Macros as Multi-Stage Computations: Type-Safe, Generative, Binding Macros in MacroML


Amr Sabry

Computer Science Department Indiana University

Computer Science Department Indiana University

Department of Computer Science Yale University

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

ABSTRACT  

 

!"$#%& '( )*'! +

,% -

 

' ."0/

-12& 3 4 & !,5!6 .7! &8:9* 3(5;)=<>?& :<>!  !  &
Q&
,78X*Y4 &,% H& ZG;* H[&\NO !3 !Q& 4NV !\<> 

&8S9* K,!,% \7 P& K-K  ,0

#5 !"]( ):76<>!;

S!

P *NV& &  b

05 ! bR& . * !D!5!#4& !


Q ,0 

c-\L     JD#!  KNO U& 7 7DD 

P6M"0,%U ." . !;

&G !3&&^NO 4& !
e8 9f K5P .bb,0

,%

&$!,, ;eG )`:& 5 !,R!S,0& &Q   Qg+G(!' 1(& 

' !NegD P,,% ! H7G& P/ ><> 

&Gh>0 i5 !j !N3;)k#572&

 .P  &8 9*cl- D5 D P#05!G3!m >6(& 2 !NRa& ] P#  

NR  Qgp 7 &q#Q"nqQ ,0 

qQ r2;gG > ."(/ZM"0,%c<'P/_ .7 U,

7!5!7 P!7 !8Ss_K &a! ."a I  )t^  Qgq5 ' .!7 ;/']M"0,% /_ -NO W <>  6 10, 

] Q& S !S0&,%&L

hP/ZuT7 Q& :)b

7 vR2KP P!e &  8

1. 2 ! .SINTRODUCTION &!`,0

7!
><>!; >NO!&M"c-Kc#%SP  D< &U !4 10,&   &  &Ge !4#% !e8KsMUi .K  Ge<>!  ! -6P P!"€P NV !^7L !^P0NO !l07h,&Pl->NOP /  !‚! &8ƒsT=h &&

=  G'<> 

I-P P5"oP  9* 4)* ?6)b! \ P,,% 65I,-\#Q"S„K-5 !`…(&&  †

P-5 !P *7!!Q4‡`ˆ[X3/T‰ Š(‹-Œ!(‹&Ž08
9* R<> 53 R#! P,%

a)* ?a P,,% a#("j2„4/  !!Y…0&&&J† !P

DP [[(3„[ 8‡b‡`:/M‘(‹‰! ‘ !Š08  †P#Q"6 P#%&

Q!;U’'“ ‰(‹ ‹;/TŽ “0‹&“ 2NV !<•” ! 4–4

,?(5 —[  T"DP0 :„\…0†j!7! &
Walid Taha



Steve Ganz

 m0 iL )™5!7 P7 j& ! .P   !c  !!0 &8•Q" ! ?( D!š#%L!&nP 57a Pq<>  a ."0 .&
!

!Nf!,,

 

,-&P5K&(0 !
<$/ ,P0

 &GYc&&6'
<>50/_ ,%&&i 5!7 P7 & &8=œ` ^<> 

^c !^,-D N\6 .- >NO  ^<>! .!< .5"(/ZM"0,%]NOP  !!`l7!P!7!& R P ! [g]2–4! ? 5~8 …0 0G):Q"DK "^7  ž Ÿ NV fG+<>!;

S>&

 5 ] 6#%>&;$j5
R0 !e Z!S ;NO !b !Q & .7¡H G([NV !<¢ !N£#5!? <>!7!h Z!]  NV ! 

Pla#%^?&,$R#&"¡;8j¤` !a&  .! 4UPNV

P&e8:†Y .G£K K$!  !  ~ !`&&'557J,7 <>! ¡H: .P  NYK


><>&"$ !*<>"' `!? 4Q S&& !PQW <>!;

Y-¥£& f &<>!Q& ¦ N0,

7!
SŒ ¡;8H…0&;/

eGQ[# &&4 NY\<>  \N~! 5M"^
.*(!5!#"'NO ! & , !7!
P05 ! > ];5  !
T"Q8 9*;*`!  :&;(§R&P& &W¦<>!  ! Y-`-K [ ,%&;/ NV"LNV

<•i .J,&,5 &8c!; L0& 7   S NV&Lic&<$/ && NO &$ U&  #%3<>!  ! `-`3& & !Ne,0

7!
!: ."0Q1'&& &G!R S (&  *[&(!#54("07!5 4,0

#0/ &,0

#&
0/ 

 ¡3<>("DP(P5 K®QP5T"6!®QPT"D .

I!5!#5 K
"I-' Pc -)b/_& H ,%&&/ i&

 K-c >& ! ~<>!?(7><> 

\®QPD}VC{ @;yy{@!±.@!|%F{L NJ#%&7]P ."0 .&<>-5¡;G* "€-L  a^ (0 ):] .$T",7WKN` -5!#R!
 , >- R?( ):aPQJ@.²;}T{;±c<>  L;1,! 5 !fG #%&& !
 #-¡3 ^M"0,% /_&?2<> 

K#%;/ NO J 10,! 

2  5P

2 .8 9* $,!,% $7!P& U'<>!  c ."0 .&!"U!UP  NOP"U H<'P/_ .!7!`& !
 &8+2P/_ .!7! , !7!l7!P!7!& > ~&P07RM)` !/_&&+5!7 P7 & R¯ Œ“0G ‹-°ZGb<'P/_&&b57 P!7!& c¯‹&Š0G\‹ ŽGK‹³(G:“(G:´-°ZG:€2 g ¯ Ž‹!GŠ!‰0G³-°V¡`3#%&&D &

,%>, & &"R S,0 (5[,& 5  !DP !#\
 .;J .!7  &8 Ÿ  K$5! .JNO )µ"Q& &G¦$ .P("c !N 2  g!J&5-U ."0 .&!Q& H !N<'P/_ .!7!* ."0 ./ &
£G(

&4$NO b5~G0 


05 ! &G0M"0,7Q¡`<>!; ' ."0 .&
† !<>!›&7j<> 

^ D
 D  j&<$/ , 5› & +&;, !#&!  ! -`7!&(P Wf ,%&&Nl"730& 

!( &<>(& f !N<>!  ! ( !5 & DL 
 c DL  !-

\  / <>Q5 +NV !M)* /_5 &~GQ<'P/_& ZG!'<'P/_ .!7!b5!7!P7 &  ~ P;I 4NOP  /T&&7! !& J !K !,%

b¯ ŒŽ0G¦Œ ³(GfŽ!°V¡;8JXµ0& /  !!%  <>!Q& ! ,-5 P5&& &: K5 .4


^! l-

r,  8]X¶& !<$/ ,% ! 5 !U Z0& 

!l¡U  <>!Q& ' '7!&;!"a

^ !N: !Q& :6& &

,7R!2 NV"07 P;2&


 .& £-+2  g^ Yb7! Q (U<>!  ! &G£2  g]5 : !:\5&!¦5/ 7!P7 *NO :º±wO}~wO|Q¹J<> 

&W¦ Q& + + P,,% HNO `0 i0/ 7h;)»#057h& ! .P  &8msTr!

 ]05;7h! 

Q

7R70G<> 

:-\ !NV P > R!# .! 3& !<$/ n, !7!
 ']#%R 10,  m ~<>&"#%S):aD5 !  ' N ;§R&&;"¡3P 7RNOP  ! &8U¤`P0K<>!Q"2 !NU ."Q S,/ ; 4 -;[):56

U)*!Q [ ># . 4)`

P56 2 ># !5#& &8m‡`

 .P  $-R#a!5#& >2 !R& " ;1,0&  #bP 74NOP 

 &8† !+;1
 .P \ P;L! K'¼(½-/T !-5 !L N*–4! ?&  $! -)o&&P0 5 \#057 : 3#%K 10,&  &2P 7SNOP /  ! &G%>®QP& 3'!7 K 'K& !!;

&89* l7!P!7! G(5/ &6!  gG% 3;i&D#Q"D!2Q ,0 

25Q >2;gG r&!m 10,0&  c ~#% !m 
 N+ )q#57'&

 .P  &8`X=? "D0& 7 7! ! NV !'!; Qgm \JU#%R]FE!| {;±;À@!}~wVÀ!{{Á!}T{;|wZE!|q¯‹ ‹;°* N g+8:9* ^
P5m 5PI! )`&/_T"0,%cgj,

7!
7!
f8p·]I5  a)bQ2c5!7 P!7 I j&<>!n ." T"0,!# 8\4 c4

P47

!H \R&

  !U 1(& 

c N g+G( 4K  !
Q b!#% !Pb):-3!; Qgh 0& 7 L|%E}* R 0W Å  !; Qgn Q U !J#5P0\R0 .5 

]#%;M)* &h,0 !/ 7!!€08rX[

P7!€<>Q"a!,,

 >P0/ !"a( )», !7!!cNVP!
7!
 ¡;G£}VC{4|%E!}~wZE|\EM²\{È É@!z wO}~Ê>@!;EF wZ@!}T{B º+wO}VC>{@ FC>E!|%{JËZÊ!|}_@F }~wZF\@!|BJ {;x$@!|}~wZFK{È É@ z wV}~Ê!Ìe±{;Zy{F&Í }~wOÀ!{ z Ê;Î^F@||%E}4@|%BD.CE!É0zBD|E!}3Ï{Sx'w5ÁQ{B!84†P0 
 DQ aj5!7!P7  G3): .Y&NV !&7^S0 .5 

6#% T)*& \M)` ^ [

0/ (l¯ Œ!Œ(GŽ!ŽGŠ ‰°Z8† [#%; : !:)*   G: b&5&"  ."L D,;?c !6E!±>$ ! GfJ &GY D& J-  ."0Q! U®QP!M" !K  <>!Q'®QPT"&  "():  8[sM !; QgG-)` Q !  3! )j

"K &<>!Q+®QP!M"K5 5!7 P7 b\)*`-

5UQ (P&7: ."0Q! `&®(P!/ M"c ~ !D,0

7!
2!,!#& 4Q '4l7!P!7! 8 Å !; Qg20 Q& H YQ (P&*&&5&Q(0"0 -l#,P0 8€9*& ,0

#5 Nl

<Ò!] -;"L 
7!
! S(G+ Pj! S]"ages…0Ôo ."0 .&

7 ›&7c!] 0&  7 S,0

#5 <™!L,

!; ^;1,! 5 !€¯‹&‰0Gf‰°Z8S2 ! &&&Q"QGY;D- R#%&&j  !, .-j,

,% ! ./ ! &G?J7  /_ !0 [!# . [ ."Q-1L ~– Ÿ X4…¡[¯ Š Š(GeŒ(‹!G ‹-´(G£‹Œ-°ZG>†& g¯ ŠŽ!°Z89*K?;"$& !(#P

^ !NY! & >, !,%

5 '5 J 6, -(5^
7! 

