwDawmfü jzpfap? oHCmawmfü jzpfap oDv½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfü jzpfap? c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm;ü jzpfap trd tz toufBuD;ol tpfukd OD;BuD; OD;av;ü jzpfap ukodkvfa½Ttkd;udk jr§KyfESHvQif aumif;aom jr§KyfESHjcif;rnf\[k a[mawmfrl\/ apwDawmf "mwfawmfwkdUukd ylaZmfaomolwkdUonf aumif;usdK;csrf;om&ouJhokdU apwDawmf "mwfawmf ylaZmfjcif;udk uJh&JUaomolwkdUonfvnf; qif;&J'ku© a&mufMu&avonf/
&mZû*d[fjynfü
ol
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
696
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Ncdrf;ajcmufwm;jrpfum "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;udk uJh&JUcJhavonf/
xkdrdef;rwkdUonf ol
rem,lbJ "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;ukd ûyMu\/ uG,fvGefMuaomtcg ol
arGawmf
apwDawmfwkdUukd
ylaZmfí
tusdK;½SdaMumif;jzifh
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUu
0daooapm'emü wifjyaom ]]wd|aEÅ edAÁLaw pmyd}} paom 0drme0w¬KygVdawmf 66 ]]a,m ap ylaZ,s orÁK'¨H}}
paom
ax&my'geygVd-168
ponfwkdUonfvnf;
ckdifvHkaom
om"ursm;
jzpfMu\/
"mwfawmfylaZmfí tusdK;r½Sdonfhtaejzifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf wifjyaom a"m0eokwf? "r®y' tbdeE´eokwf ponfwkdUonf ygVdawmfü wkduf½dkufvmonfhtwkdif; r[kwfbJ vkd&mqGJí t"dyÜm,f,lxm;aomaMumifh om"u rajrmufay/
0wfxnfESifh ouFef; 9/
0wfxnfzsOfpif;udk ouFef;[k rcGJjcm;awmhbJ t0wf[lí wom;wnf; jrifMuNyD[k
vlaovljzpfq&mu y&rwftjrif &ifhoefaeonfhES,f a&;om;xm;\/
("mwfav;yg; tpkta0;?
½kyftpkta0;[lí jrifNyD[k qkdrS y&rwftjrif aygufzG,f&m ½Sdayonf/) cE¨m tm,we "mwkç tedpö 'ku© tewå paom pum;onf y&rwfe,fü rSefuef\/ owå0gç
vlç
ewfç
rdef;rç
a,mufsm;-paom
pum;onfvnf;
orkwde,fü
yk*¾dKvfç
rSefuefonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onfyif or®Kwdopömudk ry,fbJ ac:a0:ajymqkd oHk;EIef; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm
316-ponfwkdUü
(oauFw0peH
opöH?
avmuor®Kwd
u&PH)
[k
ajymqkdxm;Muonf/ xkdUaMumifhyif todÓPf½SdolwkdUonf vlcsif;wlapum rdbESifh om;r,m;wef;wl rqufqHbJ cGJjcm;um qufqHMuavonf/
0wfxnfzsOfpif;ESifh ouFef;ukd cGJjcm;odjrifwwfum bk&m; paom
t&d,myk*¾dKvfwkdU 0wf½HkaomouFef;ukd ½dkaojrwfEkd;Muonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf q'´efqifrif;onfyif aomEkwådK&frkqkd;\xHü ouFef;ukd jrifaomtcg t½dktao ûycJhzl;onf/ (Zmwft|uxm? yÍör? 51/) apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU wifjyaom ]]yaE¦ 'doGme umom0H}} paom ax&my'gefygVdawmf ESm-52-ESifh ]]yAÁZdw y&dabma*g [d tm*g&dumeH apwd,|meda,m}} [laom yg&mZduu@t|uxm 'k-67 wkdUonfvnf; ouFef;udk ½kdaoav;pm; oifhaMumif; jyqkd&mü om"u ajrmufMuayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
697
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vlaovljzpfq&m a&;ouJhokdU 0wfxnfESifhouFef; twlwljzpfvQif ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;onf rnfonfht0wfrsdK;udkrqkd 0wfaumif;ayvdrfhrnf/ tuÐsudk r0wfoifhay/
trSefum; &[ef;onf vl0wfaMumif\ t0wfykqkd;
trSefpifppfum; t0wfcsif;wlaomfvnf; rdef;ronf rdef;r\ t0wfukdom?
a,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;t0wfudkom? &[ef;onf &[ef;t0wf(ouFef;) udkom 0wf½Hkoifhonf/ 0wf½HkrS obm0usonf/ þrQavmuf uGJjym;csufukd todÓPftoifhtwifh½Sdolrsm;yif odEkdifayonf/
ax&0g'
&[ef;awmfwkdU\ ouFef;onf jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlonfh 0denf;a'oemawmfESifhtnD jzwf& csKyf& qkd;&aom t0wfrsdK; jzpfonf/
ouFef;ü ½Sdoifhaom yrmP? qkd;oifhaom qkd;&nf? &ufoifhaom
csnftrsdK;tpm; ponfwkdUukd 0denf;ü ynwfcsuf½Sd&m 0denf;udk avhvmzl;ygvQifvnf; vlUt0wfESifh ouFef;ukd wpfom;wnf; jrifrnfr[kwfyg/ 10/
aomwmyef vl'g,umu ykxkZOf &[ef;omraPwkdUudk ½Sdckd;xdkufaom taMumif;wkdUrSm
&[ef;tjzpfukd ûywwfaom tusifhw&m;ESpfq,fESifh toGiftjyif ESpfrsdK;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;? tusifhw&m; ESpfq,frSm (1) jrwfaom w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;? (2) jrwfaom OykofûyrI tNrJ½Sdjcif;? (3) jrwfaom qGrf;cHrIpaom tusifh½Sdjcif;? (4) aumif;rGefpGm 0wf½Hkaexkdifjcif;? (5) pu©K paom £a`E´udk apmifhpnf;jcif; ponfrsm;wnf;? toGiftjyifESpfrsdK;rSm (1) zef&nfqkd;aom ouFef;ukd 0wf½Hkjcif;? (2) OD;jynf;acgif; wHk;&dwfjcif;wkdU jzpfaMumif; rdvdE´yO§mygVd 161 (¤if;jrefrmjyef? 175-6) ü jyqkdxm;onf/ xkdUjyif rdvdE´yO§m jrefrmjyef 275-üyif]]rif;jrwf ... vl\ toGiftjyifonf rnDñGwf? vlyk*¾dKvfonf toGiftjyif tm;enf;aomaMumifh t&[wåzkdvfodkU a&mufvQif a&mufaom xkdaeUüyif &[ef;aomfvnf; ûy&\/ y&dedAÁmefaomfvnf; ûy&\}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/
þpum;&yfukd axmufívnf; ouFef;ü xl;jcm;aom *kPf½SdaMumif;? ouFef;ESifh
0wfxnf jcm;em;aMumif; odEkdifay\/ zkóax&fonf
aemiftem*wfü
&[ef;
&[ef;rwkdU
trltusifhudk
oHa0*jzpfzG,f&m
a[mMum;xm;onfwGif ]]t*g&a0gp p umoma0? w'g awoH b0dówd}} (ax&*gxmygVd? 342) aemiftcgü (&[ef; &[ef;rwkdUonf) t&[wå"ZouFef;ü ½dkaoMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ ,cktcgü
vlaovljzpfq&mu
ouFef;ukd
r½dkaovkdMuolwkdU\
a½SUaqmifvrf;jyozG,f
0wfxnfzsOfpif;ukd ouFef;[k rcGJjcm;awmhbJ wpfom;wnf;jrifNyD[k vrf;rSm;ukd jyoGm;cJhavonf/ vlaovljzpfq&monf
½dkufpfa';Apf
paom
Ak'¨0g'D
r[kwfonfh
ygVdynm½Sif
yk*¾dKvfrsm;u
bk&m;tjrwfqHk;0g'? bk&m; 6-ql0g'? bk&m; 25-ql0g'rsm; ay:vmjcif;onf Ak'¨\ ppfrSefaom tewå0g'xJwGif 0d&Pac: aygif;jrufrsm; xlxyfpGm aygufvmjcif;ESifh wlonf[k
wkduf½dkufeD;yg;
bmomjyefí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
698
Mahapadana
Sutta
ponfü
a&;om;xm;aom
pum;vHk;udk
Introduction to
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
bmoma&;trIdufo½dkuf[k oHk;EIef;jcif;rSm Ak'¨0g' wpfomoemvHk; Ak'¨0g'D tm;vHk;wkdUukd yrmrcefU apmfum;vdkufjcif; om jzpfayonf/
ûcHiHkoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfjcif; qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyfaomfjrwfpGmbk&m;\ udk;uG,f&aom
0g'onf
0g'jzpfí
"mwfawmf
vlaovljzpfq&mESifh
arGawmf
apwDykxkd;awmfrsm;udk
wynfhwkdU\
0g'onf
½Sdckd;ylaZmf&aom "mwfawmfarGawmf
apwDykxkd;awmfrsm;ukd r½Sdckd; rylaZmf&? trdIufo½dkuf[k ,lqaom 0g'jzpfojzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;0g'ESifh qefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g' jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
699
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf-2 apm'em trSwf (13) Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,f 0dedpä, Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emaom"em ESpf&yfukd 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf
1/
apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 127? 128 wGifygaom-
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paom
bmoma&;vkyfief;wkdUü tusdK;&onf[k r,HkMunfbJ ypfy,fjcif;jzifh Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;ukd zsufqD;Muonf[k apm'emMu\/ 2/
¤if;apm'emudk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUu wdwdusus acsy aom"emjcif; rûy/
ocifjrwfqkdif\
aom"emvTmü
rlvyPÖmo
rlvy&d,m,okwf
ESm
1-rS
10-txd
tqkdtrdefUrsm;udk Munhfí ]]¤if;okwftqHk;ü &[ef;awmfrsm;u auseyfjcif; r½SdMuaMumif;udk awGU&ojzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdonfjzpf&m olUtzkdU ravQmufwwfEkdifyg/ wwfpGrf;orQ wifjyygrnf}} qkdí wifjyoGm;onf/
okdUaomf
xkdpum;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom
tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdonf[k yg½Sd&m ¤if;pum;rSm acsyvdk&if; y"me r[kwfao;aomfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü ,HkrSm;ouFm 0dpdudpämjzpfzG,fyg½Sdí pdppfa0zefOD;tHh3/
rlvyPÖmoygVd rlvy&d,m,okwf pmrsufESm 8-ü ]]£'ra0gp b*0g? e aw bdu©K
b*0awm bmodwH tbdeE´KEÅd=jrwfpGmbk&m;onf þa'oemawmfukd a[mawmfrlNyD/
&[ef;wkdUonf
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmfukd rESpfoufMuukef}} (r?jref?1?10) [k vm½Sd\/ xkdokdU rESpfoufjcif;taMumif;udk rlvyPÖmo t|uxm y-wGJ pmrsufESm 58-ü ]]aw yÍöowm bdu©L £'H b*0awm 0peH emEkarm'ðok? uo®m tnmPaue=xkd&[ef;ig;&mwkdUonf rodaomaMumifh rESpfoufMujcif;jzpfí}} [k zGifhqkdxm;onf/ rdrdem;rvnfaom pum;udk rnfol ESpfoufygvdrfhrnfenf;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tb,fhaMumifh odjrifatmif (odjrifí ESpfoufatmif) ra[moenf;? rvG,faom
tcuftcJ
½SdaomaMumifhavm-[k
ar;tHh?
xkd&[ef;wkdU\rmeudk
csdK;zsufatmif
rlvy&d,m,okwfudk a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh xkd&[ef;wkdUÓPfjzifh rvkdufEkdifatmif rodjrifatmif a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfonf[k
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
700
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aA'oHk;yHkwkdUukdvnf; yg&*la&muf wwfajrmufMuav&m ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y&d,wfw&m;awmfukdvnf; cPcsif;yif wwfajrmufMuvdrfhrnf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;a[monfukd bmrqkd cPcsif; odvdrhfrnf}} [k
rcefUrav; txifa&mufum rmewufaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xkd&[ef;wkdU
pdwfjzpfyHkudkodí ]]þ&[ef;rsm;onf olwkdU\ rmeajimifhukd ry,fEkwfvQif r*fzkdvfukd &EkdifMurnfr[kwf}} [k
qifjcifawmfrlum
xkd&[ef;wkdUrmeukd
csdK;ESdrf&efyif
wrifrodatmif
ÓPfrrDatmif
a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ þum; rlvyPÖmo- t|uxm y-wGJ pmrsufESm 18?58-ü zGifhqkdcsufjzpf\/ xkdpum;t& jrwfpGmbk&m;twGuf rvG,faomtcuftcJrsm; r½Sd[k od&\/ xkdUaMumifh ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom tcuftcJrsm; ½Sdonf jzpf&m}} [laom ocifjrwfqkdif pum;udk trSm;pifppf[k rSwf&rnf/ ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUudk rMunfhwwfí ajcajcjrpfjrpf rodem;rvnf onfhtwGufaMumifh vnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ao;odrfapvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ajymaompum;om jzpfonf [k rSwf&ayonf/ ,cktcg vlaovljzpfq&m\ pum;ESifh ¤if;udk axmufcHwifjyaom ocifjrwfqkdif\ aom"emvTm pum;wkdUukd pdppfa0zefaytHh-
qDrD;tckd;wkdif n§dxGef;jcif; 4/
qDrD;tckdk;wkdif
(tarT;wkdif)
n§dxGef;jcif;udk
vlaovljzpfq&mu
y,fzsufcJh\/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ aom"emvTm üvnf; o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf? okE´&duokwf? 161-ü a[mawmfrlaom]]ykPÖm; ... xif;udk rD;½IdUaom oifonf rD;½IdUumrQjzifh pifMu,f\[k ratmufarhvifh? tb,fhaMumifhenf;? xkdxif;udk rD;½IdUjcif;onf tyüom jzpfonf/ xkdpum;onf rSef\/ tMuifolonf tyjzpfaom rD;½IdUjcif;jzifh pifMu,fjcif;udk tvdk½Sd\/ xkdoludk xkdrD;½IdUjcif;aMumifh pifMu,f\[k ynm½SdwkdU rqkdukef}} [laom pum;&yfukd ukd;um;í rD;ylaZmfrIESifh ywfoufí jrwfpGmbk&m; tvkdr½Sd[k vnf;aumif;? a½S;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIwkdU\ ae&mwGif ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wkdifwkdUjzifh tusHK;0ifygonf[k vnf;aumif; acsyvTmwifoGif;um vlaovljzpf q&mY0g'udk axmufcHcJhonf/ þwGif a½S;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIESifh Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU\ qDrD;ylaZmfrIwkdU wl rwl pdppfvQif vHk;0rwlaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/
a½S;u rD;ylaZmfrI (wpfenf;) rD;vkyfauR;rIrSm zGm;&maeUüjzpfaom
rD;ukd,lxm;í ¤if;rD;ukd raoap&atmif tNrJwap avmifpmxnfhí ay;NyD; axmywf? trJom;? ig; paom pm;zG,fwkdUukd rD;xJokdUxnfhum ylaZmfjcif;rsdK; jzpf\/ {uuedygwf e*kF|Zmwf t|uxm? y? 519? 520-ü bk&m;tavmif;awmf O'dpöjA[®PrsdK; jzpfpOfu xkdbk&m;tavmif; zGm;jrif&maeUüjzpfaomrD;udk ,lxm;NyD; ]]tu,fí tdrfüaernfqkdygu aA'oHk;yHkudk oifyg/ awmxJodkU0ifum
rD;udkvkyfauR;vsuf
jA[®mhjynfokdU oGm;vdkvQifum; rD;udk,lNyD;
jA[®mhjynfokdUwufyg}}
[k
rdbwkdUu
ajymqkd&m
bk&m;
tavmif;awmfonf rD;udk,lí rD;vkyfauR;vsuf aecJhavonf/ wpfaeUwGif EGm;wpfaumif&í rD;bk&m;udk EGm;om; (trJom;) pm;aprnf[k tBuHjzpf\/
qm;rygbJ pm;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/
qm;ESihf pm;aprnf[k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
701
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
BuHum qm;½Sm xGufcJhonf/
rkqdk;wkdUu EGm;udk owfpm;xm;av&m qm;½Sm&mrStjyef EGm;udk
owfpm;xm;onfukd awGUaomtcg ]]þ rD;bk&m;onf udk,fhzkdUjzpfaom EGm;udkrQ rapmifha½SmufEkdif? ighudk tb,frSm apmifha½SmufEkdifvdrfhrnfenf;}} [k owd&um rD;ukd Nidrf;owfí &aoh&[ef; ûychJaMumif; jyqkdxm;onf/ 'kuedygwf
oE¦0Zmwf
t|uxm
('k-39)üvnf;
bk&m;tavmif;ykPÖm;onf
rdbwkdUu
zGm;aomaeYwGif ,lxm;aom rD;ukd ay;vdkufí xkdrD;ukd,lum vkyfauR;ylaZmfaeavonf/
wpfaeUwGif
EkdUCemudk&í þEkdUCemudk r[mjA[®mtm; ylaZmfrnftBuHjzifh rD;xJokdU xnfhcJh&mrS ]]rdrd opf½Gufrkd;ausmif; rD;avmifaomaMumifh
owd&um
rD;[laom
oif
ol,kwfukd
ig
rvkdcsifawmhNyD}}
[k
qkdum
Nidrf;owfcJhaMumif; jyqkdxm;onf/ pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqkdif
wifjyaom
o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf?
okE´&duokwfvm
okE´&dubm&'GgZ rD;ylaZmfyHkrSmvnf; jAm[®P0g't& rD;bk&m;ylaZmfrIom jzpf\/ xif½Sm;aptHht*¾ð Zk[wDwd tm[kwð yu©dyae e Zmavwd/y/ ok0dao"d-awm pó jA[®avmu*grd ra*¾gwd (oH?|?1?214)/ ¤if;t|uxmt& okE´&dubm&'GgZonf rD;xJodkU ylaZmfzG,f&m? pm;aomufzG,f&mwdkUudkxnfhí rD;½IdUcJh avonf/ xdkodkU ylaZmfNyD;aemuf
Cemxrif;udk
r[mNA[®monf
oHk;aqmiftyfavNyD/
þ
Cemxrif;udk jA[®m\ yg;pyfrSjzpfaom jAm[®Ptm; ay;vª&vQif tza&m? om;udkyg a&mifh&Jap&m auR;arG;&m
a&mufayrnf/
jAm[®Pudk½SmcJh&mrS
jA[®mhjynfc&D;udkvnf;
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
aumif;pGm
awGUjcif;jzpfonf/
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[kBuHum
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
]]ykPÖm;..xif;udkrD;½dIUaom oifonf rD;½IdUumrQjzifh pifMu,f\ [k ratmufarhvifh}} ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ þum; a½S;acwf jAm[®PwdkU rD;ylaZmfyHk? rD;vkyfauR;yHkESifh okE´&dubm&'GgZ rD;ylaZmfyHkwnf;/ olwdkU\ ylaZmfjcif;um; rD;udkylaZmfjcif; jzpfavonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU
qDrD;n§dxGef;ylaZmfjcif;rSm
qDrD;xJodkU
wpfpHkwpf&maompm;aomufzG,f
ylaZmfzG,fwdkUudk xnfhum rD;½dIUaejcif;rsdK; r[kwf? rD;udk ylaZmfonf r[kwf? rD;xJodkUxnfhí ½dIUvdkufaom ypönf;udk r[mjA[®mBuD; oHk;aqmifavNyDponfh t,lrsdK;vnf; r½Sd/ pifppfaomfum; ta&miftvif;udk ay;vªonfh taejzifh qDrD;udk nd§xGef; ylaZmfMujcif; jzpfayonf/ rD;ta&miftvif;jzifh ylaZmfxdkufaom olwdkUudk ylaZmfMujcif; jzpfayonf/ txl;rSwf&efum; - jAm[®P0g'DwdkUu rD;udk ylaZmfjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨0g'DwdkUu rD;tvif;a&mifjzifh bk&m;udk ylaZmfjzif; jzpfonf/ rD;udk ylaZmfjcif; r[kwfay? þodkU jcm;em;onf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
702
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rD;xGef;&ef qD?qDrD;cGuf?za,mif;wdkif ponfwdkUonf okwåefygVdawmfwdkUü vmaom vªzG,f0w¬K (vªaumif;aom ypönf;0w¬K) q,frsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;jzpfayonf/ cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfüaom tEéH a'wd/y/ ygeH a'wd? 0w¬H a'wd? ,meH a'wd? rmvH a'wd? *E¨H a'wd? 0davyeH a'wd? ao,sH a'wd? tm0oxH a'wd? y'Day,sH a'wd/ (oH?2?212) xdkolonf xrif;udk ay;vª\/y/ tazsmfudk t0wfudk ,mOfudk yef;udk eHomcJudk eHomaysmif; eHom&nfudk\ tdyf&mae&mudk tdrfç ausmif;ç Z&yfudk qDrD;xGef;&ef qDç qDrD;cGufç qDrD;pm za,mif;wdkifudk ay;vª\/ (¤if;jrefrmjyef) xdkqDrD;xGef;&ef qDrD;cGuf za,mif;wdkif ponfudk nd§xGef;í ylaZmf vª'gef;onf jzpfap? rnd§xGef;bJ vª'gef;onf jzpfap qDrD;tvªyifjzpf\/ nd§xGef;rI rnd§xGef;rIum; tcgtcGifhudk axmufcsifhí oifhovdk qE´tavsmuf ûyvkyf&efyifjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh 0drme0w¬K t|uxm-47 ü ]]''gwd y'DyEÅd y'DyH OZÆmavaEÅm 0g tEkZÆmavaEÅm 0g y'Dy'geH ''gwd}} [k rdefUqdk\/ ''gwd y'DyEÅd ''gwd y'DyH(qDrD;tvªay;\)[lonf y'DyH? qDrD;udk/ OZÆmavaEÅm 0g? xGef;nd§íaomfvnf;aumif;/ tEkZÆmavaEÅm 0g? rxGef;nd§bJaomfvnf;aumif;/ y'Dy'geH? qDrD;tvªudk/ ''gwd? ay;vª\/ o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVd? uð''okwf 29-ü ]]uð 'a'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g = tb,fudk ay;vªaom olonf rsufpdudkvªonf rnfygoenf;}}[k ewfom;wpfa,mufar;avQmufonfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]'Dya'g a[mwd pu©Ka'g=qDrD;udk ay;vªaom olonf rsufpdudk ay;vªonfrnf\}}[k ajzqdkawmfrlonf/ oH,kwft|uxm?y?78-ü r½SdaomaMumifh
]]trdkufarSmif0,f
ta&miftvif;qDrD;udk
rsufpdaumif;olwdkUyif
ay;vªolonf
tqif;udk
rsufpdudkvªonfrnf\/
jrif&jcif;
t½SiftEk½k'¨guJhodkU
'dAÁpu©KESifh jynfhpHkjcif;udkyif &wwfonf}}[k zGifhjyxm;onf/ tarT;wdkif tcdk;txHkay;vª&jcif; tusdK;udkvnf; ax&my'gefygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 379-ü]]jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;vnf;aumif;? ay;vªcJh&aomaMumifh b0BuD;i,fü
igonf
uHtm;avsmufywfukefaom
usifvnf&onf½Sdaomf
ausmfapmjcif;½Sdol? eufeJaomynm½Sdol?
tjrwfqHk;aom
xufaomynm½Sdol?
udk,fteHUarT;ol?
*dkPf;oHCmtm;vnf;aumif;
tcdk;txHkudk
tusdK;qufq,fyg;wdkUudk
cHpm;&ay\/
tNcHt&Hrsm;ol?
ajrBuD;txkESifhwlaom
jyefUajymaomynm½Sdol?
vsifaom
ynm½Sdol?
ynm½Sdol?
½Tifaomynm½Sdol?
vsifjrefaomynm½Sdoljzpfí
tcdk;txHktvª\
tpGrf;aMumifhomvQif ,cktcg at;jraom edAÁmefcsrf;omodkU a&muf&ay\}}[k jyqdkxm;\/ þrQpum;jzifh Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU qDrD;tarT;wdkif nd§xGef;ylaZmfjcif;onf a½S;acwf jAm[®PwdkU\ rD;vkyfauR;ylaZmfjcif;ESifh wpfrsdK;wpfjcm;pDomjzpfí a½S;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIae&mwGif ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wdkifwdkU tusHK;r0ifaMumif;? qDrD;ylaZmfrIonf bk&m;tavmif; paom olawmfaumif;wdkU jznfhqnf;yl;aom 'geyg&rDwpfrsdK;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ ocifjrwfqdkifonf o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
703
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
okE´&duokwf\ ,xmblwuseaom t"dyÜg,fudk rodjrif r,lqwwf? bmomjyefudkzwfwwf½HkrQom½Sdí qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;onf ta&miftvif;vªaom y'Dy'gersdK;jzpfonfudk rodaomaMumifhomvQif a½S;acwf jAm[®PwdkU rD;ylaZmfrIESifh ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wdkif ylaZmfrIudk a&maxG;,Sufwif rSwfxif ,lqrdjcif; jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
ylaZmfjcif; 5/
ylaZmfjcif;udkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu y,fcJh\/ aom"emvTmü ocifjrwfqdkifu
r[my&dedAÁmeokwf0,f a[mawmfrlaom ]]yef; eHUom wl&d,mjzifh ylaZmfjcif;xuf avmukwå&mw&m; tm;avsmfpGm usifhoHk;jcif;onfom tjrwfqHk;ylaZmfouúm&rnf\}} [laom pum;&yfudk wifjyxm;\/ vlaovljzpfq&mu yef; eHUom ponfjzifh ylaZmfjcif;[k vnf;aumif;? tusifhjzifh ylaZmfjcif;[k vnf;aumif;
txl;rcGJjcm;bJ
ylaZmfjcif;[k
omrnqdkxm;aomaMumifh
(tmrdoylZm?
"r®ylZm)
ESpfrsdK;vHk;udkyif y,f&ma&muf\/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkif wifjyvmaom r[my&dedAÁmeokwfvm tusifhjzifh ylaZmfjcif; [lonfudkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu y,fonf[kyif qdk&ayonf/ ¤if;r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü a[mawmfrlonfrSmvnf; tjrwfqHk;jzpfaom ylaZmfouúm&udkom a[mí qDrD;? tarT;wdkif? yef;eHUomponfjzifh ylaZmfrIudk vHk;0rûy&[k wm;jrpfawmfrlonf r[kwfay/ t*Fkwå&ygVd? vdpä0dukrm&uokwf 68? ¤if;jrefrmjyef 83-ü ]]vuf½Hk;tm;udk;qnf;yl;í acR;'D;'D;us jzpfaptyfukefaom? w&m;ESifhavsmfukefaom? w&m;ojzifh &tyfukefaom? x
ylaZmfaom
trsdK;aumif;om;tm;
BuD;yGm;wdk;wwfjcif;udkom
arQmfvifhtyf\/
qkwf,kwf ysufqD;jcif;udk rarQmfvifhtyf}}[k a[mawmfrlonfudk axmufí ypönf;jzifh ylaZmfrI tmrdo ylZmonfvnf; tusdK;rsm;aom tusifhaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
'l;axmuf ½dkusdK; ½Sdcdk;jcif;? *kPfawmf½Gwfzwfjcif; 6/
½Sdcdk;jcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif;? *kPfawmf ½Gwfzwfjcif;wdkUudkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu
y,fcJh\/ pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu t*FkwådK&f ½lyokwf jrefrmjyef 397-udk tusOf;csHK;wifjyNyD; ]]omoem,Ofaus;rI tpydkif;wGif tqif;ç toHwdkU\ t&if;cHjzpfaom vlrsm;pk\ tvdkqE´tavsmuf qGJaqmifMu&onfrSm wpfenf;tm;jzifh trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;rIyif jzpf&jcif;ygbk&m;/ omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifhum; wjcm;pDom ½SdaMumif;}} jzifh aom"emvTm wifoGif;\/ ½Sdcdk;jcif;? *kPfawmf ½Gwfzwfjcif;wdkUonf ¤if; ½lyokwft& omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifh wjcm;pD[k acsyí vlaovljzpfq&mYpum;udk axmufcHcJhavonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
704
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkokwfüqdkvdkonfrSm(1)
tqif;oP²mefudkMunfhí tqif;oP²mefaumif;aomaMumifh Munfñdkol?
(2)
olwyg;wdkY\csD;rGrf;oHudk Mum;&í toHMum;Munfñdkol?
(3)
acgif;yg;pGm usifhBuHaexdkifonfudk jrifí Munfñdkol?
(4)
oDv orm"d ynmw&m;udk odjrifí Munfñdkol
[k yk*¾dKvf 4-rsdK; 4-pm;½Sdonf/ xdk 4-rsdK;wdkUwGif tqif;? toHudk yrmPûyol (yrmPûyíMunfñdkol)wdkYonf qE´&m* tvdkodkU vdkufyg&í tZÑwåoEÅmefüjzpfaom *kPf? A[d'¨üjzpfaom tusifhudk rodukef? olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;aom csD;rGrf;oHjzifhom arsmyg&awmh\/ tZÑwå? A[d'¨jzpfaom*kPfudk odolwdkUonfum; tqD;twm;r½Sd odjrif onfjzpfí olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;oHjzifh rarsm&awmh[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkokwft& ]]oifwdkUonf oifwdkUMunfñdkaeaom tMunfñdkcHyk*¾dKvf\ ½kyftqif;oP²mefudk jrif&½Hk? xdkyk*d¾Kvftm; olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;oHudk Mum;&½HkrQjzifh (½kyfjrif? oHMum;rQjzifh) ESpfouf auseyftm;& raeMuvifhOD;/
xdkyk*d¾Kvf\
twGif;oEÅmefüjzpfaom
oDv
orm"d
ynm*kPfESifh
tyüjzpfaom
tusifhudkodatmif ûyygOD;}} [k jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfayonf/ bk&m;½Sdrcdk;vifh? *kPfawmf r½Gwfzwfvifh[k qHk;rawmfrlvdk&if; r[kwfay/ tMunfñdkcHyk*¾dKvf\ tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom*kPf? A[d'¨oEÅmefüjzpfaom tusifhudk rodjrifbJ olwyg;wdkU ajymoHMum;rQjzifh Munfñdkaom olwdkUudkom toHjzifharsmol[k qdk&onf/ bk&m;½Sdcdk;ol? *kPfawmf ½GwfzwfolwdkUudk toHjzifharsmol[k qdkonfr[kwf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifh wjcm;pD}} [k rqdkvifh/ ocifjrwfqkdifonf ½lyokwf\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk usepGm r,lwwf aomaMumifhom xdkuJhodkU qdkrdjcif; jzpfavonf/ rSwfcsuf/
/ toHt& olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;MuaomtoHudk ,ljcif;rSm yk*¾vynwådygVdawmf 162-vm
aCmoyÜrmPyk*¾dKvfudk tus,fjyaomygVdt& jzpfonf/ ½Sdcdk;jcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif; tpOftvmonf &wemoHk;yg;udk ½dkaoav;pm;Muaom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU ûyavh½Sdaom tpOftvmaumif;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
om0w¬djynfaepOfu
tvGefrmeBuD;ojzifh
rmew¬'¨rnfaom
ykPÖm;onfyif
jrwfpGmbk&m; ajcawmf&if;ü 0yfpif;OD;cdkufum ½Sdcdk;NyD;vQif jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ]]tb,fyk*¾dKvfwdkUü rmeudk rûy&moenf;? tb,f yk*¾dKvfwdkUü ½dkaorI? aumif;pGm ylaZmfrIudk ûy&oenf;}} [k ar;avQmuf&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]trd? tz? tpfudkBuD; (tpfrBuD;)? q&mwdkUü rmeudk rûy&m? ¤if;yk*¾dKvfwdkUü ½dkaorI? aumif;pGmylaZmfrIudk ûy&m\}}[k a[mawmfrlonf/(o*gxm0*¾oH,kwåygVd? rmew¬'¨okwf-180) aygu©&omwdykPÖm;BuD;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fol OygoumjzpfNyD;aemuf atmufygtwdkif; avQmufxm;cJhonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
705
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]],xmp b0H a*gwarm Ouú|m, tnmed Oygouukvmed OyouFrwd/y/ awoH wH
b0dówd 'DC&wåH [dwm, okcg,}} ('D? 1? 103) ]]t½Sifa*gwronf Ouú|ûrdUü tjcm;aom OygoumtdrfwdkUodkU
jA[®m,kykPÖm;onf
ae&mrSxí
vuf0Jwpfzuf
ykcHk;xufü
udk,f0wfudk pHy,fwifonfudkûyí jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajcawmfwdkUü OD;wdkufum ajcawmfwdkUudk cHwGif;jzifhvnf; pkyf\/ vufwdkUjzifhvnf; oHk;oyf\}}[k rdefUqdkxm;onf/ rlvyPÖmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef ESm-242- üvnf; ]]þodkU ajymqdkaomf ZmPkaómPdykPÖm;onf tvHk;pHkjzLaom jrnf;uaom&xm;rS oufqif;í ykcHk;wpfzufü udk,f0wfudkwifí jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sd&mt&yfodkY vuftkyfudkñGwfí oHk;BudrfO'gef;pum;udk >rufqdk\}}[k rdefUqdkonf/ xdkykPÖm;>rufqdkaom O'gef;pum;rSm ,cktcg Ak'¨bmom olawmfpif trsm;wdkU\EIwfzsm;ü rMumcP ½GwfqdkMuaom ]]earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó}}[laom bk&m;½Sdcdk;yifjzpfonf/ *kPfawmfoHk;yk'fudk ½Gwfqdkí bk&m;½Sdcdk;jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ tmVm0ubDvl;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh w&m;(oHCm)wdkUudk ½Sdcdk;vsuf vSnfhvnfrnf jzpfaMumif;udk okwåedygwygVdü]]aom t[H 0dp&dómrd? *grm *grH yk&m yk&H/ erórmaem orÁK'¨H? "r®ó p ok"r®wH/}} (ck?1?307) [laom*gxmjzifh ajymqdkBuHK;0g;cJhavonf/
jrefrmjyef ]]xdkigonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;?
w&m;awmf\
aumif;aomw&m;\
tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; ½Sdcdk;vsuf wpf½GmrS wpf½Gm? wpfûrdUrS wpfûrdUodkY vSnfhvnfygawmhtHh/}}
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
706
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(ck? jref? 1? 291) t½Sifom&dykwå&max&f\tavmif;
o&'vkvif
(ok½kpd&aoh)onf
vnf;aumif;?
aomruax&fonf vnf;aumif;? acrmax&Donf vnf;aumif; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmfwdkUudk ½Gwfqdk ylaZmfcJhaMumif; ty'geygVd/ y? 22?225/ ax&Dty'geygVd 227-wdkUü vm½Sdonf/ ed*P²em#ykwå\ wynfhjzpfcJhzl;aom Oygvdol
t½dktaoûyjcif; 7/
½dkaoxdkufaom olwdkUudk t½dktao ûyjcif;onf ]]*g&a0g p? ed0gawm p? oEÅK|d p?
uwnKwm}} paom r*Fvokwf ygVdt& aumif;usdK;w&m; wdk;yGm;aMumif; r*Fvmwpf&yf jzpfayonf/ yknud&d,0w¬K q,fyg;wdkUwGifvnf; wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifyif opömav;yg;w&m;udk odNyD;p(bk&m;jzpfNyD;p) O½ka0vawm ae&OÆ&mjrpfurf; qdwfausmif;anmifyif&if;ü aeawmfrlpOf ]]½dkaop&m? rSDcdkp&mr½SdbJaejcif;onf qif;&JvS\/ igonf tb,fodkUaom orPjAm[®Pudk t½dktao tav;tjrwf trSDo[Jûyí ae&ygtHhenf;}}[k tBuHjzpf\/ xdkUaemuf udk,fawmfjrwfxuf omvGefí oDv? orm"d? ynm? 0drkwåd *kPfwdkUESifh jynfhpHkaom wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomoludk rawGUjrif&um; ]]igonf (ig)xdk;xGif;í odtyfaom w&m;udkyifvQif t½dktao tav;tjrwf trSDo[Jûyí ae&rlum; aumif;ay&m\}}[k tBuHjzpf\/ tBuHjzpfNyD;aemuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
707
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
udk,fawmfjrwfonf udk,fwdkifxdk;xGif;odjrifaom w&m;udkyif tav;tjrwfûyí aeawmfrlcJhavonf/ (o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfygVd? *g&0okwf? 140? 141-2/ t*Fkwå&edum,ygVd?y? 328-329/ jrefrmjyef? pwkuúedygwf? yXrO½ka0vokwf? 343-5)/ xdkUjyif t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? t|uedygwf? oyÜK&dookwf 77-ü ]]tdrfüaeaom ynm½Sdonf pifppftm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom vlwdkU\ tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ aeUnOfhwdkUywfvHk; ysif;&djcif;r½Sdaom ynm½Sdonf a½S;OD;pGm trdtzwdkUtm; a½S;üûyzl;aomaus;Zl;udk tzefwvJvJ atmufarhonfjzpfí taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm ylaZmf\/ tdrf&mraxmifbJ &[ef;ûyaom jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhaomyk*d¾KvfwdkUudk t½dktaoûy\/ /y/ olawmfaumif;w&m;ü aumif;pGmwnfaom xdkolonf tvHk;pHkaom olwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk aqmif\/ xdkolonf 0efwdkrI ]rapä&}tnpftaMu;ukd y,fazsmufí at;Nidrf;aom avmuodkU a&muf&\}} [ka[mawmf rl\/ xdkUjyifvnf; 0de,yd#u? plV0*¾ygVdüa, 0k¡ 2323 rypm,EÅd? e&m "r®ó aum0d'g/ 'da| "ar®p ygoHom? orÜ&ma, p ok*¾wDwd/ aw [d emr bdu©a0 wd&päme*wm ygPm tnrnH o*g&0g oyÜwdóm obm*0kwådwm 0d[&dóEdÅ/ £" acg wH bdu©a0 aomabx? ,H wkarS {0H oGmu©maw "r®0dea, yAÁZdwm ormem tnrnH t*g&0g tyÜwdóm tobm*0kwådum 0d[a&,smx/ /y/ tEkZmemrd bdu©a0 ,xm 0k¡ 2323 tbd0g'eH ypöK|meH tOÆvdurH® omrDpdurH® t*¾goeH ta*¾g'uH t*¾yd@H}} (0d?4?311) [k a[mawmfrl\/
jrefrmjyef &[ef;wdkU
...
w&m;ü
vdr®mí
BuD;oludk
½dkaoaomvlwdkUonf
rsufarSmufb0üvnf;
csD;rGrf;cH&ukef\/ aemifwrvGefb0üvnf; aumif;&m*wd½Sd ukef\/ &[ef;wdkU ... wd&pämefjzpfaom owå0gwdkUonfyifvQif tcsif;csif; ½dkaojcif;? udkif;ñGwfjcif;? oabmwl toufarG;jcif;½Sdvsuf aeukefao;\/ &[ef;wdkU ... þodkU aumif;pGma[mtyfaom "r®0de,ü &[ef;ûyMuukefvsuf tcsif;csif; r½dkrao? rudkif;rñGwf? oabmwl toufrarG;bJ aeMujcif;onf wifhw,fyg rnfavm/ /y/ &[ef;wdkU ... oDwif;BuD; tpOftwdkif;½Sdcdk;jcif;? c&D;OD;êudjcif;? vuftkyfcsDjcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif;? ae&mOD; a&OD; qGrf;OD;wdkUudk cGifhûyawmfrl\/(plV0*fygVdawmf? jrefrmjyef-316) "r®y'ygVdawmfüvnf; ½Sdcdk;jcif;? t½dktaoûyjcif;\ tusdK;udktbd0g'eoDvdó? edpHö 0k¡2323 ypm,daem/ pwåma&m "r®m 0¡2323EÅd? tm,k 0aPÖm okcH AvH/ (ck?1?29)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
708
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[ka[mawmfrl\/
NrefrmNyef tNrJ ½Sdcdk;avh½Sdí rdrdxuf *kPf touf odu©mtm;jzifh BuD;aomolwdkUü t½dktaoûyavh½Sdol wdkUtm; touf½Snfjcif;? tqif;vSjcif;? csrf;omjcif;? cGeftm;BuD;jcif;[laom þtusdK;xl;w&m; av;yg;wdkUonf wdk;yGm;ukef\/ þygVdawmf jrefrmjyefrsm;udkaxmufí rdrdxuf touf odu©m *kPfBuD;rm;aom olwdkUudk t½dktao ûyjcif;onf bk&m;tavmif;paom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ aumif;aomtpOftvm? tusdK;rsm;aom tusifh wpfyg; jzpfonf/ vlaovljzpfq&mESifh ol\ wynfhwdkUonfum; xdkt½dktaoûyjcif; tpOftvm "avh xHk;pHudk wGef;vSefy,fzsufcJhojzifh tpOftvmaumif;wpf&yfudk csdK;jzwfaomolrsm;jzpfonf[k a0zefawmf rlMuonf/
aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif; 8/
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf 128-vm aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;udk jypfwifajymqdkjcif;ESifh
ywfoufívnf; Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ aMu;pnfwD;jcif;? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;wdkUü &nf½G,fcsuf 3-csuf yg0ifaMumif; odxm;Mu&ef oifhonf/ ,if;wdkUrSm(u)
&[ef;awmfwdkUtwGuf oHCmpnf;a0;jcif;?
(c)
&[ef;? ½Sif? vl? ukodkvf½SifwdkUtwGuf ywåd'ge yknud&d,0w¬Kûyjcif;ESifh
(*)
o'´'geûyjcif;wdkUyif jzpfonf/
(u)
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu &[ef;awmfwdkUonf aeUtcsdefwGif rdrdwdkU\ 'd0gXmeac: aeUoefU&m ae&mwdkUü wpfyg;csif;aeí w&m;tm;xkwfMuonf/ wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; pum;ajymqdkjcif; r½SdMuacs/ wpfpHkwpf&m taMumif;udpö½SdvQif odkUr[kwf wpfyg;yg; rusef;rrmjzpfvQif ausmif;wvif;tv,fwGif qGJxm;aom ausmufpnf? pnfBuD;? acgif;avmif;ponfwdkUudk wD;&onf? xdk;&onf/ xdkausmufpnf acgif;avmif;oHudk Mum;&vQif rdrd\'d0gXmewdkUrS xGufum pnf;a0;&m nDrl&m wefaqmif;odkU tm;vHk;
(c)
xdkrSwpfyg; Ak'¨bmom olawmfpifwdkUonf rdrdwwftm;orQ 'ge ûyMuaomtcg xdk'ge\ tusdK;tmedoifudk rdrdrSwpfyg; rdb? q&morm;tpxm;í owå0ga0ae,swdkUtm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
709
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) trQa0Mu&NrJjzpfonf/
,if;rSmvnf;
ywåd'geyknud&d,0w¬K tm;r&MubJ
jzpfayonf/
aMu;pnf?
yknud&d,0w¬KwdkUwGif þodkU
acgif;avmif;?
trQa0&mü
tkef;armif;?
wpfyg;yg0ifonfh
EIwfjzifh
>rufqdk½HkrQESifh
ausmufpnfwdkUudk
wD;cwf
xdk;ESufMuNrJyif jzpfavonf/ olawmfpifyk*d¾Kvfwdkif;yif aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;oHwdkUudk Mum;&vQif ywåmEkarm'emrI om"ktEkarm'em ûyMuNrJyifjzpf&m Ak'¨omoemawmf\ xHk;wrf;pOfvm vGefpGmodrfarGUaom "r®oabmrsm;jzpfojzifh tn0g'DwdkUESifhrqdkif? udk,fydkif Ak'¨,Ofaus;rI ppfppfyif jzpfayonf/ (*)
xdkUjyifvnf;
'ge0w¬KwdkUudk
cGJa0azmfjy&mü
tbd"r®mvm
'ge0w¬K
6-rsdK;½Sd&m?
'kwd,ajrmuf o'´'ge ae&mü þaMu;pnf? acgif;avmif; vª'gef;jcif;? pnf acgif;avmif; aMu;pnf ponfrsm;udk bk&m;&ifjyifawmfü wD;cwf xdk;ESuf toHxGufay:apjcif; ponfrsm;udk qdkxm;ayonf/ xdktaMumif;udk p&d,myd#ut|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufwGif,'g o'´'geH 'ómrDwd ab&drk'd*Fg'Dok tnwa&e wl&da,e wdPÖH &wemeH Oy[m&H ua&mwd uma&wd p? o'´'geH ar wd ab&Dtm'Ded Xaywd Xygaywd p/ (p&d,myd#u?|?299) tMuiftcgü o'´'geudk ay;vªtHh[k BuHpnfum pnfBuD;? rk½dk;pnf? aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;ponf
wdkUwGif
wpfrsdK;rsdK;aom
wl&d,mjzifh
&wem
oHk;yg;wdkUtm;
ylaZmfjcif;udk ûytHh? ûyaptHh/ ig\ o'´'ge jzpfygap [lí pnfBuD;? rk½dk;pnf? aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;wdkUudk xm;tHh? xm;aptHhponfjzifh azmfjyxm; ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh
aMu;pnf
acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;paom
udpörsm;onf
,ckrSay:aygufvmaom
udpörsm;r[kwf? Ak'¨jrwfpGm oufawmfxif½Sm; ½SdpOfuyif ûyvkyfvmcJhaom Ak'¨bmom omoemawmf\ xHk;wrf;pOfvm udpö&yfrsm; jzpfojzifh pifppf aumif;jrwfaom udpörsm;jzpfí tjypfqdkolwdkUomvQif Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIrS aoGzD ysufjy,faeolrsm; jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf/
Oykofapmifhjcif; 9/
Oykofapmifhjcif;udkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu r,HkMunf[kqdkum y,fzsufcJhjyefonf/
pk'dwuwdkU acsyvTmwGif jyefvnfíacsy aom"emxm;onfudk rawGU&/ þ Oykofapmifhjcif;ESifh ywfoufí vu©P okwfü]],rÜd bdu©a0 wxm*awm yk&drH b0H yk&drH Zmwð yk&drH edauwH ykaAÁ rEkóblawm ormaem 'Vorm'gaem ta[mod? ukoavok "ar®ok t0w¬dworm'gaem um,okp&daw 0pDokp&daw raemokp&daw 'geoH0dbma* oDvorm'gae Oaygoxky0gao}} ('D?3?119) ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
710
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU ... jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a½S; arG;zGm;cJh&m Zmwd? a½S; jzpfcJh&m b0? a½S; aecJh&m bHkXmewdkUü vljzpfpOftcgu ukodkvfw&m;wdkUü NrJNrHpGm aqmufwnf\/ rqkwfrepf aqmufwnf\/ um,okp½dkuf 0pDokp½dkuf? raemokp½dkufü vnf;aumif;? ay;urf;a0zefjcif;ü vnf;aumif;? oDvaqmufwnfjcif;ü vnf;aumif;? OykofapmifhoHk;jcif;ü vnf;aumif; (NrJNrHpGmaqmufwnf\/ rqkwfrepfaqmufwnf\/ ('D?3?199)) t*Fkwå&edum,? t|uedygwygVd? Oaygox0*f? oHcdwåLaygoxokwf jrefrmjyef 80-ü ]]&[ef;wdkU ... t*Fg½SpfrsdK;ESifh jynfhpHkaom usifhoHk;tyfaom Oykofonf tusdK;BuD;\/ tmedoif BuD;\/ wefcdk;BuD;\/ BuD;aom ysHUESHUjcif;½Sd\}}ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/ xdkUtwl 0w¬wlaygoxokwf 84? 0domcgokwf 87? 0gao|okwf? aAmZÑ*Fokwf 90-wdkUüvnf; t*Fg½Spfyg;½Sdaom Oykof\ tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;udk a[mawmfrlNyD; aemufqHk;ü]]wo®m [d em&D p ea&m p oDv0g/ t|*FkaywH Oy0ókaygoxH/ yknmed uwGm e okckj',med/ tedE´dwm o*¾rkayEÅdXmeH/ (tH?3?90) [ka[mawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyef xdkUaMumifhomvQif oDv½Sdaom rdef;rjzpfap a,mufsm;jzpfap wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olonf t*Fg½SpfrsdK;½Sdaom Oykofudk usifhoHk;&m\/ (xdkrdef;r? a,mufsm;wdkUonf) csrf;omaom tusdK;udk jzpfap wwfukefaom ukodkvfaumif;rIwdkUudk ûyukefaomaMumifh ruJh&JUtyfukefonfjzpfí ewfjynfodkU uyfa&muf &ukef\/ (tif?jref?3?85-88) þygVdawmfwdkUudk axmufí OykofapmifhoHk;jcif;trIonf tusdK;rsm;aom tusifhwpfckjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ Oykofapmifhjcif;udky,faom vlaovljzpfq&mwdkU\ 0g'onf tpOftvmaumif;udk csdK;zsuf aom0g'jzpfonf[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/
Moumouefawmhcef;ESifh a½TapwD 10/
xdkUaemuf apm'u yk*¾dKvfwdkYu a½Ttbd"r®m trnfcH olwdkY\ ar;cGef;aygif; (80)
teufrS(u)
Moumouefawmhcef;ESSifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?
(c)
bk&m;a½Tuyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?
(*)
a½Twd*HkponfwdkUü tapmifhxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
711
tpodkU (C)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ausmufcJ tkwfcJrsm;udk bk&m;twkvkyfí ½Sdcdk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;/
þar;cGef; 4-csufudk xkwfazmfjyvsuf xdkuJhodkU a&;om;jcif;onf Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rI "avh xHk;pHrsm;udk ajymifavSmif apmfum;xm;onf[k apm'emcJhMuonf/ ¤if;apm'emudk acsyaom or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUrS wifoGif;aom aom"emvTmwGif-olwdkUonf apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf[k ra[majym? ra&;om;cJh MuaMumif;? OD;a½Tjynfh\ vlUtbd"r®m pmapmifwGifygaom ar;cGef;udkMunfhí ¤if;wdkUtm; pGyfpGJjcif;rQomjzpfaMumif;? ar;cGef;onf ar;cGef;rQomjzpfí tajzr[kwfaMumif; aom"em wifoGif;Muonf/ odkUaomf tajzudkodvdkí
¤if;ar;cGef;yg ar;aom
pum;toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk
½dk;½dk;ar;cGef;
Moumobk&m;½Sdcdk;paom
r[kwfrlí
axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh
ar;cGef;½Sifonf
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUwifjyaom
apm'emouJhodkU
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk
rESpfoufojzifh
xdkodkUûyusifholrsm;udk
ajymifavSmifvdkaomoabmjzifh ar;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf/ xdkUjyif ]ar;cGef;onf ar;cGef;rQom jzpfí tajzr[kwfyg}[k or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUu acsy&mü ar;½Hkomjzpfí tjypfr½Sd[k qdkvdk[ef½Sd\/ þodkUqdkaomf OD;Ouú|onf vluarG;ol [kwf&JUvm;? or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUonf vlrS[kwfMu&JUvm; ponfjzifh ar;onf½Sdaomf oifhavsmf EdkifygtHhavm? roifhavsmfacs/ xdkenf;twl Ak'¨bmomwdkU tav;tjrwfûyaeaom udpöwdkUudkvnf; ]ar;cGef;yg}[k umuG,fí tremy ajymjcif; rûyxdkufaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ 11/
rnfodkUyifqdkap Moumo uefawmhcef; ponfüum; uJh&JUzG,f&m tjypf wpfpHkwpf&m
rxifay? tenf;i,f½Sif;OD;tHh/ (u)
t&d,yk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; uJh&JUpGyfpGJ qJa&;rdvQif t&d,m[k odonf jzpfap rodonf jzpfap t&d,ly0g'uH xdkuf\/ teEÅ&d,uHESifh wl\/ ewfjynfudkvnf; wm;jrpf? r*fudkvnf; wm;jrpfwwf\/ odkUaomf ukpm;íum; &aumif;ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh t&d,myk*¾dKvfwdkUudk uJh&JUpGyfpGJ qJa&;rdcJhygu xdkyk*¾dKvfxHodkU oGm;í ]]wynfhawmfonf t½Sifbk&m;tm; þodkU ajymrdcJhygonf/ xdktjypfudk onf;cHyg}}[k onf;cH aptyf\/ 0efcs awmif;yef tyf\/ tu,fí y&dedAÁmef pH0ifoGm;vQif y&dedAÁmefpH&m t&yfodkU (okomef wdkifatmif)yif oGm;í onf;cHaptyf awmif;yef tyf\}}[k yg&mZduu@t|uxm? y? 134/ y#dorÇd'gr*¾ t|uxm? y? 337-8/ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm? 'k? 55-6 wdkUü jyqdkxm;ayonf/ xdkodkU
jyqdkxm;csuft&
tu,fí
ykxkZOfwdkU
obm0tavsmuf
&wemoHk;yg;wdkUtm; jypfrSm;rdaomf xdktjypf(t&d,ly0g'uH)wdkUrS vGwfajrmufapjcif;iSm uefawmh&mü tjypfwif&ef r½Sdonfhtjyif csD;rGrf;zdkUyif aumif;ygay\/ (c)
]]Ak'¨u a½Trudkif&[k qdkxm;ygvsuf bk&m;udk a½Tuyfjcif;? yef;uyfjcif; vkyfaeMuonfrSm Ak'¨0g'vm;}}[laom ar;cGef;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef; omraPwdkUudkom a½Trudkif&[k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
712
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wm;jrpfí vl'g,dum 'g,dumrwdkUudk rwm;jrpf? wm;jrpfívnf;rjzpf/ þtaMumif;rSm ololigigodaom t&mjzpfonf/ ausmif; toHk;taqmif (aoemoey&dab*)jzpfvQifum; &[ef; omraPwdkUonfyif a½TaiGjzifh ûyvkyfxm;aom ausmif;toHk;taqmifudk udkiftyf oHk;oyftyfaMumif;udk ]]aoemoey&dabma*gye oAÁuyÜda,m? wo®m Zmw½ly&Zwr,m oaAÁyd aoemoey&du©m&m tmrmom}} [k yg&mZduu@t|uxm? 'k? 130/ 0de,o*F[t|uxm 30-wdkUü rdefUqdk\/
uóyjrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHNyD;aemuf uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ o&D&"mwfudk a½TapwDBuD; wnf xm;MuaMumif;udk ]]twDaw ud&uóy'oAvó ok0PÖapwda, u&d,rmae Am&mPod0godaem/y/ {uH ax&H yd@m, y0oEÅH yóðok}}ponfjzifh "r®y't|uxm? 'k? 344-ü rdefUqdkonf/ ¤if;t|uxm? 'k? 444-üyif uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDwnfMupOfu a½T ravmufojzifh &[EÅmwpfyg;u ½GmxJ0ifí wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfcJhzl;aMumif;udk jyqdkxm;\/ 0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 142-üvnf; ]]om ud& uóyó b*0awm a,mZedum ueuxlay u,d&rmae /y/ £rm[H apwd,w¬m, 'r®Dwd}} [k jyqdkxm;\/
jrefrmjyef xdktrsdK;orD;onf uóyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ wpf,lZem½Sdaom a½TapwD wnfxm;pOftcgu oli,fr jzpfí trdESifhtwl apwDwnf&m t&yfodkUoGm;í trdudk ]]tar þolawG bmvkyfMuwmvJ}}[k ar;\/ ]]apwDwnf&ef a½Ttkwfrsm; vkyfMuwmaygh}}[k ajzqdk&m Munfñdkpdwf jzpfí ]]tar usrvnfyif;u þqGJêud;av;udk apwDwnfzdkY vªygonf}}[k qdkí vªcJhavonf/ þ t|uxmwdkUudkaxmufí bk&m;apwDudk a½Tuyf½Hkru a½TapwDyif wnfcJhaom xHk;a[mif;½Sd\/ xdkUjyif yg&mZduu@t|uxm? 'k? 257/ 0de,o*F[t|uxmü ]]oap ye oHCH 0g *PH 0g yk*¾vH 0g temrodwGm £'H [d&nok0PÖH apwd,ó a'r? 0d[m&ó a'r? e0ur®ó a'rmwd 0'EÅd? y#du©dydwHk e 0¥wd? £ar £'H bPEÅDwd uyÜd,um&umeH tmpdu©dwAÁH/ (0d?o*F[?|?56) [k zGifhqdk\/
jrefrmjyef tu,fí oHCm? *dkPf;? yk*¾dKvfudk roHk;oyfrlí þa½T aiGudk apwDawmftm; vªyg\? ausmif;tm; vªyg\? e0ur®tm; vªyg\-[k qdkukeftHh/ y,fjcif;iSm roifh? þolwdkUonf þodkUajymqdkMuonf[k uyÜd,um&uwdkUtm; ajymMum;&rnf/ þodkU zGifhqdkaom t|uxmwdkUudk axmufí bk&m;tm; a½Tuyfjcif;onf tjypfrxif? tusdK;yif jzpfayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
713
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tapmifhxm;jcif;
12/ rxm;ygbJ
od'¨w¬jzpfaom bk&m;rSm olcdk;? "m;jy&efudk umuG,f&ef[k '&0rf wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ a½Twd*HkwdkU?
r[mjrwfrkedwdkUrSm
'&0rfxm;aejcif;rSm
Ak'¨0g'vm;
jAm[®P0g'vm;[k
ar;cGef;xkwfwm;\/ þ rar;oifhaom ar;cGef;twGuf Ak'¨bmom0if wpfa,mufudk ajzqdkapvQif OD;a½TjynfhwdkUuJhodkU bk&m;
w&m;trSefudk
r,HkMunfaom
Aef;jybmoma&;orm;?
½kyf0g'D
or®m'd|dokawoersm;\
&efudkaMumufí a½Twd*HkponfwdkUü tapmifhxm;&onf[k ajzqdkayvdrfhrnf/ trSefrSm oufawmfxif½Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oufrJhapwDykxdk;rsm;onf rwlay/ oufawmfxif½Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ toufawmf? oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf? udk,fa&mifawmfESifh ypönf;av;yg;wdkUudk tEÅ&m,f rûyEdkifaomfvnf; oufrJhapwDawmf\ ypönf;rsm;udk tEÅ&m,fûyEdkifolum; rsm;jym;vSbd\/ xdkodkU rwl&um; oufawmfxif½Sm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oufrJhapwDawmfudk t&mcyfodrf; rEdIif;,SOfoifhay/ xdkUaMumifh
oufawmfxif½Sm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;ü
tapmifhrxm;aomfvnf;
apwDawmfüum;
tapmifhxm;&rnfom jzpfonf/ yg&mZduu@t|uxm? y-313/ 0de,o*F[t|uxm 150-wdkUüvnf; ]]apwd,ó 0g oHCó 0g oEÅaue apwd,ó oEÅuH &u©maywHk 0¥wd? apwd,ó oEÅaue oHCó oEÅuH &u©maywHk e 0¥wd}} [k rdefUqdk\/ t"dyÜg,fum; - apwD\Opömudk apwD\Opömjzifhvnf;aumif;? oHCm\Opömjzifhvnf;aumif; apmifha½Smuf aptyf\/ oHCm\Opömudk apwD\Opömjzifh rapmifha½Smufaptyf[k qdkvdkonf/ xdkUjyif 0de,o*F[t|uxmü]] apwd,ó y'Dyw¬m& 0g c@zkv’y#docF&Pw¬m, 0g 'dEétm&marmyd Z*¾dwaAÁm? a0weH 'wGmyd Z*¾gaywaAÁm/ a0weOyaew¬ apwd,oEÅurÜd oHCoEÅurÜd 'gwHk 0¥wd (0de,o*F[? |?433)}} [krdefU\/
jrefrmjyef apwD\
qDrD;tusdK;iSmvnf;aumif;?
usdK;onf
ysufonfudk
ûyjyifjcif;iSm
vnf;aumif;?
ay;vªtyfaom t&Hudk apmifha½Smuftyf\/ tzdk;tc ay;íaomfvnf;aumif; apmifha½Smufaptyf\/ tzdk;tcudkvnf; apwD\ Opömudk vnf;aumif;? oHCm\ Opömudk vnf;aumif; ay;jcif;iSm tyf\/ 13/
jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pHNyD;aemuf
rv’mrif;wdkUu tapmifhxm;í ylaZmfMuyHkudk -
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
714
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]tx acg aumodem&um rv’m b*0awm o&D&med owåm[H oE¨m*ga& owådyOÆ&H
u&dwGm "Ekygum&H y&dud©ygaywGm eapö[d *Daw[d 0g'daw[d rmav[d *aE¨[d ouú&ðok? *½Hk u&ðok rmaeoHk ylaZoHk ('D?2?135)}} [lí r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü jyqdkxm;onf/
jrefrmjyef ]]xdktcg ukodem½Hkjynfom; rv’mrif;wdkUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ o&D&"mwfawmfwdkUudk rif;uGef;ü (xm;vsuf) vSHudkiftapmifhwdkUjzifh um&Hí av;onfawmfwyfjzifh NcH&HapNyD;vQif ckepf&ufywfvHk; ujcif;? oDjcif;? wD;rIwfjcif;wdkUjzifhvnf;aumif;? yef;eHUomwdkUjzifhvnf;aumif; t½dktaoûyukef\/ tav;tjrwf ûyukef\/ jrwfEdk;ukef\/ ylaZmfukef\}} (r[m0*fygVdawmf? jrefrmjyef-157/) þygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUudk axmufí apwD ykxdk; "mwfawmfwdkUudk tapmifhxm;jcif;onf w&m;awmfESifh avsmfuefnDñGwf\/ apwDykxdk;wdkUü tapmifhxm;&ygrnfavm[k apm'emaom a½Ttbd"r®m q&mwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ rlrrSefaom apwemudk ¤if;wdkU\ ar;cGef;uyif azmfjyaeouJhodkU ½Sd\[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/ 14/
twkr½Sdaom Ak'¨[k qdkxm;ygvsuf tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfNyD; ½Sdcdk;OD;cs
qkawmif;aejcif;rSm Ak'¨0g'vm;[k a½Ttbd"r®mq&mu ar;cGef;xkwfxm;\/ ¤if;ar;cGef;udkMunfhum ar;cGef;½SifESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;taejzifh uJh&JUMuonf/ xdkodkU uJh&JUjcif;rSm ax&my'geygVdawmf? y-306-ü vmaom ykEém*ykyæd,ax&f\ jzpfpOfESifh qefUusifojzifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k apm'emyk*¾dKvfwdkUu apm'emMu&m or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS ]]¤if;wdkUonf apwD ykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf}}[k rajymqdk ra&;om;cJhMuaMumif; ponfjzifh aom"emvTm wifoGif;Mu\/ odkUaomf azmfjyyg a½Ttbd"r®m ar;cGef;udkvnf;aumif; or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom opömpmapmif? twGJ (1)? trSwfpOf (9)ü a&;om;aom ]]þpmudk a&;csdefwGif yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;udk jyifqifa&;twGuf tvªaiGaygif; 16-odef;ausmf &aeNyD[k od&onf/ þonfrSm 2-vausmfrQtwGif; &aomaiGjzpfonf/y/ csdK;uyfaeaom tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;}}[laom pum;&yfudk vnf;aumif;? axmufxm;um acsycsufonf [efaqmifcsufrQomjzpfNyD;? bk&m;pifudk ûzwfcsMuaom? apwDykxdk;rsm;udk uJh&JUMuaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUvnf; tvGefrenf;aom ta&twGuf ½SdrnfrSm odomayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
715
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apwDwnfxm;jcif;
15/
apwDwnfxm; udk;uG,fjcif;onf aumif;usdK;csrf;omudk &½Sdapaom trIudpö wpfckjzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onfyif Am[d,(&[EÅm)\ "mwfawmfwdkUudk apwDwnfxm;&ef &[ef;wdkUudk apcdkif;cJhzl;\/ (O'geygVd? Am[d,okwf? 86) t½Sifom&dykwå&m\ "mwfawmfwdkUudkvnf; xdkenf;wl apwDwnfxm; apcJhzl;\/ ('DCedum,? r[m0*¾t|uxm? 144) uóybk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmef pH0ifNyD;aomtcgüvnf; a½TapwDBuD; wnfxm;aMumif;udk "r®y' t|uxm /'k?344? 444/ 0drme0w¬Kt|uxm 142-wdkUü awGU&\/ 0dyóDjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDtaMumif;udkvnf; r[m0*¾t|uxm 171-ü awGU&\/ apwDawmfü yef; eHUomponfudk wifxm;vª'gef;aom yk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; tusdK;rsm;yHkudk 'DCedum,? r[m0*¾ygVdawmf 117-ü a[mawmfrl\/ tZmwowfrif; polwdkU jrwfpGmbk&m;\ "mwfawmfwdkUudk apwDwnfxm;MuyHkudk 'DCedum,? r[m0*¾ygVd 137-ü a[mawmfrl\/ apwDawmfudk ukefrsdK;pHka&mif;aom aps;½HkBuD;eSifh OyrmEdIif;í orÜwådtrsdK;rsdK; &½SdapEdkifaom XmeBuD;tjzpf rdvdE´yO§mygVdawmf 323-ü jyqdkxm;\/ apwDawmfudk ukodkvfa½Ttdk; jr§KyfESH&m Xmewpfcktjzpf ck'´uygXygVdawmf? ed"du@okwf? ESm-10-ü jyqdkxm;\/ xdkodkU jyqdkxm;aom ygVdawmf? t|uxmwdkUt& apwDwnfxm;jcif;? ûyjyifjcif;wdkUonf aumif;usdK;csrf;om
&½Sdapaom
trIudpöwdkUom
jzpfukef\/
pk'dwuwdkUonfum;
apwDwnfxm;
ûyjyifjcif;wdkUudk rESpfoufzG,f[k ypfy,fcJhMuavonf/ (pGJqdkcsuf trSwf 12? apm'em aom"emü tus,fpdppfcJhNyD; jzpf\/) 16/
xdkUaemuf apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u opöm"r®a&;&mpmapmif twGJ (1)? trSwf (5)ü
OD;Ouú|a&;aom]]tckMunfhav? rlvwef;ausmif;u 6-ESpf? 7-ESpft½G,f vlrr,fuav;i,fupNyD; bk&m;½Sdcdk;udk usufrSwfMu?
csay;MueJU
vkyfaeMuawmh}}
-paompum;udk
xkwfjyí
OD;Ouú|onf
Ak'¨bmom
omoemawmf\ tajccHtkwfjrpfudk wl;ûzdcJhonf[k apm'emMu\/ or®m'd|dokawoeaom"emvTmü ¤if;udk acsyonfh aom"emcsuf rawGU&/ ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emvTmü ]]wynfhawmf\ orD;? ajr;rsm;udk yef;uyf? a&csrf;uyfapjcif;? bk&m;½Sdcdk;apjcif;ponfwdkUudk
wdkufwGef;ñTefMum;ay;vsuf
½Sdygonf}}[k
awGU&av&m
olUq&mOD;Ouú|0g'udk olyif vufrcH? rvdkufem[kqdk&m a&mufaeonf/ q&mESifhwynfh qefUusifae\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
716
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) bk&m;½Sdcdk;oifay;jcif;
17/
bk&m;½Sdcdk;jcif;?
o&P*Hkaqmufwnfjcif;?
oDvaqmufwnfjcif;
ponfwdkUonf
Ak'¨omoem\ tajcrlvwdkU jzpfonf/ ¤if;trIwdkUudk ydwfyifwm;jrpfu omoemawmfudk zsufonf[kyif qdk&onf/
om;orD;
rdwfaqG
oli,fcsif;ponfwdkUudk
trSefwu,f
cspfonf
cifonfqdkygu
bk&m;½Sdcdk;jcif;? o&P*Hk oDvaqmufwnfjcif;paom ukodkvfaumif;rIwdkUü wdkufwGef;&ayrnf/ xdkodkU wdkufwGef;oifhaMumif;rSm apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU wifjyaom temxydPfolaX;om; umv0w¬K ("r®y't|uxm? 'k-123)? r[m0*¾oH,kwf? 317-vm rdwåmrpöokwfwdkUjzifh xif½Sm;onf/ xdkUjyif rdwå0dE´u\ rdcifonfvnf; rdwå0dE´uudk aiGaMu;ay;í Oykofapmifh w&m;em&ef wdkufwGef;cJhzl;\/ xdkodkU wdkufwGef;jcif;onf ]]ygyged0ga&EÅ? uvsmaP eda0aoEÅd odyÜH odu©mayEÅd? ywd½laye 'ga&e oHa,maZEÅd? ora, 'g,ZÆH ed,sma'EÅd}}[k od*FgvowdkUom;tm; a[mtyfaom raumif;jrpfwm? aumif;&mñTefvwf? twwfoifap? ay;a0ESD;&if;? xdrf;jrm;jcif;vQif? 0wfig;tif? zcifr,fwdkUwm[laom rdbwdkU usifh0wfudk ûyusifhonfvnf; rnf\/ aumif;&mñTefvwfqdkonfrSm temxydPfolaX;u olUom;umvudk wdkufwGef;ouJhodkU qkvmbf ay;NyD;aomfrSvnf; oDvaqmufwnfjcif; ponfwdkUü 0goemxHkapjcif; jzpfonf/
ûcHiHkoHk;oyfí qHk;jzwfjcif; 18/ nd§xGef;jcif;?
qdktyfcJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyf a0zefNyD;aemuf qDrD;tcdk;wdkif ylaZmfjcif;?
t½dktaoûyjcif;?
aMu;pnf
acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;?
*kPfawmf½Gwfzwfjcif;?
Oykofapmifhjcif;? apwDykxdk;rsm;udk wnfxm;jcif;? ûyjyifjcif;? tapmifh a*gyuxm;jcif;? a½Tuyfjcif;? yef;uyfjcif;paom Ak'¨bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk y,f½Sm;&ef a[majym a&;om; jzefUa0aeMuaom
OD;Ouú|ESifh
aemufvdkufwdkU\
0g'onf
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfvm
a'oemESifh
ajzmifhajzmifh qefUusifaomaMumifh ½kyf0g'DwdkU\ bmomomoem zsufqD;rIvkyf&yf t"r®0g'omjzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
717
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf (14) qkay; qk,l y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedpä,
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;? oydwfoGwfjcif;paom bmoma&;qdkif&m trIudpörsm;udk tydkoufouf
jzpfoa,mifa,mif
a[majym
a&;om;
zsufqD;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufí
apm'em
aom"emcsufwdkUudk a0zef oHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/(u) qkawmif; qkay;oufoufjzifh rnfonfh tmedoHorQ tusdK;w&m; xif½Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k r,HkMunf/ (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ t,l0g'a&;&m oabmxm; (11-eHygwf) )/ (c)
trSefqdk&vQif
qkawmif;ywåemûyrIaMumifh
,HkMunfcsufum;
ol\a
tusdK;&½Sdonf[laom
atmfjrnfrIaMumifh
vlom;\
rdk;OD;usvm&onf[laom
zm;oli,f\ ,HkMunfrIrsdK;om jzpfavawmh onf/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf ESm-149)/ (*)
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;ywåemûyrIudk rdrdudk,fwdkif ûy½HkrQrurlí vl'g,umESifh 'g,dumrwdkYtm; qkay;rIudkvnf; ûyMuukefao;\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-147)
(C) Ak'¨onf ,ck vltrsm;BuD;u vufcH,HkMunfaeaom wrvGef qkawmif;jcif;? qkay;jcif; paom
ur®óuwm
'ge?
oDvukodkvfrsdK;udk
rûyvkyf?
tm;ray;jyefacs/
(ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨rd*'g0kef w&m;pmtkyf ESm-58) (i)
aooltwGuf ocsØKif;ukef;odkU vdkufNyD;vQif wu,fjzpfysuf&ef tvm;tvm r½Sdaom tûrH uwdrsm;udk ay;Muukef\/ aoí oGm;avNyD;olrsm; wrvGefavmuü Munfvif½Tifys csrf;omokc &½Sda&;twGuf &nfrSef;í qGrf;oGwfMuukef\/ yd@m auR;Muukef\/ trQtwrf; a0Muapukef\/ at;-olwdkUonf olwdkU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&müum; txl;tcRef tvGefuRrf;usifawmfrlMu ukefonfwum;/ (vlaovljzpf? ESm-315)
vlaovljzpfq&mESifh a&;om;csufwdkUudk
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\
aumufEkwfwifjyMuvsuf
txufyg
t,l0g'
a[majym
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf
qkay;?
qk,lûyvkyfjcif;paom bmoma&; qdkif&m udpörsm;udk olwdkUudk,fwdkifuvnf; bmwpfckrQ rûyvkyfMuyg/ xdkvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifMuaom &[ef;½Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tremy uJh&JU½Iwfcs a[majym a&;om;aeMuaMumif;? ¤if;wdkU\ a[majym a&;om;csufrsm;onf omoemawmfudk xdyg; ykwfcwf½HkrQru ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfvm
jzpfaeygaomaMumifh
tqdktrdefUrsm;udk
wda&muk¥okwf?
rsufuG,fûyaom
ZmPkaómPdokwfpaom
a[majym
a&;om;csufrsm;
yd#uwfawmf
usrf;*efrsm;ESifh
qefUusifaom t"r®0g' rdpämt,lomjzpfaMumif; apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u apm'emMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
718
tpodkU 2/ trSwf(u)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ omrn0daooapm'emvTm ESpf&yfvHk;udk ûcHiHkí oHk;oyf&aomf aumufEkwfcsufonf
Xmyemûyxdkufaom
t*Fgt&nftcsif;
rjynfhpHkaomaMumifh
vspfvsL½Ixdkufaom aumufEkwfcsufjzpfonf[lí oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 0daooapm'emü
cRwf,Gif;csufr½Sd?
taxmuftudk;
om"u
rSefuefjynfhpHkaom
apm'emjzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ qkay;qk,lûyjcif;? oDvcH,ljcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfckpD pdppfoHk;oyfaytHh/ 3/
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\
apm'emcsufudk
OD;qE´"du?
ocifjrwfqdkif?
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUu jyefvnf ajz½Sif; aom"emûy&mü qkay;qk,ludpöESifh ywfoufí 0de,r[m0*¾ygVd?
jrefrmjyef
ESm-395-ü
jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifu
jyefvnf
rdefUMum;awmfrlyHkudk
awmif;onfhqkonf
yg½Sdaom
tyfvnf;tyfyg\?
ZD0uESifh
0domcgwdkU
xkwfaqmifjyMuvsuf
tjypfvnf;r½Sdyg[k
avQmufxm;MuyHk?
ZD0uESifh
avQmufxm;rS
0domcgwdkUu cGifhûycJhonf/
Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonfyif wrvGefusdK;arQmfqkrsm; ray;vQif wynfhom0ursm; twGufrl qdkzG,f&m r½Sdawmhyg[k aom"emMu\/ OD;qE´"du? ocifjrwfqdkif? or®mod|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf ZD0u? 0domcgwdkU awmif;aom qkrsm;rSm wrvGefusdK;arQmfudk;NyD; awmif;aom qkrsm;[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u xifjrifaomaMumifh qkay;jcif;rS vGefajrmuf\[k bk&m;½Sif\ tvdkawmfudk odMuoa,mif xifjrifcsufrsm; a&;om;NyD; Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfyif wrvGefusdK;arQmfqkrsm;
ray;vQif
aumufcsufcsvdkufMuonf/
wynfhom0ursm;
xdkxifjrifcsuf?
taejzifh
aumufcsufwdkUonf
bmqkrQ
ay;aep&mrvdk[k
apm'uwdkU\
apm'emcsufudk
acszsuf&mü cdkifvHkrI r½Sday/ 4/
xdkygVdawmf
jrefrmjyef
ESm-117-üyif
oka'¨g'erif;BuD;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;wdkUonf
qkay;jcif;rS vGefajrmufukef\-[laom pum;udk bk&m;½Sif rdefUMum;cJhzl;NyD/ xdkodkU rdefUMum;&jcif;\ taMumif;udk 0denf;r[m0gt|uxmüww¬ ,o®m OOämp&d,m, ZD0awm yAÁZdwó (0d?|?3?291)ponfjzifh zGifhjyvsuf ½Sd\/ xdktzGifh\ jrefrmjyefrSm]]udk,fwdkifu tb,fqk[lí
oydwfydkufvsuf
rajymbJ
awmif;vdkaomqkudk
qGrf;cHvSnfhvnfjcif;jzifh
omrntm;jzifh
awmif;avmh[lí
qkwpfckudk
ajymqdk
toufarG;&aom
awmif;vdkyg\-[k
cGifhûyjcif;onf
&[ef;tm;
avQmufxm;cJhaomf
roifhavsmf
ravsmufywf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;½SifwdkU\ xHk;pH tavhtusifhawmfvnf; r[kwfaomaMumifh twduúEÅ0&m acg a*gwr wxm*wm-[laom pum;udk bk&m;½Sif rdefUMum;awmfrlNyD}}/ þzGifhqdkcsuft&
avmuD
xD;eef;pnf;pdrf
a½TaiGb@m
rif;tmPmwdkUudk
pGefUy,fum
bk&m;tjzpfudk a&mufaeNyDjzpfí udk,fawmfwdkif qGrf;cHvSnfhvnfjcif;jzifh pm;aomuf toufarG;&aom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
719
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm
vlwdkU
awmif;avhawmif;x½Sdaom
a½TaiGb@m
tcGifhtmPmpaom
qkawmf
vmbfawmfrsm;udk ay;Edkifjcif;rS vGefajrmufukefNyD[laom taetm;jzifh rdefUMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ or®m'd|dokawoeorm;wdkU
ajymovdk
wrvGefusdK;arQmf
qkrsm;jzpfonfxifí
qkay;jcif;rS
vGefajrmufukef\[k bk&m;½Sif rdefUMum;awmfrljcif; r[kwf/ 5/
oDvu©E¨0*¾ygVd? aw0dZÆokwfü 0gao|tm; tpd&0wDjrpf[dkbufurf;udk onfbufurf;
a&mufatmif ac:,lí r&EdkifyHk Oyrmjyí bk&m;½Sif a[mxm;onfrSm- jAm[®PjzpfEdkifaom jA[®mtjzpfodkU uyfa&mufEdkifaom tusifhoDv rusifhbJ qkawmif;aejcif;? awmifhwaejcif;ponfaMumifh jAm[®PrjzpfEdkif? jA[®mtjzpfodkU ruyfa&mufEdkifyHkudk a[mxm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ xdkjAm[®PwdkU\ qkawmif;yHkESifh ,ck Ak'¨bmomwdkU\ qkawmif;yHk vHk;0 rwlay/ OD;qE´m"dutaejzifh t*Fkwå&edum,? t|uedygwf? 'gEkyywådokwf (70?71)ü jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;tyfaom ]]£ZÑwd bdu©a0 oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm}} &[ef;wdkU ... oDv½Sdaomoltm; pifMu,faomaMumifh pdwf\ awmifhwrIonf jynfhpHk\[laom a'oemawmfudk ypfy,f&m a&mufayonf/ 6/
qufvufí OD;qE´m"duuyif tqif;paom tm½Hkig;rsdK;&vdkaMumif; qkawmif;vQif
tuyÜd, om0ZÆ-rtyfrpyf? tjypfruif;aom qkrsdK;qdkEdkifaMumif; omoem0efxrf; ½Sif&[ef;wdkU tuyÜd, om0ZÆqkrsdK; ray;rd&ef txl;owdûyoifhMuygonf[k ]]a,m ½lyH tbdeE´wd? 'ku©Haom tbdeE´wd}}paom tudk;jzifh ajz½Sif;oGm;onfudk awGU&\/ ½kyftqif;ponfudk ESpfoufaomolonf qif;&Judk ESpfouf&m a&muf\[k
bk&m;½Sifa[mxm;aomaMumifh
½kyftqif;ponfudk
qkay;qkawmif;ygu
½kyftqif;udk
ESpfoufapjcif;jzifh 'ku©udk ESpfoufatmif qkay;&m qkawmif;&ma&mufaomaMumifh rtyf? tjypf½Sdonf[k rdrdvdk&mqGJí tudk; om"uûyxm;ayonf/ odkU&mwGif ½Sif&[ef;jzpfap vljzpfap tqif;paom tm½Hkudk qkray;&? qkrawmif;&? qkay;qkawmif;u rtyf? tjypf½Sd\[lí a[mMum;xm;aom a'oemawmf r½Sday/ 7/ usef;rmjcif;?
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU qkay;qkawmif;MuyHkrSm tvdk½Sdtyfaom touf½Snfjcif;? tqif;vSjcif;? csrf;omjcif;?
aumif;usdK;w&m;wdkUESifh
jynfhpHkí
r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudk
vsifjrefpGm
qdkufa&mufMuygap? a&muf&ygvdk\[lí qkay;qkawmif;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ þodkU qkawmif;&mü touf½SnfNcif;ç usrf;rmNcif;ç csrf;omNcif;½SdrS 'ge oDv paom ukodkvfudk NznfhusifhEdkifonf? 'ge oDv ukodkvfudk Nznfhusifhqnf;yl;aom 0goem½Sdaom yk*¾dKvfom bm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwfvdkaom pdwfqE´ ½SdvmEdkifonf? qE´&Sdí usifhMuHtm;xkwfrS r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudk &a&muf rsufarSmuf ûyEdkifrnf Nzpfonf? odkUNzpfaomaMumifh OD;qE´m"du ocifNrwfqdkifwdkU aom"emMuovdk tm½Hkig;yg;qkrsdK;ç 'ku©udk ESpfoufapwwfaomqkç umrokcv’dumEka,m*qkç tmo0ESifh ruif;aomqkrsdK; awmif;onf[k rqdkEdkifay/ 8/
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf avmuDaumif;usdK;csrf;omNzpfaom b0orÜwåd abm*orÜwådwdkUESifh
NynfhpHkEdkifaom w&m;awmf a'oemaygif;rsm;pGmudk a[mMum;xm;\? xdkodkU a[mMum;xm;Ncif;aMumifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
720
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifudk
tm½Hkig;yg;
'ku©udk
ESpfoufapwwfaomw&m;udk
a[maombk&m;?
umrokcv’dumEka,m*w&m;ç tmo0ESifhruif;aom w&m;ç ork',wPSm tm;ay;aom w&m;wdkUudk a[mMum;aom bk&m;[lí qdkEdkifaumif;rnfavm? rqdkEdkifay? ,if;odkU rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh qkawmif;Ncif; qkay;Ncif;udk 'ku©awG ork',awG[k aom"emNcif;onf taNctNrpfr&Sdaom aom"emNcif;om Nzpfonf/ 9/
qkawmif;
qkay;ESifh
ywfoufí
,aeU
Ak'¨bmomwdkU\
qkawmif;Ncif;onf
(vlaovlNzpfq&m a&;ouJhodkU) bmrQrvkyfbJ qkawmif;yw¬emûyrIoufoufaMumifh tusdK;&&Sdonf[laom ,HkMunfcsufNzifh qkawmif;MuNcif; r[kwf? taMumif;ukodkvfuHudk ûyvkyfNyD;rS qkawmif;yw¬em ûyvQif awmifhwonfhtwdkif; tusdK;&onf[laom ,HkMunfcsufNzifhom Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU qkawmifMuNcif; Nzpf\? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU pGyfpGJacsyouJhodkU ork',wPSmtm;ay;aom-£pädwH yw¬dwHç twå0g' (avay;av,lrsm;) r[kwfrlí NrwfpGmAk'¨avmif;vsmESifhwuG t*¾om0u r[mom0u avmif;vsmwdkU\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk
rSD;í
ûyvkyfMuNcif;om
Nzpf\?
Moumouefawmhcef;ü
ygaom
ukodkvfapwemwdkUaMumifh (&ygvdk\ t&Sifbk&m;)[laom pum;\ t"dyÜm,fudk em;rvnfbJ NAm[®P0g'D xm0&0g'DwdkU\ qkawmif;ESifh Ak'¨0g'DwdkU\ qkawmif;udk uGJNym;pGm oabmraygufaomaMumifh ,ckvdk pGyfpGJMuNcif; Nzpfayonf/ &[ef;½Sifvl olçigup avmuom;rSeforQonf tvdktêuduf trsdK;rsdK;&Sd&m rdrdwdkU vdkvm;csuf &nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifudk &½SdEdkifa&;twGuf &nfñTef;Ncif;ç pdwfñTwfNcif;ç pdwfudk aqmufwnfNcif;ç pdwfü xm;Ncif;ç
pdwfudk
yGmrsm;apNcif;ç
awmifhwNcif;ç
vGefvGefuJuJûyNcif;udkyif
(t"dum&
yPd"me)
qkawmif;Ncif;[k qdk&onf/ 10/
xdkodkU qkawmif;&mü vlewfedAÁmefcsrf;omudk &apEdkif&ef taxmuftyHh ûyEdkifaom 'ge
oDv bm0em tvkyfwdkUudk ûyvkyfí qkawmif;Mu\/ atmufxpfqHk;taetm;Nzifh &wemoHk;yg;udk ½Sdcdk;uefawmhNcif; (yPmr) ukodkvfudk ûyvkyfNyD;rS qkawmif;Mu\/ ukodkvfwpfckck tusifhwpfckck rûyusifhbJ rnfonfh Ak'¨bmomwdkUurQ vufNzefU rawmif;Muacs/ þae&mü
&nfrSef;csuf
qkawmif;twdkif;
NzpfvmMuaom
t*¾om0u
r[mom0uwdkU\
vkyfaqmifcsufESifh qkawmif;Ncif;udk xkwfaqmifNyvdk\/ ½Sifom&dykwå&mESifh ½Sifarm*¾v’mefavmif;vsm o&'&aohESifh oD&d0¹uolMuG,fwdkUonf (wpfoacsFESifh urÇmwpfodef;umvu) taemr'óDbk&m;½SifESifhwuG t*¾om0uESpfyg; oHCmawmft½SifNrwfwdkUtm; yef;arGU&mtcif; (oD&d0¹uolMuG,fu qGrf;yg) vª'gef;MuNyD; yxrç 'kwd, t*¾om0uqk toD;oD; awmif;cJhMuaomaMumifh þa*gwrbk&m;½Sifvufxufü t*¾om0u vusfmawmf&H t½Sifom&dykwå&max&fç vuf0Jawmf&H t½Sifarm*¾v’mefax&ftNzpfudk &awmfrlcJhMuayonf/ «ax&*gxm t|uxm 'k-ESm 307? 375»/
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721
tpodkU 11/
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722
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
15/
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qkay;Ncif; 16/
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723
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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724
tpodkU 19/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfa,mufonf
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725
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tpodkU 24/
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NAm[®P0g'DwdkU ,lqaom rysufrpD; tNrJwnfonfh rnfonfhtwårQ ryg r&Sday/ 25/
xdkodkU ½kyfemrf cE¨m tm,we "mwfwdkU aMumif;usdK;pyfí tpOfrNywf qufumqufum
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727
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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oHo&myO§m (oHo&mNyóem) 26/
oHo&m[lonf tb,fygenf;[k rdvdE´rif;u t½Sifem*aoetm; ar;avQmufaomaMumifh
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udavomudk y,fzsufEdkifaom t&[wår*fÓPfawmfudk r&ao;onfNzpfí todef;ru b0oHo&mywfvHk;
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taeuZmwdoHom&H paom yxrAk'¨0pe- a½S;OD;aom pum;awmfNzifhyif Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ wpfb0rS wpfb0NzpfNcif; (oHo&m)udk vufcH,HkMunf ,lqrIonf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU pGyfpGJonfh twå0g'vnf; r[kwf? oów0g'vnf; r[kwf? twå oów0g'vnf;r[kwf? NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif\ tewåabmiftwGif;u 0g' NzpfaMumif; odom xif½Sm;vS\/ xdkUaMumifh]]taeuZmwdoHom&H? oE¨m0dóH tedAÁdoH}} (ck? 1? 36) xdkt&[wår*fÓPfawmfudk r&ao;onf Nzpfí b0rsm;pGm oHo&mywfvHk; usifvnfcJh&avNyD [lí bk&m;NzpfvQif Nzpfcsif; NrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUMum;cJhavNyD/ 28/
wyfrufwG,fwm
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b0topftopfü cE¨mig;wef ½kyfemrf[laom 'ku©opöm xyfí xyfí Nzpfrnfudkvnf;aumif;? wPSmuif;Nywfaomtcgü b0topf wpfzef Nyefí rNzpfawmhyHkudkvnf;aumif; NrwfpGmbk&m;\ udk,fawGUusifhpOf a½S;OD;pGm a[mMum;tyfaom "r®pMuma'oemawmfrS atmufyg pum;awmfNzifhyif wpfb0rS wpfb0oHo&mrSm twå0g'r[kwf NrwfpGmbk&m;0g' NzpfaMumif; odom xif½Sm;\/ ,m,H wPSm aygaemAÇ0dum=tMuif wPSmonf b0topfü Nzpfapwwf\/ t,rEÅdrm Zmwd ew¬d 'ged ykeAÇa0g=þum; aemufqHk;b0wnf;? ,cktcg b0topfü Nzpf&Ncif; r½SawmhNyD? wpfyg;aom b0opfrnfonf r½SdawmhNyD/
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728
tpodkU 29/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) uHç wPSmç 0dnmPfwdkU Nzpfay:wnf&SdaomaMumifh aemifwzef b0topfü xyfí
Nzpf&yHkudk t*Fkwå&ygVd? wduedygwf? yxrb0okwf? 'kwd,b0okwf ESm-224-225/ ¤if; NrefrmNyef-241242 wdkUü bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;xm;onfrSmtmeE´m umr"mwf(umrbHk)ü tusdK;ay;wwfaomuH rNzpfcJhvQif umrb0onf xif&Sm; Nzpfay:EdkiftHhavm[k rdefUawmfrl\? rNzpfay:Edkifyg t½Sifbk&m;? tmeE´m þodkUvQif uHonf v,f,maNrESifh wl\? 0dnmPfonf rsdK;aphESifh wl\? wPSmonf tap;a&ESifh wl\? t0dZÆm ydwfyiftyfukefonfNzpfí wPSmtaESmiftzGJU ½Sdukefaom owå0gwdkUtm; ,kwfedrfhaom umr"mwf (umrbHk)ü 0dnmPfonf wnf\? þodkU wnfaomf aemifwpfzef b0opfü Nzpf&\? (ponfwnf;/) xdkUNyifvnf; wPSm[laom aemufvdkuftazmf&Sdaom owå0gonf ½SnfNrifhpGmaom umvywfvHk; NzpfvwåHUaom oHo&mudk rvGefaNrmufEdkifyHkudkwPSm'kwda,m yk&daom? 'DCr'¨ge oHo&H/ £w¬bm0nxmbm0H? oHom&H emwd0wåwd (tH? 1? 316)/ wPSmvQif tazmf½Sdaom owå0gonf ½SnfpGmaom umvywfvHk; usifvnf&vsuf þNzpfay:qJ cE¨mudk,f? tNcm;NzpfvwHh cE¨mudk,f[laom (cE¨m tm,we "mwfwdkU\ tpOfrNywf NzpfNcif;) oHo&mudk rvGefaNrmufEdkifacs[lí a[mMum;xm;ayonf/ (t*Fkwå&edum,? Pwkuúedygwf? wPSKyÜg'okwf) b0wPSm uif;Nywfaomoltm; wpfzef b0topf rNzpfawmhyHkudk ]]OpäEéb0wPSmó? ew¬d wó ykeAÇa0g}} [lí okwåedygwfygVdawmf? 'G,wmEkyóemokwf? ESm-349 ü a[mxm;awmfrl\/
uH uH\tusdK; 30/
wpfb0rS wpfb0odkU Nzpf&usifvnf&Ncif; (oHo&m)udk xkwfaqmifNyNcif;Nzifh uH
uH\tusdK;ay;udk NyqdkNcif;udpö NyD;pD;Edkifaomfvnf; ydkí ay:vGifxif½Sm;aom uH\NzpfaMumif;ESifh uH\tusdK;ay; tqufqufaom b0wdkUü uH\tusdK; cHpm;&yHkudk xkwfaqmifNyvdkao;\/ ,H bdu©a0 avmbyuwH ur®H avmbZH avmbed'geH avmbrk',H (tH? 1? 133)/ (ponf) ]]&[ef;wdkU . . . taMumif;uHudk avmbonf ûytyf\? avmbaMumifh Nzpf\/ avmbvQif taMumif;ed'gef; ½Sd\/ avmbvQif taMumif;ork', ½Sd\? tMuifbHkü xdkuHonf tusdK;ay;\? xdkbHk0,f rsufarSmufb0üaomfvnf;aumif;?
