Macros as Multi-Stage Computations: Type-Safe, Generative, Binding Macros in MacroML 

Amr Sabry

Computer Science Department Indiana University

Computer Science Department Indiana University

Department of Computer Science Yale University

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

ABSTRACT  

  

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8. REFERENCES   

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Macros as Multi-Stage Computations - Rice University Computer ...

as a basis for designing a sound type system for languages ... tasks can be achieved using such macro systems, includ- .... apart code (i.e., analytic macros).

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