34 ,%& 4 ![!? !,-6& (0r .w_ÆO{ÆG$@!|@ z Ê}~wZFhxR@F ±.E!&¡;8Ö9* & . 

 &&!Q!D .KM"0,78+sM . 2! <>!  ! S!; Qgq^5
!Q"mP  NOP4! ?( &!š#%h&& !<$/ , 2P 7$ P;D .!"2T"0,%^7!&;\<>!;

&8 ˜+ ,%&&5!"Si .H,%

QH H ,&U#Q"\ 

H-+;i` )a#573& ! .P;  ¦057[ NÂD&

(   !f8¦·m`H Y Y&-+ )h , !#&<Ö!c#%U 0&  &c6JP(T"0,%2  70G£K K5 

 0&  &]#("c$M"0,%R ."0 .&<8X3 J Pa!  gm5 U

!& b[#!5!&b#% M)`&&U#%&74!';1,0&  *<>  [ ."0 .&< !D#%&7R'<>!; $ ."0 .& 

3[L0 iS )‚#0/ 7$

 .P  &8`…0&;5 !ŠS 0 ): :\2 gh ."0Q1£G(M"0,% ."0 .&<G!] &<>!Q& &8h…0  

jŽc,&  ( J^<>!h ;0/ b&

Q#P0

fWDc&


a NJ‡` ! !; QgoQ h2 gš', -(5& Rc &<>(& S' #% !2 10&&P#J!^ 

!#"2! ."D $&


2P 4Q"R

,0/  -5 ! ^ 2 5;/T

05 ! > ]7   -cNl& n(& f !N(+7! Y57 P!7!

!N¦[ 5 !f89*4-7  35!7 P!7 \ &NTG%2  gG !U

,%;

!0 &<>!Q& H0 i\P 73 73#P0¦ .!0/ -r 

m NJ P# .P05 !f8=9* 5

n ^  ):r

, (0P&c !"r)`&/ZT",%&š2 g‚ (P >, -(57a M"0,%K -NO T"2& P3NV !K!  g8e…(& 

6³S&

 5  3 &   1(& 5 ! * >‡` U!  g]!205  P  & :
 3$2´' &P  : l-D)` !?D!D&

&P!8 2. sMšMACROML  6 &;5 !fG\)`]PBY h€EXAMPLE ®QP &] N$ 1
P&$R#! >  P& U
P0'0& 7 

!N¦  Qg+80˜;R 1
 -)`>#("'K P-"U !N£ # U  <>!QK&

&  :::! & &8

2.1 ‡`

 5Simple  6NO

Inlining:  ):7r (IA 10First & ,G:Attempt ): I6NOP 



ÙÚ ©!Û(Ü Ú ©>!c«-Ý Ù-ÞÚ(ßà © ÞÚ K4 10,%& ^
à © Úrá Ü àâ ½Û¼ ß « Ù-ã ©nämå Ù ªÖæ ææ ÙÚ ©!Û(Ü Ú ©q«-Ý ÙÞÚ(ßà © ÞÚmâ ½!Û ¼ ß « Ùã ©»æææ2©!ª¼ –4; G â ½Û¼ ß « Ù-ã ©j5 RP €,P&"jNV !R 

 > N\&5M"€ <>!Q!!#M"h5]> 

P D& (0 G!]
.S5
 ! 3J?&"> $\3, (P&70W æææ Ù-Ú © Û(Ü Ú ©q«-Ý ÙÞÚQßà © ÞÚ åtæææ ¤PUj7 & ! P !]):  â ½Û¼ ß « Ù-ã ©I U#%

PI 
'?çQè éK +!U 10,&   !S): !    5P

L&- 8c…(

çQè éch  !

D&! 2µuM,P&vc5!7 P!7  R5?^–K ?&*):;2& !557h):&m0!7h):€#P/_€
P0:& 

P0&\#%&( !U¯ Œ ´°_8 …(&\7R¥£&; 3 !: !"DK,% NV !<>!&\#P0:!  $  <>!Q& 4 Nbgj, !7!
 .P *):^&

  4 ."0Q1£GQT",7KP& &GRNO !<>%  / <>Q5 &8`sTc!  gG%,0

7!
 45& à © Ú ­ÜQìQ8`† !3 1!
P7 aÛ(Ü Ù «©íQª îQª(½ â ª ß « Ù ã ©] $ >! gL 5P G0)*K)bQ[3£G,0 (P&7W æææ ÙÚ © Û(Ü Ú ©q«Ý ÙÞÚ(ß à © ÞÚ»ï ÛQÜ Ù «!©€íQª!îQª0½ â ª ß « Ùã ©0ðtæ ææ ñ {;xR@!|}~wZF  W39*U &<>!Q& 3 !N [?( N557^5 [ 
57R P# .P ! !N$!5!#5U#Q" n 10,&   !¢¯ (G\Œ°Z8µ—4NV !P "QGb):565 ^ ]7! Q ( ;1
I O !P7!$:
57a,&,5 DNO 2&!/T#Q"(/ !!PI _‡*¤ò\¡K5!7!P7 & &8I† U 1!
#  !

!"c®QP &Q4 Dô> & !5#& [\!!P& &8¤`P0:2K

Q 1(W à © Ú ­ÜQìaçnä€Û(Ü Ù «!©€õQÛ Û(½!Û Ù ª¶æææ2©!ª¼ & jM)` m 
P P![!  P
r!#%

P02‡*¤`òö!5!#5 &G:ç] > ,5!&& #Q"ac !/_!!P 8]9¦ c !a^& .!#5  

57h,050/  5,& $ !N4‡*¤`ò»5!7 P!7  &G)`^& . $!bP  ' !N3<> 

S5   Qgh '#%K ."0( !"^ !/_ P& \ {Æ ¹QÆG,,5-

 &G à © Ú /_ 10,&   ! &G;-¡;8 2.2  

UFunctional -\!?>-7 Inlining P
P  NOPU 
 ¡f! 

,0 -050& f`!&U!!!Q!7!f "K 3 !¦(;NO ): \& .!#5 2 &<>Q5 3 N‡*¤`ò‚57 P!7!& &8b‡` ! 5;W

­ÜQìrør©€ä Þ ªmçmäQù€© ­ÜQìrúr©€äm© ï ð

9*$&&5-L !,%   'ø^!hú0Ge!ou.0&5&"v2!qu_NO !  G v & ,%&;5 &"QG
`NO ' P ,%&  ! ^¯ Œ‰°Z8c9* >RM)` 6 !#RNO&P !#% !P: b 1
 &3:&!!P-

^ !NYø€©Yü+  !P5R !*! )n3,&<>-P &!!P-

R !N%©Yü;89*(P &G! +5 47!&(P&"SP  NVP!,,



!NHU<>  ' ."0 .&<8…(&& !eG0<>  ' 10,!  !D 

P5^ !b!/  )Ó$#072 Q &P&&R !N*ç65I$<>  0 i5 !L

! &5&Q"U!,0PNl&* Q& P&&& H !Nç4'<>  4-7 P!Q& Y !NNOP 

!(7[0

& ¦T)*

P# .P

 &8`†Y .G0\-7 P!  '!,,

  S P# .P&h( D>#% (0"Q84&hJ)*^>P 57 .!-D 

 NH P# .P0

fG04 -l#\ç$2\!#% -  1!U -/ !#]©8¶…0&& !£G[c P7<>!  a#% (0"m5 D P# .P0 #;?cQ D$&

Q 1(\ N:!,, !fG+7!jP 57D$ .!0/ -r 

m NJ P# .P05 !f8qsM€

P0D;1
 Þ ªnçräQùmø ïMÚ(à çð 10,0 £ Þ ªmçmäQù Þ ªmçHüäù Ú(à ç ):;$çHü[ JRNV& "L7!&;c
"D SQb $ 3  !P&¡;8 9* ^ 1!
 .& ^ ! ^? "NO-Pc !NJ<> 

."0 .&  ^! \!I Q&&P0\P 4#0  &G£ &<>(& J±{È É(wO±{;'&!!P

6P;4#5  &8[9*5 [ 4 7 Nl/ !QS#%&P R&!!P-

jP U#;S7!&;!"](

& <>!,P5-576E;y{;|]FEB{J):6 [ 7 i("2
" &

&j;
&]#("L
.U &<>Q5> ,%& i ! R 
! 

 10, 

žc‡`

 50 :K&5  5U,% )* :NVP;5 !2ý0½ â W à © ÚrÞ þ ªmý0½ â ªmçnä ÙÞ ªšärÿ Ú Ý(©!ª¢êh© à «!©€ç
ï ý(½ â»ï ª0ê ðaçð Ù ªmý(½ â»ï  ð ï ô è ða©!ªQ¼

sTNS)*h ,5!&] Þ þ ªš? "()* q#Q"€­ÜQìQGJ<>!  € 10,! 

 7 Q ( aš50ic Q

,eG[):;š 2,0

##"m !^I;/ c#%&( !8J·n-\,,%& žrsMQP&"QG'<>  >! ý0½ â¶ï  ð ï ô è ðU 10,!0 b( DW ÙÞ  märÿ Ú Ý(©!ª¢êh© à «!© ï ô èð ï ý0½ â¶ï 0ê ð ï ô è0ðð ): &N+ 10, bQ 2W ÙÞ  märÿ Ú Ý(©!ª¢ê © à «© ï ô è0ð ïÙÞtï 0ê ðärÿ Ú Ý(©!ª¢ê © à «!© ï ô è  ð ï ý(½ â»ïï ê ðê ð ï ô è0ððð ! 10, 

m7! Q& ^

r i&"Q8q!; j 10,! 

 q !"r;
fGf6 4&& ! .P c! K,\ NU P8 9¦ '&®(PK\ 10&&P0

 NH ÙÞ  10,0&  

60P7$<> 

 10, 

eGQ)*[<'P . 10,5&"R03ª' bL{@± z ÊS,-/ !!  >,-!
&!Hz@!}T{-¡;G(!R! !-bb <¢ U .7 P >!
7\" ]5^& !
 &8I9*>5Q&Iý0½ â <>!  6j ) #%K)b&! &W à © Ú ­ÜQìjý0½ â ªmçmä £ïÙÞ ªmämÿ Ú Ý(©!ª
êùr© à «!©!ç
£ï ý0½ â»ï ªê ðjçð-ù0ð Ù ªmý0½ â%ï ð ï ô èða©ªQ¼ *9 4M)` '& ! .P  U{;;F@y{J!LÏ ±.@F{;}~`-K#% ! )*& 0& "LNl

<2  gGY!c)* ?h JNV

 ): &W'Si .J& !/ .P uT& ,%& v^Nl

<»cuM<>  > 10, 

c 7!/ P5$gm& P !] ,% NO < D&

&

 

 .P :Q P,0 `&7 P53&!!P-5 !D U PDS& Pb

LuT<>!  > 10,!  !6! 