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729
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tNcHt&Hç tpdk;&Ncif;[laom taMumif;ig;rsdK;wdkUNzifh omvGefEdkif\/ touf ydk½Snfonf/ tqif; ydkvSonf/ tNcHt&H ydkrsm;onf/ tpdk;&rItmPm ydk½Sdonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ tu,fí ewfNynfrS pkawí vlUbHkvlUtNzpfodkU a&mufvmMurl vlüNzpfaom toufç tqif;ç csrf;omç tNcHt&Hç tpdk;&Ncif;[laom taMumif;ig;rsdK;wdkUNzifh omvGefEdkif\ ponfNzifh okrerif;orD;tm; NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfolavonf/ 31/
vlcsif;twlwl Nzpfygvsuf ûyvkyftyfaom uHw&m; rwlaomaMumifh t,kwftNrwf
tusdK;ay; uGmNcm;yHk? i&Jb0 a&muf&yHk? vlUb0a&mufyguvnf; toufwdkNcif;ç touf½SnfNcif; paom tusdK;ay;
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730
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU ouf0if,HkMunftyfaom wpfb0rS wpfb0NzpfNcif; (oHo&m)ESifh uH uH\tusdK;wdkUonf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU pGyfpGJouJhodkU twå0g' r[kwf? NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwdkifodí [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfvmtwdkif; rSefuefpGm ouf0if,HkMunftyfaom Ak'¨0g'ppfppf ,HkMunfvufcHcsufrsm;om Nzpfonf/
oDvcH,lNcif; 33/
oDvESifh ywfoufí aom"emMu&mü or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf t,l0g'ESifh
pyfí NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif rlcsvrf;ñTefxm;aom auorkwådokwfç omVokwfvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm NrwfEdk;Muolrsm; Nzpfygonf[k aom"emxm;Muaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkU\ aNz½Sif;csufrsm;rSm vlaovlNzpf t,ltqabmifrS
rausmfvGefonfhNyif
vlaovlNzpfq&m\
pum;vHk;rsm;udk
rsm;pGm
oHk;EIef;aNz&Sif;xm;onfudk awGU&\? igwdkU av;pm;aom &[ef;(OD;Ouú|)\ pum;rS trSefw&m; Nzpfonf[laom pGJvrf;csufMuD;Nzifh pGJ,lxm;yHkrSm ay:vGifaeayonf? xdkUaMumifh auorkwådokwfudk rdrdwdkUudk,fwdkif NyefvnfqefUusifaeMuayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
731
tpodkU 34/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf ygVdysufudk b,fq&mu oifay;xm;aom ygVd[k
0efrcHMubJ i,fpOfu vlMuD;olrç rsm;u oifay;vdkufaompmudk ,ckwdkifyif owd&rSwfrdaeygonf? ygVdawmfxJu aNymygonf? rnfonfhygVdawmfxJu[k rod&yg? vkyfygVdawmfawmh [kwf[efrwlyg/ yd#uwfuRrf;usifvQif awGUEdkifaom ygVd[k aNymygonf[k ½SnfpGmaom ed'gef;pum;cif;NyD; Oy&dPÖmoygVd? yOöwå,okwf ESm-21rS ygVdawmfudk zsufí xkwfNyteufay;xm;onfudk awGU&\/ þodkU ygVdawmfudk zsufí xkwfNyteufay;xm;Ncif;onf ppfrSefaom r*¾ifoDvNzpfonfh or®m0gpm
or®mur®EÅ
or®mtmZD0wdkUudk
aqmufwnfvsuf
&Sdygonfqdkaom
or®m'd|dokawoe
tzGJU0ifwdkU\ raNzmifhrSef r½dk;om;aom oabmxm;udk txift½Sm; azmfNyovdk Nzpfaeayonf/ y#dbEÅd=xifukef\ azmufazmufNyefNyefvkyfNyD;
[laom
rl&if;ygVdteufudk
oDvcH,lMuaom
zsufí
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;udk
y#dyÜwd=usifhMuukef\-[k ukefonfvdkusifholrsm;ç
oów0g'Drsm;[k pmESifh ayESifh xkwfNyí pGyfpGJvdkufMuNcif; Nzpf[ef &Sd\/ rl&if;ygVdpm\ oabmrSm aovQif NrJ\[k t,l&SdMuaom oów0g'DwdkU\ t,ludk aovQifNywf\ aemufb0r&Sd[k t,l½Sdaom Oapä'0g'DwdkUu aemufü usifvnfNcif;udk wG,fwmuyfNidNyD; aNymaeMuwmyg? wu,fNrJwm r[kwfygbl;[k qefUusifuefUuGufaNymqdkNcif;\ taMumif;udkazmfNyNyD; oów0g'DwdkU\ t,ludk ukefonfyrm NrwfpGmbk&m; ÓPfawmfü xifyHkudk azmfNyaompmydk'f Nzpf\? xdkUaemuf qufí aovQif Nywf\/ aemufb0r½Sd[kt,l&SdMuaom Oapä'0g'DwdkU\ t,ludkvnf; y&rw¬tm;Nzifh xif&Sm;½Sdaom ouúm, (Oyg'geu©E¨mtaygif;)udk aMumuf½GHUpufqkwf½GH½SmMuukefvsuf ouúm,odkUom tpOfaNy;0if tzefzef usifvnfaeMu&aMumif; wdkifikwfü êud;Nzifh csnfxm;aom acG;onf xdkwdkifikwfudkom tzefzef vSnfhvnfaNy;ae&yHkrsdK; azmfNyxm;onfudk awGU&rnf Nzpf\? p-o-C-Z-u [laom yom'½kyfig;yg; ½kyf0g'udk w&m;aoudkifxm;í Oapä''d|d t,lbufodkU ñGwf,drf;aeaom or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm; owdxm;pOf;pm;p&m Nzpfay\/ 35/
oDvcH,laqmufwnfNcif; OykofoDwif;apmifhoHk;Ncif;onf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU
pGyfpGJouJhodkU twåoów0g'vnf; r[kwf? twå0g'EG,faom tvkyfrsm;vnf; r[kwfbJ NrifhNrwfaom Ak'¨bmom0if
t&d,mom0uwdkU
t|uedygwf?
oHcdwåLaygoxokwf
usifhoHk;aqmufwnf&rnfhoDv 79?
,if;
NrefrmNyef
NzpfaMumif;udk 8-ü
t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf?
NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif
atmufygtwdkif; a[mazmfñTefNyxm;ayonf/ &[ef;wdkU . . . t*Fg½SpfrsdK;ESifh NynfhpHkonfh usifhoHk;tyfaom Oykofonf tusdK;MuD;\/ tmedoifMuD;\/ wefcdk;MuD;\/ MuD;aom ysHUESHUNcif; ½Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU . . . tb,fodkU usifhtyfaom t*Fg½SpfrsdK;ESifh
NynfhpHkonfh
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
732
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
&[ef;wdkU . . . þomoemawmfü t&d,mwynfhonf þodkU qifNcif\/ &[EÅmwdkUonf toufxufqHk; toufowfNcif;udk y,fí toufowfNcif;rS a½SmifMuOfukwf\/ wkwf"m;vufeufudk csxm;NyD; Nzpfukef\/ ½Sufwwfoem;wwfonf Nzpfí cyfodrf;aom owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;vsuf aeukef\? igonfvnf; þwpfnOfhESifh wpfaeUywfvHk; toufowfNcif;udk y,fí toufowfNcif;rS a½SmifMuOfí wkwf"m;vufeufudk csxm;í ½SufNcif;&Sdolç oem;Ncif;odkU a&mufolç cyfodrf;aom owå0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;ol Nzpfí aeygtHh? þtaMumif;t*FgNzifhvnf; &[EÅmwdkUudk twkvdkufí ûyygtHh? þodkUûyaomf igonf OykofusifhoHk;onf rnfayvdrfhrnf-[k qifNcif\/ þyxr t*FgESifh NynfhpHk\/ (ponf) oDv orm"d ynm odu©moHk;&yf tusifhNrwfudk a[mMuawmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfwdkUü taNccHtusqHk; ta&;tMuD;qHk;Nzpfonfh oDvESifhywfoufí a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfaygif; rsm;pGm ½Sdayonf? xdkUaMumifh oDvcH,l usifhoHk; aqmufwnfNcif;onf tydktvkyfvnf; r[kwf? Ak'¨0g'usifhpOft& trSefvkyf&rnfh vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfh p&Pw&m;om Nzpfayonf/
oydwfoGwfNcif; 36/
oydwfoGwfNcif;ESifh
ywfoufí
ocifNrwfqdkifu
oVm,we0*¾oH,kwf?
todAE¨uykwåokwf ESm-493-udk &nfñTef;ygonf[lí aom"emxm;\? xdkokwft& aooltwGuf oydwfoGwfvnf;rxl;? oydwfoGwfvnf; rxl;? odkUNzpfí oydwfoGwfNcif;onf tydktvkyf[k aom"emvdkyHk &onf?
xl;
rxl;
¤if;todAE¨uykwåokwfudk
tusOf;csKyf
avhvmMunfhoifh\?
xdkUaemuf
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ aooltwGuf oydwfoGwfyHkESifh ,SOfMunfh&rnf? odkUrS xl;Ncm;csuf ay:vGifvmrnf Nzpfayonf/ todAE¨uykwåokwfü
NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif
a[mMum;onfrSm
ygPmwdygwpaom
raumif;rI
tukodkvfrI ûyvkyfaeaom yk*¾dKvfudk vltaygif;u pka0;í þolaoNyD;aemuf ewfNynfodkU a&mufygap[k awmif;yefonf Nzpfap pifppf xdkolonf i&JodkU a&muf&m\? ygPmwdygw0d&wd paom ukodkvfaumif;rI ûyvkyfaeoludk vltaygif;u pka0;í þolaoNyD;aemuf i&JodkU a&mufygap[k awmif;yefonfNzpfap? csD;rGrf;onfNzpfap? vuftkyfcsDvsuf xuf0ef;usifrS vdkufonf Nzpfap pifppf xdkolonf ewfNynfodkU a&muf&m\ [lí Nzpf\/ 37/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU
aooltwGuf
&nfrSef;í
oHCmawmfwdkUtm;
qGrf;
ouFef;
qufuyfvª'gef;NyD; trQa0 (oydwfoGwf) &mü txufyg todAE¨uykwåokwfü a[mMum;onfhtwdkif; vltaygif; pka0;í aooludk ewfNynfa&mufygap[k awmif;yefaeNcif;ç csD;rGrf;aeNcif;ç vuftkyfcsDrdk; ½Sdcdk;vsuf vdkufygaeNcif;rsdK; r[kwfay/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
733
tpodkU 38/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aoqHk;olwpfa,mufonf
ykxkZOfobm0
ukodkvf
tukodkvfrIrsm;
qnf;yl;ûyvkyfxm;rnfrSm trSef Nzpf\/ aoqHk;cgeD;ü aumif;aom ESvHk;oGif;Ncif;? raumif;aom ESvHk;oGif;Ncif;Nzifh aumif;raumif; tm½Hkudk tm½HkûyrdrnfrSmvnf; trSef Nzpf\? xdkukodkvf tukodkvfuH tm½Hktm;avsmfpGm ewfç vlç wd&pämefç i&J*wdrsm;odkU a&mufaeolwdkUudk &nfñTef;onf r[kwfbJ &nfrSef;ukodkvfûyí trQay;a0Ncif; (ywåd'ge)ç ûyoludk 0rf;aNrmuf0rf;om om"kac:Ncif; (ywåmEkarm'e) ukodkvf,lygu
csrf;omEdkifcGifh&Sdaom
oHCmawmfrsm;tm;
qGrf;
ayw*wd
ouFef;
a&mufaeol
vª'gef;NyD;
trQay;a0
NydwåmwpfrsdK;twGufudk
&nfrSef;í
oydwfoGwfNcif;NzpfaomaMumifh
vkyfenf;vkyf[efNcif; &nf½G,fcsufNcif; tvGef Ncm;em;vSayonf/ 39/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU aooltwGuf &nfrSef;í oHCmawmftm; qGrf; ouFef; vª'gef;
trQay;a0aom oydwfoGwfNcif;onf NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;tyfaom a'oemawmftwdkif; ûyvkyfNcif;yif Nzpf\/ ZmPkaómPdykPÖm;u avQmufxm;oNzifh NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlonfrSmt½Sifa*gwr . . . tuREkfyfwdkUykPÖm;rsm;onf þtvªonf uG,fvGefaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;odkU a&mufygap?
þtvªudk
uG,fvGefaom
aqGrsdK;om;csif;wdkUonf
oHk;aqmifMuygap[k
tvªwdkUudk
vªMuygukef\? aooludk &nfí ûytyfaom ukAÇD;xrif;wdkUudk ûyMuygukef\? xdktvªonf uG,fvGefaom aqGrsdK;om;csif;wdkUxH
a&mufygoavm?
uG,fvGefaom
aqGrsdK;om;csif;wdkU
xdktvªudk
oHk;aqmifMu&ygoavm[k ar;avQmuf\? ykPÖm; . . . a&mufoifhaom t&yfü a&muf\? ra&mufoifhaom t&yfü ra&muf[k bk&m;½Sifu rdefUawmfrl\? a&mufoifh ra&mufoifhaom t&yf[lonf tb,fygenf;-[k ykPÖm;u ar;avQmufaomaMumifh uG,fvGefí i&JbHkü wnfolç wd&pämefbHkü wnfolç vlUbHk vltNzpfü wnfolç ewfbHk ewftNzpfü wnfol þt&yfwdkUonf tvª'gea&mufoifhaom t&yfrsm;r[kwf? NydwåmbHkü wnfoltm; xdk'geonf a&muf\[k bk&m;½Sifu rdefUMum;awmfrl\? (t*Fkwå&edum,? 'ouedygwf? ZmPkaómPdokwf? ESm-478/ ,if; NrefrmNyef-469/) 40/
a&muftyf &tyfaom ukodkvftzdkUudk trQay;a0rIonf ywåd'geukodkvfç ay;a0tyfaom
ukodkvftzdkUudk 0rf;aNrmuf0rf;om om"kac:rIonf ywåmEkarm'eukodkvf Nzpfonf? odkUNzpfí oydwfoGwf trQa0Ncif;onf 0rf;aNrmufEkarmf om"kac:aom ayw*wd a&mufaeoltm; aumif;NrwfaomtusdK; rkcs&aponfh ywå'geukodkvfom Nzpfayonf/ 41/
þodkU
qkawmif;Ncif;ç
xkwfaqmifNytyfaom
oDvcH,lNcif;ç
a'oemawmfom"uwdkUNzifh
oydwfoGwfNcif;ç
wpfb0rS
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\
wpfb0NzpfNcif;ç
csrf;omNcif;ç
qif;&JNcif;wdkUonf or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU pGyfpGJ uJh&JU ½IwfcsouJhodkU tydkoufoufudpörsm;ç tûrHuwday;rIrsm;ç
t"dyÜm,frJh
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twå0g'rsm; r[kwfonfrSm xif½Sm;vS\?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
734
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ur®óuwm 'ge oDvrsm;udk bk&m;½Sif tm;ray;[lonfrSm udk,fvdk&mudk,f qGJ,laNymaom t,lrSm; rdpämpum;om Nzpfonf/ 42/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUacgif;aqmifwdkUonf ur®H y#dAm[aEÅemyd 0dygaum y#dAm[dawm
a[mwd? 0dyguH y#dAm[aEÅemyd ur®H y#dAm[dwH a[mwd-oDvu©E¨0*¾t|uxm 150-ü rdefUtyfouJhodkU taMumif;uHudk ypfy,fNcif;Nzifh tusdK;udk ypfy,f&m a&muf\? tusdK;udk ypfy,fyguvnf; taMumif;udk ypfy,fNyD; Nzpfawmh\? yl&Puóywdw¬dq&mMuD;onf uHudk y,f\? tZdwq&mMuD;onf uH\ tusdK;udk y,f\? ru©vda*gomvq&mMuD;onf uH uH\tusdK;udk y,f\? txufyg pum;t& olwdkUoHk;OD; tm;vHk; twlwlyif Nzpf\[k qdkvdkonf/ OD;Ouú| wynfhMuD; ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf trIaqmif tzGJU0ifwdkUonf qkawmif; qk,l oydwfoGwfaom ur®óuwm 'ge oDvtrsdK;rsdK; Ak'¨bmomwdkU ûyvkyfMuNcif;udk NAm[®P0g'
Nyefvnf
toufoGif;aeMuonf[k
vufñdI;xdk;
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odkUaomf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
wynfhom;wdkUonfum; ur®óuwm 'ge oDv uH uH\tusdK;wdkUudk csdK;ESdrf y,f&Sm;MuNcif;tm;Nzifh yl&Puóyç tZdwauourÁvç ru©vda*gomv-[laom wdw¬dq&mMuD; oHk;qlwdkU\ 0g'udk Nyefvnf toufoGif;aeMuolrsm;NzpfaMumif;
¤if;wdkUpum;t&
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ydwfrdaeMuavNyD/ OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ocifNrwfqdkif or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU taeNzifh ,ckvdk wdw¬dq&mMuD;wdkU\ rdpäm0g'udk tb,fhaMumifh NyefvnftoufoGif;aeMuoenf;[lrl ¤if;wdkU\ vufudkif0g'Nzpfaom ½kyf0g' (p-o-C-Z-u yOöyom'0g'ESifh udkufnDaeaomaMumifh Nzpfavonf? rSef\? ½kyf0g't& uH uH\tusdK;udk rnfodkU vufcHEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ xdkUNyif "r®pMuma'oemawmfü ]],m,H wPSm aygaemAÇ0dum? tMuif wPSmonf b0topfudk Nzpfapwwf\}}[k a[mawmfrltyfonfhtwdkif; wPSmonf b0topfNzpfrI[kqdktyfaom 'ku©opöm ½kyf emrfcE¨mwdkUudk NzpfapEdkif\/ ¤if;'ku©opöm ½kyfç emrfcE¨m tqufqufNzpfrI wpfb0rS wpfb0NzpfNcif;udk or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUu twå0g'[k pGyfpGJNyD; ypfy,fxm;Mu\? xdkodkU tusdK;Nzpfaom b0topf ½kyfç emrfcE¨mtpOfNzpfrI 'ku©opömudk ypfy,fNcif;Nzifh taMumif;Nzpfaom wPSm ork',opömr½Sd[k ypfy,f&m a&muf\/ 'ku©opömESifh y,fowfaMumif;Nzpfaom
ork',opömudk b0topf
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
735
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdkUaMumifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ t,ltqonf Ak'¨omoemawmfü ta&;tMuD;qHk; txGwftxdyftusqHk;Nzpfaom opömav;yg;vHk;udk ypfy,fxm;aom omoemy t,ltqNzpfaeayonf? xdkuJhodkU t,ltq ½SdaeMuolrsm;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ qkawmif;Ncif; oDvcH,lNcif; oydwfoGwfNcif; paom
Ak'¨bmoma&;qdkif&m
taNccHvkyfief;udpörsm;udk
tydkoufouf
tvkyfrsm;[lí
'DyuFbk&m;u
Nzpfapownf;[k
uJh&JU½IwfcsaNymqdkMuNcif;rSm tHhMuzG,f&m r&Sdawmhay/ 42/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\
aom"emed*Hk;ü
trdefUay;Ncif;onf ½Snfa0;aom 91-urÇmxufu udpö Nzpfonf ponfNzifh ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfwdkUudk xifovdk ykwfcwfa0zefxm;Muonfudk awGU&\? pifppf 'DyuF&mbk&m;u trdefUay;Ncif;vnf; r[kwf? 91urÇmxufu udpövnf; r[kwf? ra[mo"mtrwfu bl&d'wfe*g;Nzpf&onf[k rnfonfhusrf;*efürQ rvm½Sd? odkUygvsuf xifrdxif&m ua,mifuwrf; aNymqdkMuNcif;om Nzpf\? onfrQomru yd#uwfrsm;udk ]]twåe,f us,faeonfh ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;}}[kyif ykwfcwfoGm;Muao;\/ yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk vkyfMuHykwfcwfNcif;um; 0efav;aypG/ 43/
wdw¬dMuD;
yk&PuóyuJhodkU
uHudk
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t,lç
wdw¬dMuD;
tZdwauourÁvuJhodkU uH\ tusdK;udk y,faom ew¬du t,lç aovQif Nywf\[laom Oapä't,l þodkU omoemy t,l½Sdukefaom olwdkUonf ]]ukodkvf tukodkvfudk ûyaomfvnf; ûyonf rrnf/ uH uH\ tusdK; r½Sd? aovQif Nywf\}}[k tzefzef qifNcifESvHk;oGif; ,lqNcif; ûyzefrsm;aomf xdktm½Hkü rdpämowdouf0ifNyD; udk,fwdkifyif
pdwfwnfNidrfvsuf
ukpm;a[mNym
aZmpdwfrsm;Nzpfay:um
acscRwfí
r&Edkifavmufatmif
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bk&m;½SifwdkU
rdpäm0g'pGJNrJaeMuolrsm;
NzpfMu\?
xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf trsm;tm;Nzifh b0rS ruRwfvGwfEdkifaom oHo&m opfikwfrsm; NzpfMu\/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrsdK;udk tqdyfNyif;xefaom aNrGqdk;uJhodkU (aumif;usdK;vdkvm;olwdkU) a0;a0;ua½SmifoifhaMumif;udk oDvu©E¨0*¾ t|uxm? 150-ü Nyqdkxm;ayonf/ refvnfq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;uvnf; rCa'0vuFmopf tydk'f(319)ü ]]owå0gwpfa,muf? ,lrSm;arSmufudk? odef;avmufbk&m;? rSefaomtm;Nzifh? a[mMum; aNccRwf? tuRwfr&? ed,wNzifh? 0g'tvdk? aNrMuD;rsdKvnf;?
,ludk
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i&JcHvdrfhrnfaomaMumifh}}[k
owday;pum;
rdefUMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ 44/
xdkUNyif
NrwfpGmbk&m;
tqHk;trawmftwdkif;
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aNzmifhaNzmifh
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vdkufemusifhMuH vdkonfr[kwfbJ vdkufemusifhMuHvdkouJhodkU aumufuspfpOf;vJpGm {0H yoaEém t[H b*0wd= tuREkfyf NrwfpGmbk&m;udk Munfñdkygonf ponfNzifh aNymqdkvmaom b*¾0y&dAdkZftm; 'kuú&H acg {wH b*¾0 w,m tn'd|daue ponfNzifh ]]b*¾0 oifhvdk t,l0g'wpfyg;&Sdaeolonf okb0darmu©odkU uyfa&mufí aezdkU&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf}}[k NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwdkif ygxdu0*¾ygVd? ygxduokwf? 28-ü
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wynfhawmfrsm;
736
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vufcHusifhoHk;Edkif&ef ñTefMum;ay;yg[k avQmufxm;Muaom (vlaovlNzpf0g' ½kyf0g') t,lwpfyg; pGJ0ifaeMuaom
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUudk
usifhoHk;EdkifzdkU
ñTefMum;&efrSm
Ak'¨½SifawmfNrwfyif
wwfEdkifrnfhudpö [kwfay/ þrQaom
pum;tpOfNzifh
OD;Ouú|ç
ocifNrwfqdkifESifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\
,lqcsufrsm; pGyfpGJcsufrsm;onf bk&m;½Sifa'oemawmf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfwdkUESifh qefUusifaom rSm;,Gif;pGm,lqxm; pGyfpGJxm;onfh apmfum; ykwfcwfcsufrsm;om Nzpfí t"r®0g'rsm;aom NzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
737
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf (15) Oyg'gefESifh pyfaom 0dedpä,
Oyg'gepaom
bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmf
a0g[m&pum;vHk;rsm;\
teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk
ypfy,fNyD;
udk,fxifovdk teuft"dyÜm,f aumuf,lvsuf a[maNyma&;om;Ncif;ESifh ywfoufí apm'emaom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/
apm'emq&mawmfrsm;u ]]vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoe0g'D
paom olwdkUonf vlaovlNzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;Edkif&ef ygVdawmfrsm;udk rNzpftNzpfç uNypfun§pfç zspfn§pfNyD;
ZGwftwif;
rw&m;xnfhoGif;Mu&ovdk
teufay;Mu&ovdk vlaovlNzpf0g'udk
bk&m;a[mr[kwf acszsufrnfh
ygVd
vufvkyfygVdrsm;udk a0g[m&pum;vHk;rsm;\
teuft"dyÜm,frSefudkvnf; ypfy,fNyD; xifovdk t"dyÜm,fNyefqdkMuygonf bk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;MuNyD;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ ygVd a0g[m& t"dyÜm,fNyef trSm;wdkUudk (u) tu©&mtrSwfNyrS pí (þ) tu©&m trSwfNywdkifatmif tcsufaygif; (36)csufrQ xkwfNyí ,if;pum;&yfrsm;onf bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf t|uxmrsm;ESifh rnDñGwfbJ qefUusifaeygonf[k wifNy apm'emMuonf/ 2/
,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfrsm;u Nyefvnf acsyNcif; rûyEdkifMuaomaMumifh
apm'em pum;&yfudkom (u)trSwfNy apm'emcsufrS pí oabmwl&m aygif;pyfvsuf pdppfoHk;oyfMuaytHh/ (u)
Oyg'gef(0g)tpGJqdkwm bmvJ? ¤if;um; tNcm;r[kwf? pdwf0dnmPf(0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpdk;ae\ [laom ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; rufwmESifh zdkUpf(0g)
"mwfaoESifh"mwf½Sif
(0g)
*kPfESifh
*kaP;wdkUudk
wpfckpD
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wnfae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;? wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;ç
*gxmrEÅefrsm;ç
y&dwfrsm;ç
tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;ç
um,od'¨d yD,od'¨d aq;rsm;ç tdrfruf,mruf\ tusdK; tNypfrsm;ç aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;ü wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk
obm0"r®xuf
ausmfvGefaeaom
,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;?
Nzpf&yfrsm;udk
tpGJtvrf;(0g)
(0g) Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\/ (vlaovlNzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tMudrf½dkuf ESm-72) þ(u)trSwfNy pum;&yfudk 0gus tpdwf tpdwf cGJNcm;vdkufvQif (u-1)pdwf0dnmPf(0g) emrfonf
½kyfw&m;wdkUudk
zefqif;í
tkyfpdk;ae\[laom
,HkMunfrIonf
tpGJtvrf;(0g)Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
738
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(u-2) rufwmESifh zdkUpf(0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif(0g) *kPfESifh*kaP;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD wnfae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/ (u-3) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;ç *gxmrEÅefrsm;ç y&dwfrsm;ç tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;ç um,od'¨dç yD,od'¨daq;rsm;ç tdrfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm;ç aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/ (u-4) aemufqHk;ü obm0"r®xuf ausmfvGefaeaom Nzpf&yfrsm;udk(0g) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [lí pum;0gus 4-0gus Nzpf\/ xdk 4-0guswdkUwGif (u-1) pdwf0dnmPf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [laom pum;onf rSm;,Gif;aom pum;om Nzpf\? rSm;,Gif;yHkudk þodkU od&m\/ þpum;0gusü ½kyfw&m;udk a½S;OD;pGm pdppf&m\/ ½kyfw&m;onf (1)
uHaMumifhNzpfaom ur®Z½kyf?
(2)
pdwfaMumifhNzpfaom pdwåZ½kyf?
(3)
OwkaMumifhNzpfaom OwkZ½kyf?
(4)
tm[m&aMumifhNzpfaom tm[m&Z½kyf?
(5)
rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhrQNzpfonf r[kwfaom eukawmpdork|m½kyf [lí 5-rsdK; &Sd\/
xdk 5-rsdK;aom ½kyfwdkUwGif pdwåZ½kyfudk pdwfu(0g)pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom emrfw&m;u NzpfapaomaMumifh
,if;udk
&nf½G,fí
]]pdwf0dnmPf(0g)
emrfonf
½kyfw&m;udk
zefqif;\}}[k
ac:a0:aNymqdkvdku ac:a0: aNymqdkEdkifonf? (pdwfvQifNzpfaMumif; ½Sdonf? pdwfaMumifh Nzpfonf? pdwfu Nzpfaponf/ pdwfu zefqif;onf[laom a0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;onf wpfckESifh wpfck y&d,m,fcsnf;om Nzpfí t"dyÜm,ftm;Nzifh wlrQMuonf/) xdkUNyifvnf; ]]aom ye taqaum tremyH ½lyH ua&mwd? aqaum remyH 'óeD,H? {0ar0 ykxkZÆaem tukovpdawåe 0g ÓP0dyÜ,kwåukoave 0g pu©KorÜ'g'd0d&[dwH 0d½lyH ork|maywd? ÓPorÜ,kwåukoave pu©KorÜ'g'dorÜEéH tbd½lyH}} (oH? |? 2? 300) ruRrf;usifaom yif;rif;orm;onf
yif;rif;orm;onfum;
ESpfûcdufzG,f
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rESpfûcdufzG,ftqif;udk tqif;udk
ûy\?
ûy\? þtwlyif
uRrf;usifaom ykxkZOfonf
tukodkvfpdwfNzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ÓPfESifh r,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfNzifhaomfvnf;aumif; rsufpd\ NynfhpHkNcif; ponfrS uif;aom (rsufpdonf rNynfhpHkaom) azmufNyefaom (rvSyaom) ½kyfudk Nzpfapwwf\? ÓPfESifh ,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfNzifh rsufpd\ NynfhpHkNcif; paom *kPfESifh NynfhpHkvSyaom ½kyfudk Nzpfap\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
739
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þ t|uxmpum;&yfNzifh tukodkvfpdwfESifh ÓPfr,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfwdkUu rvSyaom ½kyfudk Nzpfaponf zefqif;onf? ÓPfESifh,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfu vSyaom ½kyfudk Nzpfaponf zefqif;onf[k qdkEdkifNyefonf/ xdkUaMumifh pdwåZ½kyfudk pdwfu zefqif;onf[k ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tukodkvfpdwfESifh ÓP0dyÜ,kwfpdwfwdkUu raumif;aom ½kyf? rvSy rNynfhpHkaom ½kyfudk zefqif;onf? ÓPorÜ,kwf ukodkvfpdwfu aumif;aom ½kyf vSyNynfhpHkaom ½kyfudk zefqif;onf[k ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gefr[kwf? bk&m;½Sif a'oemawmfudk ,HkMunfaom o'¨gNy|mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜg'f Nzpfonf[k oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 3/
pdwf0dnmOf(0g)emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g)
Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\[laom pum;&yfonfvnf; obm0"r®rS vGJacsmfaeay\/ pdppfMuukeftHh/ pdawåe eD,wd avmaum? Pdawåe y&duówd/ pdwåó {u"r®ó? oaAÁ0 0orEG*l/ (oH? 1? 36) pdwfonf avmuudk aqmif\? pdwfonf avmuudk qGJiif\? tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUonfyifvQif pdwf[laom wpfckaom w&m;\ tvdkodkU tpOfwpdkuf vdkufMuukef\/ (pdwåokwf) pdwåoHudavom bdu©a0 owåm oHudvdóEÅd? pdwåa0g'gem 0dokZÑEÅd/ (oH? 2? 123) &[ef;wdkU pdwfnpfñl;Ncif;aMumifh owå0gwdkUudk npfñl;ukef\? pdwfNzLpifNcif;aMumifh (owå0g) NzLpifukef\/ ½lyrSd oHudvd|rSd? oHudvdóEÅd rmP0g/ ½lay oka'¨ 0dokZÑEÅd? teu©mwH ra[odem/ pdwårSd oHudvd|rSd? oHudvdóEÅd rmP0g/ pdawå oka'¨ 0dokZÑEÅd? £wd 0kwåH ra[odem/ (oH? |? 2? 299) ½kyfnpfEGrf;onf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU npfEGrf;&ukef\? ½kyfonf pifMu,fonf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU pifMu,f&ukef\[k r[m£od rkedxGwfwif bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrrltyfacs? pdwfnpfEGrf;onf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU npfEGrf;&ukef\? pdwfpifMu,fonf ½Sdaomf owå0gwdkU pifMu,f&ukef\[k r[m£od rkedxGwfwif bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;awmfrltyfayonf/ pdawå *[ywd &u©daw? um,ur®rÜd &u©dwH a[mwd/ 0pDur®rÜd &u©dwH a[mwd? raemur®rÜd &u©dwH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265) 'g,um pdwfudk apmifha½SmufvQif um,uHudkvnf; apmifha½Smufonf rnf\? 0pDuHudkvnf; apmifha½Smufonf rnf\? raemuHudkvnf; apmifha½Smufonf rnf\/ pdawå *[ywd AsmyaEé? um,ur®rÜd AsmyEéH a[mwd/ 0pDur®rÜd AsmyEéH a[mwd? raemur®rÜd AsmyEéH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
740
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
'g,um pdwfysufpD;vQif um,uHvnf; ysufpD;\? 0pDuHvnf; ysufpD;\? raemuHvnf; ysufpD;\/ pdawå *[ywd tAsmyaEé? um,ur®rÜd tAsmyEéH a[mwd/ 0pDur®rÜd tAsmyEéH a[mwd? raemur®rÜd tAsmyEéH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265) 'g,um pdwfrysufpD;vQif um,uHvnf; rysufpD;? 0pDuHvnf; rysufpD;? raemuHvnf; rysufpD;/ þodkU paom bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;Nzifh pdwfpifMu,faumif;rGefNcif;aMumifh ½kyfw&m; aumif;rGef pifMu,f&onf? pdwf,kwfnHhnpfEGrf;Ncif;aMumifh ½kyfw&m; ,kwfnHhnpfEGrf;&onf? ½kyfw&m;udk pdwfu OD;aqmif Nc,fvS,faeonf[laom tcsufonf odomxif&Sm;ayonf/ 4/
wpfOD;wpfa,mufaom yk*¾dKvfonf rdrdtdrfrS ausmif;odkU vmonf[k qdkMuygpdkU?
xdkyk*¾dKvf\ ½kyfudk,fMuD;onf tb,fhaMumifh ausmif;odkU a&mufvm&oenf;? pOf;pm;avmh? xdkyk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü a½S;OD;pGm ausmif;odkU oGm;vdkaompdwf Nzpfay:xmcJhonf? xdkpdwfaMumifh xdkyk*¾dKvfonf ausmif;odkU a½S;½IoGm;avawmhonf? xdktcg xdkyk*¾dKvf\ ½kyfudk,fMuD;onf pdwf\ qGJaqmifrIaMumifh wa½GUa½GUNzifh ausmif;odkU a&mufvmonf r[kwfavm? tu,fí ausmif;odkU oGm;vdkaompdwf rNzpfay:cJhygu xdk½kyfudk,fMuD;onf tb,fenf;ESifhrQ ausmif;odkU a&mufvmrnf r[kwfacs? þum; vufawGUaywnf;/ y&rw¬obm0tm;Nzifh xif½Sm;atmifNyOD;tHh? wpfpHkwpfckaom t&yfodkU oGm;&mtcgü a½S;OD;pGm oGm;rnf[laompdwf
Nzpfay:vm\/
pdwåZ0ga,m"mwfonf
cE¨mudk,ftESHU
xdkpdwfNzpfonfESifh Nzpfay:vm\/
wpfûydifeuf
xdk0ga,m"mwfonf
pdwfaMumifhNzpfaom rdrdESifh
wpfygwnf;
0dnwfac:aom ½kyfudkvnf; Nzpfapavonf/ xdkodkU pdwåZ0ga,m"mwf\ (0dnwfudkyg wpfygwnf; Nzpfapvsuf) Nzpfay:vmonfhtwGuf pdwf\ trlt&m tvdkqE´aMumifh 0ga,m"mwf vIyf&Sm;Ncif;\ tpGrf;Nzifh þ½kyfudk,fMuD;onf wa½GUa½GU pdwfvdk&mt&yfodkU a&mufatmif oGm;&avonf ('D? |? 1? 172)/ NrwfpGmbk&m;onf avmuDw&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfhtcg pdwfudk tMuD;trª; tOD;y"mexm;í a[mMum;awmfrlonf? avmukwå&mw&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfhtcg ynmudk tMuD;trª; tOD;y"mexm;í a[mMum;awmfrlonf (tbd? |? 1? 110)/ NyqdktyfNyD;aom bk&m;a[ma'oem t|uxmtqdktrdefUESifh ,kwådobm0wdkUudk axmufqí pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfu ½kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;aeonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/ xdkUaMumifh pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh t|uxmtqdktrdefUrsm;udk ,HkMunfav;pm;aom o'¨gNy|mef;onfh r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef r[kwfay/ þodkU pdppfoHk;oyfNyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;wdkUaMumifh ‘]]pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfonf ½kyfw&m;udk zefqif;í tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom pum;&yfonf
bk&m;a[m
a'oemESifh
t|uxm
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
741
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
txiftNrifrSm;atmif a&m;om;a[maNymtyfaom pum;om Nzpfí NyqdktyfNyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm a'oem"r®wdkUESifh qefUusifonfh t"r®0g'omNzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUu oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
(u-2) trSwfNy 'kwd,pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 5/
rufwmESifh zdkUpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif (0g) *kPfESifh *kaP;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD
wnfae\[laom
,HkMunfrIonf
tpGJtvrf;
(0g)
Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\[laom
(u-2)
trSwfNy'kwd,pum;0gusü ]]rufwmESifh zdkUpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwf½Sif}} [laom pum;&yfonf yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwfESifh awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwfwdkUudk qdkvdkaMumif; a½SUaemuf pum;&yfwdkUNzifh odom\? ]]*kPfESifh *kaP;}} [laom pum;&yfum; þt&mESifh roufqdkifacs? yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m [laom r[mbkwf "mwfMuD;av;yg;wdkUonf t0dedaAÇm*=(cGJNcm;í r&aumif;aom=0g-wpfckpD wpfuGJpD rwnfaeaumif;aom) ½kyfNzpfNcif;aMumifh ,if;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD wnfae\[k tbd"r®mudk avhvmzl;olwdkU
,HkMunfMurnf
r[kwfonfhtwGuf
txl;pdppf&efrvdk[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
oabmydkufawmfrlMuonf/
(u-3) (u-4) trSwf wwd, pwkw¬ pum;0gusudk pdppfcsuf 6/
wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm; *gxmrEÅefrsm; y&dwfrsm; tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;? um,od'¨daq;rsm;?
tdyfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm;? aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; aemufqHk;ü obm0"r®xuf ausmfvGefaeaom Nzpf&yfrsm;udk (0g) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;? tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [laom (u) trSwfNy wwd,ç pwkw¬ pum;0gusrsm;ü ]]*gxmrEÅefrsm;? tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;? um,od'¨d yD,od'¨daq;rsm;? tdyfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm; aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom pum;&yfrsm;onf Ak'¨omoemawmfESifh roufqdkifaomaMumifh
,if;wdkUudk
rpdppf
roHk;oyfawmhbJ
Ak'¨a'oemawmfESifh
oufqdkifaom
]]wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm; y&dwfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom pum;&yfudkom pdppfoHk;oyfMuukeftHhbk&m;\ *kPfawmf 9-yg;wdkUwGif b*0g[laom *kPfawmfonf1/ £ó&d, 2/ "r® 3/ ,o 4/ od&D 5/ umr 6/ y,wå-[laom bkef;awmf 6-yg;wdkUESifh NynfhpHkawmfrlNcif;yifwnf;/ xdk 6-yg;wdkUwGif(1)(u) rdrd\
udk,fawmfudk
tEkNrLozG,f
odrfarGUao;i,fatmif
zefqif;Edkifaom
]tPdrm}bkef;awmf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
742
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pdwf\tvm; aumif;uifzsm;0,f ayghyg;vsifNref psmefysHMuGoGm;Edkifaom ]vCdrm}bkef;awmf?
(*)
udk,fawmfudk tvdk½Sdoavmuf MuD;rm;atmif zefqif;Edkifaom ]r[drm}bkef;awmf?
(C)
tqD;twm; tuG,ftumr&SdbJ vdk&mt&yfodkU wpfcPNcif; MuGa&mufawmfrlEdkifaom ]ywåd]bkef;awmf?
(i)
t"d|mefNcif;
ponf\
tpGrf;Nzifh
tvdk½Sdtyfaom
tusdK;udk
NyD;apEdkifaom
]ygur®]bkef;awmf? (p)
udk,fawmf\ pdwfawmfrS vlrif; ewfrif; ponfwdkUudk ydkifeif;tkyfpdk; vTrf;rdk;Edkifaom ]þodwm}bkef;awmf?
(q)
wefcdk;trsdK;rsdK;udk zefqif;Ncif;ESifh pGef;Edkifonf\ tNzpf[laom ]0odwm}bkef;awmf?
(Z)
aumif;uifNzifh MuGoGm;pOfNzpfap? tNcm;udpöwpfpHkwpfckudk ûypOfNzpfap NyD;qHk;apvdk&mtcgü NyD;qHk;apEdkifaom ],w¬umr0om,dwm]bkef;awmf þ 8-yg;aom bkef;awmfonf ]£ó&d,}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(2)
r*fav;wefç zdkvfav;wefç edAÁmeftm;Nzifh 9-yg;aom avmukwå&mw&m;awmfonf ]"r®}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(3)
avmuoHk;yg;ü
ysHUESHUaom
[kwfrSefaom
*kPfawmfwdkUaMumifh
&tyfaom
tvGef
oefU½Sif;pifMu,faom ausmfapmNcif;onf ],o}bkef;awmf rnf\/ (4)
½lyum, (½kyfyHkawmf)udk zl;aNrmfNcif;ü aMumifhMupdkufaom vltaygif;\ rsufpdwdkUudk MunfvifapNcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom tvHk;pHkaom tNcif;t&mwdkUESifh NynfhpHkaom tm;vHk;aom t*FgMuD;i,fwdkU\ vGefpGmwifhw,f oyÜm,faom toa&awmfonf ]od&D}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(5)
tvdk½Sdtyf awmifhwtyfaom udk,fawmf\ tpD;tyGm; olwpfyg;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;awmifhwonfhtwdkif; NyD;apEdkifNcif;onf ]umr}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(6)
wpfavmuvHk;
ñGwf½Hk;udk;pm;
tm;xm;avmufatmif
vGefpGmêud;ukwf
tm;xkwfawmfrlNcif;onf ]y,wå}bkef;awmf rnf\/ þbkef;awmf
6-yg;wdkUESifh
NynfhpHkawmfrlNcif;aMumifh
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf
b*0g[laom
*kPfawmfMuD;Nzifh ausmfMum;awmfrlygayonf/ NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wefcdk;Nym#d[monf þb*0g*kPfawmfü yg0if\/ xdkUaMumifh NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wefcdk;Nym#d[mudk ,HkMunfNcif;onf NrwfpGmbk&m;\ b*0g*kPfawmfudk Munfñdkaom o'¨gNy"mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜm'fom Nzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef r[kwfacs/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
743
tpodkU 7/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) bk&m;½SifrS wpfyg;? t½SifplVyE¦uç t½Sifr[myE¦u paom om0uwdkU wefcdk;Nym#d[mNyyHk
taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; yd#uü txift&Sm;&Sd\/ (ax&*gxm 314? 0dok'¨r*f? 'k? 16-17/ ESifh oH,kwf-'k-480) xdk£'¨d0d"tbdnmOf ponfwdkUudk &apEdkifonfh usifhpOfrsm;udkvnf; ]]aom {0H orm[daw pdawå/ y/ aom taeu0d[dwH £'¨d0d"H ypöEkabmwd ('D? 1? 73)}}
NrefrmNyef þodkU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf NzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu;r&Sdvwfaomf npfñl;Ncif;uif;vwfaomf
El;nHhvwfaomf
ûyNcif;iSm
oifhavsmfvwfaomf
wnfwHhvwfaomf
rwkefvIyfNcif;odkU a&mufvwfaomf &[ef;onf wefcdk;zefqif;Ncif; ]£'¨d0d"ÓPf} tvdkUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½IydkUaqmif\? A½S;½InGwfap\? xdk&[ef;onf rsm;Nym;aom wefcdk;zefqif;Ncif;udk NyD;ap\/ þodkU ponfNzifh xdkxdkygVdawmfwdkUü tNynfhtpHk a[mNyawmfrlcJhavonf? xdkusifhpOfrsm;twdkif; usifhMuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwfaom olawmfpifwdkUonf £'¨d0d" paom tbdnmOfwdkUudk {uef &½SdEdkifMuavonf? þodkU obm0"r®rSefvnf; ½Sdonf? wefcdk; tbdnmOfudk &aMumif; y#dywfusifhpOfvnf; ½Sdonf? þuJhodkUaom usifhpOfrSefrsm;udk vufawGUokawoeûyí usifhoHk;olwdkUonf þodkU tbdnmOfudk ,HkMunfMuavonf/ xdkUaMumifh
wefcdk;Nym#d[mwdkUudk
,HkMunfNcif;onf
tpGJOyg'gef
r[kwf
o'¨gNy|mef;aom
r[mukodkvfpdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfonf/ þqdktyfNyD;aom pdppfoHk;oyfcsufrsm;t& wefcdk;Nym#d[mwdkUudk ,HkMunfNcif;onf tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef Nzpfonf[laom t,lonf ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUESifh qefUusifaom ½kyf0g'tNrifom Nzpfí t"r®Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
y&dwfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf Oyg'gefrnf\ [laom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf 8/
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf Oyg'gefavm? odkUr[kwf ukodkvfpdwfavm qdkonfudk
pdppfqifNcifonf&Sdaomf ]Oyg'gef} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;[k pdppf&ef vdkayonf? Oyg'gef[lonf avmbapwodufESifh 'd|dapwodufyif Nzpf\? xdkavmbapwoduf 'd|dapwodufwdkUonf pdwf\ npfñl;aMumif; Oyuúdavo w&m;rsm;om Nzpfayonf? y&dwfw&m;awmfudk ,HkMunfrIonfum; xdkodkUaom Oyuúdavo w&m;rsdK; r[kwf? Ak'¨bmom0ifolawmfpifwdkUonf r*Fvokwfç arwåokwfç &weokwf paom y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
y&dwfed'gef;rSm
vmonfhtwdkif;
bk&m;½Sif\
tmPmawmfpuftNzpfNzifh
,HkMunfav;NrwfpGm em,lMuukef\? ,if;odkU em,l&mü ]]om yaeom orÜom'evu©Pm p o'¨g}} [laom (t|omvdeD t|uxm-162) ESifhtnD tvGef Munfvifaom o'¨gw&m;NzpfyGm;ukefMu\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
744
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xdko'¨gw&m;ESifh,SOfaom pdwfonfum; ]]te0ZÆokc0dygu}} tNypfr½SdNcif;ç aumif;aom tusdK;ay;Ncif; vu©Pm½Sdaom ukodkvfaZm pdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfacsonf/ zm;ewfom;0w¬Kvm zm;oli,fonf w&m;awmf\ teuft"dyÜm,fudk rodygbJvsuf w&m;oHü Munfñdkaom ukodkvfpdwåKyÜg'faMumifh ewfNynfodkU vm;a&muf&avonf? þodkU paom om"ursm;udk axmufygu Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkU\ y&dwfawmfudk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf; xdkUtwlyif ukodkvfpdwåKyÜg'f {uefNzpfayonf?
xdkUaMumifh
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
,HkMunfrIonf
ukodkvfo'¨gpdwfom
Nzpfonf?
Oyg'gefrNzpf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) (c) trSwfNy apm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf 9/
(c)
i&Jpcef;ESifh
aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkUudk
wpfcrf;wpfem;
wnfaqmufcJhol
vuform;onfvnf; xdkonfhOyg'gef tpGJNzpfonf [lí uREkfyfwdkU odcJh&avNyD/ (vlaovlNzpf pmrsufESm-303) azmfNyyg
pum;&yfNzifh
]]i&Jpcef;ESifh
aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkU
&Sdonf[k
,HkMunfrIonf
Oyg'geftpGJNzpfonf}} [k qdkvdkonf? ,if;pum;&yfonf trSm;pifppfom Nzpf\? rSm;yHkudk pdppfaomf i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;odkU trSefwu,f r½Sdygu r½Sdonfudk ½Sd\[k xifrSwfpGJvrf;rIum; tpGJ Oyg'gef Nzpf&m\? odkUaomf i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;um; trSef½Sd\? trSefwu,f½Sdaeonfudk ,HkMunfrIonfum; tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef rNzpfay/ i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkU trSefwu,f½SdyHkudk rsm;pGm a[mMum;xm;csuf ½Sdayonf/ ao,sxmyd bdu©a0 tyÜrwåH £ro®ð ZrÁK'Day tm&mr&mr aP,suH/y/ aywåd0doa, ypömZm,EÅd (tH? 1? 39)}}
NrefrmNyef &[ef;wdkU
þZrÁL'dyfüarGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom
tm&mrf?
arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom
awm?
arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom aNrt&yf? arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom a&uefonf tenf;i,frQom ½Sd\? pifppfaomfum; csdKifh0Srf; Nrifharmufaom aNr? oGm;vmul;cufaom Nrpf? opfikwfql;aNimifh&Sdaom t&yf? rnDñGwfaom awmifwdkUom rsm;ouJhodkU &[ef;wdkU þtwlyifvQif vlUNynfrS pkawí vlUNynfüyif wpfzefNyefNzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUNynfrS pkawí i&JbHkü NzpfMuukefaom /y/ wd&pämefrsdK;ü NzpfMuukefaom/y/ NydwåmbHkü NzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
745
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
&[ef;wdkU þtwlyif vlUNynfrS pkawí ewfNynfwdkUü NzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUNynfrS pkawí i&JbHkü NzpfMuukefaom? wd&pämefrsdK;ü NzpfMuukefaom? NydwåmbHkü NzpfMuukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\ (tif Nref? 1? 48) / þenf;twl ewfNynfrS pkawí ewfNynf vlUNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkU enf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? i&JbHkrS pkawí vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUenf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? wd&pämefrS pkawí vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUenf;yg;í i&J wd&pämef NydwåmbHkü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? NydwåmbHkrS pkawí vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkUü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkU enf;yg;í i&Jç wd&pämefç NydwåmbHkü Nzpfukefaom owå0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif; NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ 10/
xdkrS wpfyg;vnf; um, 'kpö&dwH uwGm? 0pD 'kpö&dwmed p/ raem 'kpö&dwH uwGm? ,OönH a'o oOödwH/ tuwGm ukovH "r®H? uwGm} emukovH A[Hk/ um,ó ab'g 'kyÜanm? ed&,H aomyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 212)/
ynmrJholonf
um,'kp½dkufç
0pD'kp½dkufç
raem'kp½dkufwdkUudk
ûyNcif;aMumif;vnf;aumif;
(&m*paom) tNypfESifh ,SOfaom tNcm;trIudk ûyaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ukodkvfuHudk rûybJ tukodkvfuHudkom tMudrfrsm;pGm ûyNcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg i&JodkU a&muf&\/ um,'kpö&dwH [dwGm? 0pD 'kpö&dwmed p/ raem 'kpö&dwH [dwGm? ,OönH a'go oOödwH/ tuwGm ukovH ur®H? uwGme ukovH A[Hk/ um,ó ab'g oyÜanm? o*¾H aom OyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 213) / ynm½Sdolonf um,'kp½dkufç 0pD'kp½dkufç raem'kp½dkufwdkUudk y,fpGefUaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; (&m* paom) tNypfESifh,SOfaom tNcm;trIudk y,fpGefUaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? tukodkvfuHudk rûybJ ukodkvfuHudkom tMudrfrsm;pGm ûyNcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg ewfNynfodkU a&muf&\/ ygyaue p oDave? ygydum, p 'd|d,m/ {aw[d 'GD[d "ar®[d? a,m orEém*awm ea&m/ um,ó ab'g 'kyÜanm? ed&,H aomyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 213) / (£wd0kwåuygVd-yXroDvokwf)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
746
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tMuifolonf
,kwfnHhaom
tavhESifhvnf;aumif;?
,kwfnHhaom
t,lESifhvnf;aumif;
þw&m;ESpfyg;wdkUESifh NynfhpHk\? ynmrJhaom xdkolonf cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg? i&JodkU usa&muf&\/ b'´aue p oDave? b'´dum, p 'd|d,m/ {aw[d 'GD[w "ar®[d? a,m orEém*awm ea&m/ um,ó ab'g oyÜanm? o*¾H aom OyyZÆwd (ck? 1? 214) tMuifolonf aumif;Nrwfaom oDvESifhvnf;aumif;? aumif;Nrwfaom t,lESifhvnf;aumif; þw&m;ESpfyg;ESifh NynfhpHk\? ynm½Sdaom xdkolonf cE¨mudk,fysufpD;aomtcg ewfNynfodkU a&muf&\/ þodkU ponfNzifh i&JESifh ewfNynfwdkU½Sdonfudk bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrltyfaom okwfaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdavonf? þodkU a'oemawmfrsm; txift&Sm;½Sdaeonfudk axmufqí i&JESifh ewfNynfwdkU {uef½Sdonf[k oHo, uif;uif; ½Sif;½Sif; rSwf,l&m\/ ,if;odkU bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlonfhtwdkif; {uef½Sdaom i&JESifh ewfNynfwdkUudk {uef½Sd\[k ,HkMunfNcif;onf tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef vHk;0 r[kwf? o'¨gNy|mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwåKyÜg'fom Nzpfayonf/ Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ i&JESifh ewfNynfudk ,HkMunfcsufonf pk'dwuwdkU pGyfpGJonfhtwdkif; tuef;,Hk t&rf;,Hk r[kwfacs? r[kwfyHkudk þodkU od&m\/ £" r[m&mZ wxm*awm avmau OyÜZÆwd (y) aom wH "r®H okwGm wxm*aw o'¨H y#dvbwd ('D? 1? 58) /
NrefrmNyef rif;Nrwf ylaZmfxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom todÓPf ]0dZÆm} tusifh ]p&P} ESifh NynfhpHkawmfrlaomç aumif;aom pum;udk qdkawmfrlwwfaomç avmuudk odawmfrlaomç qHk;rxdkufoludk qHk;rwwfonfh twkrJhyk*¾dKvf Nzpfawmfrlaomç ewfvlwdkU\ q&mNzpfawmfrlaom
(opömav;yg;w&m;wdkUudk)
odapawmfrlaom
bkef;wefcdk;MuD;awmfrlaom
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf þavmuü yGifhawmfrlMu\/ xdkNrwfpGmbk&m;onf ewfESifhwuG rm&fewfESifhwuG NA[®mESifhwuGNzpfaom
þavmuESifh
orPNA[®Prif;rsm;
vlrsm;ESifhwuGaom
owå0gtaygif;udk
udk,fwdkif xl;aomÓPfNzifhodí rsufarSmufûyum a[mMum;awmfrl\? xdkNrwfpGmbk&m;onf tp\ aumif;Ncif;? tv,f\ aumif;Ncif;? tqHk;\ aumif;Ncif;½Sdaom teufESifh NynfhpHk o'´gESifh NynfhpHkaom w&m;udk a[mawmfrl\? tvHk;pHk xuf0ef;usif NynfhpHkaom xuf0ef;usif pifMu,faom Nrwfaom tusifhudk Nyawmfrl\/ xdkw&m;awmfudk olMuG,fonfvnf;aumif;? olMuG,fom;onfvnf;aumif; tNcm;Zmwf trsdK;rsdK;ü Nzpfaom olonfvnf;aumif; Mum;em&\? xdkolonf xdkw&m;awmfudk Mum;em&í NrwfpGmbk&m;ü ,HkMunfrIudk &\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
747
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þodkU
paom
t&[wår*fÓPf
bk&m;½Sif
a½TEIwfawmfxGuf
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfMuD;udk
"r®pufa'oemawmfESifhtnD
ouf0if,HkMunfaomtm;Nzifh
bk&m;½Sif\
xdkÓPfawmfMuD;Nzifh
rsufarSmufûyvsuf a[mMum;tyfaom i&JbHk ewfbHkwdkU ½Sdonf\ tNzpfudk ,HkMunfNcif; Nzpfayonf/ xdkUaMumifh
]]i&Jpcef;ESifh
aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkUudk
wpfcrf;wpfem;
wnfaqmufcJhol
vuform;onfvnf; xdkonfh Oyg'geftpGJNzpfonf [lí uREkfyfwdkU odcJh&avNyD}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ a&;om;a[maNymcsufonf NyqdkcJhNyD;aom bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;udk ,HkrSm; oHo,Nzpfatmif zsufqD;aom t"r®0g'om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;&f"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) (*) trSwf apm'emudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 11/
(*)
tb,fukodkvf'geonf
tb,fbHkb0ü
tusdK;ay;í
rGefNrwfaom
b0odkU
a&mufEdkifonf[laom t,lonf tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom w&m;rsdK; Nzpf&m\/ (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m; pmtkyf? pmrsufESm-71) azmfNyyg
pum;&yfonf
bk&m;a[m
a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh
nDñGwfonf
odkUr[kwf
qefusifonfwdkUudk pdppfoHk;oyfMuukeftHh ww¬ uwrH ur®óuwÓPH? tw¬d 'dEéH /y/ or®m'd|d? £'H 0kpöwd ur®óuwÓPH/ XaywGm opömEkavmrduH ÓPH oAÁnydomo0g ukovm ynm ur®óuwÓPH (tbd? 2? 341) /
NrefrmNyef xdkÓPfwdkUwGif uHomvQif rdrdOpöm½Sdonf\ tNzpfudk odwwfaom ]ur®óuwÓPf} [lonf tb,fenf; ]]ay;vª&Ncif;\ tusdK;onf ½Sd\/ ,ZfMuD; (tvªMuD;) ylaZmf&Ncif;\ tusdK;onf ½Sd\? ([Hk;ac:aom) ,Zfi,f (tvªi,f) ylaZmf&Ncif;\ tusdK;onf ½Sd\? aumif;pGm ûytyf raumif;oNzifh ûytyfukefaom aumif;rI raumif;rIuHwdkU\ tusdK;zsm; tusdK;quf ]zv} tusdK;&if; ]0dygu} onf ½Sd\? (wpfyg;aom avmuü wnfolUtwGuf) þypöKyÜefavmuonf ½Sd\? (þ avmuü wnfolUtwGuf) wpfyg;aom (wrvGef) avmuonf ½Sd\? trdü aumif;pGm ûyNcif;? raumif;oNzifh ûyNcif;\ tusdK;tNypfonf ½Sd\? tz\ aumif;pGmûyNcif; raumif;oNzifh ûyNcif;\ tusdK;tNypfonf ½Sd\? aoí wpfzefNzpfaom owå0gwdkUonf ½Sdukef\? þypöKyÜefavmuudkvnf;aumif;? wpfyg;aom (wrvGef) avmuudkvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkifxl;aom ÓPfNzifh odí rsufarSmufûyum a[mMum;odapEdkifukefaom &[ef;ykPÖm;wdkUonf avmuü ½Sdukef\}} [k þodkU oabm½Sdaom tMuif tNym;tm;Nzifh odrI ]ynm} /y/ rSefuefpGm odNrifrI ]or®m'd|d} onf ½Sd\? þÓPfudk uHomvQif rdrdOpöm½Sdonf\ tNzpfudk odwwfaom ]ur®óuwÓPf} [lí qdktyf\? opömEkavmrdu ]0dyóem}ÓPfudk csefxm;í tvHk;pHkaom tmo0\ tm½HkNzpfaom ukodkvfynmonf ur®óuwÓPf rnf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
748
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þ a'oemawmfNzifh tvª\ tusdK;½Sdonf ponfNzifh odwwfaom avmuDukodkvfÓPfonf uHomvQif
rdrdOpöm½Sdonf\
tNzpfudk
odwwfaom
ur®óuwÓPf
rnf\[k
bk&m;½Sif
odapawmfrlonf/ 'geH 'wGm oDvH orm"d,dwGm Oaygoxur®H uwGm tayÜuapö cwåd,r[momvmeH o[AswH OyyZÆEÅd/y/ tayÜuapö y&edr®dw0o0wåDeH o[AswH OyyZÆEÅd (tbd? 2? 437) /
NrefrmNyef tvªudk ay;vªNcif;aMumifh oDvudk aqmufwnfNcif;aMumifh Oykof apmifhoHk;rIudk ûyNcif;aMumifh tcsdKUolwdkUonf rsm;aom OpömESpf½Sdaom rif;rsdK;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\? tcsdKU olwdkUonf rsm;aom OpömESpf½Sdaom ykPÖm;rsdK;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\? tcsdKU olwdkUonf rsm;aom OpömESpf½Sdaom olMuG,frsdK;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\? tcsdKU olwdkUonf pmwkr[m&mZfewf/ y/ wm0wðomewf/ y/ ,mrmewf/ y/ wkodwmewf/ y/ edr®me&wdewf/ y/ y&edr®dw0o0wåDewfwdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\/ þa'oemawmfNzifh
tvªay;vªNcif;?
oDvaqmufwnfNcif;?
OykofapmifhoHk;Ncif;wdkUaMumifh
rif;ola|;rsdK; ykPÖm;ola|;rsdK;? olMuG,f ola|;rsdK;ESifh ewfNynf ewfb0wdkUü NzpfMu&onfudk bk&m;½Sif odapawmfrlonf? xdkrSwpfyg; 'ge paom ukodkvfwdkU\ tusdK;rsm;udk bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrltyfaom okwfaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdayonf/ odkUNzpfí
]]tb,fukodkvf'geonf
a&mufEdkifonf[laom
t,lonf
tb,fb0ü
NyqdktyfcJhNyD;aom
tusdK;ay;í
bk&m;a[m
rGefNrwfaom
ygVdawmfrsm;ESifhtnD
b0odkU uHomvQif
rdrdOpöm&Sdonf\ tNzpfudk odaom ur®óuwÓPfç t,laNzmifhrSefaom 'd|dZkur®ukodkvfom Nzpfonf/ Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m;pmtkyf pmrsufESm-17? üvmaom tb,fukodkvf 'geonf tb,fbHkb0ü tusdK;ay;í
rGefNrwfaom
w&m;rsdK;Nzpf&m\
[laom
bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfrsm;udkyif
b0odkU pk'dwu
a&mufEdkifonf[laom ocifNrwfqdkif\
tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom
t,lonf
tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom
pum;&yfonfum; w&m;rsm;[k
NyqdktyfcJhNyD;aom xdyg;ykwfzwfpGyfpGJ&m
a&mufNcif;aMumifh "r®udk t"r®[k Nyqdk&m a&mufonf? xdkUNyif ukodkvf'ge ,HkMunfrIudk Oyg'gef[k orkwfNyD; zsufqD;aomaMumifh uHç uH\tusdK;udk y,fzsufaom yl&Puóypaom wdw¬dq&mMuD;wdkU\ 0g'rsdK;om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) C+n+!+¡ trSwfNy ap'emwdkUudk oHk;oyfcsuf 12/(C) raemurf-(0g) [',0w¬K (odkUr[kwf) OD;aESmuf½kyfwdkUNzifh ûyvkyfí &aomtrI (vlaovlNzpf? 'kwf,tMudrf½dkuf? ESm-48)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
749
tpodkU (n)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rerSm
ESvHk;tdrf
[',0w¬Kü
vnfywfaeaom
aoG;tpOfudkaumufrS
t"dyÜm,f
½Sif;p&m&Sdayonf? þESvHk;aoG;onfom onmu©E¨mNzpfaom OD;aPSmuf\ vkyfief;udk tm;ay;qufoG,faeaomaMumifh reudk aumufNcif; Nzpfonf? (ocifNrwfqdkif\ Ak'¨0dyóem? yXrwGJ ESm-60) (!)
[',0w¬K qdkwJh raemtMunf½kyf (tewåa&mifNcnf? ESm-103)
(¡)
raemac:aom OD;aPSmufrSm trSeftm;Nzifh onmu©E¨m\ t"dut*Fgyif Nzpfyg\/ (tewåa&mifNcnf? ESm-146)
þazmfNyyg pum;&yfrsm;ü ]]re}} [laom yk'f\ t&udk [',0w¬K½kyf (odkUr[kwf) OD;aPSmuf½kyf ESvHk;tdrf[',0w¬Kü
vnfywfaeaom
aoG;tpOfudk
aumuf,lxm;onfudk
awGU&\?
(re-udk
½kyf[kqdkvdk&if; Nzpf\)/ ,if;tqdkonf bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh nDñGwfyg\avm? pdppfukeftHh? yg&mZduu@ygVdawmf? pmrsufESm 93-ü ]],H pdwåH wH raem? ,H raem wH pdwåH}} tMuif oabmw&m;onf pdwf rnf\? xdk pdwfrnfaom oabmw&m;onf re-rnf\/ tMuif oabmw&m;onf re-rnf\/ xdk re-rnfaom oabmw&m;onf pdwf rnf\ [lí vnf;aumif;? uwrH wo®ð ora, pdwåH a[mwd? ,H wo®ð ora, pdwåH raem rmeoH [',H/ y/ £'H wo®ð ora, pdwåH a[mwd (tbd? 1? 18)/ xdktcg pdwf[lonf tb,foabm Nzpfoenf;? xdktcgü tMuif qef;Mu,faom oabm ]pdwåH}? tm½HkodkU ñGwfí odwwfaom oabm ]re} odNcif;oabm ]rmeo} pdwfESvHk; ][',} /y/ xdktcgü pdwf[lonf þoabmNzpf\ [lívnf;aumif; reOö y#dpö "ar® p OyÜZÆwd pdwåH raem rmeoH [',H/ y/ t,H 0kpöwd raem0dnmP"mwk (tbd? 2? 92)/ tm0ZÆef;ESifh wuGNzpfaom b0ifpdwfudkvnf;aumif;? pwkblrdu "r®m½HkwdkUudkvnf;aumif; pGJrSDí qef;Mu,faom oabm ]pdwå} tm½Hkudk EdIif;csifhvsuf odwwfaomoabm ]re} odNcif;oabm ]rmeo}? twGif;ü Nzpfaomoabm ][',} onf/ y/ Nzpf\? þoabmudk raem0dnmP"mwf[lí qdktyf\ [lívnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaom a'oemawmfwdkUü bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif ]]re}} udk ]pdwf} [lívnf;aumif; ]redaNE´} ]raem"mwf} ]raem0dnmP"mwf} [lívnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ ,if;a'oemawmfrsm;ü ]]pdwåH raem rmeoH [',H}} [k ]][',} yk'fudk xnfhoGif;í a[mxm;Ncif;aMumifh ][',0w¬K½kyf} [laom teufudkvnf; rodem;rvnfolrsm; ,HkrSm;zG,f ½Sdae&um; t|omvdeDt|uxm? pmrsufESm-184? 185 ü ]][',o'´gonf &if[laom teufç pdwf[laom teufç [',0w¬K½kyf[laom teuf 3-rsdK;udk a[maomfvnf; þ ]]pdwåH raem rmeoH [',H}} [laom t&mü ]][',}} o'´gonf ]]pdwf}} [laom teufudk a[monf}} [k ½Sif;Nyawmfrlonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
750
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þodkU bk&m½&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif ]re} udk pdwf[lí a[mawmfrlcJhygvsuf OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufrsm;onf ]re} udk ]½kyf} Nzpfatmif MuHaqmif zsufqD;aeMuNcif;onfum; bk&m½Sifudkyif rdrdwdkUuJhodkU ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;Nzpfav[ef a&;om;Ncif; Nzpfonf/ xdkUNyif oufaocHtNzpf wifNyxm;aom OD;Ouú|a&; Ak'¨tbd"r®mpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 89-ü ]]re[laom [',½kyfonf}} [laom pum;&yf ]]reH p-[',½kyfudkvnf;aumif;}} [laom pmydk'frsm;udk awGU&onf? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom opöm"r®pmapmif? twGJ-3? trSwf-2? ESm-19 üvnf; ]]reqdkwJh raemudk pdwfvdkU bmomNyefvdkufwJh aeUupNyD; Ak'¨0g' tewåomoemawmfudk twåqdkwJh tarSmifxkMuD;[m
zHk;vTrf;oGm;awmhwmygyJ?
reudk
twåvkyfypfç
pdwfaumif
vkyfypfMuwm[m
tewåomoemawmfudk xdyg;apmfum;&m usaeygw,f}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ wynfh aqmif;yg;½Sif t½Sifa&0w\ a&;om;csufudkvnf; awGUNrif&Nyefonf/ þa&;om;csufum;
taNctNrpf
vHk;0r&Sd?
wpfenf;qdk&aomf
½kyf0g'
taNccHNzifh
a&;om;vdkufNcif;om Nzpf\? tewåvu©Pmokwfü 0dnmPHtewåm[k 0dnmOf (0g) pdwfudk tewå[k wdkuf½dkufa[mxm;\? xdkUaMumifh raemudk pdwf[k bmomNyefonfESifh tarSmifxkMuD;usonf[k qdkNcif;onf bk&m;½Sifudkyif apmfum;vdkufNcif; Nzpfayonf/ ,if;ta&;tom;rsm;onf ]],H pdwåH wH raem pdwåH raem rmeoH}} paom a'oemawmfrsm;udk a[mawmfrlaom
a'ouNzpfaom
bk&m;½Sifudkyif
wdkuf½dkufpGyfpGJ&ma&mufaom
a&;om;csufrsm;
NzpfNcif;aMumifh t"r®0g'om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) (i) trSwfNy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 13/
(i) "r®puúy0wåe-"r®qdkonfrSm av;yg;aom r[mbkwfw&m;rsm; Nzpfavonf/
puú-qdkonfrSm NzpfysufESifh aNymif;vJNyD? vnfí NzpfaeNcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ y0wåe-qdkonfrSm rsufpdESifh Nrif&onfudk qdkvdkonf/ okwå\-t"dyÜm,frSm vlom;wdkU\ xif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh cE¨mudk,fum,udk qdkvdkonf/ (twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m? ESm-102?103) rSwfcsuf/
/ ]]"r®}} udk r[mbkwf½kyf[k bmomNyefNcif;onf "r®pMumw&m;udk ½kyf0g'w&m;Nzpfatmif
vkyfNcif;yif Nzpfonf[k apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wifNyMuonf/ apm'empum;&yfüygaom ]]"r®puúy0wåeokwå}} [laom yk'f\ teufrSefudk pdppfaomf -
"r®puú\ teuf "r®pauúwd y#da0"ÓaP ap0 a'oemÓaPp/ aAm"dyv’auF edodEéó [d pwlok oapöok OyÜEéH 'Gg'omum&H y#da0"ÓPrÜd £odywae edodEéó 'Gg'omum&m, opöa'oem,
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
751
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(y0wåuH - om&w¬) y0wådwH a'oemÓPrÜd "r®puúH emr/ Ob,rÜd a[wH 'oAvó Oa& y0wåÓPar0 (oH? |? 3? 328)
NrefrmNyef t"dyÜm,f "r®puf (w&m;puf) [lonfum; xdk;xGif;í odwwfaom ÓPfawmfESifh w&m;awmfudk a[maMumif;Nzpfaom ÓPfawmfESpfyg;udk ,l&rnf[k qdkvdk\/ csJUOD;tHh? aAm"dyifaNc yv’ifaAGü xdkifaeawmfrlaom NrwfpGmbk&m;\ opömav;yg;wdkUüNzpfaom 12yg;aom tNcif;t&m½Sdaom y#da0"ÓPfawmfonfvnf;aumif;? £odyweawmü xdkifaeawmfrlaom NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 12-yg;aom tNcif;t&m½Sdaom opöma'oemudk Nzwfapwwfaom a'oemÓPfawmfonf vnf;aumif; "r®puf (w&m;puf) rnf\/ rSef\? þÓPfawmfESpfyg;onf NrwfpGmbk&m;\ &ifüNzpfaom ÓPfawmfcsnfhomwnf;/ þt|uxmESifhtnD
]]"r®puú}}
[laomyk'fonf
]]tqufquf
vnfwwf
Nzpfwwfaom
y#da0"ÓPf}} [laom teufudk a[monf? (xdk y#da0"ÓPf a'oemÓPfawmfudkyif tqufquf vnfwwf Nzpfwwfaom aMumifh w&m;puf[k ac:qdk&onf/) om&w¬'DyeD#Dum? wwd,tkyf? ESm-181 üvnf; þt"dyÜm,frsdK;udkyif zGifhNyxm;onf? pum;tqdk tenf;i,fom uGJvGJonf/
y0wåe\ teuf y0wåe [laomyk'fonf (y-a½S;½Sdaom 0wk"mwf+,kypönf;? ,k-udk teNyKí NyD;aomyk'f Nzpfonf) NzpfapNcif; Nzpfap&m NzpfapaMumif; [laom teufwdkUudk a[monf/
okwå o'´g\ teuf tw¬meH olpeawm ok0kwåawm? o0eawmx ol'eawm/ okwåmPm okwåobmç *awm p ]okwå} EÅd tu©mwH (0d? |? 1? 15/ 'D? |? 1? 18/ tbd? |? 1? 20) /
NrefrmNyef t"dyÜm,f tusdK; (teuf) wdkUudk xif&Sm;NywwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? aumif;pGma[m&m NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;?
oD;wwfNzpfapwwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
rsOf;êud;
yef;oDcsnfESifh
wlaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif; okwå (okwf) rnf\ [lí qdktyf\/ xdkUaMumifh "r®puúy0wåeokwå[lonf (u)
y#da0"ÓPf
a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom
w&m;pufudk
Nzpfap&mNzpfaom
tusdK;teufwdkUudk xif&Sm;Nywwfaom a'oemawmf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
752
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) y#da0"ÓPf
a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom
w&m;pufudk
Nzpfap&mNzpfaom
w&m;pufudk
Nzpfap&mNzpfaom
tusdK;teufwdkUudk aumif;pGma[m&m a'oemawmf? (*)
y#da0"ÓPf
a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom
tusdK;teufwdkUudk oD;wwf (Nzpfapwwf) aom a'oemawmf? (C)
y#da0"ÓPf
a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom
w&m;pufudk
Nzpfap&mNzpfaom
tusdK;teufwdkUudk oGefcswwf (,dkpD;wwf) aom a'oemawmf? (i)
y#da0"ÓPf
a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom
w&m;pufudk
Nzpfap&mNzpfaom
tusdK;teufwdkUudk aumif;pGm apmifha&Smufwwfaom a'oemawmf? (p)
y#da0"ÓPf
a'oemÓPfwnf;[laom
w&m;pufudk
Nzpfap&mNzpfaom
rsOf;êud;
(yef;oDcsnf)ESifh wlaom a'oemawmf[k qdkvdkonf/ þum; "r®puúy0wåeokwå o'´g\ teuft"dyÜm,frSefaywnf;/ þodkU pdppfoHk;oyfNyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;aMumifh (i) trSwfNy twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m ESm-102? 103 wdkUü "r®udk r[mbkwf ½kyfponfNzifh a&;xm;aom pum;&yfrsm;onf ax&0g' yd#uwfvm
ygVda0g[m&rsm;udk
wrifoufouf
ysufpD;apvdkaom
apwemqdk;Nzifh
a&;om;aom
½kyf0g'DwdkU\ pum;&yfrsm;om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) (p) trSwfNy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 14/
(p) 'd|Kyg'gef=t,lpGJ? þt,lpGJ&mü ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [lí qdkxm;&m or®m'd|d? rdpäm'd|d
[lí cGJNcm;Ncif; r½Sdonfudk owdûytyfayonf/ (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH-89) þpum;&yfü ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [k omrnqdkxm;í or®m'd|d? rdpäm'd|d [k 0daootm;Nzifh cGJNcm;Ncif;r&SdaomaMumifh or®m'd|d? rdpäm'd|d ESpfrsdK;vHk; Oyg'gef Nzpfonf[k qdkvdkaMumif; awGU&onf/ þodkU a&;om;rdNcif;onf
yxrMuD;ç
yxrausmfç
"r®mp&d,ç
oif½dk;usrf;*efrsm;Nzpfaom
yd#uwfusrf;*efavhvmenf;rsm;udk roif,lzl;oNzifh yk'fudk NrifumrQNzifh xif&mNrif&m a&;om;rdNcif; Nzpfayonf/ txufyg pk'dwu pum;ESifh ywfoufí pdppf azmfNyaytHh/ tw¬m yu&Pm vd*Fg? Mopdws umv a'oawm/ o'´w¬m 0dbZd,EÅd? e o'´ga,0 au0vH/ [laom o'´om&w¬ZmvdeDusrf;vm Oya'o *gxmESifh tnD o'´gteufudk a0zef&mü (1)
tw¬=þo'´g\ þodkUaom teufudk ,lvQif tusdK;½Sd r½Sdudk vnf;aumif;?
(2)
yu&P=þteufonf t&mXmeESifh oifh roifhudkvnf;aumif;?
(3)
vd*F=þvdif½Sdaom o'´gonf þteufudk a[mEdkif ra[mEdkifudk vnf;aumif;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
753
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(4)
Mopdws=toifh,kwåd ½Sd r½Sdudk vnf;aumif;?
(5)
umv=tcsdefumv &moDOwkESifh oifh roifhudk vnf;aumif;?
(6)
a'o=t&yfa'oESifh oifh roifhudk vnf;aumif;?
þuJhodkU oifh roifh &m r&m csdefxdk;qifNcifí a0zef&m\? o'´gyk'f oufoufrQudkom Munfhí usOf;aNrmif;pGm ra0zef&ay/ þ 'd|Kyg'geyk'f teufudk a0zef&mü tukodkvf t&mXmeNzpfNcif;aMumifh rdpäm'd|dudkom 'd|Kyg'gef[k ,l&onf? or®m'd|dudk 'd|Kyg'gef[k tvQif;r,l&? xdkUaMumifh "r®o*FPDygVdawmfü þodkU a[mMum;\/ ww¬ uwrH 'd|Kyg'geH? ]]ew¬d 'dEéH? ew¬d ,d|H? ew¬d [kwH/ y/ 0dy&d,mo*¾ga[m/ £'H 0kpöwd 'd|Kyg'geH/ XaywGm oDvAÁwkyg'geOö twå0g'kyg'geOö oAÁyd rdpäm'd|d 'd|Kyg'geH (tbd? 1? 241)/
NrefrmNyef xdkOyg'gefav;yg;wdkUwGif 'd|Kyg'gef[lonf tb,fenf;? ]]ay;vªNcif; tusdK;onf r½Sd? ,ZfMuD; tvªMuD; ylaZmfNcif;\ tusdK;onf r½Sd? [Hk;ac:aom ,Zfi,f tvªi,f ylaZmf&Ncif; tusdK;onf r½Sd? aumif;pGm ûytyf raumif;oNzifh ûytyfaom aumif;rI raumif;rIuHwdkU\ tusdK;zsm; tusdK;qufzvç tusdK;&if;0dygwfonf r½Sd? þ ypöKyÜefavmuonf r½Sd? wrvGefavmuonf r½Sd? trdü aumif;pGmûyNcif; raumif;oNzifhûyNcif;\
tusdK;tNypfonf
r½Sd?
tzü
aumif;pGmûyNcif;
raumif;oNzifhûyNcif;
tusdK;tNypfonf r½Sd? aoí wpfzefNzpfaom owå0gwdkU r½Sdukef? þavmuudkvnf;aumif;? wrvGef b0udkvnf;aumif; udk,fydkifxl;aomÓPfNzifh odí rsufarSmufûyum a[mMum;Edkifukefaom nDñGwfukef aumif;pGm usifhukefaom orPNA[®PwdkUonf avmuü r½Sdukef}} [k þodkU oabm½Sdaom tMuif tNrifrSm;rIoabm 62-yg;aom rdpäm'd|dwdkUü yg0ifaom oabm/ y/ azmufNyefrSm;,Gif;aom pGJvrf;Ncif; oabm½Sd\? þqdkcJhNyD;aom oabmudk 'd|Kyg'gef [lí qdktyf\? EGmacG;ponfwdkU\ tavhtusifhwdkUudk pifMu,f\[k Nyif;pGm,lrI pGJvrf;rI oDvAÁwkyg'gefudk vnf;aumif;? tewåNzpfaom ½kyf emrfwdkUudk twå[k aNymqdkaMumif;Nzpfaom Nyif;pGm,lrI pGJvrf;rI twå0g'kyg'gefudkvnf;aumif; csefxm;í tvHk;pHkaom tNrifrSm;rIonfvnf; 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\[k bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkifvnf; rdpäm'd|dudkom 'd|Kyg'gef[k a[mawmfrlonf/ xdkUaMumifh (p) trSwfNy pum;&yfonf bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm;udk Nyuf&,fûyvsuf bk&m;½Sif\ a'oem"r®udk qefUusifaom t"r®0g'Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
754
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSwf (15) q? ps trSwfNy b0wPSm 0db0wPSmyk'fwdkUudk pdppf oHk;oyfcsuf 15/
apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u -
(q)
0db0wPSmuawmh udk,fhrSm r½SdwJh b0 vSrf;NyD; pdwful;,OfvdkwJh wPSmaygh (b0pnf;pdrfpGJaygh)?
(ps)
(twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opöm"r® pmapmif? OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumrS)
b0wPSm=b0\tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;? 0db0wPSm=b0\ *kPfyumoe pnf;pdrfudk vdkvm;pHkrufNcif;? (Ak'¨\ rd*'g0kefw&m;? 70-71)
þpum;&yfrsm;udk
xkwfNyí
t|uxmtzGifhrsm;ESifh
rnDaom
teufrsm;
Nzpfygonf[k
omrntm;Nzifh yxrOD;pGm apm'emMuonf/ ½lyg½lyba0 wPSm ½lywPSm (tbd? |? 1? 398) / ½lyNA[®mb0 t½lyNA[®mb0ü wyfrufaom wPSmonf b0wPSm Nzpf\/ Oapä'ocFgaw 0dba0 wPSm 0db0wPSm (tbd? |? 1? 398) / owå0gaovQif NywfoGm;onf? b0qufrNzpfawmh[k ,lqaomtm;Nzifh b0NywfNcif;[laom 0db0ü wyfrufaom wPSmonf 0db0wPSm rnf\/ oów'd|do[*awm [d &ma*g 0db0wPSmwd 0kpöwd (0dok'¨dr*f? |? 2? 202) / oów'd|d (vlaovlNzpf NrJ\ paom t,lrSm;) ESifh wuG Nzpfaom avmbudk b0wPSm[lí qdktyf\/ Oapä''d|do[*awm [d &ma*g 0db0wPSmwd 0kpöwd (0dok'¨dr*f? |? 2? 202) / Oapä''d|d (aovQif NyD;a&m aemufb0r½Sd[k ,laom t,l)ESifh wuG Nzpfaom avmbudk 0db0wPSm [lí qdktyf\/ [laom
t|uxmom"uwdkUNzifh
teuftrSefudk
azmfNyvsuf
0daootm;Nzifh
xyfqifh
apm'emwifoGif;Muonf/
oHk;oyfcsuf ,if;apm'empum;&yfü ygaom (ps)trSwfNy ]]b0wPSm=b0\ tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;}} [laom pum;&yfonf ]]b0wPSmwd b0yw¬em (b0wPSm[lonf b0udk awmifhwNcif;wnf;)}} [laom t|omvdeDt\uxm? apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
ESm
94-üvmaom
xkwfaqmifudk;um;onfh
pum;&yfESifh
nDñGwfouJhodkU
,if;t|omvdeDt|uxm?
xif&aomfvnf; ESm-398-üvmaom
]]½lyg½lyba0 wPSm b0wPSm ½lyb0 t½lyb0ü wyfrufaom wPSmonf b0wPSmNzpfonf)}}[k b0\t&udk
½lyb0ç
t½lyb0[k
0daoorç
í
zGifhNyonfh
pum;&yfu
omvGefí
cdkifcHhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxm ESm 104-ü -
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755
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
]]b0yw¬em0aoe OyÜEéó oów'd|do[*wó ½lyg½lyb0&m*ó p psmeeduEÅd,m apwH t"d0peH
(þb0wPSm[laom
trnfonf
umrb0udk
awmifhwNcif;\
tpGrf;Nzifh
Nzpfaom
&m*\vnf;aumif;? oów'd|dESifh wuGNzpfaom &m*\vnf;aumif;? ½lyb0 t½lyb0udk wyfrufaom &m*\ vnf;aumif;? psmefudk ESpfoufwwfaom wPSm\ vnf;aumif; trnf Nzpfonf)}} [k txl;ydkrdkpHkvifpGm zGifhNyxm;Ncif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; b0wPSm\t& umrudk awmifhwNcif; tpGrf;tm;Nzifh Nzpfaom &m*ç oów'd|dESifhwuG Nzpfaom &m*ç ½lyb0 t½lyb0udk wyfrufaom &m*ç psmefudk ESpfoufaom
wPSmwdkUudk
aumuf,lrSom
NynfhpHk
rSefuefaom
teuf
Nzpfonf?
xdkUaMumifh
b0wPSm=b0\tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;[laom pk'dwuwdkU zGifhqdkcsufonf rNynfhpHkaom teufom Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 0db0wPSm\ teufudkNy&m 0daooap'emü apm'uq&mawmfrsm; xkwfaqmifudk;um;tyfaom t|uxm pum;&yfrsm;onf NynfhpHkcdkifcHhí om"uaNrmufNyD;Nzpf&um; ]]Oapä''d|d (aovQif NyD;a&m aemufb0r½Sd [laom t,l)ESifh wuGNzpfaom avmbudk 0db0wPSm[k qdktyf\}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfrsm; Nyqdktyfaom teufudkyif 0db0wPSm\ teufrSef[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; vufcHawmfrlMuonf? pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU Nyqdktyfaom 0db0wPSm\ teufonfum; t|uxmESifh rnDñGwfaom rSm;,Gif;aom teufom Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) Z-trSwfNy pum;&yfESifh (X) trSwfNy pum;&yfwdkUudk pdppfcsuf apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu
atmufygpk'dwuwdkU\
a&;om;csufrsm;udk
oufaoNyí
þodkU
apm'emMu\/ 16/
(Z) umrb0[l&mü tm½Hkig;yg;wdkU\ £aNE´udk rapmifhpnf;rI Nzpfay:vmonfh pGJvrf;rI
wPSmOyg'gef w&m;NzpfNyD; Ä
½lyb0qdkonfrSm rdrd\ rsufpdç em;ç ESmacgif;ç vQmç udk,fwdkU Nzpfonf/
Ä
t½lyb0qdkonfrSm þ½kyfw&m;udk taMumif;cHí Nzpfay:vmonfh a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwnf;[laom emrf\ tNzpfoabmwdkUom Nzpfonf/ (31-bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH 210)
(X)
umrb0=rsufpdç em;ç ESmacgif;ç vQmç udk,fwdkUu tqif;ç toHç teHUç t&omç xdawGUzG,f&mwdkUü wdkufqHkaomtcg wyfruf wG,fwmaom vdkcsifrI/ ½lyb0=rdrd\ cE¨mudk,f ½kyfw&m;tay: (0g) cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif NrJonf[laom owfrSwfcsufNzifh rysufcsifaom ½lyb0/ t½lyb0=rtdkcsif raocsif remcsifaom tNzpf? tdkrItwGuf pdk;&drf ylyefNcif;ç emrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefNcif;ç aorItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefNcif; tNzpf pdwful;rsm;pGmNzifh ypöu©ta&;udpörS
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
756
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vGefaNrmufaom b0pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUudk pdwful;ESifh MuHqí &Edkif\? a&mufEdkif\? oHk;oyfNcif;r&SdbJ (t½ly-b0) pdwful;pGJ tNzpfrsm;/ (Ak'¨0g' Nyóemrsm; pmapmif? pmrsufESm-5-6)
þpmydk'fwdkUudk xkwfNyí pk'dwuwdkU a&;om;aom t"dyÜm,fonf bk&m;a[m tbd"r®mvm t"dyÜm,f r[kwf? rZÑdredum,? rlvyPÖmoygVdawmfESifh t|uxmç r[meda'´oygVd? t|uxmwdkUudk udk;um;í ]]umrbHkü Nzpfapwwfaom uHudkvnf;aumif;? uHaMumifhNzpfaom tusdK;0dyguf emru©E¨m u#wåm½kyfudk vnf;aumif;? umr(11)bHkudkvnf;aumif;? xdkü tusHK;0ifaom pdwf apwoduf ½kyfrsm;udkvnf;aumif; umrb0ac:qdk&ygonf bk&m;? ½lyb0 t½lyb0wdkUudkvnf; xdkenf;yifNzpfygí tus,foGif;í &Sif;rNyawmhyg bk&m;}} [k apm'emcJhMuonf/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU okwåmEkavmr
ponfodkU
oufaotNzpfwifNytyfaom ouf0ifonf
pk'dwuwdkU\
rouf0ifonfudk
ygVdawmf?
pum;&yfwdkUudk t|uxm
okwåç
om"uwdkUNzifh
pdppfMuaytHh/
b0ESpfyg;ESifh t&aumuf b0onf ur®b0ç Oyywådb0 [lí ESpfyg;tNym;&Sd\/ (1) ur®b0 xdkESpfyg;wdkUwGif
yknmbdocFg&[k
ac:qdktyfaom
umrm0p&ukodkvf
apwem
8-yg;ç
½lyg0p&ukodkvf apwem 5-yg;ç tyknmbdocFg&[k ac:qdktyfaom tukodkvfapwem 12-yg;ç tmeOÆmbdocFg&[k
ac:qdktyfaom
t½lyg0p&ukodkvf
apwem
4-yg;
þavmuDukodkvf
tukodkvfapwem 29-yg;onf ur®b0 rnf\/ bHkb0odkU a&mufapwwfonf Nzpfí ]]b0*grduH}} [k ac:qdktyfaom apwemESifh ,SOfaom tbdZÑmpaom w&m;wdkUonfvnf; ur®b0 rnf\/ xdkur®b0onf umrur®b0ç ½lyur®b0ç t½lyur®b0 [lí 3-yg;tNym;½Sd\/ xdk 3yg;wdkUwGif(u)
umrukodkvf apwem 8-yg;? tukodkvf apwem 12-yg;onf umrur®b0 rnf\/
(c)
½lyukodkvf apwem 5-yg;onf ½lyur®b0 rnf\/
(*)
t½lyukodkvf apwem 4-yg;onf t½lyur®b0 rnf\/
xdkUaMumifh ba0g 'k0ga"e tw¬d ur®ba0g? tw¬d Oyywådba0g/ ww¬ uwarm ur®ba0g? ynmbdocFga&m tyknmbdocFga&m tmeOÆmbdocFga&m? t,H 0kpöwd ur®ba0g? oAÁrÜd *0grdur®H ur®ba0g (tbd? 2? 143) /
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
757
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[k 0dbif;ygVdawmfü bk&m;&Sifa[mawmfrlonf/ (2) Oyywådb0 uHaMumifhjzpf&aom tusdK;0dygufemru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonf Oyywådb0rnf\/ xdkOyywådb0onf (u) umrb0 (c) ½lyb0 (*) t½lyb0 (C) onmb0 (i) tonmb0 (p) ae0onmemonmb0 (q) {ua0gum&b0 (Z) pwka0gum&b0 (ps) yÍöa0gum&b0 [lí 9-yg; tjym;½Sd\/ (u)
umr0dygufpdwf? apwodufESifh ur®Z½kyf[k qdktyfaom cE¨mig;yg;onf umrOyywådb0 rnf\/
(c)
Cme? Zd0Sm? um,0dnmPf MuOfaom yÍöa0gum& 0dyguf pdwfapwodufESihf Cmeyom'? Zd0Smyom'? um,yom'? £w¦¬d bm0½kyf ykrÇm0½kyfMuOfaom ur®Z½kyf[k qdktyfaom cE¨mig;yg;onf ½lyOyywådåb0rnf\/
(*)
t½ly pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom cE¨mav;yg;onf t½lyOyywådb0rnf\/
(C)
ae0onmeonm,we0dygufpdwf
MuOfaom
avmuD0dygufpdwfapwodufESifh
ur®Z½kyfwnf; [laom cE¨mig;yg;onf trSwfonm½Sdaom onmb0 rnf\/ (i)
tonowfbHküjzpfaom
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf½kyfwnf;[laom
cE¨mwpfyg;onf
(trSwfonmr&Sdaom) tonmb0rnf\/ (p)
ae0onmeonm,we0dyguf
pdwf
apwodufwnf;[laom
cE¨mav;yg;onf
ae0onmemonmb0 rnf\/ (½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom trSwfonm r½Sdjcif;aMumifh onm½Sdonf[kvnf; rqdkxdkuf? odrfarGUaom trSwfonm½Sdjcif;aMumifh onmr½Sd[kvnf; rqdkxdkufaomaMumihf ae0onmemonmb0[k qdkonf)/ (q)
tonowfbHkü
jzpfaom
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf½kyfwnf;[laom
cE¨mwpfyg;onf
{ua0gum&b0rnf\/ (Z)
t½ly0dyguf pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom cE¨mav;yg;onf pwka0gum&b0 rnf\/
(ps)
umr0dyguf? ½ly0dyguf pdwf apwodufESifh ur®Z½kyfwnf;[laom cE¨mig;yg;onf yÍöa0gum&b0 rnf\/ (0dok'¨d -2? 206-207/ tbd?|?2?175) (a0gum&o'´gonf a&mjyGrf;aom
cE¨m[laom
teufudka[m\?
cE¨mwpfyg;&Sdaom
b0?
cE¨mav;yg;&Sdaomb0? cE¨mig;yg;&Sdaom b0 -[k qdkvdkonf/) xdkUaMumifh 0db*FygVdawmfü ww¬ tonmba0g
uwarm
Oywådba0g/
umrba0g
ae0onmemonmba0g
½lyba0g
t½lyba0g
{ua0gum&ba0g
onmba0g
pwka0gum&ba0g
yÍöa0gum&ba0g? t,H0kpwåd Oyywådba0g -
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
758
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ þum; ]]Oyg'ge ypö,m ba0g}} [laom a'oemawmfüvmaomb0yk'f\ teuft"dyÜg,f trSefaywnf;/ xdkUjyif okwåedygwfygVdawmf? *k[|uokwfü vmaom ]]t0DwwPSmao b0gba0ok}} paom ygXfwdkUü b0t&udkum; umr-11bHk? ½ly-16 bHk? t½ly-4 bHk wnf;[laom MoumobHkudk ,l&onf/ xdkUaMumihf r[meda'´o ygVdawmf? ,if;\ t|uxmwkdUü atmufygtwdkif; zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ b0gba0olwd b0gba0/ y/ umrba0/y/ ½lyba0/y/ t½lyba0 (r[meda'´o -36)/ {w¬ p umrba0 ½lyba0 t½lyba0wd Moumob0H oE¨m, 0kwåH (r[meda'´o? |? 137)/ qufOD;tHh? þygVdü wnf&mjzpfaombHkudk &nf½G,fí umrba0 ½lyba0 t½lyba0 [lí a[mawmfrltyfjyD/ xkdUjyif apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u ur®®Íö Oyywdåp Ob,arÜwrd" umrba0gwd 0kwåH? {oea,m ½lyg½lyba0ok (r?|? 1? 223)/ ]]uHukdvnf;aumif;? uHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;ukdvnf;aumif; þESpfyg;pHkukd umrb0[k qdktyf\? ½lyb0 t½lyb0wkdUü þenf;yifwnf;}} [laom om"ut& umrbHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHESifh tusdK;0dyguf emru©E¨m u#wåm½kyfrsm;udk umrb0[k ac:qkd&aMumif; wifjyMuonf/ xdkpum;&yfonf umrur®b0ESifh umrOyywådb0ESpfyg;udk wpfaygif;wnf; ûyí jyqdkaom pum;&yfjzpfjcif;aMumifh o*F[awm ye ur®b0H Oyywådo0Oö {uawm uwGm umrkyg'geypö,m o'¨ ð taEÅm*a"[d {aum umrba0g (0dok'd¨r*f? 2? 207) [laom 0dok'd¨r*f t|uxmESifh nDñGwfESD;aESmrd&um; oifhjrwfvSayonf/ umrbHküjzpfaom pdwf apwoduf ½kyfrsm;udk umrb0ac:onf[laom apm'u q&mawmfrsm;\ pum;&yfonfvnf; t0w¬mb0udk &nf½G,faom t&mXme jzpfEdkifayonf/ jyqdkcJhjyD;aom
ygVdawmf
t|uxmvm
pum;&yfrsm;udk
tcsif;csif;nd§í
aumufEkwfcsuf
xkwf,lvdkufaomf (u)
umrbHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf emru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonfvnf;aumif;? umr 11-bHkonfvnf;aumif; umrb0rnf\/
(c)
½lybHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf emru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonfvnf;aumif;? ½ly 16-bHkonfvnf;aumif; ½lyb0rnf\/
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759
tpodkU (*)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t½lybHkü jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf emru©E¨m ur®Z½kyfonfvnf;aumif;? t½ly 4-bHkonfvnf;aumif; t½lyb0rnf\ [laom rSefuefaom teuf t"dyÜm,fudk xif½Sm;pGmod&ayonf/
xkdUaMumifh (Z) trSwfjy ]] 31-bkH0g' Akk'¨ vufrcH}} pmtkyfyg ½lyb0 t½lyb0 zGifhqdkcsuf pum;&yfonfvnf;aumif;? (X) trSwfjy ]]Ak'¨0g' jyóemrsm;}} pmapmifyg pum;&yfonfvnf;aumif; okwå, okwåmEkavmr jzpfaom ygVdawmf t|uxmokdU rouf0if? okwå, okwåmEkavmrESifh qefUusifaom
twåaemrwdrQomjzpfonf?
½kyf0g'tjzpfjzifh
zefwD;jcif;omjzpfonf/
xkdUaMumifh
t"r®pum;omjzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwf(15) #-trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 17/
(#)
þukd,fum,onfyif
yOöm½Hk
umrig;rsdK;wkdUjzpfapaom
oabmvu©Pmrsm;
½SdonfhtwGuf umrbHk? ½kyfypönf;wkdUtm; olUXmeESifhol tcsdK;tpm;udkufnDatmif zGJUpnf;xm;onfh ukd,ftwGuf ½lybHk? toufZD0- [laom xGufouf0ifouf&SdaeonfhtwGuf t½lybHk[k t&Sif;qHk; aumuf,l&ef tvG,fqHk;jzpfayonf/ (Ak'¨0dyóem (1) ESm-61-62) azmfjyygpum;&yfü qkdvdk&if;um; vuf½Sd þudk,fum,onfyif umrbHk ½lybHk t½lybHkjzpfonf? (i&J jydwåmESifh ewfjA[®mbHkwkdU oD;jcm;r½Sd) [k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf? xdkpk'dwuwkdU pum;&yf\ trSm;trSefudk a0zefvdkvQif xdkpum;&yf\ a½SUaemufpum;&yfwkdUudkvnf; oHk;oyfqifjcif&ef vdkayonf? xdkpum;&yf\ aemufü (u)
xdkUxufydkí tjcm;aom umr ½ly t½ly bHkrsm;½Sdao;onfqdku olU[mol ½Sdcsif½Sd? r½Sdcsifae? êudufovdk ,lEdkif\/
(c)
rodrjrifEkdifaom
t&mawGudk
ajymoHMum;
qkdoHMum;ESifh
vdkufemaeu
t,lrSef
tjrifrSefjzpf&ef rvG,fay? rvG,f½Hkru okdUavm odkUavm rwifrus rjywfrom; 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; jzpfvmu 0dpdudpämyifjzpfEdkifonf/ (*)
ukd,f {uefwu,f rodrjrifEdkifaom udpöudk ,HkMunfonf qdkuwnf;u t,lrSef rjzpfEdkif? 'd|doabmxif&Sm;oufa&mufaeonf/
[laom pum;&yfwkdUudk awGUjrif&avonf/ xdkpum;&yfwkdUwGif (u) trSwfjy pum;&yfudk rdrd\ rlv Xyempum;&yfudk olwpfyg;wkdUu tjypfwifvmvQif qifa0SU&efa½Smifûyvkyf&ef &nf½G,fí qkdxm;[ef&Sdonf/ ,if;odkUyif jzpfaomfvnf; xkdpum;&yfjzifhyif rlv Xyempum;&yfü jycJhjyD;aom vdk&if;aumufcsufudk ykdícdkifjrJapcJhavonf/ (c)(*)trSwfjy
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760
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
txuf pk'dwupum;&yfü ta&;tMuD;qHk; pum;onfum; ]udk,f{uefwu,f rodrjrifEdkifaom} [laompum;&yfyifjzpfonf? yuwdvlom;jzpfaom OD;Ouú| ESifh orm'd|dokawoeorm;wkdUvdk vlrsdK;u olwkdU\ rsufpdESifhjrifíod&rS rSefonf? rsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkifu bmrQrrSef[k w&m;ao udkifxm;ESifhonf? þw&m;aoudkifxm;aom
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xdkpum;&yfü ]]þudk,fum,}}[lonf (Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyfudka&;ol) ocifjrwfqdkif\
rsufjrifjzpfaom umrbHkü&Sdaom vlom;\ udk,fum,ukdom olqdkvdkaMumif;odomayonf/ xdkvlom;\ udk,fum,onf ocifjrwfqdkif jyqdkouJhokdU umr ½ly t½lybHk r[kwfaMumif;udk b0yk'fudk pdppfcJhaom pum;&yfjzifh odomxif½Sm;avjyD/ xkdUjyifvnf; r[mouú&mZf 103-ckESpf 0gqdkvjynfhaeUü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a&S;OD;pGm rd*'g0kef w&m;yGJü]],m0uD0Oö ar bdu©a0 £arok pwlok t&d,oapööok {0H/y/ tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKa'¨g}} wd ypönmoð (0d? 3? 16)/ (yOö0*¾d, uxm) &[ef;wkdU þt&d,mwkdU\ trSefw&m;av;yg;wkdUü þodkU oHk;yg;aom tjyef wpfq,fhESpfyg;aom tjcif;t&m½Sdaom rSefuefaom ÓPftjrifonf rpifMu,fao;orQ umvywfvHk; igbk&m;onf ewf rm&fewf jA[®mwkdUESifhwuGaom ewfavmuESifh orP jA[®Prif;rsm; vlrsm;ESifh wuGaom vlUavmuü ]]twkr½Sdaom tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk ukd,fwdkifrSefpGmodaom t&[wår*fÓPfudk odjyD}} [lí 0efrcHcJhacs - [lí ewfjynf jA[®mjynfrsm;½Sdonfudk a[mjyawmfrlcJhonf/ (jrefrmjyef ESm-18) xkdUjyifvnf; 0db*FygVd ESm 427-ü umrm0p&meH a'0geH? y|ruyÜdumeH rEkóeH? MoyygwdumeH aywmeH? MoyygwdumeH tok&meH?
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761
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0db*FygVd pmrsufESm? 439?440- wkdYü ]]yXrH psmeH y&dwåH bma0wGm jA[®yg&doZÆmeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZÆHwd}} tp&Sdaom ygXfwdkUjzifh jA[®yg&doZÆm? jA[®yka&m[dwm? r[mjA[®m[laom yxrpsmef 3-bHk? y&dwåbm? tyÜrmPmbm? tmbó&mbm [laom 'kwd,psmef oHk;bHk? y&dwåokbm? tyÜrmPokbm? okbudPSm[laom wwd,psmef oHk;bkH? a0[yædKvfbHk? tonowfbHk? t0d[mbHk? twyÜgbHk? ok'ómbHk? ok'óDbHk?
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trSwfpOf (15) P - trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 18/
(P) emrfqdkonfrSm ½kyfukd trnfay;xm;aom oabmomjzpfonf/ (Ak'¨0g'jyóem ESm -35)
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ww¬ uwrH ½lyH/ pwåma&m p r[mblwm pwkEéOö r[mblwmeH Oyg'g, ½lyH/ £'H 0kpöwd
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763
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vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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tpodkU
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xl;jcm;uGJvGJcsufudk
awGUjrifae&aomaMumifh odEdkifayonf/ csJUjyygOD;rnf rdbwkdU\
okufaoG;?
tpm
tm[m&paom
jyify
taMumif;rsm;
wlnDaeaomfvnf;
trTmnDaemifESpfOD;wkdUyif tcsif;csif; rwlbJ wpfOD;u ,kwfnHhatmufus t½kyfqkd; ynmrJhjzpfum wpfOD;u txufwef;us
vSywifhw,f
ynmMuG,faejcif;paom
xl;jcm;csufudk
awGUjrifae&onf?
xkdxl;jcm;csufonf taMumif;rJh rjzpfEkdifay? tu,fí taMumif;rJh jzpfonfqdkygvQif xdkxljcm;csufonf tcgcyfodrf; jzpfae&ayrnf? owå0gtm;vHk;rSm jzpfae&ayrnf? pifppfrlum; xkd ,kwfnHhjcif;? rGefjrwfjcif; paom xl;jcm;csufonftcgcyfodrf; jzpfaeonfr[kwf? owå0gtm;vHk;rSm jzpfaeonf r[kwfcJh? xkdUaMumifh ,kwfnHhjcif; rGefjrwfjcif;paom xl;jcm;csufonf taMumif;rJhjzpfonfr[kwf ({ueftaMumif;&Sd&rnf)? xkdtaMumif;um; tb,fenf;? ur®b0[laom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf[k od&m\? rSefvSay\? uHonf owå0gwkdU t,kwftjrwfponfh xl;jcm;uGJvJG&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;aywnf;? xkdYaMumifh bk&m;½Sifu ]]ur®H oawå 0dbZwd ,'d'H [DeyÜPdwwm,}} (r? 3? 244) [k a[mawmfrlcJhayonf/ xkdUaMumifh ur®b0onf Zmwd\ taMumif;jzpfonfudk od&ayonf/ vkd&if; tcsKyfrSm ]]Oyg'ge ypö,m ba0g}} ü ]]b0}} t&udk avmuDukodkvf tukodkvf apwem 29-yg;[laom ]]ur®b0}} ESifh uHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;0dygufemru©E¨m ur®Z½kyf[laom ]]Oyywådb0}} ESpfrsdK;ukd ,l&onf/ ]]b0ypö,m Zmwd}} [lí ]]b0}} t&udk avmuDukodkvf tukodkvf apwem 29-yg;[laom ]]ur®b0}}ukdom ,l&onf[k oHo,uif;pGm rSwf,l&\/
Zmwdo'´g\ teufrSef Zmwdo'´gonf ]]b0}} [laom teuf ]]taygif;}} [laom teuf ]]ocFww&m;wkdU\ OD;pGm jzpfrI trSwftom;}} [laom teuf ]]y#doaE¨cE¨m}} [laomteuf ]] arG;zGm;jcif;}} [laom teuf ]]trsdK;Zmwf}} [laomteuf ]]t&d,oDv}} [laom teufwkdUukd a[m\/ þ ]]b0ypö, Zmwd}} [laomygXfü ]]Zmwd}} o'´gonfum; ]]y#doaE¨cE¨m}} [laom teufukd a[monf?
xkdUaMumifh
wnfaeonfrSpí
trd0rf;ü
trd0rf;rS
udef;atmif;&aom
]]*AÇao,su}}
zGm;jrifxGufajrmufonfhwdkifatmif
owå0gwkdU\
þtwGif;üjzpfaom
y#doaE¨
cE¨mwkdUonf
vnf;aumif;? tnd§ü(pdkpGwfap;uyf&mü) jzpfaom ]]oHao'Z}} owå0gESifh ukd,fxif½Sm;jzpfaom ]]Oyywåd}} owå0gwkdU\
y#doaE¨¨cE¨mwkdUonfvnf;aumif;
]]Zmwd}}
rnf\?
þum;
y&d,m,fenf;jzpfonf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
765
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rkcstm;jzifh xdkxdk bHkb0ü jzpfMuukefaom owå0gwkdU\ xdkxdkcE¨mwkdU a&S;OD;pGm jzpfay:rIonf ]]Zmwd}} rnf\/ xdkUaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmü ]]oGm,rd" uAÇao,sumeH y#doE¨dawm y|m, ,m0 rmwkukpädrSm
edu©reH? wm0
y0awåok caE¨¨ok/ £wa&oH y#doE¨dcaE¨aoG0gwd '|aAÁm/ t,rÜd p y&d,m,uxm0/ edyÜ&d,m,awm yeww¬ ww¬ edAÁwårmemeH owåmeH a, a, cE¨m ygwk b0EÅd? awoH awoH yXrygwkbma0g Zmwd emr (0dok'¨dr*f? 2? 129) [k rdefUqdkawmfrlonf/ oar®m[ 0daem'eDt|uxm ESm 89-üvnf; tvm;wl t"dyÜm,frsm;udk zGifhjyawmfrl\? pum;tqdk tenf;i,fomxl;onf/ xkdUjyif 0db*FygVdawmfü ]]ww¬ uwrm b0ypö,m Zmwd? ,m awoH awoH owåmeH}} (tbd? 2? 144) ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/
jrefrmjyef xkdt0dZÆmypö,m ocFg&mpaom y#dpöorkyÜg'fb0[laom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom Zmwd- [lonf tb,fenf;? xkdxdkowå0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owåedum,ü tMuifjzpfjcif;oabm? aumif;pGmjzpfjcif;oabm? oufa&mufjcif;oabm? xif½Sm;jzpfay:jcif;oabm? cE¨mwkdU\ xif½Sm;jzpfay:jcif;oabm? tm,wewkdUukd &jcif;oabmonf&Sd\? þoabmudk Zmwd[k qdktyf\/ vdk&if;tcsKyfum; *AÇao,su owå0gwkdU\ y#doaE¨wnfaeonfrS pí zGm;jrif&mtcgwdkifatmif þtwGif;üjzpfaomcE¨mwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHao'Z Oyywfowå0gwkdU\ y#doaE¨tcgüjzpfaom cE¨mwkdUonfvnf;aumif; y&d,m,ftm;jzifh Zmwdrnf\? xkdxdkowå0gwkdU\ xkdxdk bHkb0ü cE¨mwdkU\ a½S;OD;pGm jzpfay:rIonf rkcstm;jzifh Zmwdrnf\[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/
Z&mo'´g\ teufrSef Z&monf (1)
ocFw w&m;wkdU\ &ifha&mf tdkrif;jcif; trSwftom;jzpfaomZ&m?
(2)
oGm;usdK;jcif;? qHjzLjcif;ponf orkwftyfaom wpfb0ü tusHK;0ifaom cE¨mwkdU\
a[mif;EGrf;aqG;jrnfhjcif;[laom Z&m tm;jzifh 2-yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xkd 2-yg;wkdUwGif oGm;usdK;jcif;? qHjzLjcif;ponf orkwftyfaom wpfb0ü tusHK;0ifaom cE¨mwkdU\ a[mif;EGrf;aqG;jrnfhjcif;udk þt&mü Z&m[k tvdk&Sdtyf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
766
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xkdZ&monf cE¨mwkdU\ &ifhusifjcif; vu©Pm&Sd\/ aojcif;odkUuyfíaqmifjcif; udpö½Sd\/ t½G,faumif;jcif;udk zsufqD;wwfaom oabm[k ÓPfxJüxifvmwwf\ (0dok'¨d? 2? 132)/ 0dbif;ygVdawmfüvnf; ww¬ uwrm Z&m? ,m awoH awoH owåmeH wrSd wrSd owåeduma, Z&m ZD&Pwm c@dpöH ygvdpöH 0vdwåpwm tm,kaemoH[med £jE´d,meH y&dygaum? t,H 0kpöwd Z&m (tbd? 2? 144)/ xkdZ&m? r&P ESpfyg;wkdUwGif Z&m- [laom oabmw&m;onf tb,fenf;? xdkxdkowå0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owåedum,ü tMuifavsmhyg;jcif; (tdkrif; ,kwfavsmhjcif;) oabm &ifha&mf aqG;jrnfhaMumif; oabm oGm;usdK;aMumif; oabm qHyifjzLaMumif;oabm ta&wGefUaMumif;oabmonf ½Sd\? þoabmudk Z&m[k qkdtyf\[k bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/ xkdZ&monf xif½Sm;aom ygu#Z&m? zHk;uG,ftyfaom (rxif½Sm;aom) y#dpäEéZ&m- [lí 2rsdK;jym;\? xkd 2-rsdK;aomZ&mwkdUwGif qHjzLoGm;aMuG ta&wGefUjcif; ponfwkdUudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh ½kyfw&m;wkdUüjzpfaom Z&monf xif½Sm;aom ]ygu#}Z&mrnf\? emrfw&m;wkdUüjzpfaom Z&monfum; xkduJhokdUaom azmufjyefrI xl;jcm;aom trlt&mudk rjrifEdkifaomaMumifh zHk;uG,ftyfaom (rxif½Sm;aom) y#dpäEéZ&m rnf\/ oGm;usdK;jcif;?
qHyifjzLjcif;?
ta&wGefUjcif;wkdUonf
(rsufpdjzifh
jrif&aomaMumihf)
tqif;½kyfomjzpfonf? Z&mr[kwf? xkdoGm;usdK;jcif; qHjzLjcif;? ta&wGefUjcif;wkdUudk rsufpdjzifh jrifjyD;aemuf ]Z&maMumifh þoGm;awG usdK;&onf? Z&maMumifh þqHyifawGjzL&onf? Z&maMumifh þta&awG wGefU&onf} [k raem'Gg&jzifh MuHpnfí Z&mudkod&onf? xkdUaMumifh cE¨mwkdU\ tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;onf Z&mrnf\ [k rSwfod&m\ (oar®m|? 93)/
r&Po'´g\ teufrSef r&Ponf (1)
ocFww&m;wdkU\ ysufpD;jcif; trSwftom;jzpfaom r&P
(2)
wpfb0ütusHK;0ifaom ZD0dwdajE´tpOf\ jywfpJjcif; r&P- [lí 2-yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xdk 2-yg;aom r&PwkdUwGif þ ]r&PrÜd 'ku©H}[laom yk'f ]Zmwdypö,m Z&mr&P} [laomyk'fwkdUü
wpfb0ütusHK;0ifaom ZD0dwdajE´tpOf\ jywfpJjcif;ukdom ]r&P}[k ,l&onf/ xkdr&Ponf jzpfqJb0rS a½GUavsmjcif; vu©Pm&Sd\? auGuGif;&jcif; udpö&Sd\/ (0dok'¨dr*¾ t|uxm? 'k-ESm -133)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
767
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0dbif;ygVdawmfüvnf; ]]ww¬ uwrH r&PH?? ,m awoH awoH owåmeH wrSm wrSm owåedum,m pkwd p0ewm aba'g tEÅ&"meH rpöK r&PH umvud&d,m cE¨meH aba'g uaV0&ó edau©ayg ZD0dwdjE´d,óyapäa'g? £'H 0kpöwd r&PH}} (tbd? 2? 144)/ xdkZ&m? r&P ESpfyg;wkdUwGif r&P[lonf tb,fenf;? xdkxdkowå0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owåedum,rS a½GUavsmjcif;oabm ac:qkdtyfaom
a½GUavsmonf\
aojcif;oabm?
tjzpf tqHk;udk
ûyduGJjcif;oabm ûyjcif;oabm
aysmufuG,fjcif;oabm cE¨mwkdU\
rpöK[k
ysufpD;ûyduGJjcif;oabm
tavmif;aumifudk ypfcsjcif;oabm ZD0dwdajE´\ jywfpJjcif;oabmonf&Sd\? þoabm tvHk;pHkukd r&P[k qdktyf\ [k bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlavonf/ xkdaojcif; ]r&P}onf (1) cPdur&P? (2) or®Kwdr&P? (3) orkapä'r&P -[lí oHk;yg;tjym;&Sd\/ xdkoHk;yg;wkdUwGif(1)
y0wådtcg ½kyfemrfw&m;wkdU\ ysufpD;jcif;onf cPwkdif; cPwdkif; jzpfaom aojcif; ]]cPdur&P}} rnf\/
(2)
wdó aojyD? zkó aojyD? armifb aojyD? rvS aojyD ponfjzifh ajymqkdtyfaom aojcif;onf orkwfac:a0:tyfaom aojcif; ]]or®Kwdr&P}} rnf\/
(3)
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvf\ wpfzef y#doaE¨aejcif;r½Sdaom aojcif;onf tMuGif;rJh jywfpJaom aojcif; ]] orkapä'r&P}} rnf\/
þoHk;rsdK;aom aojcif; ]r&P} wkdUwGif ]r&PrÜd 'ku©H} [laomygXf ]Zmwdypö,m Z&mr&PH} [laomygXfwkdUü ]r&P} \ t& or®Kwdr&Pudkom ,l&onf/ (oar®m[0daem'eD -95) xkdUaMumifh yapä'r&P}
wpfb0ütusHK;0ifaom
ZD0dwdajE´
tpOf\jywfpJjcif;
]ZD0dwdjE´d
armifbaojyD? rvS aojyD ponfjzifh ajymqkdorkwftyfaom ]or®Kwdr&P}onf r&P
rnf\ [k od&m\/ þokdU jyqkdcJhjyD;onfhtwdkif; b0? Zmwd? Z&m? r&P - [laom yk'fwkdU\ t"dyÜm,ftrSefudk ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUü bk&m;½SifESihf om0uwkdU a[mMum;rdefUqdkxm;ygvsuf Ak'¨0dyóem trnf½Sd pmtkyf 'kwd,wGJü (w? x? '? ") trSwfjy pum;&yfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyjcif;onf bk&m;½Sif a'oemawmfudk ajymifavSmif jyufacsmf oa&mfouJhokdUjzpf&um; bk&m;½Sif\ omoemawmf ysufpD;uG,faysmuf&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
768
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSwfpOf (15) e? y? z trSwfjy apm'emcsufyg pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 20/
(e) ykaAÁed0goÓPfum; -
ykaAÁ = ajcmufESpfumv cgor,/ ed = xif½Sm;{uef trSefr½Sdaom/ 0go = wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\ ESdyfpuf n§Of;yef;rIcH&jcif;wkdUudk/ ÓP = trSefxGif;azmuf todÓPf& a&mufcJhavjyD/ (y)
'dAÁpu©KÓPfum; -
pu©K = rsufpdESpfuGif;jzifh jrifjcif;[lorQwkdUudk/ 'dAÁ = ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif; tpGJuif;jyD;/ ÓPH = trSefxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;okdU &a&mufcJhavjyD/ (z)
tmo0u©,ÓPfum; -
tmo0 = wyfrufpGJvrf;rIjzpfjcif;[lorQudk/ c, = ukefcef;csKyfjidrf;rI trSefodkU&½Sdjcif;udk/ ÓPH= trSefxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;okdU a&mufcJhavjyD/ (trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif? pmrsufESm -7? tbd"r®m q&mpdef) txufygpum;&yfwkdUudk
oufaocHtjzpf
xkwfjyí
OD;Ouú|\
aemufvdkufwkdU\
a&;om;csufrsm;onf t"r®rsm;om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMu\/ wpfzef yg&mZduçu@ t|uxm? a0&OÆu@ 0PÖemüvmaom pum;&yfwkdUudk om"uwifí ykaAÁed0gomEkówdpaom
yk'fwkdU\teuftrSefukd
apm'uq&mawmfwkdUu
azmfjyjyD;vQif
or®m'd|d
okawoe tzJGUcsKyfrS xkwfa0aom trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif pmrsufESm 7-üvmaom tbd"r®m q&mpdef qdkol\ ykaAÁed0go ponf zGifhqdkcsufwkdUrSm trSefw&m;udk a½Smif½Sm;í trSm;rsm;udkom okawoeûyxm;aom pum;rsm;omjzpfygonf[k apm'u q&mawmfwkdUu wifjy apm'emMuonf/ ,if;apm'emt& ]]ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓP}} paom yk'fwkdU\ teufrSefudk usrf;*efESifh nd§í pdppfa0zefMuukeftHh? ,if;okdU a0zef&mü y&d,wftajccHr&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; vG,fulpGm odEdkifMu&ef om"u ygXfwkdUudk atmufajcü oD;jcm;xkwfí t"dyÜm,frQudkom azmfjyvsuf a0zefMuukefthH/
(u) ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓP ( ykaAÁ + ed0go + tEk +owd +ÓP) ykaAÁ = a½S;twdwfb0ü ed0go = aetyfcJhzl;aom cE¨m? aetyfcJhzl;aom w&m;udk tEk = tpOfavQmufí (0g) pdwfudk ñGwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhü owd = atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ÓP = (,SOfaom) ÓPf/ A½S;twdwfb0ü aecJhzl;aom cE¨m? aecJhzl;aom w&m;udk tpOfavQmufí atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfonf (0g) a½S;twdwfb0ü aecJhzl;aom cE¨m? aecJhzl;aom w&m;udk (pdwfudk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
769
tpodkU ñGwfapjcif;\)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tjcm;rJhomvQif
atmufarhEdkifaom
owdESifh,SOfaom
ÓPfonf
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770
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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þbk&m;½Sifu tbdnmOfjzifh odawmfrljcif;rsdK;wnf;/ (þolwpfyg; 0dnmPfjzifh odtyfzl;aom w&m;udk jyefodEdkifaom tbdnmOfum; bk&m;½SifwkdU\ tbdnmOfomwnf;/) wdw¬d,m p ykaAÁed0goH tEkó&rmem twåem 'd|uwokwar0 tEkó&EÅd/ wxm om0um p yapöumAk'¨g p/ Ak'¨g ye twåem 0g ya&[d 0g 'd|uwokwH oAÁar0 tEkó&EÅd ('D? | ? 2 ? 3)/ qufOD;thH? wdw¬dwdkUonf a½S;b0ü aetyfzl;aom cE¨mukd tpOfavQmufí atmufarhukefvwfaomf udk,fwkdif jriftyf ûytyf Mum;tyfzl;aom tm½HkudkomvQif tpOfavQmufí atmufarhEdkifukef\? bk&m;½Sif\ wynfhwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? yapöu Ak'¨gonfvnf;aumif; xdkUtwl udk,fwkdif jriftyf ûytyf Mum;tyfaom tm½Hkudkom tpOfavQmufí atmufarhEdkifukef\ [lvdk/ jyqdkcJhjyD;aom enf;-3-enf;wdkUwGif yxrenf; tvdktm;jzifh ]]a½S;twdwfb0üaecJhzl;aom (tzefzefjzpfzl;ukef = rdrdoEÅmefü jzpfcsKyfjyD;ukefaom)cE¨mwkdUonf ykaAÁed0go rnf\/ 'kwd,enf;tvdktm;jzifh
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
771
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ñGwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhü atmufarhEdkifjcif;onf ]]teEÅ&}} tjcm;rJhü atmufarhjcif;onf xdkowdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfonf ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPf rnf\/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdwD ,m, owd,m ykaAÁed0goH tEkó&wd/ om ykaAÁed0gomEkówd/ ÓPEÅd wm, owd,m orÜ,kwåÓPH (0dok'¨d? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówd- [lonfum;? tMuifowdjzifh a&S;twdwfb0ü aetyfcJhzl;aom cE¨mudk? 0g? a½S;twdwfb0ü
aetyfcJhzl;aom
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atmufarhEdkif\?
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ykaAÁed0gomEkówdrnf\/ ÓPf[lonfum; xdkowdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfwnf;/ jyqdkcJhjyD;aom pum;&yfwkdUjzifh ]]a½S;twdwfb0wkdUü aecJhzl;aom cE¨m? a½S;twdwfb0wkdUü rdrd0dnmPf olwpfyg;wkdU 0dnmPfjzifh tm½Hkûyí aecJhzl;aom (awGUêuHcJhzl;aom) tm½Hk taMumif;t&mwkdUudk (tpOfavQmufíjzpfap? pdwfudk ñGwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhüjzpfap) atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ,SOfaom ÓPfonf ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPfrnf\/ xdkÓPfudkyif ykaAÁed0goÓPf[k twdkaumuf ac:Muonf/ Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfonf xdk ykaAÁed0gomEkówd 0dZÆmÓPfudk &apEdkif jzpfapEdkifaom tusifh y#dy'gvrf;pOfudkvnf;aumif;? xkdvrf;pOftwdkif; udk,fawmfwdkif usifhMuHêud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkudk vnf;aumif;? udk,fawmfwdkif xkdÓPfudk &í a½S;twdwfb0rsm;pGmü aecJhzl;aom (awGUêuHcJhzl;aom) taMumif;t&mrsm;udk udk,fawmfwdkif odawmfrlyHkudk vnf;aumif; atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlcJhavonf/ tm&'¨H acg ye ar jAm[®P 0D&d,H ta[mod/ y/ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPm, pdwåH tbdedEém aroð/ aom taeu0d[dwH ykaAÁed0goH tEkó&mrd/y/ t,H acg ar jAm[®P yXrmbdedAÁd'g ta[mod ukuúKXpämyuaó0 t@aumorSm (0d? 1? 4-5)/
jrefrmjyef ykPÖm; igonf rwGefUwkdaom vHkUvudk tm;xkwfjyD;jyD? (ightm;) arhavsmh (aysmufysuf) jcif;r&Sdaom owdonf xifjyD? (ig\) ukd,fonf ylyefjcif; r&Sd jidrf;at;jyD? (ig\) pdwfonf wpfckwnf;aom tm½Hk½Sdonfjzpfí aumif;pGm wnfjyD? ykPÖm; xdkigonf umr*kPfwkdUrS qdwfíomvQif tukodkvfw&m;wdkUrS qdwfíomvQif MuHpnfjcif; ]0dwwf}ESifhwuGjzpfaom oHk;oyfqifjcifjcif; ]0dpm&} ESifh wuGjzpfaom (eD0&P) uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfaom ESpfodrfhjcif; ]yDwd} csrf;omjcif; ]okc} ½Sdaom yxrpsmefokdU a&mufí aecJhjyD/ 0dwuf? 0dpm& jidrf;jcif;aMumifh rdrdoEÅmefü pdwfudk Munfvifapwwfaompdwf? wnfMunfrI orm"dukdyGm;apwwfaom? MuHpnfrI ]0dwuf} r½Sdaom? oHk;oyfqifjcifrI ]0dpm&} r½Sdaom? wnfMunfrI ]orm"d} aMumifh jzpfaom? ESpfodrfhjcif; ]]yDwd}}? csrf;omjcif; ]okc} ½Sdaom 'kwd,psmefokdU a&mufí aecJhjyD; ESpfodrfhrI ]yDwd} udkvnf; rwyfrufjcif;aMumifh atmufarhrI ]owd} qifjcifrI ]orÜZOf}ESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpfí vspfvsL½Ivsuf aecJhjyD? csrf;omrI ]okc}udkvnf; udk,fjzifh cHpm;cJhjyD? tMuif wwd,psmefaMumifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
772
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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atmufarhEdkifcJhjyD? tb,fyHk atmufarhEdkifcJhoenf;? þrnfaom b0ü (igonf) þokdUaom trnftEG,f ½SdcJh\? þokdUaomtqif;½SdcJh\? þokdUaom tpmtm[m& ½SdcJh\/
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tjcif;t&mESifhwuG ñTefjyzG,f (trnftEG,f)ESifhwuG rsm;jym;aom a½S;üjzpfcJhzl; (aecJhzl;)aom b0udk atmufarhEdkifcJhjyD/ ykPÖm; igonf nOfhOD;,mrfü þyXrjzpfaom todÓPf ]0dZÆm}udk &cJhjyD? rarhravsmh jyif;pGm tm;xkwfvsuf apvTwftyfaom pdwf½Sdonfjzpfí aeaomoltm; rodrI ]t0dZÆm} aysmufí todÓPf ]0dZÆm} jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI ]t0dZÆm} aysmufí todÓPf ]0dZÆm} jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmifaysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; trdkufarSmif aysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/ ykPÖm; þonfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcJGxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZÆmOcGHrS) ig\ yXrazmufcGJ xGufay:vmjcif;jzpf\/ þum; bk&m;½Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf\ ykaAÁed0gomEkówdÓPfudk &atmif tm;xkwf usifhMuHcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfjzifh
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773
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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(c) 'dAÁpu©KÓPf pk'dwuwkdU\ 'dAÁpu©K ÓPf a&;om;csuf rSm;,Gif;yHkudk pdppfOD;tHh 21/
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'daAÁemwdtm'Dok 'dAÁo'dowåm 'dAÁH/ a'0wmeO§d okp&dwur® edAÁwåH ydwåaorS½k[d&m'D[d tyvdAk'¨H Oyuúdavo0drkwåwm, 'la&yd tm&r®PorÜ#dpäeorw¬H 'dAÁH yom'pu©K a[mwd? £'Íömyd 0D&d,bm0emAvedAÁwåH ÓPpu©K wm'doar0gwd 'dAÁ'dowåm 'dAÁH (0d? |? 1? 132/ 0dok'¨dr*f? 'k? 53-54)/ (þOyrmonf
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wpfenf;? t*Fg½Spfyg;½Sdaom pwkw¬psmefudk (yg'u) tajccHûyí'dAÁpu©KtbdnmOfjzpf&\? xkdYaMumifh
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pwkw¬psmefudk
rSDonf[kqdk&onf? þokdU rdrdukd,fwdkif 'dAÁ0d[m& rnfaom (yg'u) tajccHjzpfonfh pwkw¬psmefudkrSDaomaMumifh (taMumif;psmef\ trnfudk tusdK; ÓPfrsufpdü wifpm;í um&Plypm&tm;jzifh) ÓPfrsufpdonf 'dAÁ rnf\/ 'dAÁ0d[m&0aoe y#dv'¨wåm? twåem p 'dAÁ0d[m& oEédódwwåmyd 'dAÁH (0d?|?1?132/ 0dok'¨dr*f?'k? 53-54)/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
774
tpodkU (C)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wpfenf;? 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmOfudk jzpfapvdkaom wefckd;½Sifonf yifukd,fu ta&mif½Sdaom awaZm uodkPf;? Mo'gw uodkPf;? tmavmu uodkPf;[laom uodkPf;oHk;yg;wkdUwGif wpfyg;yg;udk tm½Hkûyí pwkw¬psmefudk tajccH(yg'u) psmeftjzpfjzifh 0ifpm;&onf? þodkU ta&miftvif;udk odrf;,l&onfhtwGuf MuD;us,faom ta&mif½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'dAÁrnf\/ tmavmuy&d*¾a[e r[mZkwduwåmyd 'dAÁH/ wda&muk¥'d*w&ly'óaee r[m*wduwåmyd 'dAÁH/ 'óeaw¦e pu©K? pu©Kudpöu&aPe pu©Krd0gwdyd pu©K (0d?|?1?132/ 0dok'¨dr*¾ 'k? 54)/
(i)
wpfenf;?
eH&Hwpfzufpaom
t&yfüjzpfaom
½lyg½Hkukd
jrifEdkifonfh
twGuf
thHMozG,faumif;aom jzpfjcif;½Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf; 'dAÁrnf\/ 'dAÁpu©K[laom yk'fü pu©Konf yuwd rsufpdudk ra[m ½lyg½Hkudk jrifwwfaomaMumifh pu©Krnf\/ wpfenf;? rsufpd\ udpöudk ûyjcif;aMumifh yuwd rsufpdESifhwlonhftwGuf pu©K rnf\/ þokdU
qkdcJhjyD;aom
pum;tpOfjzifh
ewfjynfüjzpfaom
yom'pu©KESifhwlaom
(0g)
'dAÁ0d[m&rnfaom psmefav;yg;tpGrf;jzifh &tyfaom (0g) 'dAÁ0d[m& pwkw¬psmefudk rSDaom (0g) xGef;vif;awmufyaom (0g) eH&Hwpfzufpaom t&yfodkU rjidruyf oGm;wwfaom ÓPfrsufpdonf 'dAÁpu©K rnf\[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf&m\/ þ'dAÁpu©KÓPfonfyif pkwdy#doaE¨ukd odaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh ]pkwlyygwÓPf}vnf; rnf\? þÓPfjzifh odjrifyHk taMumif;t&mudk atmufygtwdkif; bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlcJhonf/ aom{0H orm[daw/y/ tbdedEémaroð? aom 'daAÁe pu©Kem/y/ t,H acg ar jAm[®P 'kwd,mbdedAÁd'g ta[mod ukuúK#pämyuaó0 t@aumorSm (0d?1?5-6)/
jrefrmjyef þokdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu; r½Sdvwfaomf npfñl;aMumif;
uif;vwfaomf
El;nHhvwfaomf
ûyjcif;iSm
toifhjzpfvwfaomf
wnfwHhvwfaomf
rwkefvIyfjcif;okdU a&mufvwfaomf xdk igonf owå0gwkdU\ pkwdy#doaE¨ukd odaom ]pkwlyygwÓPf} tvkdUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½InGwfapcJhjyD/ «þpum;awmfjzifh tusifh y#dy'gudk tusOf;jyonf/» xdkigonf
txl;ojzifh
pifMu,faom
vlwkdU\
jrifEdkifavmuf&m
Oypmukd
vGefaom
ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom ]'dAÁpu©KÓPfjzifh pkwdcgeD; owå0g? y#doaE¨aejyD;p owå0g? ,kwfaom owå0g? jrwfaom owå0g? tqif;vSaom owå0g? tqif;rvSaom owå0g? aumif;aom vm;&m½Sdaom owå0g? raumif;aom vm;&m½Sdaom owå0gwdkUudk jrif\? uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfaom owå0gwdkUudkod\? (b,fyHkodoenf;)
tcsif;wkdU
þowå0gwkdUonf
ukd,fjzifh
ûytyfaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
raumif;aom
775
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tusifhum,'kp½dkufESifh
jynfhpHkukef\?
EIwfjzifh
ûytyfaom
raumif;aom
tusifh
0pD'kp½dkufESifh
jynfhpHkukef\? pdwfjzifh ûytyfaom raumif;aom tusifh raem'kp½dkufESifh jynhfpHkukef\? t&d,mwkdUudk pGyfpGJukef\?
rSm;aom
t,l½Sdukef\/
rSm;aom
t,ljzifh
aqmufwnftyfaom
uH½Sdukef\?
xdkowå0gwkdUonf cE¨mukd,fysufpD;í aojyD;onfrS aemufü csrf;omuif;&m raumif;aom vm;&m z½dkz&J usa&muf&m i&JüjzpfMuukef\/ tcsif;wkdU þowå0gwkdUonfum; udk,fjzifh ûytyfaom aumif;aom tusifh 0pDokp½dkufESifh jynfhpHkukef\/ pdwfjzifh ûytyfaom aumif;aomtusifh raemokp½dkufESifh jynfhpHkukef\/
t&d,mwkdUudk
aqmufwnftyfaomuH½Sdukef\/
rpGyfpGJMuukef? xdkowå0gwkdUonf
rSefaomt,l½Sdukef\/ cE¨mukd,f
ysufpD;í
rSefaom
t,ljzifh
aojyD;onfrS
aemufü
aumif;aomvm;&m vlUjynf ewfjynf ok*wdü jzpfMuukef\[k od\/ þokdUvQif txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom vlwkdU\ jrifEdkifavmuf&m Oypmukd ausmfvGefaom ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom 'dAÁpu©KÓPfjzifh pkawcgeD;owå0g y#doaE¨aejyD;powå0g/y/ uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfMu&aom owå0gwkdUudk od\/ ykPÖm; igonf oef;acgif rZÑdr,mrfü þ 'kwd, todÓPf 0dZÆmudk &cJhjyD? rarhravsmh jyif;pGm tm;xkwfvsuf apvTwftyfaom pdwf½Sdonfjzpfí aeaomoltm; rodrI t0dZÆm aysmufí todÓPf 0dZÆm jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI t0dZÆmaysmufí todÓPf0dZÆm jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmif aysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/ ykPÖm; þonfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcJGxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZÆmOcGHrS) ig\ 'kwd, azmufcGJxGufay:vmjcif; jzpf\/ þum; bk&m;½Sif\ 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPfudk &atmif usifhMuH êud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfjzifh
odjrifawmfrlyHkwkdUudk
a0&ÍÆykPÖm;MuD;tm;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom
a½TEIwfawmfxGuf pum;awmfjrwfaywnf;/ tcsKyfum; 'dAÁpu©K-[lonf vlwkdU\ yuwd rHopu©K r[kwf? tbdÓPfydkif½SifwkdU\ ewfrsufpduJhokdU us,fus,fjyefUjyefU jrifEdkifaom ÓPfrsufpdomjzpfavonf/
(*) tmo0u©,ÓPf 22/
tmo0 =tmo0w&m;wkdUudk + c, = ukefcef;apwwfaom +ÓP = todÓPf/
tb,faMumifh tb,fw&m;wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukefoenf; (u)
tdkif;trmrS pufqkyfzG,fjzpfaom oeH&nf jynfap;wdkU ,dkpD;xGufusouJhokdU pu©Kpaom ajcmuf'Gg&rS ½lyg½Hkpaom tm½Hkajcmufyg;wkdUü ,dkpD;xGufuswwf (jzpfwwf) aomaMumifh avmb? 'd|d? arm[ wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukef\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
776
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ww¬ tmo0EåDwd tmo0g? pu©Kawmyd/y/ reawmyd oE´Eåd y0wåEåDwd 0kwåH a[mwd (r?|?1?63/
(c)
wpfenf;?
tbd?|?1?90)/ w&m;oabmtm;jzifh
wnf&mbHktm;jzifh
aomwmywådr*f\
ae0onmemonm,webHk[k
a½S;a*gMwbk qdktyfaom
wdkifatmif?
b0*fwdkifatmif
jzpfwwfaomaMumifh avmb 'd|d arm[wkdUonf tmo0rnfukef\/ "r®awm ,m0 a*gMwbHk Moumoawm ,m0 b0*¾H o0EÅDwd 0g tm00g? {aw "ar® {wÍö MoumoH taEåmu&dwGm y0wåEÅDwd taw¬m (r?|?1?63/ (*)
wpfenf;?
avmuü
pdrf&nft&ufudk
tcdk;jyif;atmif
tmo0-[k
tbd?|?1?90)/
MumjrifhpGm
ac:\?
pdrfxm;tyf
þavmb
'd|d
xHkxm;tyfaom arm[-[laom
w&m;qdk;wkdUonfvnf; tprxif oHo&mwpfcGifrS ,aeUwdkifatmif cE¨mudk,fwnf; [laom t&uftkd;ü MumjrifhpGm xHktyfonfh twGuf pdrf&nfESihfwlaomaMumifh tmo0 rnfukef\/ pd&yg&d0god,a|e r'd&m'a,m tmo0g? tmo0g 0d,m wdyd tmo0g/ avmuo®dO§d pd&yg&d0godum r'd&m'a,m tmo0gwd 0kpöEÅd (r?|?1?63/ (C)
wpfenf;?
aumufyifonf
'ku©wnf;[laom
toD;udk
tbd?|?1?90)/
toD;udk
oD;ouJhokdU
oD;wwf
(jzpfapwwf)
½Snfvsm;vSpGmaom aomaMumifh
oHo&m
avmb
'd|d
arm[wkdUonf tmo0rnfukef\/ tm,wH 0g oHom& 'ku©H o0EÅd yo0EÅDwdyd tmo0g (r?|?1?63/
tbd?|?1?90)/
xdkUaMumifh pu©Kpaom ajcmuf'Gg&rS ½lyg½Hkpaom tm½Hkajcmufyg;wkdUü ,kdpD;xGufuswwfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? w&m;tm;jzifh a*gMwbkwkdifatmif wnf&mbHktm;jzifh b0*fwkdifatmif jzpfwwfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;?
MumjrifhpGm
pdrftyf
xHktyfaom
pdrf&nft&ufESifh
wlaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
½Snfvsm;vSpGmaom oHo&m'ku©wnf;[laom toD;udk oD;wwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; avmb 'd|d arm[wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukef\ [k tusOf;csKyfod&m\/ «wyfrufpGJvrf;rI jzpfjcif;[lorQ tmo0 - [k qkdaom tbd"r®m q&mpdef qdkol\ teufum; rnfonfh usrf;*efürQ r½Saom teufjzpfonf/» c,o'´gum; ukefjcif;? ukef&m? ukefaMumif; ? ukefapwwf [laom teufwkdUudk a[m\? þt&mü ukefaMumif;jzpfaom (0g) ukefapwwfaom t&[wår*fudk a[m\? t&[wår*f[lonf or®m'd|dpaom r*¾if½Spfyg;wnf;? ÓPt&um; xkd t&[wår*f[k qdktyfaom r*¾if½Spfyg;ü yg0ifaom or®m'd|d r*¾if[k qkdtyfaom ÓPfwnf;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
777
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xkdUaMumifh tmo0w&m;wkdU\ ukefaMumif;jzpfaom (0g) tmo0w&m;wkdUudk ukefapwwfaom t&[wår*füyg0ifaom
or®m'd|dr*¾ifwnf;[laom
ÓPfonf
tmo0u©,ÓPf
rnf\[k
wdusrSefuefaom teufudk od&m\/ tmo0geH
c,ÓPm,mwd
t&[wår*¾ÓPw¬m,?
t&[wåra*¾g
[d
tmo0g0demoeawm tmo0geH ca,mwd 0kpöwd? wMwapwH ÓPH? wyÜ&d,m yEéwåmwd (r? |? 1? 131/ 0d? |? 1? 136)/ xdktmo0u©,ÓPfudk &&ef usifhMuH êud;ukef tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfudk &awmfrlyHkudkvnf; atmufygtwdkif; bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlcJhayonf/ aom {0H orm[daw pdawå/y/ tmo0geH c,ÓP, pdwåH tbdedEémaroð/ aom ]]£'H 'ku©}}EÅd ,xmblwH tAÇnmoð/y/ t,H acg ar jA[®P wwd,mbdedAÁd'g ta[mod ukuúK#pämyuaó0 t@aumorSm (0d? 1? 6)/
jrefrmjyef þokdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaom jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu;r½Sdvwfaom npfñl;jcif;
uif;vwfaomf
rwkefvIyfjcif;odkY
El;nHhvwfaomf
a&mufvwfaomf
ûyjcif;iSm
xdkigonf
toifhjzpfvwfaomf
wnfwHhvwfaomf
tmoa0gw&m;wkdUudk
ukefapwwfaom
tmo0u©,ÓPftvdkUiSm pdwfudk a½S;½I nGwfapcJhjyD/ igonf þum; qif;&J'ku©[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif; odcJhjyD? þum; qif;&J jzpfay:jcif;\ taMumif; 'ku©ork',[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif; odcJhjyD? þum; qif;&JcsKyf&m (edAÁmef) eda&m"[k [kwfrSefaom
twdkif;
'ku©eda&m"*grdedy#dy'g-[k
odcJhjyD?
þum;
[kwfrSefaom
qif;&JcsKyf&m twdkif;odcJhjyD?
(edAÁmef)
okdU
þonfum;
a&mufaMumif; ,dkpD;rI
usifhpOf
tmo0wkdU[k
[kwfrSefaomtwdkif; odcJhjyD? þonfum; ,dkpD;rItmo0wkdUcsKyf&m (edAÁmef) tmo0eda&m"- [k [kwfrSefaomtwdkif;odcJhjyD?
þum;
,dkpD;rItmo0wkdUcsKyf&m
(edAÁmef)
odkUa&mufaMumif;
usifhpOf
tmo0eDa&m"*grdedy#dy'g[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif;odcJhjyD? þokdU odjrifaom xdkig (bk&m;)\ pdwfonf umrmo0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? b0go0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? t0dZÆmo0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? vGwfajrmufjyD;vwfaomf vGwfajrmufcJhavjyD[k todÓPfjzpfay:\/ y#doaE¨aerIukefjyD? jrwfaom tusifhudk usifhoHk;jyD;jyD? (r*f) udpu ö dk ûyjyD;jyD? þr*fudpötvdkUiSm wpfyg;aom ûyzG,f r½SdjyD[k odcJhjyD/ ykPÖm;
igonf rdk;aomuf ypädr,mrfü þwwd,ajrmufjzpfaom todÓPf0dZÆmukd&cJhjyD?
rarhravsmh jyif;pGmtm;xkwfvsuf (edAÁmefokdU) apvTwftyfaom pdwf½Sdonfjzpfí aeaomoltm; rodrI t0dZÆmaysmufí todÓPf 0dZÆm jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI t0dZÆmaysmufí todÓPf 0dZÆm jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmifaysmufí tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
778
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ykPÖm; þonfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcGJxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZÆmOcGH)rS ig\ wwd,ajrmuf azmufcGJxGufay:vmjcif;jzpf\/ þum; bk&m;½Sif tmo0u©,ÓPf&&ef usifhMuH êud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdÓPfudk &awmfrlcJhyHkukd
a0&ÍÆykPÖm;MuD;tm;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom
a½TEIwfawmfxGuf
pum;awmfaywnf;/ þokdUvQif bk&m;½Sif\ ykaAÁed0go? 'dAÁpu©K? tmo0u©, [laom 0dZÆmoHk;yg;ÓPfawmfrsm;\ teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUü usepGm a[mMum;zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm; ½Sdygvsuf tbd"r®m q&mpdefqdkol\ trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmifü a&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;ESifh rsm;pGm qefUusifaejcif;aMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) A - trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 23/
(A) twåudvrxmEka,m*- twå [laom yk'f\ o½kyfum; 0dnmPfpdwfjzpf\?
udvrx\ t"dyÜm,fum; csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk qkd\/ tEka,m*yk'f\ oabmoGm;um; bm0emur®|mef; wpfckckudk tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerIudk qkd\/ (trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf 6) þpum;&yf\ yd@w¬um; ]]0dÓPfpdwfudk csKyfcs,fí bm0emur®|mef;wpfckckudk tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerIonf
twåudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf}}
[k
qkdvdk&if;jzpfonf?
þpum;&yfukd
usrf;*efESifh nDrnD pdppfonf½Sdaomf twåudvrxmEka,m* [laom ygXfü twåo'´gonf (u)
twåok'aEÅmyk&doóaZmwD (oH? 1? 171) paom ygXfü ]]pdwf}} [laomteuf?
(c)
twåmeH 0'dwGm a&m'wd (0d? 2? 364) paom ygXfü ]]ukd,f}} [laomteuf?
(*)
twå'Dyg bdu©a0 0d[&x (oH? 2? 35) paom ygXfü ]]avmuDavmukwå&m w&m; }} teuf?
(C)
rpäwåed,wm "r®m (tbd? 1? 3) paomygXfü ]]oabm}} [laom teuf?
(i)
twåem 0g twåeH or®EédwAÁH (0d? 3? 131) paom ygXfü ]]rdrd? rdrdukd,f}} [laomteuf?
(p)
twåH y[m, tEkyg'd,maem (ck? 1? 404) paom ygXfü ]]twå'd|d}} [laom teuf?
(q)
½lyH twåawm orEkyówd (tbd? 2? 389) paom ygXfü ]]wdw¬dwdkUonf MuHqtyfaom twå}} [laom teufudka[m\/
þ
]]twåudvrxmEka,m*}}[laomygXfüygaom
[laomteufudka[monf?
trSefw&m;okawoeorm;wkdU
twå-o'´gonfum; jyqkdtyfaom
]]rdrd?
rdrdukd,f}}
0dnmPfpdwf[laom
teufudkra[m? xkdUaMumifh twåukd ]]o&D&}} [k t|uxmq&mwkdU zGifhjyawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
779
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
udvrx o'´gonf ]]yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;? yifyef;qif;&Japaomtusifh}} [laomteufudka[monf? tbd"r®mq&mpdef jyqdkouJhokdU csKyfcs,fjcif; [laomteufudkra[m? 0dok'¨dr*f r[m#Dum 'kwd,tkyfüteoeauovkÍöem'dwyp&d,m,?
e*¾oDv
a*goDv
ukuúK&oDvm'D[d
p
twåy&dwmyaee armau©m a[mwDwd twåudvraxm (0dok'¨D?#D?2?218)[k zGifhjyxm;ayonf/ ]]tEka,m*}}
o'´gonf
yifyef;qif;&Japwwfaomtusifhudk odrSwf&m\?
tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;[laom tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;onf
tbd"r®mq&mpdefwkdU
jyqdktyfaom
teufudka[m\/
rdrdukd,fukd
]]twåudvrxmEka,m*}}
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785
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSwfpOf(15) r-trSwfjyrS pí V-trSwfjytxd apm'em&Spfcsufudk pdppfcsuf 27/
(r) odef;ZD0 = ZD0\t"dyÜm,frSm toufudkac:ygonf? odef;\t"dyÜm,frSm aovkeD;yg;[k
ac:ygonf? ESpfckaygif;vdkufvQif (odef;ZD0) toufaovkeD;yg;txd ylavmifuRrf;rIMuD;jzpf&jcif;[k jyqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (,)
umvokwf = êud;ESifh wkyfaESmifxm;bdouJhodkU ½kef;xGufír&ovdk
ylavmifrI'Pfudk
cHae&jcif;/ (&)
oCFmw = oHrD;awmifMuD;\tyl&Sdefjzifh zduyfí xm;bdouJhokdU ylavmifcHae&jcif;/
(v)
a&m½k0 = toHatmf[pfvsuf rcHr&yfEdkifbJ ylavmifrI 'PfcHae&jcif;/
(0)
r[ma&m½k0=
xírEdkif
xdkifír&
b,fvdkae&rSef;rod
jzpf&onftxd
ylyifavmifuRrf;rI'Pfudk cHae&jcif;/ (o)
wmyEé = toHrxGufEkdifawmhbJ &ifvHk;aqmifhvsuf ylaqG;avmifuRrf;'Pf cH&jcif;/
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r[mwmyEé=
tvGefjyif;xefpGmjzifh
toHrxGufEkdifawmhbJ
owdyifr&
arharsmMu&onftxd ylavmifrI'Pfukd cH&jcif;/ (V)
t0Dpd = wpfcsufuav;rQ arhaysmufí r&Edkifavmufatmifyif at;uGufpyfMum; r½SdbJ ylavmifae&jcif;wnf;[laom
ylavmifuRrf;rI trsdK;rsdK; 8-rsdK; 8-xyfwkdU\ ESdyfpufrI'Pfrsm;udk cHae&olwdkUudk i&JMuD; (8)xyfwGif uscHae&olrsm;[k usrf;*efü jyqdkrIûyjcif;jzpfonf/ (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ 24? 25) þpum;rsm;udk xkwfjyí ]],if;pum;&yfrsm;onf omoemawmfukd apmfum;aom bHk½Sif;wrf;? bHkurÇmwdwfacGrsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tajccHrsdK;aphrsm; jzpfygonf}} [lí omrntm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Zmwut|uxmom"uwkdUjzifh oÍÆD0- paomyk'fwkdU\ teufrSefudk azmfjyvsuf 0daootm;jzifh vnf;aumif; apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u wifjy apm'emMuonf/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU\ oHk;oyfcsuf xdki&J½Spfxyf
a0g[m&ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh
apm'em
pum;&yfukd
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q&mawmfrsm; xkwfaqmif ukd;um;aom om"u pum;&yfrsm;onf ax&0g'yd#u t|uxmüvmaom ckdifvHkonfh
pum;&yfrsm;jzpfí
om"uajrmufjyD;jzpf&um;
,xmblw
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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU ,lqawmfrlMuonf/ 28/
pk'dwuwkdU azmfjyaom i&J½Spfxyf a0g[m& AsKyÜwfonfum; aMumif;usdK; ,kwåd
tvsOf;r½Sdaom a&;om;jyqdkjcif;\
pum;rsm;om taMumif;&if;
jzpfacsonf? tajctjrpfudk
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pum;rsm;udk
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]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
786
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
xkdpmwrf;yg pum;&yfrsm;ukd ûcHiHkoHk;oyf&ayrnf? xkdpmwrf;udk &cdkifjynfe,f? awmifukwfûrdU? OD;a½Tjynfhu wifjyí
twGif;
pmrsufESmüum;
awmifukwfûrdUe,f?
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS
wifjycsuf
pmwrf;jzpfonf[k yg&Sdonf/ xkdpmwrf;udk pdppfoHk;oyf&m ewfjA[®mESifh i&JtaMumif;t&mrsm;yg½Sdonfh yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk y,f&Sm;vdkjcif;[laom taMumif;&if; tajctjrpfudk awGUjrifod½Sd&ayonf/ rSefyg\/ xkdpmwrf; pmrsufESm 5-ü ]]þokdUvQif ewfrsm;rSm rdcifewfr\ 0rf;Mumwdkufü y#doaE¨rae&bJ OyywfESifh csufcsif; wpfcPtwGif;
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rdb[lí
r&SdEdkif?
om;orD;
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aqGrsdK;Ówum[lívnf; ray:aygufEdkifyg? wpfckaom r*FvokwfwGif Ak'¨u oifewfom;wkdU rdbESifh om;orD;ZeD; aqGrsdK;ÓwumwkdUukd vkyfauR;arG;jrL&rnf[laom rmwmydwk Oy|meH ykwå'g&ó o*Fa[m yk'fjzifh ñTefjy qHk;rxm;onfudk axmufygu þvlrsm;udkyif tqifhtwef;tvdkuf cGJjcm;vsuf ewfom;[k ac:qkdaMumif; txift½Sm;awGU&ygonf}} [k azmfjyxm;onf/(þpum;&yfum; ewftaMumif;t&mygonfh yd#uwfawmfukd y,faom pum;&yfjzpfonf/) þpum;&yfü qdkvdk&if;um; ]]ewfrsm;rSm rdbESifh om;orD; ZeD; aqGrsdK;r½Sd? ,if;odkU r½SdbJvsuf rdbESifh om;orD; ZeD;aqGrsdK;wkdUudk vkyfauR;arG;jrL&rnf[k a[mawmfrljcif;aMumifh vlrsm;udk yif ewf[kac:&onf}}
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olZmpaom
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tjcm;ewfrsm;rSmvnf;
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Muif,mewforD;rsm;½SdaMumif;rSm xif½Sm;í om"ujyzG,fyifrvdk? odMum;rif;onf ouúyO§okwfudk Mum;emjyD;aemuf yOöodcewfom;udk aus;Zl;wifvSí ol&d,0päomewforD;ESifh xdrf;jrm;ay;aMumif;udk ,cif ygVdawmf ESm-230? jrefrmjyef 257-ü awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ OyywfewfwdkUrSm trd0rf;üy#doaE¨ rae&bJ b,fyHkb,fenf; om;?orD;ponf ½SdEdkifonfudkvnf; ,if; r[m0*¾t|uxm ESm 297-ü ]]a'0geH "Dwm p ykwåm p tauF edAÁwåEÅd}}
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
787
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ponfjzihf jyqdkavonf? t"dyÜm,f = ]]ewfwkdU\ orD;jzpfaom ewfom; jzpfaom ewfwdkUonf &ifcGifü jzpfukef\? ajc&if; tvkyftauR; r,m;jzpfaom ewfrdef;rwkdUonf tdyf&mü jzpfukef\? tqifwefqmûyjyif
qif,ifay;rnfhewfwdkUonf
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jcH&Híjzpfukef\?
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ûyvkyfonfhewfwkdUonf AdrmefwGif;ü jzpfukef\?}} þum; OyywfewfwkdUtwGuf jyqkdjcif;jzpfonf/ bkr®pdk; ewfwkdUonfum; t@Z? ZvmAkZ? oHao'Z? Moyygwdu [laom a,medav;rsdK;vHk;jzifh y#doaE¨aeEdkifonfudk oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxm ESm -153 ü ed&a, bkr®0aZÆok? a'a0ok p e a,meda,m/ wdaóm yk&drdum a[mEÅd? pwaóyd *wdwåa,/ ponfjzifh jyqkdonf? t"dyÜm,f = ]]i&J? bkr®pdk;rS wpfyg;aomewfrsm;ESifh edZÑmrwPSdu ac:aom rD;o&J jydwåmwkdUrSm t@Z? ZvmAkZ? oHao'Z r&SdMu? Moyygwdu wpfrsdK;om;&SdMuonf? wd&pämef? rD;o&JrS
MuGif;aom
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xkdUaMumifhewfwdkUü rdbESifh om;? orD;? ZeD;ponf½SdonfrSm xif½Sm;ayonf/ r*Fvokwfa'oemawmfonfvnf;
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aqGrsdK;½Sdjcif;
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,if;pmwrf; pmrsufESm 11-ü ]]y#doaE¨rsm;rSm ZvmAkZ? oHao'Z? tE¨Z? *AÇao,su?
Oyygwdu [lí ig;rsdK;jzpfMuygonf}}[k yk'fygVdtu©&m rSm;,Gif;pGm jyqdkxm;onfukd awYG&\/ (ZvmAkZ? oHao'Z?
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trnfa0g[m&yk'fygXf tu©&mrQudkyif rSefuefpGm rodolonf xdkyd#uwfawmf\ eufeJaom t"dyÜm,fudk a0zef&mü tb,frSmvQif rSefuefatmif a0zefEdkifcsdrfhrnfenf;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf y#doaEé¨ig;rsdK;[k a[mawmfrrl? t@Z? ZvmAkZ? oHao'Z? Moyygwdu- [lí a,medav;rsdK;udk a[mawmfrlonf? (aemufütus,fjytHh)? xkdav;rsdK;wkdYwGif t@ZESif ZvmAkZonf trd0rf;ü udef;atmif;&aomaMumifh *AÇao,su rnf\? xkdUaMumifh usrf;*efrsm;ü t@Z? ZvmAkZ? oHao'Z? Moyygwdu- [lía,medav;rsdK;udkjzpfap? *AÇao,su?oHao'Z? Moyygwdu- [lí y#doaE¨tm;jzifh jym;aom owå0goHk;rsdK;ukdjzpfap jyqdk½dk;½Sdonf? y#doaE¨ig;rsdK;[k a&maESmjyqkdjcif;onfyif rSm;,Gif;aeayonf/ xkdpmwrf; pmrsufESm 12? ZvmAkZ y#doaE¨ukd jy&mü ]]¤if;#doaE¨rSm MoumomavmutwGif;ü ½SdaejyD;jzpfaom a&pyf?ajrpyf? tif;tdkif? jrpfacsmif;wkdUrS a&rId? a&cJ? a&nd§? ajrnd§[kac:aom yx0DESifh tmaygwkdUjzpfMuonfh "mwfao? "mwfrwkdUtay: awaZmESifh
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788
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
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¤if;ADZwdkUrS ouf0ifvIyf½Sm; todpdwf 0dnmPfemrfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmum
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oHk;oyfcsuf a&arSmf a&n§d ponfwkdUüjzpfaom owå0gonf oHao'Zomjzpfonf? ZvmAkZr[kwf? (aemufü xif½Sm;vwHh) pmwrf;½Sif (pk'dwu) onf ]Zvm}ukd jrifí a&jyifrSpí jzpfaom owå0g[k ,lq[ef&Sdonf? trSefrSm ]Zvm} o'´gr[kwf ] ZvmAk} o'´gjzpfonf? ]]om;tdrf}} [laom teufudka[monf ]Z}o'´g ]jzpf} [laom teufudk a[monf? trd\ om;tdrftwGif;ü y#doaE¨ wnfae jzpfyGm;Muaom vl? qif? jrif;? EGm;? uRJ paom owå0grsm;udk ZvmAkZ- [k ac:qkd&onf/ 30/
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789
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pk'dwu\ pum;&yfü (wpfrdepf wpfcPtwGif;) [laompum;onf y&rwåobm0ESifh a0;uGmvSaom pum;jzpfonf? ypöKyÜefb00,f a½SUpdwfcsKyfjyD;aemuf tjcm;r&SdbJ aemufpdwfjzpfouJhokdU xkdUtwl b0a[mif;rS pkwdpdwfcsKyfjyD;aemuf tjcm;r½SdbJ b0opfü y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfonf? pdwfjzpfjcif; csKyfjcif;onf tvGefvsifjref&um; ,m0Íöd'H bdu©a0 Oyrmyd e oku&m? ,m0 v[ky&d0wåHpdwåH (tH? 1? 9) [laom t*kFwåKd&f ygVdawmfü a[mawmfrlonfhtwdkif; Oyrmjy&efyif rvG,fulacs/ xkdUaMumifh
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tm,we(11)yg;wkdUwGif rem,we wpfyg;om pdwfjzpfonf? "r®m,weum; apwodufemrfESifh tmaygpaom ½kyfwkdYa&maESmaom rdóu tm,wejzpfonf? MuGif;aom tm,we (6)yg;wkdUum; ½kyfoufoufom jzpfMuonf/ xkdUjyif ½ly t½ly y#doaE¨ t&mü ½ly t½ly"mwf\ y#doaE¨ü tonowfjA[®mwkdUukd csefxm;í cE¨m ig;yg;wkdU xif½Sm; jzpfukef\ (tbd? 2? 433)/ tonowfjA[®mwdkU\ y#doaE¨cPü ½lyu©E¨m[laom cE¨mwpfyg;xif½Sm;jzpf\ (tbd? 2? 434)/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
790
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t½ly"mwf\
y#doaE¨cPü
a0'emu©E¨m?
onmu©E¨m?
ocFg&u©E¨m?
0dnmPu©E¨m
=
þcE¨mav;yg;wkdU xif½Sm;jzpfukef\ (tbd? 2? 435)/ þokdU jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ þa'oemawmfjzifh umr ½ly Oyywfy#doaE¨onf ½kyfemrfa&maom rdóu y#doaE¨ jzpfonf? tonowf Oyywfy#doaE¨onf ½kyfy#doaE¨ jzpfonf? t½ly Oyywfy#doaE¨onf emrfy#doaE¨ jzpfonf[k od&m\/
a,medav;yg; bk&m;a[m 31/
þt&mü a,medav;yg;udk ½Sif;vif;pGm odEdkifMu&ef bk&m;a[m a'oemudk tusOf;csHK;í
jyqdkOD;tHh]]om&dykwå&m a,medac:aom ZmwfwltrsdK;wkdUonf þ av;rsdK;wnf;? tb,fav;rsdK;wkdUenf;[lrl Oüjzpfaom t@Za,med? om;tdrfüjzpfaom ZvmAkZa,med? tnd§ü(0g) pdkpGwf&mt&yfüjzpfaom oHao'Za,med? ukd,fxif½Sm;jzpfay:aom Moyygwdua,medwkdUwnf;? OcGHukdazmufcGJí jzpfay:vmaom owå0gudk t@Za,med-[k qdktyf\/ om;tdrfudk azmufcJGí jzpfay:vmaom owå0gudk ZvmAkZa,med[k qdktyf\/ ig;ykyftaumifykyf rka,mrkefUykyf wefpD;tdkif wefpD;ajrmif;wkdUü jzpfay:vmaom owå0gudk oHao'Za,med-[kqdktyf\? ewfi&Jom;ESifh tcsdKU vltcsdKU 0dedygwdu tol&mukd Moyygwdua,med-[k qdktyf\}} (r-1-105)? (OcGHjzpf&mXmetm;jzifh txl;ûytyf cGJjcm;tyfaom cE¨mwkdU\ udk,fhtkyfpkESifh ukd,fjzpfaeyHk txl;udk a,med-[kac:onf) þokdU a,medav;yg;udk bk&m½Sifa[mawmfrlcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh ]]Oyywfy#doaE¨onf pdwfy#doaE¨jzpfonf? ½kyfemrf[lí wpfoD;wpfjcm;r½SdbJ þ vlowå0g\ twGif;pdwfrSm pGJrSDí jzpfaeaom ewfi&J wapärsm;omjzpfonf}} [laom t,lonf jyqdkcJhjyD;aom bk&m;½Sif\ a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaom ('k*¾[dw*¾g[) raumif;ojzifh ,ltyfaom t,lomjzpfonf? ]]twåem 'k*¾[dawe tarS ap0 tAÇmpdu©wd}} rdrdukd,fwdkif raumif;ojzifh ,ltyfaom t,ljzifh igbk&m;wkdUudkvnf; pGyfpGJ\ [laom bk&m;½Sif\ pum;awmfESifh tnD a'ou bk&m;½Sifudkvnf; pGyfpGJ&m a&mufonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ pmwrf; pmrsufESm 16-ü ]]usrf;*eftcsdKUu Oyywffy#doaE¨ rSm rjrif&aom y#doaE¨ rS rjrif&aom ewf i&J wapärsm;udk oD;jcm;jzpfaponf[k qdkjcif;aMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if wpf&yfvHk;rSm oD;jcm;[k qdkonfh pmwpfvHk;aMumifh
,aeUwdkif
oabmuGJvGJvsuf
vlawGomr[kwf
&[ef;awmfrsm;
wpfOD;ESifh
tcsif;csif;yifvQif
wpfOD;
½Sif;r&bJ
jzpfaeMuonf?
þOyywfy#doaE¨tay:
taumuft,l
uGJvGJaeMu&onf}} [k jyqdkxm;jyef\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
791
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) oHk;oyfcsuf
ax&0g' yd#u0,f Oyywfy#doaE¨udk jy&m pum;&yfü (oD;jcm;) [laom pum;vHk; tvQif; ryg½Sdacs?
OD;Ouú|ESifhol\
aemufvdkufrsm;rSwpfyg;
Ak'¨bmom0if
vl½Sif
&[ef;tm;vHk;yif
Oyywfy#doaE¨tay:ü taumuft,l oabmuGJvGJrIvnf; tvQif;r½Sdacs? xkdUaMumifh ,cifpum;&yfonf 0d0g'g'du½kPf;
jzpfay:atmif
vIHUaqmfaom
pum;&yfomjzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU
oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ pmwrf; pmrsufESm 18?19 ü ]]Oyywf\ oabmrSm y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemrSvmaom ]]Oyg'geypö,m ba0g}} qkdonfh yk'fESihf twlwljzpfonfudk awGU½Sd&ygonf? y#dpöorkyÜg'frSmvnf; Oyg'gefaMumifh b0jzpfonf?