&!Y#%  \ )š"&50 &W ï ô èð ï ô èð ï ô è0ð! ï ô è ð! ï ô!èð! ï ô èð nê ñ {;xR@!|}~wZF  W>9*^&&hNO !'( (0P&7c>#!?  S!]& ./ & !,%I&

 .P  D5 2& "m l-m jc&&n jI )`&/T ,% &i !;'NO >&!!P-57L! !P ' P#/_ 10,  5 ! &8 sTm,-&P5G:):m&&P0 

fG3D#%&&

; -4M)` '0¥£ &Q*?(0 ` !Nf& !
 &W+&">

& b!Rl-

!& &89*\&> $Q 

  *):*®QP bUP P!~8 sT,-&P5G%)`J<'P .: NO &J):[ 45&FE!|Q¹!±;É{;|F;{35 ',5!+&!!P-

h -P WK^)* 5/ZNO 

2 

P5 ![& !(c!6-"2&


6\& P4 !NR5U&


7!
T÷.& [ &W à © Ú ­ÜQì Þ " ªšä £ïÙÞ!" äÿ Ú ÝQ©!ª
ª0ù€© à «!©#-ª(èê-ù0ð Ù ª Þ ªq܁äQù Þ ª­qäQù Þ Ü]­o©!ª¼ 9*D<>  I7!P!  c 10, 

 #PG0#%&7$SP0/_
P^:-b
New ` !NBinding `
.+ -Constructs &NO&P  Ne!; QgW

c!#5M" j0 i )Ö#57L&

 .P  >r2M"0,% ;578gf;*P  &"$-`)*[[P 7\[<> 

*øS!^ú\NV ! P ,%&  ! $ I5
 !NKI& !
š¯ Œ!Š-°_8 ·h40 i3J P!#[
! / à © Ú NO *   7U! `NV

 ): &W

­ÜQì ï à © Ú «!© $mçmär©ê Ù ªš©  !© ªQ¼ðaä ø ïà © Úmá Ü à çmämú ©ê Ù ªqú ©  !© ªQ¼ð 9*'0 i5 !Q (P & K$ )=#7R&

 .P  à © Ú «© $ ):;I 10, 3 ^S !$#57>& ! .P  à © ڀá Ü à 8S†  ;1
ñ {;x$@!|}~w~F  W+Xn?;"$ 7 Q`#%&' *! ,%  b !Ne !P*,0

,% ! !  S c5 )t^P  ' 6 !"j0 i> )Ó#076& ! .P; -`NV

 -)š[,  ` !Nf 10 .7U#057S

 .P  &G( P ! 2l<'#£j!# . 

 &G\ PL&&5-

 &GJ!r&&P   &5 ! &'8 &|R}VC{; {[Ï wV|%B!wO|Q¹UFE!|}~±;ÉF }~K{;À!{;±;ÊUEFF É(±;±{;|%F{KE.² @DÀ@!±wZ@Ï&z5{$F@!|]Ï{SwOx'xR{BwZ@!}T{ z Ê^wZBQ{;|}~w ¸*{B@!'{;wO}VC{;±$@Ï wO|B!wO|(¹ EFF É(±;±{;|%F{E±h@€ÏE!É(|%BrEFF É(±±{;|%F{Æ»9*I &<>!Q& D !NS

P , !,%

K 20& 7 &€ ] Ð  > 20 .5 

e8¢¤`P0D & ): a $ .;5 !a5 S!?&jQ I!&

PQGÂo&®(P 5 &  K .H P# 8K† !4 1!
c#%  ' K#% )b&Q W ­ÜQì ï à © Ú «© $mçn䀩ê Ù ªn©  © ªQ¼ðä ø ïà © Úmá Ü à ¬närú ©ê Ù š ª ú ©  © ªQ¼ð ):hK÷MP .i&

]IuM¬6 S2#07 Q& P&& G+ R0 Q& $ $ Q& P$j^#% (0"aú ©  8 v™9*D, !#&< ^ -S ^^aNO! SM)` L0¥£ &QU#057c Q&&P && S !N 3!5!#53çG0R!>

[ Nf&<µ5 ` !N¦U0¥£ &Q*P!8 sM€&  && G:2i .^

j ~r,-!  Q¡ &"0 -$u_ 3 b\ -l# G0 û *5%`çGQ):^&!> Q&&P0 NV 2j^ 10,&  

a#% !P] I©  v08j¤` !P  !N3 &G+ P D !N3D -l#2!
€0&&5-

r )   ,% &5!%!"c!5!#5'!? P>^ >&r6

P0,P0R !N\<>!  ]! R #7S Q&&P &\NO :KçR6©  8 v 9*KT"0,%4 ."0 .&
P7  M)` 
?&&,;?2 !N+S& l-

 K !N<>!; R,
.
S*T"0,%b !N% 3# b, !NbIÏ wO|BQ{;±,
i .$0&&5-

 !N[ç8L9*^ &&

a&&5-

 !N çj &NU5 >rNO! 2h& !![&&5-

e8=·n  :M"0,7'NV !<> !fG%[5 3,%

 #"D 'M÷M& 4\ Q!¦;/ ,5&&( R¬^ K!#% -!8:sT3 4
,57W v¢}VC{>BQ{Ty{;|%BQ{;|F ÊIE!|a) @ ( ²;±{{ *RÀ@±;wZ@ Ï&z5{ wO±,{ +:{F }T{B${Á;y%z wZF wV}Zz ÊKwO|$}VC{b}~Ê;y{;8˜+  &Q5!"S` 
,% ! !NV !H
  >,0

#&<™ N:Âq

(  

ah^  !P&>,0

7!<Ò#%;/ P :bM"0,%: ."0 .&<µ7 P-!Q&& )* 5/ZM"0,%>  Qg , !7!! l-j ]2  gq,0

7!
QG*2 0 ^<>&"j)*

 uT )d6!5!#5 ,  J !PKU  Qg¦žv3·]H P0\  !"[ : ¦®QP ./ 

c…(& 

DŽ8 3. !; KMULTI-STAGE ."0 .&

J-H  !P5

,,%&j#%;NO !>R!

b .!7!2 !N3,0

7!<Ò;1 &P

e8 ˜"š&

 

 10, 

2! b)* 5f! b! !P : ! b 0 !!e& !
  {Æ ¹QÆ5G& !

! &G%,,5-

 &G -¡;8 X[ e
4\+( (0P  !fG-<'P/_& !5!7 P!7  Y #%&&D &

,%$ U?(0 * !Nf .!7!D& !
e8

276 - W ./894:/;JW.=< - W ./1032 254 / - W . 234 /> -@? \W . 8BA . < 276=G6W ,. 8'A . < A .H A . ¡ / 6 - 8 W . /8 6 - < W . /< 6 - H4W . /H 4 /  8 W. 276=G6W ,. 8 A .< A . H A . ¡/4C/E[< W .I 234:/KJ LNMPOQLSRTG - 8 - < - HVU  8XWZY 
254C/; 8 W .=< A .D234C/E
2@[^4C/E\W],. 2F4:/\O_ Y \W .

`Vacbed fgihkjmlngoSpklq
rTs:t7g^uCs@vSoSgxw 2P/_& e57 P!7!& b !¥£ *&

 .P  *NV !b#P57S!^& !<$/ #7J& (0 G0 !NV ^^\M"0,%$  7082P/_ .!7 [5!7!P7 & -b<'P/_&&(5!7 P!7  +, -(5`*P ;):R3
N* 10& P7RU7   -I ( 8U9*' 

c !N'uM& (0&v20 / ;5#%&a > $!a# . $ ! 8I† ';1
 4-S  !P l0\ [ !

c N  (U¯ Š!‰°Z89* ` P;R ."0 .& ~ !Y

# ;¡£ ."0( !"Q8HX3U! - G!®QP!" !!5)*&"a !NK5?(57I!#%

P0R& 2l7!P!7!& &G*  NO  Gb * "R,0 (5¸|%{UFE!|}~±E zfE!À!{;±K}VC{U{;À@!z É@}~wZE!|IE!±.BQ{;±>¯ Ž‹ G Ž ‘0GŠ´-°Z8 Xµ, .5"(/ZM"0,%£GeNVP 

~Gf
I DS <>!H& !/ .P   NRjNOP 

!\5!7 P7  GS2;gk  r 2  

 .P  RNO >#P57Gb §$&&Q"& !<'#57G*!€ 10&&P0/ 7R& ( 8*9*& \0&\&

 .P  [^Ï ±.@F {;}~K  ;GV{;;F@;yT{ G ]±É0! | O_ Y 8J† 4S,P0,%

& [ !N

PK .P0"2 !Ge)`'P  NV

 ):57K <>!(2;gD57 P!7!*! ¦

P¦<'P/_ .!7!5/ 7!P7  W y0Fzy{}|~€ WW U -ƒ‚ > -@?  ‚ 9

‚ J LNMP OQLSRm… G - O8 _ Y- <  - H U  8 W„Y  < ‚ ‚ ‚

·h6& . &r6(P
 b '0& G

"^NO 3 5
 -)b/ 7'M"0,%& &W .B0‡† {}|,~€ WW U Yˆ M ‚ . A . ‚ ,.= –[  Yˆ Mf5 fT"0,%NV !+-P0(P<'#%  &G-P S H!S 1!
N¦! !P *#! :M"0,%& &8HsT> `,,% GQ)*33


 .P  J\)` !?I

h JT"0,%R#%&!P $&J-
$M"0,%& ! P P!-  UNV !‰ < . A .;8\9*'2  g€& (0SM"0,%J \  !&c#QŠ " ,.=;8 sT$  & 

R)*3, &Q*\ 

PST"0,%3 ."0 .&<¢NV !:2;g8 9*h  !P0&  D !NU 2T",%c ."0 .&<   .P05&qn& .#/  &c 5 ;): D¯ Ž ‘0GfŒ0GeŠ “-°Z83·mU5 :M"0,%J ."0 .&<» 4  \
.3 10,  5 KM"0,%K ."0 .&<Ö 55#\NO !K2  gm ~ & NV !' 1!
P0 ,P,% ! & :  8 9*K÷.P7
 50 \UM"0,%UP& J!6' &<>Q5 4NO J#!?  K!  !,% 89*b&