Oyg'gefpdwf\
pGJvrf;rIaMumifh
csufjcif;
wpfrdepftwGif;
b0[k
ac:onf/
þOyywfy#doaE¨rSmvnf; þtwkdif;yif pdwfpGJ&m b0- [k ac:jcif;aMumifh y#dpöorkyÜg'fvdk pdwfpGJ&m b0jzpfaeí ½kyf[k wpfoD;wjcm;jzpfoGm;jcif; r½SdbJ þ½kyftwGif;rSmyif ½Sdaeaom emrfoufoufukd ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ y/ Oyrm Zmwform;tjzpfudk pGJvrf;rI Oyg'fjzifh pGJuyfaeu Zmwform;b0ç orD;wpfOD;tay:rSmvnf; wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;aMumifh ylyifpGJuyfaeaom Oyg'fjzpfaeygu orD;b0ç om;q,fwef;atmifonfudk
pGJuyfíaysmf½TifrIjzpfaeu
om;b0ç
rdef;raoonfESifh
êuHawGU&í
ylyifpGJuyfaeu rdef;rb0ç vdkcsifaom tmPmwpfckudk &½Sdí aysmf½TifpGm pGJuyfaeu wefcdk;½Sdolb0 þokdU tp&Sdojzifh vdkcsifpGJ rvdkcsifpGJ[laom avmbpGJ a'gopGJrsm; rdrdcE¨mtwGif; udef;atmif;aeonfudk (b0) jzpfíaeonf[k ac:onf}} [k qdkxm;jyef\/
oHk;oyfcsuf Oyywfy#doaE¨ESifh Oyg'geypö,m ba0g\ t&wkdUudk toD;toD; pdppfíjycJhjyD;jzpfonf? þOyywf y#doaE¨ESifh Oyg'geypö,m ba0g[laom y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemrSm woD;wjcm;pDomjzpfí tvQif;rwlay? y#doaE¨t&mESifh ypö,mum, y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemawmfwkdUum; opöH oawåm y#doE¨d? ypö,mum&ar0 p/ 'k'´om pwka&m "r®m? a'aowkÍö ok'kuú&m (tbd? |? 2? 123)/ opömav;yg;? owårS qdwfokOf;aom ocFg&wkdUü owå- [laom a0g[m& ynwf? y#doaE¨? y#dpöorkyÜg'f þav;&yfwkdUum; jrifvnf; jrifEdkifcJ\? a[mMum;jcif;iSmvnf; vGefpGm cJ,Of;vS\ [k t"dywdynm½ifMuD;rsm; rdefUrSmxm;cJhaom cJav;yg; a'oemwGif yg0ifaom t&mrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ þokdU ok'k'´o twd*rÇD&jzpfaom y#doE¨duxmESifh y#dpöorkyÜg'f a'oemawmfrsm;udk q&menf;cH oiftHMum;emjcif; a'oemawmfrsm;ukd
tvsOf;r½SdbJ
pk'dwuOD;a½Tjynfhonf
xdyg;ykwfcwfjcif;omjzpfí
rdrd\
y'k|pdwfxm;jzifh
,if;pum;&yfrsm;onf
bk&m;½Sif
t"r®omjzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
792
tpodkU 34/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pmwrf; pmrsufESm 20-ü ]]jA[®mqdkonfrSmvnf; þ Oyywfy#doaE¨jzihf jzpfaom
pdwftpGJukdyif ac:ygonf? jA[®pdk&fw&m; vufudkifxm;Muaom oufMuD;½G,f&ifhrsm;ESifh rdbwkdUudk ac:Mujcif;jzpfonf/y/
oVm,we0*¾oH,kwf
cE¨okwf
pmrsufESm
396-ü
Ak'¨a[mxm;onfukd
awGU&ygonf/ t*kFwåd&f? pwkuúedygwf? jA[®okwfüvnf; þtwdkif;yif yg½Sdygonf}} [k jyqdkxm;\/
oHk;oyfcsuf oVm,weoH,kwfü cE¨okwfr½Sd? pmrsufESm 396-üvnf; þpum;rsdK;r½Sd? t*kFwåd&f? pwkuúedygwf? jA[®okwf ESm-396? wduedygwf ojA[®uokwf ESm-147?148 wkdUürdbwkdUudk jA[®m[k a[mawmfrlaom a'oemawmfrsm;½Sdaomfvnf; xdka'oemawmfrsm;onf rkcsw¬ a'oemawmfrsm;r[kwf? rdbwkdUonf jA[®mESifhwlaomaMumihf o'dolypm&tm;jzifh wifpm;ía[mawmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfrsm;omjzpfMuonf? xkdUaMumifh t*kFwåd&f wduedygwf t|uxm ESm -99 ü ]]jA[®monf arwåmç u½kPmç rk'dwmç Oayu©m[laom bm0emav;yg;wdkUudk rpGefUouJhokdU þtwl rdbwkdUonfvnf; bm0emav;yg;wkdUudk rpGefUukef}} [k Oyrmteufazmfjyvsuf zGifhawmfrlonf/ þokdU
Oypm&w¬a'oemawmfudk
bk&m;½Siftvdkawmfudk
rod?
rkcsw¬
,líqdkxm;aom
twåaemrwdrQjzpfí
pmwrf;yg
pum;&yfonf
rSm;,Gif;aompum;&yfomjzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 35/ ESHUpyfatmif
pmwrf;pmrsufESm 21-üvnf; ]]tmumo wpfcGifrS av,mOf 'Hk;ysH? û*d[fwkwkdUjzifh oGm;vmaeMuygvsuf
rnfonfhewfjynf
jA[®mhjynfukdrQ
rawGUjrif&aMumif;?
tmumoav[mjyifrSm avudk ½I&aom ouf&Sdowå0grsm; r½SdEdkifaMumif;? ewfjA[®mrsm;udk tmumookdU qJGwifí a&;xm;jcif;rSm rSefuefaom pmrsm; r[kwfEkdifaMumif; odyÜHobm0omvQif rSefuefaom t&mjzpfaMumif;}} jyqdkxm;\/ xkdUjyif pmrsufESm 26-üvnf; ]]þi&JMuD; 8-xyfrSm þurÇmajrjyifatmif aovmajrESifh yHokajrwdkUtMum;wGif ½SdMuonf[k a&;xm;Muaom usrf;pmwkdUt& rSefrrSefudk rdrdwkdU\ cE¨mjzifh prf;oyfí Munfh&efrSm rdrd\ ESmacgif; av½Iaygufukd wpfem&DcefU ydwfíxm;Munhfygu raeEdkifbJ aooGm;vdrhfrnfudk awGUjcif;jzifh
þurÇmajratmufwGif
ouf½Sdowå0gwkdUrSm
rnfonfhavudk
½IíaeEdkifMurnfenf;[k
vG,fulpGm oabmaygufEdkifygonf}} [k jyqdkxm;jy\/
oHk;oyfcsuf av,mOfç 'Hk;ysHç û*d[fwkwkdUjzifh ESHUpyfatmif oGm;aeygvsuf ewfjynf jA[®mhjynfwkdUudk yuwd rsufpdjzifh rjrif&jcif;aMumifh r&Sd[k qkdaom pum;onf tvQif;yif roifhaom pum;jzpf\? taMumif;um; ewfjA[®mwkdU\ yuwdtqif;udk vlwkdU rHopu©Kjzifh jrif&ef rqdkxm;bd jA[®mwkdU\ yuwdtqif;udk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
793
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ewfwkdUu rjrifEdkif txuftxuf ewfwdkU\ yuwdtqif;udk atmufatmufewfwkdUu rjrifEdkif Murf;wrf;aom twåabmudk zefqif;í jyrSom jrifEkdifaomaMumifhwnf; ('D? 2? 170)/ 36/
ewf
jA[®mwkdU\
yuwdtqif;udk
vlwkdU\
rHopu©Kjzifh
jrifEdkif&efrqdkxm;bd
tqifhtwef;uGmjcm;onhf ewfjA[®m tcsif;csif;yif rjrifEdkifyHkukd a[mjyaom uPÖuw¬v okwfawmfudk tusOf;csHK;í jyqdkOD;tHh tcgwpfyg; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf O½knûrdU uPÖuw¬v orifawmü oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf yaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;vnf;
wpfpHkwpfckaomudpöjzifh
a&mufvmcdkuf
]]t½Sifbk&m;
ewfwkdU
&SdMuygovm;}} [k avQmuf\? rif;MuD; (pmwkr[m&mZfpaom ewfwdkU &Sdonf[k oifrodoavm) tb,fhaMumifh þokdU ar;oenf;}} [k rdefUawmfrl&m ]]t½Sifbk&m; (ewfrsm;&SdMuonf[k odyg\) xdkewfwkdUonf
þvlUjynfokdU
ar;avQmufavonf?
y#doaE¨
]]rif;MuD;
aevmMuygao;ovm;?
apwodu
raevmMuawmhjyDvm;}}
'ku©½SdaomewfwdkUonf
þ
[k
vlUjynfodkU
y#doaE¨aevmEdkifukef\? apwodu 'ku©r½Sdaom ewfwkdUonf þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨raevmMuukef}} [k rdefUawmfrlavonf? xdktcg 0d##Lb ppfolMuD;u ]]apwodu 'ku©½SdMuao;ojzifh þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨ aevmEkdifaom ewfwkdUu apwodu 'ku©r½SdMuojzifh þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨ raevmMuonfh ewfwkdUudk ESifxkwfEdkifMuygovm;}}
[k
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avQmuf\/
xkdtcg
t½SiftmeE´mu
]]ppfolMuD;
yaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;onf wm0wðom ewfwdkUudk ESifxkwfEkdifygovm;}} [k jyefar;av&m ]]t½Sifbk&m; yaoe'Daumovrif;MuD;onf
wm0wðom
ewfwdkUudk
jrif½kHaomfrQ
rjrifEkdifyg/
tb,frSmvQif
ESifxkwfEkdifygrnfenf;}} [k avQmufavonf/ ]]ppfolMuD; þtwlyif apwodu 'ku©½SdMuao;ojzifh þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨ aevmEkdifaom ewfwkdUonf apwodu 'ku©r½SdMuojzifh þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨ raevmEdkifaom ewfwkdUudk jrif½kHaomfrQ rjrifEkdifMuukef/ tb,frSmvQif ESifxkwfEkdifygrnfenf;}} [k ajzawmfrlonf/ y/ ]]t½Sifbk&m; jA[®mrsm; ½SdMuygovm;}} [k avQmufjyef\/ ]]rif;MuD; tb,fhaMumifh þodkUar;oenf;}}
[k
rdefUawmfrl&m
]]t½Sifbk&m;?
xkdjA[®mwdkUonf
þvlUjynfokdY
y#doaE¨
aevmMuygao;ovm;/ raevmMuawmhjyDvm;}} [k ar;avQmufavonf/ ]]rif;MuD; apwodu 'ku©½Sdaom jA[®mwkdUonf þvlUjynfokdU y#doaE¨ aevmEkdifukef\/ apwodu'ku© r½Sdaom jA[®mwkdUonf raevmEkdifukef}} [k rdefUawmfrlavonf/ (r? jref? 2? 335-337) ,if;t|uxm ESm-248 ü apwodu 'ku©r½SdMuonfh umrm0p& ewfwkdUudk apwodu 'ku©½SdMuonfh umrm0p& ewfwkdUu pu©K0dnmOfjzifhyif rjrifEkdifukef? ½lybHkürlum; Adrmefwpfckwnf;ü twlae jA[®mrsm;udk pu©K0dnmOfjzifh jrifEdkifMu\/ xkdtAsmyZÑ jA[®mwkdU jriftyf rSwftyf xkd;xGif;í odtyfaom vu©Pmudk jrifjcif;? rSwfjcif;? xdk;xGif;í odjcif;iSm rpGrf;Ekdifukef/ txuftxuf jA[®mwdkUudkrl atmufatmuf jA[®mwkdUu pu©K0dnmOfjzifhyif rjrifEkdifukef}} [k zGifhjyonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
794
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUudk axmufí ewfjA[®m tcsif;csif;aomfrS tqifhtwef; uGmjcif;aevQif rjrifEdkifMuukefao;? vlwkdUonfum; ewfjA[®mwkdUudk tb,frSmvQif jrifEdkifMuvdrfhrnfenf;/ ('D? |? 2? 233) 37/
tumo av[mjyifESifh urÇmajrtwGif;ü touf&I&ef avr½Sdí ewfjA[®mESifh i&Jrsm;
r½SdEdkif? ewfjA[®mrsm;udk tmumoodkU qGJwifí a&;xm;jcif;rSm rSefuefaom pmrsm; r[kwfEkdif? odyÜHobm0om rSefuefonf[laom taMumif;jycsufjzifh oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf\ t&mudk odyÜHynmjzifh EdIif;,SOfwkdif;wm jcif;onfvnf; tvGefeufonfh r[mork'´&mudk jcif\EIwfoD;jzifh wkdif;wmouJhokdUom jzpfacsonf/ oAÁñkbk&m;½Sifonf ,rkdufygVdawmfü 0dem tómoyóm ao[d 0dwuú0dpm&meH OyÜg'u©aP awoH 0pDocFga&m OyÜZÆwd aem p awoH um,ocFga&m OyÜZÆwd (tbd? 6? 6)[k a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,fum; xGufouf 0ifoufwkdUrS uif;í 0dwuf0dpm&wkdU jzpfqJcPü xdkyk*¾dKvfwdkUtm; 0pDocFg&ac:aom 0dwuf0dpm&om jzpfqJ? um,ocFg&ac:aom xGufouf 0ifouf jzpfqJr[kwf[k qkdvdkonf/ ,rdkufrlv#Dum ESm-140 üvnf; ]]umrm0pm&merÜd [d *AÇ*wm 'DeH0dem tómoyómao[d 0dwuú0dpm&meH OyÜwåd tw¬d}} trd0rf;ü udef;atmif;ol paom umrm0p& owå0gwkdUtm;vnf; xGufouf0ifoufwdkUESifh uif;í 0dwuf0dpm& jzpfjcif;½Sdonf}} [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/ ,rkduftEk#Dum ESm-193 ü]]tm'doa'´e O'uedrk*¾0dondblwm o*F[dwm? e rwpwkw¬ZÑe ormyEé eda&m" ormyEém}} (tEk #D 3? 193) [k zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm *AÇ*wm 'DeH0,f tm'do'´gjzifh a&üudef;aom owå0gç awGa0rdef;arm arhajrmaeaom owå0gwkdUudk oGif;,l&rnf/ aoaomolç pwkw¬psmef 0ifpm;olç eda&m" ormywf 0ifpm;olwkdUukd (xGufouf 0ifouf uif;aomfvnf; 0dwuf0dpm& r½Sdjcif;aMumifh) oGif;r,l&[k qkdonf/ þygVdawmfESifh #DumwkdUudk axmufí xGufouf0ifouf uif;vsuf touf½SifaeolwkdUum; ½ly t½lyjA[®mrsm;? trd0rf;ü udef;atmif;aom owå0g? pwkw¬psmef 0ifpm;aom umrowå0g? eda&m" ormywf 0ifpm;aom tem*grf &[EÅm paomtm;jzihf rsm;pGm ½Sdayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf vGefpGm eufeJ odjrifEkdifcJaom jidrfoufrGefjrwf rMuHpnftyf? rMuHpnfEkdifaom odrfarGUvSí ynm½SdolwkdUom odEkdifaom? oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfjrwfjzifh wyftyfxifxif odjrifawmf rlonfhtwdkif;
ewf
jA[®m
i&Jrsm;udk
a[mMum;xm;cJhygvsuf
,if;oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfjrwfudk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
795
tpodkU
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,HkMunfMu&mukef\/ (edZÑmrwPSdu ac:aom rD;om;&JjydwåmESifh zkwfwapä ponfwdkUudk udk,fwkdif awGUzl;jrifzl;aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;vnf; avmuü txift&Sm; ½SdMuukef\/ xdkrD;om;&JjydwåmESifh zkwfwapäwdkUum; jydwåmtrsKd;tpm; jzpfukef\/ xdkjydwåmrsm;udk awGUjrif&jcif;uvnf; ewfjA[®mESifh i&JponfwkdUudk rSef;qodEkdifMuayonf/)
trSwfpOf (15) t? tm? £ trSwfjy apm'emudk pdppfcsuf 42/(t) t[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[udkrS rvkyf& raeEkdifygbl;qkdwJh trsKd;u t[dwftppfyJ/ (tm) 'Gd[dwf = 'Dw&m; igvkyfae&wm wu,fawmh oHo&m vnfwJh 0#fw&m;awG igvkyfae&wmyguvm;vkdU ododMuD;eJU rvTJomvdkU vkyfae&&if 'Gd[dwf/ (£)
wd[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[w&m;awG[m ightzdkUvJ tusKd;wu,fr&Sdbl;/ trsm;tzdkUvJ
ighaMumifh
pdwfqif;&J
udk,fqif;&J
jzpfukefMu&w,f/
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'gawG
800
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) igrvkyfawmhygbl;vdkU qHk;jzwfwwf&if wd[dwfyJ/ (twGJ 1? trSwf 5? opöm"r® pmapmif pmrsufESm-10)
þtcsufrsm;udk apm'uwkdUu xkwfjyí apm'emMuukefonf/ txufyg pk'dwuwkdU\ a&;om;csuf rSm;,Gif;yHkudk tenf;i,f pdppfjyOD;tHh/ xkdyk'fwkdUwGif (t) t[dwf[laom a0g[m&onf ]ta[wku} [laom ygVdrS qif;oufvmaom ygVdouf jrefrma0g[m&jzpfonf/ t[dwf[lonf tavmb ta'go tarm[ [dwfr½Sdaom Oayu©mo[*kwf oEÅD&P pdwfESpfckwnf;[laom y#doaE¨ESifh ZD0dwe0u uvmyf½kyfwnf;[laom tonowf½kyf y#doaE¨wdkUudk t[dwfy#doaE¨ ac:onf/ xdk[dwfr½Sdaom Oayu©mo[*kwf oEÅD&P y#doaE¨pdwfjzifh y#doaE¨aeaom tyg,fbHkom;ESifh tcsKdUvlewfrsm; tonowf jA[®mrsm;udk ]ta[wku} t[dwfyk*¾dKvf ac:onf/ (tm) 'Gd[dwf[laom a0g[m&onf ]'Gda[wku} [laom ygVdrS qif;oufvmaom ygVdouf jrefrma0g[m&jzpfonf/ 'Gd[dwf[lonf tavmb ta'go [dwfESpfyg;½Sdaom ÚmP0dyÜ,kwf umrm0p& 0dygufpdwf 4 yg;udk 'Gd[dwf y#doaE¨ ac:onf/ xkd[dwfESpfyg;½Sdaom ÚmP0dyÜ,kwf umrm0p& 0dygufpdwfjzifh y#doaE¨aeaom vlewfwkdUudk ]'Gda[wku} 'Gd[dwfyk*¾dKvf ac:onf/ (£) wd[dwf[laom a0g[m&onf ]wda[wku} [laom ygVdrS qif;oufvmaom ygVdouf jrefrma0g[m&jzpfonf/ wd[dwf[lonf tavmb ta'go tarm[ [dwfoHk;yg;½Sdaom ÚmPorÜ,kwf umrm0p& 0dygufpdwf 4 yg;? ½lyg0p& 0dygufpdwf 5 yg;? t½lyg0p& 0dygufpdwf 4 yg;? þ 13 yg;aom y#doaE¨ pdwfrsm;udk wd[dwfy#doaE¨ac:onf/ xdk[dwfoHk;yg;½Sdaom y#doaE¨ 13 yg;wkdUwGif wpfyg;yg;jzifh y#doaE¨ aeaom vl ewf jA[®m rsm;udk ]wda[wku} wd[dwfyk*¾dKvf ac:onf/ þonfvQif t[dwf? 'Gd[dwf? wd[dwf [laom a0g[m&wkdU\ t"dyÜm,ftrSefjzpfonf/ t-tm-£ trSwfjy opöm"r® pmapmifü azmfjyxm;aom pum;&yfrsm;um; pmayroifzl;olwdkU\ wm0efrJh xif&mjrif&m a&;om;xm;aom pum;&yfrsm;om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ (þ) oH qkdwm ½Sdwm? Cm qdkwm zdkr? tJ'D½SdwJh zdkrESpfa,mufudk oHCmvdkU ac:wm/ 'gaMumifh ]oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd} = oH-½SdwJh? C-a,mufsm;rdef;r ESpfa,mufonf? o&PH-ajyvnfpGm vufwGJMuí? *wfcsmrd?
urÇmYc&D;udk
oGm;aeMuavonf/
urÇmrSm½SdwJh
a,mufsm;ESifh
rdef;r
zkdrESpfa,mufwkdU
ajyajyvnfvnf vufwGJjyD;awmh urÇmYc&D; oGm;aewmudk (oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd) vdkUqkdw,f/ (15-4-76)
aeU
ajrmif;jrw&m;yGJü
OD;0go0
a[majymcsuf
wdwfacG
(at)
rsufESm
pum;&yfonfum; omoemawmfukd oufoufzsufqD; apmfum;aom pum;jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;jyDjzpfí 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; txl;pdppfawmf rrlMuukef/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
801
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
trSwfpOf (15) Oyg'ge[laom ygVda0g[m&ESifh pyfvsOf;í 0daoo apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfudk oHk;oyfpdppfcsuf 14/
apm'uyk*¾dKvfrsm;u rlvyPÖmo ygVdawmf? or®m'd|dokwf? t|omvdeD t|uxm?
0dok'¨dr*f t|uxm? "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifh wdyd#u ygVdjrefrm tbd"mefusrf;wkdUudk om"ujyí Oyg'ge[laom
ygVda0g[m&\
teuft"dyÜm,ftrSefudk
azmfjyjyD;vQif
]]vlaovljzpf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
t"r®0g'Dorm; aemufvdkufrsm;pGmwkdUonf bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;ESifh qufpyfí ,HkMunfrI rsm;pGmudk
Oyg'gef[k
tpGJ[kcsnf;
tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;
t"dyÜm,fazmfoGm;Mujcif;rSm
wpfckwnf;aom
&nf½G,fcsufrS jrpfzsm;cHvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkdwpfckwnf;aom &nf½G,fcsufrSm bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf a0g[m&rSefrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfa&;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;}} [k 0daootm;jzifh us,f0ef;pGm apm'emMuonf/ xkd0daoo apm'emcsufrS vkd&if;udk aumufEkwfaomf (1)
Oyg'gef[lonf rpGefUEdkif rvTwfEkdif cdkifcdkifrmrm pGJudkifxm;rI jzpfonf/
(2)
xdkOyg'gefonf
umrkyg'gef?
'd|Kyg'gef?
oDvAÁwkyg'gef?
twå0g'kyg'gef
[lí
av;rsKd;½Sdonf/ (3)
xkdwGif umr*kPfü pGJvrf;jcif;onf umrkyg'gef jzpfonf/
(4)
xkdumrkyg'gefonf w&m;ukd,ftm;jzifh tukodkvf avmbrlpdwf ½Spfckü ,SOfaom ]umrpäE´} ac: ]avmb} apwodufjzpfonf/
(5)
tm½kHudk ûyvkd½kHrQ vdkcsifrIonf ]uwåKurswm qE´apwoduf} om jzpfonf/ (umrkyg'gef r[kwf)
(6)
edAÁmefudk ûyvdk½kHrQ vdkcsifrIonf (uwåKurswm qE´apwoduf}} omjzpfonf/ (umrkyg'gef r[kwf)
(7)
pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,lxm;aom t,lrSm; (t,lrSm;ü pGJvrf;jcif;)? ay;vª&jcif;\ tusKd;r½Sd? aumif;rIuH raumif;rIuHwkdU\ tusKd;quf tusKd;&if;r½Sd[k ,ljcif;? wrvGefavmu r½Sd[k ,ljcif; (0g) owå0g aojyD;aemuf a&mufrnfh ewfbkH jA[®mbHk jydwåmbHkwdkUudk r,HkMunfjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gefjzpfonf/
(8)
t,lrSefü jrJjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gef r[kwf/
(9)
owå0g
aojyD;aemuf
a&muf&rnfh
aemufb0
(ewfjA[®mESifh
i&Jb0)
wdkUudk
,HkMunfjcif;onf ukodkvfo'¨gw&m; jzpfonf/ Oyg'gef r[kwf/ (10)
EGm; acG; ponfwdkU\ tavhtusihfudk udavom jidrf;aMumif; tusifhaumif;tjzpf ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;onf oDvAÁwkyg'gef jzpfonf/
(11)
'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef oHk;rsKd;vHk;yif (w&m;udk,ftm;jzihf) tukokdvf 'd|d*worÜ,kwf pdwf 4 yg;ESifh ,SOfwGJaom 'd|dapwoduf wpfrsKd;wnf; jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
802
tpodkU (12)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) bk&m;½Sif ñTefjyqdkqHk;ronfhtwkdif; edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; yg&rDaumif;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? 'ge oDv bm0emwkdUudk ûyvkyftm;xkwfjcif;onf ukokdvfyg&rDom jzpfonf/
(13)
vlewfpnf;pdrfudk awmifhwí 'geoDv ûyjcif;ukdyif tukokdvf[k rqkd? 0#³edódw ukokdvf (oHo&m0#fudk rSDaom ukodkvf) [kom qkdonf/
(14)
odkUygvsuf ewfpnf;pdrf ewfb0? jA[®mpnf;pdrf jA[®mhb0udk rSef;qí ukodkvfûyjcif;udk tukodkvfOyg'gef jzpfav[ef a[majyma&;om;jcif;onf Ak'¨omoemh0efxrf;rsm;tm; Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u vª'gef;ay;urf;rI ponf rûyatmif enf;y&d,m,fjzifh wm;qD;jcif;[k qkdEdkifonf/
(15)
awGUu&m Oyg'gef jzpfaejcif;um tbd"r®m tajccHrJhaom vrf;ay:u vlrsm;\ (w&m;ESifh qefUusifaom) pum;omjzpfonf[k aumufEkwfí &onf/
45/
,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkYu acsy&mü 'DCedum,f r[m0*f? r[med'geokwf
ESm-54 wGif jyqkdxm;aom ]]umr*kPfü pGJvrf;jcif; umrkyg'gef? t,lü pGJvrf;jcif; 'd|Kyg'gef? tavhtusifhü pGJvrf;jcif; oDvAÁwkyg'gef? twå[laom 0g'ü pGJvrf;jcif; twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUaywnf;}} [laompum;&yfudk
axmufxm;í
oDvAÁwkyg'gefudk
jrefrmjyefqkd&mwGif
tavhtusifhpGJudkom
tavhtusifhpGJudkom qkdvkdaMumif; awGU&jyD; acG; EGm;wkdU\ tusihf[lí rawGU&aMumif; acsyMuonf/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf ,if;acsycsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfaomf(u)
b*¾0? tcgwpfyg;ü igonf xlvlZeyk'f Owå&umrnfaom ed*Hk;üae\/ b*¾0? xdktcg
igonf eHeuftcsdefü ouFef;udk jyif0wfí oydwfouFef;udk ,lvsuf aemufvdkuf&[ef; vdpä0Drif;om; okeu©wfESifh twl Owå&um ed*Hk;okdU qGrf;cH0if\/ xkdtcg t0wfr0wfaom aum&cwåd, wuúwGef;onf acG;usifh usifh\/ av;bufaxmufoGm;\/ ajrücsxm;tyfaom tpmudk yg;pyfjzihfom [yf\/ yg;pyfjzifhom pm;\/ b*¾0? vdpä0Drif;om; okeu©wfonf acG;usifh usifhvsuf av;bufaxmuf oGm;aeaom ajrücsxm;tyfaom tpmudk yg;pyfjzihfom [yfí yg;pyfjzifhom pm;aeaom t0wfr0wfaom aum&cwåd, wuúwGef;udkjrifí þokdUaom tMuHonf jzpf\/ ]]tcsif;wkdU ... av;bufaxmufvsuf oGm;aom ajrücsxm;onfhtpmudk yg;pyfjzifhom [yfí yg;pyfjzifhompm;aom þ&[ef;tm; csD;rGrf;tHhMozG,f aumif;avpGwum;}} [k tMuHjzpf\/ ('D? jref? 3? 6) (c)
ykPÖ? igonf oifhtm; ]]ykPÖ roifhavsmfacs/ þjyóem &SdapOD;avmh/ ighudk þjyóem
rar;vifh}} [k qkdaomfvnf; r&cJh/ odkUjzpfí oifhtm; igajzMum;avmhtHh/ (þavmuü tcsKdUaomolonf acG;tusihfacG;tavhtx acG;pdwf acG;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;\/ xkdolonf acG;tusihf acG;tavhtx acG;pdwf acG;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;í cE¨mudk,f
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
803
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ysufpD;í aojyD;onfrS aemufü acG;wkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&muf&av\/ (acG;jzpf\[k qkdvdkonf) xkdolrSm ]]igonf þtavhtx þ0wf þtusifh þjrwfaom tusihfjzifh xif½Sm;aom ewfaomfvnf;aumif;? rxif½Sm;aom ewfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&tHh}} [k tu,fí t,lpGJ ½Sdjim;tHh? xkdt,lpGJonf rSm;aom t,lpGJ jzpf\/ ykPÖ? rSm;aom t,lpGJ ½SdoltzkdU i&J okdUr[kwf wd&dpämefrsKd;[laom vm;&mESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom vm;&mudk igqdk\/ (r? jref? 2? 55? 56? 37) (*)
aoed,
(þavmuü)
tcsKdUaomolonf
EGm;tusihf
EGm;tavhtx
EGm;pdwf
EGm;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;\/ xkdolonf EGm;tusihf EGm;tavhtx EGm;pdwf EGm;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;í cE¨mudk,f ysufpD;í aojyD;onfrS aemufü EGm;wkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&muf&av\/ (EGm;jzpf\[k qkdvdkonf) xkdolrSm ]]igonf þtavhtx þ0wf þtusifh
þjrwfaom
tusihfjzifh
xif½Sm;aom
ewfaomfvnf;aumif;?
rxif½Sm;aom
ewfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&tHh}} [k tu,fí t,lpGJ ½Sdjim;tHh? xkdt,lpGJonf rSm;aom t,lpGJ jzpf\/ aoed,? rSm;aom t,lpGJ ½SdoltzkdY i&J okdUr[kwf wd&dpämefrsKd;[laom vm;&mESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom vm;&mudk igqdk\/ þjyqkdtyfcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmfrsm;ü acG;wdkU\ tavhtusifh? EGm;wdkU\ tavhtusifhrsm;udk pGJpGJvrf;vrf; tjrwfwEdk; usifhaeMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwkdif txift&Sm; a[mawmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifh ,if;ygVdawmfrsm;ESifhtnD t|uxm q&mawmfrsm;onfvnf; ]]oDvAÁwk yg'geH}} [laomyk'fudk zGifh&mü t|uxmwdkUwGif]]a*goDv a*g0wm'Ded [d {0H ok'¨Dwd tbdeda0oawm o,ar0 Oyg'gemed (tbd? |? 2? 172/ 0dok'¨dr*¾|? 2? 203/ tbd? |? 1? 415)}} [lí zGifhjyawmfrlcJhMuonf/
jrefrmjyef rSef\/ EGm;wkdU\ tavh? EGm;wkdU\ tusifh ponfwkdUudk ok'¨dr*¾[k rSm;aomtm;jzifh pGJvrf;aom rdpämt,lwkdUonf þodkU EGm;wkdU\ tavh? EGm;wkdU\ tusifh ponfjzifh udavomrS pifMu,f\[k ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh þpGJvrf;csuf rdpämt,lwkdUonfyifvQif Oyg'gefwkdU rnfukef\/ oDvESifh 0wwkdU\ txl;udk jy&m 0dok'¨dr*f r[m#Dumü ]]twåaem 0g *0g'dbm0g"d|meH oDvH? *päaEÅm bau©wd wd|aEÅm rkawåwDwd tm'dem *0g'dud&d,mu&PH 0wH}} (0dok'¨d? #D? 2? 327) [k rdefUqkdawmfrl\/ rdrd\ EGm;ponfwkdU\ tjzpfudk aqmufwnfjcif;onf oDvrnf\/ oGm;vsufpm;\/ &yfvsuf usifi,fpGefU\/ þodkU ponfjzifh EGm;ponfwkdU\ trlt&mudk jyjcif;onf 0wrnf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
804
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þjyqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVd t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk axmufxm;í EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusifhudk udavom jidrf;aMumif; tusifhaumif;tjzpfjzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;onf oDvAÁwkyg'gef jzpfonf[kqkdaom apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ apm'emonf ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUESifh nDñGwfaom "r®apm'em jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/ þt&mü pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkUu aom"em&m0,f acG; EGm;wkdU\ tavhtusifh [líom qkdMu\/ (ponf) [laom pum;vHk;ryg/ apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ apm'empum;&yfüum; (EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\) [k (ponf)
[laom
pum;vHk;udk
xnfhí
oHk;pGJxm;onfudk
owdûy&m\/
jycJhaom
t|uxm
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wpfzef pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUu umrkyg'gefwGifvnf; umr*kPf ig;yg;wkdUü pGJvrf;jcif;udkom
awGU&aMumif;? Oyg'gefwGif tukodkvf ukodkvf[lí rcGJjcm;aMumif;? ukodkvfukd pGJonfjzpfap? tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap
tpGJrSefvQif
Oyg'gef[líom
jyqkdxm;aMumif;udk
wifjyí
apm'emaumufEkwfcsuf
(4?5?6?7?8?9?11?12?13?14) wdkUudk acsyMuonf/ Oy&dyPÖmo jrefrmjyef tmeOÆoyg,okwf ESm-55 üvmaom ]]ûyvkyfcJhaom uH[lí r½Sday/ xkduH\ tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©uudk y,fpGefUaompdwfjzihf vspfvsL½IrIü ESpfouf\/ aumif;\[k pGJ\/ xdk0dnmPfonf 0dyóemudk rSD\/ odkUaomf pGJvrf;rIyif rnf\/ tmeE´m pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef rukefaom &[ef;onf y&dedAÁmef rûyEkdif[k a[m\/ 0dyóemudk rSDípGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom ukokdvf0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkUaomf pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[líyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif nDawmf tmeE´tm; a[mMum;csufudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;}} [k om"uESifhwuG aom"emMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
805
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU xkwfjytyfaom azmfjyyg om"u pum;&yfonf rl&if;ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefukd csKH;íjyqkdxm;&m vdk&if;udk ûcHiHkrdatmif rcsKH;wwfojzifh t"dyÜm,f ysuf,Gif;aeonf/ rl&if;ygVd jrefrmjyefum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ ]]tmeE´m? þomoemawmfü
&[ef;onf þodkUusifh\/ tu,fí ûyvkyfcJhaom uH[lí
r&Sdjim;tHh/ ighrSm (tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©u[lí) r&Sd&m/ ,ckb0uH[lí r&SdvQif ighrSm (tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©u[lí) rjzpfvwHh/ xif&Sm;½Sdaom jzpfay:aeaom cE¨myO©uudk y,fpGefUtHh[k vspfvsL½IrIudk &\/ xkd&[ef;onf xkdvspfvsL½IrIudk ESpfouf\/ aumif;\[lí ajymqkd\/ ouf0ifíwnf\/ xdkvspfvsL½IrIudk ESpfoufajymqkd ouf0ifíwnfaom xkdyk*¾dKvf\ 0dnmPfonf xkdvspfvsL½I (0dyóEkayu©m) udk rSD\/ (xdkvspfvsL½IrI 0dyóEkayu©mudk pGJvrf;\/) tmeE´m? pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef½Sdaom &[ef;onf y&dedAÁmef rûyEkdif}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/ þa'oemawmf t"dyÜm,fum; a½S;b0u ûyvkyfcJhaom uH (ur®0#f) r&SdvQif ,ckb0ü jzpfaom cE¨myO©u (0dygu0#f) r½Sd&m/ ,ckb0 uH (ur®0#f) r½SdvQif aemiftem*wfb0ü tusKd;jzpfaom cE¨myO©u (0dygu0#f)
rjzpfvwHh/
,ckb0
xif½Sm;½Sdaeaom
jzpfay:aeonfh
cE¨myO©uudk
y,fpGefUtHh[k
t&[wåzdkvfayguf &nfrSef;í 0dyóemudk tm;xkwfaom &[ef;onf vspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk&\/ xkd&[ef;onf xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;aevQif xkd&[ef;\ 0dnmPfonf xdkvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk wPSm'd|dwkdUjzifh rSDwG,fae\/ xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk pGJvrf;ae\/ ,if;odkU 0dyóemudk pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef½Sdaom &[ef;onf y&dedAÁmef rûyEkdif[k qkdvdkonf/ þa'oemawmfü xkd&[ef;&½Sdaom vspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) onf ukodkvfjzpfaomfvnf; xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;aom 0dnmPfonfum; avmb (wPSm) 'd|dwdkUESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvf avmbrl 0dnmPfjzpfonfukd owdûycJhyg/ pk'dwuwkdU acsyaom aom"em pum;&yfukd pdppfoHk;oyfonf½Sdaomf pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;ESifh pGJvrf;tyfaom (0g) tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;ESpfrsKd;wkdUudk uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm rodMu½Smonfudk awGU&\/ xkdUaMumifh pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;ESifh pGJvrf;tyfaom (0g) tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm odEkdifMu&ef ½Sif;vif;jyqkdjyD;rS aom"emudk pdppfMuukeftHh/
Oyg'gef 47/
bkoH tm'd,EÅDwd Oyg'gem? 'V©§*¾g[H *PSEÅDwd taw¬m- [laom t|omvdeD
t|uxmESifh tnD rvTwfEkdifyJ jrJjrHjyif;jypGm ,lwwf pGJvrf;wwfaom oabmw&m;onf Oyg'gef rnf\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
806
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oyg'gefav;yg; ww¬ uwrH umrkyg'geH/ a,m umarok umrpäaE´m umr&ma*g umreE´D umrwPSm
umrodaea[m umry&dVma[m umrrkpäm umraZÑmomeH/ £'H 0kpöwd umrkyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD 0w¬Kumr[k ac:qkdtyfaom vkdcsifzG,f tm½kHwdkUü vdkvm;ESpfouf wyfrufpGJvrf;aom wPSm (avmbapwoduf) onf umrkyg'gef rnf\/ ww¬ uwrH 'd|Kyg'geH/ ew¬d 'dEéH/ y/ £'H 0kpöwd 'd|Kyg'geH XaywGm oDvAÁwkyg'geO© twå0g'kyg'geO© oAÁmyd rdpäm'd|d 'd|Kyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241) "r®o*FPD
ygVdawmfESifhtnD
oDvAÁwkyg'gefESifh
twå0g'kyg'gef
'd|dESpfrsKd;rS
MuGif;aom
rSm;aomtjrif (rSm;aomt,l) tm;vHk;onf 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\/ þbk&m;a[m ygVdawmfjzifhyif t,lrSm;udk pGJvrf;rIom 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf/ t,lrSefudk pGJjrJouf0if ,HkMunfrIonfum; 'd|Kyg'gefr[kwf/ o'¨g"darmu©om jzpfonf[k odomvSay\/ ww¬ uwrH oDvyAÁwkyg'geH/ £awm A[d'¨g orP jAm[®PmeH oDave ok'¨d/ y/ 0dy&d,m o*¾ga[m/ £'H 0kpöwd oDvyAÁwkyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusihfudk (0g) tavhtusifhrSm; [lorQudk udavom
pifMu,faMumif;
tusifhaumif;
tjzpfjzifh
rSm;,Gif;pGm
pGJvrf;wwfaom
tjrifrSm;rI
'd|dapwodufonf oDvyAÁwkyg'gef rnf\/ ww¬ uwrH twÅ0gyg'geH/ £" tókw0g ykxkZÆaem/ y/ rdpäwåH wdw¬m,weH 0dy&d,m o*¾ga[m/ £'H 0kpöwd twå0g'kyg'geH/ (tbd? 1? 241) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD cE¨mig;yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk rysufrpD; tjrJwnfaeaom tESpfom& trmcHoabmw&m; twå[k tjrifrSm;rI 'd|dapwodufonf twå0g'kyg'gefrnf\/
twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) ESpfq,f jzpfyHk 48/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf þa'oemawmfjzifh twå0g'kyg'gef (0g) twå'd|d 20 jzpfyHkudk
jyawmfrl\/ cE¨mig;yg;wdkYwGif ]]rD;awmufESifh tvif;a&mifudk twlxifrSwfouJhokdU}} ½kyfonfyif twå[k ½kyfESifh twåudk twlxifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;? emrfcE¨mav;yg;udk twå[k pGJ,ljyD;vQif ]]opfyifüt&dyf½Sdonf [laom pum;uJhokdU twårSm ½kyf½Sdonf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;? emrfcE¨mav;yg;udk
twå[k
pGJ,ljyD;vQif
]]yef;yGifhü
teHU[laom
pum;uJhodkU}}
twåü
½kyfwnf&onf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
807
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
emrfcE¨mav;yg;udk twå[k pGJ,ljyD;vQif ]]aowåmxJü ywåjrm;wnfonf [laom pum;uJhokdU}} ½kyfü twåu wnfaeonf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;? þodkU ½kyfESifh pyfvsOf;í twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) av;yg;jzpfonf/ xdkUtwl a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom emrfcE¨m wpfyg;yg;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) av;yg;pD jzpf&um; cE¨mig;yg;ü twå0g'kyg'gef (twå'd|d) ESpfq,fjzpfonf/ þ'd|Kyg'gef?
oDvyAÁwkyg'gef?
twå0g'kyg'gef
oHk;yg;wkdUonf
w&m;ukd,ftm;jzifh
'd|dapwodufcsnf;om jzpfonf/ 'd|dapwoduf wpfyg;wnf;udkyif pGJvrf;yHk tjcif;t&m uGJjym;aomaMumihf trnfoHk;rsKd;cGJí a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdUaMumifh Oyg'gefonf av;yg;jym;aomfvnf; w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmbapwodufESifh 'd|dapwoduf ESpfyg;om jzpfonf/ umrkyg'geH
t|ok
avmbo[*awok
pdwåKyÜga'ok
OyÜZÆwd?
'd|Kyg'geOö
oDvyAÁwkyg'geOö twå0g'kyg'geOö pwlok 'd|d*worÜ,kawåok pdwåKyÜga'ok OyÜZÆEÅd/ ("r®o*FPD? 289)
jrefrmjyef umrkyg'gefonf avmbo[*kwf pdwåKyÜg'f ½Spfyg;wkdU ü jzpf\/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf 'd|d*worÜ,kwf pdwåKyÜg'f av;yg;wkdUü jzpfukef\/ þbk&m;½Sif EIwfawmfxGuf a'oemawmft& avmbapwodufonf avmbrlpdwf ½Spfyg;ü jzpfonf/ 'd|dapwodufonf avmbrl 'd|d*w orÜ,kwfpdwf av;yg;ü jzpfonf[krSwf/ 0dok'¨dr*f 'k-205? oar®m[ 0daem'eD t|uxm 173 wkdUüvnf;r[m0do,H [d wH t|pdwåorÜa,m*g? tyÜ0do,med £w&med pwkpdwå orÜa,m*g}} [k rdefUqdkawmfrlonf/ rSef\/
xdkumrkyg'gefonf
½Spfyg;aom
pdwfwkdUü
,SOfjcif;aMumifh
us,faomt&m½Sd\/
umrkyg'gefrS wpfyg;aom 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf av;yg;ukefaom pdwfwkdUü ,SOfjcif;aMumifh usOf;aomt&m ½Sdukef\/ þqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm tqkdtrdefUudk axmufí Oyg'gef[lonf pifppf tukodkvfom jzpfonf[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/ þt"dyÜm,fudk tbd"r®mudk avhvmzl;ol omraPi,fuav;rsm;yif odMuayonf/ yk*¾dKvftm;jzifh umrkyg'gefonf ykxkZOfav;a,mufESifh aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwkdU oEÅmefü jzpfonf/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf ykxkZOfav;a,mufwkdU oEÅmefü jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
808
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Oyg'ged,
49/
Oyg'ged, (Oyg'ge+£,) þyk'fonf Oyg'geyk'faemuf tpD;tyGm;[dw teufü
£,ypönf;owfí jyD;aom yk'fjzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh t|omvdeD t|uxm? ESm-85 ütm&r®Pbm0H Oy*E´m Oyg'ge orÁaE¨e Oyg'gemeH [dwmwd Oyg'ged,m/ [k rdefUqkdawmfrlonf/ tm½kHtjzpfodkU uyfa&mufí Oyg'gefwkdUESifh pyfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;wnf;/ xkdUaMumifh Oyg'ged, rnfukef\/ ]]tm&r®Pbm0H Oy*E¨m = tm½kHtjzpfodkU uyfa&mufí}} [lonf tm½kHûycH&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdodkU tm½kHûycH&jcif;aMumifh xkdw&m;rsm;onf Oyg'gefwkdUESifh pyfvsOf;aom w&m;rsm; jzpf&onf/ Oyrm-avmuü vlwpfa,muf\ toHk;taqmifonf xdkolESifh pyfaeouJhodkU jzpfonf/ þt|uxmt&
tm½kHûycH&onfjzpfí
Oyg'gefwkdUESifh
pyfaeonfhtwGuf
Oyg'gefwkdU\
tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'ged, rnf\[k rSwf/ (tcsKyfrSm Oyg'gefwkdU\ tm½kHûycH&aom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/)
Oyg'ged, rnfaom w&m;rsm; uwar "r®m Oyg'ged,m/ wDok blrDok ukovH tukovH wDok blrDok 0dygaum wDok blrDok ud&d,mAsmuwH oAÁOö ½lyH/ £ar "r®m Oyg'ged,m/ (tbd? 1? 290) "r®o*FPD ygVdawmft& umrç ½lyç t½ly bHkoHk;yg;wkdUü jzpfaom avmuD ukodkvf 17? tukodkvf 12? avmuD0dyguf 32? bHkoHk;yg;wkdUü jzpfaom ûyumrQ jzpfí ukodkvf tukodkvf tjzpfjzifh ra[mtyfaom ud&d,mAsmwu 20? xkdUjyif ½kyfonf½Sd\/ þw&m;wkdUonf avmb 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefwdkU\ tm½kHjzpfukefaom Oyg'ged,w&m; jzpfukef\/ þum; pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvf oufoufom jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;? tpGJtvrf;cH&aom
Oyg'ged,
w&m;onfum;
ukodkvf?
tukodkvf?
tAsmuw
oHk;rsKd;
jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif; (tbd"r®mudk ravhvmzl;olrsm;) odEkdif&ef ½Sif;vif;jyqkdjcif; jzpfonf/ 50/
,ckapm'em aom"emudk jyefvnfpdppfMuukeftHh/ þtcsufudk apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\
qkdvkd&if;rSm (1)
Oyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf/
(2)
ûyvdk½kHrQ vkdcsif½kHrQonf uwåKurswm qE´apwodufom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gef r[kwf)
(3)
edAÁmefudk vdkcsifrI? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkcsifrIonf ukodkvfqE´om jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gef r[kwf) [k qkdvkdonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
809
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ qkdvkd&if;rSm (1)
Oyg'gefwGif ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k rcGJjcm;aMumif;?
(2)
ukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap? tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap? tpGJrSefvQif Oyg'gef[líom jyefqkdxm;aMumif;?
(3)
0dyóemudk rSDí pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom 0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[líyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif a[mawmfrlaMumif; pum;oHk;&yf jzpfonf/
,if;pum;oHk;&yfwdkYwGif ]](1) Oyg'gefwGif ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k rcGJjcm;aMumif;}} [laom pum;&yfü ukodkvf? tukodkvf ESpfrsKd;&Sd&müom ukodkvf? tukodkvf cGJjcm;jy&onf/ ukodkvfcsnf;oufouf? tukodkvfcsnf;oufouf jzpf&müum; xkdodkU cGJjcm;&ef rvdk/ Oyg'gef[lonf wpf&HwpfqpfrQ ukokdvf[lí r½Sd/ {uef tukodkvfcsnf;om jzpfaomaMumifh ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k cGJjcm;jyqkdjcif; rûy[krSwf/ ]]ukodkvfudk
pGJonfjzpfap?
tukodkvfudk
pGJonfjzpfap
tpGJrSefvQif
Oyg'gef[líom
jyefqkdxm;aMumif;}} [laom pum;&yfü pum;toHk;tEIef;udk ½Sif;jytHh/ ]]ukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfü ]ukodkvfukd} [laom pum;onf tpGJtvrf; cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ xkdw&m;um; trSefyif ukodkvfjzpfonf/ ]pGJonfjzpfap} [laom pum;&yfum; pGJvrf;wwfaom avmb? 'd|d [laom Oyg'gefw&m;udk jyonf/ xdkOyg'gefum; {uef tukodkvf jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh þpum;&yfü tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;u ukodkvf? pGJvrf;wwfaom w&m;u tukodkvf jzpfonf/ ]]tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfüvnf; ]tukodkvfudk} [laom pum;&yfonf tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ ]pGJonfjzpfap} [laom pum;&yfonf pGJvrf;wwfaom avmb? 'd|d[laom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ xkdUaMumifh þpum;&yfü tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;uvnf;
tukodkvf?
pGJvrf;wwfaom
w&m;uvnf;
tukodkvfyif
jzpfonf/
þodkU
tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;onf ukodkvfyif jzpfap? tukodkvfyif jzpfap? pGJvrf;wwfaom w&m;um; tukodkvfom jzpf&um; Oyg'gef[líom jyefqkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þ (2) eHygwf aom"em pum;&yfonf pum;toHk;tEIef;rQom rSefonf/ ,if;odkU pum;toHk;tEIef; rSefuefaomfvnf; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU udk,fwkdifrlum; ½Sif;jycJhaom teuft"dyÜm,fudk trSefwu,f rodyJ ]ukodkvf Oyg'gefvnf; ½Sdonf} [k tvGJtrSm; ESvHk;oGif;í aom"emxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;udk (3) eHygwf pum;&yfjzifh ay:vGifxif½Sm;pGm odEkdifayonf/ ½Sif;jyOD;tHh ]]0dyóemudk rSDí pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom 0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[líyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif a[mawmfrlaMumif;}} [k qkdxm;&m ]]0dyóemudk rSDí pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom ukodkvf0dnmPfpdwf jzpfonf/ xkdukodkvf0dnmPfpdwfudk Oyg'gef[ka[monf}} [k pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkU ,lqaMumif; odomayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
810
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU udk;um;onfh tmeOÆoyg,okwfü jyqkdtyfaom 0dnmPfonf pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkU ,lqonfh aumif;aom ukodkvf0dnmPfpdwf r[kwf? avmb 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvfavmbrlpdwf 0dnmPfom jzpfonf/ ½Sif;jyOD;thH ]]xdkvspfvsL½IrIudk ESpfoufajymqkd ouf0ifíwnfaom xkdyk*¾dKvf\ 0dnmPfonf xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk rSD\/ xkdvspfvsL½IrI (0dyóEkayu©m) udk pGJvrf;\/ þpum;&yfü ]0dnmPfonf} [laom pum;&yfukd ]rSD\} ]pGJvrf;\} [laom Mud,mjy pum;&yfwkdUü pyf&rnf/ rSD\? pGJvrf;\ [kqkdvQif wPSm 'd|dwdkUjzifh pGJvrf;\ [laom t"dyÜm,fonf xif½Sm;jyD; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhyif Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxmü xkdwEédódwH w'kyg'geH yk'fwkdU\ tajccHjzpfaom a½SU0gus½Sd ]tbdeE´wd} paom oHk;yk'fwkdUudk zGifhjy&m0,f ]]aomwH Oayu©H tbdeE´wDwd aom wH 0dyóEkayu©H wPSm'd|d tbdeE´m'D[d tbdeE´wd? aooy''Ga,yd {ao0 ea,m}} [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/ t"dyÜm,f - aomwH Oayu©H tbdeE´wDwd [lonfum; xdk&[ef;onf xkd 0dyóEkayu©mudk wPSm? 'd|dwnf;[laom ESpfoufjcif;wkdUjzifh ESpfouf\/ MuGif;aom tbd0'wd? taZÑmom, wd|wd}} [laom yk'fESpfcktaygif;üvnf; þenf;wnf;/ þpum;&yfwGif ]]0dnmPfonf rSD\/ pGJvrf;\}} [laom pum;&yfjzifh pGJvrf;wwfonfh avmb? 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefwkdUESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvf avmbrlpdwf 0dnmPfudk jyonf/ ]]xkdvspfvsL½IrI 0dyóEkayu©mudk}} [laom pum;&yfjzifh Oyg'gef\ tm½kHjzpfonfh (tpGJtvrf;cH&onfh) Oyg'ged,jzpfaom 0dyóEkayu©m
ukodkvfudk
jyonf/
vdk&if;tcsKyfrSm
tm½kHjzpfonfh
(0g-
tpGJtvrf;cH&onfh)
0dyóEkayu©monf ukodkvfjzpfonf/ xkdukodkvfjzpfaom 0dyóEkayu©mudk pGJvrf;aom 0dnmPfum; avmb? 'd|dESifh ,SOfaom avmbrltukodkvf 0dnmPfjzpfonf[k rSwf/ tpGJtvrf;cH&aom tm½kHu ukodkvf jzpfumrQjzifh xkdxkdpGJvrf;aom Oyg'gefonf ukodkvf rjzpfEkdifacs/ xkdUaMumifh 0dyóemü pGJvrf;uyfjidrI&Sdaeaom &[ef;aomfrS igbk&m;omoemawmfü udavom rjidrf;Edkifao;/ ausmif; y&d0kPf tvkyftauR; 'g,um ponfwdkUü pGJvrf;uyfjidrI ½Sdaeaom &[ef;onfum; tb,frSm ajymzG,f&m ½Sdawmhrnfenf; [laom t"dyÜm,fudk bk&m;½Sif jyawmfrlonf/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdUonf þtmeOÆoyg,okwfudk om"uûyí (Oyg'gef[lonf avmb 'd|d wnf;[laom tukodkvfom jzpfonf) [laom apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ pum;udk acsyMuaomfvnf; acsy&m
ra&mufonfhtjyif
axmufcH&myif
a&mufacsonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU
pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
811
tpodkU 51/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) wpfzef pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]"r®o*FPD usrf;t& tukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef?
ukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef r[kwfjzpfaMumif; apm'emq&mawmfrsm;u wifjycsufrSm wynfhawmfawGU&onfh atmufygokwfwkdUjzihf
uGmjcm;aeygonfbk&m;[k
pum;csDjyD;vQif
t*FkwådK&f?
e0uedygwf?
oOyg'daoookwf? pmrsufESm-185 ü vmaom pum;&yfudk om"uûyvsuf þtcsufüvnf; aomwmyefyifvQif
pGJvrf;rIusefaevQif
Oyg'gef[lí
oHk;EIef;xm;aMumif;
awGU&ygonf}}
[k
acsyaom"emavonf/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf acsyovdk apm'em pum;&yfü (tukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef? ukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gefr[kwf) [laom pum;&yf yg rygudk aocsmpGm pdppf&m(1)
Oyg'gef[lonf w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmbESifh 'd|dom jzpfí avmbrlpdwfü ,SOfaom tukodkvfom jzpfonf/
(2)
ûyvdk½kHrQ vdkcsifrIonf uwåKurswm qE´apwodufom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gefr[kwf)
(3)
edAÁmefudk vdkcsifrI? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkcsifrIonf ukodkvfqE´om jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gefr[kwf)
(4)
t,lrSefü pGJjrJjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gefrjzpf? t,lrSm;ü pGJvrf;jcif;onfom 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf/
þrQom awGU&onf/ (tukodkvfudkpGJvQif Oyg'gef? ukodkvfudkpGJvQif Oyg'gefr[kwf) [laom pum;rsKd;
wkduf½dkufvnf;ryg/
xkdt"dyÜm,frsKd;xGufaom
pum;&yfvnf;
rygacs/
(4)
trSwfjy
aumufEkwfcsufü ]]pGJjrJ}} [laom pum;&yfESifh ]]pGJvrf;}} pum;&yfESpfckudk oHk;pGJxm;&m ]]pGJjrJ}} [laom a0g[m&um; ]]pGJjrJouf0if ,HkMunfrI= o'¨g"darmu©}} jzpfí ]]pGJvrf;}} [laom a0g[&mum; ]]pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef}} jzpfonfudk cGJjcm;í rodjcif;aMumifh acsyaom"emjcif;om jzpf&monf/ oOyg'daoookwfudk
om"uûyí
]]aomwmyefyifvQif
pGJvrf;rIusefaevQif
Oyg'gef[lí
oHk;EIef;xm;ygaMumif; awGU&ygonf}} [laom acsycsufonfvnf; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfodkYrQ rywfoufacs/ tvHk;pHkaom avmuDw&m;wkdU\ 0w¬Kumr\ tpGrf;jzifh ]]umr}} [lívmjcif;aMumifh ½ly&m* t½ly&m*onfvnf; umrkyg'gefü usa&muf(yg0if)&um; Oyg'gefav;yg;wkdUwGif xkdumrkyg'gefudk pwkw¬ t&[wår*fÚmPfu y,fowftyf\}} [laom 0dok'¨dr*f 'kwd, ESm-326-ü rdefUqkdtyfaom pum;ESifhtnD aomwmyef oEÅmefü 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gef oHk;yg;wkdUudkom y,f&ao;í umrkyg'gef tukodkvf MuGif;usefao;onfudk oOyg'daoookwfü a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/ þokwfyg pum;&yfonfvnf; apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ apm'epum;&yfESifh rnfodkYrQ uGJjym;jcif; r&Sdacs/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
812
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aemufwpfzef ]]tem*grfqdkufaom olawmfaumif;onfyifvQif Oyg'gef rukefaMumif; atmufyg taxmuftxm;t& awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k pum;csDjyD;vQif rZÑdryPÖmo uD#m*D&dokwf ESm-156 ü vmaom pum;&yfudk om"uûyvsuf þtcsufonfvnf; ukodkvfw&m; ½SdaeolyifvQif Oyg'gef usefEkdifonfudk awGU&ygonfbk&m; [k acsyjyefavonf/ ,if;acsycsuf\
qkdvdk&if;um;
]]ukodkvfw&m;½Sdaeol
tem*grfolawmfaumif;
oEÅmefüyif
Oyg'gefusefonf[k a[mawmfrlonfudk awGU&jcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ apm'empum; roihf}} [k acsyvdk&if; jzpfonf/ þacsycsuf
aom"emjzifhyif
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
tbd"r®mobm0udk
vHk;0r&dyfpm;rdaMumif; xif½Sm;aeayonf/ rSefvS\/ ]]tem*grf oEÅmefü tjrJyif ukodkvfw&m; &Sdaeayonf/ tem*grf oEÅmefü jzpfaom Oyg'gefonf ukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [k pk'dwuyk*¾dKvf qkdvdkonf/ þtcsufjzifhyif tbd"r®moabmudk vHk;0rodyg[k 0efcH&m a&mufacsonf/ pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf ]]ykxkZOfoEÅmefjzpfapç aomwmyefç ou'g*grfç tem*rfwkdY oEÅmefüjzpfapç a,medaom reodum& taMumif;½SdvQif ukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm;í ta,medaom reodum& taMumif;½SdvQif tukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm;aeonf}} [laom obm0udkvnf;rod? jycJhjyD;aom 0dok'¨dr*f? 'k? 326 vm pum;ESifhtnD ]]tem*grf oEÅmefü umr&m*ukdom y,f&ao;í ½ly&m*? t½ly&m*wnf;[laom umrkyg'gef usefao;onf/ ,if;umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [laom obm0udk vHk;0rod½Smjcif;aMumifhom þodkUacsyrdjcif; jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumihf pk'dwu\ acsycsufonf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\/ apm'empum;udk rnfodkUrQ rvIyf&Sm;apEkdif[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU pdppfa0zefawmf rlMuonf/ wpfzefpk'dwu tukodkvf
yk*¾dKvfwdkUu
avmbrlpdwfESifh
]]apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh
wifjycsufjzpfaom
avmbapwoduf[lí
umrkyg'gefonf
awGU&ygonfbk&m;}}
[k
wifjyMujyefonf/ psmefwkdUtm; ]]igonf jidrfoufvS\? at;jidrf;vS\? pGJvrf;rIuif;\}} [lí xifrSwfaom þodkU½Iaomf Oyg'gefyif rnf\}} [laom Oy&dyPÖmo jrefrmjyef yOöwå,okwf 20 vm pum;&yfudkvnf; om"utjzpf wifjyMuonf/ þpk'dwuwkdU\ upm;&yfü tb,fudk ½Sif;vif;acsyonf[laom tcsuf ryg½Sdacs/ ]]umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh avmbapwoduf[lí awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k awGU&aMumif;om jyqdkí ]]umrkyg'gefonf avmbapwoduf r[kwfyg}} [kvnf; jiif;qkdcsuf ryg/ ]]tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfr[kwf}} [kvnf; jiif;qkdcsuf rygacs/ tu,fí jiif;qkdapOD;awmh/ ½Sif;vif; jyqdkcJhjyD;aom Oyg'ge a*gpäuvm bk&m;a[m a'oemjzifhyif umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfü ,SOfaom avmbapwoduf jzpfonfrSm xif½Sm;jyD;jzpfí xkdjiif;qdkcsufonf tusKd;r&Sd ed&w¬umom jzpf&m\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
813
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
pk'dwuwkdU
xkwfaqmifwifjytyfaom
om"u
pum;&yfüygaom
Oyg'gefonfvnf;
umrkyg'gefr[kwf? 'd|Kyg'gefom jzpfjcif;aMumifh om"u rajrmufacs/ rSef\/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU xkwfaqmifwifjytyfaom pum;&yfonf ,Oö acg t,rm,o®m ]]oaEÅm[ro®d edAÁKawm[ro®d tEkyg'g aem[ro®d}} wd orEkyówd/ w'yd £ró abmawm orPó jA[®Pó Oyg'geru©m,wd (r? 3? 26)/ [laom Oy&dyPÖmo ygVd yOöwå,okwfüvmaom ygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyefjzpfonf/ xkdygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyef tjynfhtpHkrSm þt½Sifonf ]]igonf jidrfoufol jzpf\/ igonf jidrf;at;ol jzpf\/ igonf rpGJvrf;ol jzpf\/}} [lí tMuif½Ijrif\/ þt½Sif omrP jA[®P\ xdk½Ijrifjcif;udkvnf; Oyg'gef[lí qkdtyf\[k jzpfonf/ þygVdawmfü ]]Oyg'geru©m,wd}} ]]Oyg'gef[lí qkdtyf\}} [lonfrSm ]]t[ro®d}} ]]igjzpf}} [k ,ljcif;onf ouúm,'d|dü tusHK;0ifaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh ]]'d|Kyg'gef}} [k bk&m;½Sif a[mawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxm? pmrsufESm 17-ü ]]Oyg'geru©m,wDwd t[ro®Dwd *[Pó ouúm,'d|d y&d,myEéwåm 'd|Kyg'geH tu©m,wd}} [k zGifhjyawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyef Oyg'gef[k qkdtyf\ [lonfum; igjzpf\[k ,ljcif;\ ouú,'d|dü tusKH;0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef[lí qkdtyf\/ wpfzef
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdUu
]]Oyg'gef
tpGJtvrf;
½Sd½kHrQESifh
tyg,frusEkdif[k
a[mawmfrlygonfbk&m;}} [k wifjyMujyefonf/ t*FkwådK&f?
oOyg'daookwfüvmaom
pGJvrf;rI
tMuGif;tusef
½Sdygvsuf
tyg,fav;yg;
rvm;Ekdifaom yk*¾dKvf 9-rsKd;udk a[mjyaom a'oemawmfudk om"utjzpf xkwfaqmifvsuf ]]þtxJü aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf ponfwkdU yg0ifaeonfudk awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k wifjyMuavonf/ Oyg'geftpGJtvrf; ½Sd½kHrQjzifh tyg,frusEkdif[k a[mfawmfrljcif;onf vnf;aumif;? pGJvrf;rI tMuGif;tusef ½Sdygvsuf tyg,frusEdkifaom yk*¾dKvf 9-rsKd;wkdUwGif aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwkdU yg0ifaejcif;onf vnf;aumif; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfokdUrQ rywfoufjcif;aMumifh ,if;aom"em pum;&yfudkvnf; pdppfoHk;oyf&ef rvdk[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qE´nDrQawmf rlMuonf/ 53/
aom"emed*Hk; tjzpfjzifhvnf; ]]okdUjzpf&m þtcef; (15) ü apm'emq&mawmfrsm;\
ed*Hk;wGif Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvfjzpfí avmbESifh 'd|dw&m;om jzpfonf/ tukodkvfom jzpfonf/ tjrifrSm;rI Oyg'gefom jzpfonf/ ukodkvfvdkcsifrIrSm Oyg'gefr[kwf? &SifOuú|wdkUonf yd#uwfawmf\
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
814
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
teufukdrQ rSefuefpGm rod/ vrf;ay:u vlrsm;\ w&m;[kqdkaom tcsufudk ,ckwdusaom q|rl yd#uwfawmfrS aumufEkwf½Sif;vif;tyfygonfbk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;Muavonf/ þaom"emed*Hk; pum;&yfüvnf; ]]Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvfjzpfí avmbESifh 'd|dw&m;om jzpfonf/ tukodkvfom jzpfonf/ ukodkvfvdkcsifrIonf Oyg'gefr[kwf}} [laom apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ pum;&yfonf jyqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUESifh nDñGwfí rSefuefaom pum;om jzpfonf/ (apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pum;wGif tjrifrSm;rI Oyg'gefjzpfonf[k ryg r&Sd) pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,lxm;aom t,lrSm;onf 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf[k vnf;aumif;? t,lrSm;udk pGJvrf;jcif;om 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf[k vnf;aumif; yg½Sdonf/ xkdpum;onfvnf; ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUESifh nDñGwfí rSefuefaom pum;om jzpfonf/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUu wdusaom q|rlyd#uwfawmfrS aumufEkwf½Sif;vif;ygonf qkdaomfvnf; pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU aumufEkwfjytyfaom yd#uwfawmf om"ursm;onf pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU qkdvkdaom ]]Oyg'gefonf
tukodkvfom
rjyEkdifaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
r[kwf?
ukodkvfvnf;
acsyoifhonfukd
racsyyJ
jzpfonf}}
[laom
racsyoifhonfukd
teufudk
vHk;0
acsyxm;aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? tcsKdUom"uwkdUonf apm'emcsufESifh vHk;0rywfoufaomaMumihf vnf;aumif; om"u rajrmufacs/ þrQ½Snfvsm;aom pum;tpOfjzifh vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkuf or®m'd|d okawoe 0g'D paom olwdkU\ bk&m;a[m ygVda0g[m&rsm;\ teuft"dyÜg,ftrSefudk ypfy,fxm;í rSm;,Gif;aom teuft"dyÜm,frsm;udkom azmfjyaeMuyHk tjcif;t&m odomxif½Sm;ap&ef apm'uq&mawmfrsm; oufaocH xkwfjytyfaom (u) trSwfjy yk'frSpí (þ) tu©&mtrSwfjy yk'fwkdifatmifaom (36) yk'fwkdYudk toD;oD; ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUESifh n§dEIdif;í pdppfjyqkdcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 54/
þokdU pdppfjyqkdtyfjyD;aom taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGmudk aocsmaphik
Munfh½Iqifjcifaom OD;Ouú|ESifh ol\ aemufvkduf or®m'd|d okawoe0g'D paom olwdkU\ ½kyf0g' tjrifjzihf a&;om;a[majymcsufrsm;onf bk&m;½Sif\ tvkdawmfESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? xkdt"r®0g'udk a&;om;a[majymaeMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
815
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf-16 t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk jyifqifa&;om;jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä, t&d,mtaMumif; apm'emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf
1/(u) or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUrS w&m;r0if xkwfa0aom twGJ (4) trSwf (8) opöm"r®pmapmif pmrsufESm-9-ü {0H yóH bdu©a0 okw0g t&d,om0aum [laom tewåvu©Pokwf a'oemawmfESifh tnD rsufpdESifh em;½Sdí jrifwwfMum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m[k ac:onf/ t&d,mESifh vlrSm twlwlyif jzpfonf/ rsufpd? em;½Sdygvsuf rjrifwwf? rMum;wwfojzifh vlr[kwfoludk te&d, ac:onf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;? (c)
rdef;rESifh a,mufsm; vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk t&d,mac:onf[k OD;0go0u a[majymjcif;/
(*)
OD;Ouú| a&;om;xm;aom Ak'¨tbd"r®m pmrsufESm 251 üvnf; 0domcg ausmif;trMuD; temxydPf
olaX;MuD;wkdUonf
cifyGef;onf
ZeD;r,m;wkdUESifh
twlwuG
aexdkifMuaomfvnf; wPSmOyg'gefr½SdyJ vifhusifh0wf? r,m;usifh0wf ig;yg;ûy½kHrSwyg; tEkyg'gefw&m;ESifh
aexkdifojzifh
aomwmyefjzpfí
okcw&m;
&aeMu\[k
a&;om;xm;jcif;/ (C)
twGJ (1) trSwf (7)? arSmifckdxkwfaom opöm"r®pmapmif pmrsufESm-9-üvnf; ÓPf½Sdolrsm;tzdkU oufomovdkaeí usifhygvQif wpfvESpfvtwGif; taMumufESifh tarQmfuif;í
aomwmywådr*f&onf/
qufvufusifhvQif
pdk;&drfrIESifh
wkefvIyfrI
aysmufuif;í ou'g*grdr*f &onf/ xkdUaemuf cspfjcif;ESifh rkef;jcif; aysmufuif;í tem*grdr*f&onf/ þtwkdif; qufvufí yGm;rsm;ygu wPSmOyg'geftm;vHk;jidrf;í t&[wår*f &onf/ qufvufyGm;rsm;aomtcg to®drme (igwnf;[laom) trSwfonm aiGUaiGUusef½SdaerI aysmufuif;vQif t&[wåzkdvf qdkufa&mufygjyD[k a&;om;xm;jcif;/ (i)
bmompD;yGm;a&;eJU vlrIpD;yGm;a&; trnf½Sd pmapmif pmrsufESm 20-üvlrd vlzu arG;wJhom;udk t&d,m[k ac:onf/ t&d,mudk yk'fcGJaomtcg t&+£,+tm [kcGJít& u = vltar £, u = vltaz tm u = vkyfwm vltar? vltazawG vkyfvdkU jzpfwmvkdU qkdvdkw,f[k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
816
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf opöm"r® pmapmif ponfwkdUrS txufyg a&;om;ajymqkdcsufwkdUudk oufaotjzpf
xkwfjyjyD;vQif
,if;odkU
a&;om;ajymqkdjcif;jzifh
Ak'¨omoemawmfü
tvGeftav;*½kûyxdkufaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdUudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;/ udavomeH tm&uwåm t&da,m ponfjzifh rdefUqkdxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwf usrf;*efrsm;ESifh tnD
udavom
tnpftaMu;
uif;a0;í
jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom
wefzkd;xm;xdkufonfh
olawmfaumif;rsm;udkom t&d,m[k ac:qkdxm;onf jzpfygvsuf xkdt&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdUukd ,kwfnHhao;odrfatmif w&m;vGefapmfum; a&;om;xm;aMumif;jzifh pGJcsufwifjy apm'emMuonf/
pk'dwuwkdU\ aom"emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf 2/
txufazmfjyyg apm'emtusOf; aumufEkwfcsuf (5) csufwkdUwGif pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkUonf
trSwf (8) tcsufrSwpfyg; useftcsuf (4) csufwkdUudk jyefvnfacsy aom"emrI rûyMu/ trSwf (8) tcsufudk jyefvnf acsy&mü Ak'¨tbd"r®m pmrsufESm 251 ü ]]wPSmESifh Oyg'gef rygMuawmhbJ}} [k twdtvif; yg½Sdaeygvsuf apm'u&[ef;wkdUu
]]wPSmESifh
Oyg'gef
r½SdMuawmhbJ}}
[k
trSm;oGif;jyD;
pGyfpGJxm;MuonfrSm
apwemqkd;ESifh azmfjy&m a&mufaeygaMumif;? ]ryg} [laom pum;ESifh ]r½Sd} [laom pum;rSm tvGeft"dyÜm,f jcm;em;vSygaMumif;jzifh jyefvnfacsy aom"em ûyMuonf/
0denf;"dk&fyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf 3/
pk'dwu yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf trSwf (u) (c) (C) (i) tcsufwdkUudk jyefvnfacsyrI
rûyMuaomaMumifh olwkdY\ trSm;udk 0efcHjyD; jzpfonf/ trSwf (8) tcsufudk jyefvnfacsy&mü ]ryg} [laom pum;ESifh ]r½Sd} [laom pum;rSm t"dyÜm,f tvGefjcm;em;onf[k qkdMuonf/ odkUaomf 0domcgESifh temxydPfwkdUonf xkdtcsdefu aomwmyefrQom jzpfMuao;aomaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAÁwkyg'gef? twå0g'kyg'gefwkdUudkom y,fMu&ao;í wPSm (avmb) [laom umrkyg'gefudkum; ry,fMu&ao;acs/ xkdUaMumifhyif 0domcgonf ol\ ajr;uav;wpfa,muf aoqHk;í tokbtjyefwGif ylaqG;0rf;enf;rI ajyaysmufapvdkonfhtwGuf
w&m;em,l&ef
jrwfpGmbk&m;
txHawmfokdU
a&mufvmcJhojzifh
aomuajyjidrf;aMumif; w&m;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl&ao;\/ (O'gef;ygVdawmf? 0domcgokwf? 190) odkUjzpf&um;
aomwmyef
yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf
&Hzef&Hcg
wPSmOyg'gef
jzpfvmEdkifao;&um;
Ak'¨tbd"r®mü ]wPSmOyg'gef rygMuawmhyJ} [k a&;xm;onfjzpfap? ]wPSmOyg'gef r½SdMuawmhyJ} [k a&;xm;onfjzpfap? tw¬,kwåd r½Sdonfom jzpfayonf/ ½Sif;vif;OD;tHh-
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
817
tpodkU ]ygonf}
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) [laom
jrefrmrI
pum;vHk;onf
tbd"r®menf;t&
orÜ,kwå
o[Zmw
(wGJ,SOfíjzpfonf? wuG jzpfonf) [laom teufxGufonf/ ]½Sdonf} [laom pum;vHk;um; (wGJ,SOfí rjzpfapum? twlwuG rjzpfapum) r*fjzifh ry,f&ao;onfjzpfí tEko, udavom taetm;jzifh ½Sdao;onf[laom teufxGufonf/ 0domcg? temxydPfuJhodkUaom aomwmyef t&d,mrsm;ü 'd|Kyg'gef vHk;0r½Sdonfum; rSef\/ avmb[laom umrkyg'gefum; aomwmywådr*fjzifh ry,f&ao;aomaMumifh y&d,k|me udavom taejzifh Oyg'fqJ jzpfqJ cPü ygíaernfom jzpfonf/ tEko, udavom taejzifhvnf; ½Sdíaernfom jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]wPSmOyg'gef rygyJ vifhusifh0wf r,m;usifh0wf ûy½kHrS wyg; tEkyg'gef w&m;ESifh aexkdifMuojzifh}} [laom OD;Ouú|\ pum;onf tbd"r®m w&m;awmfESifh qefUusifojzifh tw¬,kwåd uif;rJhonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
(u) t&d,m trSm; 4/
(u) aumufEkwfcsufü ]]{0H yóH bdu©a0 okw0g t&d,om0aum}} [laom
tewåvu©Pokwfudk om"u ûyjyD;vQif ]]rsufpd em; ½Sdí jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m ac:onf/ t&d,mESifh vlrSm twlwlyif jzpfonf[k opöm"r®pmapmifü omrn vljydef;tawG;jzihf awG;awmMuHqí
a&;om;xm;jcif;om
jzpf\/
xkdtewåvu©Pokwf
ygVdawmf\
qkdvdk&if;
t"dyÜm,ftrSefudk &Sif;vif;jy&vQif u/
{0H yóH t&d,om0aum = þodkU þyHk ½Iaom odjrifaom t&d,mwynfh
c/
okw0g t&d, om0aum = okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh
[lí pum;ESpf&yf cGJxm;&rnf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfwGif ]]{0H yóH = þodkU þyHk ½Ionf? odjrifonf}} [k qdk&mü tb,fodkU tb,fyHk ½I&? odjrif&rnf qdkonfh (½IMunfhodjrifyHk) enf;pepfudk ]],HudOöd ½lyH}} tp&Sdonfjzifh a[mawmfrlcJhjyD; jzpf\/ ,if;odkU a[mawmfrlcJhonfhtwkdif; twdwfç tem*wfç ypöKyÜefç tZÑwåç A[d'¨ ponfjzpfaom ½kyfç a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfwnf;[laom cE¨mig;yg;wkdUonf igh[mç ighOpöm [k wPSmjzifh cifrifwG,fwmzG,f&m r[kwf/ igç ig[k rmejzifh xifrSwfzG,f? txifMuD;zG,fvnf; r[kwf/ ig\ ckdifrmaom tESpfom&jzpfonf/ ig\ toufaumif? twåaumif? 0dnmPfaumif jzpfonf[k 'd|djzifh ,lrSm;zG,fvnf; r[kwf [lí 0dyóemÚmPfr*fjzifh ½I&? odjrif&\/ xkduJhokdU ½Iaom odjrifaom t&d,m wynfhudk ]]{0H yóH t&d,om0aum = þodkU þyHk ½Iaom odjrifaom t&d,mwynfh}} [k a[mawmfrl\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
818
tpodkU c/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]okw0g t&d, om0aum = okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh}} [laom pum;ü
okwonf-
[lí
(1)
tm*rokw = tMum;okw
(2)
t"durokw = tjrifokw
ESpfrsKd;½Sd\/
xkdESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif
cE¨m?
tm,we?
"mwfESifh
ywfoufí
em,lrSwfom;
Mum;emxm;tyfaom oHk;jzmyd#uwf y&d,wfusrf;*efudk ]]tm*rokw = tMum;okw}} [kac:\/ 0dyóem ur®|mef;
pD;jzef;tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh
udk,fwkdifqkdufa&muf
rsufarSmufûy
odjrifxm;tyfaom
r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudk ]]t"d*rokw = tjrifokw}} [kac:\/ xkdUaMumifh cE¨m tm,weqkdif&m y&d,wf w&m;awmfudk oif,lrSwfom;jyD;í r*fzkdvfedAÁmefudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjyD; jzpfojzifh tm*rokw-t"d*rokwwnf;[laom okwESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,m wynfhudk ]]okw0g t&d, om0aum}} okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh[k qdkvdk\/ okw0gwd tm*rm"d*r ocFgawe Am[kóapöe orEém*wwåm okw0g/ (om&w¬#Dum-w-189) þtwkdif;omvQif ]]{0H yóH}} tp&Sdaom ygVdawmf\ qkdvdk&if; t"dyÜm,f tppftrSef jzpfaomaMumifh ]]rsufpd em;½Sdí jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m ac:onf[k t&d,mESifhvl twlwljzpfonf ponfjzifh or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm &,fp&m pum;rQom jzpfí trSm;oufoufom jzpfonf/
(c) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf vifESifhr,m; t&d,m 5/
xkdUjyif
]]udavomeH
tm&uwåm
t&da,m}}
ponfjzifh
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU
xkwfjyxm;tyfaom yd#uusrf;*efrsm;ESifhtnD azmfjycJhaom tMum;tjrif okwESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkí udavom tnpftaMu; uif;a0;Munfvif jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh aomwmyefç ou'g*grfç tem*grfç &[EÅmrsm; jzpfawmfrlMuaom tvGeftav;*½kûyxdkufonfh olawmfpifç olawmfaumif;ç yk*¾dKvfxl;ç yk*¾dKvfjrwfrsm;om t&d,myk*¾dKvftppf jzpfMuaomaMumifh or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU\ rdef;ra,mufsm; vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk t&d,m ac:onf[k ajymqdkxm;aom (2) tcsufpum;onfvnf;aumif;? vlrdvlzu arG;aom vlom;udk t&d,mac:onf[k a&;om;xm;aom (5) tcsufpum;onf vnf;aumif; xif&mjrif&m y&rf;ywm ajymqkda&;om;xm;aom tvGef,kwfnHhonfh pum;odrfç pum;zsif;ç tremyç oræyÜvmy pum;rsm;om jzpfí t"r®0g' jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
819
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (C) taMumuftarQmfrSm;? aomwmyeftrSm;
6/
taMumufESifh
tarQmf
uif;jcif;udk
aomwmywådr*f[k
rSwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;aom pk'dwu or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU\ pum;rSm ax&0g'yd#u usrf;*efrsm;ESifh tvGefqefUusifjyD; r½dk;om;vGef;aom &nf½G,fcsufrsm;jzifh olwkdUvkd&mqGJí MuHpnfpOf;pm; a&;om;xm;aom xGifvHk; qifvHk;rsm;om jzpf\/ ½kyf0g' aomwmyef xlaxmifjcif;om jzpfonf/ taMumuftarQmf uif;onf[k qkdaomfvnf; aomwmywådr*fzdkvf&aom yk*¾dKvfonf t&d,m olawmfaumif;yDyD tukodkvf 'kp½dkufudk aMumufonfom jzpfaomaMumifh taMumufruif;[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/ t0dedygw "ar®m ed,awm oarÁm"dy&m,aPm [laom oDvu©ef ygVdawmf (148) ponfESifhtnD
aomwmyefyk*d¾Kvfonf
tyg,fav;yg;wkdUü
vm;a&mufawmhrnf
txufr*f
txufzdkvf&&ef
r[kwfaomaMumifh
aocsmaeonf
tyg,f'k*¾wdab;udk
jzpf&um;
awG;íraMumuf?
taMumufuif;onf[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/ ]]tmom p ye ar oEÅd|wd ou'g*grdwm, ('D? 2? 167)}} [laom okwfr[m0g Ze0obokwfESifh ]]ed&maom tmoHaom 0d*wmaom (tH? 1? 106)}} paom t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf tmoHookwfwkdUESifhtnD
aomwmywådr*f
zdkvf&jyD;aomyk*¾dKvfonf
txufr*fzdkvf&&ef
arQmfvifhaeonfomru umr*kPfü wyfrufrI umr&m* tjyD;tjywf uif;½Sif;jyD; r[kwfaomaMumifh ok*wdb0ESifh vlewfcsrf;omudk arQmfrSef;awmifhwjcif; uif;jyD[kvnf; rqdkEkdifacs/ 7/
xkdUjyif jycJhaom oDvu©ef ygVdawmfESifh wdu pwkuú t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf (233? 401)
yk*¾vynwf ygVdawmf (120? 121) wdkUü aomwmyef yk*¾dKvfonf - ouúm,'d|dç 0dpdudpämç oDvAÁwy&mrmo [laom oHa,mZOf oHk;rsKd; vHk;0uif;½Sif;atmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/ ou'g*grf yk*¾dKvfonf - umr&m*ESifh a'goAsmyg' tukodkvfwkdUudk avsmhenf;oGm;atmif y,fowf\/ tem*grf yk*¾dKvfonf - umr&m*ç y#dCç oDvAÁwy&mrmoç 'd|dç 0dpdudpäm [laom atmufumrbHkodkU a&mufapwwfaom oHa,mZOfig;rsKd;udk vHk;0uif;½Sif;atmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/ &[EÅm yk*¾dKvfonf - ½ly&m*ç t½ly&m*ç rmeç O'¨pöç t0dZÆm [laom txufjA[®mbHkodkU a&mufapwwfaom oHa,mZOf ig;rsKd;wkdUudk tMuGif;tusef r½Sdatmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/ 8/
þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmf½SdjyD; jzpfaomaMumifh or®m'd|d
okawoetzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom opöm"r®pmapmifü taMumuftarQmf uif;jcif;udk aomwmywådr*f [kvnf;aumif;?
pdk;&drfrI
wkefvIyfrI
uif;jcif;udk
ou'g*grdr*f
[kvnf;aumif;?
ponfjzifh
a&;om;xm;aom pmrsm;rSm olwkdUpdwful;? olwkdUxGifvHk; oufoufrQom jzpfaomaMumifh tav;*½kûyí rSwfom;xkdufaom pum;r[kwf? pGefUy,f&rnfh t"r®0g' pum;rsKd;om jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
820
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) edAÁmefESifh pyfonfh apm'emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf
9/
or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom Ak'¨0g' tajccHoifwef; oifwef; trSwfpOf
(1) oifwef;rSwfpk pmtkyf pmrsufESm (41) ü(u)
0ge = taMumuf? tvdk ed = r½Sdjcif;? uif;jcif; ed0ge = edAÁme? edAÁmef [lí zGifhqkda&;om;xm;jcif;?
(c)
31 bHk0g' Ak'¨vufrcH pmtkyf pmrsufESm 114 ü þ
cE¨mudk,fwnf;[laom
0dnmP[laom
½kyfw&m;?
t½lyu©E¨m*kPfESifh
½lyu©E¨mwGif
a0'em?
edAÁmef*kPf[laom
onm?