Q 1(7 22 K<>!,JNV !<µl0&Qi  H 4T",% +! & & &G%!D b&, &Q2#Q"RKNV

 -):7>;<¶l7!P!7! W 2 WW U ¯ ° ‚ 276 - W . / sT6!Q"D l‡ 2G0 \ 

P5#%\ '&,%-57R Q&&P0&& [ N

\ 
P0bP& b !Nf4T"0,%4 ."0 .&
PD  "(): !8„[ ! ->r2P2NO D5<'#£ Z!&&P0 NOP 

 ¡;G*)* !? $$&P0&QJ&&!LP RS! \R5 & !N*$#%

P !5!#5K):&2)`J ^3 SK&((


ekG K-:5 &C‹ G():;T   H*& 0NV !Ž ;8+9**& &,#0!?  &8:9*JPJNV !4& !,%  Q $# 5&!"D

(   8]„4 !!G  NO  G'& ,%& 

"D Q&&P0K-35 &‹\!D7  8*˜+ ,%& 4-J P,,% !   ]uTP0

v'K ¥£&;[ NH#;?   &8 †Y5"QG!*P*NV !V O_ Y 3 H  P# Wf)*b'P'[ <

!NbT"0,%F  ,.=[ 7! S2!!PR N*M"0,%; .;8D–[ )*&;G¦)*R
 i 2@[ ! :-(7UK #("c‹!8·m

P03 U O-  P#0-¡b ÷MP .!Q& 3NV !\2 g+8£9*  r(P<'#% 6 NR!  ! c):Q"qj#7!/_ .&,= &<>!Q& 6NO  2  gL¯ Œ!(GŽ‘-° +S .P `( .P0"

!N<'P/_ .7 &

?07RuM&!!P-

UP/ ;K5! 10,5&G£ K  <>!Q& 4<>?& 3K! ."6 >5P ./  )hb<'P/_ .!7!


4 !NV U(

5-& ¦ ! !N( # 4  P!Q"U)* ?0 

R,0

7!(& &G£!
6 >&

6 
2¯ Œ°ZGQ  ;/ <>!Q& :,P :^{;&{;|F{S !N+ .-5J & !,70G%D \  4&JNO P 7\!

!0<>!;"\ K,% NO <‚&(& SNO !D2;g= RcN~!P0!Y(P
>P& ' !N4h‡*¤`ò»5!
]]#0!?  &GHL&h  5P7D  10,  5 !f8>9*'P$NV !U#;?; \U&&‘^ "0 \-K;" [&!!P-R#("'&#P55057U[;1,0&  

> "' P !P>- &&‹ T8 “:{&Ï É0wOzB!wO|(¹!G !2uM&!!P-7^[&& 47 ;[!c‘0G v  KQ&0 D&
2):5\ !& "D?&&,7 !?\ !N&& &89*(P ¦ #P57[ 
 8 ’A ” > - ?  •)– > - 8 ? > - < ? > - H ?  8 ¯ GW U J LNMPOQLSRmG - 8 - < - H U  8 W„Y G°  < ’ A ” H  <¯ GW U •4°Œ’ A ”  H Q¯ - W U  H °^’ A ” I > -@? ’ A ” > -@?   8 <)’ A ” I J LNMNOcLPRmG - 8 - < - HVU  8XWZY <)’ A ”  /’ A [ 8  < / ’ A [ 8 H˜ < / ’ A [ 8  I 8 8  8 ’ A ”  < D <)’ A ” H   > -@?  8 /’ A [ 8 > - ?  < O—_ Y  8 ’ A ” H  8  < /’ A [ 8 Hm I - /’ A [ 8  8 /’ A [ 8  H 8 < /’ A [ 8 I J LNMPOQLSRyG - 8 - < - HŽU  8XW„Y < / ’ A [ J LMPOQLSRyG - 8 - < - HU  H WZY I  8 /’ A [ 88  <  8 / ’ A [ <8  <  8 ’ A ” 8  <   8 / ’ A [ 8  < /  8  ’ A 
Q* <>!f ~5 & ‘ ¡J  5P

jNVP;5 !j S(

? e89*>& ,%] 10,&   ! #0!? D 10,&  

eG£!2&\ 10,&   !  &N+ : Pe8 sTQ & .7R 1
7!
>5P .7U )r0&:?(5  !Nf&

2;gW Ÿ*À@ z É@!}~wZE) |  e|%BQ{;±[¿f@!xRÏB@ W*‡`

 l0 4K < > -k¡e?   >k¢ ? ¢ ¡ ' P  &"U-H)*::Q & .S5S&
f8sM2#% !6‡*¤ò¢!6‡*¤`„SG&!!P-

6

"^)` !?(

!2& ! D 

 #Q"6 )b7D';1,0&  

h!E O_ Y  > -k¡e?    >k¢ ? ¢ m¡  - ¡ ;Gf! &]&!!P768c9*$& PS5 J^0& L <W > -k¡e? - 8 ·h$P R P;L2, L !N*PfGf#!?  &G¦!L& &!,%>h

P0 Q ,0 

^ !Nf[<>!  U5!7!P7 4 U& P0[*


 [\,%;NO !
 l0 J';<ƒ  > G ¡U,  £ ¡;8>‡*!L)` NV !&+,,-5 !U b#%0

Hi .G--@,?  (-ŒP- &Ž7 G6¡ ,  £ ¡ ¡b,  £ ¡ ¡ž 9*  !,% 

>  ! 10,0&  #:5R‡*¤`òn !*‡*¤`„p{;À@ z É@!}~wZE|  <>!Q& &G%#P035 3 10,  5#UI2  gj#("2! 7$ ;<»! bNO !5 ): &XW O_ Y    > -@? —G -  - B¡ ,£ ¡ ¡;8 “:{;|%@x'wO|Q¹ W2·n6D<>&"a#% !#(0 !P $ ] 10,%  &G`D  &


N* P# .P

Ih0 i7RS &<>!Q& K Nb>l7!P!7!R5?  2;gj 4 P§$&&Q[NV ![, -(l07$J& & 3
P6 -5!#& 4& "():; 8\sML2  gG£;S & H!Q"U!& l0&Q!0 -5!#*&!,P0 G !J  H&;+!Q" &$ \ 10,  *!Q"SNV& &  *

05 !  !` JP 4\¨Q©!ª0«¬-­0/ ?>

,%;

e8 Ÿ PJ  <>!Q& \NO !$!; Qgn S 


N+ P# .P0

2U2 g] &<>Q5 :&!"
CORE MACROML

·]^-2 )tR6,% !5QU): ^)*^!a,0&& &"a;i^ Q , 3 !P[<>!  R5!7 P!7 !8b·]\, &Q[\ ."Q-1eG0M"0,% ."0 .&<G0!^  <>!Q& * !Nf[& !K N+  Qgr ~&!6‡` ! !; QgY¡;8b9*65!7 P7 c R6P P!3 10,&   ! >NO !D ‡*¤`ò•5!7 P!7 !GKP7
 .P RNO D i7L<>!  ! &G:!1 …I
   P &^ $& !Q

f &P K557W y0‡zy{7€¥¦,§ WW U -ƒ‚ > -@?  ‚  ‚ JJ LNLNMPMPOQ¤ LSRmˆ RmG G¦- c   8 - <6 - 8 HV6 > U <  8XHW„Y ¡  U <  8 WZY  < ‚ G¦   8 6<6 > - ” !¡ -  - ? -  ‚ -@? ‚ ‚ † :&5M"QG!e<>!  ! b6‡` !\!  g]4;1 ">& , -!
 #J,-/ ! 

`):  1!;"D&J,! !l P# .(5H (/ !N <>!; R7!P
 ): &W ‹ 8 - ” G0! b&^#Q"'4,0&&057T;G( :h{@!±;z ÊR,!<$/    G0):;2!#%4P DP7$<>!  S 10, 

eG Œ(8 - 8 5 *$z@!}T{[,-!
P0/ ,P: NY4 10,! 

fG! Š08 > - < ? - H i& fJÏ wO|%BQ{;©± ¨%Ï wO|BQ{{`,¦ !N,-!
Pr!5!#& m &

,% !N<>  3 i

U#P0f "\S !"\#%`P  5€;D ,% &5![)*&" >&0NO &m#Q"a2T",%2 ." . <8 9*J -5!# - R 7 P5- #057J&

 .P b#%;NO ! - H[&!^#%4P &e8+9*4!5!#5 - PH !'2#

5"D #%;Ñ-\#P 0D&K5D,!3K5 & W& !,%J !N - <8`Xo&7 !YP \ !N J LNMP¤ ˆ RmG¦  6 6 > -@? ¡ ¡ U >]ª ? > -@? ª  -  ¡ WZY ?P?S? 9* c$<>  0&&5-

]#5 KD}~ºE Q&&P0/ && - S N - 5]R<>!   i

 «X[0&> Q&&P0/ && ¦ !N - &

Pl\#%+&
P¦;!7 7: Q5 [)* !P5eGe -)`& Ge#%S;!7! N')*j

"=7 ]] 6 <  >k¢ ? ª  ¢  ¡ G

- W .¬n032 - W .B0\¯ 8 - 4< W¯ - 8 W . 8 °Z.= -@? KW . 8'A . < ­®K¯=234 ¬  8  < W . ­N®K¯276G W ,. 8'A . < A .H A .¡ ¬ 6 - 8 W . ¬8 6 - < W . ¬< 6 - HKW. ¬H 4 ¬  8 W. ­N®K¯276G W ,. 8 A .=< A . H A .¡ ¬ 4 ¬ <4W.I ­N®K¯234:¬nJ LNMPOQLSRmG - 8 - < - HVU  8XW„Y  <[W .I ­6G W ,. 8 6. < 6 ¯ . H °Z. I ¡°²³.´®K6 - < W¯ - 8 W .;H °Z. I ¯96 - 8 W . < =2°6 - ” W . ”8 4 8  8 W .´ ­6G W ,. 8 6. < 6 ¯ . H °Z. I ¡°²³8 .´®K=¯9254  < W . ­N®K¯=234 J LNMN¤ ˆ Rm¦G  c - ” 6 - 8 6 > -@? - < ¡ U  8XWZY 4< W . 2G W ,. 8 6.=< &6 ¯ . H °Z.-I ¡°²³. ´ 05­ ­®K¯=234 ”8  8 W. 8 ­®K¯=234  -@? H¡`W .´ ­=®K¯254 ” `Wk,. ­N®K¯9=234 8 \W. `ŽaQbed@fg^µ:jylnp]ž f¶elqnrTs:t°gŒu:s vSoSgxw #%&P ])`])*

P5=#%h P07n& P6-I&

Pl 2!P(#%

P]!5!#] O-$)b R#%

P] - ¡U5 R P#0 <• O-[)*! 4#% !PD ¡;8b9*J#0 ;Ñ#  ,-!5P .-& ^ )Ö i¡ 7L )»#7h& !/ .P; c)` !?( c¢!; Qg8\† !h‡` !  Qgk)` 4,;? >4  - ? 8‚9*c !  #7S&

 .P  bNO !5 )=P0!"Q8 9*K,,-5 !D NYJ<>!;; G¦   8 6= < 6 > !¡!  S?&  1! " 0&c7!P
!r ^h5c-7 P& 

Ne

P+-
 .P  &WH<'P .+#%3 5& ):' -l#& R-^Nl&^5]):' P#/_ 10,0&  

 &G]#% !
7 ; 8„4 [:J#0 ;Ñ#  -7 P#576 .P / P0L ~a '&!  G`l<'#£¡;8h† !R;1k¢ ? ¢  ª ¡` !NHK<>!; R i^!#% -\;1,! *

>]ª· ? > -@? ª·  - n  -  ª ¡ ? 4.1 9*KM"0Typing ,%& b N!Core   gjMacroML K\ 
.'0\†¸{7€¥¦c§ W5W U Yˆ M ‚ . A . ‚ ,. 9*ST",%U ."0 .&<G£ )`& Ge K
£8\9"0,57U÷MP07!/
N£3;<8¦·]& . +5 & H  K‘S O ,& &Q7[" 


 ¡‹' O ,& &Q7J5[&



­»jx$@F ±Er{;|ÀwO±.E!|xR{;|}~8ÓsT^?&&, ^;?€ !NJc!/

P J<>!  ! JU'#%&&]0&&5&e8D9*& >#57! D !N[>NO !<  ,. 8 6.< 6 ¯ . H °Z.&I ¡²». ´ 8asMj $#7G $P,>, -(5& JNV !<> !a!#%

P0SR&R ./ -›&,0 /  #%Lc#0 ;Ñ#5&L7!P
# 0 ;Ñ#5&4,!3 3S,[ N+huT#%

PvS -l#J;/ &5h #%> NbM"0,%;. H ]] 10,&   !j !NbM"0,%E.I!G ):;6

P5& !Q!c'NV&J Q& P&&S NHcuM#% !Pv  -l# 8Y9* ¦ ! !U f5 ,K#Q"3M"0,%& e5J†0& %g ¯ ŠŽ!°Z8 ® RÏ wO|BQ{{:y0@!±.@!x>{;}T{;±'{;|ÀwO±E!|x>{;|}~8`s_:& 3#07

!NJcNO < ¯ XW . 8 Z° . < 8Ó9* &((

<>!  -cP & c #0 ;Ñ#5&2, N\2NV !< > 8 G:  L )*J?( )o3)*JI !"P  - 8 3M"0,%-@T ? .=-
0/  1(b):  -  :#%

PI O):DM"0,%X . 8 ¡;8 ¯öjz@!}T{Ry0@!±@!xR{;}T{;±j{;|ÀwO±E|x>{;|}~8µsTD& D#07

!N3RNO ¼ < . 8h9* $ 0(

!  '3P  4$5J,!<$/   8 2=b±{Z¹!É0z@!±3{;|ÀwO±E!|x>{;|}~8¤`&P )``-U*M)` !/_ .!7!  7G3& 3#07 : NYKNV !½ < .¬ 8 9*cP& 2 !NUL!  gpT",%c ."0 .&< I,& &Qn †Y7 P0Š089*Di .' ^P5 R*):€!5!#2 Q

?(P,e8 9**i .HP* H*!5#\ ~, -÷.&;5 !%¡¦P*Nl

!; R,
"D#%JP -4& &¦ ! 8*9*\ P Y 
Q 1(b): 4 :#5 * -l#\ :!!0"D#%&&LÏEÉ0|B!8 9*b 1(H&*P& `-b .!UNO !`4
P5R#%:Nl>5$[ !/ ;2 Z

P7 ]  ! U®QP&h):j;¥£&  &8c…(&D…0&;/ 

c´Q8 ¡ 9*D 1(UNO !P$P5 RD ,%&&i^ L<> 

&8a9*^i .'P5  'NO ^I<>  I i

e8a¤`&P 2)`5 )»<>!; h0 i/ 

 K 2#%S &P  GeS#% (0"c N`S<>!  D &5 !] &?$P;4  P:<>!  J#%&7'0 i  ' ("]0&&5£82·h>!  c L>,, !,5^  P
 \!#% !P4S#;;Ñ#&J,-!
; G*]D"a,!
,052 0(

0/
7!

P U 6!,, !fG!

P7!]

> 

P5h    8 !‡  < -U ;?&2[0¥£;&Q[& & &8:9*KP5 3NV ! #0!?  '!] !,%D^ ,%&&5!b&! & $ N:^ !!Q&

N[‡` !^  Qgm(5!L(;, -5 !]Q c2 8 g+8H†  Q"D)`&/ZT",%&6‡` !'2 gj,0

7!<™¯ ° -¯ ° -¯ —° &¯ ° 4 SW .* Q ,0 

I¯ ¯ ° ¯ ° -¯ ° ¯ C° 4 8 J W .M° %):e i['2;gI;<  ~&!¦Ž  · ¡;89¦ $7! :4i£ P3 !NYP7UJ!  g ,0

7!<”G)`3 
7! [S
Å  !; h 10, 

eW>2!  go, !7!<¿2 10,!0  RR2;g], !7!<À · 8 NTW

 ·”  ’ A ”  ·8

):;' ·”  f+Q ,;

\ N0!  g^,0

7!< Q >2 gj0&  #%D!#% -R Z!20 iD#%& )[¡;8   · 8 !7N J&2& P/ Å 3&7 Pl-K 10& P

eWb9*J 10,!  !5  : SJ! .)*   ·< NMW

O_ Y  ·8 ’ A ”  ·<

„[ !'K' !"I )µ,\L$#%  ' &<>(& \ K  5 !aNl

<  Qgm c2  g8+9*$M)` 6 .!7  S N 2;gD  5P

'`&b÷.P .H .!S2  g^&#P50/ 74\&!!P-5 !fG-& ,%&;5 &"Q8¦·n&&  f 7 (;< 0 Q& Y !Y!Q"\& (0M"0,%& eJ H!  g>T",%!Gl-  . ,2)* !P52& !5&5K): .-6gh&!!P

e8 †Y7!P>Ž, &Q J'! 5

eGHi .S iI

] 0(

0/  i$ !\÷.P07
P7 $3 ./ 5-5 !$$#%*<> 0 K<>,SPQM"0,%K 
Q 1(/_ &  Ge6\ 4 ;NO !S!  \ D;iU

!6÷.P07
 !5L' ?c !N*,% !&Q5!"h

NVP 76 !-5 !fGf' ./ 5-5 !L<>, +÷.P7
÷MP07
 .P 8 ˜+
!,,%&j I&
NV !K><>  > [! 5c( ^^2  gaT",% GJ&  &  G!;Ð&  e &<>!Q& f !N0 ,%&&5!Q ! ! )`\KP : 0' ~5 &f‘¡:2 ghT"0,% W . 8}A ,. <  A   ,.H A ,. I ¡ A ,.=´S  !& ,% ! I nrNOP  !=-I?& c&n ~ P¡,/ 
7I I2-",!
,/ 
aNOP 

e8ös_6 c6 ,% !(6)`]= .6 € 1(/ ,5!] )¢$(;, -5 !h N*$#;;Ñ#&$,)`:,


Pe8 vq9*'! .)` 

 &G35€N~!;G3^!5!#5 2-I& ^,!  n-

P:«oˆKP/ 76<>  !/_ 10, 

I
 5 D :– Ÿ XK…$&,0& &Q

e8 9*T"0,% !NJL#0 ;Ñ#5&2, ^!  ]! 5  ]INOP 

M"0,% 8€„KP0!"QG* R R& !  .&Q>):  1( !fT"0,%U N+ [,5-S,!<$/   4 4  !K (U  

c !N+'  Qg M"0,%$ Nb-S,
j J  ):]NV !U&7 P0/ 5'&(0 !
a ' 


c÷.P07
:<>!  ! *-3 5R



P  <8+9*[5QP !D 4 *-b5K, Q&&P0  5K\;i

2 !N+'<>  G!^):&D "^ Q&&PG0;" > P,,%

&L 6#%juM ,5&&]5Q !vR& !(;10J): R  `P JS  Y [!,,%+J

P0,PY !N<>  3 10,! 