ESpfrsKd;½Sdavonf}}
ocFg&? [k
a&;om;xm;jcif;? (*)
ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyf? yxrwGJ pmrsufESm 45 wGif ]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk wrifawmifhw cHpm;vdkí tm;xkwfygu þedAÁmeftvdkonf umrESifh ,SOfaom tvkdom jzpf&ayrnf}} [k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
(C)
OD;Ouú|\ Ak'¨"r®pMumpmtkyf pmrsufESm 52? 53 ü- ]]edAÁmefESifh cE¨mig;yg;[m wpfjcm;pDr[kwf?
yl;wGJvsuf½SdaMumif;?
cE¨mig;yg;[m
edAÁmef
jzpfEdkifaMumif;}}
a&;om;xm;jcif;? (i)
OD;Ouú|\ tdka,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ[laom pmtkyf pmrsufESm 86 ü ]]pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? edAÁmefonf emrfü xnfhxm;aomaMumifh emrfonf ½kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPfjzpfcJhygrl edAÁmefonfvnf; ½kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPfjzpf&rnf}} [k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
10/
txufyg ta&;tom;rsm;jzifh pk'dwu or®m'd|d okawoeorm;wkdUonf edAÁmef [laom
trnfemr a0g[m& pum;vHk;udk r[kwfrrSef a0zef zsufqD;xm;jcif;? edAÁmefudk ½kyf\*kPf[kqkdum ½kyf0g'orm;wdkU\ oabmw&m;ü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? tEkyg'dPÖ tEkyg'ged,m"r®m[laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD
edAÁmefonf
umrwPSmjzifh
tm½kHûyawmifhwtyfaom
w&m;r[kwfygyJvsuf
]]þedAÁmeftvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&rnf}} [k ]]om}} [laom {uefpum;vHk;jzifh a&;om;um umrwPSm\ tm½kHe,fy,fü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? A[d'¨gAr®m[laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifh tnD edAÁmefonf twGif;cE¨mig;yg; tZÑwåw&m;ü ryg0ifaom tjyifty A[d'¨w&m; jzpfygvsuf tZÑwåcE¨mig;yg;ü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? þenf;þyHktm;jzifh or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUonf edAÁmef\ oabmw&m;udk
r[kwfrrSef
vkyfMuHzsufqD;xm;aMumif;jzifh
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdUu
pGJcsufwifjy
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
821
apm'emMuonf/
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ aom"emü tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf okwåedygwf jrefrmjyef rm*@d,okwf pmrsufESm 386-rS ]]tZÑwåü jzpfaom udavomwkdU jidrf;&m edAÁmefudk jrifjyD}} [laom rm*@d,okwfvm pum;ukd udk;um;jyD;vQif edAÁmefonf A[d'¨w&m;r[kwf? tZÑwåw&m;om jzpfygaMumif; jyefvnfacsyrI aom"em ûyoGm;onf/
0denf;"dk&fyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ a0zefpdppfcsuf 12/
(u) aumufEkwfcsuf (edAÁmef)
edAÁme
(ed+0g)
[laom
pum;\
teuft"dyÜm,f
trSefudkjy&aomf
twdwfb0[laom
½kyfemrfcE¨mESifh ypöKyÜefb0[laom ½kyfemrfcE¨mudkvnf;aumif;? ypöKyÜefb0 ½kyfemrfcE¨mESifh tem*wfb0 ½kyfemrfcE¨mudk vnf;aumif;? tusKd;½kyfemrfw&m;ESifh taMumif;ukodkvf tukodkvfuHudk vnf;aumif;? tqufrjywfatmif zGJUpyfwwfaom wPSmudk 0ge[k ac:\/ xdk0ge[k
ac:tyfaom
wPSm\
awmifhw&m
tm½kHe,fedrdwfESifh
vHk;0
rqufrpyf
tvGwfowfowfjzpfaom y&rwfw&m;udk ed0ge = edAÁme = edAÁmef [kac:onf/ 0ge = wPSmrS ed = xGufcGmaom w&m;? uif;½Sif;aom w&m; edAÁme = wPSmESifh rqufrpyf tvGwfoufouf jzpfaom w&m;/ (yg&mZduPf t|uxm? 'k? 184/ okwfr[m0g t|uxm? 56) þtwkdif;om t"dyÜm,ftrSefjzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom edAÁmef zGifhqkda&;om;csufrsm;rSm xifrdxif&m vGJrSm;pGm a&;om;xm;aom pum;rsm;om jzpfonf[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/
(c) (*) aumufEkwfcsuf (emrfESifh edAÁmef) 13/
edAÁmefudk ½kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPf[k a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm Ak'¨omoemawmf\ jyifbuf
rdpäm0g'DwkdU\ pum;om jzpf\/ a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPf[laom emrfw&m;rsm;onf ½kyfw&m;\ *kPfr[kwfouJhodkU edAÁmefonfvnf; ½kyfw&m;\ *kPfr[kwf? tvGefacsmnufaom opfom;ysOfjym;rS xGufvmaom ta&mifonf xkdopfom;\ ta&mifjzpfaomfvnf; xkda0'em ponfwkdUESifh edAÁmefonfum; ½kyfw&m;rS
xGufay:vmaom
y&rwfw&m;rQomwnf;/
ta&mift½Sdeft0g
þpum;t&
pk'dwu
r[kwfyJ OD;Ouú|
½kyfw&m;rS
0g'DwkdUonf
oD;jcm;jzpfaom
½kyf0g'orm;jzpfaMumif;
twyfodEkdifMuayonf/ emrfw&m;udk
½kyf\*kPf[k
qkdMuojzifh
avmuü
½kyfonfom
tajccHtrSefw&m;[k
qdk&ma&mufonf/ xdkUxuf qkd;0g;onfrSm edAÁmefudkyif ½kyf\*kPf[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ þodkUqkdjcif;jzifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
822
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Ak'¨omoemawmfü
½Sdaom
emrfw&m;?
edAÁmefw&m;wkdUudk
½kyf0g'xJodkU
twif;qGJoGif;MuaMumif;
v,fjyifqifoGm;ouJhodkU xif½Sm;vSayonf/
(*) aumufEkwfcsuf (edAÁmefvdkcsifrI) 14/
Ak'¨0dyóem (1) ESm 45-ü vmaom pum;&yf tjynfhtpHkrSm]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk
wrifawmifhw
cHpm;vdkí
tm;xkwfygu
þedAÁmeftvdkonf
umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpfayrnf/ umrygvmvQif wPSmjzpfaeí xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifhom vkyfygu rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Edkifay}} [k jzpfonf/ þodkUa&;om;xm;jcif;jzifh
]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk
wrifawmifhw
cHpm;vdkí
tm;xkwfvQif
umrwPSmjzpfonf/ xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;jzifh tm;xkwfvQif r*fzdkvfr&Ekdif? xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;jzifh tm;rxkwf&}} [k qkdvdk\/ apm'u q&mawmfwkdUurlxdkukodkvfqE´jzifh edAÁmefudk tm½kHûyí awmifhw&rnfom jzpfonf[k qkdvdkonf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfudk oHk;oyfpdppfonf½Sdaomf apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkU xkwfjytyfaom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAÁmefonf (wPSm'd|dwkdU\ tm½kHjzpfaom avmuDuH\ tusKd;vnf;r[kwf? wPSm'd|dwnf;[laom Oyg'gef tm½kHvnf; r[kwfaom) tEkyg'dPÖ tEkyg'ged, w&m;jzpfaomaMumifh y&rwfjzpfaom edAÁmeftppfudk wPSmavmbjzifh tm½kHûyum awmifhwí rjzpfEdkif? oHrD;cJ&J&JMuD;ay:ü ,ifaumif ruyfEkdif? rpm;Ekdif ouJhodkU
xkdUtwl
avmuDtm½kH
umr*kPfü
arGUavsmfaysmfyg;
usufpm;avh&Sdaom
wPSmonf
umr*kPfcsrf;om tenf;i,frQ rygaom edAÁmefcsrf;omtppfukd b,ftcgrQ tm½kHrûyEkdif? rawmifhwEdkif? wPSmavmb omru aomwmywåd r*¾0Dxd0,f aomwmywådr*f\a½SU a*gMwblpdwfrSvGJí ykxkZOfwkdU\ rnfonfhpdwfurQ edAÁmeftppfudk tm½kHrûyEkdif? xkdUaMumifh ]]edAÁmefcsrf;omudk wrifawmifhw cHpm;vdkí tm;xkwfygu þedAÁmeftvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpfayrnf}} [laom pum;&yfonf tvGJtrSm; oufoufom jzpfayrnf/ ]]umrygvmvQif
wPSmjzpfaeí
xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifh
vkyfygu
rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Ekdifay}} [laom pk'dwu pum;&yfudk aphpyfaocsmpGm pdppfygrl (uxH ye avmukwå&"ar® tm&AÅ tmom OyÜZÆwDwd e acg yaewH {0H '|AÁH/ e tm&r®Pu&P0aoe ww¬ yd[m y0wåwd? t0do,wåm yk*¾vó p te"d*wbm0awm/ tEkó0lyva'¨ ye tEkwå&0darmau© O'´dó yd[H OyÜga'aEÅm wwå yd[H OyÜga'wd emr/ (pwkuúedygwf t*Fkwå&#Dum 338))ykxkZOfwkdUü edAÁmefudk rSef;qí vdkcsifawmifhwonfhtcg odrfarGUonfh yd[mac:aom wPSmjzpfEkdif\/ xkdodrfarGUaom wPSmonfum; y&rwåjzpfaom edAÁmeftppfudk tm½kHûyonfr[kwfyJ wpfqifhMum;jzifh a&mf&rf;rSef;qí edAÁmef\ jidrf;at;yHk tjcif;t&m tmum&ynwf (edAÁmeftwk) udkom tm½kHûy awmifhwaejcif; jzpfonf/ xkdodrfarGUaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
823
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
yd[mac:aom wPSmjzifh 0#fjrpfjzpfaom ]]0#³rlvdum}} wPSmudk y,f&rnf[k a[mawmfrlaom a'oemawmfudk (t*FkwådK&f pwkuú? 462? 463) rS xkwfEkwfí tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkayonf/ tcgwpfyg;ü
&[ef;rwpfa,mufonf
t½SiftmeE´m
tay:ü
pGJrufaom
pdwfjzpfum
a,mufsm;wpfa,mufudk t½SiftmeE´m yifhay;&ef apcdkif;vkduf&m t½SiftmeE´mvnf; MuGvmawmfrlonf/ xkd&[ef;ronf t½SiftmeE´mudk jrifvQif acgif;jrD;ûcHí tdyfaeonf/ t½SiftmeE´mu &dyfpm;rdí ]]ESr þudk,fonf tm[m&aMumifh jzpf\/ tm[m&udk rSDí tm[m&udk y,f&rnf/ wPSmudkrSDí wPSmudk y,f&rnf/ rmeudkrSDí rmeudk y,f&rnf/ arxkefürlum; taMumif;udk owf&rnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrl\}} [k pum;cif;í tus,fa[mawmfrl\/ wPSmudkrSDí wPSmudk y,f&rnf [laom pum;\ tus,ft"dyÜg,frSm &[ef;wpfyg;onf tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;\ t&[wåzdkvf &oGm;aMumif; owif;pum;udk Mum;&í tb,ftcgü igonfvnf; t&[wåzdkvf &ygrnfenf;[k tMuHjzpf\/ xkd&[ef;onf t&[wåzdkvfudk awmifhwonfh wPSmudkrSDí 0#fjrpfjzpfaom ]]0#³rlvdum}} wPSmudk y,favonf ponfjzifh a[mjyonfhtcg t½SiftmeE´m tay:ü pGJvrf;onfh qE´&m*uif;í t½SiftmeE´mudk uefawmh0efcsavonf/ xdkt&[wåzdkvfudk awmifhwonfh wPSmonf rSD0Jxkduf? vufcHxkdufaom ]]ao0dwAÁ}} wPSmjzpfí y#doaE¨ tusKd;udk ray;Ekdif? xkdao0dwAÁ wPSmjzifh eduEÅd wPSmudk y,f&rnf[k ,if;t|uxm ESm-340 ü jyqkdavonf/ wPSmudkrSDí r*fzdkvfw&m; jzpfEkdifyHkudk y|mef;ygVdawmf-y-ESm 149? 150 ü]]&m*H Oyedó,/y/ r*¾H OyÜma'wd/y/ ormywåð OyÜma'wd &ma*g/y/ zvormywåd,m Oyedó, ypöa,e ypöa,m}} [k
a[mawmfrlonf/
t"dyÜm,fum;
]]&m*udkrSDí
'geudk
ay;vª\/
oDvudkaqmufwnf\/
OykofapmihfoHk;rIudk ûy\/ psmef? 0dyóem? r*f? tbdnmOf? ormywfudk jzpfap\/ &m*onf zvormywftm; Oyedó, ypönf;jzifh aus;Zl;ûy\[k qkdvdkonf/ OD;Ouú|wkdUonf þodkUaom y|mef;qufudk em;rvnfí qkdrSm;rd&SmMu\/ azmfjyyg
usrf;*efrsm;ESifhtnD
edAÁmefudkawmifhwí
ukodkvfw&m;wkdUudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfoifhonfom jzpfayonf/ xkdUaMumifh
]]umrygvmvQif
wPSmjzpfaeí
xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifhom
vkyfygu
rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Ekdifay}} [laom t,lonf azmfjycJhjyD;aom t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf? y|mef;ygVdawmfwkdUESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaomaMumifh t"r®0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
824
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (C) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf (A[d'¨edAÁmef)
15/
A[d'¨g"r®m [laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAÁmefonf cE¨mig;yg;rS tjyifty
A[d'¨w&m;jzpfaMumif; apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUu wifjyxm;ayonf/ ,if;wkdU wifjyxm;jcif;onf]]"r®m,weH tocFwH cE¨awm XaywGm pwl[d caE¨[d/y/ o*F[dwH/ pwåm&d opömed tocFwH cE¨awm XaywGm/y/ o*F[dwmed}} [lí toacFwedAÁmefonf cE¨mig;yg;ü r0ifyJ cE¨mig;yg;rS tvGwfoD;oefU y&rwfw&m;jzpfaMumif; a[mawmfrlxm;aom "mwkuxm ygVdawmf (6?10) ESifh nDñGwf\/ ty&d,myEém "r®m? tocFwm "r®m? [laom "r®o*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAÁmefonf ocFwe,fy,fü ryg0ifûyjyifzefwD;í r&aom w&m;jzpfí A[d'¨pifppf jzpfayonf/ odkUygvsuf
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
okwåedygwf?
rm*@d,okwfudk
om"utjzpf
xkwfjyjyD;vQif xkdom"uudk vGJrSm;pGm t"dyÜm,fqufpyf aumuf,lum ]]edAÁmefonf A[d'¨w&m;r[kwf? tZÑwåw&m;om jzpfygonf}} [k jyefvnfacsyoGm;\/ xdkrm*@d,okwfü]]tZÑwå oEÅð ypdeH t'óH - tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom udavomudk jidrf;&medAÁmefudk jrifjyD}} [laom pum;onf ocifjrwfqdkif\ ta&;ygqHk;aom om"u jzpf\/ xkdpum;ü ocifjrwfqdkifonf ]tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom udavom} [lí pum;rqufpyfyJ ]tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaomedAÁmef} [k ckefausmfí pum;qufpyf t"dyÜm,f ,lrdonfhtwGuf edAÁmefudk tZÑwåw&m;[k t,ltq vGJrSm;oGm;jcif; jzpf\/ ]tZÑwåoEÅmefü jzpfaom} [laom emr0daooe pum;&yfonf ]udavom} [laom aemufyk'fukdom txl;ûyí qufpyfonf/ ]udavomwkdU\ jidrf;&m} [laom pum;onfom ]edAÁmef} [laom pum;ESifh qufpyf\/ ]tZÑwåoEÅmefüjzpfaom} [laom pum;rygyJ udavomwkdU\ jidrf;&medAÁmef[k qkdvQifvnf; jyD;jynfhpHkonf/ odkUaomf udavom[lonf wpfjcm;udavomr[kwf ]tZÑwåü jzpfaom udavom} [k odomap&efom xnfhjcif; jzpf\/ ocifjrwfqdkifESifhwuG
or®m'd|d
okawoeorm;wkdUonf
(¤if;wkdU
0efcHazmfjycsuftwkdif;)
yxrMuD;? yxrausmf? "r®mp&d,wdkU oif,l&onfh "mwfenf;? t"dyÜm,faumufenf;? ygVdo'´genf;wkdUudk roifzl;Mu½Smojzifh ,ckvdk t"dyÜm,frSefatmif raumufwwf r,lwwfyJ csmvnfvnfaeMujcif; jzpf\/ yd#uwf
pmayonfum;
o'´g
tbd"r®m
tajccHr½SdbJ
0w¬KzwfovdkzwfjyD;
xajymaeMuorQ
rnfonfhtcgrQ trSef&rnf r[kwfacs/ owdûyMu&ef tcsufaywnf;/ xdkrm*@d,okwf pum;0gus\ tao;pdwf qkdvdk&if; t"dyÜm,frSm udavomwkdUonf owå0gwdkU\ cE¨mtpOfrS tjyifty A[d'¨w&m;r[kwf? owå0gwkdU\ cE¨mtpOfü yg0ifvsuf jzpfay:aeonfh twGif;cH tZÑwåw&m;jzpf\/ edAÁmefum; xkdtwGif;cH tZÑwå udavomwkdU\ csKyfjidrf;uif;a0;aMumif;jzpfaom A[d'¨w&m;jzpf\/ xdkA[d'¨jzpfaom edAÁmefw&m;udk igjrifawmfrljyD[k qkdvdkonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
825
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þodkUvQif edAÁmefonf A[d'¨pifppf jzpfayonf/ edAÁmefESifhpyfí pk'dwuwkdU ,lqa&;om;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;onf ,ckjycJhjyD; pdppfcsuft& yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh rnDrñGwf rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfaom awG;awmMuHpnfcsufrsm;om jzpfí t"r®0g'jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
826
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) apm'em trSwf-17 "r®pMum vufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedpä,
or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'ay; q&mMuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMum vufopfESifh pyfvsOf;í apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/ vlaovljzpf
trSwf (17) apm'emü apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú| a&;om;aom pmtkyfrS
xkwfEkwfí
]]'d|"ar®m}}
paom
yk'fwkdUudk
OD;Ouú|u
vGJrSm;pGm
teufjyefqkdxm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? xdk ]]'d|"ar®m}} paom yk'frsm;rSm "r®pMum ponfwkdUüygaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmf tppftrSef jzpfygvsuf OD;Ouú|\ teufjyefqkdyHkrSm vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif r[kwfrw&m; jyefqdkxm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m}} pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfí ]]Zmwdyd 'kau©m}} paom yk'fwkdUudk tbd"r®m q&mpdef qkdolu vGJrSm;pGm jyefqdkxm;yHkudk vnf;aumif; wifjyavQmufxm;Muonf/ 2/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 0daooapm'emudk wifoGif;&mü ]]'d|"ar®m}} paom yk'frsm;udk
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; tvkdawmfus jyefqkdxm;yHk q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufrSefudk vnf;aumif;? rZÑdredum,f? Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxm ESm 66 ESifhtnD OD;Ak"f jyefqdkxm;yHkudk vnf;aumif;? q&mawmf OD;Ak"f jyefqdkcsufonf 0de,yd#u om&w¬'DyeD#Dum r[mcE¨u yOö0*¾d,uxm "r®puúy0wåeokwf\ tzGifhESifh udkufnDyHkudkvnf;aumif; wdwdusus avQmufxm;Muonf/ odkUjzpfí
OD;Ouú|ESifh
tbd"r®m
q&mpdefwkdU\
"r®pMumvufopfonf
]]ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifhtnD q&mpOfquf teufjrefrm jyefqkdxm;Muaom "r®pMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r®0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? t"r®0g'rsm;udk vdkufemaeMu olwkdUonfvnf; t"r®0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif;}} apm'emvTm wifoGif;Muavonf/ 3/
,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwujzpfaom or®m'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu acsy&mü apm'u
q&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;acsyjcif;rûyyJ OD;Ouú|taejzihf "r®pMumudk av;pm;aMumif;rQudkom azmfjyí Ak'¨tbd"r®m pmtkyfudk avhvm&efom ñTefjyMuavonf/ xdkacsycsufum; apm'emcsufESifh rqdkifojzifh 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u vspfvsL½IawmfrlMuonf/
ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsycsuf 4/
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu acsy&mü
(u)
'd|"ar®m = jriftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí [laom q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ jyefqkdcsufudk [kwf r[kwf racsyvdkaMumif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
827
tpodkU (c)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ½SifOuú|u
'd|"ar®m
qkdaom
pum;\
yifudk,ft"dyÜm,frSm
rsufjrifoabm
jzpfavawmh\ [k qkdaMumif;/ (*)
v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;\ y&rwå'DyeD tzGifhrSm ]]jriftyfaom opömw&m;}} [k awGU&ygonf/ ]jyD;} [laom twdwfumvoabm ryg/
(C)
xkdtcsdefu t½Sifaum@nonf aomwmyefom jzpfí ]jrifjyD;} [k rqkdxkdufao;? t&[wåzdkvf qkdufa&mufrSom ]jrifjyD;} [k qdkxkdufaMumif;/
(i)
xkdUaMumifh
'd|"ar®mpaom
yk'fwkdUü
(jyD;aom)
[laom
twdwfpum;vHk;udk
oufoufudkom
apwemtavsmuf
vufrcHEdkifaMumif;/ (p)
"r®pMumudk
jyefqkdMu&mü
udk,fhbmompum;udk
rlvygVd
udk,fuRrf;usiforQjzifh
jyefqkdMujcif;omjzpfí
toHk;uGJjym;
aeMuapumrl rl&if;t"dyÜm,f uGmjcm;csuf r½SdaMumif;/ (q)
½SifOuú| jyefqkdcsufonf rlv"r®pMumyg teuft"dyÜm,fudk ajymif;vJaponf[lí rawGU&aMumif;? Ak'¨\ a[mcsufESifh qefUusifonf[k rawGU&aMumif;-
acsyavQmufxm;avonf/ 5/
,if;
apm'em
aom"em
ESpf&yfudk
aphpyfaocsmpGm
avhvmoHk;oyfonf½Sdaomf
ocifjrwfqkdifonf ]]q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ jyefqkdcsufudk [kwfr[kwf racsyvdkyg}} [k qkdaomfvnf; (C) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfwkdUjzifh acsyy,f½Sm;jyD; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/
'd|"ar®m ponf &Sif;vif;csuf 6/
]]'d|}} paom yk'fwkdUü w-ypönf;onf twdwfudkvnf; a[mEkdif\/ umvoHk;yg;udkvnf;
a[mEdkif\/ t½Sifaum@nonf aomwmywådr*f tckdufü opömav;yg;udk jrifqJjzpfí aomwmywådr*f\ tjcm;rJhzdkvfrSpí opömav;yg;udk jrifjyD;[k qkdEkdif&efum; ]]jriftyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonf}} [laom q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ jyefqdkcsufonf tvGefoifhjrwfvSayonf/ 7/
½SifOuú|u 'd|"ar®m = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\ [k qdkxm;&m ('d|udk rsufjrif+
"r®udk oabm) [k qkdvdk\/ ]]'d|"ar®m}} ü ]]'d|}} o'´gonf rsufjrif? ÓPfjrif ESpfrsKd;udk a[mEkdifaomfvnf; þt&mü ywå = a&muftyf? 0d'dw = odtyf[laom aemufyk'frsm;udk axmufí rsufjrifudk ra[m? ÓPfjrifudkom a[monf/ xkdUaMumifh om&w¬'DyeD#Dum? "r®puúy0wåeokwf tzGifhpmrsufESm 182 ü{w¦ 8 'óeH emr ÓP'óeawm tnrÜd? tw¬Dwd wH ed0wåew¬H ywå"ar®m wd0kwåH [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
828
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t"dyÜm,fum; -]]þ 'd|"ar®m [laom yk'fü jrifjcif;rnfonf ÓPfjrifjzpf&um; ÓPfjrifrSwyg; tjcm;jrifjcif;udk epfapjcif;tusKd;iSm ]]ywå"ar®m}} [k a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ 8/
"r®o'´gonfvnf; (1) oabm? (2) y&d,wf? (3) ynm? (4) toifh,kwåd? (5) opöm? (6)
yuwd? (7) aumif;rI? (8) aÚ ,sw&m; ig;yg;? (9) aus;Zl;? (10) tusifh? (11) orm"d? (12) owåZD0rS uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpf? (13) tmywf? (14) taMumif; paom teufwkdUukd a[mEkdif\/ þ'd|"ar®m paom yk'frsm;ü ygaom "r®o'´gonf opöm[laom teufudkom a[monf/ oabmpaom teufwkdUudk ra[m? xkdUaMumifh t*Fkwå&edum,f? t|uedygwf? t|uxm ESm 215 ü 'da|m t&d,opö"ar®m {awemwd 'd|"ar®m [lí zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ t"dyÜm,fum; ]]jriftyfjyD;aom t&d,opömw&m; ½SdaomaMumifh 'd|"r® rnf\}} [k qkdvdkonf/ xkdUaMumifh ('d|"ar®m = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\) [laom vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\
teufonf
rlvygVdawmfESifh
vnf;aumif;?
t|uxm?
#DumwkdUESifh
vnf;aumif;
tvGefqefUusifonfhtjyif rSm;,Gif;aom teufom jzpfonf/ 9/
{o ea,m aooya'okyd = MuGif;aom yk'fwkdUüvnf; þenf;wlyifwnf;[k zGifhjyaom
t|uxmESifh tnDywå"ar®m = a&muftyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonf jzpfí 0d'dw"ar®m = odtyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonfjzpfí? y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = ÚmPfjzihf ouf0iftyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonfjzpfí[laom q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufay;enf;onfomvQif yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh nDñGwfaom teufrSefrsm; jzpfayonf/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|\ ywå"ar®m = em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/ 0d'dw"ar®m = ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHUí (0g) pdrfhxHkí tusKd;&aom re? awGU (0g) [',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\[laom teufum; ynm½SdwdkU\ em;ü Mum;íyif ravsmfaom teufrsm; jzpfayonf/ yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh ESD;aESmwkdufqkdifrIrûyyJ rdrdxifovdk jyefqkdxm;aomaMumifh tvGef½kyfysufqif;ysuf EkdifvSaom teufrsm; jzpfayonf/ þodkU jzpfygvsuf ]]rlvygVdoufoufudkom apwemtavsmuf udk,fhbmompum;ukd udk,fuRrf;usiforQjzifh uGmjcm;csuf
r½Sdyg}}
jyefqkdMujcif;omjzpfí [laom
toHk;tEIef;
ocifjrwfqkdif\
uGJjym;aeMuapumrl
acsycsufonf
rl&if;t"dyÜm,fESifh
rdrdq&m
½SifOuú|bufrS
umuG,fzmax;½kHrQomjzpfí tvQif;,kwåd uif;rJhjyD; usrf;*efrS aoGzDaom pum;jzpfacsonf/ 10/
þü apwemtavsmuf[laom ocifjrwfqdkif\ pum;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oihfayonf/
apwemqkdwdkif; aumif;onfr[kwf? y&rwåoabmt& apwemonf aumif;aom ukodkvfapwem? raumif;aom tukodkvfapwem[lí ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;&Sd&m ocifjrwfqdkif\ q&mjzpfol OD;Ouú|onf 'd|"ar®m
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
829
tpodkU paom
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
"r®pMumygVdudk
teufjyefqkd&mü
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
udkufnDatmif
raumif;aom
tukodkvfapwemqkd;jzifh teufjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdk&zG,f ½Sdaeonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ouú|\ vlaovljzpf0g'ü azmfjyxm;aom pmykd'frsm;um; yk'fteuf rSm;,Gif;½kHrQomru jrwfAk'¨a'oemawmfudk usL;ausmfapmfum; zsufqD;xm;aom pmydk'frsm;om jzpfayonf/ rSef\/ vlaovljzpf pmtkyf ESm 4? 5 ü ]]vlom;onf vlaovQif vlomjzpf\ [laom obm0rSefudk oabmaygufwmESifh wpfûydifeuf 'd|"r® = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/ y/ ty&yÜpöa,m = i&J½SpfxyfESifh xufewfjA[®m
qkdtyfwJh
wpfyg;aom
bHkawG
b0awGudk
oGm;zdkUa&mufzkdU
taMumif;
rjzpfawmhonfudk wduspGm odjrifjcif;odkU a&mufayvdrhfrnf/}} [k jyqkdxm;\/ xdkpmydk'fjzifhyif vlaovQif vljzpf\ [laom obm0udk oabmaygufvQif 'd|"r® paom *kPfwkdUESifh jynhfpHkonfh aomwmyefjzpfonf[k OD;Ouú|u qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ trSefrSm vlaovQif vlomjzpf\[k oabmaygufaeolonf aomwmyef rjzpf½kHrQru rdpäm'd|dppfppfom jzpfonfudk pGJqkdcsuf trSwf (2) apm'emü pdppfxm;jyD; jzpfonf/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsyvTmudk pdppfoHk;oyfjcif; 11/
þtrSwf (1) apm'emü OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMum vufopftay: pGJqkdcsufESifh ywfoufí
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu]]v,fwDq&mawmf\ y&rw¬ 'DyeD tzGifhrSm jriftyfaom opömw&m;[k awGU&ygonf/ (jyD;aom) qkdaom twdwfumv oabm rygyg bk&m;? (jyD;aom) twdwfpum;vHk;udk vufrcHEdkifaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;[lí v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\ y&rw¬'DyeDudk udk;um;í acsyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ocifjrwfqkdif\ þacsycsufudk pdppf&mwGif usrf;trnfupí rSm;,Gif;aeonfudk awGU&onf/ v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\ y&rw¬'DyeDqkdonfrSm ocifjrwfqkdif xifaeouJhokdU "r®pMumokwf\ tzGifhusrf; r[kwf? tbd"r®w¬o*F[ ac: oû*Ø[fusrf;\ tzGifh#Dumusrf;omjzpfonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;vnf;r[kwf? ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;jzpfonf/ þuJhokdU usrf;*ef\ oabmobm0udk rodem;rvnfyJ y&rw¬'DyeDwGif
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;
a&;om;xm;av[ef
acsyjcif;onf
ocifjrwfqkdif\
yxrtrSm;usL;vGefjcif;om jzpfonf/ 12/
'kwd,trSm;udk usL;vGefonfrSm ]]y&rw¬'DyeD tzGifhrSm jriftyfaom opömw&m;[k
awGU&ygonf/ (jyD;aom) qkdaom twdwfumvoabm rygyg bk&m}} [laom acsycsufyif jzpfonf/ þacsycsufonf q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ teufudk v,fwDq&mawmf\ teufjzifh acsy&ef êud;pm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqkdifonf ,if;odkUacsyaomfvnf; v,fwDq&mawmf\ "r®pMumedó,udk awGUzl;[ef rwlacs/ q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ rlESifh v,fwDq&mawmf\ rlrsm;udk yl;wGJí (1955 ck? 1956 ck? 1958 ck?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
830
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
1961 ck? 1962 ck? 1965 ck) q|rtMudrftjzpf [Hom0wD yHkESdyfwkdufrS xkwfa0aom v,fwDrl "r®pMum edó,ü ]'d|"ar®m} paom ygVdrsm;udk q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ edó,enf;wl (jriftyfjyD;) (a&muftyfjyD;) (odtyfjyD;) [lí twdwfpum;vHk;jzifh wdwdusus aoaocsmcsm teufjyefqdkxm;ayonf/ ocifjrwfqkdif acsyouJhokdU jriftyfaom opömw&m;[k v,fwDq&mawmfu teufjyefqdkjcif; tvQif;rûycJh/ xkdUaMumifh jriftyfaomopömw&m;[k
awGU&ygonfqkdaom
ocifjrwfqkdif\
acsycsufonf
'kwd,trSm;udk
usL;vGefjcif;om jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh v,fwDq&mawmf\ ÚmPfynm MuD;rm;rIudk tvGJoHk;pm; ûyusifh&mvnf; a&mufayonf/ 13/
aomwmyefjzpfvQif opömav;yg; w&m;udk jrifjyD;[k rkcs{uef qkd&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh
]]xdktcsdefu t½Sifaum@nonf aomwmyefom jzpfí ]]jrifjyD;}} [k rqdkxkdufao;? t&[wåzdkvf qkdufa&mufrSom ]]jrifjyD;}} [k qkdxkdufaMumif;}} acsyaom ocifjrwfqkdif\ pum;onf wwd,trSm;ukd usL;vGef&m a&mufayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ocifjrwfqkdifonf tbd"r®m (y&rw¬) oabmESifh yd#uwfusrf;*efwkdU\ tqkdtrdefUudk oabmraygufaMumif;rSm xif½Sm;vSayonf/
"r®pMum rloHk;rsKd;udk rSm;rSef,SOfjyjcif; 14/
'd|"ar®m paom "r®pMumygVdawmfrsm;udk teufjrefrm jyefqkd&mü Ak'¨0g'D okawoDwdkUtzdkU
trSm;trSef 0d0g' uGJjym;Muap&ef q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\rl? v,fwDq&mawmf rlwkdUESifh OD;Ouú|\ rlwkdUudk atmufygtwdkif; yl;wGJí EIdif;,SOfazmfjy vdkufayonf/ tx acg? xkdaomwmyef jzpfjyD;aom tcgü/ tm,o®m tnmod aum@anm? t½Sif tnmodaum@nonf(1)
'd|"ar®m = jriftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) 'd|"ar®m = udk,fwdkifjriftyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonf jzpfí (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) 'd|"ar®m = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)
(2)
ywå"ar®m = a&muftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí? (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) ywå"ar®m = udk,fwkdifqkdufa&muf tyfjyD;aom w&m;½donfjzpfí? (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) ywå"ar®m = em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)
(3)
0d'dw"ar®m = odtyfjyD;aom opömw&m;½Sdonfjzpfí? (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) 0d'dw"ar®m = ukd,fwkdifodtyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonfjzpfí? (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) 0d'dw"ar®m = ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGU oabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
831
tpodkU (4)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = ÚmPfjzifh ouf0iftyfjyD;aom opömw&m; ½Sdonfjzpfí (OD;Ak"f "r®pMum? teufrSef) y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = udk,fydkifÚmPfjzifh ouf0iftyfjyD;aom w&m;½Sdonfjzpfí (v,fwD "r®pMum? teufrSef) y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHUí? (0g) pdrfhxHkí tusKd;&aom reawGU (0g) [',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "r®pMum? teufrSm;)
15/
þodkU ponfjzifh "r®pMumrl oHk;rsKd;wdkU\ teufjyefqkdyHkudk EIdif;,SOfMunfh½IygvQif
q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufESifh v,fwDq&mawmfwdkU\ teufrSm yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh nDñGwfí rl&if;t"dyÜm,f wlonfukd awGU&onf/ t½Sifaum@nonf r*fÚmPfjzifh opömw&m;udk jrifonf[laom t"dyÜm,frSef xGuf&Sdayonf/ OD;Ouú|\ teufrlum; rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\[k qdkojzifh ÚmPfjzifhjrifjcif; r[kwf? ½dk;½dk;vlrsm;uJhokdU yuwdrsufvHk;jzifh jrifonf[laom t"dyÜm,fxGuf½Sdonf/ (u)
q&mawmf OD;Ak"fESifh v,fwDq&mawmfwkdU\ "r®pMumu opömav;yg;udk r*fÚmPfjzifh jrifjcif; t"dyÜm,fukd jyqkdonf/
(c)
OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMumu vlaovljzpfudk rsufpdjzihf jrifjcif;t"dyÜm,fukd jyqkdonf/
pdeftppfESifh csufausmufuJhodkU tESpfom& vGefpGm jcm;em;Muayonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ouú|onf (p-o-C-Z-u) [laom rsufjrif? em;Mum;? ESmacgif;awGU? vQmawGU? udk,fawGU[laom yom'½kyf-5yg;udkom vufcHvdkonfh ½kyf0g'DwpfOD; jzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;a[m "r®pMumukd vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif rdrdvdk&modkU qGJí rSm;,Gif;pGm teufay;xm;aMumif; ay:vGifaeayonf/
tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ "r®pMumteufudk pdppfjcif; 16/
bk&m;a[m "r®pMum ygVdawmfrsm;udk OD;Ouú|u vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif
teufjyefqdkxm;&mü rSm;,Gif;yHk taMumif;udk pdppfoHk;oyfjyD;aemuf ,ckwpfzef tbd"r®m q&mpdefqdkol\ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
xifovdk
teufjyefqkdxm;yHk
taMumif;udkvnf;
pdppfoHk;oyf&ayOD;rnf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocHtjzpf wifjyxm;aom tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ "r®pMumteufudk pdppfjcif; ]]twå0g'ESifh
wm0wðomtbd"r®m}}
pmtkyfudk
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u
aocsmpGm
zwf½I
okH;oyfMunfh&mwGif yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh qefUusifpGm a&;om;xm;aom tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om;csuf trSm;rsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm awGU&ayonf/ 17/
xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨pmayudk ½dk;½dk;om;om; avhvmvkdufpm;Muaom Ak'¨0g'DokawoDwkdUtzdkU
(trSm; ESifhtrSef) (twkESifhtppf) uGJuGJjym;jym;cGJjcm;í odEkdifap&ef usrf;*efESifhtnD a&;om;xm;aom q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufESifh usrf;*efrS aoGzDpGm a&;om;xm;aom tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ teufwdkUudk vnf; atmufygtwkdif; EIdif;,SOfí jyvdkufayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
832
tpodkU (u)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Zmwdyd = y#doaE¨ae&jcif;onfvnf; (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) Zmwdyd = ief;ief;wuf pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfívmjcif;aMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)
(c)
Z&myd = qdk;½Gm;a[mif;jrif; tdkrif;&ifha&mf&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) Z&myd = qHjzLoGm;a
(*)
Asm"dyd = zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) Asm"dyd = tema&m*g usifemudkufcJ Elem0JwkdUjzpfívmonfwkdUudk ylaqG;aMumifhMujcif; jzpfívmaom tpGJOyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)
(C)
r&PrÜd = ao&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef) r&PrÜd = trdtz r,m; om;orD; ypönf;Opöm &wem a½TpifponfwdkUESifhwuGaom aqGnmtaygif;wdkUtm;
y,fcGmpGefUxm;cJhí
ao&rnfhab;udk
pdk;&drfruif;
pGJvrf;jcif; Oyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;) (i)
tyÜda,[d
= rcspfrESpfvdktyfaom owå0gocFg&wdkUESifh twlwuG?
orÜa,ma*g
= aygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf; (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)
tyÜda,[d
= rESpfouf rvdkvm;tyfukefaom Zm&mAsm"dr&P ponf OókHab;taygif;wdkU ESifh ab;taygif;pkHwkdUESifh? orÜa,ma*g = vufiif;'d| ,ckyufyif;rSm awGUêuH cHpm;ae&avjcif;[k pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfíaeaom Oyg'gefaMumifh? (q&mpdef\ teufrSm;)
18/
þodkU ponfjzifh EIdif;,SOfMunfh½Ia0zefokH;oyfaomtcg yd#uwfESifhrnD usrf;*efrS
aoGzDpGm a&;om;xm;aom q&mpdef\ teufwdkUonf o'´gpnf;urf;vnf;rus t"dyÜm,w¬vnf; rrSefonfudk pdwfysufzG,f&m awGUjrifMu&avonf/ 19/
Zmwd, Z&m, Asm"d, r&PH, orÜa,ma*gyk'frsm;udk o'´gpnf;urf;t& (onf) [lí
uwåm; teuf jyefqdkjcif;rûybJ (aMumifh) [lí [dwfteuf jyefqdkxm;jcif;rSmvnf; tajccHpmay roifzl;aMumif; xif½Sm;í aeayonf? wzef xdkZmwd Z&m Asm"d r&P [laom yk'fwdkU\ teufrsm;udk jyef½dk; jyefpOf y#dkoaE¨aejcif;ç tdkjcif;ç emjcif;ç aojcif; [lí rjyefqdkbJ tm;vkH;Oyg'gefwHqdyfcyfí jyefqdk xm;aomaMumifh
tbd"r®mq&mpdeftaejzifh
tpGJOyg'gefjyif;xefaMumif;rSm
odomvGef;ayonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh Ak'¨"r®pMumudk Oyg'gef"r®pMumjzpfatmif q&mpdefu êud;pm;xm;[ef wlayonf/ 20/
Zmwdç Z&mç r&P [laom yk'fwdkU\ teufrSefudk pGJcsuf (15) wGif tus,fw0ifh
pdppfokH;oyf NyD;jzpfí þu@ü rokH;oyfawmhNyD? xdkpGJcsuftrSwf (15) wGif ]]"r®puúy0wåe}} [laom ygVdudk
tbd"r®mq&mpdefqdkolu
vGJvGJrSm;rSm;
&rf;&rf;um;um;
jyefqdkxm;ykHtaMumif;udkvnf;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
833
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u tus,fw0ifh pdppfokH;oyfjycJhNyD; ,ckwzef trSm;wckNyD;wck usL;vGefxm;aom q&mpdef\ trSm;rsm;udkyif qufí pdppfjy&ayOD;rnf/ 21/
q&mpdefu ]]oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku¨m}} [lkaom ygVdudk oHcdawåe
= twdktusOf;vkd&if;udk ûcHíajym&ygrl?
yÍÆ
= rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç ukd,fwnf;[laom ig;ckwkdUwGif
Oyg'geu©E¨myd = pGJvrf;jcif;Oyg'gefESifhwuG jzpf&Sdaeaom udk,fum,wdkUonfvnf;? 'ku©m
= qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;jzpfí aeavawmh\ -
[lí xifovdk teufjyefxm;aomaMumifh tvGefpdwfysufzG,f&maumif;vSayonf/ yÍöt& Oyg'gef\ tm½kHjzpfaom avmuDcE¨mig;yg;udk t&aumuf&rnfhtpm; rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,f[laom yom'½kyfig;yg;udk aumuf,lxm;aomaMumifh q&mpdef\ t,ltqonf trSm;ay: trSm;qihfíxm;aom
t,ltqrSm;om
jzpfaeawmhonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh
Ak'¨\
"r®pMumudk
½kyf0g'rSwfwkdiftjzpf tokH;csxm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf/ 22/
tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ trSm;onf þrQESifhyif r&yfao;? r*¾opömwGif vm½Sdaom ]]t,ar0
t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g}} [laom bk&m;a[mygVdudkyif t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g [k twå0g'xnhfí jyxm;vkdufao;onf? ygVdom rSm;onfr[kwf? teufjyefqkdykHuvnf; vGJcsifwkdif; vGJrSm;csifwkdif; rSm;íaeayonf? q&mpdef rSm;jyxm;ykHum; þodkUjzpfonf/ aom
= xdkuJhodkU BuHp&mç pnfp&mç ylp&mç yifp&mç aqG;p&mç at;p&mç csKyfNidrf;p&m tjzmjzmwkdUonf?
t,ar0
= ,ckypöu©ü vufiif;'d| êuHawGUae&onfhtcdkufwGif?
t&da,m
= tpGJOyg'gef acs;an§mfwdkU\ oef½Sif;jcif;udk tvdk½SdMuukefaom vlom; taygif;wdkUonf?
t|*Øaum
= t*Fg&Spfyg;½Sdaom?
ra*¾g
= usifhtyfaom w&m;aywnf;/ (twå0g'ESifh wm0wðom tbd"r®m ESm? 104)
txufyg q&mpdef\vuf&mudk MunfhvkdufygvQif 0kpftvGJvGJ yk'ftvGJvGJ teuft"dyÜm,f tvGJvGJ jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ 23/
q&mpdef\ txufyg olUvuf&mudk ppfwrf;xkwfMunfhaomtcg o'´,kwåd, tw¬,kwdå
ESpfrsdK;vkH; uif;rJhvsuf½Sdonfudk awGU&onf? ½Sif;OD;tHh/ (u)
aom - [laom yk'fudk {u0kpfeufray;bJ A[k0kpfteufay;xm;jcif;?
(c)
t,ar0 - [laom yk'fudk uwåm;teuf ay;&rnfhtpm; ed'¨g&P teufay;xm;jcif;?
(*)
t&da,m - [laom yk'fudk vlom;taygif;[k bmomjyefxm;jcif;?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
834
tpodkU (C) [laom
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdkt&da,m - [laom yk'fudk {u0kpfteufray;bJ A[k0kpfteufay;xm;jcif;-
trSm;av;&yfudk
awGU½Sdayonf?
þuJhodkU
o'´gpnf;urf;rSm;í
o'´,kwdåuif;rJh½kHrQru
t"dyÜm,fvGJrSm;jcif;[laom twå,kwådvnf; uif;rJhí aejyefonf? q&mpdefjyqdkaom ]]t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g}} [laom ygVdudk csefí ol\teufudk zwfMunfhvkdufygvQif (u)
BuHp&mpDp&monf - vlom;wkdU usifhtyfaomw&m;?
(c)
ylp&m yifp&monf - vlom;wkdU usifhtyfaomw&m;?
(*)
aqG;p&m at;p&monf - vlom;wkdY usifhtyfaomw&m;?
(C)
csKyfNidrf;p&mwdkYonf - vlom;wdkU usifhtyfaomw&m; -
[k t"dyÜg,fxGuf½SdaeaomaMumifh obm0,kwdå tvGefuif;rJhí aeayonf? t&da,mqdkaom yk'fukd vlom;[k jyefqdkjcif;rSmvnf; "r®*kPfudk tvGJokH;pm;ûyaMumif; xif½Sm;vSayonf? q&mpdefjyefqdkcsufonf r*¾opömudk jyqkdcsufESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifí aeayonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifh
*dkPfom;wkdUonf
Ak'¨bmomwdkUESifh
eD;pyfvSaom
"r®pMumw&m;awmftay:odkU
pOfuavmuf opömazmufí arSmufarSmuf rSm;rSm;ûyvkyfMujcif;udk axmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh Ak'¨bmom 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;ESifh tvSrf;uGmaom ygVdt|uxmrsm;udkrl tb,frQavmuf uarmufur vkyfMurnfudk csifhcsdefEkdifMuayNyD/ 24/ ajyvnfatmif
þtrSwf (17) apm'emudk ûcHikHí okH;oyfMunhfaomtcg apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pGJcsufudk rajz½Sif;Ekdifaom
tbd"r®mq&mpdefwdkU\
ocifjrwfqkdif\
acsycsufonfvnf;aumif;
teufjyefqkdcsufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;
OD;Ouú|ESifh
ax&0g'yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh
qefUusifaomaMumifh "r®pMumtay: xm;½Sdaom ¤if;wkdU\ t,ltqrsm;onf t"r®0g'pifppfomjzpf aMumif;? 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm; wnDwñGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
835
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (18) twåaemrwdjzifh vdrfnma&;om;jcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedpä,
twåaemrwd rdrdxif&m ajymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh pyfvsOf;í apwem aom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefokH;oyfcsuf/ 1/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|d - okawoe0g'D*dkPf;om;
wkdUonf twåaemrwd rdrdwkdUxif&m jrif&m ajymqdkaom vufjzpfpum; ygVdtrSm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef
vdrfnma&;om;
wifoGif;Muavonf?
bk&m;a[m
vkyfygVdtrSm;rsm;udkvnf;
ajyma[maeMuojzifh yd#uwfpmaywGif
¤if;wkdUudk,fwkdifa&;om;ajyma[m
tqkH;tjzwfay;yg&ef
apm'emvTm
trSefwu,fr½Sdaom
pk'dwuwdkU\
xkwfa0jzefUcsDxm;aom
pmtkyfpmwrf;
wdwfacGwkdUrS aumufEkwfí oufaocHtjzpf (u) rS (#) txd wifjyxm;Muonf? ¤if;wkdU\ ygVdtwk rsm;ESifh teufudkvnf; yl;wGJwifjyMuonf/ 2/ wifoGif;&mwGif
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
rlvapm'em\
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;onf
tp
½Sif;vif;csuftaejzifh
tv,f
tqkH;
0daooapm'emudk
aumif;jcif;ESifh
jynfhpkHaom
uvsmP*kPf, o'´gteufESifh jynfhpkHaom ow¬oAsÍÆe*kPf, obm0tm;jzifh av;eufaom "r®*rÇD& paom *kPfwkdUESifh jynfhpkHaomaMumifh wpkHw&mjznfhpGufzG,f y,fEkwfzG,f r½SdaMumif;? þpk'dwursm;uJhokdY omoemorkdif;wGif bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfcJhonfh om"ursm; ½Sdzl;aMumif;? t&d|&[ef;qdk;ESifh u@uomraPwdkUonf ESifxkwfcHcJh&Mu&aMumif;? rvkyfxkdufaom
xkduJhokdU odkUjzpfí
bk&m;a[m bk&m;a[m
jypfrIusL;vGefrIwpfckjzpfaMumif;udk
twkvkyfcJhMuaomaMumifh
twkûyvkyfjcif;rSm ygVdt|uxm
omoemawmfrS
tvGef0efav;onfh om"ursm;pGmjzifh
rvkyfoifh us,f0ef;pGm
avQmufxm;apm'emcJhMuavonf/ 3/
þapm'emESifh ywfoufí ocifjrwfqdkifwpfOD;uomvQif jyefvnfacsyNyD; or®m'd|d
okawoetzGJUurl vkH;0acsy½Sif;vif;jcif;rûyay? Nidrfí cH,lcJhMuonf/
(u) 4/
trSwfjyapm'emudk pdppfcsuf
apm'uq&mrsm;u pk'dwuwdkU\ trSm;rsm;pGmteuf têudufwlaom vufvkyfygVd
trSm;wpfckudk (u) trSwfjytaejzifh pGJqdkwifjyxm;Muonf? ,if;wkdYrSm avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d -
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
836
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
[laom vkyfygVdjzpfayonf? 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;aom pGJqdk csufrsm;ESifh
þ½kH;awmfodkU
oufaocHtjzpf
wifjyxm;aom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk
taotcsm
wkdufqkdifMunfh½I&mwGif ,if;yg|dukd (u)
OD;udkudkav;u (Ak'¨a*gwr) a[mxm;onf[lívnf;aumif;?
(c)
vlaovljzpfjyóemq&mu (oa'´u&wå) okwfü a[mcJhonf[lívnf;aumif;?
(*)
&ckdifOD;a½Tjynfhu (oDvu©efygVdawmf) ü yg½Sdonf[lívnf;aumif;?
(C)
tbd"r®mq&mpdefu (ed0ge0*¾oH,kwf) ygVdawmfü a[mxm;onf[lívnf;aumif; -
toD;oD;a&;om;xm;csufrsm;udk twdtvif; awGU½SdMu&onf/ 5/
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wkdU axmufjycsuft& pk'dwuwdkU
a&;om;xm;aom ,if; (avmuork'oÍötw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ew¬d) [laom ygVdukd yd#uwfokH;ykH edum,fig;&yfwGif vkdufvH½SmazGaomtcg b,frSmrS rawGU&ay? xkdUaMumifh ]]þygVdonf oa'´u&w¬ okwfü r½Sd? vkyfygVdom jzpfonf}} [laom apm'u q&mawmfwdkU\ axmufjycsufrSm rSefuefí OD;udkudkav;ESifh vlaovljzpf jyóemq&mwdkU\ a&;om;csufrSm;aMumif;udk twnfûyonf? xdkenf;twl þt"dyÜm,fonf oDvu©efygVdawmfüryg? vdrfxm;aom pum;jzpfonf}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ axmufjycsufrSmvnf;
rSefuefaeí
a&;om;csufudkvnf;
rSm;,Gif;aMumif;
upömea*gwårax&fudk
a[mxm;aomw&m;ü
pum;udkaxmufjyaom vdrfjcif;jzpfonf}}
ewfESifh
i&Jb,frSmvJ
twnfûyawmfrlMuonf?
tvm;wlyif
twdtvif;qkdxm;csuft&
]]þa[mxm;csufvnf;ryg
[laom
pmtkyfwGifygaom
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\
(twdtvif;)
[k
wifjycsufrSmvnf;
OD;a½Tjynfh\
oH,kwfygVdawmfü
[laom
ocifjrwfwdkU\
a&;jcif;onf txl;yif
&J&JBuD;
rSefuefaeí
ocifjrwfqdkif\ a&;om;csufvkH;0rSm;aMumif; twnfûyawmfrlMuonf? tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ a&;om; csufudkvnf; rSm;,Gif;aMumif; twnfûyawmfrlMuonf/
wa,mufwrsdK; teufjyefxm;jcif; 6/
pk'dwuwdkU têudufcsif;wlí ae&mtESHU udk;um;a[majymavh½Sdaom tqkdyg (avmu
ork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom vufjzpfygVdudk jrefrmjyefqkd&müvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD; rwlMu? trsdK;rsdK;uGJvGJaeaMumif; awGU&onf? vlaovljzpf jyóempmtkyf ESm 17-wGif ,if;ygVdudk ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]avmuonf ½Sdonf[k pGJ,lu½Sd\/ r½Sd[k jywfuvnf;r½Sd}} [k bmomjyefqdkxm; onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;jyefqdkcsufonf ygVdwjcm;teufwrsdK;jzpfí rSm;,Gif;aeayonf/ 7/
,if;ygVdukdyif ewfESifh i&J b,frSmvJ pmtkyf ESm 22 - wGif &cdkifOD;a½Tjynfhu atmufyg
twkdif; t"dyÜm,fazmfxm;jyefayonf/ ]]aemufwzef jzpfao;onf[k pGJae,if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfaeonf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
837
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rpGJ,if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfírae}} OD;a½Tjynfh\ txufyg jyefqdkcsufonfvnf; oDvu©ef ygVdawmfüvmaom t"dyÜm,fr[kwfaMumif; rSm;,Gif;aMumif;rSm xif½Sm;ayonf/ 8/
,if;ygVdukdyif Ak'¨0dyóempmtkyf yxrwGJ? ESm 146 ü ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]avmuudk
½Sdonf[k pGJ,lvQif ½Sdonf? r&½Sd[k jywfvQifvnf; r½Sd}} [k bmomjyefqkdxm;ayonf? ocifjrwfqkdif\ ,if;bmomjyefqdkcsufonfvnf; ygVd\ qdkvdkcsufESifh rudkuf? rdrdvkd&m jyefqdkxm;jcif;om jzpfae ayonf/ 9/
,if;ygVdukdyif ]]or®m 'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif; ta&;awmfykH}} trnf½Sd pmtkyf
pmrsufESm 62 wGif tbd"r®m q&mpdefqkdolu atmufygtwkdif; teufjyefqkdxm;ayonf/ ]]tkd upömem þavmuü tpGJOyg'gef½Sdaomolonf wrvGefavmu½Sdonfudk t,l½Sd\/ þ avmuü tpGJOyg'gef csKyfNidrf;aomolonf wyg;aom avmur½Sd[lí t,l½Sd\}} tbd"r®mq&mpdef\ teufjyefqdkcsufonfvnf; rl&if;ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf a'oemESifh wjcm;pD jzpfí ygVdvnf;rrSef? teufvnf; cRwfvGJaMumif; twnfûyawmfrlMuonf/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsyvTmudk pdppfjcif; 10/
trSwf (18) apm'emwGifyg0ifaom (u) trSwfûy (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu
eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdESifh pyfvsOf;í pk'dwuwOD;jzpfol ocifjrwfqkdifu acsyonfrSm ]]bk&m;wynfhawmfa&;cJhaom Ak'¨0dyóem (1) wGif bk&m;wynfhawmfu avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Íö
ew¬d
[laom
yk'fudk
a&;cJhonfrSm
rSefygonf/
,if;ygVdudk
ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf
upömea*gwåokwf 242 - rS wkduf½dkuful;,lcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;okwfwGif wynhfawmf a&;cJhaom twkdif; {uefygaeaom pum;twkdif; xkdygVdawmfwGif ½SmazGMunfhyg&ef wkdufwGef;tyfygonf bk&m;/ pm\ t"dyÜm,ftqdkrSm ]]jywfvQifr&Sd rjywfvQif ½Sd\}} [laom t,ludk wifjycJhjcif;om jzpfyg onf/ ,ck apm'ubufrS q&mawmfrsm;u ,ifygVdawmfonf rnfonfhygVdawmfwGifrS ½SmazGí rawGU&ojzifh twdtvif; &J&JBuD; vdrfnmjcif;jzpfonfudk pGyfpGJxm;ygonfbk&m; ,ck rlvygaom yd#uwfawmfudk aocsmpGm axmufjyvdkufygonf}} [k acsyvTm wifoGif;avonf/ 11/
þuJhodkU w&m;cGifa½SUarSmufü apm'uESifh pk'dwuwdkU tqdkyg (avmuork',Íö tw¬d?
avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdudk bk&m;a[m yd#uwfwGif r½SdaMumif;&SdaMumif; tjiif;yGm;csufudk vufawGUajz½Sif;ay;vdkojzifh
pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkif
ñTefjyaom
ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfpmtkyfudk
ocifjrwfqkdiftm;ay;NyD; upömea*gwåokwfwGif ygonfqdkaomygVdudk vufawGU½SmazGwifjyapcJhonf/ 12/
pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdifonf
¤if;tm;
ulnDolrsm;ESifhtwl
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\
a½SUarSmufü xdkygVdudk ½SmazGcJhonf/ ,if;odkU ½SmazGaomfvnf; rawGUbJ jzpfaeí 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;u ]]'umBuD;acsyñTefjyonfhtwkdif; ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif tqkdyg (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
838
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdukd awGUrawGU? ygryg vufawGUar;jref;&m ocifjrwfqkdifu rawGUaMumif; rygaMumif;
wynfhawmfrSm;,Gif;ygaMumif;
toHzrf;ívnf;aumif;
0efcHavQmufxm;wifjyonfudk
vufESdyfpuf½dkufívnf;aumif;
rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf?
þ½kH;awmfu þuJhodkU
acsyrI
rSm;,Gif;aeí apm'emtrSwf (18) udk acsycGifhrûyapawmhbJ wm;jrpfvkdufMuonf/
ygVdrSm;\teufudk pdppfjcif; 13/
pk'dwuwkdU udk;um;wifjyaom ygVd\ t"dyÜm,fudk twdtus trSeftuef jrefrmjyef
Munfhaomtcg omoemawmfESifh qefUusifaom t"dyÜm,fom xGufaeaMumif; awGU&onf/ xkd ((avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVd\ wkduf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm ]]avmu\jzpfaMumif; wPSmonfvnf;½Sd\/ avmu\ csKyf&medAÁmefum; r½Sd}} [lí jzpfayonf? þt"dyÜm,fonf bk&m;omoemESifh qefUusifaom t"dyÜm,fjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ay onf/ þuJhokdU ygVd½Sdwkdif; teufudkrazmfjybJ ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]pm\ t"dyÜm,ftqkdrSm jywfvQif r½Sd? rjywfvQif ½Sd\ [laom t,ludk wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf}} [k xnfhoGif;avQmufxm;avonf/ odkU&mwGif (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom ygVdESifh jywfvQifr½Sd? rjywfvQif ½Sd\ [laom teuft"dyÜm,frSm
wjcm;pD
jzpfaeaomaMumifh
yd@ygwHudk
aorsdK;csnf;[k
bmomjyefaom
vlysufvlacsmfwkdU\ pum;uJhodkU jzpfaeayawmhonf/ 14/
þwGif aumufcsufcsonf½Sdaom ygVduvnf; vufjzpfygVdjzpfjcif;? teufuvnf; ygVd
ESifh rqDavsmfaom teufjzpfjcif;? bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfum tBuD;tus,f vSnfhpm; xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh þuJhodkU ygVdwk teufrSm;jzifh vSnhfpm;cHMu&&Smoltaygif; rnfírnfrQ ½Sdae rnfenf;[k awG;awmrdí 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;taejzifh pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfMu&ayonf/ tem*wf omoemawmftwGuf &ifav;zG,fBuD;aywum;/
upömea*gwåokwf\ t"dyÜm,frSefudk azmfjyjcif; 15/
pk'dwuwkdU\ taejzifh upömea*gwåokwfudk têudufnDí tudk;rsm;aMumifh azmfjycJhayNyD/
xdkpk'dwuwdkU\ qdkvdkcsufESifh rl&if;upömea*gwåokwf\ bk&m;a[mxm;ykH tmabmfwkdU rnfodkU rnfykH uGJvGJtHacsmfaeaMumif;udk Ak'¨0g'DwkdU oHo,uif;í ÓPftjrif&Sif;ap&ef azmfjyvdkufayonf? or®m'd|d (tjrifrSef)ESifh ywfoufí upömea*gwårax&fu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; or®m'd|d or®m'd|d [lí qdktyf\? tb,frQjzifh or®m'd|d (aumif;aom tjrif) jzpfygoenf;}} þodkU ar;avQmufaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u þodkU rdefUMum;awmfrl\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
839
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]'Gu edódawm 'Gg,H upöme avmaum (y) {wåm0wm acg upöme or®m'd|d
a[mwd}} (oH? 1? 257)
jrefrmjyef ]]upöme - þowå0gtaygif;wkdUonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ½Sdonf\tjzpf (oów'd|d) udk vnf;aumif;? R½Sdonf\tjzpf (Oapä''d|d)udkvnf;aumif; ½Sd\/ upöme - ocFg&avmu\ jzpfjcif;udk rSefuefaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwkdif; rSefpGm jrifaomol\ oEÅmefü ocFg&avmuü r½Sdonf\tjzpfwnf;[laom Oapä''d|d rjzpf/ upöme - ocFg&avmu\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk rSefuefaom 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif; rSefpGm jrifaomol\ oEÅmefü ocFg&avmuü ½Sdonf\tjzpfwnf;[laom oów'd|d rjzpf/ upöme - uyfa&mufrI (Oy,) jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) epfûryfpl;0ifrI (tbdeda0o) wkdUonf þowå0gtaygif;udk
rsm;aomtm;jzifh
aESmifzGJUukef\/
þt&d,mwynfhonfum;
pdwf\wnf&mç
epfûryfpl;0if&m udef;atmif;&mjzpfaom xdkuyfa&mufrI (Oy,) jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) udk ig\ twåwnf;[k ruyfa&muf? rpGJvrf;? pGJírwnfjzpfcJhaomf (Oyg'geu©E¨m) 'ku©om csKyf\/ csKyfcJhaomf (Oyg'geu©E¨mwnf;[laom) 'ku©om csKyf\/ 'ku©rSwyg; owå0grnfonf r½Sd[k ,kHrSm;rIr½Sd? þt&mü xkdyk*¾dKvftm; olwyg;udk tm;xm;í ,kHMunfonfr[kwf? udk,fwkdifodjcif;om jzpf\/ upöme - þrQjzifh rSefaomtm;jzifh or®m'd|djzpf\/ 16/
(upömea*gwåokwf t|uxmESifhtnD jrefrmjyefqdkonf)
upömea*gwåokwf\ qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜm,fudk trsm;em;vnfap&ef azmfjy&aomf -
owå0gwkdUonf oów'd|d? Oapä''d|d 2 yg;udkrSD\/ ocFg&avmu\jzpfjcif;udk 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifh jrifvQif Oapä''d|drjzpf? ocFg&avmu\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk 0dyóemynm r*fynmjzifhjrifvQif oów'd|drjzpf?
þowå0gtaygif;udk
rsm;aomtm;jzifh
wPSm
'd|dwdkUu
aESmifzGJUxm;\?
t&d,mom0uonf xkdwPSm 'd|dwdkUudk ig\twå[k ruyfa&mufrpGJvrf; 'ku©omjzpf\? 'ku©omcsKyf \[k ,kHrSm;jcif;r½Sd? udk,fwkdifod\? upöme - þrQjzifhom or®m'd|d (tjrifrSef) jzpf\/ 17/
þupömeokwf\ rl&if; bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfESifh jrefrmjyeft"dyÜm,fwdkUudk tppftrSef
od&jcif;tm;jzifh pk'dwuwdkUudk udk;um;aom (avmuork',Íö tw¬d? avmu eda&m"Íö ewd¬) [laom vufjzpfygVd\
bk&m;a[m
r[kwfykHudkvnf;aumif;
pk'dwuwkdU\
jrefrmjyefqdkcsufonf
bk&m;
a[mxm;csufESifh wvGJwjcm;pDjzpfaeí rSm;,Gif;ykHudk vnf;aumif; oHo,uif;pGm odcGifh&½SdMuayNyD? aemufaemifwGif þuJhodkU ygVdtwk teufrSm;rsm;jzifh rêuHêudufMu&atmif 0DrHo 0dp&PÓPfynmjzifh tppftrSefudk avhvmtm;xkwfoifhMuayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
840
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (c)trSwfjy apm'emudk pdppfcsuf
18/
(c) trSwfjy apm'emcsufü Ak'¨0g'jyóemrsm; pmtkyf ESm 27 wGif azmfjyxm;aom
]]Oyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©? tEkyg'geu©E¨myd eda&m"}} [laom ygVdudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; pdppfMunfh½I &mwGif bk&m;a[mygVdr[kwfaMumif; awGUMu&jyefonf? ]]yÍöKyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©m}} [laom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfudk qifwl,dk;rSm;vkyfíxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ (Oyg'geu©E¨myd 'ku©? tEkyg'geu©E¨myd eda&m") [lí a&;om;xm;jcif;onf o'´grrSef? vdif0kpfrrSef ygVd[efyifray:ay/ trSefpifppf Oyg'geu©E¨m ...... tEkyg'geu©E¨m[laom
a½SUyk'frsm;ESifh
bk&m;a[mr[kwfaomfvnf;
0dbwfwlvdkufí
ygVdpnf;urf;usaom
'ku©m....eda&m"m[k
pum;&yfjzpf&monf?
,ckrl
½Sdaeygu ygVdvnf;rjzpf
bk&m;a[mvnf; rppfaom ujym;ygVdjzpfvsuf½SdaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
(*) (C) (i) trSwfjy apm'emrsm;pdppfcsuf 19/
þtrSwfjyapm'emü
a½Ttbd"r®m&cdkifjynfwdwfacG
bD-bufrsufESmü
atmufyg
pum;&yfrsm; yg½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ (*)
ed&,H bdu©a0 a'aoómrd? wH okPmx bdu©a0 ed&,H? obma0 OyÜga'g ed&a,m?
bdu©a0? oHo&mab;vmrnfha&;udk arQmfawG;axmuf½I tdkbdu©KwdkU/ ed&,H? i&Judk/ a'aoómrd? a[maytHh/ wkarS? oifwdkUonf/ okPmx? em;axmifMuukefavmh/ obma0? obm0 av;yg;ü/ OyÜga'g? tvGeftvdk wPSmw&m; pGJvrf;jcif;onf/ ed&a,m? ed&, rnf\/ (C)
tyg,H bdu©a0 a'aoómrd? wH okPmxd bdu©a0 tyg,H obma0 OyÜga'g tyga,m?
(i)
t0Dpð bdu©a0 a'aoómrd? wH okPmx bdu©a0 t0Dpð? obma0 OyÜga'g t0Dpd?
20/
txufyg pum;&yfrsm;udk zwf½Iolrsm;onf ]]bdu©a0}} [laom tmvkyfyk'fudk awGU&
ojzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf[kyif rSwfxifMuvdrhfrnf jzpfonf? yd#uwfpmay roifMum;bl;aom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk rqdkxm;bd pmayyd#uwfudk ydkUcsaeMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onfyifvQif teuft"dyÜg,fudk rqifjcifrdygu
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf[k
xifrSwfzG,f½Sdayvdrhfrnf?
½dk;½dk;om;om;
Ak'¨w&m;udk
avhvmvkdufpm;aeMu&Smolrsm;taejzifh þbdu©a0vufeufjzifhyif tNyD;wkdif usqkH;oGm;Mu ½Smayvdrhfrnf? yd#uwfpmayoif,lavhvmaeMuaom &[ef;oHCmrsm;taejzifhvnf; tydktvkyf½IyfcJh Murnfjzpfonf? bdu©a0udk
vefUojzifh
[kd[dk'D'D
bk&m;a[mpmtkyfü
ygavrnfvm;[k
axmif;axmif;aMuatmif
½SmrdMurnfjzpfonf? trSefpifppfqdkcJhyg (*) (C) (i) trSwfyg ygVdrsm;onf oH*g,em
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
6 wef
841
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wifqufonfh ygVdt|uxm #DumwkdUü yg½Sdaom ygVdrsm;r[kwf? oufoufbk&m;a[m ta,mifaqmifum ykHrSm;½dkufxm;aom ygVdtwkrsm;yif jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ 21/
,if;ygVdtwkrsm;\
teuft"dyÜg,fonfvnf;
vkH;0vGJrSm;vsuf
½Sdayonf/
i&JtaMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlxm;aom r[moD[em'okwf paom a'oemawmfrsm;udk ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfvdkí rdrdwdkU\ i&Jr½Sd ½kyf0g'udk bk&m;a[m[efaqmifvsuf vkyfBuH zefwD; a[majymcsufrsm;om jzpfayonf/ tvGefw&m jrifhjrwfí Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½Sifvl jrefrmEkdifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;tm;vkH;ESifh
urÇmYAk'¨bmomrsm;uyg
tjrwfwEdk;
wefzdk;xm;í
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
xdef;odrf;apmifha½SmufvmcJhaom bk&m;½Sif\ udk,fpm; yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk okdUpOfuavmuf &uf&uf pufpuf twkta,mifûyí zsufqD;&J zsufqD;0Hhonfudk oHa0*BuD;pGm ,lrdMuayonf/
(p) (q) (Z) trSwfjy apm'emrsm;pdppfcsuf 22/
xdk&cdkifa½Ttbd"r®mwdwfacGrSyif xkwfEkwfí apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wifjyxm;aom (p)
(q) (Z) trSwfjy ygVdteufrsm;onfvnf; o'´,kwåd tw¬,kwdå vGefpGm uif;rJhvsuf½SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ (p)
e awe aom bdu©K? ,m0wm bdu©a0 ya&? 0doH"r®H orm'g,? bdu©K a[mwd e wm0wm?
[laom *gxmum; yxryg'ü cRwf,Gif;vGJrSm;vsuf½Sdonf? pifppf½Sd&rnfrSm "r®y'ygVdawmf? ESm - 51 wGif vm½Sdonfh rlva'oemt& (e awe bdu©K aom a[mwd) om jzpf&ayrnf/ (q)
,ó ew¬d *[dwH t,H oóawm (bk&m;½Sif a[mw,f) ,ó? tMuifyk*¾dKvf
tm;/ ew¬d? yifudk,fu r½SdwJh w&m;awGudk/ *[dwH? cE¨mudk,frSm t½SdxifNyD; pGJvrf;jcif;onf/ oóawm? oówrnfay\/ [laom
a[majymcsufonfvnf;
yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh
qefUusifaom
ygVdteuf
qefUusifaom
t,ltqom jzpfacsonf/ 23/
xdkrSwzef (Z) trSwfjytjzpf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u axmufjyxm;aom pk'dwuwkdU\ (Z)
,ó ew¬d rkÍödwAÁH t,H Oapäa'g? ,ó yk*¾vó? tMuifyk*¾dKvftm;/ ew¬d? r&SdwJhoabmw&m;udk/ rkÍödwAÁH? ukefatmifvkyfaew,f? xrif;tiwfcHaew,f? tanmif;cHaew,f? twå
udvrxmEka,m* Oapämvrf;pOfyJ/ [laom a[majymcsufonfvnf; trSm;pifppfom jzpfaeayonf/ ygVdtoHay;NyD; udk,fxif&mudk ajymxm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdudk av;pm;MunfñdkMuaom ½kd;om;onfh Ak'¨bmom0ifvlxktm; ygVdtwkESifh ajcmufí pnf;½kH;jcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkygVdtwkteuf trSm;rsm;jzifh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
842
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a[mMum;jcif;onf bk&m;½Sif\ tqkH;trawmftrSefrsm;udk vkdufemí OykofapmihfokH;rI? yxr 0dyóem ur®|mef;w&m;tm;xkwfrIwkdUudk twåudvrx? udk,fudk yifyef;aponfhtvkyfrsm; Oapä'vrf;rSm;rsm;[lí uJh&JUpGyfpGJ&ef jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkU tusifhrSefudk pGyfpGJjcif;jzifh bk&m;½Sifudkvnf; pGyfpGJ&m a&mufayonf/
(ps) (n) trSwfjy apm'emudkpdppfjcif; 24/(ps) ew¬d udavao y[memwd? ew¬d udavao? yifudk,fur½SdwJh udavomawGudk/ y[memwd? y,fMuukefavm/ [laom (ps) trSwfjy pum;&yfüvnf; ygVdrrSef teufrrSef awGU&jyefonf? yifukd,fu r½SdwJh udavom [laom pum;&yfonf tEko,,rkdufESifh qefUusifaom ausmufoabFmwkdU\ t"r®0g'rsdK;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? y[memwd = y,fMuukefavmh [laom pum;&yfonfvnf; ygVdBud,m tokH;r[kwfacs? þuJhodkU
o'´,kwåd
tw¬,kwdå
2
rsdK;vkH;
uif;rJh½kHrQru
bk&m;a[mygVd
jzpfav[ef
vnfq,fa[majymcsufom jzpfacsonf/ (n)
tZmwma,0 e Zm,EÅd? tZmwma,0 = yifudk,fur½SdwJh udavomawGudk/ e Zm,EÅd = rjzpfatmif vkyfMu/ (yifudk,fu r½SdwJhudavomawGudk rjzpfatmif aejcif;[m eda&m")
þpum;&yfonf rdrd xif&m jrif&m twåaemrwdjzifh qdkxm;csufrQom jzpfonf? ygVd\ qdkvdk&if; r[kwfay? y#dorÇd'gr*fygVdawmfü (aw tZmwm a,0 e Zm,EÅd) [laom ygVd½Sd&m xdkygVdawmf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm ]]t&d,mr*fu cE¨mwdkUudk ydkif;jcm;í rodtyfonf½Sdaomf tMuifudavomwdkUonf jzpf&m \?
xkdokdU
jzpfcGifh½Sdaom
udavomwkdUonf
t&d,mr*fu
cE¨mwdkUudk
ydkif;jcm;í
odtyfNyD;onfhaemuf rjzpfao;bJyif rjzpfMuawmhukef? (0g) jzpfcGifhr&Muawmhukef}} [k qdkvdkayonf/ xdkUaMumifh &cdkifjynf a½Ttbd"r®m trnfcH OD;ausmfwifh\ a[majymcsufonf rlv y#dorÇd'gr*fESifhvnf; qefUusifvsuf½Sd\/ 25/(#) ted,smeduH oræyÜvmayg? ted,smeduH = oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; r[kwfwJh Zmwft|uxm? Ak'¨0if a0óEÅ&m ponfudk a[majymjcif;onf/ oræyÜvmayg = oræyÜvmy rnf\/ [laom pk'dwuwdkU\ txufygpum;&yfonf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk apmfum;vkdpdwfjzifh ygVdukd vkyfBuHí teufudk zefwD;NyD; ajyma[ma&;om;csufom jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Ak'¨0if ponfudk a[majymjcif;udk oræyÜvmy [k pGyfpGJjcif;jzpfonf? Zmwft|uxmç Ak'¨0ifç a0óEÅ&m ponfudk ajyma[mjcif;onf pk'dwuwkdU pGyfpGJouJhodkU oræyÜvmyabm vkH;0 r[kwfacs? "r®a'oem ukodkvfom jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
843
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
oræyÜvmyqkdonfrSm 0pD'kp½dkufç EIwf rdkuf pum;wrsdK;yif jzpfonf? t|omvdeD ESm 143-ü ]]tew¬ 0dnmydum um,0pDya,m* ork|mydum tukovapwem oræyÜvmayg}} ponfjzifh zGifhjy awmfrlonf/ ]]tusKd;r&Sd teuft"dyÜg,fr&Sd r[kwfrrSef vkyfBuHZmwfvrf;rsm;udk olwyg;tm; odap wwfaom
tûytrl
tajymtqdkwdkUudk
jzpfapwwfaom
tukodkvfapwemonfomvQif
oræyÜvmy rnfayonf}}/ þt"dyÜm,frsm;t& Ak'¨0ifudk a[mMum;jcif;onf tukodkvfapwemr[kwfrlí oræyÜvmy r[kwfaMumif;rSm xif½Sm;onf? xdkUjyif bk&m;a[mZmwf edygwfawmfrsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;onfvnf; tukodkvfapwemr[kwf oræyÜvmy
r[kwfay?
wdwfacGwdkUü
yg&Sdaom
apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu
oufaocHtjzpf
a[majymcsufpum;wkdUonfum;
wifjyxm;aom
tusdK;r&Sd
pk'dwuwdkU\
teuft"dyÜm,f
rrSef
tukokdvfapwemt&if;cHjzifh ajyma[mxm;aom pum;rsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh pifppf oræyÜvmyrsm;om a0zef okH;oyfawmfrlMuonf/ 26/
þtrSwf (18) apm'emudk ûcHikHí okH;oyf&aomf pk'dwuwkdUonf bk&m;ra[monfudk
bk&m;a[m ûyvkyfa&;om;jcif; a[majymjzefUa0jcif;rsm; ûyvkyfMuí ]]tbmodwH tvydwH wxm* awe bmodwH vydwH wxm*awemwd 'DayEÅd}} [laom ab'u&0w¬KESifh NidpGef;aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkU\ tûytrl t,ltqonf
t"r®0g'om
t"r®0g'DwdkUom
jzpfonf[k
jzpfonf?
xkd0g'udk
a&;om;a[majymMuaom
EkdifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU
olwdkUonfvnf; wnDwñGwfwnf;
qkH;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
844
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2) apm'emtrSwf (19) Ak'¨\ jzpfawmfpOf Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhjrifûyjcif;ESifh pyfaom 0dedpä,
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\ av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; jznfhusifhcJhzl;aom yg&rDawmfrsm;udk vufrcHjcif;? Ak'¨0ifrsm;udk ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfjcif;wdkUESifh ywfoufí apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ apm'emtusOf; aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 1/
apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUu apm'em&m0,f or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS arSmifcdkxkwfa0aom twGJ
(1) trSwf (4) opöm"r®pmapmifü (u)
bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwkewfom;tm; bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUjynfodkY oaE¨,lygrnfh taMumif; ewfç jA[®mwdkUu 0kdif;0ef;awmif;yefMuonf[k qdk&mü bk&m;tavmif; ewfom;udk,fwkdifu rodaomudpöudk ewf jA[®mwdkUu êudwifNyD; ]]bk&m;jzpfrnfhol}} [k odxm;ESifhovdkvdk wqifhwvkH; wifpD;xm;vkdufMuonf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(c)
oaE¨,l&ef 0dkif;0ef;awmif;yefMujcif;rSmvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk owfaocdkif;jcif;yif jzpf&um; olwdkU\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh aowauwkewfom;rSm ewfpnf;pdrfyif cHpm;cGifhr&bJ vufuwD;Mum;rS acR;,dkpD;um rdIifawGvsuf pkawcJh&onf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(*)
r,fawmfrm,m\ qifjzLawmftdyfrufudk ½Iwfcsa&;om;xm;jcif;?
(C)
o*gxm0*¾oH,kwfyg
ewf
okwfwdkUonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk
tapmfum;qkH; jzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;jcif;? (i)
]]wPSmudk jzwfygavm}} paom *gxmrsm;jzifh avQmufxm;aom wm,eewfom;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; q&mvkyfol[k ½Iwfcsxm;jcif;ESifh ,if;*gxmrsm;udk oif,lydkUcsapjcif; udpöudkvnf; toifh,kwdår½Sd[ef a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(p)
wm0wðomewfjynfü w0gwGif;vkH; tbd"r®mw&m; a[mawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;aom oEÅKódwewfom;u wBudrfrQ qGrf;auR;onfudk rawGU&aMumif; a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(q)
xkd*gxmwGif;ü awmifuRef;ç ajrmufuRef;ç taemufuRef;odkU
r,fawmfewfom;onf
awmfawmfyif
MunfhaeEkdifonf[k
a&;om;xm;jcif;? 2/
&cdkifjynfrS a½Ttbd"r®m aMujimcsufüvnf; -
(Z)
ig;&mYig;q,fZmwfawmfrsm;ü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm; yg½Sdaeygvsuf usefao;onfqdkaom
t&darwå,sbk&m;avmif;\
xkdtHhMozG,frsm;rSmrl
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
urÇmay:ü
845
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,aeUtxd
rawGU½Sd&jcif;rSm
t&darwå,s[lí
rusefíavm?
Zmwfawmfrsm;uyif
'@m&DykHjyifjzpfaeíavm a0zef oifhonfqdkjcif;? (ps)
anmifwyifrSm
trnfrodolwpfOD;u
ay;vkdufí
r,fawmfrm,mwGif
od'¨w¬oaE¨&cJhonf[k Ak'¨0ifusrf;pmü yg½SdonfrSm vGefvGef;onfqdkjcif;? (n)
Ak'¨0iftqdkt& ewfjA[®mwdkUu awmif;yefí r,fawmfrm,m0rf;wkdufü bk&m;avmif; y#doaE¨ae&onfrSefygu oka'¨g'eonf bcift&if; r[kwfEkdif[k a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(#)
bk&m;tavmif; i&JjynfwdkUudk
zGm;jrifpOfu
tusdK;ç
[mvm[if;vif;
tuef;rsm;
jzpf&jcif;wdkUrSm
taumif;jzpfjcif;ESifh
Ak'¨0ifrSmomyg½Sdí
ewfjynf
urÇmYordkif;rSm
ryg½Sdjcif;aMumifh Ak'¨0ifudk rcdkifvkH[ef a0zefxm;jcif;/ 3/
opöm"r®pmapmif a½Ttbd"r®mwkdUü a&;om;xm;aom txufyg taMumif;t&mwkdUudk
oufaoom"utjzpf xkwfjyNyD;vQif xdkokdUa&;om;jcif;jzifh uHw&m;ypfy,frI? 31-bkH ypfy,frIwdkUudk t&if;cHûyí Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef; yg&rDjznfhusifhcJhykHwdkUudk vufrcHMuolrsm; jzpfonf[k apm'uyk*¾dKvfwdkUu apm'emMuonf/ 4/
xdkUaemuf apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ 0daooapm'emü -
Ak'¨jrwfpGm\ tm;uszG,f? MunfñdkzG,faumif;vSaom Ak'¨0iftjzpfawmfrsm;udk vufrcH½kHrQru ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfapmfum;
a&;om;xm;aMumif;udkvnf;aumif;
xkdodkU
a&;om;jcif;jzifh
udrdvokwfa'oemawmft& olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;[laom omoemawmfudk t½SnfrcHh rwnfwHhatmif zsufqD;&ma&mufaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; xkwfazmfwifjyapm'emMuonf/ 5/
xdkUjyif bk&m;wql yGifhxGef;vmzdkYta&;onf tvGefBuD;rm;aom udpöjzpfí bk&m;tavmif;
ewfom;tm; ewfç jA[®mwdkUu 0kdif;0ef; awmif;yefMujcif;jzpfaMumif;? ,if;odkU awmif;yef&müvnf; toifewfom;bk&m;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k êudwifa[mudef;xkwfjcif;rsdK; r[kwfbJ bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUNynfokdUqif;í oaE¨,lyg[laom awmif;yefjcif;jzpfaMumif;/ bk&m;jzpfrnfhtaMumif;udk bk&m;tavmif;awmfu rodbJ ewfjA[®mwdkUu êudwifodESifhonf[k a0zefjcif;rSmvnf; Ak'¨0ifpmom;udk em;vnfatmifrzwfíomjzpfaMumif;? pk'dwyk*¾dKvfwdkU a&;om;xm;ovdk owfaozdkU&ef awmif;yefjcif;rsdK;vnf; r[kwfbJ yg&rD&ifhoefojzifh bk&m;jzpfcsdefa&mufíom oaE¨,l&ef awmif;yefjcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfacsyjcif;jzifh apm'emMuonf/ 6/
xkdUjyif
a½Ttbd"r®maMujimcsufü
,aeUtxd
t&darwå,sbk&m;tavmif;awmf\
tHhMozG,frsm; rawGU&[k qkdxm;jcif;rSm Zmwfawmfrsm;udk '@m&DykHjyif[k pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefaMumifhom jzpfaMumif;?
wOD;OD;u
xkdtHhMozG,frsm;
awGU½Sd&vQifvnf;
t&darwå,sbk&m;tavmif;awmf\
tHhMozG,frsm;[k rnfolrQ odEkdifrnf r[kwfaMumif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
846
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
anmifwyifrSm trnfrodolwOD;u r,fawmfrm,mtm; tavmif;awmfod'¨w¬ oaE¨&atmif ay;vkdufonf[k Ak'¨0ifrSm yg½SdaMumif; a½Ttbd"r®mu qdkxm;aomfvnf; rnfonfhax&0g' Ak'¨0ifürQ ryg½SdaMumif; bk&m;tavmif; zGm;jrifpOfu tusdK;tuef;awG yuwdtaumif;jzpfukefonf? ewfjynf i&JjynfawGukd jrif&onf[laom Ak'¨0iftqkdrSm vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (2600) u tjzpftysufjzpfí urÇmYorkdif;rSm rSwfwrf;rwifjcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh jyefvnfwifjyapm'emMuonf/
pk'dwmyk*¾dKvfwdkU\ aom"em (acsyvTm) tusOf;csKyf aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 7/
pk'dwmyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ jyefvnfacsycsufrsm;teuf ocifjrwfqkdifjyefvnfacsy&mü -
(u)
av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef;paom pum;rsKd;udk Ak'¨½Sifawmfa[mawmfrl&ef rqdkxm;bd wurÇm\
umvoufwrf;udkyif
ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf
terw*¾oH,kwf
þurÇm\oufwrf;udk
a[mawmfrrlaMumif; yAÁwokwfü
ar;avQmufaomtcg
om"uxkwfjy&vQif
&[ef;wyg;u urÇmonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; tvGef½Snfvsm;vSí
ESpfaygif;&maxmifodef;oef;wkdUjzifh a&wGufjcif;iSm rvG,fulvSaMumif;? Oyrmtm;jzifh
tvsm;
teH
w,lZempD
xkxnf&Sdaom
ajrpdkifcJBuD;rS
tESpft&mvQif wBudrfom rkefnif;aph waphpmrQ,lcJhaomf ajrpdkifcJBuD;omukefoGm;í wurÇmrSm
rukefEkdifavmufatmif
ESpfckaomurÇm[kvnf;aumif; rajymqdktyfaMumif;
½Snfvsm;
urÇmaygif;
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf
vSaomaMumifh
wckaomurÇm
q,f&maxmifodef;oef;
[kvnf;aumif;
þurÇm\vnf;aumif;
þoHo&m\
vnf;aumif; tptqkH;onf rxifEkdif vGwfajrmufjcif;iSmomvQif oifhvSaywnf;[k rdefUawmfrlaMumif;/ (c)
xdkUjyif
tvm;wl
omoyokwf
om0uokwf
**Fgokwfpaom
om"ursm;udk
axmufívnf; av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef; paom pum;rsKd;rSm Ak'¨½Sifawmf\ pum;r[kwfaMumif;? xkdUaMumifh "r®[',0dbif;üygaom ae0onmemonm,we jA[®mwdkU\touf
urÇm½Spfaomif;
av;axmif
qdkonfrSmvnf;
Ak'¨a[mESifh
rqdkifygaMumif;? yg&rDjznfhawmfrljcif;udkrl wynfhawmfwdkU jiif;qefjcif; rûyygaMumif;jzifh jyefvnfwifjyacsyxm;onf/ (*)
or®m'd|d okawoetzGJUcsKyfrS acsyvTmaom"emürl þtrSwf (19) Ak'¨0ifudpöudk wynfhawmfwdkU
jyefvnfracsyvkdaMumif;?
rmyd#uorÜ'gaee
*PSdw¬-
Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwf
a[m>rufcJhyg
Ak'¨0ifusrf;rsm;wGif
Ak'¨\*kPfawmfudk
ao;onf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
[lí
847
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdcdkufaponfhtaMumif;t&m
trsm;tjym;
yg0ifaeonfudk
jiif;qkdEkdifvQif
jiif;qdkzdkUtaMumif; jyefvnfwifjyacsyMuonf/
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfwdkUESifh a0zefpdppfcsuf av;toacFsESifh urÇmwodef; yg&rDjznfhawmfrlcJhjcif; 9/
]]uHwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;onf ½Sd\? xkduHtaMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
tusdK;w&m;onf ½Sd\}} [lí udk,fawmfwdkif rSefuefpGm odjrifawmfrlojzifh ur®0g'D ud&d,0g'D jzpfawmfrlaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
b0aygif;rsm;pGmu
'ge
oDv
vlYb0ç
ewfb0ç
aeu©r®
tp½Sdaom
wd&pämefb0 taMumif;uH
tp½Sdaom
a½S;a½S;aom
ukodkvfyg&rDawmfwdkUudk
jznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifh oAÁñkwÓPfawmfocif jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sifjzpfí þowåavmuü wef;wl &nfwl t&nfcsif;wl yk*¾dKvfr½Sd? rdrdwOD;wnf; wqlwnf; yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlvmcJh\/ 10/
,if;odkU
oAÁñkbk&m;½Sif
tjzpfjzifh
yGifhxGef;zkdUtwGuf
yg&rDawmfwkdUudk
jznfhusifhawmfrl&müvnf; b0tenf;i,frQ jznfhusifhcJhonfr[kwf? urÇmaygif; av;toacFsESifh wodef; wdwdrQ umv Mumanmif; b0aygif;rsm;pGm jznfhusifhawmfrlcJh&aMumif;udk uayÜ p ow o[aó? pwka&m p tocØa,/ {w¬EÅa& ,H p&dwH? oAÁHwH aAmwdygpeH/ [lí p&d,myd#uygVdawmf (ESm 385) ü bk&m;½Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
jrefrmjyef urÇmaygif; av;oacFsESifh wodef;rQ ½Snfvsm;aom þtcsdefumvtwGif;ü b0aygif;rsm;pGm igbk&m;jznfhusifh
qnf;yl;awmfrlcJhorQ
'ge
oDv
tp½Sdaom
ukodkvfuHyg&rDawmftvkH;pkHonf
oAÁñkwÓPfaAm"d\ &ifhoefaMumif; w&m;taygif;jzpfonf? pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf yd#uwfokH;ykH edum,fig;&yfudk EHSUpyfatmif rzwfEkdifí av;oacFsESifh urÇmwodef;udk bk&m;½Sifudk,fwkdif a[mcJhonfudk rawGUrodaomaMumifh ol\ acsyvTmü av;oacFsESifh urÇmwodef; pum;rsdK;udk Ak'¨½Sifawmf ra[mcJh[lí qdkrSm;rdayonf/
wurÇm\ oufwrf; 11/ wurÇm\
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU ajymovdkr[kwfbJ av;oacFsESifh urÇmwodef;umvudk vnf;aumif; umvoufwrf;udkvnf;aumif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf?
,if;odkU
a[mMum;awmfrl&mü wurÇmonf tvGefUtvGef½Snfvsm;vSaomaMumifh ESpfaygif;w&m½Sdonf? ESpfaygif; axmifaomif;odef;oef; ponf½Sdonf[lí urÇm\oufwrf;umvudk ESpfta&twGufjzifh owfrSwfí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
848
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
rjzpfEdkif&um; oH,kwfygVdawmf terw*¾0*f yAÁwokwf omoyokwf (oH?1?389? 390) wkdUü ausmufawmifOyrm rkefnif;aphOyrmjyí owfrSwfa[mMum;awmfrl\/ 12/
yAÁwokwfü tvsm; teH tjrifh w,lZwmpD½SdNyD; tacgif;taygufr½Sd wcJeuf rmausm
uspfvspfodyfonf;vSaom ausmufawmifBuD;udk a,musfm;wpfa,mufonf umodwdkif;jzpf El;nHhvSpGmaom t0wftxnfjzifh
tESpfw&mw&mMumvQif
wBudrf
wBudrfrQom
yGwfwdkufcJhaomf
ausmufawmif
BuD;omvQif yGef;yJhukefcef;oGm;p&m½Sdí wurÇm[laom tcsdefumvum; rukefcrf;ao;? wurÇmonf þrQavmuf umvMumjrifh\? þrQavmuf umvMumjrifhrS wurÇm tcsdefumvukefqkH;í owå0gwdkU aexdkif&m
pMum0Vm
avmu"mwfwnf;[laom
þMoumoavmuBuD;onf
ysufpD;oGm;\[k
a[mawmfrlonf/ 13/
omoyokwfü tvsm; teH tjrifh w,lZempD½Sdaom oHwHwdkif;BuD;jzifh um&Hxm;tyfaom
ûrdUBuD;twGif;ü vkH;cJxdpyf yl;uyfaeavmufatmif tjynhfodyfxnfhxm;tyfaom rkefnif;aph tykHBuD;xJrS tESpfw&mMumvQif
rkefnif;aphwaphwaphrQ
xkwf,lcJhaomf
rkefnif;aphawGom
ukefcef;oGm;p&m½Sdí
wurÇmrSm rukefcef;Ekdifao;? þodkU jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ 14/
ocifjrwfqdkifaom"emü
yAÁwokwfESifh
omoyokwfygVdawmfESpf&yfudk
a&mpyfNyD;
½IyfaxG;vGJrSm;pGm jrefrmjyefqdkxm;\? xdkUaMumifh ygVdawmf\ qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜm,fay:vGifatmif yAÁwokwfudk tusOf;csKyf jrefrmjyefqdkOD;rnf/ &[ef;
tvsm;
teH
tjrifh
w,lZempD&SdNyD;
tvGefodyfonf;uspfvspfrmausmvSaom
ausmufawmifBuD;udk tESpfw&m w&mvQif wBudrf wBudrfrQom umodwkdif;jzpf t0wfEk t0wfyg; uav;jzifh
yGwfwdkufcJhaomf
ausmufawmifBuD;om
ukefqkH;ysufokOf;oGm;p&m½Sdí
wurÇm[laom
tcsdefumvum; rukefqkH;ao;? &[ef; wurÇmtcsdefumvonf þrQavmuf ½Snfvsm;\? (wpOf wwef;BuD; tqufrjywf jzpfvmcJhaom ½kyfemrfcE¨m oHo&mb0c&D;BuD;um; xdkUxufyif ½Snfvsm;ao;\? xkdYaMumifh þoHo&mb0onf) wurÇmtcsdefumvrQ ½Snfvsm;MumjrifhNyD[kvnf; ajymí rjzpf? urÇmaygif; &maxmifodef; ½Snfvsm;MumjrifhNyD[kvnf; ajymírjzpf? tb,faMumifhqkdaomf &[ef; þoHo&mb0rSm tpr½Sd? jzpfpudk ½Smr&EdkifaomaMumifh jzpf\/ t0dZÆmtarSmifxkjzifh
ydwfzkH;cH&NyD;
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wpfb0rS
wpfb0odkU ajy;oGm;usifvnfaeMuaom owå0gwdkU b,fwkef;urSpí jzpfcJhonf[lí oHo&mb0\ tOD;tp rxifrjrifEkdifay? &[ef;wdkU toifwdkUonf odkUuavmuf MumjrifhpGm 'ku©cHcJh&vSNyD? aqGrsdK; om;csif;ponf ysufpD;aygif;rsm;pGmudk awGUêuHcHpm;cJh&vSNyD? okomefocFsKdif;vkyfwdkif; ajrykHudk xyfvsuf qifhvsuf jrifhwufvmaptyfNyD? &[ef;wkdY tm;vkH;aom ½kyfemrfocFg&wdkUü tvGefyif NiD;aiGUoifh pufqkyfoifhvSNyD? (xkd½kyfemrfocFg& oHo&mb0rS) tvGefyif vGwfajrmufoifh vGwfajrmufxkdufvSNyD? þodkY a[mMum;awmfrl\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
849
tpodkU 15/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þygVdawmfonf ½kyfemrfcE¨m oHo&mb0c&D;pOfBuD; b,ftcsdefupí jzpfcJhonfudk
rxifrjrifEkdifavmufatmif
½Snfvsm;vSykHudk
urÇm[laom
½Snfvsm;vSaomtcsdefumvjzifhyif
wkdif;wmowfrSwfí rjzpfEkdifaMumif;? xdkUaMumifh ½kyfemrfocFg& oHo&mb0ü tvGefyif NiD;aiGUpufqkyf oifhaMumif;? xkdoHo&mb0rS vGwfajrmufatmif tm;xkwfoifhaMumif; a[mawmfrltyfaom ygVdawmf jzpf\?
pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdifxifovdk
wurÇm\
oufwrf;
owfrSwfcsufr&Sd[k
a[mjyaom
ygVdawmfr[kwf? ocifjrwfqkdifonf jrefrmpmwwfí ygVdawmfjrefrmjyefudk zwfaomfvnf; bk&m;a[m okwfw&m;u bmudkqdkvdkonf[k vkd&if;udk rodww½&Smay/
toacFs,uyfav;uyfNynfhvQifwpfurÇm 16/
xdkrQavmuf MumjrifhvSaom urÇm[laom tcsdefumvukd wurÇm ESpfurÇmponfjzifh
ydkif;jcm;owfrSwf&mü owå0gwkdU\ wnfae&m pMu0VmurÇm avmu (Moumoavmu) BuD;\ tjzpftysuf ajymif;vJrIjzifh owfrSwf&\? owfrSwfykHrSm (u)
oH0¥taoacFs,s = tvGef tvGef ½Snfvsm;vSaom tcsdefumvawG ukefvGefoGm;onfh tcg
þurÇmavmuBuD;onf
rD;-a&-av
okH;rsdK;wkdUwGif
wrsKd;rsdK;jzifh
ysufpD;oGm;vdrfhrnf? rD;avmifí ysufpD;oGm;rnfhurÇmjzpftHh? ysufpD;cgeD;wGif a½S;OD;pGm urÇmzsufrdk;BuD; ½GmoGef;\? xdkYaemuf ESpfaygif; þa½GUþrQ[k rcefUrSef;Ekdifavmufatmif Mumjrifhaomtcg
rD;avmif\?
xdkodkU
tBuD;tus,f
awmufavmifaeaom
urÇmzsufrD;BuD;onf tPkjrLrQ jymuav;rQ rD;pmrusefonftxd avmifuRrf;NyD;rS Nidrf;oGm;\?
þenf;tm;jzifh
urÇmzsufrdk;
Nidrf;oGm;onfwkdifatmif
tvGeftvGef
½GmonfrSpí
rD;awmufrD;vQH
MumjrifhvSaom
tcsdefumvudk
oH0¥toacFs,suyf[kac:\/ (c)
oH0¥Xm,D toacFs,suyf = xdkurÇmzsufrD;BuD; Nidrf;oGm;NyD;aemuf rD;avmifjyif ½GmysufBuD;uJhodkU
urÇmajrxkESihf
[if;vif;jyifaumif;uifBuD;
taqmifta,mifbkHXmeawG
taejzifh
ysufpD;onfhykHpHtwkdif;
bmrQr½Sdao;bJ wnfaevmcJh&m
,cifutwkdif; ESpfta&twGuf rcefUrSef;Edkifavmufatmif tcsdefawG ukefvGefNyD;rS urÇmûyrkd;BuD;
½Gmcsvkduf\?