 ! : 10,%&;e8 9*D? "LPDj>! 5

 R5 S^

>NO $^#& ,-!!; h0 i !fG $ 5 !r& & ,%

 '

!m@;yy%z wZF@!}~w~E!| !N - "07DR&  / ,%

7\#;`,!
] J,% NV !!; 2 10, 

L5
P  .):-\ K7 !72 !L  Ge?& ,II
D !Nf4 0(


P0K N ): &v^0P7$J 5 !f849*0P &G ^-7  $ !N4DQ ,0 

eG - <  R!€ )¶T",%!8 9* : b#%&P  G! b)*4 !52-5 G3! 5-5 !, (0P& & (0$J \,!  76-

PhD– Ÿ X4…2&,&  (-

] N* # ;Ñ-#0&K,8 !;  &5 ! JS! 5-c ^& ,%6NOP 

L&;/ 5-5 ! &Gfw_ÆO{Æ5GNVP 

D&&5-

 ::-4 U#%4 10&&P0 P07$ 10,!  !f8„4 K )*  :-b\#% (0"^ NH4NVP;/ 

^#%&7U;i&R!$[& !Q 1(): 4* *P >[#% ! #;?   &89* [ :#%&P \)*K)*!Q: '-4#% ! 3& (0 G  10&&,0\h,l&& \):;'' 5 !] J 0L  J ./ ,%& &8 Xµ<>!  D!,,

h5 K 5&LQ !I& ,%h,,5-/ 

eGNV !' 5
n ^ !^#0!? £Gb#P0^ && !  ~5-¡\-7 P
6#% (0"]5 R &NJc,&  !N4& ( 8€sMQP "QG <>!?(7>#% (0"hc,&&^ !N3& (D l&"0 U S&!!P-5 !f8IsT  $)* r 7LR2– Ÿ XK…]&Q& R

" 10 .^P07 Si .J .!7!6 ~<>!  D 10, 

¡;GYL !U0P7>$;1;/ &P05 !h N*$,0

7!<•, !,% 8>9*$! 5-5 !] !N*#!?  !D& &!,%J 3 .7 QNO )b£8 ·]'5P .-$' 5 !j

L$ 1!
eG): ª #% !P^3  2I 'KM"0,% Yˆ M W ¯ ¯ °5¯ °!¯ °— ª W Yˆ M 8 4 8 J LNMN¤ ˆ RXG¦  6 6 > ¡ U >]ª > ª   WZY G¦  _¡N6& _¡N6 >k¢ ? ¢ -@ ? ¡ ª ¡T° U ? -@? - ¡ ;  J LNMNOcLPRmG ¡ U  >]ª ? > - ? ª  - Š  ¡  - ¡ WZY c—  G] _¡K _¡4  >k¢ ? c ¢  ª ¡¡¡

Áœ: acf¶eœ¸wŒgxœCov ¯ ð U à ¯ ­6PG2W ,. 8 6.=< 6&¯ . H °Z.I-¡°²³. ´ ° U ¯ ­ ° —6P G W ,. 8 A ,.= - ? \ W . 8 A .<;° U > -@?  · ¯ ­N®1¯=2F4:¬# 8 W .< A M. ° U  · 8 ¯ ­P®K¯234:¬#4< W.=;< ° U  ·< ¯ ­P®K¯9254C¬# 8 K< WM. ° U  · 8  ·< ¯ ­P®K¯9=2762G W ,. 8 A .< A . H A . ¡¬96 - 8 W .¬8 6 - 4< W.¬< 6 - H W .¬H 4C¬# 8 W T. ° U  · 8 ¯ ­P®K¯9=2762G W ,. 8'A . < A .H A . ¡ ¬ 4 ¬  < W . I ° U  ·< ¯ ­N®K¯9=234C¬nJ LNMPOQLSRTG - 8 - < - HVU  8XWZY [< W .I ° U J LNMNOQLSRmG - 8 - < - HU  · 8 WZY  ·< lnp]ž f¶ev ®  - 8 W . 88 0‡2 - W .B0\8 ¯ - [< W¯ - 8 W . 8 °Z.= -@? - &< ¡ U  8XW„Y K< W M. ° U ;  J LNMNOcLPRmG - ” - 8 - < U  · 8  WZY   ·< ¡ ¯ ­N®K=¯254 ”8  8 W . 8 ° U  · 8 ¯ ­N®K=¯254 4< W .8 < ° U  ·< ¯ ­8 N®K=¯6 - W . H =254  H W .I;° U  ·H G W ,. 8 6.=<6 ¯ . H °Z.I ¡7²³. ´ 05­ ¯ ­P®K¯=234 ¦G   8 6=<6 > -@?  H ¡`W . ´ ° U   —G3 · 8  ·<  > -@?  ·H  ¡  Ç ¶:Å@gŠÈEÄ:ÉSgž ov ¯ ­N®K¯234 8 \W .T° U  · ¯ ­N®1¯=2F4 ” 8 \Wk,.=T° U  · ¯ ­S®1¯=2F4 ”  Wk,.T ° U  ·  ¯ ­N®K=¯254 …\ W M. ° U … · `Vacbkd@fgŒÊ jyrBfpkœ‘vËcpxoa,œ@bÌl)pkž f¶elq
oS¶ilngoSp]lq X3 ')*2 !5r-$D .R N4 R &;5 !fG2 !P,P$ N4  5 != D)b,,%ššL

Q 1(^O_ Y  ?S?S? D!r&   5P€5n2 g= ],0 (P&2 P^ !NJ<>!; ] 1(/ ,! 5 !f8¤` !P 4#7/T . ,^  <>!Q& `0  -

 `3-R

(&)ö Z!h<>&"0#%'  ¡;GH)*^!¢uM!5<>-&vR


hP 7DSNV

 -):76 ®QP&&' N* 

PL2 g NV/ &P;5 ! J¯ Š “-°_8

O_ Y c; J LNMNOQLSRmG ¡ U  >]ª ? > -@? ª  - ƒ  ¡  - ¡ WZY c;  —hG  _¡K _¡4  >k¢ c ¢  ª ¡¡¡ A  ~!@GfG&!
¡ O_ Y cNc >]ª > ª  ƒ    >k¢ c ¢  ª  ¡X -  ¡ A  ~!&&e· &? -@?,%J· ):- D#!? ?  ¡ O_ Y  >]ª > ª  Š;    >k¢ ? Q ¢  ª  ¡X -  ¡ A  ~!e· ?-;?  · > ¡ O_ Y  >]ª > ª  ŠNQP C ª  A  ~!·&? &e- &? · ,%J- ):D#- !?  ¡ O_ Y  >]ª > ª  m    ª ¡ A  OP·¡ ? - ? · - >]ª · ? > -@? ª ·  - m   -  ª ¡ ):; b\;1,%  ^ P3 !NH<>  $ 10, 

e8

4.3 X[ `
fG0 i57\4  <>!Q& b !N

‡` !K!  gI#Q"'5Q ,0  !^Q S2 gc<>!? & ,0 -(/ 7>M"0,%U NO;M"6N~"L0  8\sM6):KNV

 -): &G¦)*' .-$

P05KK,0 Q !N+ NH *& P8

ÍÎ:ÏÐ:ÑeÏxÒÓCÔ,Õ Ö…ÍŽ× ØÏ5Ù]Ú ÛÏÜ]בÝSÔT&V²U¯ —° -¯ ° ¯ ° -¯ °° 4C¬>W .'wV 2@ À@ z wZBR¾L@F ±E¾2¿LÕ ÉB¹!xR{;|}~Ìb}VC{;|j}~±.@!|z@!}~wO|Q¹6wV}b}_E^¾h{;}_@-¾2¿ Êw_{ zB!b@4º`{ zOzÍZ}~Êy{B4¾h{;}_@-¾D¿Dy±E¹!±.@!x'ÌY@!|%BU{ÁQ{F É(}~wO|(¹U}VC0@!}y±E Í ¹!±@x B E-{;\|%E!}H¹Q{;|£{;±@}T{$@!|Ê'¾h{;}_@¾2¿r±;É(|}~wVx>{'{;±±E±; Æ ÞBÑxÐ Ð:ÛeÔ49*Si .K,-K K#Q"6ge&$Ž8 ŒQG¦U && ! , -\NO !5 ): SNl

<ö'M"0,%$ -NO T"h,0

,% T"c !N*>2 g M"0,%K ."0 .&<¶,0& &Q^5D,&(

P b)* !?I¯ Ž‘(G£Œ!-°Z8 Ms U* .-&  ';1,! 5 ! P0/Z5K .-& `-` !P! 5-5 !D,0&   M"0,578

ß°ÏxÒVÒàÚiÓCÔZá Ö©ÍŽ× ØxÏ3ÞBÑeÏâSÏÑãÚÜeäQÐ å ÝÔXV& ²‹­N®K¯=2
4 ¬ \W .[wO4@'À@ z wZBU¾L@F ±.E-¾2¿DÕ;ÉB&¹!x>{;|}~Ì+}VC{;|¯ ­° 6!¯ ®U° 6¯ ¯3° 6234 ¬ ¯ ­S®1¯=2F4:¬#\ W T. ° eW \. wOJ@$À@ z w~B$¾h{;}_@¾2¿Õ ÉB¹!x>{;|}TÆ ÞBÑ]Ð:Ð ÛeÔ3[ !PP 

U

J&7 Q+ N` !



N}­®K=¯9254 ¬ J W . 8 5. ‡` aPRACTICAL !; QgÓ!&EXTENSIONS  
!\OF CORE 7GK& P/

`557G!Jb i

U !N 5
 .P  &8 ¤">& 7!fG‡` !K!  gL *J! .[57 P!7![): !  ,P,% ! [  J0&
 .: )€:<>!$ &<>Q5: P# &

N\M"0,%j<>  c ." . < #%2 0&  £8]·]^^<$/ ,&-?$ !Nf 
7!
  .&Q"c#%&&I K 10,%& £8\sM65 [ & 

eGf)`'0 / ;5#%3 1(& 5 !  !Nf‡` !K!  g):^!

!NVP0& [)*

P5c#%S #'IR, !H
f8:·h ;1,%  b-4e& \ 1(&  ! :\ !3-^ S5
eGQ)*[:,&  (&>;1<$/ ,& [ N à © Ú /_ 10,  5 !6<>!  ! 3):6 !" !J#078`–4 )b/   G([ !  $0 i5 !D&!^#%4P &^ U 10,! à © Ú / ;1,0&  

 ^):m >,P0,%

 G*)` ,0

,% ! D>P D N46& !!  ! &8$† \ 1!
ú ©êç Ù è ð Ù ªqú ©  ©!ªQ¼ð Ù ª à © Ú « © $m¬mä Þ ø % « © $ ã äÝm¬ Ù ªn¨ ã ©!ªQ¼ ©ªQ¼ )`

PlD 10,!^ 0W ø ïà © n Ú á Ü à çê]ä ï ýQÛ Ù ª ¶ Ú ï=é ª Ú æ Ú ½ê Ú Û Ù Qª ¨pê ðCë2ú Mï Þ ø %0ðð á Ü à ç  ä ï ýQÛ Ù ª ¶ Ú ï=é ª Ú æ Ú ½ê Ú Û Ù Qª ¨  ðCë2ú ï Ýnçê!ðð Ù ªšú ï ¨mç  ða©ªQ¼ð ): 4b#% &


 '45 1^ NHK#57 P0 '

 50 

eG*hSç ç Ù è !©ç Ù è G>>,/ 
 : O`7 ` !N Ù ¡f):0#% ?( -):3! 5-5 !NO .[Nl

<¶J,,/ &

$ N`<>!; 8H–[ -)`& G!#%&P *!!5542 g0 Q&  !\S P,,% 4NO J&

 .P 720&&5-5 ! \ Nb#" &7!eGeJ
.\0& J,,

!6 ^Q ,0 45 4,

,% ! ! )`

Plc#%J D,0 (P S !'2 gaNOP 

6NO \;I<>! 