,if;odkU
urÇmzsufrD;BuD;
Nidrf;oGm;NyD;onf
rSpí
urÇmûyrdk;½Gmonftxd tvGeftvGef tcsdefMumjrifhpGm [if;vif;jyiftwkdif; wnfae&mtcsdef umvudk oH0¥Xm,DtoacFs,suyf[kac:\/ (*)
0d0¥toacFs,suyf = urÇmûyrdk;BuD; ½GmoGef;NyD;aemuf urÇmYtaqmuftOD bkHXmeawG pkHvifpGmjzifh
aeveu©wfawG
ay:xifjrif&onftxd
tvGeftvGef
MumjrifhpGm
urÇmBuD;wnfaxmifaeqJ tcsdefukd 0d0¥toacFs,suyf [kac:\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
850
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(C)
0d0¥Xm,DtoacFs,suyf = aeveu©wfawGay:í urÇmYtaqmuftODawG pkHvifonfrS pí aemufxyfurÇmzsufrdk;½Gmonftxd urÇmol urÇmom;? owå0gtrsm; aexdkifMuonfh tvGef tvGefMumjrifhaom umvudk 0d0¥Xm,DtoacFs,suyf [kac:\/
17/ urÇmavmu
xdktoacFs,suyf av;rsdK;udk wpfurÇm[kac:onf? þenf;tm;jzifh owå0gwkdU aexdkif&m pMum0VmBuD;\
jzpfysufûyjyif
ajymif;vJrIudkMunfhí
wpfurÇm
ESpfurÇmponfjzifh
urÇm\oufwrf;udk ydkif;jcm;uefUowf&onf/ (t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf pwkuúedygwf? uyÜokwf? ESm-460/ owåuedygwf? owåol&d,okwf ESm-474/ 'DCedum,fygxdu0*fygVdawmf t*¾nokwf? ESm-69/ 0dok'¨dr*f? 'k ESm-44)/
"r®[', 0dbif;tqdktrdefU 18/
pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdif aom"emü ]]"r®[',0dbif;üygaom ae0onmemonm,we
jA[®mwdkU\ toufurÇmaygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmif[laom pum;rSm Ak'¨a[mESifh rqkdifyg}} [k qdk xm;\/ xdktqdkudk pdppf&aomf þ (19) aom"em\ tpydkif;wkef;u av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef;paom pum;rsdK;udk rqdkxm;bd?
wpfurÇm\
umvoufwrf;udkyif
Ak'¨½Sifra[myg}}
[lí
ocifjrwfqkdifu
qdkxm;cJhonfhtwkdif; tu,fí urÇm\ oufwrf;udk bk&m;ra[mvQif tykdif;jcm;r½Sdatmif ½Snfvsm;aom urÇmBuD;udk
wpfurÇm
ESpfurÇmponfjzifh
ydkif;jzwfa&wGufvkdU
rjzpfEkdif?
odkUaomf
"r®[',0dbif;ygVdawmfüum; jA[®mwkdU\ oufwrf;udk urÇmaygif;½Spfaomif;av;axmif ponfjzifh a[mxm;jcif;aMumifh
wpfurÇm
ESpfurÇmponfjzifh
urÇm\
oufwrf;udkyg
ydkif;jzwfuefUowfí
a[mNyD;jzpfae\? xkdUaMumifh ]]wpfurÇm\ oufwrf;udk Ak'¨½Sifra[m}} [lí yxrqdkcJhaom rdrdpum;ESifh rqefUusifatmif ]]urÇmaygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmif}} [laom pum;udkvnf; Ak'¨a[mESifh rqkdif[lí ocifjrwfqkdifu y,fzsufuefUuGufjcif; jzpfwef&monf/ odkUaomf
jA[®mwkdU\
toufta&twGufudk
tbd"r®mygVdawmf
"r®[',0dbif;üomru
t*kFwådK&fygVdawmf wduedygwfmaeÍÆokwf ESm-270-üvnf;aumif; pwkuúedygwf yxrememu&Pokwf 441-ü vnf;aumif; a[mxm;ayonf/ ,if;odkU a[mxm;jcif;jzifhvnf; wpfurÇm ESpfurÇm ponfjzifh urÇm\ oufwrf;udkyg ydkif;jzwfuefUowfNyD; jzpfawmhonf/ (ocifjrwfqkdifonf þ tmaeÍÆokwf ememu&PokwfwkdUudk zwfzl;[efrwlay/) rSwfcsuf /
/ "r®[',0dbif;ygVdawmf 437-438- ponfwdkUü vlUbkH ewf (6) bkH jA[®mbkH (20)
wkdU\ oufwrf;udk a[mxm;awmfrl\? xdkwGif ukokdvfuHpGrf;tm;okdUvkdufí bkHpOftwkdkif; ewfwdkUrSm tESpfig;&m tESpfwpfaxmifponfjzifh qifhuJ qifhuJ touf½SnfMuí jA[®mwdkUrSmrl urÇmESifhcsDí touf½SnfMu\?
xdkwGif
psmeformywf½Spfyg;½Sdonfhteuf
tpGrf;xufjrufqkH;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
psmeformywf\
851
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
t½Sdeft[kefaMumifh tqifhtjrifhqkH; a0onmemonm,we jA[®mbkHü jzpfMu&aomaMumifh xkdbkHom; jA[®mwkdUrSm
r[muyf
(urÇm)aygif;
½Spfaomif;av;axmiftxd
touf½SnfMuí
¤if;wdkUxuf
touf½Snfaom owå0gr½Sdawmhay/
av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; a&wGufykH 19/
azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; tvGefMumjrifhvSpGmaom wpfurÇm[kac:aom tcsdefukefvGefoGm;
wkdif; vlwkdUaexkdif&m pMum0Vm avmu"mwf [kac:aom MoumoavmuBuD;wpfckwpfck ysufpD;oGm; av&m ,if;odkU ysufpD; ukefqkH;oGm;aom urÇmavmutaygif;udk ckç q,fç &m *Pef;csí þa½GUþrQ [k rowfrSwfEkdif?
rcefUrSef;Ekdifavmufatmif
½Snfvsm;aom
tcsdefumvudk
urÇmtoacFs
[kac:\?
xkdurÇmtoacFsudk wpfck ESpfck ponfjzifh owfrSwfaomtcg bk&m;wpfqlESifh wqlwkdU\ tMum; umvjzifh wkdif;wmowfrSwf&\? owfrSwfykHrSm (u)
igwdkU a*gwrbk&m;tavmif; okar"m&aohudk {uefbk&m;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k Asm'dwfay;awmf rlcJhaom
'DyuF&mjrwfpGmbk&m;
y&dedAÁmef
pHvGefawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf
urÇmtoacFs
ukefvGefaomtcg om&rnfaom wpfckaomurÇmü aum@nrnfaom jrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhxGef;awmfrlvm\? 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\tMum;umvudk urÇmtoacFswpfck[k owfrSwf&\/ (c)
xdkaum@njrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf urÇmtoacFs ukefvGefoGm; aomtcg
om&r@rnfaom
urÇmü
r*Fvbk&m;ç
okrebk&m;ç
a&0wbk&m;ç
aombdwbk&m; [lí bk&m;av;ql yGifhawmfrl\? aum@nbk&m;ESifh yxrOD;qkH; r*Fvbk&m;&SifwkdU\ tMum;umvudk 'kwd, urÇmtoacFs[k owfrSwf&\/ (*)
xkd om&r@urÇmrS aemufqkH; aombdwbk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf 0&rnfaom urÇmü taem'róDbk&m;ç y'krbk&m;ç em&'bk&m; [lí bk&m;okH;ql yGifhawmfrl\? ,cif aombdwbk&m;½SifESifh taem'róDbk&m;½SifwdkU\ tMum;umvudk wwd, urÇmtoacFs[k owfrSwf&\/
(C)
em&'jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf urÇmtoacFs ukefvGefoGm;aomtcg y'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\
yGifhawmfrl\? tMum;
umvudk
xkd pwkw¬
em&'jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh urÇmtoacFs[k
y'krkwå& owfrSwf&\?
þenf;tm;jzifh urÇmtoacFsav;ck (av;toacFs) jzpf\/ (i)
xkdy'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf urÇmwpfodef; ukefvGefaomtcg ,ck igwkdU\ b'´rnfaom urÇmü uukoE¨ jrwfpGmbk&m;ç aumPm*re jrwfpGmbk&m;ç uóy jrwfpGmbk&m;ç a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; [lí bk&m;av;ql yGifhNyD;avNyD? y'krkwå&
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
852
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmef pHvGefNyD;aemuf þb'´urÇmü uukoef jrwfpGmbk&m;txd xdkukefvGefoGm;aom urÇmwpfodef;udk xyfíxnfhvQif a*gwrbk&m; yg&rDjznfh&aom av;toacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; jzpfayawmhonf/ (Ak'¨0HoygVd 382ESifh p&d,myd#u tXuxm ESm - 15 wGif Munfhyg/)
rm yd#uorÜ'gaee *PSdw¬\ qdkvdk&if; 20/
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwdkYonf ]]rm yd#uorÜ'gaee *PSdw¬}} [laom auorkwådokwf ygVd0gus
udk vufokH;ûyNyD;vQif ]]Ak'¨0ifusrf;rsm;wGif Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk xdcdkufaom taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym; yg0ifaeonfudk jiif;qdkEkdifvQif
jiif;qkdyg}}
Ak'¨0ifa'oemawmfudk
[k
wifjyajymqdkum
xkwfy,fvkdMu\?
olwdkU\
½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh
trSefwu,ftm;jzifhum;
rudkufnDaom
xkdauorkwådokwf
ygVd0gus\
qdkvdk&if;rSm rmyd#uorÜ'gaee *PSdw¬ = igonf pmayusrf;*efwwfajrmufNyD;ol jzpfonf[lí rdrd\ usrf;*efwwfajrmufrIudk
tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyNyD;vQif
þpum;
þt,l0g'onf
igoif,lxm;aom
usrf;*efESifh udkufnDonf[lí twnftNrJ pGJrSwfrxm;Muukefvifh? þodkUqkd\/ Ak'¨0ifa'oem paom w&m;awmfrsm;onf igwkdU oif,lzwf½Ixm;aom þpmtkyf þpmtkyf rsm;ESifh udkufnDonf[k twnftNrJ pGJrSwfrxm;Muvifh[k qdkvdkonfr[kwf? igbk&m;\ pum;ukdvnf; ,kHoifhrS,kHMu xkwfy,foifhu xkwfy,fMu[lívnf; qdkvdkonfr[kwf/ 21/ trsdK;rsdK;
trSefpifppf xdkacwf xdktcgu auorkwårnfaom ed*kH;½GmBuD;okdU bmoma&; *kdPf;q&m yk*¾dKvftrsdK;rsdK;
a&mufvmwwfMu\?
xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;teuf
usrf;*efESHUpyfwwfajrmufol
q&mwql[k txifBuD;cHae&aom yk*¾dKvfwcsdKUonf olwyg; txifao;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh rodvQif rodaMumif;
½Sif;½Sif;bGif;bGif;
aumufuspfrIuif;aom
0efrcHEkdifMu?
ynm½Sd
xdkolwdkUonf
olawmfaumif;rsm;
oDv
orm"d
r[kwfMuaomaMumifh
wu,f&Sdí
pOf;vJ
a,mifa,mif0g;0g;
wwfa,mifum; vkyfwwfMu\? xkdolwdkU\pum;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;ûyí pGJNrJrSwfom;rxm;&? a0zef&rnf? pdppf&rnf? vufcHoifhrS vufcH&rnf/ 22/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf umvmrtrsdK;om;wkdUtm; a½S;OD;pGm þuJhokdU trSm;trSefukd a0zefap
vkdaomaMumifh ]]ax wkarS umvmrm rm tEkóa0e rm y&rÜ&m, rm yd#uorÜ'gaee}} [laom pum;rsm;jzifh tpcsDNyD;vQif raumif;usdK;ay;aom tukodkvfESifh aumif;usdK;ay;aom ukodkvfwkdUudk rdrdwkdU udk,fwkdifodatmif êud;pm;tm;xkwf&efESifh xdkodkUodaomtcg tukodkvfudk y,fpGefUí ukodkvfw&m;udk êud;pm;tm;xkwfûyvkyf&ef
tus,fw0ifh
tqkH;tr
Mo0g'ay;aomtm;jzifh
þauorkwådokwfudk
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
853
tpodkU 23/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ,if;odkUaom tpDtpOfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom auorkwådokwfrS ]]rm yd#uorÜ'g
aee *PSdw¬}} [laom pum;0gusudk vGJrSm;pGm t"dyÜm,faumuf,ltokH;ûyum (0g) vufeuftjzpf tokH;csum rdrdwdkU qkyfudkifxm;aom ½kyf0g'tjrifjzifh rudkufnDwkdif; rdrdwdkU ÓPfrrDwkdif; oHo,0ifwkdif; b,fokwf
b,fygVd
b,f*gxmonf
,kwdår½Sdbl;
bk&m;a[m
r[kwfbl;qkdNyD;
xkwfy,f&ef
toif;tyif;zGJUNyD; êud;pm;aeMujcif;onf rvkyfoifh rvkyfxkdufaom omoemzsufonfh vkyf&yfom jzpfayonf/ xdkUjyif Ak'¨ygVdawmfü Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk xdcdkufapaom taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym; yg0ifonf[k a&;om;ajymqdkaeMuaomfvnf;
rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf
Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk
xdcdkufaponf[k
twdtus racsqdkMu? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh Ak'¨0ifygVdawmfü (u)
a½S;bk&m;½SifwdkU txHawmfü a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmf Asm'dwfcH,lawmfrlykH?
(c)
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 'ge oDv tp½Sdaom yg&rDq,fyg; olawmfaumif;w&m;wkdU udk bk&m;jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;tjzpfjzifh pl;prf;qifjcif okH;oyfawmfrlykH?
(*)
a½S;a½S;bk&m;½SifwdkUonf
owå0gwdkU\tusdK;udk
aqmif½GufawmfrlykHç
owå0gwdkUudk
oHo&m0#f'ku©rS u,fwifawmfrlykH þodkU tp&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a[mMum;xm;ayonf? xkdAk'¨0ifygVdawmfü b,ftcsufrQ Ak'¨*kPfawmfudk xdckdufapjcif;r½Sd? ½dk;om;jzLpifaom apwemo'¨gw&m;½Sd½Sdjzifh zwf½IMum;em olrsm;twGuf tvGefMunfñdkzG,f pdwfESvkH;csrf;ajrhzG,f ygVdawmfBuD;om jzpfonf/
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwkdU\ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS (u) (c) paom aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfrsm;udk pdppfokH;oyfcsuf 24/
(u)
(c)
paom
Ak'¨0ifudk
ykwfcwfonfhpum;&yfrsm;onf
rdrdwkdUr,kHMunfvQif
r,kHMunfovdk at;at; aq;aq;raeMubJ ,kHMunfolwdkUtm; apmfum;vsuf ½dkaoav;pm;jcif; uif;rJhpGmjzifh ajymifavSmif jyufacsmf oa&mufapmfum; a&;om;xm;onfjzpf&um; apm'uyk*¾dKvfwkdU apm'emonfhtwkdif;yif omoemawmf ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; ajymqkdaom pum;rsm; trSefjzpfayonf/ xkdpum;&yfrsm;wGif (u)
]]bk&m;tavmif;awmfewfom; bk&m;jzpfrnfhol[k
udk,fwkdifrodaomudpöudk
odxm;ESifhovdkvdk
ewfjA[®mwdkUu
wifpD;xm;vkdufMuonf}}
[laom
êudwifNyD; pum;udk
pdppfokH;oyf&aomfbk&m;ryGifhxGef;rD ESpfaygif;wpfaxmiftcsdefuyif ok'¨hg0gojA[®mwkdUonf ]]tcsif;wkdY tESpf wpfaxmifausmfvGefvQif oAÁñkwbk&m; yGihfxGef;ay:vmvdrfhrnf? oAÁñkwbk&m; yGifhxGef;ay:vm vdrfhrnf}} [k vSnfhvnf a
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
854
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
ajymqdkaeus pum;jzpf\? xdkUaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;onf vmrnfh 'kwd,b0ü rdrdudk,fukd bk&m;jzpfrnfh yk*d¾Kvf[k rodEkdifp&m taMumif;r½Sday/ 25/
xdkUjyif oufwrf;&Snfaomewfjynfü jzpfMuaom yg&rDrjynfhonfh bk&m;tavmif;
ewfom;wdkUonf ewfjynfü yg&rDjznfh&ef cJ,Of;vSaomaMumifh ewfoufwrf; ukefqkH;onfhtxd ewfjynfü raeMuawmhbJ ewfoufudkacRum vlUjynfü y#doaE¨aeMu\? bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;onfum; vmrnfh'kwd,b0ü {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpf&ef yg&rDawmfrsm; jynfhpkHNyD; jzpf&um; ewfoufwrf;ukefonftxd wkwdomewfjynfü ae\? xkdUaMumifh ]]£'ged teEÅa& twå bma0 Aka'¨g b0dómrd}} [laom okwfr[m0gtXuwm 21-ESifhtnD bk&m;tvmif; aowauwkewfom;rSm ]]igonf vmrnfh 'kwd,b0ü {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpfrnf}} [k odonfomjzpfonf/ (ZmwftXuxm y - 57? Ak'¨0HotXuxm? 317/ 'DCedum,f r[m0*¾tXuxm 20/)
(c) owfaocdkif;onf[laom pum;&yfrsm; pdppfcsuf 26/
(c)
pum;ü
pMum0Vmwaomif;rS
ewfjA[®m
taygif;wdkUu
bk&m;tavmif;
ewfom;tm; udk,fhudk,fudk owfaocdkif;onf[k or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUom;wkdU\ a&;om;csufudk txl;pdppfp&m rvdk? ,kwfrmvSaom apwemqdk;jzifh rMum;aumif;remom a&;om;xm;onf[kom qdk&awmhrnf? aowauwk ewfom;crsmrSm ewfpnf;pdrfyif cHpm;cGifhr&awmhbJ vufuwD;Mum;rS acR;,dkpD;um rdIifawGvsuf pkawcJh&onf[k a&;om;xm;onfrSmvnf; £wd0kwfygVdawmf 247 ESifh ,if;t|uxm 249-wdkU\ tqdktrdefUudk wpfqifhpum; wpfqifhem;jzifh rjynfhrpHkMum;zl;xm;onfudk twnfûyum ysufacsmfacsmf a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpf\? tjynfhtpHkum; þodkU jzpf\/
ewfwdkU pkawcgeD; a&SUajy;edrdwfig;rsdK; 27/
ewfwdkU pkawaovGefjcif; rûyrD vlwdkU\ta&twGufjzifh ckepf&ufavmufu êudwifí
aoawmhrnfh txdrf;trSwf a½SUajy;edrdwfig;yg; txift½Sm; jyvmukef\/ (u)
ewfjzpfptcsdefu (y#doaE¨aepOfu) yefqifvmcJhaom yef;rsm;ñdk;EGrf;ukef\/
(c)
0wfqifxm;aom ewf0wfwefqmrsm; npfEGrf;ukef\/
(*)
vufuwD;Mum;rS acR;aygufrsm; ,kdpD;vmukef\/
(C)
a½S;uuJhodkU
udk,fa&mifudk,f0g
wvufvuf
rxGufEdkifawmhbJ
½kyfysufqif;ysuf
jzpfvmum udk,fcE¨m yifyef;ñdk;EGrf; vm\/ (i)
xdkewfonf a½S;uuJhodkU ol\bHkAdrmefü ewforD;rsm;ESifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg; raeEdkifawmhbJ pdwfom,m csrf;ajrhrIuif;í ysif;&dNiD;aiGUvm\/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
855
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þa½SUajy;edrdwfig;rsdK;onf ewfwdkif;rSm xifay:vmonf r[kwf? vlUjynfü ajrivsif wkefvIyfjcif; tp&Sdaom
edrdwfwdkUonf
bkef;wefcdk;BuD;aom
bk&ifrsm;twGufom
xifay:vmukefouJhodkU
wefcdk;BuD;aomewfrsm;rSmom xdka½SUajy;edrdwfrsm; xif½Sm;vmukef\? ,if;odkU xifay:vmaomtcgüvnf; ightwGuf pkawaovGefzdkUa½SUajy;edrdwfawG xifay:vmjyD? rMumrD igaoawmhrnf[lí aozdkUa½SUajy;edrdwf jzpfaMumif;ukd ewfwdkif; odonfr[kwf? vlUjynfü edrdwfzwfwwfaomol eu©wfem;vnfol ynm½Sifrsm;om a½SUajy;edrdwfudk odEdkifouJhodkU ynm½Sdaom ewfrsm;om odEdkifukef\/ 28/
a½S;a½S;wkef;u ûycJhaom ukodkvfaumif;rIenf;yg;aom ewfrsm;onf xdkedrdwfrsm;ukd
jrif&aomtcg aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUMuukef\? ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;pGm ûycJh qnf;yl;cJhaom ewfrsm;rSmum; ]]igwdkUrSm 'ge oDv bm0emawG tqifoifh&SdjyD; jzpfí txufewfjynfrSm jzpf&awmhrnf}}[k aocsmpGm odojzifh aMumuf½GHU xdwfvefUjcif; r½Sdukef? bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;rSmvnf; 'ge oDv paom yg&rDawmfrsm;tjynfhtpHk jznfhusifhjyD;jzpf&um; þewfb0u pkawjyD;aemuf vlUjynfa&mufvQif {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpfawmhrnf[k taotcsm odjyD;jzpfaomaMumifhaMumuf½GHUxdwfvefUjcif; tvQif;r&SdbJ pkawcgeD;tcsdefü pdwf"mwfMunfom vGefpGm csrf;ajrh aysmfarGUawmfrl\/
vlUjynfü y#doaE¨ae&ef ewfjA[®mwdkU awmif;yefjcif; 29/
wpfaomif;aom pMum0VmrS
ewfjA[®mwdkUonf bk&m;tavmif;awmf ewfom;tm;
xdka½SUajy;edrdwfrsm; ray:xifrD (tcsdefrusrD)u êudwifí awmif;yefMuonf r[kwfukef? a½SUajy;erdwfrsm; xifay:jyorSomvQif wnDwñGwfwnf; a&mufvmMujyD;vQif tavmif;awmf ewfom;tm; bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUjynfodkUqif;í
r,fawmf0rf;wdkufü
y#doaE¨aeawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;
atmufygtwdkif;
awmif;yefMuukef\/ umavm acg aw r[m0D&? OyZÆ rmwkukpäd,H/ oa'0uH wm&,aEÅm? AkZÑók trwH y'H (ck? 4? 305) /
jrefrmjyef vHkUv0D&d, jyif;jyBuD;rm;awmfrlaom tdk tavmif;awmfewfom; bk&m;jzpf&m umvtcsdef usa&mufygjyD? r,fawmf 0rf;wdkufü pGJydkufoaE¨wnfaeawmfrlyg? ewfESifhwuGaom owå0gtaygif;udk u,fwifawmfrlum aojcif;uif;&m tûrdufedAÁmefudk ÓPfrsufpdwGif; ½Sif;vif;ay:xifodjrifawmfrlyg/ xdktcg bk&m;tavmif;awmfewfom;onf bk&m;jzpfxdkufaom tcsdefç bk&m;jzpf&m uRef;ç bk&m;jzpf&m
a'oç
bk&m;jzpf&m
trsdK;ç
r,fawmf\
touf
tydkif;tjcm;
þig;rsdK;wdkUudk
MunfhawmfrljyD;vQif awmif;yefvmMuaom ewfjA[®mwdkUtm; 0efcHcsufy#dnmOfay;um ewfjynfrS pkawí r,fawmfrm,ma'0D\ 0rf;wdkufü y#doaE¨aeawmfrlayonf/ (okwf r[m0g r[my'geokwf t|uwm 20? 21? 22/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
856
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (*) qifjzLawmftdyfruf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf
30/
r,fawmf
tdyfrufay;&aumif;vm;?
r[mrm,ma'0D
tdyfrufay;cef;zGifhqdk&mü
ewfom;acsmacsmvSvSav;
t[dwfwd&pämefBuD;
tdyfrufray;&aumif;vm;[k
opöm"r®pmapmifü
tusdK;udk vdkvm;ovdka&;om;xm;\? tu,fí ewfom;vSvSav; tdyfrufay;onf qdkygvQifvnf; OD;Ouú|\wynfh
or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf
r,fawmfrm,mudk
ewfom;ESifh
azmufjyefonf[k
pGyfpGJMurnfom jzpfonf? trSefpifppf t,medaom reodum& tukodkvfpdwfxm;jzifh rav;rpm; ½Iwfcsa&;om;aeMujcif;om jzpf\? t[dwf wd&pämefqifBuD;[k pk'dwuwdkUu ½Iwfcsxm;aomfvnf; ½dk;½dk;qif r[kwfbJ qifjzLawmf&wemBuD;tjzpf tdyfrufjrifrufjcif; jzpfayonf/ 31/
bk&m;tavmif;\ r,fawmf r[mrm,ma'0Donf bk&m;tavmif;awmf y#doaE¨aernfh
0gqdkvjynfhaeUwGif eHeufapmapm tdyf&mrSxí eHUomjzifh a&csdK;jyD;um av;odef;ukeftvªBuD; ay;vª\? xdkUaemuft0wfwefqmrsm; 0wfqifjyD; aumif;jrwfaom abmZOfudk pm;aomufí ½Spfyg;oDvudk aqmufwnfvsuf usufoa&aqmifwkdufcef;odkU 0ifjyD; tdyf&may:ü avsmif;puftdyfaysmfaepOftcsdefwGif ewfrif;BuD;
av;a,mufwdkUonf
r[mrm,ma'0Dudk
tdyf&mckwifESifhwuG
csDrí
[dr0EÅmodkU
o,faqmifoGm;jyD;vQif ,lZem 60-&Sdaom aq;'ef; jrif;oDvm ausmufjzmay:0,f ckESpf,lZem½Sdaom tifMuif;yifBuD; wpfyif\ atmufü csxm;jyD;aemuf rdrdwdkUurl oifhavsmfonfh ae&mü &yfaeMuukef\? xdktcg xkdewfrif;BuD;wdkU\ewforD;wdkUonf r[mrm,ma'0Dudk taemwwåtdkifodkU o,faqmifoGm;jyD;vQif vlUtnpftaMu; oefUpifzdkUtwGuf a&csdK;apjyD;um ewf0wfwefqmudk 0wfqifvsuf ewfwdkU\ eHUomjzifh vdrf;usH
ewfyef;udkvnf;
yefqifapjyD;í
xdktaemwwåtdkifteD;½Sd
aiGawmiftwGif;rS
a½TAdrmefü
ta½SUodkUOD;acgif;ûyum ewftdyf&mudk cif;ay;jyD;tdyfapMuukef\/ 32/
xdktcg teD;tem;&Sd a½TawmifrS qifjzLawmfBuD;wpfpD; qif;vmjyD;vQif aiGawmifay:odkU
wufí ajrmuft&yfrS vmjyD;um aiGyef;ukH;ESifhwlaom ESmarmif;jzifh y'krmMumjzLudk,lí êud;MumoHay;vsuf a½TAdrmeftwGif; 0ifvmjyD;vQif r,fawmfr[mrm,ma'0D\ tdyf&mudk oHk;Mudrfwdwd vuf,m&pf vSnfhywfí vuf,mbufeHyg;udk
azmufxGif;vsuf
0rf;wGif;odkU
0ifvmonfhtoGif
tdyfrufjrifrufavonf/
(Zmwft|uxm y-59/ ty'geft|uxm y-61 )/ þuJhodkU tvGeftHhMozG,f aumif;avmufatmif xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fvSpGm qifjzLawmf&wemBuD; 0ifvmonfhtoGif
tdyfrufjrifrufonfudk
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUonf tjrifrrSm;apcsifívnf;aumif;
rav;rpm;
wm0eft&vnf;aumif;? ,ckvdk
½Iwfcsa&;om;Mujcif;
½dk;om;jzLpifaom
oHk;oyfa&;om;aeaomfvnf;
jzpfayonf/
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtaejzifh OD;Ouú|ESifh
ol\wynfh
or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ tvGefUtvGeftqifhtwef;edrfhaom a0zefcsufwdkUudk oHk;oyf&onfrSm vGefpGm jiD;aiGUawmfrlMuayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
857
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) (C) ewfokwfpaom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf
33/
o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfü ygaom ewfESifh qdkifaom okwfrsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\
oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;aom okwfrsm;jzpfonf[k opöm"r®pmapmifü a&;om;xm;\? odkUaomf xdkodkUa&;om;xm;onfhtwdkif; oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;aom okwfrsm; r[kwf? trSeftm;jzifhum; a'0wmoH,kwf? a'0ykwåoH,kwfwdkUü (u)
ewfwdkUonf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH vma&mufí olwdkUrodaom taMumif;t&mwdkUudk ar;jref;í jrwfpGmbk&m;u ajzqdka[mMum;xm;aom okwfrsm;?
(c)
oHa0*jzpfzG,f taMumif;t&mESifh tjcm;aom pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaMumif;t&mwdkUudk olwdkU t,ltq
olwdkU
xifjrifcsuftwdkif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH
vma&mufavQmufxm;í
jrwfpGmbk&m;u olwdkUpum;udk jyifoifhonfudk jyifqifjznfhpGufí a[mMum;xm;aom okwfrsm;? (*)
xdkuJhodkU
jyifqifjznfhpGufp&mrvdkawmhojzifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif
vufcHtwnfûyxm;aom okwfrsm;? (C)
tcsdKU&[ef;rsm;
w&m;tm;rxkwfbJ
arhavsmh
ayghqaexdkifMuonfudk
awGUjrif&aomaMumifh xdk&[ef;wdkUudk owday;aomokwfrsm; þodkU ponfjzifh okwfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/ xdkUaMumifh ygVdawmfrsm;udk aocsmpGm oif,lavhvmojzifh
trSefw&m;udk
oabmaygufodjrifem;vnfaom
ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkUonf
þa'0wmoH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;udkav;pm;aomonfxuf av;pm;MunfñdkMuonf? oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;aom okwfrsm;[lí wpf&HwpfcgrQ rxifjrifMu? xdkuJhodkU odem;vnfatmifvnf; ½dk;om;aom pdwfxm; o'¨gw&m;jzifh ygVdawmfrsm;udk oif,lrSwfom; Mum;emzdkU vdkayonf/ ewfESifhqdkifaom okwfrsm;onf oAÁñkwÓPfawmfudk apmfum;onf[k or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUom;wdkUu a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;onf bk&m;½Sifudk txiftjrifao;atmif zefwD;csuf jzpfonf? ewfudkr,Hkaom ½kyf0g'DwdkUu þae&mwGifrl ewfudk vufcHMujyefonf/
(i) bk&m;udk q&mvkyf paom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf 34/ ]]wPSmudk y,fjzwfygavm? udavomumrç 0w¬KumrwdkUudk y,fpGefUygavm}}paom *gxmrsm;jzifh wm,eewfom;u jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmufxm;jcif;onf opöm"r®pmapmifü pGyfpGJxm;ovdk q&mvkyfvdkí avQmufxm;jcif; r[kwf? xdk*gxmrsm;onf 0D&d,w&m; wdk;yGm;apEdkifonfh tzdk;wef*gxmrsm; jzpf\?
xdkUaMumifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
wdkuf½dkufavQmufxm;aeaomfvnf;
trSefwu,ftm;jzifhum;
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk &nf½G,fíavQmufxm;onf r[kwfbJ cka&m aemifyg &[ef;½SifvlwdkUudk oDv orm"d ynm
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
858
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tusifhodu©mwdkUü wdk;wufjrifhrm;atmif êud;pm;tm;xkwfzdkU wdkufwGef;EId;aqmf owday;onfhtaejzifh avQmufxm;jcif; jzpf\/ 35/
xdkUaMumifhyif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xdk*gxmrsm;udk twnfûyvufcHjyD;aemuf &[ef;wdkUtm;
jyefvnf a[mMum;awmfrlonfomru oif,lydkUcszdkUudkyg rdefUMum;awmfrljyD;vQif ]]tw¬oHwdwm bdu©a0 wm,e*gxm tm'djA[®p&d,dwm= tdk &[ef;wdkU wm,eewfom;\ *gxmrsm;onf tusdK;rsm;aom *gxmrsm;jzpfonf? jrwfaom t&d,r*f tusifhw&m;\ t0ifrkcf0 a&S;OD;usonfh y"mejzpfaom *gxmrsm; jzpfonf}}[kyif csD;rGrf;awmfrl\/
wm,eewfom; avQmufxm;onfh *gxmrsm;\ jrefrmjyef 36/(u) tdk
olawmfaumif;
wPSmtaESmiftzGJUudk
êud;pm;í
y,fjzwfygavmh?
0w¬K
udavomESpfjzmaom umrwdkUudk qGJEkwfxkwfy,fygavmh? &[ef;onf umrwdkUudk ry,fpGefUvQif psmefw&m;udk r&Edkifyg/ (c)
vkyfief;wpfckudk vkHUvpdkufxkwf ûyvkyfoifhygu ûyvkyfawmfrlyg? xdkvHkUv0D&d,udk avsmhavsmh&J&J r[kwfbJ NrJNrJNrHNrH tm;oefêud;ukwf pdkufxkwfoifhygonf? tav;rûy *½krpdkufí rckdifrNrJ avsmY&JpGm cH,lusifhoHk;tyfaom &[ef;tusifhonf udavomjrLrIefudk y,f&Sm;okwfoifrI
rûyEdkifbJ
&[ef;rûyrD
a½S;uxufydkvGefí
waxmif;axmif;x
tHk
raumif;rI 'kp½dkuftukodkvfudk vHk;0OókH rûyrSom aumif;jrwfygonf? raumif;ojzifh ûyvkyftyfaom trIonfaemifw wpfzefylyefapwwfygonf? ukodkvfaumif;rIûyvkyfrSom aumif;jrwfygonf? ,if;ukodkvfaumi;frIudk ûyvkyfjyD;ygu aemifw wpfzefylyefuif;uGm jidrf;csrf;pGm ae&ygonf/
(C)
tpGef;tem; toGm;ESpfbuf xufjrufaom oref;jrufonf tudkifrwwfvQif vufudk ½Swwf
&dwfjzwfwwfouJhodkU
xdkUtwl
&[ef;w&m;onfvnf;
tudkifrwwfí
usdK;jywfysufpD;aeygvQif i&JodkUyifqGJcswwfygonf/ (i)
ayghqq avsmY&J&J ûyvkyftyfaom vkyfief;[lorQonfvnf;aumif;? ypönf;vmbfudk arQmfudk;í
usifhjcif;aMumifh
wPSmavmbudavomwdkUjzifh
npfayaeaom
tusifhonfvnf;aumif; odkUavmodkUavm awG;awmzG,f r,HkMunfzG,f tcsufwdkUjzifh jynfhESufaeaom &[ef;tusifhonfvnf;aumif; tusdK;rrsm;vSyg/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
859
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tvm;wl okwfrsm;
37/
þoH,kwfygVdawmfüomru tjcm;ygVdawmfrsm;üvnf; þodkUaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
yg&Sdao;\? tenf;i,frQazmfjy&aomf t*FkwådK&f ygVdawmf? quúedygwf? omruokwf 272-3 ü jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ouúwwdkif;jynf0,f omr-[kac:aom ½GmteD;½Sd aygu©&Pd,mrnfaom ausmif;wdkufü
oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf
ewfom;wpfa,mufonf
nOfhoef;acgiftcsdefü
jrwfpGmbk&m;txHawmfodkUvma&mufí t½Sifbk&m; &[ef;awmfrsm; tusifhodu©m qkwf,kwfaMumif; w&m;oHk;yg;½Sdygonf/ xdkoHk;yg;rSm (u)
ur®m&mrwm=y&d,wfy#dywf
vkyfief;rsm;udk
ypfy,fí
xkdxdktvkyfudpöüom
aysmfydkufESpfûcdufjcif;? (c)
bó&mrwm=w&m;pum; ajymMum;aqG;aEG;jcif; r[kwfbJ &yfa&; ½Gma&; vlrIa&;udk pka0;axGjym; pum;rsm;jcif;jzifhom aysmfarGUum tcsdefudk ukefapjcif;?
(*)
ed'´g&mrwm=cE¨mudk,f yifyef;EGrf;e,fojzifh tyef;ajztdyfjcif;r[kwfbJ tcsdef½Sdoa½GU tdyfavh idkufrsOf;avh ½Sdjcif;?
þw&m;oHk;yg;jzpfygonf[k
avQmufxm;\?
xdkewfom;pum;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
MunfjzLESpfoufvufcHawmfrl\? xdkaemuf ewfom;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ½dkaopGm ½Sdcdk;OD;cdkufjyD;um xkdae&mrS
uG,faysmufoGm;\?
eHeufrdk;aomuf
tvif;a&mufvwfaomf
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
nOfhoef;acgifwkef;u ewfom;avQmufxm;aom pum;udk &[ef;wdkUtm; rdefUMum;awmfrljyD;aemuf ]]&[ef;wdkU toifwdkUrSmukodkvfw&m;rsm; avsmhyg;qkwf,kwfaeonfudk ewfrsm;yif odaeMujyD? xdkUaMumifh oifwdkUrSm &[ef;b0 &[ef;oDvwnf;[laom vmbfvmbudk t&rawmf roifhravsmf jzpfukefMujyD?
þw&m;&wemomoemawmfudk
xdkufxdkufwefwef&onf
rrnfawmhbl;}}[k
rdefUawmfrljyD;vQif Mo0g'w&m;udk qufvuf a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ 38/
,ck azmfjycJhaom omruokwfüvnf; ewfu avQmufxm;jcif;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:
q&mvkyfvdkí r[kwfbJ &[ef;wdkU tusdK;udkvdkvm;í avQmufxm;jcif;jzpf\? jrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; omoemawmfESifhavsmfí ta&;w,l vufcHawmfrlum wpfqifha[mMum;awmfrl\/ uav;i,fuajymaom pum;yifjzpfapumrl ]]at; rif;ajymwm [kwfom;bJ}}[k vlBuD;u vufcHouJhodkU
xdkUtwljrwfpGmbk&m;onfvnf;
rdrdudk,fwdkifu
odjyD;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm;yif
jzpfapumrl rnfoluvmajymajym vufcHoifhu av;pm;pGm vufcHem,lawmfrl\? csD;usL;oifhuvnf; csD;usL;awmfrl\? xdkUaMumifh t½Sifom&dykwå&max&f t½Sif0domcax&fponfwdkUu a[mMum;tyfaom w&m;udk &[ef;rsm;omru jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkifyg em,lawmfrljyD;vQif w&m;jyD;qHk;aomtcgüvnf; om"k om"k aumif;csD;ûyum csD;usL;axmremawmfrlayonf/ ('DCedum,f? ygxdu0*f? o*Ðwdokwf? ESm175? t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf? pwkuúedygwf? 0domcokwf 360/)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
860
tpodkU 39/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdkUjyif
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
udk,fawmfwdkifu
("r®omrd)
w&m;ydkif½SifjzpfjyD;ygvsuf
w&m;em,lvdkao;aomaMumifh &[ef;wpfyg;yg;udk w&m;a[mzdkU wdkufwGef;awmfrlwwfao;\/ wpfcsdefu ,if;odkU wdkufwGef;rlaMumifh &[ef;odu©m wpf0grQom&ao;aom aomPrnfaom &[ef;wpfyg;onf rdrdoif,lxm;jyD;aom
umrokwf?
wpfqufwnf;a[mMum;av&m
*k[|uokwftp&Sdaom
w&m;a[mítjyD;wGif
okwfaygif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
16-okwfudk om"kac:½kHomru
odvG,fjrifvG,fatmif ½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm a[mMum;Edkifygayonf[k csD;usL;awmfrlayonf/ (0denf; r[m0gygVdawmf-286) 40/
odkUvQif
w&m;a[mrI
w&m;emrIü
tvGefUtvGef
tav;*½kûyawmfrlaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0#f'ku©rS xGufajrmufaMumif; w&m;rSefygu ewfu a[ma[m wynfh&[ef;wpfyg;yg;u a[ma[m
vufcHem,lonfom
jzpfaomaMumifh
a'0wmoH,kwf?
a'0ykwåoH,kwfygVdawmfwdkUudk
ewfua[monf bk&m;udk q&mvkyf&ma&mufonf? xdkUaMumifh ewfudk r,HkMunfrludk taMumif;ûyvsuf ,kwfrmaom
tvdkqdk;jzifh
tm;vHk;onftukodkvf
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wdk;yGm;aponfh
½Iwfcs
t"r®0g'pum;om
a0zefolwdkU\
ajymqdka&;om;xm;orQ
jzpfaMumif;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
(p) (q) r,fawmfewfom; paom pum;&yfudk a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf 41/
wm0wðomewfjynfü 0gwGif;oHk;vywfvHk; w&m;a[mawmfrlaom jrwfpGm;bk&m;tm;
r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;aom oEÅKódwewfom;onf wMudrfwpfcgrQ qGrf;ruyf? awmifuRef;ç ajrmufuRef;ç taemufuRef;odkU jrwfpGmbk&m; qGrf;cH
(Z) bk&m;½Sif tHhzG,fpaom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf 42/
]]Zmwfawmfrsm;ü a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;\ BuD;us,faom tHhzG,frsm; yg½Sdaeygvsuf
usefao;onfqdkaom rawGU½Sd&jcif;rSm
t&darawå,sbk&m;tavmif;\
t&darawå,s
[lí
rusefíavm
xdktHhMozG,frsm;rSmrl Zmwfawmfrsm;uyif
urÇmay:ü,aeUtxd '@m&DyHkjyifjzpfaeíavm
a0zefoifhonf}}[k a½Ttbd"r®maMunmcsufü a&;om;xm;\/ a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm;[k qdk&mü b,fvdktHhMozG,frsm; jzpfonfudkum; razmfjycJh? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom Zmwfawmfrsm;ü yg½Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm -
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
861
tpodkU (u)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) rmwk*grwpfa,mufudk
taMumif;ûyí
omoemawmf0,f
raysmfydkufaom
&[ef;ü
a½S;b0wkef;u xdkrmwk*graMumifh rnfrQavmuf 'ku©a&mufcJhyHk? a½S;ZmwfaMumif;udk jyefajymif;a[mMum;í xdk&[ef;rSm w&m;xl;&um omoemawmfü aysmfydkufvmyHk? (c)
rdbudk ûypkvkyfauR;aom &[ef;tm; csD;rGrf;pum; ajymMum;awmfrlum a½S;ynm½Sd olawmfaumif;rsm;vnf; a½S;a½S;b0u rnfrQtEGHtwmcHí rdbudk ûypkcJhyHk/
(*)
ynm½Sd olawmfaumif;ESifh rdbwdkUudk jypfrSm;rdaomaMumifh aemufb0tqufqufü 'ku©a&muf&yHk?
(C)
vlrdkufpum;udk em;axmifrdí aemufvdkufi,fom;rsm; aoaMuysufpD;&yHkESifh ynm½Sdpum; em;axmifjcif;aMumifh aoab;rS vGwfajrmuf&yHk?
(i)
bk&m;tavmif; olawmfaumif;wdkU 'geyg&rD jznfhusifh&mü a½TaiGponfwdkUudkomru rdrd\ rsufpdESifhaoG;om;wdkUudkyg vª'gef;cJhyHk?
(p)
oDvyg&rDjznfhusifh&müvnf; rdrdudk wHusifvQdKí n§if;qJESdyfpufolrsm;udkyif vHk;0 wHkUjyefjcif; rûy½Hkru trsufrxGufatmifyif pdwfcsKyfwnf;í toufudkyif riJhuGufbJ oDvrysufatmif apmifhxdef;cJhyHk?
(q)
&½SdjyD;ESifh
&½Sdawmhrnf
xD;eef;pnf;pdrfuJhodkUaom
BuD;us,faompnf;pdrfudkyif
tenf;i,frQ rwG,fwmbJ wHawG;aygufyrmpGefUcGmí &aoh&[ef;ûycJhyHk? aeu©r®yg&rD jznfhcJhyHk? (Z)
ynmyg&rD jznfhusifh&müvnf; 'ku©a&mufawmhrnfhqJqJ jzpfaeaom owå0gwdkUudk rdrdynmpGrf;jzifh u,fwifcJhyHk?
(ps)
urf;rjrif vrf;rxif ork'´&mBuD;udk ZGJvHkUvravsmYcsbJ vufypful;cJhjcif; ponfjzifh 0D&d,yg&rD jznfhusifhcJhyHk?
(n)
towfcH&rnfh
ta&;udkyif
tav;rûy
*½krpdkufbJ
0efcHcsufuwdy#dnmOftwdkif;
aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh owå0gtrsm;udk aoab;rS vGwfajrmufapcJhyHk? (#)
arwåmyg&rDudk
jznfhusifh&mü
orif
'&,f
tp½Sdaom
wd&pämeftm;vHk;yif
aMumufvefUjcif;r½Sd oHo,uif;½Sif; &Jwif;pGmjzifh aqGrsdK;om;csif; rdwfaqG&if;yrm cspfcifrI tjynfht0jzifh oGm;vm0ifxGuf qufqHEdkifonftxd arwåmxm;cJhyHk þodkU ponfjzifh Zmwfawmfrsm;ü MunfñdkzG,f twk,lzG,f tHhMozG,ftaMumif;t&m rsm;pGm yg½Sd\? xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;udk zwf½IMum;em&jcif;jzifh pdwfaepdwfxm; jrifhrm; wdk;wufvmEdkif\? xdkUaMumifh
þrQavmuf
tqifhtwef;jrifhaom
Zmwfawmfrsm;udk
'@m&DykHjyifpm&if;üxnfhoGif;um
tqifhtwef; edrfhusatmif t,HktMunfuif;rJhatmif a&;om;ajymqdkjcif;onf ajymqdkol\ ,kwfedrfhaom apwemudkom ay:vGifapayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
862
tpodkU 43/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) xdkUjyif a½Ttbd"r®mü ]]t&darawå,sbk&m; tavmif;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm;udk
urÇmay:rSm ,aeUtxd rawGU½Sd&aomaMumifh t&darawå,sbk&m;tavmif;[lí wu,fr½dSEdkif}}[kqdkvdk\/ pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaom a½Ttbd"r®mtrnfcHoluJhodkU ygVdawmfrsm;tay: t,HktMunf uif;rJhaom ½kyf0g'Drsm;um; rnfonfh ygVdawmf om"ujzifh ajymajym vufcHrnfr[kwfMu? odkUaomf &wemoHk;yg;ü ouf0if,HkMunfaeMuaom Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifrsm;tm; t&darawå,sbk&m; tavmif;awmfESifh ywfoufí
odkUavm
odkUavm
,HkrSm;awG;awmrI
r½Sd&atmif
tvGefcdkifrmaom
yg#dawmfBuD;jzifh
oufaoxljytHh/ 44/
'DCedum,f ygxdu0*fyg#dawmf puú0wådokwf 63-ü -
aemiftcg
tESpf½Spfaomif;
bk&m;½SifyGifhxGef;awmfrlvdrfhrnf?
touf½Snfaom
vlwdkU
,cktcgigbk&m;onf
vufxufü
arawå,srnfaom
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom
&[ef;y&dowf
tjcHt&½&SdouhJodkU xkdarawå,sbk&m;rSm odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom &[ef;y&dowfjcH&Hvdrfrnfh? xdktcg ocFrnfaombk&ifrif;onf
&[ef;ykPÖm;ESifh
qif;&Jol
qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;
tvª'geûyjyD;vQif
arawå,sbk&m;½Sif\txHawmfü &[ef;ûyum &[EÅmtjzpfodkU a&mufvdrfhrnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m; Asm'dwfpum; rdefUMum;awmfrlayonf/
(ps) (n) (#) anmifyifoaE¨ paom pum;&yfudk pDppfcsuf 45/(ps) ]]anmifwpfyifrSm trnfrodolwpfOD;u ay;vkdufí bk&m;tavmif; r,fawmfrSm od'¨w¬ oaE¨&onf}} [lí a&;om;xm;aom a½Ttbd"r®m aMunmcsufrSm Ak'¨0ifusrf;rsm;ü vHk;0rygbJvsuf pnf;rapmifhbJ apmfapmfum;um; a&;csif&m a&;xm;aom tremy pum;omjzpfonf/ (n)
aMunmcsufrSmvnf;
(ps)uJhodkUyif
Ak'¨0ifudk
tremy
a&;om;jcif;jzifh
bk&m;tavmif;awmfESifh r,fawmf crnf;awmfrsm;\ *kPfodu©mudkao;odrf arS;rdefap&ef tm;xkwfcsuf jzpfaomaMumifh ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkU pufqkyfp&m em;rcsrf;omp&m qJa&;wdkif;xGmjcif;rsm;omwnf;? xdkUaMumifh (ps) (n) tydk'fwdkUudktus,fw0ifh pdppfzdkU rvdkawmhay/ 46/
]](#) bk&m;tavmif;awmf zGm;jrifaomaeUü e*dku rsufpdrjrifaomolrsm; jrifMuonf?
em;rMum;olrsm;vnf; Mum;Muonf? roGm;EdkifrvmEdkif qGHUaeol roefpGrf;olrsm;vnf; oefoefpGrf;pGrf; oGm;Edkif
vmEdkifMuonf}}[k
okwfr[m0g
r[my'geokwf
t|uxm
32-üazmfjyxm;\/
xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm a½Ttbdd"r®m aMunmcsufü a&;xm;\/ 47/
,if;odkUaom tjzpfqef;wdkUudk urÇmordkif;wdkUü rygí r,HkEdkif[kqdkjcif;rSm pum;uyfudk;í
oabmwpfrsdK;jzifh qdkjcif;om jzpfonf? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf urÇmordkif;[lonfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
863
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vufxufawmftxd
a½S;usaejyDjzpfaom
vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifhig;&mausmfudk
rqdkxm;bd
Ak'¨jrwfpGmaemuf ESpf 200-ausmfcefU aemufusonfh taomuacwf\ tjzpfoepf txl;tqef;wdkUudkyif rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifMuao;ay? trSeftm;jzifh c&pfESpf(at'D) tpûyjyD;aemufydkif;rSom ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm; toifhtwifh
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
½SdvmcJhjcif;
jzpfojzifh
ordkif;rSwfwrf;wdkUwGifrygí
r,Hk[kqdk&vQif
rnfonfhbmom0g'udkrQ vufcHp&mr&Sdawmhay? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0if[k qdkygvsuf bk&m;a[mxuf urÇmordkif;q&mwdkU\ rSwfwrf;udkom wpfzufowf ,HkMunftm;xm;aeMuaom rsufpdwpfzufjrif yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf
aemifoHo&ma&;twGuf
tvGefoem;p&maumif;aom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfonf[k
a0zefawmfrlMuonf/
odyÜHynmjzifh vdkufí rrDEdkifaom Ak'¨a'oemawmf 48/
jrwfpGmbk&m;w&m;awmfESifh odyÜHynmwdkU\ OD;wnfcsufrSm jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;jzpfí
tvGefyifuGmjcm;vS\?
odyÜHynmonf
½kyf0w¬Kj'Afqdkif&m
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;ESifh
zsufqD;a&;odkU
OD;wnfae\? topftqef;jzpfaom avmuDtm½kH umr*kPf toHk;taqmifwdkUudk qef;onfxuf qef;Mu,fatmif wDxGifaejcif;tm;jzifh avmbpaom udavompdwf"mwfwdk;yGm;a&; oHo&m0#f'ku© us,fjyefUa&;odkUOD;wnfae\? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfonfum; xdkumr*kPftm½HkwdkUudk taMumif;ûyí xdkavmb ponfrjzpfatmif csKyfwnf;a&;ESifh avmbponf ukefcef;í 0#f'ku©rSvGwfajrmufa&; twGufom OD;wnfvsuf½Sdayonf/ 49/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ,if;odkU OD;wnfvsufyif -
(u)
twdwf?
ypöKyÜef?
tem*wfumvwdkUü
jzpfjyD;?
jzpfqJ?
jzpfvwåHaom
oHo&m0#f'ku©[kac:aom vlUb0? ewfjA[®mb0? wd&pämefb0? jydwåmb0wdkUudkvnf; okcr[kwf 'ku©trSef ('ku©opöm) [lí a[mawmfrl\/ (c)
xdkoHo&m0#f'ku©trsdK;rsdK;udk
okcxifumcifrifwG,fwmaeaom
wPSmavmbudk
'ku©jzpfaMumif;trSef (ork',opöm) [lívnf; a[mMum;awmfrl\? (*)
xdk'ku©\csKyfjidrf;&m
tjidrf;"mwfedAÁmefonf
{uef½Sd\[kodjrifawmfrlonfhtwdkif;
tjidrf;"mwfedAÁmef (eda&m"opöm) udkvnf;a[mMum;awmfrl\/ (C)
xdkedAÁmefodkU
a&mufaMumif;
tusifhaumif;tusifhrSef
0dyóemw&m;
r*¾ifw&m;wnf;[laom r*¾opömudkvnf; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ ,if;odkU a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom opömav;yg;w&m;udkum; tb,fodyÜHynmrQ vdkufírrDEdkif? tb,fodyÜHynmESifhrQ
prf;oyfodyÜHírjzpfEdkif?
xdkopömav;yg;udk
odjrifaom
oE´d|du?
tumvdu[kac:aom todÓPfynmjzifhom prf;oyfEdkif\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif odjrifí 'ku© opömpm&if;ü xnfhoGif;a[mMum;tyfaom ewfb0 jA[®mb0? jydwåmb0 aojyD;aemuf jzpf&rnfh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
864
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wrvGefb0 trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; ½dk;½dk;rsufpdjzifhomru eu©wfMunfhrSefajymif;jzifhvnf; MunfhírjrifEdkif? odyÜHynmjzifhvnf;
prf;oyfí
xdkuJhodkU½dk;½dk;rsufpdjzifhvnf;
r&Edkif?
rjrifEdkif?
'dAÁpu©KtbdnmOfjzifhom odyÜHynmjzifhvnf;prf;oyfí
jrifEdkif?
prf;oyfEdkifayonf?
r&EdkifaomAk'¨a'oemawmfvm
taMumif;t&mrsm;u rdrdwdkUÓPfrrDwdkif; ,kwådr&Sd[lí vnf;aumif; aemufrS xnfhaom ygVd[lí vnf;aumif; xkwfy,f&ef êud;pm;jcif;onf rw&m;rIudk usK;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
EdkifiHjcm; bmomjcm;wdkU\ vufcsuf 50/
Ak'¨0ifudk Ak'¨½Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif ra[m[k qdkum Ak'¨aMumif;&m tw¬KyÜwfwdkUudk
trsdK;rsdK; ysuf&,fûyMuaom or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwdkU\ ta&;tom; tajymtqdkrsm;rSm Ak'¨0g'D r[kwfaom taemufEdkifiH ordkif; okawoDwdkU\ t,ltq ta&;tom;rsm;rS jrpfzsm;cHonfudk awGU&onf? pifppf or®m'd|dokawoe toif;0ifwdkUonf rdrdwdkUÓPfjzifh ajymwwfíajymMujcif; r[kwfay? oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU\ &yfwnfcsuft& ax&0g' yd#uygVdt|uxm abmifr0ifaom tcsufwdkUudk ajz½Sif;qHk;jzwf&ef
wm0efr½Sdaomfvnf;
txifvGJrSm;Edkifonfh
tcsufrsm;udk
tcsdKUaom
Ak'¨bmom0if
&[ef;½Sifvlrsm;oHo,0ifum
pk'dwuyk*¾dKvfrsm;uwifjyvmojzifh
EdkifiHjcm;
pmayrsm;rS
xkwfEkwfoHk;oyfí jyOD;tHh/ 51/
Ak'¨onf
q&mwpfqlom
tcsdKUaomokwfwdkUü
jzpfaMumif;udkjyqdkí
olonforPwpfOD;omjzpfaMumif;
a½S;b0
wpfenf;tm;jzifh
taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
a½S;bk&m;rsm;
taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; razmfjycJhay? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨0g' tOD;tpydkif;ü bk&m;tqlql[laom oDtdk&D (tawG;t,l) r½SdaMumif;? aemufrS Ak'¨(7)ql [laom 0g'ay:vmaMumif; ,if; Ak'¨ 6-ql? 7-ql [laom 0g'onfyif tvGef a½S;usvSonf r[kwfaMumif;? [de,me r[m,e Ak'¨0g'D*dkPf;aygif;pHkü trnfemrcsif; wlaomfvnf; tjcm;t&mESifh tw¬KyÜwåd rwlnDaMumif;? Ak'¨0ifygVdawmf t|uxmüum; Ak'¨ 27-ql jzpfvmaMumif;? þwGif tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;u 'Dy*F& bk&m;wpfqlwGifom tqdkwlí tjcm; bk&m;rsm;wGif ta&twGufESifh trnfemr uGJjym;pGm ½Sdonf[k tD;a*saomrwf qdkolu ol\ ]]Ak'¨0g' tawG;tac: ordkif;}} ESm 147-wGif qdkonf/ 52/
tvm;wlyif 'DCedum,f? r[m0*¾ r[mt'geokwfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkaom
pDattuf½dkufpfa';Apf qkdolu ,if;okwf\ed'gef;wGif þodkU qdk\ ]]Ak'¨onf
tjcm;&[EÅm
om0uwdkUxuf
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
BuddhaDoctrine
wpfûydifeuf
ty,fcH&avawmhonf?
bk&m;tqlql[laom
0g'0ifvm&m
r*¾opöm
]]udk,fh[mudk,ftm;xkwf?
txl;xl;aom
bk&m; tjrwfqHk;0g' ay:vmonfESifh
wefcdk;jym#d[mwdkUESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfonf}} [laom t&d,r*¾if[laom
oAÁñkwÓPf Ak'¨udk
trTef;wifvGef;&mrS
udk,fh[mudk,fcsKyfwnf;}}
[laom
a½S;tpOftvmudk arhaysmufypfvdkufMuawmh\? trSefopömxuf bk&m;tjrwfqHk;0g' wnf;[laom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
865
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aygif;jrufuxlívmawmhonf? bmom0g'topfxlaxmifzdkU wlnDaom tajccHtcsufrsm;t& (aAm"dowå) tavmif;vsmrsm;onf ESpfumv urÇmjcm;jyD;rS ay:vmMuonf[k tdE´d,om;rsm; cH,lxm;Mu\? þcH,lcsufwGifvnf; Ak'¨0g'u a½SUwef;rS ajy;aeonf/ 53/
a½S;a[mif; Ak'¨pmayrsm;wGif Ak'¨0g'ESifh Ak'¨tqlql0g' a&maESmzufpyfum yg0ifvm\/
(u)
okwåedygwf yAÁZÆokwfübk&m;rjzpfrD tavmif;awmfb0ü ½Sdao;aom a*gwrudk ]]t*rm
Oyrm&mZ0wH Aka'¨grm*"eH *d&dAÁZH}} «Ak'¨onf r*"wdkif;om;wdkU\ EGm;jcHyrm awmif 5 vHk;um&Hxm;aom &mZû*d[fodkU qGrf;cHBuGvmonf[k» Ak'¨[laom pum;vHk;udk oHk;um qdkxm;onf/ (c)
]]Ak'¨H a0&w,mwDwH r,H ykpämr a*gwrH}} «avmb a'go ponf ab;&efudk vGefjyD;aom a*gwrEG,fzGm; Ak'¨udkjyóem ar;avQmuftHh» [lí okwåedygwf awr0wokwfü Ak'¨udk &nfñTef;aom pum;vHk;udk £wd0kwf yxr&m*okwfü ]]Ca0&b,mwDwH tm[k oAÁy[m,DeH}} «avmb a'go ab;&efwdkUudk vGefjyD;aom? tvHk;pHkaom tukodkvfudk y,fjyD;aom &[ef;udk ]Ak'¨}[k qdkMuonf»[k omref &[EÅmrsm;twGuf oHk;EIef;xm;onfudk awGU&onf?
xdkUaMumifh
Ak'¨ESifh
om0u&[EÅm
rsm;pGmruGmjcm;vS
«aAm"dowåudk
vnf;aumif;? omref&[EÅmudkvnf;aumif;? a*gwrudk vnf;aumif; Ak'¨o'´ga[monf[k qdkvdkonff»/ (*)
aAm"dyif teD;w0dkufwGif aepOfESifh "r®pMum a[mawmfrlpOf Ak'¨udk&nfñTef;í or®morÁK'¨[laom pum;vHk; oHk;onfudk awGU&jyD;? ,if;ESifhwGJzufaom t&[EÅm-[laom yk'frSm tjcm; wynfh&[EÅmrsm;ESifh qufqHvsuf½Sdonfudk jrif&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
(C)
rZdößredum,f
Oy&dyPÖmo
aw0dZÆ0päa*gwåokwfü
ighudk]]aw0dZÆ}}
[kqdkvQif
trSefqdk&ma&mufaMumif;? Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif rdefUqdkaom pum;t& aw0dZÆ (0dZÆm 3yg;&ol)
tjzpfjzifh
tjcm;
om0u&[EÅmwdkUESifh
Ak'¨rsm;pGm
awGUjrif&aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;?
Ak'¨udk
obm0xufydkvGefaom
*kPfyk'fwdkUjzifh
tvGeftuRHqdkum
ruGm;jcm;vSonfudk
vlom;r[kwfaom Ak'¨0g'udk
vlom;wdkU\ aESmif;vlwdkU
xGifvmMuonf/ 54/
,if;odkU xGifvmcJhaom Ak'¨*kPfyk'frsm;udk av;eufap&ef Ak'¨jzpfaMumif; yg&rDwdkUudk
zefwD;Mujyefum Ak'¨tpOftvmudkjy&ef bk&m; 6-ql 0g'udkwDxGifjyefum r[my'geokwfudk a&;pDí yd#uxJ xnfhoGif;Muonf[k qdkavonf/ þum; ½dkufpfa';Apf\ tqdkwnf;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
866
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þrQru tD;a*saomrwfpf\ "r®ordkif; ESm-133-ü þodkUqdkxm;ao;\/ “Here everything that we learn in the scriptures about his personal history is coloured by dogmatic views comcerning the nature & destiny of a Buddha and of those acts which were essential steps in his career.”
jrefrmjyef ol\ udk,fa&;&mZ0ifESifh pyfí yd#upmayrsm;ü uREkfyfwdkUawGU&aom tcsuftvufwdkif;onf Ak'¨ESifh Ak'¨\bk&m;tjzpfa&mufatmif tm;xkwf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom (ajcvSrf;rsm;)[k qdktyfaom tûytrlrsm;\obm0ESifh yef;wdkifudk taMumif;ûyí "r®pGJtaejzifh cs,frIef;xm;tyfaomtcsufrsm;om jzpfonf/ 55/
wpfzef csm;vfpf tDvDa,mhqdkolu ol\ ][dE´L0g'ESifh Ak'¨0g'} [laompmtkyf twGJ-1?
ESm-342-ü "r®\ tqufrjywf wnf&SdaeyHkESifh ,if;"r®udk a[majymqHk;ryHkrsm; acwftrsdK;rsdK;ü wlnDyHkudk tav;teufûyap&ef r[my'geokwfjzifh bk&m; 7-qltaMumif;udk azmfxkwfMuonf [lívnf;aumif;? wzef ESm-343 ü ]]bk&m; 7-qltjyif tjcm;Ak'¨rsm;½SdaMumif; okwåef ygwåefVdawmfrsm;ü azmfjyjcif; r½SdaMumif;?
Ak'¨0Hoac:
aemufa&;usrf;üum;
bk&m;25-ql
azmfxkwfMujyefaMumif;?
*sdef;(wdw¬uF&)bk&m;rsm; 24-ql&Sdjcif; AdoQEk\ t0wm& 0ifpm;bk&m;rsm;vnf; tcsdKUtrSwftom;t& 24-yg;yif½Sdjcif;wdkUonf wpfurÇmESifh wpfurÇmü ½SdEdkifaom olawmfjrwfwdkUudk cefUrSef;wGufcsufjcif;tay: wnfaom
ta&twGufrsm;
jzpfzG,f½SdaMumif;
25-qlaom
Ak'¨0ifwdkU\
t&yftjrifhESifhyGifh&mESpf
tydkif;tjcm;rsm;onf ydkvGefaom yrmPrsm; jzpfaMumif; qdkxm;avonf/ 56/
,if;pmtkyf ESm-343 ü onfrQru qdkxm;yHku -
“The biographies of these Buddhas are bridf and monotonous. They also record how each met gotama in one of his previous births and prophasied his future glory. The object of these biographies is less to give imformation about previous Buddhas than to trace the career of gotama as a Bodhisattra.”
]]þbk&m;½SifwdkU\ tw¬KyÜwdårsm;onf wdkusOf;í wyHkpHwnf;&SdMuonf? toD;oD;aom bk&m;½SifwdkU a*gwrESifh awGUqHkí aemif Ak'¨jzpfrnfhtaMumif; Asm'dwfpum; rdefUMum;awmfrlyHkudk ,if;tw¬KyÜwdårsm;u rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf? ,if;odkU Ak'¨jzpfawmfrlpOfrsm;udk xkwfazmf&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm a½S;bk&m;½SifwdkU taMumif;udk ajymvdkonfxuf a*gwrbk&m;avmif;b0yg&rDjznfhyHkudk jyvdkjcif;u ydkavonf}}.....[lí jzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
867
tpodkU 57/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) tD;a*saomrwfpf\
"r®ordkif;pmrsufESm
279-ü
ajrmufydkif;
ty'gef
usrf;pm
wpfapmifjzpfaom 'dAsm0'geusrf;wGif tw¬KyÜwdå½Sif 38-yg; (35-r[kwf)½SdaMumif;tqdkukdawGUMujyefonf/ txufygEkdifiHjcm; bmomtjcm;vlrsdK;wdkU\ a&;om;csuf rl&if;wdkUudk or®m'd|dokawoeorm;wdkU\ Ak'¨bmompGyfpGJykwfcwfcsufrsm;ESifh
EIdif;,SOfMunfhonf½Sdaomf
or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf
rdrdwdkUÚmPfpGrf; ÚmPfpr&SdbJ EdkifiHjcm;u Ak'¨bmom ysufpD;a&; a0zefcsufwdkUudk EdkUoufcHpdkUxm;aMumif; awGU&ayvdrfhrnf?
Ak'¨bmomudk
wdkufcdkuf&mwGif
bmomjcm;wdkUESifh
½kyf0g'DwdkUvufwGJrdaom
tcsufoufaoaywnf;/
EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkU\ a&;om;csufudk &Sif;vif;csuf 58/
EdkifiHjcm;om;
tcgtm;avsmfpGm
bmomjcm;wdkU\txufygtcsufrsm;udk
udk,fawmfjrwf
udk,fwdkifu
rdrdudk,fudk
wpfckpD&Sif;jyygtHh?
ow¬m(q&m)[lí
Ak'¨onf
vnf;aumif;?
or®morÁK'¨(trSefç udk,fwdkifodol)[lívnf;aumif;? t&[EÅ(vlewfjA[®mtm;vHk;wdkU\ ylaZmftxl;udk cHxdkufol)[lí vnf;aumif; ac:a0:ouJhodkU Ak'¨[lívnf; ac:a0:aMumif; rdefUawmfrlcJhonf/ (0d? 3? 12) ,if;udkvnf; rZdößryPÖmo? Aovokwf NA[®m,kokwfü atmufyg *gxmrsm;t&od&onf? ½dkpfa';Apf a&;ouJhodkU Ak'¨onf olUudk,fudk Ak'¨ac:aMumif; rajymcJhonfrSm r[kwfrSefay/ tbdan,sH tbdnmwH? bma0wAÁÍö bm0dwH/ y[mwAÁH y[DeH ar? wo®m Aka'¨god®jAm[®P (ck? 1? 368/ r? 2? 344-352/) /
jrefrmjyef ykPÖm;? igonf txl;od&rnfhw&m;udk odawmfrljyD/ yGm;ap&rnfh w&m;udkvnf; yGm;rsm;apcJhjyD/ y,f&rnfh w&m;udkvnf; y,fpGefUcJhjyD? (po'´gt&-edAÁmefudkvnf; rsufarSmuf ûyawmfrlcJhjyD) xdkUaMumifh igonf Ak'¨jzpfcJhavjyD/ jA[®m,k ykPÖm;BuD;u]]Aka'¨g udEdÅ00kpöwd}}(tb,fodkU? tb,faMumifh Ak'¨[k ac:qdk&ygovJ)[k ar;avQmufí Ak'¨u atmufygtwdkif; ajzqdkawmf rlavonfpdwåH 0dok'¨H Zmemwd? rkwåH &ma*[d oAÁaom/ y[De Zmwdr&aPm? jA[®p&d,ó au0vD/ yg&*l oAÁ"r®meH? Aka'¨g wm'D y0kpöwd (r? 2? 345) /
jrefrmjyef tvHk;pHkaom y#doaE¨aejcif;
&m*(udavom)wdkUrS
aojcif;udk
y,fjyD;
vGwfonfjzpfí
tvHk;pHkaom
txl;pifMu,faompdwfudk
jrwfaomtusifhudk
usifhjyD;ol?
odol?
tvHk;pHkaom
ocFwtocFww&m;wdkU\ tqHk;odkU ÚmPfjzifh a&mufjyD;oludk Ak'¨[lí ac:qdk&avonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
868
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
þü Ak'¨o'´gonf odp&mudk odjyD;ol? Edk;Mum;jyD;ol [laom teufudka[monf? rMumrwif odawmhrnfhol? Edk;Mum;awmhrnfholudkvnf; a[monf/ xdkUaMumifh yAÁZÆokwfü ]]t*rm &mZ*wH Aka'¨g}}[k Ak'¨jzpfrnfhqJqJ tavmif;awmfudk Ak'¨[k oHk;EIef;onfrSm oifhjrwfvSayonf/ wpfzef Ak'¨o'´gonf a*gwrAk'¨udk &nfñTef;aomtcg tjcm; &[EÅmrsm;udk &nfñTef;aomtcg
Adjective
Proper Name
({u0d"erf) jzpfaomfvnf;
(emr0daooe)jzpfonf? odkjzpfí ]Ak'¨Ha0&b,mwDwH}
[laom okwåedygwf a[r0wokwf? £wd0kwfyxr&m*okwf 2-okwfüvmaom Ak'¨o'´gonf Accordance with syntacic meaning)
(in
pmtaetxm;? 0gustaetxm;tvdkuf t"dyÜm,f aumuf,l&rnfh
pum;vHk;rsdK; jzpfayonf/ tjcm; rnfonfh yk*¾dKvfrsdK;udk Ak'¨[lí ac:a0:oHk;pGJao; oenf;[kpdppfaomf tcgwyg; t½Sifom&dykwå&m? t½Sifarm*¾vmef? t½Sifupönf;? t½Sifaum|du? t½SifuyÜde? t½SifpkE´? t½SiftEk½k'¨g? t½Sifa&0w? t½SifeE´ (&[ef;BuD; 9-yg;? {w'*fbGJUxl; *kPfxl; toD;oD;½SdMuaom) wynfhBuD;rsm; bk;&m;½SifxHawmf a½SU½I
O'gef;usK;awmfrlonf/
«avmuü
tukodkvfw&m;wdkUudk
y,fcGmí
tjrJowd½Sdum
vSnfhvnfusufpm;Muaom oHa,mZOfukefíEdk;Mum;jyD;aomolwdkUonf jAm[®P ppfppf rnfukef\/» 59/
þAk'¨[laom
pum;vHk;ESifh
pyfí
tXuxmq&mrsm;onf
Ak'¨av;rsdK;½SdaMumif;
xkwfjyMuonf/ (1) oAÁñkwAk'¨ (2)yapöuAk'¨ (3) pwkopöAk'¨ (4) okwAk'¨-[lí jzpfonf/ xdkwGif (1)
oAÁñkwAk'¨um;
or®morÁK'¨-[laom
oD;oefUbGJUxl;jzifhxif&Sm;aom
oAÁñkw
ÓPfawmf&Sif Ak'¨aywnf;/ (2)
yapöuAk'¨um; o,rÇLç orÁKa'¨g-[laom 0daooe*kPf ykPfwdkUjzifh ty'gefygVdawmfü vmaom oD;jcm;bk&m;i,fwnf;/
(3)
pwkopöAk'¨um;
txufO'gef;ygVdawmfü
vmaom
Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif
csD;ajr§mufí
ac:a0:tyfaom &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfonf/ (4)
okwAk'¨ [lonfum; omoemawmfudk wifhw,fapol[k Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif 'D,edum,f? ygom'duokwfí csD;usK;ajr§mufpm;í a[mawmfrlcJhaom A[kokw ( pmayyd#u wwfuRrf;aom ) ykxkZPOf &[ef;rsdK; jzpfonf/
þpum;pOft& ½dkufa';Apftvdktm;jzifh Ak'¨[laom pum;vHk;rSm Ak'¨½SifawmfjrwfESifhomru omref &[ef;rsm;ESifhyg oufqdkifaeaompum;vHk;jzpfí Ak'¨onf tvGefxl;jcm;aom yk*¾dKvfjrwfBuD;r[kwfEdkif?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
869
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vrf;jya½SUaqmifq&mBuD;wpfql tjzpfonfom ordkif;0if trSefw&m;
(Historical Fact)
jzpfonf[k
qdkvdk[ef wl\/ 60/
trSefpifppfrSmum; wxm*wZmwdc,EÅ'óD paomAk'¨jrwfpGmudk qdkvdk&mwGif; oHk;aeus
pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh Ak'¨onf wynfhom0uwdkUtm; csD;yifhí qdkawmfrlonfudk tcgrsm;pGm awGU&ayonf/ Oyrm (u)
,ó &ma*g p a'gaom p ? t0dZÆmp 0d&mZdw/ wH bm0dwwånw&H? jA[®blwH wxm*wH/ Ak'¨H a0&b,mwDwH? tm[k oAÁyÜ[m,deH (ck? 1? 234) /
jrefrm &m* a'go t0ddZÆmudk uif;apwwfol? yGm;aptyfjyD;aom pdwfESvHk;½Sdaom &[EÅmwdkUwGif wpfyg;t0ifjzpfol?
jrwfaom
t&[wåzdkvfodkUa&mufjyD;ol
(wxm*wH)
a½S;&[EÅmrsm;enf;wl
rZÑdry#dy'gjzihf edAÁmefodkUa&mufjyD;oludk &efab;vGefajrmuf? udavom tvHk;pHkudk y,fazsmufjyD;aom Edk;Mum;ol[lí qdkMuukef\/ þü &[EÅm ½dk;½dk;udk wxm*w [k oHk;EIef;xm;onf/ wzef (c)
wo®m o'g psme&wm orm[dw? tmwmydaem Zmwdc,EÅ'ódaem/ rm&H oaoeH tbdbk,s bdu©a0g? b0x Zmwdr&Pó yg&*g (ck? 1? 222) /
jrefrm &[ef;wdkU
xdkUaMumifh
psmefü
arGUavsmf
orm"dxm;
vHkUvrsm;Muonfjzpfí
(Zmwdc,EÅ'óD)y#doaE¨aejcif;\ukef&mtqHk;udk jrifMuukefvsuf ppfwyfESifh wuGaom rm&fewfudk vTrf;rdk;í Zmwdr&P\ urf;wpfzufodkU ul;ajrmufukefavm/ þü{um,eH Zmwdc,EÅ'óD ponfjzifh(r[m0*¾oH,kwf? owdyXmeokwf-162) Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk &nfñTef;aeus
pum;vHk;jzifh
&[ef;rsm;udk
csD;yifhí
a[mxm;onfudk
awGU&ayrnf?
odkUaomf
Ak'¨*kPfyk'frsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh Ak'¨udkom qdkvkdaMumif;udk yd#uwf wwfuRrf;olrsm; em;vnfayonf/ [dkae&m 'Dae&mü txl;&nf½G,fcsufjzifh ½Sm;½Sm;yg;yg; csD;yifhí a[mawmfrlcJhaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk &SmMuHxkwfazmfum jyóem rzefwD;oifhay/ 61/
trSeftm;jzifhum; Ak'¨jrwfpGmudk
or®morÁK'¨
yapöuAk'¨udk
orÁK'¨ ç 0g- yapöuAk'¨
½dk;½dk;&[EÅmudk
Ak'¨-[lí ac:a0:oHk;EIH;yHk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
870
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(Scriptural Usage)
ygVdy#utoHk;udkaumufcsufcsí O'gef;t|uxm jAm[®Pokwf ESm-53 ü Ak'¨wd
pwkopöoarÁma"e Ak'¨/ aw p ye om0uAk'¨gyapöuAk'¨g or®morÁK'¨gwd wd0d"m - [k zGifhqdkxm;onfudk owdûyoifhayonf/ 62/
or®morÁK'¨*kPfawmfonf tNcm;rnfolESifhrQ qufqHaom*kPfr[kwf? Ak'¨wpfOD;wnf;\
*kPfawmfom Nzpfonf/ opöm4yg;udk wpfyg;ol tultnDr&bJ (ten aea,sm) apmif;z,fwdrf;,drf;Ncif; r½SdbJ (t0dy&dwH) tNyefoHk;vD (wdy&d0#³H) NyifnD 12-oG,f ('Gg'omum&H) tus,fNzwfydkif; trSeftwdkif; odawmfrlonf\
tNcm;rJh?
ypöa0u©PmÚmPfawmfrSpí
oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk
&½Sdol
or®morÁK'¨NzpfwmfrlaMumif; Ak'¨ udk,fawmfwdkif r[m0*¾ opöoH,kwf "r®puúy0wåeokwf ESm-370 ü aMuNimawmfrlcJhayonf/ opöm 4-yg;udk odwwfaom t&[wår*fÚmPfudk taMumif;ûyí t&[wår*fÚmPff ay:aygufvm&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh t|omvdeD rlv#Dum ESm-4 ü oAÁñkwm, [d y'|meblwH r*¾ÚmPH r*¾ÚmPy'|meOö oAÁñkwÚmPH r[maAm"Dwd 0kpöwd/ «oAÁñkwÚmPf\eD;pGmaom
taMumif;Nzpfaom
t&[wår*fÚmPffudk
vnf;aumif;?
t&[wår*fÚmPffudk wnf;[laom taMumif;½Sdaom oAÁñkwÚmPfudkvnf;aumif; r[maAm"d (0g-
or®moarÁm"d) [líac:qdk &ayonf/» 63/
xdkrS wpfyg; cE¨0*¾oH,kwf or®morÁK'¨okwf ESm-54 ü -
]]&[ef;wdkU udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkif trSeftwdkif;odNyD;ol igbk&m;udk ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPwdkUESifh pyfí NiD;aiGUNcif; (edAdÁ'g)wyfNcif;uif;rI (0d&m*)csKyfaysmufapNcif;
(eda&m")aMumifh
pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm?
udavomwdkUrS
vGwfaNrmufawmfrlí
or®morÁK'¨bGJUrnfNzifh ac:a0:tyfayonf? (ig\ ñTefNyoGefoifcsufaMumifh) &[ef; 1-yg;udk ½kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPESifh pyfí NiD;aiGUNcif;? wyfpGJrIuif;Ncif;? csKyfapNcif;aMumifh pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm udavomwdkUrS vGwfaNrmufvsuf ynm0drkwdå (ynmNzifh vGwfaNrmufol)[k ac:qdkedkifayonf/ pGJvrf;rIuif;uGmç b,ft&mwGif
udavomwdkUrS
Ak'¨uomvGefí
vGwfaNrmufolcsif;wlvQif
xl;ygoenf;[kar;vQif
om0uwdkUxuf
Ak'¨NrwfpGmudk,fwdkifyif
b,ftcsuf
atmufygtwdkif;
taNzay;awmfrlcJhonf/ ]]wxm*awm bdu©a0 t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g tEkyÜEéó r*¾ó OyÜga'wm toOÆmwó r*¾ó oOÆaewm teu©mwó r*¾ó tu©mwm? r*¾ñl r*¾0d'l r*¾aum0da'g ? r*¾gEk*g p bdu©a0 {w&[d om0um 0d[&EdÅ ypämorEé*wm/ (cE¨0*¾ oH,kwf or®morÁK'¨okwf -54)
NrefrmNyeftusOf; &[ef;wdkU igbk&m;onf udavomwdkUrS a0;uGm udk,fwdkifom trSefodawmfrlNyD;onf Nzpfí r&Sdao;aom vrf;udk xkwfazmfol? rNzpfao;aomvrf;udk Nzpfapol? olwumraNymao;aom vrf;udk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
871
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
aNymNyol? vrf;uRrf;usifol Nzpfawmfrl\/ ,cktcg wynfh&[ef;wdkUum; igñTefaom vrf;udk vdkufMuí aemufrS NynfhpHkol (aemufrSvrf;rSefa&mufol)rsm; Nzpfí aeMuavonf/ 64/
taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUonf Ak'¨0g'Drsm;r[kwfMu? xm0& bk&m;\ zefqif;rIudk
,HkMunfaom twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 r½Sdaom zefqif;½Sif\ avmif;&dyfü MuD;Nyif;vmolrsm;NzpfMuí oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf\
tpGrf;tm;udk
oabmraygufedkif?
vufrcHEdkifMu?
vrf;udkñTefNyEdkifzdkU
tb,frQavmuf êud;pm;&onfudk em;rvnfedkifMuacs/ twdwfb0ydkif;udk vufrcHEdkifaomaMumifh twdwf umvwdkUü oAÁñkwÚmPfawmf&aMumif;Nzpfaom yg&rDwdkUudk Nznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJh&Ncif;udk olwdkUÚmPf rrDMuay/ xdkUaMumifh uHudk y,fMuonf? oAÁñkwÚmPfudk y,fMuonf? yg&rDudk y,fMuonf? twdwf b0udk y,fMuonf/ þae&mü
“BUDDHIST THOUGHT IN INDIA”
tdEd´,Nynf½Sd Ak'¨tawG;tac: pmtkyfa&;ol
tuf'GwfuGefaZ qdkol\ rSwfcsufuav;udk xkwfNyoifhonf/ Mrs. Rhys Davids purges Buddhism of the Doctrine of Not-sous and of monesticism and H.J Jenings, in cold blood, removes all references to reincarntion from the scriptures and claims thereby to have restored their original meaning. Dr.P. Dahlke ignores all the magic and mythology with which traditional buddhism is replete and reduces the doctorine of the Buddha to quite reasonable agnostic theory.
Nrefrm ]]rpf½dkufpfa';Apfonf Ak'¨0g'xJrS tewåoabmw&m;ESifh &[ef;usifhpOfudk xkwfy,fypfí tdwfa*s-*sif;eif;um; Ak'¨pmayawGxJrS wrvGef0g'ESifh pyforQudk pdwf½Snf½SnfESifh Ekwfy,fypfum (t
“Theirs is not the Buddhism of the Buddhists.”
«olwdkU\
t,ltqrsm;um; Ak'¨0g'DwdkU vufcHxm;Muaom Ak'¨0g'r[kwfacs/ Ak'¨0g'[k olwdkUbmomwHqdyfwyfum a&;om;a[maNymonfh olwdkUtqdk oufoufomNzpfaMumif;»[k tuf'GyfuGefaZ u rSwfcsufcsxm;avonf/ 65/
qdkoifhvSaypG/ txufqdkcJhNyD; or®morÁK'¨okwfudk tay:,HrQ t"dyÜm,faumuf,lí Ak'¨ESifh
tNcm;&[EÅmrsm; tvGefMuD; ruGmvS? Ak'¨uvrf;Ny tNcm;om0ursm;u aemufvdkufrQom xl;Ncm;onf[k omrefacgif;aqmifMuD;wpfa,muf taeNzifhom ordkif;okawoDwdkU NrifMua&;MuNcif; Nzpfonf? trSefum; omrefacgif;aqmifrQr[kwf? ewfvlwdkUudk acgif;aqmifEdkif&ef olrwlatmifqnf;yl; tm;xkwfawmf rlcJhaom q&mNrwfMuD;Nzpfawmfrlygayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
872
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
r[m0*¾ oH,kwf? 'kwd, ol&d,okwf ESm-187 ü ]]&[ef;wdkU ......avmuü v? aewdkU rNzpfay:ao;orQ MuD;pGmaom ta&miftvif;[lí r½Sdao;? wpfcJeuf ydwfydwfom;arSmifaom tarSmifxkom½Sd\/ aeUç nç vç Owkç ESpf tydkif;tNcm;[lí r½Sd? þenf;twdkif; Ak'¨NrwfpGm ay:aygufrvmao;orQ MuD;pGmaomÚmPf ta&miftvif; rNzpfedkif? (t0dZÆm) tarSmifxkom
usdwfcJodyfoJí
ae\?
opömav;yg;udk
a[maNymNyoNcif;?
xifpGmNyNcif;?
½Sif;vif;xkwfazmfNcif; r½SdEdkif? or®morÁK'¨ trnf&aom oAÁñkwÚmPf½Sif bk&m;ocif ay:xGef;vmaom tcgMuD;pGmaom ÚmPftvif;ta&mif ay:vmonf/ t0dZÆmtarSmifxk r½Sdawmhacs? opöm 4-yg;udk a[maNymNcif;ç xifpGmNyNcif;ç ½Sif;vif;xkwfazmfNcif; ½SdEdkifavonf/ þokwfawmft& a½S;u rxkwfaqmif rNy&ao;aom vrf;udk xkwfaqmif&mwGif urÇmOD;u ae? vwdkUyrm rnfrQcJ,Of;aMumif; odomvSayawmhonf/ 66/
,cktcg bk&m; &-qlESifh bk&m; 25-ql rwlxl;Ncm; uGJNym;pGm a[mawmfrlNcif;
taMumif;udk ½Sif;NyaytHh r[my'geokwfü udk,fawmfNrwfESifhwuG Ak'¨ 7-qlrQudk a[mawmfrl\? tb,faMumifh 7-qlrQom a[mawmfrloenf;?
Ak'¨0HoygVdawmfüuJhodkU
tb,faMumifh
25-ql
a[mawmfrrloenf;?
taNzum;½Sif;vSayonf? igwdkU bk&m;½Sif ed,wAsm'dwfcH,lcJh&m Ak'¨wdkUudkNyzdkU&ef Ak'¨0HoygVdawmfü 25-ql a[mawmfrlayonf? r[mygeokwfüum; NA[®mhNynfodkU a&muf½SdaeMuaom vlUNynfüNzpfaepOf wpfcsdefu xdkbk&m;½SifwdkU\ xHawmfrsm;ü w&m;usifhcJhMuaomNA[®mmwdkUudk csD;aNrSmufawmfrl&ef xdk 7-qlrQaom Ak'¨wdkUudk a[mawmfrlayonf? tcsKyfrSm w&m;emowå0gwdkU\ tvdkodkUvkdufí a0ae,sZösmo,tm;Nzifh a[mawmfrlNcif;Nzpfí bk&m; 25-qlvHk; rvdkbJ 7-ql rQ þokwfü a[mawmfrlaMumif; okwfr[m0g#Dum eSm-14 ü #Dum q&m ½Sif;Nyxm;ayonf/ 67/
wpfzef ty'gefygVdawmfü tb,faMumifh 35-ql odkUr[kwf 38-ql Nzpfvm&oenf;
ar;Nim;tHh? trSefrSm 35-ql vnf; r[kwf? 38-qlvnf; r[kwfay? igwdkU bk&m;½Sif Asm'dwfawmfcH,l&m 24-qlESifh tapmqHk; qkyefqif&m 'DyuF&mbk&m;yGifhawmfrlaom urÇmü tNcm; wPSuF&ç ar"uF&ç o&PuF& bk&m;3-qlvnf; yGifhawmfrloGm;MuNyD;Nzpfí ,if;bk&m;oHk;qludkyg xnfhoGif;í 27-qlrQ a[mawmfrlNcif; Nzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
873
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
,if; yapöuAk'¨gwdkUudk pm&if;csí aumuf,lvdkufaomf atmufygtwdkif; Nzpf\/ ta&twGuf bGJUtrnfawmf
yGifh&m urÇmESifh
ygVdawmf pmrsufeSm
1
tZÆKe
31-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-345
2
taemr
31-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-332
3
ok'óe
31-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-321
orÇ0? uuk"
31-urÇmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-100?94
6
okre
31-urÇmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-53
7
uuk"
32-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-254
8-9
orÇ0? tmeE´
91-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-322 ?256
10
ow&HoD
92-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-341
Oywdó? a&mro
94-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-322?268
okr*Fv
94-urÇmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-224
4-5
11-12 13 14-15
ow&HoD? a&modw 94-urÇmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-41?48
16-17
okpdEdÅw? tZÆKe
94-urÇmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-77?90
18
okre
urÇm wpfodef;
yxrtkyf ESm-377
19
tEk½k'¨
urÇmta&twGufrqdk yxrtkyf ESm-410
68/
r[m,meusrf; pm'dAsm0'geüvmaom 38-ql [lonfum; þü xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef
rvdkay/ or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf rdrdwdkU ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;udk ESHUpyfpGmravhvm roHk;oyfMubJ tpOftvmtm;Nzifh rSwfom;vmaom
Buddhist- Tradition
[k ac:onfh t|uxm #Dumrsm;\ tqdktrdefU
trSwftom;rsm;udkvnf; tav;ûy&rSef; rodMubJ Ak'¨bmomr[kwfaom taemufwdkif;okawoDwdkU\ Hypothesis
ac:onfh acwå,m,DrQ rSwfwrf;wifxm;csufrsm;udk tcdkiftrm,lqMuNyD; yd#uwfudk
aNcuefolrsm; NzpfMuí t"r®0g'Drsm;[k qdk&efrS wpfyg; tNcm;qdk&ef r&Sdawmh/ 69/
,cktcg Ak'¨udk yk*¾dKvfpGJMunfñdkrINzifh bk&m;tNrwfqHk;0g'udk Ak'¨0g'DwdkU wDxGifMuonf
[laom Ak'¨bmomr[kwfonfh
ynm½SdwdkU tqdkudk pOf;pm;OD;tHh? Ak'¨NrwfpGmonf owå0gtpm;pm;udk
emem"mwk0ded aAÇm*ÚmPfawmf £NE´d,ya&my&d,wdåÚmPfawmfwdkUNzifh Nrifawmfrl odawmfrlonf? tcsdKUrSm o'¨g owd paom £aNE´Ekí tcsdKUrSmum; &ifhusufMuonf? tcsKdUrSm rEkr&ifh oifhwifh½HkrQ½Sdonf? ouf½Sdvlowå0grsm;om r[kwf? oufrJht&m0w¬Kwdkif;üvnf; tEkt&ifh toifhtwifh[l í 3-rsdK;½Sd&m Ak'¨NrwfpGmonf
,if;wdkUudkvnf;
taeu"mwk
0dedaAÇm*ÚmPf?
emem"mwkk0dedaAÇm*ÚmPf?
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
874
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
£NE´d,ya&my&d,wdå
ÚmPfawmfwdkUNzifh
t
odwdkif;raNyma[maomfvnf;
aNyma[mwdkif; rSefonfcsnf;om Nzpfonf/ 70/ wpfenf;
,if;odkU vlESifhwuG owå0gtm;vHk;wGif tEkqHk; trsdK;tpm;udk olESifhwef½Hk tEkqHk;? tnHhqHk;Nzpfaom
tqifhrQ
NyñTefoGefoifawmfrlonf?
tv,ftvwform;rsm;tm;
redrfhvGef;rNrifhvGef;aom a'oemudk a[mNyawmfrlonf/ tNrifhqHk; yk*d¾Kvfowå0gonf tqifhedrfhudkom cH,lusifhoHk;aeygu ñTefNyavh½SdMuaom
Ncdrf;aNcmufaigufief;íyif 0uúvdonf
Nr§ifhwifay;oGm;awmfrlayonf?
,ckb0wGif
xdyfqHk;tqifhNrifhrm;aom
ordkif;q&mwdkU
t&[wåzdkvfÚmPfudk
&rnfholNzpfonf? bmr[kwfonfh ½lyyÜrmP (½kyfyHkawmfudk MunfñdkrI)Nzifh aexdkifoGm;vQif edAÁmefESifha0;í ewfNynfavmufrQü aomifwifaeayvdrfhOD;rnf? xdkUaMumifh ]]0uúvd ighudk,fawmfMuD;udk Munfh½Iae½HkNzifh b,ftusdK;&Sdrnfenf;? ightem;rS a&Smifz,f xGufcGmoGm;avmh}} [k armif;rJawmfrlonf/ 71/
rSefvS\/ EkvGef;aomyk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; cufcJaom tusifh? Nrifhaom w&m;rsm;udk Nyí rNzpf?
atmufxpfqHk; umrm0p&ukodkvfrQ Nzpfygap [laom oabmNzifh Ak'¨g&r®P ukodkvf? Ak'¨gEkówd tp&Sdaom
ur®|mef;udk
ay;awmfrlvdkufaomf
,ckb0üvnf;
pdwfcsrf;omí
a&m*guif;aysmuf
MuD;yGm;Ncif;odkU a&mufrnf? ewfNynfok*wdodkUvnf; a&mufrnf {uef Nzpfonf/ 72/
xdkUaMumifh £wd0kwf? wdu? t*¾yom'okwf ESm-254 ü
]]&[ef;wdkU taNcr½Sdaom owå0gç taNc 2-acsmif;ç
taNc 4-acsmif;½Sdaom owå0g?
taNcrsm;aom owå0g? ½kyf½Sdaom owå0g? ½kyfr½Sdaom owå0gwdkYwGif udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;í trSefw&m;udk udk,fawmfwdkif odNrifawmfrlaom igbk&m;udk tNrwfqHk;[k qdktyf? qdkEdkif\? bk&m;ü MunfñdkvQif tNrwfqHk;ü Munfñdkolrnfí tNrwfqHk;aom tusdK;udk&ay\}} [k a[mawmfrl\/ 73/
Ak'¨udk MunfñdkrSomr[kwf oHCmudk MunfñdkvQifvnf;aumif;? oDv&Sdaom&[ef;udk
MunfvQifvnf;aumif;? t,kwfqHk; rsufpdNzifh MunfvifpGm zl;arQmf½HkrQyif tusdK;MuD;vSaMumif;udk £wd0kwf pwkuú oDvorÜEé okwf-267 ü]]&[ef;wdkU oDv ESifhNynfhpHk? orm"dç ynmESifh NynfhpHk? 0drkwdå
0drkwdåÚmP'óeESifh NynfhpHkí
qHk;roGefoifwwf olawmfaumif;w&m;udk aNyma[mwwfaom &[ef;wdkUudk zl;NrifNcif;rQyif vGefpGm tusdK;MuD;\ [k igbk&m;a[mawmfrl\}} ponfNzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ 74/
Ak'¨udk Munfñdkí Ak'¨omoemü w&m;usifhum t0d[mbHkodk a&mufaeol [w¬urnfaom
t0d[mNA[®mwpfOD;onf Ak'¨aNcawmf&if;ü ay:vmí½SifawmfNrwfbk&m;? wynfhawmfonf bk&m;½Sifudk zl;Nrif&Ncif;ü wpf&HwpfcgrQ a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfNcif; r&cJhyg?
oHCmawmfudk
t"doDvodu©mudk
vkyfauR;&Ncif;?
usifhoHk;vsuf
w&m;em&Ncif;üvnf;
w&m;em&Ncif;ü
arGUavsmfum
a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfNcif; (txufyg)
tcsuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
r&cJhyg? 3-csufü
875
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a&mifh&JrIr&cJhaom wynfhawmf [w¬uonf t0d[mNA[®mbHkodkU a&mufaecJhygonf bk&m;}} [k avQmufzl;avonf/ 75/
qdkcJhNyD;aom þtcsufwdkUudk axmufqí r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü vmaom ]]bk&m;½Sif\
"mwfawmf arGawmfwdkUudk vrf;qHk vrf;rü Xmyemí apwDwnfxm;vQif ewfvlNA[®mwdkUtzdkU ypöKyÜefoHo&m ESpfNzmaom tusdK;&vdrfhrnf}} [laom pum;udkvnf;aumif;? bk&m;avmif;zGm;awmfrl&m vkrdÁeDç bk&m;Nzpf&m r[maAm"dç
w&m;OD;a[m&m
rd*'g0kefç
y&dedAÁmefpH&m
ukodem½Hk
[laom
oHa0*yGm;&mNzpfaom
oHa0Zed,Xme 4-csuf wdkUudk NyufNyufxifxif a[mNyí oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk &,lawmfrl&m t&yfponfodkU oGm;a&mufylaZmf? oHa0*,lzdkU&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlcsufudkvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhaMumif; ,HkrSm;zG,f&m r&Sd&m? Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk r,HkMunf rMunfñdkwwfaom EdkifiHNcm;om;? bmomNcm;wdkU pum;udk tpHkprf;r&Sd? t&rf;,Hk tuef;,Hk ,Hkum? Ak'¨eSifh Ak'¨0g' tpOftvmudk ysuf&,fûyí rdIcsdK;rQpfcsdK;
yufyufpufpuf
qdkrd
qdk&m
qdkwwfMuaom
OD;Ouú|?
ocifNrwfqdkifESifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf "r®0g'Drsm;r[kwf? t"r®0g'Drsm;om NzpfaMumif; trSwf-2? EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtñGwf qHk;Nzwfawmf rlMuonf/ (þtrSwf-19 ? apm'emü
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
876
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, qHk;jzwfcsuf EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf ( 2 ) apm'em trSwf-21 bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;eSifh pyfaom 0dedpä,
oH*g,em aNcmufwefwifNyD;aom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf trSeftrsm;udk vlaovlNzpf 0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m r[kwf[lívnfaumif;? [dE´LNA[®P0g'[lívnf;aumif; ? Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; tNrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm;vdrfnm0g'NzefUNcif;eSifh ywfowfaom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf/ 1/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovlNzpf or®m'd|dokawoewdkU\ edum,f\ edum,f paom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS t"r®0g'rsm;[k xkwfEkwfwifNy apm'em&mü 21-csufaNrmufNzpfaom oH*g,em 6wefwif
bk&m;a[mygVdwmfrsm;udk
[dE´LNA[®P0g'NzpfaMumif;
vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh
orkwfum
xkwfy,fcJhyHkudk
rudkufnDygu yHkpH
om"u
bk&m;a[mr[kwf wifNyxkwfaqmifí
apm'emMuavonf/ 2/ ,if;wdkUwGif
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ apm'emcsufü u-c-*-C-i-p-q-Z ESifh n txd yg½Sd&m Ak'¨bmodw
ygVdawmfrsm;udk
rnfodkUrnfyHk
Ekwfy,fxkwfypfxm;í
yHkysufyef;ysuf
ûyrlxm;MuyHkwdkUudk odomatmif wifNyxm;ayonf/ (u)
trSwfNy
tydk'fwGif
'DCedum,f?
NA[®ZmvokwfrS
rkom0g'
odu©myk'fESifh
z½ko0gpmodu©myk'fwdkUudk ûzwfy,fxm;cJhyHkudk pmrsufESmESifhwuG wGJzufwifNyí (c)trSwfNy tydk'fwGif ,if; NA[®ZmvokwfrS {upöoów0g'qdkif&m ygVdawmfudk zsufqD;xkwfy,fxm;yHkudk wifNyxm;ayonf/ (*) trSwfNytydk'fwGif 'DCedum,f? omrnzvokwfvm 0dZÆm½Spfyg;qdkif&m ygVdawmfrsm;rS raemr,d'¨dÚmPf? £'d¨0d"ÚmPf?
'dAÁaomwÚmP?f
apawmy&d,ÚmPf?
ykaAÁed0goÚmPfESifh
'dAÁpu©KÚmPfwdkUudk
zGifhqdka[mNyawmfrlxmonfh ygVdawmfrsm; (ygVdawmf pmrsufESm-6 rsuESSmwdwd)udk ûzwfy,fxm;onfudk wifNyNyD;vQif
(C)
trSwfNytydk'fwGif
oDvu©E¨0*¾?
au0¥okwfrS
pmydk'fwpfydk'fudk
xkwfí
t"dyÜm,fwpfrsdK;wpfrnf NzpfoGm;apyHkudk xkwfazmfwifNyxm;ayonf/ xdkUtwl (i) trSwfNy tydk'fwGif au0¥okwfvm blweda&ma"oubdu©K 0xåK wpfyk'fvHk; xkwfypfyHkudk azmfxkwfwifNyí (p) trSwfNytydk'fwGif t*Fkwå&edum,f? wduedygwf? auorkwdåokwfrS NA[®pdk&fw&m;av;yg;qdkif&m ygVdawmfrsm;udk xkwfypfcJhaMumif; axmufNywifoGif;xm;cJhayonf? xdkUaemuf (q-Z-ps-n) trSwfNy pmydk'fwdkUNzifh bk&m;a[m yd#uwfawmfrsm;rS bk&m;a[mr[kwf?
&rf;&rf;um;um;aNymMum;
wifNyapm'emxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf?
tcsKdU yd#uwfawmfwdkUudk
a&;om;xm;yHkwdkUudk
trnfemESSifhwuG
pk'dwu OD;qE´m"du\ acsqdkcsufNzpfaom oH*g,emESifh
pyfonfh pum;udk apm'em trSwf (6 ESifh 20) 0dedpäü pdppfqHk;NzwfNyD; Nzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
877
tpodkU 3/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf
qdkif&myd#uwfawmfrsm;eSifh
apm'uwdkU
wifNyxm;aom
wdkufqdkifppfaq;Munfh½IMuonf?
xkwfy,fxm;aom edum,f\ edum,f trnf½Sd ppfaq;Munfh½IMuaomtcg
ygVdawmfwdkUudk
twdtvif;
pmtkyfudkvnf; ppfaq;Munfh½IMuonf? xdkodkU
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
oDvu©efygVdawmfüvnf;aumif;?
,if;
apm'emcsufrsm;udk
wifNyxm;onfhtwdkif;yif
t*kFwå&edum,f
wduedygw
'DCedum,f
auorkwdåokwfüvnf;aumif;
ta&;MuD;aom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk xkwfy,fonfudk awGU&ayonf/ 4/
edum,f\
tcsufrsm;rSwpfyg; awGU&Nyefonf?
edum,fpmtkyfwGif
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
axmufNyxm;aom
rZösdredum,f paom edum,frsm;rS ygVdawmfrsm;udk xkwfypfxm;csufrsm;udkvnf;
rZösdredum,f
rlvy&d,m,okwfü
]]þokwfaemufydkif;üygaom
blwa'0paom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;um; "r®cE¨m &Spfaomif;av;axmif[laom ta&twGufNynfhrDa&;rS ty tusdK;r&Sday}} [lí vnf;aumif;? "r®'g,m'okwf ü ]]okwfwdkvGef;aeoNzifh rZösdredum,fü oGwfoGif;Edkifa&;twGuf aemufrSNznfhpGufxm;aom pum;&yfrsm;om Nzpfonf}} [lí vnf;aumif; rSwfcsuf a&;oGif;xm;ay\/ 5/
xdkenf;wl ocifNrwfqdkif\ yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm; pmtkyf ed'gef;ü
]],if;
taNccH w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk rsufuG,fûyum oH*g,emwif tMudrfMudrf ûyMu&mü NA[®P0g'wdkU\ w&m;rsm;udk
Ak'¨w&m;vkyfum
yyOöw&m;omvQifNzpfaom
oHo&me,f
31-bHk
0JMoCMuD;udk
xdk;oGif;cJhMuavonf}} [k ,ck yd#uwfawmfrsm;&Sd tcsKdU ygVdawmfrsm;ü bk&m;a[mygVdawmf tppfr[kwf? aemufrS
xnfhoGif;csifwdkif;
xnfhoGif;xm;av[efNzifh
t½Sifr[muóy
paom
oH*g,emwif
&[EÅmt½SifNrwfMuD;rsm;udk Nypfwif½Iwfcsxm;avonf/ þrQomru ]]rdk;ay:vufñdI;xdk;íaNr§muf aNrMuD; vufñdI;xdk;íaNcmuf paom okwfrsm;udk tukefvHk;rD;avmifí
ukefukef
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wpfokwfwpfavrQyif
wm0ef½Sdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;u
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paom
tcsdefrDrwm;qD;vQif
pum;vHk;wdkUudk
a½SUodkUvnf;
rnfrQ
Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk vuf&JZuf&J Nypfwifacszsuf xkwfy,fí aeOD;rnf rodacs/ þae&mwGif
pk'dwuwdkUtaeNzifh
uóybk&m;½Sif
omoemawmfaemufydkif;
bk&m;½Sifomoemawmfudk tNrefuG,faysmufatmif aqmif½Guftm;xkwfoNzifh aoNyD;aemuf t0Dpdi&JodkU a&mufMu&onfh uydv&[ef; trd om"eD
ESrwmyemwdkU\ 0w¬KaMumif;udk aumif;pGm ESvHk;oGif;
qifNcifoifhayonf/ (okwåedygwf t|uxm 'k? ESm-42)/ 6/
apm'em
(21)
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;onf
csufwdkUwGif ½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfaMumif;
OD;Ouú|rS
pí
ocifNrwfqdkifESifh
tMudrfMudrfoHk;oyfcJhayonf/
vlaovlNzpf
OD;Ouú|onf (p-o-C-Z-u) [laom yom'½kyfig;yg;udkom pOf;pm;qifNcifrI\ taNccHtNzpf xm;Mu&ef ñTefMum;cJhonfhtwdkif; ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkUuvnf; vdkufemcJhMuayonf/
xdkUaMumifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU
wnfaxmifonfh
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
woa0rwdrf; pmwrf;ü
878
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
or®m'd|dokawoeqdkonfrSm rnfodkUaomolrsm; NzpfaMumif; azmfNy&mwGif ]]OD;Ouú|\ oGefoifcsuftwdkif; yom'½kyfig;yg;udkom rlaoudkifNyD; trSefw&m;½Smolrsm;NzpfaMumif;}} zGifhNycJhayonf/ OD;Ouú|ESifh wynfhMuD; ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU em,u Ouú| trIaqmif toif;om;wdkUonf yom'½kyfig;yg;wdkUudkom qkyfudkifxm;aom(0g) yuwd rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,f [laom ½kyfw&m; ig;yg;Nzifh Nrif Mum; eH vsuf xd awGUí &rSom trSef odkUr[kwfu rrSef[k w&m;aoudkifxm;ol
½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfMuonfhtavsmuf
raem0dnmPfqdkif&m
tcef;u@udk
vHk;0y,fxm;Muonf/ 7/
þuJhodkU ½kyf0g'tNrif taNccHNzifh oH*g,em 6-wefwif yd#uwfw&m;awmfrsm;udk
wdkif;wmMunfhaomtcg
rudkufnDbJ
awGU&aomaMumifh
½kyf0g'taNccHrsm;ESifh
udkufnDatmif
ygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk ûzwfy,fNcif;? NA[®P0g'rsm;[k pGyfpGJNcif;? ygVdawmfvufopfrsm;udk zefwD;Ncif;? ygVdawmfrSefudk ½kyf0g' teuft"dyÜm,fNzpfvmatmif qGJ,lteufay;Ncif;rsm; ûyvkyfMuNcif;om Nzpfayonf/ odkUNzpfí oH*g,em 6-wefwif ygVdawmfrsm;udk ûzwfy,f xkwfEkwfypfNcif;? vlaovlNzpf½kyf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif ygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vdkovdk qGJ,lteufay;Ncif;? ygVdvufopfrsm;udk wDxGifzefwD;Ncif; ûyvkyfí a[mMum;a&;om;Muaom OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ t,ltqrsm;onf oH*g,em 6-wefwif "r®0g'r[kwfrlí ax&0g'yd#uusrf;*efESifh qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r®0g'rsm;om Nzpfayonf/ 8/
Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlonfrS pí ,aeUtxd ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmfrQ
wnf½Sdvmaom oH*g,em 6-wefwif Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ½kyf0g'D OD;Ouú| acgif;aqmifaom t,loD; bmoma&;aomif;usef;*dkPf;u ausmif;0dkif;twGif;ü
ûzwfxkwfowf
ygVdawmfrsm;udk
vkyfaeMuayonf/
ûzwfxkwfowfNyD;
a';'&J
Nr§yfESHxm;onfh
OD;OaZÆmwdu
ocsØKif;txdrf;trSwf
ausmufwdkifpdkufxlxm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ 9/
avmuaumif;usdK;tvdkUiSm bk&m;½Sifxm;&pfawmfrlcJhaom ygVdawmfrsm; ruG,fryap&ef
rdrdwdkU\ b0udk omoemodkUay;tyfNyD; pmayy&d,wfudk oifMum;ydkUcsaeaom wpfodef;ausmf oHCmawmf t½SifNrwfwdkUtm; tm;rembJ
pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoeqdkol vlwpfpku wpfqdwfuav;rQ
&efolvdkNrifMuNyD;
EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü
olwdkUaMumifh
yufyufpufpuf y#dyu©awGay:vmNyD;
ykwfcwf½Iwfcs
a&;om;a[maNymaeMuoNzifh
pnf;½Hk;a&;ûydvJvsuf&SdaeNcif;onf ]]t&if;ppf
tNrpfaNru}} qdkouJhodkU ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkU\
ygVdawmf ûzwfxkwfowf
vrf;pOfaMumifhyif Nzpfayonf/ 10/
or®m'd|dokawoetrnfcH
ygVdawmfûzwfxkwfowf
vrf;pOfudk
wpf,loef
OD;Ouú|*dkPf;om;wdkU\
usifhoHk;aeMuNcif;onf
Ak'¨bmomxJ0ifNyD;
aeNrifhav t½l;&ifhavNzpfvmNyD;
Ak'¨bmom&[ef;½SifvlwdkU\ onf;cHEdkifrI twdkif;twmudk ausmfvGefaponfh tqifhodkU a&mufaomtcg bk&m;½Sif\ omoemawmftwGif;ü tukodkvfw&m;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmMurnf {uefNzpfonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
879
tpodkU 11/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) odkUNzpfaomaMumifh
rdrdwdkUxifvQif
yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk t"r®tMurf;zufí t"r®vrf;pOfudkomvQif
xifovdk
ûzwfxkwfowf
xlaxmifaeMuNcif;NzpfaMumif;
rxifvQif
rxifovdk
ax&0g'
ûyvkyfaeMuNcif;onf pifppf t,l0g' EdkifiHawmfoD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU
trSwf(2)
q&mawmfrsm;u wnDwñGwfwnf; av;av;eufeuf qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
880
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,ESifh pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ aygif;½Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)
1/
1343-ck?
e,kefvNynfhausmf(13)&uf (30-6-81) aeUwGif þ
EdkifiHawmf
oD;Ncm;
0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfodkU rdwD¬vmûrdU? "r®mp&d,ausmif;wdkufrS q&mawmfOD;pEd´rmESifhwuG apm'uq&mawmf av;yg;wdkUu vlaovlNzpf0g'D or®m'd|dokaooe0g'DESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'DwdkU a[maNym a&;om; NzefUa0aeMuaom pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmifpm½Guf trsdK;tpm;aygif; 34-rsdK;? ta&twGuf 67rsdK;wdkUudk
vnf;aumif;?
OD;Ouú|*dkPf;om;tcsdKU
a[maNymxm;aom
wdwfacGrsm;teufrS
wdwfacG(11)rsdK;wdkUudk vnf;aumif;? oufaocHypönf;tNzpf wifNyMuvsuf ,if;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;ü
yg½Sdaom xdkvlwpfpkwdkU\ a[maNyma&;om;csufrsm;onf
rnDñGwf½HkrQru
oH*g,em
6-wefwif edum,fig;&yf
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh
yd#uwfoHk;yHkwdkUudk
ysufpD;atmif
rl&if;ygVdawmfrsm;udk zsufqD;Ncif;? teuftrSm;rsm;azmfxkwfNcif;? ygVdawmftwkrsm; zefwD;xnfhoGif;Ncif;? ygVdawmf tppftrSefrsm;udk xkwfy,fNcif;? Ak'¨ "r® oHCtay: ykwfcwfa0zefNcif;? Nyuf&,fûyNcif;? ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh tykwfcsNcif;? at;csrf;pGm usifhoHk;aexdkifMuaom tcsif;csif;txifrSm;
tNrifrSm;
Nzpfapvsuf
Ak'¨bmom &[ef;½SifvlwdkUtwGuf
y#dyu©rsm;
zefwD;Ncif;rsm;aMumifh
NrefrmEdkifiH
Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif;ü "r® t"r® tNiif;yGm;rIrsm;qdkif&m qdk;½Gm;pGmay:aygufvmcJh&aMumif;? Ak'¨bmom omoemawmfudk vufawGU vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuaom oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;aNrhNzpfapcJhaMumif;?
pmcspmoif
omoem0if
Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUtm;
wpfodef;ausmfwdkUtm; rausreyf
txl;NzpfapcJhaMumif; avQmufxm;wifoGif; cJhMuonf/ 2/ þ½Hk;awmfodkU
1341-ckESpf?
0gqdkvqef;(3)&uf
oufaocHtNzpf
(4-7-81)aeUwGif
wifNyxm;aom
xdkvlwpfpk\
wdwfacGwdkUü yg½Sdaom a[maNyma&;om;csufrsm;udk xyfqifhapm'emMuonf/
apm'u
q&mawmfrsm;u
vuf&mNzpfaom
pmtkyfpmwrf;
yd#uusrf;*ef? tm*r,kwdå? obm0,kwdåwdkUNzifh
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
OD;Ouú|ESifh
taygif;ygwdkU\
omoemzsufvkyfief;Nzpfaom tqdkyg pmtkyfpmwrf; wdwfacGwdkUudk avhvmqef;ppf MunfhMu&mwGif bk&m;½Sifudk,fpm; xm;&pfaom odrfarGUeufeJaom
pmayy&d,wf usrf;*efrsm;ESifh vHk;0qefUusifvsuf ½SdMuonfhtNyif
Ak'¨bmoma&;
oabmw&m;ESifh
rwefavmufatmifyif
yufyufpufpuf
a&;om;ykwfcwfcsufrsm; Nzpfaeonfudk awGU&aMumif;? odkUNzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ¤if;\ aemufvdkufaemufyg ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkU\ a&;om;a[maNym xGif;xkxm;csufrsm;onf t"r®0g'omNzpfaMumif;? &efolrsm;onfvnf;
xdkt"r®0g'udk
t"r®0g'Drsm;yif
a&;om;a[maNymNzefUa0Muaom
NzpfaMumif;?
¤if;wdkU
a&;om;a[maNym
omoemhtwGif; xkwfa0xm;aom
pmtkyfpmwrf; ausmufpm ponfwdkUonfvnf; t"r®0g'udk azmfNyaomypönf;rsm;om NzpfaMumif;? odkUNzpfí
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
881
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;rsm;u xdk0g' xdkyk*d¾Kvf xdkypönf;rsm;udk t"r®0g'? t"r®0g'D? t"r®ypönf;rsm;tNzpf
"r®0de,ESifhtnD vnf;aumif;? 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm;
aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnDvnf;aumif; tqHk;tNzwfay;awmfrlMuyg&ef avQmufxm;wifoGif;cJhMuayonf/ 3/
azmfNyyg
apm'emcsufudk
EdkifiHawmf
oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU0if
pdppfoHk;oyf&mwGif apm'emt*Fgvu©Pmrsm;ESifh NynhfpHknDñGwfaom NzpfaMumif;
awGU&í
þ½Hk;awmfu
þtrIudk
q&mawmfrsm;u
"r®apm'em ,xmblwapm'em
vufcHcJhayonf?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
oufaocHypönf;tNzpf wifNyaom OD;Ouú|0g'qdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf; wdwfacGponfwdkUudk tao;pdwf zwf½Iem;axmif pdppfMunfh&m apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifNyavQmufxm;onfhtwdkif; (19)rsdK;omvQif pmay pdppfa&; ray:cifu yHkEdkyfxkwfa0cGifhNzifh Oya'abmiftwGif;rS xkwfa0aom pmtkyfpmwrf;Nzpfonfudk awGU&NyD; usef 48- rsdK;rSm Oya'rJh NzefUa0xm;aom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ 4/
þodkU
Oya'rJh
ûyvkyfaqmif½GufMuNcif;onf
vlU,Ofaus;rIwGif
txufwef;tusqHk;Nzpfaom Ak'¨bmom omoema&; w&m;"r®udpöü vHk;0 rvkyfoifh rvkyfxdkufaom tvkyfrsdK;Nzpfonf? þodkU rvkyfoifh rvkyfxdkufonfudk vkyfcJhMuaom OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmom
omoemESifh
rwefaomtvkyf
olawmfaumif;wdkU
rvkyfxdkufaom
tvkyfrsdK;udk
vkyfcJhMuolrsm;NzpfaMumif;? þodkU tpdk;&Oya'udkyif rxDav;pm;ûyvkyfolrsm;onf Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;udk ydkíyif r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHrIrsm; ûyvkyfMurnfholrsm; NzpfaMumif; oufaocH ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfowfí þ½Hk;awmfu aumufcsufcscJhayonf/ 5/
apm'uyk*d¾KvfwdkUu
t"r®0g'
oufaocHtNzpf
wdwfacGrsm;ESifh ywfowfí rlva&;om; a[maNymolrsm;
wifNyaom
pmtkyfpmwrf;
NzpfMuaom awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú|ESSifh
or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUcsKyf twGif;a&;rª; OD;udkudkav;wdkUonf uG,fvGefcJhMuNyD;Nzpfonf? oufaocHypönf; pm&if;yg
vlaovlNzpfpmtkyfESifh
ywfowfí
a&;ol
OD;Ouú|
touf½SdpOfu
*dkPf;aygif;pHk
"r®m0g'DoHCmawmfrsm;u pdppfí vlaovlNzpfpmtkyfyg a&;om;csufrsm;onf Ak'¨0g'r[kwf? Ak'¨"r®r[kwf? Ak'¨bmomESifh vHk;0 roufqdkif[lí qHk;NzwfawmfrlcJhMuonfudk ,ck oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u todtrSwfûyawmf
rlMuayonf?
xdkUNyif
bmomomoemudk
apmfum;onfhtwGuf
OD;Ouú|tm;
½Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdk cJhonfudkvnf; þ½Hk;awmfu aumif;pGm trSwfxm;vsuf &Sdayonf/ ,if;odkU Ak'¨0g'r[kwfaom vlaovlNzpf0g'udk a&;om;ol OD;Ouú|onf þ½Hk;awmfü t"du w&m;cHNzpf&ayrnf? odkUaomfvnf; 0g'onfom t"duudpöNzpfí ¤if;r½Sdaomfvnf; ¤if;\ 0g'udk þ½Hk;awmfu pdppfqHk;Nzwf&rnfomNzpfonf/ xdkUNyif OD;Ouú|0g'aemufodkU rsufpdrSdwfNyD; vdkufaeMuaom wynfhvufom; tcsKdUNzpfMuonfh yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ a&;om;a[maNymcsufrsm;onfvnf; onfykwfxJu onfyJqdkouJhodkU
OD;Ouú|0g'
aemufqufwGJrsm;(tEk0g'rsm;)NzpfMuoNzifh
xdktEk0g'wdkUudkvnf;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
882
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
wpfaygif;wnf; apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifNyonfhtwdkif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u pdppfqHk;NzwfMurnf Nzpfayonf/ 6/
þodkU vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|0g'ESifh twkvdkuf tEk0g'wdkUudk oD;Ncm;0dedpä,½Hk;awmfodkU
wifí qHk;NzwfrJhudpöwGif OD;Ouú| *dkPf;om;rsm;bufrS wpfpHkwpf&m acsyaNymqdkvdkygu aNymqdkEdkifap&ef oabmxm;MuD;pGmxm;í tcGifhta&;ay;onfhtaeNzifh pk'dwuyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk þ½Hk;awmfu vufcHcJhayonf/ odkUNzpfí OD;Z0e(ae½Sife,f)? OD;Z0e(ig;qifh)? OD;OaZÆmwdu(a';'&J)? OD;qE´m"du(ewfrSD) ESifh ocifNrwfqdkif? OD;cif[ef(or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)? OD;a½TNynfwdkUonf pk'dwuyk*d¾Kvfrsm;tNzpfNzifh þ½Hk;awmfü aom"em acsyvTmwifoGif;Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk &½SdcJhMuayonf/ 7/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocHypönf;tNzpf wifNyaom pmtkyfpmwrf; pmapmif
wdwfacG ponfwdkUESifhywfowfí pk'dwu&[ef; 4-yg;ESifh vl 3-OD;wdkUu rdrdwdkUESifh oufqdkifonfrsm;udk rdrdwdkU a[maNyma&;om; xkwfa0csufrsm;NzpfaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfü 0efcHaNzmifhcsufay;cJhMuayonf? Oya'rJh xkwfa0cJhMuaom pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;ESifhywfowfí Niif;uG,f&ef êud;pm;Muaomfvnf; opöm"r®pmapmif ponfwdkU\
twGif;pmom;rsm;ü
OD;Ouú|0g'
abmiftwGif;üom
a&;om;csufrsm;
NzpfNcif;?
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf wnf&mvdyfpm? tzGJUcsKyfodkU zdwfac:csuf? tzGJUcsKyfodkU vaMu;ESpfaMu;ay;&ef EId;aqmfcsuf ponfwdkUudk awGU½Sd&Ncif;wdkUaMumifh ¤if;wdkUESifh rywfouf[lí þ½Hk;awmfu r,lqEdkifay? odkUNzpfí
oufaocHypönf;tm;vHk;onf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
apm'emonfhtwdkif;yif
oufaocHaNrmufaom ypönf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfu aumufcsufcstyfayonf/ 8/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom omrnapm'emESifh 0daoo apm'emESpf&yftay:
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u þodkU aumufcsufcsawmfrlMuonf/ (u)
OD;Ouú|onf
Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf?
or®m'd|dtzGJUcsKyfrS
½kyf0g'DwpfOD;omNzpfonf?
vlrsm;onf
ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG
Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf?
½kyf0g'Drsm;omNzpfMuonf?
OD;a½TNynfhonfvnf; Ak'¨0g'Dr[kwf? ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;om Nzpfonf? þuJhodkU ½kyf0g'Drsm; a&;om;a[maNymaom
0g'onfvnf;
Ak'¨0g'ESifh
vHk;0qefUusifaom
t"r®0g'NzpfaMumif;udk apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu oufaocHpmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG taxmuftxm; taumiftxnfESifhwuG wifNycsufrsm;onf cdkifvHkonf/ (c)
apm'em trSwf(1) rS (21)txd apm'emcsufrsm;onfvnf; ,kwdåtm*robm0usí apm'ut*Fgig;NzmESifhtnD wifoGif;aom "r®apm'emom Nzpfonf/
(*)
apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu pk'dwuyk*d¾KvfwdkU\ pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG ponfwdkUrS a[maNyma&;om;csufrsm;udk
xkwfEkwfí
ygVdawmf
t|uxm?
#DumwdkUESifh
rnDñGwfaMumif; wifNycsufrsm;onfvnf; om"uaNrmufonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
883
tpodkU 9/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) apm'uq&mawmfwdkU
pGJcsufwifaom
tcsuf(21)csufwdkUESifh
ywfowfí
pk'dwu(7)OD;xJu rnfolrqdk acsyaom"emEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk ½Hk;awmfu pk'dwursm;tm; tNynfht0 ay;tyfxm;ayonf? odkU&mwGif pk'dwu OD;OaZÆmwdu(a';'&J)? OD;Z0e(ae½Sife,f)? OD;Z0e(ig;qifh) oHk;yg;wdkUu vHk;0 acsyavQmufxm;Ncif; aom"emNcif; rûyMubJ apm'uq&mawmfrsm; apm'emxm;onfh twdkif;yif trSeftuefNzpfygaMumif; þ½Hk;awmfü 0efcHcJhMuonf? &cdkifNynfe,frS OD;a½TNynfonfvnf; acsyNcif;rûybJ wGJzuf pk'dwu wpfOD;Nzpfol ocifNrwfqdkiftm;vTJcJhayonf/ 10/
usefpk'dwu oHk;OD;wdkUonf 1343- ck? 0gqdkvqef;(7) &uf? (8-7-81)aeUwGif
½Hk;awmfu cGifhûyxm;onfhtwdkif; acsy aom"emvTmrsm;udk wifoGif;Muonf? (30-6-81) rS (8-781)txd acsycsuf Nyifqif&ef tcsdef(7)&uf &cJhMuonf? odkUaomf pk'dwu yk*d¾KvfoHk;OD;teuf OD;qE´m"duonf
apm'em trSwf
(5)(11)(14)(21)tm;Nzifh
apm'em(4)csufudkom
tenf;i,fpD
aNz&Sif;avQmufxm;onf? usefapm'em (17)csufudk OD;qE´m"du taeNzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm; pGJqdkonfhtwdkif; 0efcHayonf/ 11/
pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifonf apm'em trSwf(8)(20)(21)wdkUudk vHk;0acsy aom"emNcif;
rûybJ? usef apm'emwdkUudkom tenf;i,fpD acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS OD;cif[efonf apm'em (2)(4)(7)(11)(12)(15)(18)(20)(21) [laom apm'em (9)rsdK;wdkUudk vHk;0 acsyNcif;
rûybJ apm'em(11)rsdK;udkom
acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf? racsyaom
apm'emrsm;onfvnf;
OD;Ouú|0g'eSifh oufqdkifaom apm'emrsm;omNzpfí rdrdwdkU\ r[morPMuD;\ vufcsufrsm;udk acsyEdkifaom tcGifhta&;½Sdygvsuf racsybJ xm;Ncif;tm;Nzifh 0efcH&m a&mufayonf/ 12/
pk'dwuwdkU\ acsyvTmrsm;udk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u avhvmoHk;oyfawmfrl&mwGif
þodkU awGU&ayonf/ OD;qE´m"du\ acsycsufonf rNzpfpavmuf t&mra&mufonfudk awGU&onf/ ¤if; udk;um;xm;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;onfvnf; apm'emcsufrsm;udk vIyfacsmufcsm;EdkifNcif; r½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ 13/
pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifonf ygVdpum;vHk;rsm;udkyif aumif;pGmrzwfwwf½Smol NzpfaMumif;
awGU&ayonf? ¤if;udk;um; avQmufxm;aom ygVdawmf NrefrmNyefrsm;udkvnf; aumif;pGm em;rvnfaMumif; awGU&ayonf? tusOf;csKH;azmfNy&müvnf; t"dyÜm,frrSefuefaMumif; awGU&onf? ygVdawmf yk'fa&rsm;vQif NyD;pwrf;qdkNyD;
0g'NzefU
taetxm;rsdK;Nzifh
apm'emESifh
roufqdkifaom
NrefrmNyefrsm;udk
udk;um;avQmufxm;onfudkvnf; awGU&ayonf/ 14/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS
wifoGif;aom
acsy
aom"emvTmudk
oHk;oyf&mwGif
tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&onf? yxrtcsufrSm þoD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fcHk;½Hkudk 0g'NzefUpifNrifhtNzpf toHk;cs&ef &nf½G,fcsufNzifh
apm'emrIrsm;ESifh
vHk;0
roufqdkifaom
taMumif;t&mwdkUudk
xnfhoGif;
a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&onf? Oyrm olwdkUtm; EIwfNzifh ac:,lqHk;rvdkufvQif NyD;Edkifygvsuf oD;Ncm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
884
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0dedpä,zGJUay;NyD; wdkif;odNynfod ppfaq;&aumif;vm;[k EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJUtay: tNypfyHkcsí a&;om;rI? ¤if;wdkU\q&m(oraPm*½k)Nzpfaom OD;Ouú|tm; csD;usL;cef;zGifhí tom;vGwf csD;usL;0g'NzefU a&;om;rIrsdK;Nzpfonf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm apm'emcsufudk acsy&mü acsy&m ra&mufaom pum;yHkrsm; yg½SdNcif;Nzpfonf? wwd,tcsufrSm apm'emcsufudk acsyaom pum;&yfrsm; Nzpfonf? txufyg oHk;&yfwdkUwGif EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJUtm; tNypfwifrI? OD;Ouú|tm; tqrwefcsD;rGrf;rIrsKd;udk ½Hk;awmfodkU
zwfMum;wifoGif;cGifh
roufqdkifonfh
pum;ydkrsm;udk
vHk;0rûybJ zwfvdku
y,fcscJhonf? zwfEdkifaMumif;?
'kwd,tcsufNzpfaom odkUaomf
½Hk;awmfu
apm'emESifh 0dedpä,udpöü
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rnf r[kwfaMumif; owday;csufNzifh zwfavQmufcGifhûycJhonf/ 15/ vdktyfaom
pk'dwu
ocifNrwfqdkiftaeNzifh
tcsufrsm;udk
½Hk;awmfodkU acsyvTm
pdppfar;Nref;cJhonf?
wifoGif;&mwGif ½Hk;awmfu
ocifNrwfqdkifu ]avmuork',Oö twd¬
avmueda&m"Oöewdå} [laomygVdonf ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf upömea*gwåokwf pmrsufESm-242 ü trSefwu,f
yg½SdaMumif; tcdkiftrm
ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVd
avQmufxm;oNzifh
pmtkyfudkay;NyD;
xdkygVdudk
w&m;cGifüyif
ocifNrwfqdkiftm;
½Smcdkif;cJh&m
ocifNrwfqdkifonf
rdrdudk,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrd tultnD vlrsm;ESifh twlvnf;aumif; tNyefNyef tvSefvSef ½SmMuaomfvnf; rawGUbJ Nzpfaeonf? ½Hk;awmfu ar;&mwGifvnf; xkdygVdonf ygVdawmfpmtkyfrsm;ü yg½Sdonfr[kwfygaMumif;? 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; a½SUarSmufü 0efcHavQmufoGm;cJhonfudk þ½Hk;awmfu rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf? xdkUNyifvnf; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u ar;Nref;oNzifh rdrdygVdusrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; rwwfygaMumif;?
yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;udkvnf;
avhvmzwf½Izl;ygaMumif;?
OD;Ouú|rSwpfyg;
rESHUpyfygaMumif;? EdkifiHawmfü
OD;Ouú|
xif½Sm;ausmfMum;aom
pmayrsm;udkom pmwwfay
wwfolawmfaumif; q&mawmfMuD;rsm;udkvnf; rqnf;uyfzl;ygaMumif; aNymqdkaNzMum;onfwdkUudkvnf; ½Hk;awmfu rSwfom;xm;cJhayonf/ 16/
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf(A[dk)rS Ouú| OD;cif[efwpfOD;udkom pk'dwu pm&if;xJ
xnfhxm;aomfvnf; acsyvTmwif&mü
OD;Nr'if? OD;NrifhaqG? OD;ausmfxif? OD;ÚmPfodkif;? OD;pdefat;?
OD;vGef;armif qdkolwdkUu yg0if vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGU&onf? ¤if;wdkU\ acsyvTmü rdrdwdkUonf ygVdbmompmay usrf;*efudk vHk;0 rwwfrodMuaMumif; yxrMuD; yxrausmf "r®mp&d, yk*d¾Kvfrsm; oif,l&onfh
yd#uwfawmf\
usrf;wpfpHkwpf&mudkrQ tbd"mefusrf;?
roifMum; tvuFmusrf;?
taNccHNzpfaom
o'´g?
ravhvmzl;MuaMumif;? qef;usrf;wdkU\
oû*Ø[f?
tvuFm?
ynm½Sdvu©PmNzpfaom tem;udkrQ
tbd"r®mpaom o'´gusrf;?
roDruyfEdkifMuaMumif;
0efcHavQmufxm;Muonfudk awGU&ayonf? odkUaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkUacsyvTmü ]yuma&e ÚmaPm} paom ygVdysufygVdtwkrsKd;Nzifh 0Hh0Hhpm;pm; wifNyavQmufxm;onfudk awGU&onf? ½Hk;awmfu ar;Nref;oNzifh ¤if;wdkUvlpkonf ygVdbmom ygVdusrf;*efrsm;udk rwwfrod½HkrQru t*FvdyfbmomNzifh a&;om;xm;aom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
885
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udkyif udk,fwdkif rzwfr½Izl;MuaMumif; 0efcHxGufqdkxm;Muonfudk ½Hk;awmfu
rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhayonf?
xdkUNyif
awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú|rS
wpfyg;
NrefrmEdkifiHü
xif½Sm;ausmfMum;aom pmwwfaywwf y&d,wf y#dywf pG,fpHk rnfonfhq&maumif;orm;aumif;udkrQ rqnf;uyfcJhMuzl;aMumif; xGufqdkcsufudkvnf; ½Hk;awmfu rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhayonf/ 17/
þuJhodkU 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u
pk'dwuyk*d¾KvfwdkU\
tûytrl taNymtqdk
twiftNywdkUtay: tav;teuf oHk;oyfí atmufygtwdkif; aumufcsufcsawmfrlMuonf/ (u)
bmoma&;aomif;usef;ol
acgif;aqmifNzpfaom
OD;Ouú|onf
i,fpOfu
rnfodkU
NzpfcJhonfqdkap? ¤if;onf Ak'¨ yd#uwfusrf;*efpmayrsm;ESifh bk&m;&[EÅm t|uxmq&m #Dumq&mwdkUxuf EdkifiHNcm;om; vlrsKd;Ncm;bmomNcm; pma&;q&mwdkUESifh
¤if;wdkU\
pmayudk ydkí txifMuD;olNzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (c)
OD;Ouú| a&;om;aNymqdkcsufrsm;t& OD;Ouú|onf ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum yd#uwf usrf;pmwdkUudk aumif;pGmrwwfaMumif; ESHUpyfrIvnf; r½SdaMumif; awGU&onf/
(*)
OD;Ouú|onf
[kwfonf
Nzpfap
r[kwfonfNzpfap
wm0efrJh
aNymvG,fqdkvG,f
ûyvkyfvG,fol Nzpf\? olawmfaumif;wdkUü ½Sd&rnfh vZDÆ*kPf uif;rJhol NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (C)
OD;Ouú|onf p? o? C? Z? u -[laom yom' ½kyfig;yg;(0g) rsufNrif? em;Mum;? ESmacgif;eH? vsmvsuf? udk,ftawGUtxd -[laom ½kyfw&m;ig;rsKd;udkomvQif vufcHNyD; raem0dnmPfemrfudk ypfy,faom ½kyf0g'DwpfOD;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
(i)
þuJhodkU yom'½kyf ig;yg;udkom pOf;pm;awG;ac:rI qifNcifoHk;oyfrIudk taNccHxm;NyD; ½kyfonf t½Sdw&m; edpöw&m;? emrfonf ½kyfrS Nzpfvmaom tNzpfw&m; tedpöw&m;[k ,loNzifh NA[®Zmvokwfü NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom rdpäm'd|d 62-yg;rsdK;wdkUwGif wpfrsdK; tygt0ifNzpfonfh {upöoów'd|d(tcsKdUNrJonftcsKdUrNrJ)[k ,laom rdpäm'd|d t,l½Sdol NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
(p)
OD;Ouú|onf
'g0if0g'taNccHNzifh
vlaovlNzpf0g'udk
xlaxmifcJhonf?
Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ½kyf0g'tNrifESifh udkufnDatmif ûyNyif&ef tMuHMuD;MuHcJhonf? wpfzufu ½kyf0g'tNrifESifh rudkufnDaom twdwfb0? tem*wfb0? wefcdk;tbdnmPf ponfwdkUudk udk,fwdkif wGifwGifMuD; a0zefykwfcwfNyD; wynfhawGarG;í wb0pm (½kyf0g') omoemNyefUyGm;a&;udk qufvufvkyfapcJhonf? pifppf OD;Ouú|onf acwfa[mif;vlwdkU ypfy,fcJhaom ru©vda*gomvponfh wdwd¬q&mMuD; 6-OD;wdkU\ rdpäm0g'udk a&musKdNyD; Nyefvnfazmfxkwf&ef êud;pm;olom NzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
886
tpodkU (q)
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf
¤if;wdkU\
a&;om;aNyma[mcsuf taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ½kyfudk t&Sdw&m; edpöw&m;? raem0dnmPf emrfudkrlum; ½kyf\*kPfrQomNzpfaom tNzpfw&m; tedpöw&m;[k qufvufcH,laMumif; okawoetzGJUrS
awGU&onf?
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf
xkdUaMumifh
OD;Ouú|enf;wl
ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG
NA[®Zmvokwfü
NrwfpGmbk&m;
or®m'd|d
a[mxm;aom
{upöoów rdpäm'd|dt,l½Sdolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (Z)
ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf uH-uH\
tusKd;?
twdwfb0? tem*wfb0 aumif;rGefpGmusifhaom orPNA[®Pr½Sd[k ,laom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh NrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufu tZdwauourÁv wdwd¬wuúwGef; ,laom t,lrsm;udk qufvufí ,lolrsm; NzpfNcif;aMumifh ¤if;wdkU\ q&mOD;Ouú|uJhodkUyif ewd¬u'd|d? tud&d,'d|d? ta[wku'd|d t,l½Sdolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (ps)
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
wynfhaemufvdkufrsm;
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS t,l&Sdaom
yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf
NzpfMuaom qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;
½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
wdw¬dMuD;rsm;uJhodkU
ew¬du'd|d?
NzpfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;
tud&d,'d|d?
ocifNrwfqdkifESifh {upöoów
rdpäm'd|d
tZdwauourÁv
paom
ta[wku'd|d
rdrdwdkU\½kyf0g'tNrifESifh
t,l½Sdolrsm;
qefUusifbufNzpfaeaom
yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk NA[®P0g' ponfNzifh pGyfpGJNcif;? bk&m;ra[monfudk ta[m? bk&m;a[monfudk ra[m[k vDq,fNcif;? teufrSm;rsm;ay;NyD; ygVdtwkrsm;udkxnfhvsuf ygVdtppftrSefrsm;udk ykwfcwfNcif;?
ûzwfNcif;?
bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmfudk
ygVdawmf
axmufcHzGifhNyaom
t|uxmrsm;udk
t|uxmrsm;udk
xdef;odrf;í
omoem
oefU½Sif;wnfwhHNyefUyGm;atmif ûyvkyfaeaom oHCmawmfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukefwdkufcdkufNcif; ponfwdkUudk ûyvkyfNcif; NzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd&ayonf/ (n)
pk'dwursm;NzpfMuaom qefUusifaom
OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG
t,l½Sdolrsm;yDyD trSefw&m;ESifh
taygif;ygwdkUonf
omoemawmfESifh
qefUusifaom
vlaovlNzpf0g'ukd
xlaxmifNcif;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? xkdvlaovlNzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;&eftwGuf 31bHkudk y,f½Sm;Muonf? ,if;odkU y,f&mü rdrdwdkU ,HkMunfcsuftaeNzifh ½dk;½dk;om;om; y,f½Sm;Ncif;rûyMubJ Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m; 31-bHkudk vufrcHaMumif; ponfNzifh ½dk;om;aom Ak'¨bmom0if
olawmfpifwdkU todÚmPfudk
½IyfaxG;apvsuf
NrwfpGmbk&m;tay:ü
ouf0if,HkMunfMuolrsm;tm; pdwfrcsrf;romNzpfapcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ (#)
OD;Ouú|wdkUonf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh uH? uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk y,fNcif;? Ak'¨0g'udk ypöKyÜef0g'Nzpfoa,mif
Ak'¨tbd"r®mudk
bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef
bmomNcm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
887
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlrsdK;Ncm;wdkU\ w&m;vGefa0zefrIrsm;udk tm;,lí Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif;ü taNctae ½IyfaxG;atmif zefwD;olrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
(X)
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; teuft"dyÜm,frSefudk xdefcsefvsuf rrSefaom tudk;tum;rsm;Nzifh NrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwfMuNcif;tm;Nzifh OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG ocifNrwfqdkif?
or®m'd|dtzGJUcsKyfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf
trsm;\
,HkMunfudk;uG,frIudk
xdyg;apmfum;aMumif; awGU&onf/ (!)
OD;Ouú|ESifh pk'dwwdkUonf Ak'¨omoemawmf twGif;ü at;Nidrf;csrf;ompGm 0dyóemw&m; êud;pm;tm;xkwfaeMuaomolwdkUtm;
trsKd;rsKd;
Nyuf&,faNymifavSmifûyNcif;tm;Nzifh
&[ef;½SifvlwdkU\ ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIudk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (¡)
OD;Ouú|onf
¤if;\
a&;om;aNyma[mcsufrsm;t&
bk&m;½SifynwfawmfrlcJhaom
0denf;usifh0wf odu©myk'fwdkUudk rdrdudk,fwdkifusifhoHk;Ncif;rûybJ tNcm;usifhoHk;aeMuaom &[ef;aumif;
½Sifaumif;wdkUtm;
yufyufpufpuf
a0zefykwfcwfNcif;ûycJhonf?
OD;Ouú|onf t&[wå"Z ouFef;awmfudk 0wfqifxm;ygvsuf ouFef;0wf&[ef;awmfrsm; vdkufemusifhMuH&rnfh
0denf;usifh0wfodu©myk'frsm;udk
rusifhoHk;onfhtwGuf
ta,mifaqmif omoemzsufwpfOD;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? xdkodkU ouFef;awmf ta&ûcHNyD; ouFef;\ tcGifhta&;udk cH,laeNcif;onf yg&mZduusNyD;ygvsuf &[ef;[k 0efcHum Ak'¨bmom 'g,um'g,umrrsm; tay: vdrfvnfvSnfhNzm;í rw&m;tcGifhta&;udk &,laeaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;uJhodkU NzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ (P)
ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS
yk*d¾KvfwdkUonf
OD;Ouú|ESifh
taygif;ygrsm; MuH&mygrsm; Nzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ¤if;wdkU\ a&;om;aNyma[mcsufrsm;t& Ak'¨Oygoumrsm;
(Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;)
r[kwfaMumif;xif½Sm;onf/
odkUNzpfygvsuf
Ak'¨bmom0if ta,mifaqmifí omoemawmfudk zsufaeolrsm; NzpfaMumif;awGU&onf/ (w)
pk'dwursm;NzpfMuaom or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf ]]pu©K aomw Cme Zd0Sm um,}} wdkUNzifh Nrifç Mum;ç eHç vQufç xdawGUorQwdkUudk tcgrvyf tNrJwrf;toifh&Sdol or®m'd|dokawoD(0g) wdkuf½dkuf
t,lrSef
rNriftyfaom
wdkuf½dkufxdawGUír&aom
½SmazGaeol
em;ESifhqwfqwf
vlom;Nzpfí rdrdrsufpdNzifh rMum;&aom
udk,fESifh
o'´g½HkwdkUudk wu,ft[kwf aNrMuD;vuf0g;ykwf
½lyg½Hk
½Sdygonf[laom ,HkMunfrIrsKd;udk a0zefoHk;oyf&mü
tNrifrSefudk
qefUusifonf? ypfy,fonf? yOöm½Hk
rdrd\ 0DrHo 0dpm&PÚmPfudk tNynfht0
vufawGUudk
toHk;csolNzpfaMumif;
aMuG;aMumfxm;onfudk awGU&onfh tm;avsmfpGm ¤if;wdkUonf yOöyom' yOöm½Hk ½kyftawGU ½kyftNrifrsm;udkom qkyfudkifxm;MuNyD;?
Nyóemwdkif;ü
½kyftay:üom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
rlwnfí
888
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pOf;pm;olrsm;NzpfaomaMumifh
NrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu
r[mbkwf½kyfw&m;udkom
trSefw&m; tNzpf vufcHaom tZdwauourÁvuJhodkU Ak'¨omoemESifh qefUusifaom t,l½Sdolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ (x) or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf
w&m;ruyf
w&m;rwwfaomfvnf;
NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? ¤if;wdkUaNymaom pum;rsm;udk rSefuefaMumif;
awGU&onf?
Ak'¨udk
pum;wwfrsm;
qefUusifbuf teuf,lrS
Munfñdkol
tcsif;csif; udk,fhtNrifESifh
udk,faecJhMuonf[k olwdkUaNymaomfvnf; vufawGUtm;Nzifhrl udk,fhtNrifESifhudk,fraebJ tNcm;olrsm;\ tNrifudk apmfum;cJhMuonf? ]]½SifOuú|0g' r½Sd? or®m'd|dokawoe0g' r½Sd? olwdkUaNymorQonf
Ak'¨0g'om
NzpfaMumif;}}
aNymNcif;tm;Nzifh
Ak'¨udk
pGyfpGJ&ma&mufaMumif; awGU&onf? olwdkUonf rnfonfhpmayrQrwwf? bmoma&;udk avhvmcsdefvnf; rsm;rsm;r&[k qdkygvsuf OD;Ouú| a[maNymcsufrsm;onf Ak'¨NrwfpGm\ a'oemawmfESifh nDñGwfonf[k Mum;0ifqHk;Nzwf axmufcHaeonfudk awGU&onf? tvGef,kwdårJhaom
pum;Nzpfayonf? vlaovlNzpfonf
tbd"r®mr[kwf[k
a½Smifvdkaomfvnf;
axmufcHqnf;uyfudk;uG,fNcif;udk
vlaovlNzpf
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ q&mOD;Ouú|udkrl
axmuf½INcif;tm;Nzifh
vHk;0
vlaovlNzpfonfvnf;
or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUtwGuf tusKH;0ifNyD;NzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;ayonf? uG,fvGefol OD;udkudkav;ESifh
¤if;wdkU
oufqdkifNcif;
vkyfMuaomfvnf;
r½Sdav[ef
OD;udkudkav;onf
]]xrif;a&ylvm
vQmvTJ}}
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\
twGif;a&;rª;csKyfNzpfcJhí ¤if;wdkUtzGJUtaeNzifh rnfodkUrQ a½SmifvTJí r&aMumif; awGU&onf? bmom0if
tcsif;csif;
wdkufcdkuf&ef
pGyfpGJykwfcwf&ef
ESvHk;oGif;r½Sdyg[k
vlMum;aumif;atmif aNymaompum;onf ,kwf,kwfrmrm qJa&;NyD;rS qJcsifír[kwfyg qdkouJhodkU Nzpfaeayonf/ (')
pk'dwu
or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUu
tNiif;yGm;&efr[kwf aNymif;Nyefem;vnf&rnfh rnfolrQ
¤if;wdkU
'ku©Nidrf;a&;udkom
½SmNcif;Nzpfonf
pum;omNzpfonf?
0dedpä,½Hk;awmfodkU
w&m;½SmonfrSm
½dk;½dk;om;om;
ra&mufMuacs?
"r®
t"r®
[laompum;onf w&m;½Smaeolrsm;onf
wdkif;odNynfod
bk&m;udkykwfcwf?
yd#uwfawmfudk apmfum;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf? Ak'¨bmomwdkU\ tpOftvm "avhwdkUudk
Nyuf&,faNymifavSmifûyvkyfcJhol?
w&m;½SmaeMuygonf[laom
pum;onf
ûyvkyfaeolwdkUu qifaoudk
qdwfa&ESifh
at;Nidrf;pGm zHk;ouJhodkU
omNzpfacsonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
889
tpodkU (")
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) pk'dwu or®m'd|dokawoDwdkUonf "r®pMum? tewåvu©P? y#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;awmfudk taNccHxm;onf[k
wpmpm
¤if;wdkU\ tewåvu©Pç
aMuG;aMumfMuaomfvnf;
¤if;wdkU\
y#dpöorkyÜg'fwdkUonf
¤if;wdkU\"r®pMumç Ak'¨NrwfpGm\
"r®pMum
tewåvu©P y#dpöorkyÜg'fwdkU r[kwfbJ ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh wDxGifvSnfhpm;xm;aom OD;Ouú|\ "r®pMum tewåvu©P y#dpöorkyÜg'frsm;om NzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf/ (e)
pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifh or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf auorkwdåokwåefudk tm;udk; wpfckûyNyD; auorkwdåokwåefu ay;xm;aom tcGifhta&;t& a0zefwifNyMuoa,mif [efaqmifMuonf?
odkU&mwGif
¤if;wdkUonf
xdkauorkwdåokwåefudkyifvQif
qefUusifbufûyolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf auorkwdåokwåefü ]rmoraPm aem *½k = igwdkU\ q&m t½Sif&[ef;pum; [lívnf; r,lukefvifhOD;} [k qdkxm;&m þtcsufudk rvdkufembJ ¤if;wdkU\ q&mawmf
½SifOuú|udk ¤if;wdkU\
wpfqlwnf;aom udk;uG,f&m q&mtNzpf wifaNrSmufvsuf OD;Ouú| a[maom aNymaom ygVdawmfrS
trSef?
a[mMum;aom aeMuaomaMumifh a0zefqef;ppf
tNcm;aom
yd#uwfoHk;yHkaqmif
ygVdawmfonfyifvQif Nzpfonf?
rrSef[k
wdyd#u"& wpf,loef
auorkwdåokwåefudk
Munfh½Iwwfaom
q&mawmfrsm; a&;om;aNyma[m
tumtuG,f,laeaomfvnf;
ynm½Sifrsm;tNrifü
¤if;wdkU\
r½dk;om;rIonf
bGm;bGm;MuD;ay:vsuf½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ (y)
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0dbZÆ0g'Nzpfí ¤if;wdkU\ ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh a0zefcsufrsm;udk w&m;onf [k aNymvdkMuaomfvnf; oAÁñkwÚmPfr&Sdç tbd"r®m bk&m;a[mr[kwfç 31-bHk r&Sdç uH uH\ tusdK; wefcdk; tbdÚmPf r½Sd [k aNymNcif;rsm;onf 0dbZÆ0g' r[kwfbJ Ak'¨omoem zsufqD;a&;0g'om NzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;avonf/
(z)
tm;vHk;udk ûcHí tusOf;csKyfoHk;oyf&aomf OD;Ouú|onf ½kyf0g'D? ocifNrwfqdkifonf ½kyf0g'D? or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifwdkUonf ½kyf0g'Drsm;omNzpfaMumif;? ½kyf0g'udkom wpf,loef t,lonf; vufcHxm;olrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh rnfonfhbmomrQr½Sdaom bmomrJhrsm;omNzpfaMumif;?
þodkU
bmomrJh½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfMuygvsuf rdrdwdkU0g'udk
Ak'¨bmomESifh vGwfvGwfuif;uif; xlkaxmifNcif; rûybJ Ak'¨bmom omoemESSifh 0ifíyl;um twGif;rS 0ifí zsufaeolrsm;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? OD;Ouú|onf i,fpOfu ½Sif&[ef;NzpfcJhaomfvnf; ul;aNymif;oGm;aomtcgü
½kyf0g'udk toGifraNymif;bJ
vufcHí bk&m;ta&udk
Ak'¨0g'rS
½kyf0g'odkU
qufvufûcHxm;aom
ta&ûcHom NzpfaMumif;awGU&onf? ]]aus;Zl;awmf½Sif q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; ½SifOuú|\ wynfhom;yDopGm}} [k pk'dwuwdkUu qdkonfhtwdkif; OD;Ouú|\ wynfhyDovSaom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
890
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ocifNrwfqdkifESifh
or®m'd|dA[dktzGJUrS
bmomrJh
½kyf0g'Drsm;onfvnf;
bmoma&;
ta&ûcHrsm;om NzpfaMumif;? bmoma&;udk ta&ûcHNyD; twGif;u0ifí zsufaeolrsm; "r®EÅ&m,fppfppfrsm;om NzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf/ 18/
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) q&mawmfrsm;onf Ak'¨omoemawmftwGuf
aoa&;½Sifa&;wrQ ta&;MuD;aom udpöNzpfí vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; apm'u yk*d¾Kvfrsm;\ OD;Ouú|ESifh
wifNyavQmufxm;csufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? aemufvdkufaemufygrsm;\
xdk
vuf&mrsm;udk
wifNycsufrsm;tNyif
vnf;aumif;?
awmifwGif;MuD;
w&m;cGifü
pk'dwuwdkU
wifNycsufrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? yd#uoHk;yHk ygVd t|uxm #Dum wdkUudk vnf;aumif; av;vcefU tcsdef,lí aeUrem; nrem; us,fus,fNyefUNyefU ½IaxmifhpHkpHk qifNcifoHk;oyfonfhtwdkif; txufyg aumufcsufrsm;udk csrSwf&½SdcJhNcif;Nzpfayonf/
omoemh twGif;&efolrsm;aMumifh omoemtusKd;,kwfyHkrsm; 1/
omoemawmfESpf(218)ESpfwGif
tbdodufcH,laom
yg#vdykwfNynfh½Sif taomubk&if
eef;rwufrDESifh eef;wufp umvwdkUü Ak'¨omoemawmftwGif;odkU omoemhta&ûcHum rdpäm'd|dt,l½Sdaom wdwd¬wdkU 0ifa&mufcdkatmif;cJhayonf? xdkouFef;0wfwdwd¬wdkUonf rdrdwdkU\ rdpäm0g'rsm;udk NzefUNzL;&mü Ak'¨ NrwfpGmbk&m;udk A[dkr@dKifxm;í pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf? wufwufMuGMuG
olwdkU0g'rSom bk&m;a[m0g' tppftrSefNzpfaMumif; tvkt,uf
xdkqefUusifbufyk*d¾KvfwdkUonf
vIyf½Sm;aqmif½GufcJhMuoNzifh
ol,kwfrm
ae&mwumwGif
tûytrl
trsdK;rsdK;Nzifh
olwdkUu
pD;rdvmMuonf?
oHCmhudpörsm;udkomru taomurif;rSwpfyg; tmPm½Sd rª;rwfrsm;udkyif olwdkUtm; axmufcHolrsm; tNzpf pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhMuavonf/ 2/
ax&0g' Ak'¨omoem trSefudk vdkufem usifhoHk;Muaom ½Sifaumif;&[ef;aumif;rsm;onf
olwdkUudk r,SOfEdkifbJ ae&mwdkif;wGif olawmfaumif;yDyD a½SmifvTJaecJhMu&onf? odkUNzpfí OykofuHudpörsm;udk ouFef;0wf wdwd¬rsm; wpfOD;pD ûyvkyfMuaomtcg &[ef;aumif;rsm;u Ak'¨g0g'rS
wpfyg;aom
t,l½Sdolrsm;ESifh twlwuG OykofrûyEdkifaomaMumifh a½Smifz,faecJhMuonf? þuJhodkU &[ef;wkrsm;ESifhtwl OykofrûyMuonfhtwGuf 7-ESpfwdkifwdkif oHCnDñGwfa&; ysufNym;vsuf ½SdcJhonf/ 3/
taomurif;MuD;onf pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI½Sdap&ef EdkifiHa&;tNrifNzifh MunfhNyD; &[ef;tm;vHk;
wnDwñGwfwnf; Oykofûyap&eftwGuf trwfwpfOD;tm; wm0efay;apcdkif;cJhavonf? xdktrwfonf wdwd¬wdkU\ bufom;NzpfoNzifh Oykofrûyaom bk&m;½Sif om;awmfppf oHCmawmf taNrmuftNrm;udk aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif
owfNzwfcJhavonf?
taomurif;MuD;\
nDawmfwdóonf
uHtm;avsmfpGm &[ef;b0Nzifh
olawmfaumif;
oHCmrsm;xJwGif
yg0ifvsuf
½SdaeaomaMumifh
xdktrwfrdkuf\ &ufpufyGJMuD;udk [efUwm;EdkifcJhavonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
891
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
4/
þuJhodkU
pGef;xif;ay:cJh&NyD;umrS
omoemhordkif;wGif
aMuuGJ0rf;enf;zG,f
aumif;aom
trJuGufMuD;
taomurif;MuD;onf Ak'¨ omoemtrSefudk a[maNymEdkifrnfh q&maumif;udk
½SmazG&mwGif ½Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdórax&fudk
awGUí rax&fxHrS
Ak'¨omoemtrSefudk oif,lNyD;
ouFef;0wf wdwd¬wdkUudk ½Sif;vif;okwfoifEdkifcJhavonf/ 5/
txufyg tNzpftysufudk oHk;oyfMunfhonf½Sdaomf Ak'¨omoemrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom
t,l½Sdolrsm;rSm omoemawmfwGif;odkU acgif;NrD;ûcH 0ifa&mufNyD; twGif;uaeí zsufqD;onfhtcsufudk awGUMu&ayonf? þodkU rdrdwdkU udk,fwdkifu 0g'wpfyg;½Sdaeolrsm;Nzpfygvsuf rdrdwdkU0g'omvQif Ak'¨0g'NzpfaMumif;
0ifa&mufNiif;ckefwdkufcdkufNcif;onf
]a,m
a[mwd
0d0ga'g
A[kZem[dwm,
A[kZemokcg, A[kaem Zeó tew¬m, t[dwm, 'ku©m, a'0rekómeH} [laom t*FkwdåK&f ygVdawmf quúedygwf 294-ü
a[mMum;awmf rlonfESifhtnD
&[ef;½SifvlNynfoltrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rJhrI?
qif;&J'ku©a&mufrIwdkUudkom NzpfapEdkifaMumif;ay:vGif xif½Sm;avonf/ 6/
þodkUomoemawmfxJ0ifNyD;
omoemhta&ûcHum
bk&m;a[mw&m;awmf
"r®udk
bk&m;a[mr[kwf t"r® [k vnf;aumif;? bk&m; ra[maom ygVdteuftwkrsm;udk bk&m;a[maom "r® [lí vnf;aumif; Niif;ckefaNymqdkMuaom yk*d¾KvfwdkUonf 0de,ypöwd¬u = 0denf; omoemawmfNrwf\ qefUusifbuf &efolrsm;omNzpfMuonf? okwåEÅ ypöwd¬u = okwåef omoemawmfNrwf\ qefUusifbuf &efolrsm;om
NzpfMuonf?
tbd"r®m
ypöwd¬u
=
tbd"r®momoemawmfNrwf\
qefUusifbuf
bk&m;a[mr[kwf[lí
qefUusifbuf
&efolrsm;omNzpfMuonf/ 7/
tbd"r®m
a'oemawmfNrwfudk
pGyfpGJaNymqdkMuolwdkUonf ]tbd"r®H y#dAma[aEÅm £ro®ð Zde pauú y[m&H a'wd} [k t|uxmvDed t|uxm
ESm-30ü
rdefUrSmawmfrlonfESifhtnD bk&m;½Sif\
omoemawmfNrwfudk
xdyg;ykwfcwf
apmfum;olrsm;yif NzpfMuonf? xdkrQru ]oAÁñkwÚmPH y#dAm[wd} [lonfESifhtnD NrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAÁñkwa½TÚmPfawmfudkyif wm;Nrpfydwfyifolrsm; NzpfMuonf? xdkrQru ]aomwkumrH y&doH 0doH0g a'wd} [lonfESifhtnD oHo&mrS xGufaNrmuf&ef taMumif;Nzpfaom ed,smedu bk&m;omoemawmftrSefudk avhvmoif,lusifhMuHolwdkUtm;
avhvmoif,l
usifhMuHvdkpdwf
r½Sdatmif
zefwD;Muaom
omoemzsufyk*d¾Kvfrsm;yif NzpfMuonf/ 8/
xdkuJhodkU
Ak'¨0g'rS
aoGznfaom
rdrdwdkU0g'
vufudkifwpfckckNzifh
Ak'¨omoemudk
0ifa&mufzsufqD;olrsm;onf ]'kyÜ#dyaEém [d omoeH bdE´aEÅm ow¬K "r®o&Da& y[m&H a'wd} [k O'gef;t|uxm?
ESm-87ü
rdefUqdkonfhtwdkif;
Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif\
udk,fum,awmfudkyif
½dkufESufykwfcwfxdk;ckwfolrsm; Nzpfayonf/ 9/ t"r®?
t"r®
þodkU omoemh ta&ûcHum omoemawmftwGif;0ifí taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;Nyum "r®udk udk
"r®? bk&m;ra[monfudk
ta[m?
bk&m;a[monfudk
ra[m
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
ponfNzifh
892
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0ifa&mufyl;owfNyD; 0d0g'gt"d u½kPf;rsm;Nzpfatmif zefwD;rIonf wdkwdkESifh rNidrf;at;ygvQif aeNrifhav t½l;&ifhav
qkdbdouJhodkU
Ak'¨omoemtwGif;0,f
&[ef;½Sifvlrsm;xJü
omoe"r®tay:
txifrSm;tNrifrSm;rIrsm; NzpfvmNyD; omoemawmfESifh ywfowfí tNiif;yGm;rIrsm; y#dyu© NzpfrIrsm; ydkí MuD;xGm;vmedkifyHkudk 0drwd0daem'eD #Dumq&mu êudwif owday;xm;cJhavonf/ 10/
NrefrmEdkifiHawmfü omoem
tHhzG,fo&J
tm*HkaqmifEdkifaom
ausmfMum;avmufatmif
2500-acwfwGif q|oH*g,emwifNcif;?
omoemhtmZmenfrsm;
tusifhodu©maumif;vSaom
ay:xGef;Ncif;?
&[ef;aumif;rsm;
yd#uoHk;yHkudk t&d,m&[EÅm[k
ay:xGef;Ncif;wdkUaMumifh
Ak'¨omoemawmf\ taNconf wdk;wufvmonf[k wpfzufwGif qdk&ef½Sdonf/ 11/
odkU&mwGif tumif;½SdvQif tqdk;½Sdaom avmu"r®wmtwdkif; tNcm;wpfzufwGifvnf;
Ak'¨omoemawmftrSefudk zsufvdkzsufqD;ûyvkyfMuaom tEÅ&m,fqdk;onfvnf; ,ckomoemESpf 2500acwfwGif
ododomom
ay:aygufcJhavonf?
þodkU
ay:aygufvmaom
"r®EÅ&m,frsm;teuf
awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú| acgif;aqmifaom omoemhta&ûcH ½kyf0g'*dkPf;\ xdk;ESufcsufrSm omoemawmftm; rsm;pGmyif
txdemapcJhonf?
awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú|onf
i,fpOfu
½Sif&[ef;NzpfcJhaomfvnf;
yifudk,fp½dkuftm;Nzifh omoemawmftay: o'¨gw&m; tvGefenf;NyD; t,lonf; acgif;rmolNzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm ygVd
t|uxm #Dum yd#uwf usrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; ,xmblwusatmif rwwfrod
rusifhrMuH tvGefnHhaom udk,fcHNzifh udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;wdkU\ ppfaMumif;wpf&yfNzpfaom omoemzsuf pmayppfaMumif;ESifh tawGUwGif vHk;0usqHk;oGm;NyD; urÇmtESHU t½Sdeft[kefNyif;pGm xdk;ESufvmaom ½kyf0g'\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk vHk;0cHoGm;&½Smol Nzpfonf? odkUNzpfí q&mpOfquf usifhoHk;cJhaom Ak'¨omoemh0g'trSefudk awmfvSefNyD; ½kyf0g'odkU ul;aNymif;um omoemhtwGif;&efol NzpfvmcJhayonf/ 12/
þodkU omoemhta&ûcH ouFef;0wf OD;Ouú|onf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh edum,fig;&yf
yd#uoHk;yHkrsm;udk &p&mr&Sdatmif a0zefykwfcwfvmNcif;? Ak'¨0g'ESifhvHk;0 qefUusifaom vlaovlNzpf0g'udk a&;om;vmNcif;? Ak'¨ "r® Ak'¨ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk a0zefykwfcwfvmNcif;? omoemapmifh r[max&frsm; ausmufxD;wEÅK
tav;ûytyfaom
oHCmawmftm;vHk;udk
odrf;usKH;ykwfcwfvmNcif;
ponfwdkUudk
ol\pl;½Saom uavmifoGm; aumufuspfpOf;vJaom 0uFEÅÚmPfwdkUNzifh tqufrNywfûyvkyfcJhayonf/ xdkuJhodkU OD;Ouú| w&m;vGefvmaomtcg "r®0g'DoHCmawmfrsm;u yumoeD,uHûyívnf;aumif;? Ak'¨omoem0if 'g,umrsm;u tyÜom'ya0'eD,uHûyívnf;aumif; wm;NrpfcJhMuao;onf? odkU&mwGif aumif;pGm t&mra&mufcJhay/ 13/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
NrefrmNynfwGif;odkU
xGif;azmuf0ifa&mufvmaom
acwfopf½kyf0g'udk vufcH,HkMunfMuonfh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf OD;Ouú|aemufodkU aumufaumufyg vdkufcJhMuaomaMumifh Nzpfayonf? omoemawmfodkU
csOf;uyfum
xdk OD;Ouú|\ aemufvdkuf ½kyf0g'DwdkUonfvnf; OD;Ouú|enf;wl rdrdwdkUomvQif
Ak'¨bmom
ppfrSefolrsm;tNzpf
aMuG;aMumfMuvsuf
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
893
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Ak'¨omoemawmfudk twGif;u0ifí wufwufMuGMuG zsufqD;Muavawmhonf? xdkolwdkUum; tNcm;r[kwf? ,ck
½Hk;awmfodkU
a&mufaeMuaom
ocifNrwfqdkifESifhwuG
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS
OD;cif[ef
paomyk*d¾KvfwdkU Nzpfayonf/ 14/
txufwGif azmfNycJhonfhtwdkif; Ak'¨omoemawmfrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom ½kyf0g'
t,l½SdMuaom olwdkUtm; "r®puf tmPmpufwdkUNzifh Ak'¨omoemawmf
omru
wdwdusus ta&;,laqmif½GufNcif; rûyygu
omoemawmfudk
Nidrf;csrf;pGm
vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuaom
&[ef;½SifvlNynfolwdkU\ twGif;ü pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; ysufNym;um ab;'ku©tEÅ&m,f trsdK;rsdK;usa&muf vmvdrfhrnf Nzpfayonf? odkUNzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú| pchJaom ½kyf0g'udk taNccHonfh vlaovlNzpf0g'? xdkvlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh wpfEG,fiif wpfpifyg qufpyfvsuf½Sdaom tEk0g'rsm;udk t"du½kPf; Nidrf;at;ap&ef &[ef;? ½Sifvl Nynfoltrsm; csrf;omap&ef EdkifiHawmf\ pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; cdkifNrJwdk;wufap&ef
omoemawmf
oefU½Sif;
wnfwHh
NyefUyGm;ap&ef
&nfoefawmfrlMuvsuf
ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum cdkifcefUaom bk&m;Oya'awmfMuD;ESifhtnD 0dedpä, csrSwf MuayukeftHh/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
894
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tydkif;(6) 6-1/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, csrSwfcsuf 6-2/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;aom Mo0g'uxm
6-3/ ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf\ ½Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf 6-4/ t"r®0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrsm; 9-5/ obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;vTm 6-6/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus Ouú|q&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm 6-7/ q&mawmfOD;crmok"\ 0dedpä,tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g' 6-8/ tusdK;aqmif q&mawmf\ ½Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf 6-9/ t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif; 6-10/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ trdefUaMumfNimpm 6-11/ usrf;pmtkyf "r®'getvª½Sif
bk&m;½Sifawmf? yGifhxGef;ay:í a[mazmfñTefNy? Nrwf"r®aMumifh þum;ukodkvf? tukodkvfESifh xdkxdkbHkb0? odMu&? rsm;vSaus;Zl;ay aus;Zl;awmf½Sif? bk&m;½Sifudk aeUpOfrNywf? aus;Zl;qyfzdkU tNrwf&wem? omoemudk ESpfNzm0efxrf;? vGefêud;yrf; vlpGrf;NyMuav/ (r[m*E¨m½kH q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;)
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w NrefrmedkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif;rsm; aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'? ,if;Oya'\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;eSifh tnD zGJUpnf;tyfaom EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)\
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, rSwfcsuf (vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tydk'f 42)
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 1343-ck? "r® t"r® rIcif; trSwf-1
apm'u yk*d¾Kvfrsm; 1/ OD;pEd´rm? rdwd¬vmûrdU? "r®mp&d, ausmif;wdkuf? 2/ OD;ynmoD[? arûrdU? &wemrm&fatmif ausmif;wdkuf? 3/ OD;0dok'¨ ? rEÅav;ûrdU? avmurSefuif; ausmif;wdkuf? 4/ OD;ynmomrd? ompnfûrdU? a&vnf ausmif;wdkuf?
pk'dwu yk*d¾Kvfrsm; 1/ OD;OaZÆmwdu? a';'&JûrdU? 2/ OD;Z0e (ae&Sife,f) awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU? 3/ OD;Z0e (ig;qifh) awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU? 4/ OD;qE´m"du (ewfrSD) awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU? 5/ ocifNrwfqdkif? &efukefûrdU? 6/ OD;cif[ef (or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf) &efukefûrdU? 7/ OD;a½TNynfh? awmifukwfûrdU? awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú| pwifcJhaom vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh wEG,fiifwpifyg or®m'd|dokawoe paom qefUusifbuf0g'wdkU a&muf½Sd&m ûrdUe,f^&yfuGuf^aus;½GmwdkUü Nzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom "r® t"r® tNiif;yGm;rI?
0de, t0de, tNiif;yGm;rI
NynfolUvTwfawmfu aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m
wnDwñGwfwnf; Oya'?
paom
0d0g'g"du½kPf;rIudk
Ny|mef;ay;xm;aom
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD
aNyNidrf;ap&ef
tvdkUiSm
0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; EdkifiHawmf oHCmr[mem,utzGJUu
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
895
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
a½G;cs,fzGJUpnf;ay;xm;onfh EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfMuD;rsm;om yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; udk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xdk;í "r®0de,ESifh tnD vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,udk csrSwfay;awmfrlvdkufonf/
0dedpä,csrSwfcsuf 1/
OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh½kyf0g'Drsm;NzpfaMumif; apm'emcsufESifh ywfowfí
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf pdwf apwoduf ½kyf edAÁmef y&rw¬w&m; av;yg;udk taNccHí 0w¬½kyfaNcmufyg; tm½HkaNcmufyg; 0dnmPf 6-yg;wdkUudk 24-ypönf;ü oGif;í ½Sif;vif;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkuf or®m'd|dokawoD qdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf yom'½kyfig;yg;? ½kyftm½Hkig;yg;udkom uGufí,lNyD; ,if;½kyfudk t½Sdw&m; edpöw&m;tNzpf rlaoudkifNyD; emrfw&m;udkrl tNzpfw&m; vufatmufcHw&m;tNzpf xm;½Sdaom
{upöoów ½kyf0g'rsdK; NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ¤if;wdkUonf xdk½kyf0g'tNrifNzifhom
t&m&mudk oHk;oyf½INrifNyD;
Ak'¨
"r®
oHCm tNrwfqHk; &wemwdkUudk ykwfcwfy,fzsufNcif;tm;Nzifh
o&P*Hkr½Sdaom bmom omoemrJh tNzpfwGifom ½SdaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 2/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf vlaoaomtcg a'0*wd? rEkó*wd? wd&päme*wd? ayw*wd?
ed&,*wd(ewf? vl? wd&pämef? Nydwåm? i&J) [laom *wdig;yg;udk rdrdwdkU ûyvkyfaom ukodkvf tukodkvf uHtm;avsmfpGm vm;a&muf&aom 0g' NzpfNyD; awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ouú|\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g' tNrif twdkif; vlaovQif aemufxyfNzpf&efrvdk tu,fí NzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif vlrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom vm;zG,f*wd r½Sd? vlomvQif Nzpf&rnf [k Oapä''d|d? oów 'd|dudk ,laomtm;Nzifh Ak'¨0g'udk qefUusifaom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 3/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\0g'onf
MoumoavmuNzpfaom
31-bHk\
yifudk,ftm;Nzifh
wnf&Sdaeonfudk vufcHNyD; xdk 31-bHkü Nzpf&ef taMumif;w&m;rsm; xdk31-bHkrS xGufaNrmuf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk ñTefNyaom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifhwuG wynfhaemufvdkufwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ rsufpdNzifh Nrif&aom vlUbHkESifh wd&pämefbHkudkom vufcHí 31-bHkudk vufrcHaom0g' ½Sdolrsm; NzpfonfhtNyif NrwfpGmbk&m;udkyif 31-bHk0g' vufrcHav[ef pGyfpGJxm;aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 4/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
ur®óuwor®m'd|d?
psmeor®m'd|d?