,,5-

f8^9* K5?c \ 5
"0 -lQJ ,%&&5!›/  !mr,-5!3& P !‚¯‹“°Z8o9*2

#((5 !P >05 !!!Q!7!

N \!,, ;c 4K\0Ð% [U ›&' Nb2;g8£·h )`

Pl?\ > 10, !J 1(& 

 : ^2  gj:)* !P5c!/  )öP R j5Q ,0 > ^ )d&

 .P ^šh
“:{F É(±wOÀ!m{ æ:wO|B!wO|Q¹! W]X  .545  6 '0 i76 )p#0576&

 .P   
 .P G [0/ NO <>

j 

Pl]#%R<>(hh$M"0,%R !NbR<>!  08 ‡`

 5 34NV

 ):57^&&5-

eW ä ©êç Ù ènÙ ªš©  !© ªQ¼ð à © Ú ­ÜQì ïà © ÚmÞ0Ù ªmçç Ù èmß r ä ïà © ÚmÞ þ ªmçç Ù èmß r ä ©êç Ù ènÙ ªš©  !© ªQ¼ð Ù ªÖæ ææ2©!ªQ¼ 9* 3 &5 !<>&">!,,%3<'#7!P

P b#%&P 4)`K!]{;w~Í }VC{;±R;1,!2 Þ þ ªD&


c( >> ®QP &J !N Þ þ ª  &5 ! U !UD &®(P& $ !N`<'PP!"(/_ &P D uܪQ¼ v¡ Þ þ ªj&&5-

 &8š–4 )*&  G`5 R&!#%&


 .P ^ ^P eWIN\^ ^P m ^ O÷. !5Q\ &®(P&  G%&6K 4):\ 

Pl6#%S, (P&£8 sTN[$ $P a! RrÜ-ªQ¼a ®QP&& G+ a^ PR  !P5 #%'? /Z):  8'sM6Sl- J  GY -)`& G£)`$&&c ^;&? -4S,!
  \;S  !7

! 2' .S N:

P0S,0

,% ! !~8^–4 )*&  G n, !K<>  j ."0 .&
e8µsM ,-&P5GYS \&5&"L! ."L 6 h ./Zi1I !,%   U

P0$5!7 P!7 !89*2?  "]5&I '$&!€<>  I i

  !P5a .53#%0  
bP  

! 3# 5\

 .P  :6'5!7 P7  W à © Ú ­ÜQì ç Ù-Þ¸î2Ú Ý(©ª î © à «© èšÙÞ ì Ú Ý(©!ª Ú © à «!© Þ ä ì Ü«!©šìr½ Þ Ú Û þ © äù Ú ï Þ Ü à «!©näù Þ Ù ª Ù-ÞrÚ Û þ © Ú Ý(©!ª¢êh© à «!©  ©!ªQ¼ *9 c ."0Q1r 5
÷.P 

 ):nI<>!  ÙÞ 8t9*&eG[6& .6 !NJh-7 P!  08I9*>

"h&

<$/ ,-5 !I):6JQ (P 

6 !N P6<>!;

4 33;" <>!? b, 7U

Q 1(`    8+–4 )`& G  * ("$  U…gh#%&&!P \ N+i1> !,%   &8 6. Ÿ PY!RELATED ,, ;\NV !;WORK 5(7bT",% ."0 .&<šNO !  Qg>)b

 4i .`0&& !,'* 5

RR$&  &Q5!"RP(T"0,%U ;/ 70G¦6&6 D& &

,L>T",%U ."0 .&
] JR)*&/ZM"0,%L2 g , !7!<8µ9*c-5& .5 .!&c !NU Pšh! l-

q!,0/ ,%- Sj2)` !?I#("c·]!€¯ Ž Š°Z86¤&!P R)*> .J):] PQT",%&$  7G()`K 10,%& * 5
 *K,% ! ./ #cNO !25;c2  g¢T"0,%I ."0 .&
P06¯ . 8 Z° . < &&, !,%

:NV !juM!

;10  

 !N4gn I!D#% !Pa!5#& $-c .P / P0& &8 v 2 û 6, !,%

!45 D
P ^!m !P D5 UJ5 U 60!+):j-2M"0,%& KU$  !
 .P  3L$P  /_&&Y57 P!7!S !K7!& [ NV !<>f &<>Q5 `NO 3K, !,%

^&

 .P  &8+sT0&eG()` !? #Q"$ÔH ð ! ñ G…0>!R9Y!U P7 7!& . `-b2 û :,

,% ! ! <>&"S&&' U#%b NV !:\ !0/ & 6¯ Š Œ-°Z8r2 !D &&Q"QG*† %gš! $!  hP aI 
 .P  *#! R

>J0& 

!%
e8`9f S !P:?( ):7! G

P`)* !?> & (& .7-UU!,,5&

I !N PM"0,%J ."0 .&
<>5D !N¦<>!  S ." .  ' 10,%

[K& !& /  ! b):<'P/_ .!7!\5!7!P7 & [!D7! /_ !0 3 ."0(-1£8 †Y!"QG¦U5' !N*',,% J#Q"c¤*&)3 r¯ Š° P7!7 & . \- R ' l-j ID,0& &Q')` !?%G`#P'$ Q& ' !$ &&<Ò

!(&  b\  P\ NHM"0,7U !:T",%4 ." . "Q8 7. ·h`-CONCLUSION  `, &QS:, !,%

0NV !3T"0,%\<>!  3 ."0 .&<G!!

J  ):6 )o4!6#%J7!5 &c'7 ! !P 4" : !#U  / <>Q5 *(lS!D5Q ,0  !DQ S4<'P/_ .7 4,0

7!<$/
c 4  &Ql"6 0& 

!*  <>!Q& \): D2  gm5 JRQ !`5/ 7!P7 4 N¦3 .P  5 ;): a¯ Ž!°Z8=¤`P^#%&P I2  g‚&!÷M " ^h 
,%;

!+ &<>!Q& &G% !P4,

,% ! !H 4&! ." ><$/ ,&  \5!7 P7 3)*3b,0& &Q£G0!  gG(! P  NOPe!^ -&NVP0& &G&

&

 .P  &8[sM6"(/ 7h ];5 2 &G*)`6DP l0! RNl

< #% !– Ÿ XK…  O j

PD, !,%

Kš]<'P/_ .!7!I ;57Q¡6¯ Š Š° †& gÓ O I, -(l02D PNO!& ."0Q1a5 R5 K 

P0&K5!7 P!7 ¡\¯ ŠŽ!°Z8`s_:<>&"$)*&e#%4-:

P0b5!7!P7  ,0 -050& b 


D4?R#% T)*& ^[M)` $,/ ,0 ;& 3 U7R#057'& ! .P  &8 ·h`- `-7 P&JH<> 

H-`P  NOPZ8H¤`Pf`!
6 N<>  R ."0 .&
57^#7^  P& &Gf;i7^ )¢#57 

 .P  &G¦!c, -(5& J> 

Pc# 5 \NV !U &

,57DT",% ."0 .&!  S5!7!P7 & &8 sTU Y,,% G!)``- ` H& ! 5 &JT",% NV M"JJ`,0& ./  &> !N3
 ¡U0P7 ;1,! 5 !
6<$/ ,%;U<'P/_&&e5!7!P7 & 4 >#%J !N0  4&&!!&>¯ ŽQŒ(G ³°Z8m·]5  j !>& ! 5;rI<'P/_&&b<>  h ."0 ./  <Ò,05<>-"hNO !'>!  !€ N4 
P5a5?   j

 50 2 P;šm 1(& 5 !nrNOP0P6)* ?£8‚¤`P^; -K& . 

 [ !2K ."0 .&&"^#%\'#3!;

U ~<>!  ! 33!?J ! [<>!  ! 4 [,/ 
 5 ^<>!  ! `-*7!& -

 4<>!  ! &8\† \ P6 10,  5 &&  &Ge -)`& G%)`S;1,%  

-$$<>&"L#%D  c
7!  $ ."0 .& 

J] 
 #5c j!  ! 2n2  g‚( ]6 !
 &8 9¦ 

 5P Gf):R \,,% S (&  & J? "I &<>Q5'&

0/ &  \] &

,57h 10,  5  GfT"0,% /_ NO'<>!  D ." . <G  [5 [

"6> .-8[·hSJ

"6#PK> 
\b0& Y(& !RJ& 
e8+sM\+NOP0P G-)*`

,%+ 35Q&7` f)* ? ):j

7

7c)` !?L

j<'P/_ .7 > 1(&  ! U !N:R<>÷.  ."(/ZM"0,%^NOP 

!el7!P!7!& &G%!
ò óôX õ'ö!÷Zø " ùPú:#ûk$ü: ýxþF%
ýZûx&!ú ÿ  '( )*ú + + ö,.-(:/0û,1õX ý * $ * + *23+ 2 5 46.8 7:9< ;   =>?A@0B(CDFE0?GBHJILKDMH
N5D @
O P*CQBRSILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0UYXZVH0U(EV5U(P5C [©*ó \\](^&_
#L`bac * 5_3%%Z4
de5f3g!h4 ò eP:ô i°=mP5ú?zö jV
ÿHöx1DFN5Cj0_kml] Zû'0nX ý $o' qý ZpZ4 _0r '(Ps +1XZ4kV*ó ?{|:tu( V  9 =Vx1E3O N5u(E3DFP5O E3CACDFvSH8w&x1XZCAB&U=D}>N:HV(x.V5H
yYu~Vx H
r uP  BE0H
u€Vx1DFBHC:B R ; Vx r P5?:V(x}D}N*C 4
 T‚0,„ƒ + +…m_#AT  8_ ó*\]h4 ò |P:ô i°BR‰ú †Qx r
jPWŠ3ÿC‹!û]x r$õX7:ý ‡ˆ9Œ ;   T,.=w+…ŽI LX ~7A‰ =qw ‚7:'(9S Qp ./0=%
> 5?4@36.B C&DMILE3KT?‘B5NP&BP&H uDFH0UC ILKDMH
N5D @O P5CQB RAIqKTB&UK V?W?:DMH0U$XZVH0U(E3V5U€P5C:’FIQ“cXŒI  ”(”&•~[1Q4 –:4 _ ó e{{{(^&_#L`bac * 5_3%%Z4]*ó ||5fó hó 4 — m4‡*ó \5f0e s ò hS:ô ›ŽiLjý ÿŸŒú …÷  ˜ ˜*ú:ûk+Œü:mý €™'ý š+ õX  ýZ ûkþø3kZJk:÷
û 23™'+ ýZ Zû,.T›e&
ú  œ Aú:%
û !  ýûú
ÿ ž 3 œ
4€j6.ú ö Cû  Pu€P*KTV(x1P&u~XZBU(DFN 9 B(H5RP5KTP*H
N&PY’  XZB 9• =mVx.P*OFO DFx.P8¡8B(K¢C r B@žBH wHx1E0DFx}D}BHDMC&x1DFN ; B*u(V(OŒXZBU(DFN5CQVH
u 7 @(@O D}NV(x}D}BHCz’}w ; X 7L• [©*ó \\\(^&4 ò £Pô :¤¸ú ù ¥
ú%+k Aÿø:%Zû %¤B (ýûx&þ‚Jø  kZ zkx&÷!û F ‰™'ýZûú%
ÿ *¦›!e
ú'( Aœú::
û 2!+   ý ,. q+   Y./0%
*A