0dyóemor®m'd|d?
r*¾or®m'd|d? zvor®m'd|d? ypöa0u©Pmor®m'd|dtm;Nzifh ppfrSefaom or®m'd|d (6)rsdK;udk taNccHonfh twdkif; uH uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk ouf0if,HkMunfrI? ur®óuw or®m'd|dudk taNccHupí vufcHaom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;\ 0g'onf tvªay;Ncif;? OykofapmifhNcif;? bm0emtm;xkwfNcif; ponfNzifh uH uH\ tusdK;w&m;qdkif&m udpörsm;udk tZdwauourÁv wdw¬dwuúwGef; uJhodkU y,faom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
896
tpodkU 5/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
NrwfpGmbk&m;
&½Sdawmfrlaom
0dZÆmoHk;yg;
0dZÆm½Spfyg;
ÚmPfawmfq,fyg;wdkUt& a½S;tNzpfudk Nrifaom ykaAÁed0goekówdÚmPf? aemifvmrnfh tem*wftNzpfudk Nrifaom tem*wHoÚmPf? ypöKyÜef½I&ef Nzpfaom 0dyóemÚmPf ponfwdkUNzifh twdwf tem*wf ypöKyÜef OD;Ouú|ESifh ocifNrwfqdkif
umvoHk;yg;udk olUae&mESifhol us,fus,fNyefUNyefU vufcHaom0g'NzpfNyD;
or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh ykcufESifhacgif;Mum; [laom ypöKyÜefudkom ,lonfh tvGefusOf;aNrmif;aom 0g'NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 6/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif
0g'onf
tvGefav;eufus,fNyefUvSaom
pwifa[mMum;NyD;
ynm{w'*f&
vusfm&H
tbd"r®ma'oemawmfudk ½Sifom&dykwå&mrSwpfqifh
vlUavmuü NzefUa0cJhaom a'oemNzpfonfhtNyif NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif 0denf;ynwfcsufrsm;ü vnf;aumif;? oH,kwf ygVdawmf paom okwfw&m;awmfrsm;ü vnf;aumif; tbd"r®mw&m;oabmrsm;udk trsm;tNym; xnfhoGif; a[mMum;xm;onfNzpfí NzpfaMumif; rSefuefpGm tbd"r®mw&m;awmfü
tbd"r®monf taNccHtm;Nzifh
vufcHusifhoHk;&aom0g'NzpfNyD;
OD;Ouú|ESifh
bk&m;a[mppfppf
aemufvdkufwdkY\
0g'onf
us,fNyefUav;eufaom w&m;"r®ydkif;udk roHk;oyfr½INrifEdkifMubJ bmomNcm;
vlrsdK;Ncm;wdkU\ pmayppfaMumif;rS ay:aygufvmaom tay:&H ty,duNzpfonfh ordkif;aMumif;tNrifNzifh tbd"r®m
bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k
wm0efrJh
a&;om;rIrsm;udk
t[kwfrSwfum
Ak'¨
tbd"r®mudk
bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k trSefw&m;ESifh qefUusifNyD; ,laom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 7/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf okar"m½Sif&aohb0rS pí ]oAÁñkwH ygykPdwGm oEÅma&óH
oa'0uH} oAÁñkw bk&m;½Sif tNzpfodkU a&mufaomtcg vl ewf NA[®m owå0gwdkUudk u,fwiftHh [laom &nf½G,farQmfrSef;csufMuD;onf r[mouú&mZf (103) ckESpf? uqkefvNynfhaeU r[maAm"dyif&if;ü NynfhaNrmufawmfrlNyD; twkr½Sdaom bk&m;½SifNzpfum oAÁñkwÚmPfudk trSefpifppf &awmfrlNcif;? ,aeU vuf½Sd
oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif edum,f ig;&yf
yd#uwf oHk;yHk
ygVdawmftkyfa& (40)cefUudk
a[mEdkifonfh yk*d¾KvfrsdK;onf tvHk;pHkaom ÚmPftNrif½Sdonfh oAÁñkwÚmPft½SifomvQif Nzpf&rnf [laom taxmuftxm;t& Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;onf trSefpifppf oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk &½SdolNzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf xdkuJhodkUaom oufaotaxmuftxm;wdkUudk rsufuG,fûyvsuf ½kyf0g'tNrifNzifh qefUusifa&;twGuf oAÁñkwÚmPfawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwf apmfum;MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 8/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf 0dyóem\ taNccHNzpfaom orxvrf;pOfESifh avmukwå&m\
taNcNzpfaom 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk tcdkiftrm wnfaqmufí a0ae,s owå0gwdkUtm; b0oHo&mrS xGufaNrmufa&;twGuf pDpOfñTefMum;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkif or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUrS vlrsm;onf ½kyf0g' tNrift& oHo&mESifh oHo&mrS vGwfaNrmufrIudk vufoifhrcHolrsm;yDyD b0oHo&m xGufaNrmufaMumif;Nzpfaom orx? 0dyóemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;aom0g' ½SdMuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
897
tpodkU 9/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf 0denf;usifh0wf odu©myk'fawmfrsm;udk &[ef;wdkU\ touf?
omoemawmf\
touftNzpf
tav;teufxm;um
ck'´gekck'´ tao;tzGJ
odu©myk'fygrusef
tav;*½kûyí usifhoHk;vdkufemonfh0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkU\ 0g'onf 0denf;usifh0wfrsm;udk Oyg'geftpGJtvrf;rsm;[k orkwfum
0denf;usifh0wfudk
rsufuG,fûyaom t0de,0g'NzpfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ 10/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf NrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlaom 0denf;usifh0wfodu©myk'frsm;udk
udk,f0,fqifNref;í vdkufemusifhoHk;aom &[ef;aumif; ½Sifaumif; oHCmawmfaumif;wdkUudk csD;rGrf;axmrem Mobmûyaom0g'NzpfNyD;
vlaovlNzpfOD;Ouú|ESifh
wynfhMuD;
ocifNrwfqdkif or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUrS
vlwdkUonf 0denf;awmfESifhtnD usifhMuHaexdkifMuaom tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k? t*¾r[my@dw? wdyd#u"& "r®b@m*g&du tp½Sdaom ausmufxD;wEÅK tav;ûytyfaom olawmfaumif; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk tacsmiform;awG ponfNzifh yufyufpufpuf qJa&;ykwfcwfaom rkom0g'? ydokP0g'? z½ko0gpm? oræyÜvmy - [laom 0pD'kp½dkufav;yg; taNccHNyD; oHCmtm; qJa&;aom oHCtauúmo0g'½Sdolrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 11/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf arwåm opömESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk taNccHaom &weokwf?
arwåmokwf paom okwfw&m;rsdK;udk tzefzef½Gwfzwfo&Zös,fNcif;tm;Nzifh ukodkvfw&m;wdk;yGm;apNyD; ab;tEÅ&m,fwdkUudk
wm;qD;umuG,fonfh
y&dwfa'oemawmfrsm;tNzpf
cGifhûyaom
(0g)
y&dwf½Gwfaumif;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf NA[®PwdkU\ rEÅef½GwfyHk? r[m,ewdkU\ y&dwf½GwfyHk? 0dZÆm"dk&fwdkU *gxmpkwfyHk? vuf½Sd Ak'¨bmomwdkU y&dwf½GwfyHkwdkU\ t*Fgvu©Pmrsm; rwluGJNym;Ncm;em;rIudk
vHk;0em;rvnfMubJ
toHwlumrQNzifh
oabmwlrSwfí
Ak'¨bmomwdkU\
tpOftvmaumif;rsm;udk zsufqD;aom0g'½Sdolrsm; NzpfMuavaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 12/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; apwDawmf
ykxdk;awmfrsm;? qif;wkawmfrsm;? qHawmf "mwfawmfrsm; ponfwdkUudk NrwfpGmbk&m;\ aus;Zl;awmf *kPfawmfwdkUudk
tm½Hkûyí
aemufvdkufwdkUonf xdkuJhodkYaom
½Sdcdk;ylaZmfudk;uG,forIûy&ef "mwfawmfarGawmf
cGifhûyaom0g'NzpfNyD;?
apwDawmf
udk;uG,fylaZmfNcif;udk qefUusifaom0g'Nzpf½HkrQru OD;Ouú|onf
qif;wkawmf
OD;Ouú|ESifh ponfwdkUudk
rdrd½kyf0g'DwpfOD;NzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
tcdkiftrmNyo&ma&mufaponfh ½kyf0g' tNrifNzifh t&[wå"ZouFef;awmfudk rdef;rxrDESifh vnf;aumif;? oHk;avmuxG#fxm; oAÁñkNrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHawmf "mwfNrwfudk Nrif;NrD;ESifh vnf;aumif; ,kwf,kwfrmrm cdkif;EIdif;NyD; ouFef;ESifh qHawmfudk xrDESifh Nrif;NrD;avmufrQ toHk;rusonfh b0odkU a&mufatmif ½S,fzG,fvdvd a&;om;xkwfa0aom t½SufrJhtvZDÆ0g'½Sdol NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 13/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf uH? uH\ tusdK;udk taNccHonfh tm;avsmfpGm bk&m;ç w&m;ç
oHCmç q&m rdb wdkUtm; ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfNcif; *kPfawmfyGm;rsm;Ncif;paom trIwdkUudk ukodkvf&aom
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
898
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tvkyfrsm;tNzpf owfrSwfí tm;ay;aom 0g' NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkYonf ½kyf0g'Drsm;yDyD ½kyfrsufvHk;Nzifh
ukodkvf&onfqdkonfudk
rNrif&aomaMumifh
vufrcHbJ
Ak'¨bmomwdkU\
"avhaumif;Nzpfaom bk&m;½Sdcdk;Ncif;? qDrD;ylaZmfNcif;? qGrf;awmfuyfNcif; paom bmom omoema&; vkyfief;wdkUudk zsufqD;aom 0g'½Sdolrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 14/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf
uH? uH\ tusdK;udk vnf;aumif;? b0 oHo&mrS
xGufaNrmufrIudk vnf;aumif; us,fus,fNyefUNyefU vufcHaom0g' Nzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm aumif;aomzufü oDvcH,lNcif; ûyvkyfonfh ukodkvftusdK;aMumifh &½SdEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;udk
ñTefNyaNymMum;Ncif;[k
qdktyfaom qkay;Ncif;? ukodkvf½Sif\ qE´Nyif;NyrIudk NrGufqdkaom qkawmif;Ncif;? vlaoaomtcg aool½Sifol ESpfOD;vHk;twGuf tusdK;½SdEdkifaom oydwfoGwfNcif; paom trIwdkUudk ukodkvfaumif;rItNzpf owfrSwfí tm;ay;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh or®m'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf xdktrIudpöwdkUudk ½kyf0g' tNrifNzifh
oHk;oyfí
ukodkvfaumif;rIqdkif&m
omoemrI"avhaumif;wdkUudk
y,faom0g'½Sdolrsm;
NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 15/ twdkif;
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf t*FkwdåK&fygVdawmf? o'¨r®oar®mookwfü a[mMum;xm;onfh
olawmfaumif;
w&m;awmfü
rawGa0ap&ef
olawmfaumif;w&m;awmf
ruG,fyap&ef
tu©&myk'fAsnf;wdkUudk aumif;pGmxm;&rnf teufudkvnf; aumif;pGmaqmif&rnf[k ]tu©&m wpfvHk; bk&m;wpfql} uJhodkU wefzdk;xm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkuf½kyf0g'Drsm;\ 0g'onf ygVdudk
tbd"mefwGif
azmfNyaom&if;Nrpf
teufavmufudkyif
½kyf0g'taNccHtNrifESifh
udkufnDatmif
ygVdpum;vHk;rsm;udk xifovdk
trSefw&m;[lorQudk
Oyg'gefyk'fr-wyfum zsufqD;ypf&ef
rSefrSefr,lbJ
¤if;wdkU\
teufay;MuNyD;
omoe"r®
êud;pm;aom
omoeypöwd¬u0g'
NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 16/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf vlwdkUü½Sdaom
udavom(10)yg;wdkUudk
tqifhvdkuf
tqifhvdkuf trSefwu,f tNyD;tNywf y,fowfEdkifolrsdK;udkom t&d,m[k owfrSwfNyD; xdkodkU udavom y,fowf&mü
tqifhvdkuf
Nzpfay:aom
edAÁKw"mwfudkvnf;aumif;?
aemufqHk;wGif
taMumif;wPSmcsKyfNidrf;í? tusdK;½kyfemrf tm;vHk;csKyfNidrf;onfh oEdÅokc trw"mwfudk vnf;aumif; tppftrSef edAÁmeftNzpf owfrSwfaom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh taygif;ygwdkU\0g'onf t&d,mESifh edAÁmefudk txufyg bk&m;a[m t"dyÜm,frsm;ESifh qefUusifvsuf azmfNyxm;MuoNzifh
ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfESifh rudkufnD rESD;aESmrdaom 0g'NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 17/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
oH*g,em
aNcmufwefwif
yd#uwfoHk;yHkü
yg½Sdaom
"r®puúy0wåeokwftwdkif; opömav;yg;? tNyefoHk;yg;? Ncif;&m q,fhESpfyg;½Sdaom opömvrf;aMumif;udk azmfNyonfh0g'Nzpfí OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf þuJhodkU av;eufonfh "r®pMumw&m;awmfMuD;udk
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
899
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
yifvQif t½SufrJh zsufqD;um vlaovlNzpf "r®pMumtNzpf
azmfNy0Hhaom omoem aoGznfa&;0g'
½Sdolrsm;NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 18/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
vdrfvnfNcif;?
vSnfhywfNcif;?
aumufuspfNcif;wdkUudk
tvGefpyfqkyfonfh tm;avsmfpGm pum;rSef w&m;rSef udkom a[mMum;aNymqdkaom opöm0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh wuG OD;udkudkav;? ocifNrwfqdkif? tbd"r®m q&mpdef? or®m'd|dokawoD paom olwdkUonf ¤if;wdkU\ oEÅmefü wnfudef;aeaom ½kyf0g' tNrifNzifh qdkcJhonfh vdrfvnfNcif;? vSnfhNzm;Ncif;? aumufuspfNcif;wdkUudk tNypf[lí rNrifbJ bk&m;ra[maom ]avmuork',Oö tw¬d? avmueda&m"Oö ewd¬} [laom vufNzpf ygVdtwkrsdK;udk Ak'¨bk&m;a[mygVdtNzpf aNymifaNymifwif;wif; vdrfvnfvSnfhNzm; azmfNyNcif;tm;Nzifh
bk&m;ra[monfudk
ta[mvkyfum omoemawmfü
t"du½kPf;rsm;Nzpfatmif
zefwD;aom tzsuform;rsm;om NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 19/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf bk&m;qkudk awmif;onfrSpí yg&rD q,fyg; tNym;oHk;q,f
pGefYNcif;MuD;ig;yg; p&d,oHk;yg;wdkUudk av;oacFsESifh urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; Nznfhqnf;awmfrlcJhNyD; aemufqHk;bk&m;Nzpfrnfhb0ü r,fawmf0rf;ü oaE¨,lNcif;? zGm;NrifawmfrlNcif;? awmxGufawmfrlNcif;? 'kuú&p&d,usifhawmfrlNcif;? aAm"dyv’ifü bk&m;NzpfawmfrlNcif;wdkUudk twk,lzG,f tm;uszG,fNzpfatmif us,fus,fNyefUNyefU Ak'¨0ifudk azmfNyxm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkuf ½kyf0g'orm;wdkU\ 0g'onf Ak'¨0ifudk ½kyftNrifESihf ,SOfMunfhNyD; rwefr&m rxDav;pm; apmfum;aom
,kwfnHhonfh
0g'&Sdolrsm;om NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ 20/
NrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhwuG wynfhom;oHCmwdkU\ 0g'onf bk&m;½Sifudk,fawmfwdkifa[mcJhaom
ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? wynfhom;wdkU a[maomfvnf;
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ twnfûycsuf&½SdcJhaom
ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? NrwfpGmbk&m; tusOf;csKyfa[mcJhaom rmwdumudk tus,fcsJUxm;onfh ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? Ak'¨0g'ESifh tnD aqG;aEG; a[maNymxm;aom ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? omoemYtEÅ&m,f toG,foG,frS umuG,f&ef tvdkUiSm acwftvdkuf oH*g,em aNcmufwefwifí oefUpifcJhNcif;trIonf tvGefcdkifrmaom omoemhrSwfwdkifMuD;rsm;tNzpf cHxm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ouú|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ 0g'onf vlrsdK;Ncm; bmomNcm;wdkU\ pmaypnf;½Hk;rIaemufodkU vdkufygum oH*g,em aNcmufwef\ cdkifrmrIudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif vkyfaomomoemzsuf0g' NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 21/
NrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhwuG wynfhom; oHCmwdkU\ 0g'onf oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif
ygVdawmfrsm;rSm tESpfom&tm;Nzifh rnfonfhbmom t,l0g'ESifhrQ a&m,SufNcif;r½Sd? Ak'¨0g'ppfppfudkom azmfNyaom
ygVdawmfrsm;tNzpf
oiftHavhusuf
pdppfoHk;oyf
usifhMuHcsufrsm;Nzifh
twnfûyNyD;
vufcHxm;aom 0g'Nzpfí OD;Ouú|ESifh ¤if;\ aemufvdkufwdkU\ 0g'onf rdrdwdkU\ ½kyf0g'tNrifESifh rudkufnDaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk bk&m;a[mr[kwf [lívnf;aumif;? [dE´LNA[®®P0g'awG [lí vnf;aumif; orkwfNyD; bmom omoemudk ½dk;om;pGm usifhMuHtm;xkwfvsuf½Sdaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; tNrifrSm;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
900
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
txifrSm;Nzpfatmif
vSnfhNzm;vdrfvnfNyD;
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk
ûzwfxkwfowfaom0g'
NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ ,if; vlaovlNzpf0g'gEk0g' (vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? ¤if;\ aemufvdkufNzpfaom ocifNrwfqdkif? or®m'd|dokawoD vnf;aumif;?
polwdkU\
0g')onf
av;eufus,fNyefUaom
ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r® tm*r,kwdårsm;ESifh
obm0,kwdårsm;ESifh
vnf;aumif;
ravsmfuefatmif
azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbufNzpfaom t"r®0g'omNzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocH wifNyaom vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;
pmapmif wdwfacGrsmESSifh wuG þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHypönf;tNzpf
a&mufrvmaom xdk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGESifh ausmufpm ponfü yg½Sdaom a&;om;csufrsm;onfvnf; ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r®ESifhqefUusifbufrsm;Nzpfí xdkpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacG ausmufpm
ponfwdkUonf t"r®0g'udk azmfNy&m NzpfaomaMumifh
t"r®ypönf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ xdkvlaovlNzpf
0g'gEk0g'
(vlaovlNzpf0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoDwdkU\
0g'ponf)udk
a&;om;a[maNym NzefUa0Muaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'udk vdkufemí ûyvkyfMuaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'udk vdkvm;ESpfoufpGm axmufcHtm;ay;Muol ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonfvnf;aumif; t"r®0g'DwdkUom NzpfMuukef\ [lí EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
901
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfMuD;rsm;
pOf 1/
bGJUawmfESifh ausmif;wdkuf
vufrSwf
b'´EÅaCmodwmbd0Ho (obmywd) aCmodwm&mrausmif;wdkuf? xm;0,fûrdU/
2/
b'´EÅ Z0embd0Ho(tzGJU0if) Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf êudUyifaumufûrdU/
3/
b'´EÅ"r®mbd0& (tzGJU0if) uHwGif;qkawmif;Nynfhausmif;? NynfûrdU/
4/
b'´EÅ ukrm& (tzGJU0if) r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;ûrdU/
5/
b'´EÅ Úmedu (tzGJU0if) yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? aNrmif;NrûrdU
aeUpGJ?
1341-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef; vqef; (2) &uf/ 1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (29)&uf/ Mumoyaw;aeU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
902
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, csrSwfNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) obmywd q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;awmfrlaom Mo0g'uxm
awmifwGif;MuD;ûrdU?
ewfrSDawm&
OD;Ouú|\
vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh
xdk0g'rS
qufEG,fay:aygufvmonfh (twkvdkuf) tEk0g'rsm;\ "r® t"r® tNzpfudk pdppfqHk;Nzwf&ef EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ wm0efay;csuft&
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;u wdrf;apmif;rSm;,Gif;Ncif; r½Sd&atmif av;vcefUrQ tcsdef,lNyD; apm'em aom"em 2-&yfESifh yd#uwfoHk;oG,f edum,fig;Nzm ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum*E¦E¦& t00wdkUudk useaphpyf oHk;oyfa0zefum u½kPmw&m; a½SUxm;vsuf t*wdav;yg; rvdkufpm;bJ ynmwdkUNzifh
tzefzef
EIdif;csdefNyD;rS
Ak'¨omoemEG,f0if
cdkifNrJxufoefonfh 0D&d, owd orm"d ynm½Siftrsm;
vufcHEdkifavmufonfh
y&dok'¨ y&dykPÖ 0dedpä,udk csrSwfawmfrlcJhMuygw,f/ 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u rnfrQyif ,xm"r® w&m;vrf;rSefatmif qHk;NzwfcsufcsMuygaomfvJ ykxkZOfrsm; NzpfMuonfhtavsmuf pdwfxm;Ekol tcsdKU tcsdKU yk*d¾Kvfrsm;u rdrdwdkU NzpfapcsifwJhtwdkif; rNzpfvmwJhtcg rausreyfNzpfwwfMuygw,f? tJ'Dvdk NzpfNcif;[mvJ ykxkZOfwdkU&JU oabmxHwGm "r®wmygyJ/ ykxkZOfrsm; vdkufemûyusifh&ef cJ,Of;wJh cJMuD; 5-&yf ½Sdygw,f? tJ'D cJMuD; 5-&yf u bmawGvJqdkawmh (1) þum; trSm; þum; trSefvdkU a0zefpdppf&ef cJ,Of;w,f? a0zefpdppfrI rûybJ trSwfwrJhyJ aewwfMuw,f/ (2) trSm; trSefudk a0zefpdppfNyefawmhvJ þum; trSm; þum; trSefvdkU rdrdÚmPfNzifh odEdkif&ef cJ,Of;w,f/ (3) trSm; trSefudk odNyefawmhvJ trSm;udk trSm;vdkU xkwfazmfaNymqdk&ef cJ,Of;w,f? rkef;rSm aMumufvdkU EIwfydwfa&iHkvkyfaewwfw,f/ (4) rdrd t,lrSm;aevQifvJ udk,fhtrSm;udk ukd,f0efcH&ef cJ,Of;w,f? rSm;ygw,fvdkU 0efcH&rSmudk ½SufaMumufaewwfw,f/ (5) udk,fhtrSm;udk rSm;ygw,fvdkU 0efcHapumrl trSm;udk y,fvSefNyD; trSefudk usifhMuHvdkufemzdkU cJ,Of;w,f? vlMum;aumif;½Hkavmuf 0efcHNyD; trSm;udk ry,fvSef trSefudk rvdkufembJ aewwfMuw,f/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
903
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
'gaMumifh
NrwfpGmbk&m;u
ykxkZOfawG[m
azmufNyefrSm;,Gif;pGm oHk;oyfwwfMuw,f?
]oE´d|dy&mrmoD}
]tm"me*¾g[D}
rdrd
t,lom
NrJNrHpGm,lavh&SdMuw,f?
trSef[k
]'kyÜ#dedó*D¾}
pGefUvTwfEdkifcJMuw,f (pGefUvTwfzdkU&ef cJ,Of;aewwfMuw,f)vdkU a[mawmfrlcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk trSm;udk oHk;oyfNyD; rpGefUvTwfEdkifbJ NrJNrHpGm ,laewwfoludk t,lonf;olvdkU ac:ygw,f/ a, twåaem OyÜEHé 'd|ð £'ar0 opöEdÅ 'VSH *PdSwGm tyd Ak'¨g'D[d um&PH 'aówGm 0kpörmem e y#dedóZÆEdÅ (r?|?1?194/) t,lonf;wJholrsm;[m olwdkU,lrdwJh t,ludk rpGefUvTwfawmhbJ ZGwfrSdwfNyD; twif;qkyfudkif xm;wwfMuw,f? bk&m;tp&SdwJh ynm½Sdolawmfaumif;wdkUu taMumif;NyNyD; a[maNymayrJh rpGefUvTwfbJ ,lNrJ,laewwfMuw,f/ tJ'D t,lonf;rI[m avmua&;&mbufuvnf; t,lonf;rIvnf;½Sdw,f? tusifhw&m;bufu t,lonf;wmvJ ½Sdw,f? avmua&;&mbufu t,lonf;wmuawmh
o*¾EÅ&m,f - r*¾EÅ&m,f
rNzpfwJhtwGuf odyfta&;rMuD;vSbl; (Oyrm) aNrMuD; Nrif;rdk&fawmif aeç vç eu©wf wnfaeyHk ponfwdkUESifh ywfowfwJh t,ltquGJvGJrIrsdK;awGygyJ?
'gawGu oDv tusifh? orm"d tusifh? ynm
tusifhwdkUESifh rqdkifwJhtwGuf ta&;rMuD;vSygbl;/ tusifhw&m;ESifh ywfowfNyD; tvGJtrSm;udk trSefxifum rpGefUvTwfatmif t,lonf;aevQifawmh r*¾EÅ&m,f NzpfEdkifw,f? tJ'D t,lonf;rIu tvGefta&;MuD;w,f? 'D 0dedpä,pmwrf;rSm azmfNyxm;wJh tvª\
tusdK;r½Sd
paom 'o0w¬Ku
rdpäm'd|d qdkwJh
t,lawGudk
rpGefUvTwfEdkifbJ
NrJNrHpGm
t,lonf;aevQif o*¾EÅ&m,f r*¾EÅ&m,f 2-rsdK;vnf; NzpfEdkifw,f/ 'Dvdk t,lonf;aevQif bk&m;½Sif\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufem&m ra&mufawmhbl;? bk&m;½Sif\ tqHk;trawmfudk rvdkufemvQifa,e um[EdÅ Mo0g'H? e&m Aka'¨e a'odwH/ AsoeaEÅ *rdóEdÅ? &u©oD[d0
0gPdZm/ (Zm? 1? 51)
þbk&m;a[m a'oemESifh tnD qHk;½HI;ysufpD;Ncif;odkU a&mufMu&vdrfhrnf? 'ghaMumifh o*¾EÅ&m,f? r*¾EÅ&m,f
rNzpfMu&avatmif qHk;½HI;ysufpD;Ncif;odkU
0dedpä,pmwrf;udk
oabmaygufem;vnf&ef
a,medaom
ra&mufMu&avatmif 'DqHk;Nzwfcsuf reodum&Nzifh
ususee
aoaocsmcsm
oHk;oyfMuapvdkw,f? rdrdwdkU ÚmPfrrDSwJh t&m|mersm;udkvnf; ynm½Sdq&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xH ar;Nref;NyD;
odem;vnf&ef
oHCr[mem,u
tzGJU\
êud;pm;Muapvdkw,f? a&SUarSmufrSm
tJ'Dvdk
oabmaygufem;vnfum
vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;
EdkifiHawmf
t"r®0g't,lonf;rI[lorQawGudk
pGefUvTwfvdkufMuapvdkw,f? pGefUvTwfNyD;wJhaemufvJ rSefuefonfh w&m;enf;vrf;twdkif; usifhMuHêud;ukwf tm;xkwfapvdkw,f/ tyHÜ0w ZD0dwH £'H? Mo&H0óowmyd rd,swd/ okwÅefedygwf Z&mokwfESifhtnD vlwdkU&JU touf[m tvGefwdkawmif;vSygw,f? 'Dvdk wdkawmif;vSwJh tcsdefumv twGif;rSm
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
trSm;rSm;
904
tpodkU t,Gif;,Gif;eJU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) aooGm;MuvQif
rdrdwdkU&JU
tzdk;wefb0MuD;[m
bmrQ
tusdK;rNyD;bJ
tcsnf;ESD;
NzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf? ,ckvdk tcsdef½Sdcdkufu rûyNyifrdvQif ao&m anmifapmif; avsmif;tdyf&m uswJh tcgusawmh aemifwMuD;pGm&aewwfygw,f? 'gaMumifh tcsdefrD ûyNyifMu&ef wdkufwGef;ygw,f/ trSm;udk trSm;rSef;odvdkU ûyNyifwm[m tvGefynm½Sd olawmfaumif;yDoygw,f? NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom;aumif;rsm;yDyD NrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufem&mvJ a&mufygw,f? NrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufemMuvQifa, p um[EdÅ Mo0g'H? e&m Aka'¨e a'odwH/ aomw¬ð yg&H *rdóEdÅ? 0vma[e0 0gPdZm/ (Zm? 1? 51) þbk&m;a[m
a'oemawmfESifhtnD
csrf;csrf;omomNzifh oHo&m
[dkbufurf;NzpfwJh
edAÁmefeef;odkU aNzmifhaNzmifhwef;wef;MuD; a&muf&ayvdrfhr,f/ 'ghaMumifh
Ak'¨omoemhEG,f0if
olawmfpifwdkU\
&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifNzpfwJh
edAÁmefeef;odkU
aNzmifhwef;pGm a&mufMu&avatmif]]ya& oEd´|dy&mrmoD tm"me*¾g[D 'kyÜ#dedó*D¾
b0dóEdÅ? r,arw¬ toEd´|dy&mrmoD
tem"me*¾g[D okyÜ#dedó*D¾ b0dómrmwd oav’acg u&PDa,m/}} þ rlvyPÖoygVdawmf a'oemESifhtnD ]]tNcm;olawGu udk,fht,ludkom trSefxm;NyD; rSm;,Gif;pGmoHk;oyfvsuf
rpGefUvTwfEdkifbJ
NrJNrHpGm
,laeayrJh
t,lonf;aeMurnfh t&mrSm igwdkUuawmh t,lronf;bJ
olrsm;awG
rSm;,Gif;pGmoHk;oyfNyD;
pGefUvTwfvdkufMur,f}} vdkU t"d|mefûyNyD;
udavomacgif;yg;apEdkifwJh oav’c tusifhw&m;rSefudk usifhMuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwfMuygvdkU arwåm u½kPm a½SUxm;NyD; Mo0g'pum; rdefUMum;vdkufygw,f/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
905
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0dedpä, csrSwfNyD;aemuf pk'dwursm;tm; a½SUqufvufí rnfodkU aexdkifusifhNyD; vkyfaqmif&rnfh taMumif;udk
ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf\ ½Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)rS obmywd xm;0,fûrdU aCmodwm½Hk q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;udk trª;xm;í
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;?
MuGa&mufvmMuaom 0dedpä, w&m;emy&dowfrsm; odatmif
pk'dwu
q&mawmfrsm;ESifh
tenf;i,f avQmufxm;vdkygonf?
cGifhûyawmfrlygbk&m;/ ,ck tcsdefrSmqdkvQif EdkifiHawmfu Ny|mef;xm;wJh 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif; aNz½Sif;a&;qdkif&m Oya' yk'fr(3)t& "r® t"r®trI tNiif;yGm;rIeJU ywfowfNyD;awmh EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJUrS zGJUpnf;ay;xm;aom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)\ tqHk;tNzwf udpö NyD;qHk;ygNyD? 'DqHk;NzwfcsufESifh ywfowfNyD;awmh a½SUvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk ,ck avQmufxm;ygr,f? 0dedpä, Oya' yk'fr (13) rSm yg½SdwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHawmf 0dedpä,tzGJU tqHk;tNzwfrsm;udk NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efMuD;|meu vdktyfovdk qufvuf ta&;,l aqmif½Guf&rnf qdkaom Oya'yk'fr t& wynfhawmf avQmufxm;Ncif;Nzpfygw,f/ q&mawmfrsm; ,ck qHk;NzwfNyD;wJhtcgrSm 0dedpä,Oya't& q&mawmfrsm;\ tqHk;tNzwfudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU a½SUarSmufrSm ay;tyf&ef½Sdygw,f? tJvdk ay;tyfwJhtcg EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU taeeJU 'DtqHk;tNzwfudk NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|meudk ydkUygr,f? NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|me taeeJU oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)u qHk;Nzwfxm;aom qHk;Nzwfcsufrsm;twdkif; wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm½SdwJh EdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;tm;vHk; vdkufemaqmif½GufzdkUqdkNyD; trdefUxkwfygw,f/ Oyrm EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) qHk;NzwfcsufrSm ]]'Dw&m;onf t"r®®0g' NzpfwJh twGuf a[maNymNcif;rûy&? pmtkyf pmwrf; ½dkufESdyfNzefUa0Ncif; rûy&? toHoGif; uufqufacGrsm; NzefUa0Ncif;rûy&}} vdkU yg½Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk yg½SdwJhtwdkif; tm;vHk; vdkufemNyD;awmh aqmif½GufzdkU trdefUxkwfygw,f? ,cifu ausmufoabFm0g'wkef;uvnf; 'DvdkyJ trdefUxkwfcJhygw,f? 'gEdkifiHawmfu csrSwfwJh Oya'ESifhtnD wynfhawmfwdkU NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|me taeNzifh aqmif½GufrJh tydkif;udk avQmufxm;Ncif; Nzpfygw,f/ 'DudpörSm
wdkuf½dkufywfowf
têuH;0ifaewJh
pk'dwu
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh
vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk
avQmufxm;aNymMum;&ef ½Sdygw,f? txl;oNzifh pk'dwu &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh ywfowfwJh taMumif;udk avQmufxm;ygr,f? &[ef;awmfrsm; odwJhtwdkif;yJ
EdkifiHawmfrSm *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCr[mem,u
tzGJUMuD;u twnfûyNy|mef;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmf oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; taNccHpnf;rsnf;qkdwm ½Sdygw,f? tJ'D pnf;rsnf;t&
*dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;u twnfûy Ny|mef;xm;wJh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;vJ
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
906
tpodkU ½Sdygw,f?
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
tJ'D
pnf;rsnf;
tJ'D
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;t&qdkvQif
q&mawmfrsm;onf
oHCtzGJUtpnf;wGif aexdkifvdkygu oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;&JU qHk;Nzwfcsufudk vdkufemNyD;awmh
rSm;,Gif;aeaom
q&mawmfrsm;\ a½SUarSmufrSm
t,l0g'udk
pGefUvTwfygr,fvdkU
EdkifiHawmf
tu,fí waoGrwdrf;
oHCr[mem,u
rdrdtrSm;udk 0efcsawmif;yefNyD; uwdûyr,fqdkvQif oHCtzGJUtpnf;xJrSm
qufvufNyD;awmh yg0ifEdkifcGifhudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu
oem;oufn§mpGm pOf;pm;rnf
Nzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk rûyvkyfvQif q&mawmfrsm;taeeJU oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;xJrSm yg0ifEdkifcGifhr½Sdawmhygbl;? 'DtcGifhta&;rSm
q&mawmfwdkUtzdkU qHk;½HI;rnfNzpfygw,f? oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; taNccH pnf;rsnf; t&
*dkPf;wpfyg;yg;rSm NzpfNzpf yg0if&rnf? oHCmhtzGJYtpnf; tqifhqifh tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm NzpfNzpf ½Sd&rnf? rdrdbmom
oD;Ncm;uif;vGwfNyD;
yg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf
EdkifiHawmf
0efcsawmif;yefNyD;awmh wynfhawmfrsm;u
aeEdkifcGifh
r0½Sdygbl;?
oHCr[mem,u
qufvufaecGifhûyzdkU
aqmif½Gufay;ygr,f?
q&mawmfrsm;onf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wGif tzGJU
a½SUarSmufrSm
avQmufxm;awmif;yef&ef
tJvdk
aqmif½Gufwmudk
rdrdwdkU
trSm;udk
tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf;
pk'dwu
q&mawmfrsm;u
oabmaygufNyD;awmh vdkufemMuvdrfhrnfvdkY wynfhawmfrsm;u arQmfvifhxm;Muygw,f/ pk'dwu vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udkvJ arwåm&yfcHcsifwm&Sdygw,f? bmvJqdk&if 0dedpä,rcsrSwfrDrSma&m csrSwfonfh ae&mrSma&m uGsefawmf 'Dudpöudk ½Sif;NyNyD;Nzpfygw,f? 'gu EdkifiHawmfu vkyfxm;wJh Oya'NzpfwJhtwGuf
'Dw&m;½Hk;onfvnf;
EdkifiHawmf\
w&m;½Hk;awmf
Nzpfygw,f?
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,u tzGJUtpnf;rSmqdk&ifvJ tNrifhqHk;aomw&m;½Hk;vnf; Nzpfygw,f? EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUrSm yg0ifwJh 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;qdk&ifvnf; A[dk0efaqmif oHCmawmf tyg;(300) xJrS oHCr[mem,utzGJUu 'D 0denf;"dk&f5-yg;udk oD;Ncm; a½G;xkwfNyD;awmh zGJUpnf;ay;xm;wJh tNrifhqHk; w&m;½Hk;vJ Nzpfygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm av;av;pm;pm; pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if NyD;cJhwJh 1342-ckESpfwkef;u ArmNynfrSm½SdwJh oHCmwpfodef;ausmf&JU or®Kwdu r[mygomP
vdkPf*lawmfMuD;rSm
qE´ay;vdkufwJh or®Kwdu oHCmhudk,fpm;vS,f wpfaxmifwdkU EdkifiHawmf
A[dk0efaqmif
oHCm
(300)udk
a½G;cs,fcJhygw,f?
tJ'Da½G;cs,fwJh EdkifiHawmf A[dk0efaqmif(300)onf wpfEdkifiHvHk;½Sd oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkU\ qE´rJNzifh wifaNr§mufxm;aomaMumifh ,aeU csrSwfonfh 0dedpä, qHk;Nzwfcsufonfvnf; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf 5yg;u csrSwfaom 0dedpä,[kom rqdkomrlí oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkUu csrSwfvdkufwJh 0dedpä,yJvdkU oabmaygufapcsifygw,f?
'D
0dedpä,udk
'dkUwawG rvGJraoG
vkdufemoifhwJh
0dedpä,yJvdkU
cH,lapcsifygw,f? Oya't&vJ vdkufem&rJY 0wå&m;½Sdygw,f? rvdkufemvQif EdkifiHawmfudk qefUusifwJh oabmvJ Nzpfygw,f? Oya't& zGJUpnf;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUu csrSwfxm;wJh 0dedpä,udk rvdkufemNcif;onfvnf; oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkUudk qefUusif&mvJ a&mufygw,f/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
907
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
0denf; "r®uH t"du½kPf; rIcif;rsm; aNz&Sif;a&;qdkif&m 0dedpä, Oya'u NypfrIqdkif&m Oya'ESifh rwlygbl;? 0denf; "r®uH udpöonf NrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh qufpyfwJh udpö NzpfwJhtwGuf at;csrf;wJh oabm½Sdygw,f? Nzpfay:vmwJh t"du½kPf;udk aNyNidrf;atmif enf;vrf;½SmNyD; trSefw&m;udk ½SmazGwJh udpöNzpfygw,f?
NypfrIqdkif&m
Oya'rSmawmh
rdrd
usL;vGefxm;wJh
NypfrIeJU
ywfowfNyD;awmh
txdkuftavsmuf tNypfcH&rJh oabm½Sdygw,f? 'DrSmawmh NrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh ywfowfNyD; rdrd trSm;udk rSm;aMumif; 0efcs awmif;yefvdkU½SdvQif 'DtrSm;u aNyaysmufNyD;awmh aemiftusdK;twGufvJ ukodkvfw&m;yGm;&myGm;aMumif; Nzpfw,fvdkU obmywdq&mawmfu rdefUMum;NyD;Nzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pk'dwu vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;twGufvJ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU a½SUarSmufrSm Mo0g'udk cH,lNyD;awmh NzpfyGm;cJhwJh udpöeJU ywfowfNyD; 'DtrSm;udk 0efcHNyD;awmh a½SUudk NrwfpGmbk&m; omoempuf&dyfatmufrSm tusdK;½Sd½SdaeEdkifatmif uGsefawmfwdkU pDpOfxm;ygw,f? tJ'D tpDtpOftwdkif; ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmifrSmoGm;NyD; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) q&mawmfMuD;rsm;uvJ 0dedpä, pmrludk ay;tyfygr,f? usefwJh apm'u yk*d¾KvfawGa&m pk'dwu yk*d¾KvfawGa&m EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ Mo0g'udk cH,lNyD;awmh at;at;csrf;csrf;eJU NrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmftwdkif; uGsefawmfwdkU tm;vHk; ukodkvfw&m;udk ½SmMuHEdkifatmif tpDtpOfvkyfxm;aMumif; aNymMum;tyfygw,f/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
908
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 1343- ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 2-&uf 1981-ck? atmufwdkbmv 29-&ufaeUwGif &efukefûrdU? urÇmat;ukef;aNr? ZrÁK'Dy ausmif;aqmifü usif;yûyvkyftyfaom t"r®0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ
tcrf;tem;tpDtpOfrsm; 1/
vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe? a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUESifh pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;udk ½Sif;vif;avQmufxm;&ef?
2/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u
vlaovlNzpf
0dedpä,
0g'gEk0g'
pmrludk
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,u tzGJU tvSnfhus Ouú| Am&mPoDq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;xH tyfESH&ef? 3/
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,utzGJU
tvSnfhus
Ouú|
q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u
"r®t"r®
0d0g'g"du½kPf; aNyNidrf;atmif aqmif½GufyHkESifh pyfvsOf;í Mo0g' pum;udk rdefUMum;&ef? 4/
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;crm0k" u 0dedpä, tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufudk rdefUMum;NyD; pk'dwu yk*d¾Kvfrsm; ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'rdefUMum;&ef?
5/
0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;\
qHk;Nzwfcsufudk
pk'dwu
tm;vHk;wdkUu
oHCr[mem,u
q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ a½SUarSmufwGif þt"r®0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef? 6/
tusKd;awmfaqmifq&mawmfu t"r®0g'udk oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;wGif
yg0ifa&;ESifh
pGefUvTwfNyD;aom
pyfvsOf;í
q&mawmf
4-yg;wdkUudk
a½SUqufvufaqmif½Guf&rnfh tpDtpOfudk
rdefUMum;&ef? 7/
oufqdkif&m
Nynfe,f
avmuaMumif;t&
wdkif;
ûrdUe,frsm;rS
vnf;aumif;?
vlaovlNzpf
"r®aMumif;t&
0g'gEk0g'wdkUESifh
vnf;aumif;
pyfvsOf;NyD;
tNypf½Sdolrsm;taeESifh
rdrdwdkU\0g'rsm;udk trSm;0efcHí pGefUvTwfMu&eftwGuf ûrdUe,foHCem,ursm;xHodkU qufvufNyD; ñTefMum;rnfhtaMumif; tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmfu rdefUMum;&ef/ tcrf;tem;rª;tNzpf ñTefMum;a&;rª;csKyf OD;MunfñGefY aqmif½Gufonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
909
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) 0dedpä,pmrludk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u\ vufodkU tyfeSH&mü oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)
obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\ ½Sif;vif; avQmufxm;vTm &ufpGJ/ 1343-ck? wefaqmifrkef; vqef; 2- &uf/ 1981-ck? atmufwdkbmv 29-&uf(Mumoyaw;aeU) odkU/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU? ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmif? urÇmat;ukef;aNr? &efukefûrdU/ taMumif;t&m/
/EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2)\ "r® t"r®
rIcif; trSwf(2)
qHk;Nzwfcsufudk qufuyfNcif; udpöyg bk&m; &nfñTef;csuf/
/1343-ck? e,kefvqkwf 9-&uf ? 1981-ck? ZGefv 26-&uf aeUpGJyg EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUrS
a½G;cs,fonfh
q&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom
EdkifiHawmf
A[dk
oHCmh0efaqmif
oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) zGJUpnf;Ncif;
trdefUpmudk &nfñTef;ygonf/ ½dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU0if q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;txufazmfNyyg trdefUt& vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tydk'f 25-26-35 wdkUESifhtnD obmywd q&mawmf a½G;cs,fNyD;vQif yHkpH 5-Nzifh apm'u pk'dwu q&mawmfrsm;ESifh pk'dwu vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk qifhac:í 1343ck? e,kef vqkwf 13-&uf ? 1981-ck ? ZGefv(30) &ufaeU? eHeuf 8-em&D tcsdefrS pí &efukefûrdU? urÇmat;ukef;aNr?
ty&a*g,me
ausmif;aqmif txufxyf
oD;Ncm;
0dedpä,
½Hk;cef;ü
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ yxr wifoGif;aom apm'emudk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;? 1343-ck 0gqdkvqef;(3)&uf? 1981-ck? Zlvdkifv
4-&ufaeU
eHeuf 8-em&D tcsdefrSpí apm'emq&mawmfrsm;
aemufqHk;wifoGif;aom 0daoo apm'emudk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;/ 1343-ck 0gqdkvqef;(7)&uf (8)&uf? 1981-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(8)&uf (9)&ufaeUrsm;wGif eHeuf (8) em&DrS pí pk'dwu yk*d¾KvfwdkU wifoGif;aom aom"emacsyvTmrsm;udk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;? apm'u pk'dwu
yk*d¾KvfwdkU
wifoGif;vTmrsm;udk
pmrlNzifh
wifoGif;apcJhygonf?
,if;apm'em
aom"em
pmrlrsm;ESifhwuG oufaocHtNzpf wifNyxm;aom vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|d0g'? a½Ttbd"r®m0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG "mwfyHkrsm;udk 1343-ck? 0gqdkvqef; (8)&ufaeUnaerSpí aeUpOf aeUwdkif;
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
910
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
Munfh½Iem;axmif oHk;oyfMuvsuf *E¦E¦&rsm; tygt0ifqdkif&m yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh nd§EdIif;wdkufqdkifí þ0dedpä, pmwrf;udk a&;om;cJhMuygonf/ ,if;odkU a&;om;MuNyD;aemuf 1343-ck? oDwif;uRwf vNynfhausmf 11-&uf? 12-&uf? 13-&uf? 14-&ufESifh wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 1-&uf? 2-&uf aeUwdkUü 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tpHktnD MuGa&mufawmfrlMuí apm'u pk'dwuwdkU\ a½SUarSmufü þqHk;Nzwfudk zwfMum;csrSwfcJhMuygonf bk&m;? EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ qHk;Nzwfcsuf 0dedpä, pmwrf; pmrludk ,ck pmESifhtwl yl;wGJ qufuyfygonf bk&m;/
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2) q&mawmfrsm; 1/ b'´EÅaCmodwmbd0Ho
aCmodwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? xm;0,fûrdU/
2/b'´EÅZ0embd0Ho
Z0embd0Hom½Hkausmif;wdkuf? êudUyifaumufûrdU/
3/b'´EÅ"r®mbd0&
uefwGif;qkawmif;Nynfhausmif;? NynfûrdU/
4/b'´EÅukrm&
r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;ûrdU/
5/b'´EÅÚmedu
yaZÆmwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf? aNrmif;NrûrdU/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
911
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, tyfESHyGJü EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tvSnfhus tzGJUcGJOuú|
Am&mPoDq&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm 1/
omoem0if &mZ0ifawGudk ½Snfvsm;pGm raNymawmhbJ ]atmifausmfcsrf;at;
rEÅav;}
qdkwJh aqmifyk'ft& aumZmouú&mZf 1221-ckESpfwGif rEÅav;ûrdUawmfudk wnfaxmifawmfrlí olrwlatmif omoemûyoGm;onfh rif;wkef;bk&ifonf Ak'¨NrwfpGmomoemawmfMuD;\ wdk;wufpnfyifa&;udk a½S;½Ií tvGef omoemûyawmfrlonf? ausmif;wdkufMuD;aygif; aNrmufrsm;pGm wnfaqmufí wHqdyfawmf& r& q&mawmfrsm;tm;
vpOfqGrf;qefawmfrsm;
rysufNym;ap&eftwGuf
axmufyHhvª'gef;avonf?
r[m'gef0ifrsm;
cefUxm;awmfrlvsuf
&[ef;
0denf;
tbufbufrS
odu©myk'f rvdk&atmif
aqmif½Gufawmfrlonf? ygVdawmf yd#uusrf;pmrsm;udk ausmufNzLNym;ü a&;oGif;apí aovu©&m½kVS yOör oH*g,em 'g,umcH,lawmfrloGm;avonf/ 2/ 5000-udpöESifh
odkUuavmuf omoemawmfxGef;um;aeonfhtcsdefrSmyif "mwfq&mOD;ydkonf omoem pyfvsOf;NyD; rQwaom trsm;0g'udk qefUusifvsuf
&wemoHk;yg;udk
apmfum;cJhonf?
xdktcg omoemûy rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;u iydkudk ac:,l udk,fwdkif ppfar;NyD; orme0g' rQwnDñGwfaom t,ludk,lzdkUESifh trsm;udk rykwfcwfzdkU azsmif;zsawmfrlcJhonf? odkUaomf OD;ydkonf w,loef t,lonf; acgif;rmol Nzpfí ol\ t,ludk rpGefUonfhtwGuf uGufrsufcHcJh&avonf? þudpöwGif OD;ydkonf owdåaNymifaom ol&Jaumif; rNzpfbJ wyifa½TxD;rif;vufxufu vufrxdyfü tyf½dkuf vla½G;yGJwGif ta½G;rcH&í ½Suf&rf;&rf;NyD; rdrdAdkufudkcGJ tlxkwfNyD; taocHoGm;aom Avrif;xifuJhodkU rdkuf½l;&Jol wpfOD;tNzpfom tzwfwifcJhavonf/ 3/
xdkUaemuf
NrefrmEdkifiHw&yfvHk; rif;pdk;&mZmwdkU
om;awmf
e,fcsJUvufodkU
oDaygrif;vufxuf
1347-ckESpfwGif
usa&mufoGm;aomtcg
tapmifhta½Smufuif;uGmoGm;NyD;
Ak'¨
xD;usdK;pnfaygufí
omoemawmfNrwfonfvnf;
wdkif;olNynfom;wdkU\
vufwGif;ü
tuGyfr&Sdao
Murf;uJhodkU y&rf;ywm NzpfcJh&avonf/ 4/
vGefcJhaom
1309-ckESpfu
NrefrmEdkifiH
vGwfvyfa&;
Nyef&vmaomtcgwGifrS
Ak'¨omoemawmfudk NyefvnfxlaxmifcJhMu&onf? odkUaomf ,cif Nrefrmbk&ifrsm;acwfuESifh rwlawmhbJ NrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;ü trsKd;rsKd;rSmvnf;
bmomaygif;pHk bmomNcm;
0g'aygif;pHk
0ifa&mufaeESifhNyD;
pD;yGm;a&;orm;wdkUu
Nzpfovdk
Nzpfaeayonf?
yd#uusrf;*ef
yHkESdyfxkwfa0xm;MuoNzifh
rEÅav;
yOöroH*g,emwif ausmufpmawmfrlESifh nd§NyD; q|oH*g,emwifcJhMuavonf/ 5/
odkU&mwGif "r®pufudk olawmfaumif;wdkUuom vdkufemMuí rolawmfwdkUu "r®pufudk
rvdkufemMuacs? xdkUaMumifh Ak'¨omoemawmfMuD;ü twGif;tNyif roefU½Sif;rIrsm; ½SdvmoNzifh vGefcJhaom e,kefvu *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmhtpnf;ta0;MuD; usif;yNyD; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; taNccHpnf;rsOf; 0denf; "r®uH
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
912
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; ponfwdkUudk a&;qGJí Ny|mef;cJhMu&\? þuJhodkU *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCmawmfrsm;\ qHk;NzwfNy|mef;csuft& þEdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJUMuD;ESifhwuG Nynfe,f? wdkif;? ûrdUe,f? &yfuGuf? aus;½Gmtkyfpk oHCmh tzGJYtpnf; tqifhqifh ay:aygufvmcJh&onf? EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&uvnf; "r®pufudk rvdkufemolrsm;twGuf qHk;rEdkifaom 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;rIcif;rsm; aNz½Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'udk Ny|mef;ay;cJhonf/ 6/ omoemhudpö
odkUNzpfí EdkifiHawmftwGif;½Sd wpfodef;ausmf oHCmawmfrsm;\ udk,fpm; omoema&; t&yf&yfudk
wm0efcHí
aqmif½Guf&aom
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,u
tzGJUonf
EdkifiHawmftwGif;ü "r®a&;&m NyóemNzpfaom 0d0g'g"du½kPf;udpö&yfrsm;udk at;Nidrf;ap&ef tvdkUiSm "r® 0de,ESifh vnf;aumif;? tpdk;&Oya'ESifh vnf;aumif; ESpfbufESpfvrf; tusKH;0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;ay;cJhayonf/ 7/
xdk0denf;"dk&ftzGJUrsm;teuf trSwf(1)tzGJUu ausmufoabFm0g'udk qHk;Nzwfay;cJhNyD;Nzpf\?
,ck trSwf(2)0denf;"dk&f tzGJUu vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe0g'? a½Ttbd"r®m0g' qdkonfwdkUudk pD&ifqHk;Nzwf 0dedpä, csrSwfay;cJhayonf/ 8/
þudpöESifh pyfí tenf;i,faNymMum;vdkonfrSm or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJUu olwdkUudk
0denf;"dk&f½Hk;rwifygESifh?
r[mem,u
vmwifcJhzl;ayonf?
þudpöESifh
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonf us,fus,fNyefUNyefU
q&mawmfrsm;uyJ
ywfowfí q&mawmfwdkU
t&if;tNrpfESifhwuG
oHk;oyfcJhMuonf?
þuJhodkU
qHk;ryg?
emcHyghr,f
qdkwJh
pmudk
av;av;eufeuf
pOf;pm;cJhMuonf?
0d0g'g"du½kPf;Nzpfatmif
zefwD;aeyHkudkyg
oHk;oyfaomtcg
atmufyg
tcsufESpf&yfudk
awGU&ayonf(u)
wpf tcsufu EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU taeNzifh rdrdqE´½Sd&m oabmtwdkif; vkyfcGifhr½Sd?
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wdkUESifh
tnDomvQif
vkyfydkifcGifh
½Sdonf[laom tcsufNzpf\/ (c)
ESpf tcsufu or®m'd|dokawoetzGJUonf tvGeftaNccHcdkifonf? bk&m;omoemESifh rqdkif[lí yumoed,uH ûyxm;aom 'g,um tyÜom'ya0'eD,uHûyxm;aom a½G;NyD;
q&mwifxm;Muonf?
'g,umrwdkUu rMunfñdkEdkif[k
omoemhqefUusifbuf
awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ouú|udkrS
or®m'd|dtzGJU0ifwdkU\
vkyfenf;vkyf[efrSmvnf;
aoG;½dk;om;½dk; bmom omoemudk at;csrf;pGm usifhMuHolwdkU\ vkyf&yfrsKd; r[kwfbJ olwpfyg;wdkUtm; ykwfcwfNyD; rdrd rJ&atmif zefwD;Muaom a½S;acwf EdkifiHa&;orm;wdkU\ EdkifiHa&; vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsdK;NzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? xdkUaMumifh ,ckvdk pmwifNcif;onf ]rD;MuD;Nirf;cdk? xrif;a&yl vQmvTJ} qdkouJhodkUtaNctaet& ysm;a&ESifh 0rf;vmcsNcif;om Nzpfonf? wu,fvdkufemrnf[k ,HkMunf&ef cufonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
913
tpodkU 9/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) þuJhodkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuoNzifh q&mawmfrsm;\ yk*¾vqE´taeNzifh oem;u½kPm
iJhn§mvdkvSygaomfvnf;
ESpfbuftaNctaet&
,ckvdk
0denf;"dk&f½Hk;zGJUí
Nzpfayonf? tu,fwEÅK oHCr[mem,uxH wifvmaom qHk;r&mudk
emcHrnfqdkonfhtwdkif;
ppfaq;qHk;NzwfapcJhNcif;
pmxJrSm ygouJhodkU q&mawmfMuD;rsm;
or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU0if
vlMuD;rsm;rSm
½dk;om;NzLpifaom
pdwfxm;½Sd½dk;rSefvQif ,ck 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfMuD;rsm;u ynma½SUoGm; arwÅmxm;í a&;om;qHk;Nzwf qHk;rtyfonfwdkUudk
a½SUwGifwpfrsKd;
uG,f&mwpfrsKd;
rvkyfbJ
trSefwu,f
vdkufemMuvdrfhrnf[k
q&mawmfwdkU arQmfvifhayonf? txufu q&mawmf qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; "r®pufudk olawmfaumif;wdkUuom vdkufemonf? tmPmpufudkrl rolawmfwdkUvnf; rvdkufemrae& vdkufemMu&ayvdrfhrnf? odkUNzpfí þoD;Ncm;
0dedpä,½Hk;awmf\
qHk;Nzwfcsufonf
olawmfaumif;udk
ydkaumif;apNyD;
ol,kwfrmudk
olawmfaumif; Nzpfvmaprnfh qHk;Nzwfcsuf Nzpfayonf/ 10/
þvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä,onf t*wdw&m;av;yg;uif;ayonf? uif;yHkrSm
"r®a&;&mNyóemNzpfí ocifNrwfqdkifu
rnfhonfhyk*d¾KvfudkrQ
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cspfcifiJhn§mp&m
ysufap&efESifh
[dkpmwif
rvdkoNzifh
2500-omoemESifh
'DpmNzefU
vkyfNcif;onf
qE´m*wduif;ayonf?
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tay:
q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\
orm"dudk
rwkefvIyfapEdkifoNzifh a'gom*wdvnf; uif;ayonf? q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ b0onf rnfolUudkrQ aMumufp&mrvdkonfh taetxm;wGif½Sdí b,m*wdvnf; uif;ayonf? 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfMuD;rsm;onf bmoEÅESifhwuG yd#uwfusrf;*ef pGrf;oefawmfrl½HkrQru rNywfavhvm qnf;yl;vsuf ½SdonfhtNyif ,ck 0dedpä,udk av;vwmrQ tcsdefvHkvHkavmufavmuf,lNyD; ususee a&;om;pD&ifawmfrlonfh twGufaMumifh arm[m*wdvnf; uif;ayonf/ 11/
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,uq&mawmfMuD;rsm;ESifh
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfMuD;rsm;\
aqmif½Gufcsufonf ed*¾a[ ed*¾[dwAHÁ-ESdyfxdkufoludk ESdyf&rnf? y*¾a[ y*¾[dwAHÁ- Nr§ifhxdkufoludk Nr§ifh&rnf[laom
w&m;awmfESifhtnDom
r[kwfrrSefonfudk
Nzpfonf?
r[kwfrrSefonfhtaMumif;
xdkUNyif
tblwH
aNz½Sif;&rnf[laom
tblwawm
edaAÁa|wAHÁ=
Ak'¨NrwfpGmbk&m;\
Mo0g'
ñTefMum;csufESifhvnf; tnDom Nzpfayonf/ 12/
,ckvdk &[ef;? ½Sif? vl NynfolwdkUtusKd;iSm Ak'¨omoem(bk&m;tqHk;trawmfMuD;)
oefU½Sif;wnfwHhNyefUyGm;a&;twGuf "r®puf tmPmpufwdkUNzifh xufxufNrufNruf aqmif½GufcGifh&atmif rdrd yifyef;qif;&JrIudk y"merxm;bJ þurÇmat;rSm 0gqdkí vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedpä,udk a&;om;ûypk qHk;NzwfcsrSwfawmfrlMuaom xm;0,fûrdU? aCmodwm½Hkausmif;wdkuf q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; trª;½Sdaom oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf 5-yg;wdkU\ apwem? qE´? ZGJ ? vHkUv? ynmÚmPf? y#dbmefwdkUudkvnf; csD;usL;ygonf? xdkUNyif þ0dedpä, atmifNrifa&;twGuf tbufbufu ulnDcJhMuaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
914
tpodkU 13/
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) txl;oNzifh þEdkifiHawmfü ray:aygufcJhzl;ao;aom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifh
pepfwus ay:aygufapNyD; rqHk;NzwfcJhzl;ao;aom ,ckvdk omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;Esifh oufqdkifonfh "r®a&;&m tqHk;tNzwfrsKd; csrSwfEdkifatmif tmPmpuf tultnDay;ayaom EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&tm;vnf; wpfodef;ausmf oHCmawmfwdkU\udk,fpm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ udk,fpm; aus;Zl;Oyum& txl;wifvsuf tpOfarwåmydkUovsuf ½SdaMumif; ed*Hk;csKyf rdefUMum;vdkufygonf/ b'´EÅtmeE´y@dw(t*¾r[my@dw) 'kwd,Ouú|q&mawmf EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU ('kwd,tzGJUcGJ) 1343-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (2)&uf/ 1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv( 29)&uf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
915
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;crm0k"\ 0dedpä, tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh pk'dwuyk*d¾Kvfrsm; ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'
0dedpä,
tusOf;csKyfudk
rdefUMum;a&;udpöESifh
ywfowfí
0dedpä,
ed*Hk;
oHk;oyfcsufwGif
atmufygtwdkif; ygNyD;Nzpfaeygw,f/ ,if;
vlaovlNzpf
0g'gEk0g'
(vlaovlNzpf
OD;Ouú|0g'?
¤if;\ aemufvdkufNzpfaom
ocifNrwfqdkif? or®m'd|dokawoD polwdkU\ 0g') onf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r® tm*r,kwdårsm;ESifh
vnf;aumif;?
av;eufus,fNyefUaom
obm0,kwdårsm;ESifh
vnf;aumif;
ravsmfuefatmif azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbufNzpfaom t"r®0g'om Nzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHwifNyaom vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'qdkif&m
pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGrsm;ESifhwuG
þ½Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHypönf;tNzpf
a&mufrvmaom xdk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGESifh ausmufpm ponfü yg½Sdaom a&;om;csufrsm;onfvnf; ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r®ESifh qefUusifbufrsm;Nzpfí xdkpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacG ausmufpm ponfwdkUonf t"r®0g'udk azmfNy&mNzpfaomaMumifh t"r®ypönf;rsm; NzpfaMumif;
EdkifiHawmf
oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&f
tzGJU
trSwf(2)
0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u
wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/ xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'
(vlaovlNzpf0g'?
or®m'd|dokawoDwdkU\
0g'ponf)udk
a&;om;a[maNym NzefUa0Muaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'udk vdkufemí ûyvkyfMuaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonfvnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'udk vdkvm;ESpfoufpGm axmufcHtm;ay;Muol ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif; t"r®0g'DwdkUom
NzpfMuukef\
[lí
EdkifiHawmf
oD;Ncm;
0denf;"dk&ftzGJU
trSwf(2)
0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfMuD;rsm; tm;vHk;u wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf- [k
awGU½Sd&ygonf?
'Dawmh
pk'dwu
NzpfawmfrlMuukefaom &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh
vlyk*d¾Kvfrsm;
ESvHk;oGif;zG,f&mNzpfwJh Mo0g'pum;udk rdefUMum;ay;ygr,f/ ,ck tpnf;ta0;rSm a&mufvmMuwJh oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhwuG oufqdkif&m 'um 'umrrsm; pOf;pm;p&mu
'DyGJ[m
bmyGJvJ?
vkyfaqmif&rJJhudpöudk taNccHusus
pDpOfaNymNy&vQif
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,u tzGJUu oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkU\ qE´t& a&;qGJay;xm;wJh Oya'ESifhtnD oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f
tzGJUudk
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhygw,f?
Ouú|
q&mawmfMuD;\
rdefUMum;csufrSm
ygwJhtwdkif;
ocifNrwfqdkifwdkUu 'D0g'[m 'gavmuf cHk½Hk;awmfa&mufzdkU rvdkygbl;wJh? oufoufn§mn§meJUqHk;rMo0g' pum;aNymvdkuf,if NyD;rSmyJvdkU vG,fvG,fyJ olwdkUaNymvdkufMuwmygyJ? 'gayrJh þae&mrSm Oya'twGif;u
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
916
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
vkyfaeMuwmNzpfwJhtwGuf 'DEdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUuvJ 'DOya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufNyD; usifhoHk;vdkU rNzpfygbl;? b,fvdkyJ arwåmxm;xm;? b,fvdkyJ apwemxm;xm;? 'DOya'udk csKd;azmufNyD;awmh EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu
usifhoHk;vdkU
rNzpfygbl;?
'DvdkrNzpfwJhtwGuf
'DtaNc'DtaersKd;udk
a&mufvmMu&ygw,fqdkwm Ouú|q&mawmfMuD; rdefUMum;wJh txJrSm yg0ifNyD; NzpfoGm;ygNyD? 'gaMumifh rdrdwdkU vkyfudkifaqmif½GufwJh ae&mrSm bkef;MuD; bkef;MuD; vl vl todÚmPfrSDMuwJh yk*d¾KvfawG rSeforQ a&S;q&morm;rsm; qHk;roGm;wJh]]usKd;rJhûyvG,f? usKd;½Sdûycuf? þESpfcsuf? rysufowdxm;}} qdkwJh Mo0g'udk owdûyqifNcifzdkUaumif;ygw,f? tusKd;rJhudk ûyvG,foavmuf tusKd;½Sdwmudk ûyEdkifzdkU cJ,Of;wwfygw,f?
a½S;q&morm;rsm;u
'DqHk;rMo0g'pum;udk
bmaMumifh
ay;oGm;ygovJvdkU
aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;MunfhwJhtcg oku&H om"kem om"k? om"k ygaye 'kuú&H/ ygyH ygaye oku&H? ygyr&da,[d 'kuú&H/ qdkwJh O'gef;ygVdawmfrSmygwJh bk&m;a[m*gxmudk oGm;awGUygw,f? ]]usKd;rJhûyvG,f? usKd;½Sdûycuf}} NrefrmvuFm
pmydk'fuav;u
wwd,yg'wdkUESifh
om"k ygaye 'kuú&HESifh
wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeygw,f?
ygyH ygaye oku&H-
'Dawmh
rdrdwdkU&JU
qdkwJh
qdkwJh
'kwd,yg'
udk,ftrlt&meJUvkyfwJh
udpö?
EIwftrlt&meJU aNymwJh udpö? pdwftrlt&meJU MuHwJh udpöawGrSm um,uHrI? 0pDuHrI? raemuHrI ûywdkif; ûywdkif; aNymwdkif; qdkwdkif; vIyf&Sm;wdkif; MuHpnfwdkif; usKd;rJhûyvG,f usKd;½SdûycufawG NzpfwwfMuygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsufudk yk*d¾Kvfowå0gwkdif; owdxm;&rSm Nzpfygw,f/ usKd;rJhûyvG,f qdkwJhtwdkif; tusKd;rJhwJhtrIudk vG,fvG,fyJ ûywwfMuygw,f? yg;pyfu aNym&rSmvJ raMumuf udk,ftrlt&meJU ûy&rSmvJ raMumuf
EIwftrlt&meJU aNym&rSmvJ raMumuf vG,fvG,fyJaNym
vG,fvG,fyJ tNypfwif wwfMuygw,f? tJ'DtrIawG rSeforQ trJpufxifoGm;NyD Nzpfygw,f? 'DtrJpufudk NzLpifoefU½Sif;oGm;atmif wpfzefNyef
tm;xkwfzdkU&m
odyfvG,fulwJh
udpö
r[kwfygbl;?
'gaMumifh
b,fae&mrqdk b,fudpörsKd;rqdk ]]usKd;rJhûyvG,f? usKd;½Sdûycuf? þESpfcsuf? rysufowdxm;}} qdkwJh Mo0g'udk ESvHk;oGif;apcsifygw,f/ aemufwpfcsufu rdrdwdkUxuf oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf? ynm*kPftm;Nzifh MuD;rm;awmfrlMuwJh &wemoHk;yg;udk
MunfñdkMu
NrwfEdk;Mu
tm;udk;MuwJhae&mrSm owdxm;zdkU txl;ta&;MuD;ygw,f?
owdxm;zdkU qkd&mrSmvJ udk,fESpfouf&m udk,fNrwfEdk;&m udk,ftm;udk;&mNzpfwJh txnfN'yf0w¬Kypönf;rSm -
'Dawmh
(u)
MunfñdkwwfwJh MunfñdkrJhyk*d¾Kvf?
(c)
tMunfñdkcH&rJh 0w¬K N'yf ESpfrsKd; uGJoGm;ygw,f?
MunfñdkwwfwJh
yk*d¾Kvfae&mu
bkef;MuD;
a0zefNycsifwmyg?
MunfñdkwwfwJhae&mrSm
oHk;rsKd;oHk;pm;&SdaMumif; ax&0g'yd#uwf okwfr[m0g t|uxm ESm(377)rSm Nyqdkxm;ygw,f/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
917
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
(u)
Av0oa'¨g [d rE´yanm rk"yÜoaEém a[mwd? t0w¬Kod® H yoD'wd/
(c)
Av0yanm rE´oa'¨g
au&m#duyuH© bZwd? aboZÆork|dawm
0d,
a&m*g
tawudapäm a[mwd/ (*)
ObdEHé orwm, 0w¬Kod® H a,0 yoD'wd/
1/
,HkMunfrItm;aumif;NyD; todÚmPfynmtm;enf;ol\ MunfñdkNcif;rsKd; (tm;udk;Ncif;rsKd;)
onf tcsnf;ESD;aom ,HkMunfrI Nzpfonf? rMunfñdkxdkuf rNrwfedk;xdkufaom yk*d¾KvfrsKd;udk q&mwifí Munfñdkwwf\? xdkyk*d¾KvfrsKd;udk o'¨gtm;aumif;NyD; ÚmPfynm todw&m; rygaomaMumifh tcsnf;ESD; ukd;uG,fol[k ac:qdk&onf/ 2/
'kwd, trsKd;tpm;yk*d¾Kvfu-
Av0yanm=awG;wwfac:wwf MuHpnfwwfwJh todÚmPfawGuawmh tm;aumif;yg\/ rE´oa'¨g=,HkMunfrIuawmh
tvGeftm;enf;\?
tawG;tac:awG
MuHpnfrIawG a0zefrIawG
odyfrsm;w,f? 'gayrJh ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;usawmh olUrSm tiftm;r&Sdygbl;? oabmw&m;a&; q&mMuD;vdkU trnfcHayrJh
tJ'Dyk*d¾KvfrsKd;[m
au&m#duyuH©
bZwd=aumufuspfpOf;vJaom
tzdkUtpkodkU
a&mufwwfygw,f/ avmuOyrmtm;Nzifh aNym&vQifaboZÆork|dawm= aq;aMumifhNzpfaom a&m*g0d, = a&m*guJhodkU tawudapäm=aq;uk&rvG,fygbl;? ,ckacwfMuD;rSm ae&mwum a0zefa&;q&mawG odyfaygw,f? 'gayrJh a0zefrIwpfckom½SdNyD; ,HkMunfrI o'¨gw&m;rygvQif aumufuspfpOf;vJwJh yk*d¾KvfvdkU ac:ygw,f? aq;aMumifhNzpfwJh aq;vGefem tuk&cufovdk 'Dvlpm;rsKd;u aNym&a[m&cufw,f? rdpämoabmw&m;awG udef;aewwfw,f/ 3/
wwd,yk*d¾KvfrsKd;u
,HkMunfrI
o'¨gw&m;vJ
tm;aumif;w,f?
csifhcsdefa0zefrI
todÚmPfynmvJ MuG,f0w,f? tJ'Dvdk o'¨g? ynm ESpfNzmrQwwJh yk*d¾KvfrsKd; NzpfzdkU ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ owåavmuMuD;twGif;rSm owå0g&,fvdkU Nzpfvm&if ywf0ef;usifudk udk,fu rSD&wmvJ ½Sdw,f? ywf0ef;usifu todkif;t0dkif;u udk,fhudk NyefNyD; rSDcdk&wmvJ ½Sdw,f? olrsm;u udk,furSDtyfwJhyk*d¾Kvf rSDoifhwJh
yk*d¾Kvf
rSDxdkufwJh
yk*d¾KvfrsKd;NzpfzdkU
udk,fhudk rSDcdkwJhtcgrSm
ydkNyD;
udk,fusifhw&m;NrJzdkU
ta&;MuD;ygw,f? udk,fu olwpfyg;udk rSD&wJhtcgrSmvJ udk,frSDaewJh q&mNzpfolonf bk&m;a[m0g' udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh nDrQol [kwf&JUvm;? 'gudk yxr pOf;pm;&r,f? tawG;tac:wwf½Hk ynm½Sd½HkeJU q&maumif;vdkU rqdkEdkifao;bl;? udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;zdkUuvnf; ta&;MuD;ao;w,f/ b,fae&mrSmNzpfNzpf a0zefw,f? pdppfw,f? a0zefpdppfNyD;rS 'dkUu vufcHw,fvdkU udk,fhbufu xifaeayrJh rdpäm or®mruGJ,if tcsnf;ESD;y?J usrf;*efawGrSm Nyqdkxm;wmu ykxkZOfyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf rdrdwdkU
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
918
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
oEÅmefrSm Nzpfay:vmaom todw&m;rSeforQudk tm;vHk; yndaNE´csnf;xifaewwfw,fwJh? todw&m;wdkif; ynmr[kwfbl;? todu rdpämod? or®mod ESpfrsKd;½Sdw,f? odwmawG rSeforQ udk,fu or®modcsnf; qHk;Nzwfxm;vdkU r&EdkifwJh taMumif;udk rdpämÚmaPwd {w¬ rdpämÚmPEdÅ ygyud&d,mok Oyg,pdEÅm0aoe okuwH urH® £wd yapöa0u©Pmuma&e OyÜaEém arma[m a0'dwaAÁmvdkU t|uxmq&mu zGifhNyxm;ygw,f/ rdpämÚmPf[lonf bmvJ (=trSm;odqdkwm bmvJ)? r[kwfwmvkyfr,f? raumif;wm MuHpnfr,f? raumif;wmaNymr,f? wvGJwapmif; tm;xkwfr,fqdk&if tJ'Dae&mrSm ay:vmaom todÚmPf[lorQ rdpämÚmPfyJ?
t&aumufawmh
arm[yJ?
'Darm[u
ykxkZOfawGudk
yndaNE´a,mifa,mifeJY
[efaqmifwwfw,f? 'gaMumifh rodrI t0dZÆm arm[ OD;pD;rIaMumifh rdrdwdkU odxm;wJh todw&m;rSeforQudk yndaNE´csnf;vdkU ratmufarhyg&ef bkef;MuD;u owday;ygw,f? aemufwpfcsufu NrwfpGmbk&m;ocif y&dedAÁmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD; omoemouú&mZf (218)ESpf aNrmufavmufrSm omoemhta&ûcHawG omoemxJ0ifNyD; arTaESmufaNcmufNcm;cJhvdkU omoemhta&;tcif;MuD; êuHcJh&yHktaMumif;udk 0dedpä, csrSwfwJhtxJrSm bkef;MuD;rsm;
Mum;vdkuf&ygw,f? tvGef oHa0*NzpfzG,f
aumif;ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;vufxufuyif bk&m;ESifh t,ltq rwlrQwJh yk*d¾KvfawG ½SdcJhzl;w,f qdkwJh taMumif;udk bkef;MuD;u om"uuav; wpfck xkwfNycsifygw,f/ NrwfpGmbk&m;ocif omauwûrdU? tOÆe0e trnf&wJh rd*'g0kefawmrSm oDwif;oHk;aexdkifawmfrlpOf uk@vd, trnf&SdwJh y&AdkZfwpfOD; a&mufvmygw,f? 'Dy&AdkZf[m t&HwpfckrS t&HwpfckodkU O,smOfwpfckrS O,smOfwpfckodkU wpfvrf;rS wpfvrf;odkU &yfuGufwpfckrS &yfuGufwpfckodkU vSnfhvnfNyD; olUt,l0g'awGudk a[maNymavh½Sdygw,f? olwpfyg;t,l0g'udk ESdrfí rdrd t,ltq rSefuefaMumif; oufaoNyzdkU aeUpOf vSnfhvnfygw,f? ol\ wynfhrsm;udkvnf; ]]olrsm;u 'Dvdkar;&if rif;wdkUu a[m'Dvdk NyefaNzyg? olrsm;u 'Dvdk ,lq&if rif;wdkUu 'Dvdk NyefaNz½Sif;yg}} ponfNzifh oabmw&m;awG ay;avh ½Sdygw,f? tJ'D uk@vd, y&dAkdZf[m wpfaeUaomtcg NrwfpGmbk&m;xH a&mufoGm;NyD; 'Dvdk ar;ygw,f/ uk@vd,
-t½Sifa*gwronf tb,f tusKd;&Sdí aeygoenf;/
bk&m;
-todÚmPf0dZÆm udavomrS vGwfaNrmufrI 0drkwdå [laom tusKd;tmedoif ½Sdíom ae\/
uk@vd,
-tb,fw&m;udk yGm;rsm;vQif 0dZÆm0drkwdå NzpfEdkifygoenf;/
bk&m;
-aAmZÑifckepfyg;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;vQif 0dZÆm0drkwdå NzpfEdkif\/
uk@vd,
-aAmZÑifckepfyg; Nzpfay:vmatmif tb,fw&m;udk yGm;rsm;&ygrnfenf;/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
919
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
bk&m;
-aAmZÑifckepfyg;w&m;Nzpfvmatmif owdy|mefw&m;udk yGm;rsm;&ygrnf/
uk@vd,
-owdy|mefw&m;udk
yGm;rsm;Edkifatmif tb,fw&m;udk
avhvmusifhoHk;
&ygrnfenf;/ bk&m;
-okp½dkufw&m; (3)yg;udk avhvmusifhoHk;&rnf/
uk@vd,
-okp½dkufw&m;Nzpfay:vmatmif tb,fw&m;udk apmifha½Smuf&rnfenf;/
bk&m;
-rsufpdçem;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fç pdwf - [laom wHcg; 6- aygufvHkatmif ydwfNcif; £NEd´,oH0&oDvudk apmifha½Smuf&ygrnf/
a'oemudk tNyefaumuf,lvdkufaomf 'kp½dkuf w&m; 10-yg;udk rNzpfatmif
xdef;odrf;vQif
okp½dkufw&m;Nzpf\? okp½dkufw&m;NzpfvQif owdy|mefyGm;rsm;&m a&muf\? owdy|mefyGm;rsm;vQif aAmZÑif (7)yg; Nzpf\? aAmZÑif(7)yg; yGm;rsm;vQif 0dZÆm0drkwdåNzpf\ [lvdk/ 'Dw&m; Mum;vdkufonfESifh wpfûydifeuf c&D;pOfwpfavQmufvHk; NrwfpGmbk&m;\ t,l0g'udk wGef;vSefûzdzsufvmcJhwJh uk@vd, y&AdkZf[m todw&m;0ifNyD; ol\ rSm;,Gif;aeaom t,ltqa[mif;udk wpfcgwnf;
pGefUvdkufygw,f? OygoumvdkU
qnf;uyfoltNzpf
todtrSwf
rSwfawmfrlyg?
ûyawmfrlygvdkU
Ak'¨
"r®
oHCmudk toufxufqHk;
avQmufxm;NyD; Ak'¨omoemawmf
twGif;odkU
0ifa&mufvmcJhygw,f/ tckvJyJ pk'dwu yk*d¾Kvfrsm;taeNzifh oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ tqHk;tNzwfudk emcHNyD; rdrdwdkU\ t,ltq tawG;tac: tavhtvm ponfwdkUudk pGefUvTwfMuNyD;awmh ax&0g' Ak'¨omoemudk MunfñdkwwfwJh NrwfEdk;wwfwJh yk*d¾KvfawG tNzpfodkU a&mufMuygapvdkU bkef;MuD;u Mo0g'pum; rdefUMum; vdkufygw,f/
om"k? om"k? om"k
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
920
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfNyD;aom q&mawmfrsm; oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;wGif yg0ifa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf\ ½Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf
oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; taNccH pnf;rsOf; tcef;(2) tydk'f(5)rSm ]]Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w NrefrmEdkifiHawmf wpf0ef;vkH;½Sd ax&0g' oHCmh*dkPf; toD;oD;rS
&[ef;oHCm
[lorQonf
Nynfaxmifpk
qdk½S,fvpfor®w
NrefrmEdkifiHawmf
oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; twGif;ü tvdktavsmufyg0ifNyD; Nzpfonf[k rSwf&rnf}} vdkU
qdkxm;ygw,f?
tJ'Dvdkqdkxm;awmh
or®m'd|dokawoe0g'? oHCmawmfrsm;udk
ausmufoabFm0g'?
t½Sifbk&m;rsm;ESifhwuG vlaovlNzpfOD;Ouú|0g'?
aMumifyef;0g'
tp&SdwJh
t,l0g'awG
uGJvGJaeMuwJh
taNccHOya'pnf;rsOf;t& oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;rSm
rxnfhoGif;bJ
csefxm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dvdk csefxm;cJhNcif;[mvnf; oHCmwpfodef;ausmf\ qE´t&
Oya'pnf;urf;\
cdkif;apcsufaMumifh
zGJUpnf;yHk
rlvu
csefxm;cJh&Ncif;
Nzpfygw,f?
oHCmh
tzGJYtpnf;
taNccHpnf;rsOf;
tcef;(2)
tydk'f(11)wGif]]Nynfaxmifpk q½k&S,fvpfor®w NrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; oDwif;oHk; aexdkifaom oHCmawmf [lorQonf rdrdwdkUESifh oufqdkifaom *dkPf;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? þtaNccHpnf;rsOf;t& zGJUpnf;xm;aom
em,u
tzGJUwpfzGJUzGJUESifhaomfvnf;aumif;
oufqdkif
tusKH;0ifap&rnf?
oD;Ncm;uif;vGwfí oDwif;oHk; aexdkifcGifhr½Sd}} vdkU twdtvif;qdkxm;ygw,f? 'D pnf;rsOf;t& ,ck pk'dwursm;tzdkU oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;wpfckckrSm yg0if&rnfNzpfaomfvnf; "r® t"r® 0d0g'g"du½kPf; pdppf&ef½Sdaeí b,ftzGJUtpnf;xJrS roGif;bJ csefxm;cJh&ygw,f? tckawmh rdrdwdkUt,l0g'rSm;udk pGefUvTwfNyD; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u Ouú| q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;ESifh
wuG tm;vHk;
oHCmawmfrsm;\ a&SUarSmufwGif t,l0g'pGefUvTwfaMumif;
vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; NzpfwJhtwGuf wynfhawmfwdkU ñTefMum;vTm trSwf(7)tydk'f(4) rSm]]tqdkyg acwåcsefvSyfxm;aom &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJUu pdppfqHk;NzwfNyD;rSom rnfodkUrnfyHk aqmif½Guf&rnfudk xyfrHí ñTefMum;&ef}} [k tydkif;(4)rSm ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ aemufwpfcg ñTefMum;vTm trSwf(7)tydk'f(1)ESifh (2) wGifvnf;]]EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU yxrtMudrf txl;tpnf;ta0;u owfrSwfa½G;cs,f zGJUpnf;
ûyvkyf&mü
MuOfz,fxm;onfh
&[ef;awmfrsm;udk
acwåcsefvSyfxm;&ef
qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf}} [l í vnf;aumif;? ,if;uJhodkU qHk;Nzwfxm;onf NzpfaomaMumifh -
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
921
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) ]]awmifwGif;MuD;
&[ef;awmfrsm;?
ewfrSD
t&SifOuú|\
ausmufoabFmq&mawmf\
t,l0g'udk vufcH,HkMunfaeMuaom t,l0g'udk
vufcH,HkMunfaeMuaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;u MuOfz,fxm;aom tvm;wl &[ef;awmfrsm;udk acwå csefvSyfí a½G;cs,fzGJUpnf;awmfrlMu&ef}} [lí vnf;aumif; ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f? þñTefMum;csufrsm;t& ,cifumvrsm;ü t½Sifbk&m;wdkUtm; csefvSyfNyD; xm;cJh&Ncif; Nzpfygw,f/ tckawmh rdrdwdkU\ t,l0g'rSm;udk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;\ a½SUarSmufü pGefUvTwfygaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; NzpfwJhtwGuf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu t½Sifbk&m;rsm;udk rdrdwdkUaexdkif&ma'o½Sd
þoHCmhtzGJUtpnf;toif;tyif;MuD; vufatmufodkU a&mufoGm;ygaMumif;?
a&mufoGm;NyDNzpfaMumif; wynfhawmfwdkUu todtrSwfûyonfhtNyif oufqdkif&m t½Sifbk&m;wdkU\ ûrdUe,f oHCem,u wdkif;oHCem,ursm;xHodkU wynfhawmfwdkUu wpfqifh b,fyk*d¾Kvf b,fyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf b,faeU b,f&uf b,ftcsdefu EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u a½SUarSmufwGif 0g'rSm;udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; Nzpfí ax&0g'*dkPf;u vufcHNyD;NzpfaMumif;? 'gaMumifh t½Sifbk&m;rsm; ûrdUe,fa'orSm ½SdMuaom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;xJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; þt½SifNrwfrsm;udk a&wGufMuyg&ef wynfhawmfwdkUu ñTefMum;ay;ygr,f/ aemufwpfcku oHCmhy&dowfNzpfNzpf oufqdkif&mûrdUe,f
t½Sifbk&m;rsm;rS vly&dowfNzpfNzpf oHCem,uxHrSm
wqifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwdkU
rdrdwdkU\
'Dt,l0g'udk
wynfhrsm;udk
vufrSwfa&;xdk;apawmfrlMuygvdkU
ae&mXmerSm½SdMuaom pGefUvTwfMu&ef
wdkufwGef;vdkufygw,f?
vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD;wJh taMumif;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m ûrdUe,foHCem,ursm;rS wqifh wynfhawmfwdkU oHCr[mem,utzGJUodkU tpD&ifcHMu&rSm Nzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk usifhoHk;awmfrlMu&oNzifh t½Sifbk&m;wdkUvJ csrf;om? wynfhawmfwdkUvJ csrf;om? omoemrSm wpnf;wvHk;wnf; wnDwñGwfwnf; tnDtñGwf pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;eJU omoema&;twGuf vufwGJaqmif½GufMuzdkU tcsdefom Nzpfygawmhw,f/ t½Sifbk&m;rsm;tzdkUvJ &yfuGuf? ûrdUe,f? wdkif; A[dk ponfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif em,uNzpfap 0efaqmifNzpfap 0denf;"dk&f Nzpfap oifhavsmfovdk yg0ifNyD; ta½G;cHEdkifcGifh &Sdygvdrfhr,f? tck 5-ESpfydkif;rSm r& ao;vQif vmrnfh 5-ESpfydkif;rSm &Edkifp&m½Sdygw,f? tzGJU0ifuawmh NzpfoGm;wm aocsmoGm;ygNyD? 'DoHCmhtzGJUtpnf; twGif;odkU t½Sifbk&m;rsm; a&mufoGm;NyDqdkwm wynfhawmfwdkU today;vdkufygw,f/ aeUpGJ? 1343-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef;2-&uf? ZrÁK'Dyausmif;aqmif
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
922
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"r®0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)u vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú| 0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe 0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk t"r®0g' [lí 0dedpä, csrSwfcJhNyD;Nzpf&m rdrdwdkU\ 0g'rsm;udk rpdppfrDu y#dnmOf ûycJhonfhtwdkif; (u)
t"r® 0g'rsm;udk pGefUvTwfygaMumif;
(c)
aemif
tem*wfumvrsm;ü ,if; t"r®0g'rsm;udk
a[maNymNcif;?
a&;om;Ncif;?
aqG;aEG;Ncif;? wdwfacGzGifhNcif; ponfh trIwdkUudk rdrdwdkU udk,fwdkifvnf; ûyvkyfMurnf r[kwfonfhtNyif wynfh'g,um 'g,dumrwdkUtm;vnf; rûyvkyfMuap&ef wm;NrpfqHk;r Mo0g'ay;rnf NzpfygaMumif;/ (*)
rdrdwdkU 0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm; wdwfacGrsm; txdrf;trSwfrsm; ponfwdkUudkyg zsufqD;Ncif;? tyfESHNcif;rsm;udk ûyvkyfrnf NzpfygaMumif;? EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU\ a½SUarSmufü udk,fwdkif y#dnmOf vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muygonf/
pOf bGJU 1/
OD;Z0e
odu©m touf 64
83
ae&yfvdyfpm
udk,fwdkifvufrSwf
ae½Sife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;ûrdU
2/
OD;Z0e
55
75
ig;qifhtaemufausmif;? awmifwGif;MuD;
3/
OD;OaZÆmwdu
49
68
uGif;ausmif;? a';'&J
20
39
ewfrSDawm&ausmif;? awmifwGif;MuD;
4/
OD;qE´m"du
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
923
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) t"r®0g' pGefYvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfûy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)u vlaovlNzpf OD;Ouú|0g'? or®m'd|dokawoe 0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk t"r®0g'NzpfaMumif; 0dedpä,csrSwfawmfrlcJhonfudk vdkufemí atmufwGif udk,fwdkif vufrSwf a&;xdk;ol pk'dwuwdkUESifh wuG oufqdkifolrsm;u(u)
xdk t"r®0g'rsm;udk vHk;0 pGefUvTwfMuygaMumif;?
(c)
,ck tcsdefrSpí a½SUodkU qufvufNyD; ,if; t"r®0g'rsm;udk a[maNymNcif; a&;om;Ncif; aqG;aEG;Ncif;
wdwfacGzGifhNcif; oifwef;ay;Ncif; ponfh tûytrltm;vHk;udk rdrdwdkU
udk,fwdkifvnf; rûyrvkyfMuyg? rdrdwdkUESifh ywfowfolrsm;tm;vnf; ûyvkyfapMurnf r[kwfygaMumif;? (*)
txufyg t"r®0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG txdrf;trSwf ponfwdkUudkvnf; zsufqD;Ncif;? tyfESHNcif;rsm;udkvnf; ûyvkyfMurnf NzpfygaMumif;?
(C)
,cifu xdkt"r®0g'ESifh ywfowfí oHk;pGJcJhaom toif;tzGJU trnfrsm;? toif;tzGJUrsm; ponfwdkUudkvnf;
vHk;0
wm0ef,lí
zsufodrf;Murnf?
zsufodrf;Muaprnf
NzpfygaMumif;udkEdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ a½SUarSmufü udk,fwdkif y#dnmOfûyvsuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muygonf/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
924
tpodkU pOf trnf
1/ ocifNrwfqdkif pDtD; -091213
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) touf
73
ae&yfvdyfpm
udk,fwdkifvufrSwf
trSwf-4? pdefcs,fvrf;? usKduúpH&yfuGuf? A[ef;? &efukef
2/ OD;cif[ef pD'D - 020435
73
Ouú|? or®m'd|dokawoe tzGJU t rSwf-313? oGif½HkteD;?
AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukef
3/ OD;a½TNynfh
61
Ouú|? a½Ttbd"r®mtzGJU?
awmifukwfûrdU? &cdkifNynfe,f
4/ OD;ÚmPfodkif; atat-
57
arcvmcef;r? 16/1?
001789
5/ OD;vGef;armif pDtdyfcsf-
&wemvrf;? ouFef;uRef;
74
(em,utzGJU0if) 344? tcef; (10) taemuf&efuif;?
004175
6/ OD;pdefat; pDtifef-00717
(em,utzGJU0if) 954?
&efukef
61
(em,utzGJU0if) 260? atmifopömvrf;? atmifaZ,s&yfuGuf? a'gyHkûrdUe,f
7/ OD;Nr'if
65
(tzGJUcsKyf? 'kOuú|) 412? odrfNzLvrf;? uefawmfuav; pmwdkuf? &efukef
8/ OD;NrifhaqG
36
tzGJUcsKyf? taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; 327? ta½SU0g,mvuf3-vrf;? urÇmat;pmwdkuf? &efukef
9/ OD;ausmfwifh
61
(tzGJUcsKyf wGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;)
trSwf-861? pm*vrf;? 4-&yfuGuf? awmifOuúvm
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
925
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;) Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpfor®w NrefrmEdkifiHawmf NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&; 0efMuD;Xme trdefUaMumfNimpm trSwf 2^81 1343-ck ESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 3-&uf (1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 30-&uf)
1/
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u tzGJU\ 1981-ckESpf? arv 13 &ufpGJyg pmtrSwf
208^1^om-r[eNzifh
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonfh EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)u 1981-ckESpf?
atmufwdkbmv29-&uf aeUwGif ½SifOuú|\ vlaovlNzpf 0g'? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ 0g'ESifh a½Ttbd"r®m0g'wdkUudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r®rsm;ESifh ravsmfuefatmif azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbuf Nzpfaeaom t"r®0g' [k qHk;Nzwfcsuf csrSwfcJhygonf/ 2/
tydk'f1-wGif azmfNyyg½Sdaom qHk;Nzwfcsufudk taMumif;ûyí 0denf;"r®uH t"du½kPf;
rIcif;rsm; aNz&Sif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'yk'fr
13-t& vnf;aumif;? 1962-ckESpf yHkESdyfolrsm;ESifh
xkwfa0olrsm; rSwfyHkwif Oya' yk'fr 6-t& vnf;aumif;? NypfrIqdkif&mOya' yk'fr 188- t& vnf;aumif;? aw;oHoGif;vkyfief; vkyfudkifcGifh trdefUtydk'f 13- ESifh14 wdkUt& vnf;aumif; ½SifOuú|\ vlaovlNzpf0g'? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ 0g' odkUr[kwf a½Ttbd"r®m0g'udk a[maNymNcif;? pmtkyftNzpf ½dkufESdyfNzefUcsDNcif; ul;,lNzefUcsDNcif;eSifh toHzrf; wdwfacGrsm;Nzifh toHoGif;Ncif; NzefUcsDNcif;wdkUudk wm;Nrpf ydwfyifvdkufonf/ 3/
1964-ckESpf?
trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&;udk
umuG,fonfh
Oya'yk'fr
5-
t& &SifOuú|\ vlaovlNzpf 0g'? or®m'd|dokawoetzGJU\ 0g' odkUr[kwf a½Ttbd"r®m0g' NyefUyGm;a&; twGuf
aqmif½Gufvsuf
½Sdaom
toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk
zsufodrf;vdkufonf?
xdkuJhodkUaom
toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf Nynfaxmifpk NrefrmedifiHawmfvSefa&; tpdk;&tzGJU Ouú|½Hk;\ 1964-ckESpf? arv 3-&ufpGJyg trdefUaMumfNimpm trSwf 64-\ tydk'f 1-t& uif;vGwfcGifh r½Sdap&/
pdefvGif 0efMuD;? Nynfaxmifpk qdk½S,fvpf NrefrmEdkifiHawmf NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;Xme/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
926
tpodkU
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedpä, (ax&0g' pG,fpHkusrf;)
usrf;pmtkyf"r®'getvª½Sif vlaovlNzpf0g'gEk0g'0dedpä, (ax&0g'pG,fpHkusrf;) MuD;udk tqufrNywfvnfywf yHkESdyfxkwfa0Edkifap&ef aiGya'o,yifpdkufxlum ynmoH0wåedu ukodkvfûyMuaom "r®'ge'g,umrsm;
OD;ausmfñGefU + a':oef;Nrifh NynfhpHñGefUukrÜPD aiGMum&H&dyfom? yg&rDvrf; awmifOuúvmyûrdUe,f? &efukefûrdU/
ewfvlom"kac:apaomf0f/
/
]]NrefrmusL;ypf omoemhygv}} bmoma&;armifESrwpfpkrS pmpDpm½dkufNzifh ‘'geûyonf
927