8. REFERENCES

 

%    4€6. Š3‹!x r w&Hx.P5KH
Vx1DFBH
VO 9 BOMO B*§5E0DFE0?‘B(H 7 E0x.B?zVx.V!¨ XZVH0U(E3V!U(P5C ¨qVH
uILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0U¦’}w 9Z7 XŒI • [.©A  '3_me{{{(^&_'( +14 *]£|:  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C‰DMH 9 B(?@
E3x.P*K =mN5DFP5H
N&P _#q`Gac 5_3%%Z4e£5f0|d34 ¤qª  mn mi
¦«ˆj€m˜ m¬ 9 B?t*DMH
Vx.BK>zXŒBU(DFN¨Q­BO E3?zP w 4®(23 *S YŸŒ   s$ ‚ ‰‡ 2! A `¯!‚ ~!  54    ‚3,„ƒS + +…Z_3#A  8_ *\£]34m®0  8%3 (   *\d]34 :° ± j3˜ m¬ #² % + ,.+   ‰%%3 (&‚J z- 3  ,1   + /3  5436.³(³´.µ¶7 HHEVOwT·c·c·¸=>?@3BC&DME3?‘BH8XZB&UD}NWDFH 9 B?@E0x.P5K‰=mN5DFP5H
NP~’1XŒw 9 = •[1S ¹»º  2T¹ ¼_ *\\d(^_
6.½Ž½c½ q %323 A®0 €* ./$ac * 5_0%%Z4 *]h!f *\£34 :° ± j3˜ m¬
¾oŽ¿€j mk « #¸ €+Œ+ /0 L ˆT&   * %323&!  Z46. Š0ÀKTu 7 HHE3V(O 7:9Œ; =>?@3BC&DME3?‘BH ILKDMH
N5D @O P5CQB RAIqKTB&UK V?W?:DMH0U$XZVH0U(E3V5U€P5C:’FIQ“ŽI X •~[1®€*4 a  -32 º

*&‚m_ *\\d(^_
%%m4e£]5f0e(g{34 :°S3± …k
¬ ZÁ n j0 m¬
¦i 3ªmkmkmj0Â
¤ ®€/0(&   -  &  8 ¯®0‚  (4 XDFC}@VH
uz=>?tBO DFN 9 B?A@
E3x1V(x}D}BH¾Ã _ hJ[1Ä *4 *\\e(^&_e\£5f0|ed34 :™ ÅL
Æ Å ZÇ
¦Ç ª ¥3œ
ª (
È
ÉS 2  '( ‰   -   *46. IqKTB5N&PP&uDFH0UCWB R‰x r P  D R&x r~7z9Œ; =wŽI X 7A wHx.P*KH
Vx1D}BH
VO 9 BH5RP*K P*H
N&PzBH  E3H
N5x}D}BH
VOILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0U!¨ w 9  IzÊ ”(”Ë[1®0 %3 :-
Ae{{{(^&_
#L`bac * 5_0%%Z4 5g!h!f *]£34 :«j j …˜&j ÌAY ‚ Q Í3%  '( ‰%
*¹q  ˆ%  &   +… 2  54
6. =mN5DFP5H
N&PWBR 9 B(?@
E3x.P*K)IqKTB&UK V?W?:DMH0U [ *\\ 5^&_ '( +14 5g0_%%m4
|£5f3g£34ac +    /z'(   Y Z" ILKTB5N!Î<·LE0KTB@0P&VH =>?A@0B(CDFE0?GBHJILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0U _
ŸŒ  2 WS  S ¯ %23  ®0 *3* _
h(|e34®€%   T,1Ïc  +… $[ *\\{(^_ *|h!f *£ 4

ò dPô öö :û ý àýZûúÿ ò gNô }ú ÷ Sû ý

ò ]Pô }ú ÷ Sû ýZûúÿ

kó

Sû ý ó

9ó

kó ó ÿÿ÷„ÿ :û 7ý

eó ò \Pô ÷ û Žý mýZû '÷ ]û ŽýZûxúÿ °ö kó ò ó*{Pô @ö ø :û ‘ýZûúÿ kú ÿ ö :û ý ò óóô ùSù ÷ ÿCû]þFý kó

—ó

xó

‘úÿ:û àý

kó ó ©ó ó eó ó ó

ò ó*ePô:«C÷ZøJö'jûk…þF-ýZûm+ Ao@-ù ø
lÅx ÷„ÿC 4ûŒ6.Ðm ýZûILúKTB*ÿ
N&¾›P&P&LuDMªH0öU(÷CWûB °TRQýx #Ar P -T³*Ñ xr~S7 TH/3H(E&!VÍ O =>?A@0BC&DME3?bBH¯XZBU(DFN:DMH 9 B?@E0x.P5K‰=mN5DFP5H
NP~’1XŒw 9 =qÊ Ò(Ò • [FÓ< € _
61+ /€_ — 23+ /K*ó \\\(^&_m©W4ŸZ   _½cm4 _6.½c½Ž½Ô %20  ®0 € ./$ac 5_3%%Z4kó*\|5f0e{e34 ò *ó |Pô  ÐB mù ƪ ¥3&!Å  mû  ¬ ~ýZû Í0ú
ÿ È€ Õö LkmFj mÿ S˜&%3jÿC mû  È&ý ×½Ö%
  *(…S+ : Ø5!2 +   ,.Z+ 4'(6.  + ILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0UYXZVH0U(EV5U(P5CvSw&?A@
O P*?zP5Hx1V(x}D}BHC ¨ XZBU(DFN5CQVH
u ILKTBU(KTV?:C~’}I XŒw XŒIzÊ Ò(à •~[—*ó \\£(^_m®
4ÄW4®€¹S *   &z3 `4ƒS     +  _½Ž54 _0'( +14\]e:  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C‰DMH

9 B?A@
E3x.P*KQ=mN*D}P*H
N&P _®0%     ,1ώ +… _0%%Z4
e£\5f0e(g]34 Ð mƪ ¥3Å m¬
È€Õ kmj m˜&j mÈ ‡
T-3   ,1   ‰+ /0  F SW2+   ,.+ '( *+%
…+  Ø*! Z46. ISP*KC1@3PN5x1DMÙP*C‰B R)=>C&x.P*? w&H5RBK?zVx1DFN5C [ *\\d(^&_mÄW4ºŒÚTÛ *_`4º  5/(_J6&4ÏW4 aˆ    m_
½c*4 _0'( +14 *] )  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C‰DMH 9 B?A@
E3x.P*K =mN5DFP5H
NP _
®€%   T,1Ïc  +… _%%Z4ed &f0e(ge34 Ð mƪ ¥3Å m¬
È€Õ kmj m˜&j mÈ #J23 ~!  s%3  &    &! F L:2+   ,.+ '( +m % …+  Ø*! m4 XŒw=I»V(H
u=>?tBO D}N 9 B?A@
E3x.Vx1DFBH ³€”_
eY[ *\\(g^&_ *|5f *£]34 Ð m  Z¤ mÁ
¾È j0˜ mÜ ° #»%  …+Œ '+ 2! F  2(./3%
¯+…:-
s*+ *23+ 254mÝ BE3KH
VOB R  E3H
N*x1DFB(H
VO ILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0U ³_ z[ *\\ 5^_e &f0d\34 :n
¿€Â ®0 ~€  *+<+ /0 L ˆ‚  ‚ T,.  S-T  /0(&!Í4
6. IqK B*N&P&Pu(DMH0U(CWB RQx r P ³5Ñ x rY7 HHEVOm=>?A@0BC&DME3?bBH XZB&UD}NWDFH 9 B?A@
E3x.P*K)=mN5DFP5H
N&P’1XŒw 9 =qÊ Ò(Ò •~[FÓ< ( _
61+ /(_ — 2+ / *\\\(^&_m©W4ŸŒ   _½ŽZ4 _6.½Ž½c½Þ %23 *®0 € ./JaŽ *4 zÈ
j3˜ mÜ ° <Ð   Z¤ mÁ
3j3˜&l ¿(l o ILV(Kx}D}VO ·LÙ!VO EVx1DFBHVH
u 7 E0x.B?zVx1DFNQILKTBU(KTV?ߍLP5H
P5KTVx1DFBH 4 ac €   ,.ƒA+ +1_ *\\|34 :Á
œ j0¥3Åmj m™ Z« j0 ° mo m«ˆj !j …˜&j
°)ª
 i
ƒL/3   ‰~ : Í3% Z46. ILKTB*N&P&P&uDMH0U(CWB RQx r P 7:9Œ;à9 BH5RP5KTP5H
NPzBH¯XŒw =IáVH
u  E0H
N5x1DFBH
VOmILKTB&UKTV(?W?:DMH0U [1LW- 3  (_`8#W_3#A2 4 *\]d(^_ɉ4aˆ4
©)-  +1_½cm4 _#q` ac 5_3%%Z4 *£ &f *] 4 :njj(† …˜ <È ¬ mÇ ª ¥3œ
ª (
È 8j âj ™
œ j ˜ 6.%+    %&   5"Ä/0 S %  s¹  ‚Y ! A./0%
54 6. IqK B*N&P&Pu(DMH0U(CsB RQx r PWŠ‹!x r~7:9Œ; =wŽIcX 7)‰ =w 7:9p =>?A@0BC&DME3?bBH8IqKDFH
N*D @
O P5CQB RAIqK BU(KTV?:?WDFH0UYXZVH0U(E3V!U(P5C ’}I‰“cXŒI  ”(”•~[}s4 –W4 _ — Z4 *\5f0e se{{{(^_#q`GaŽ *_ %%Z4 *{]5f *]34 j Z° #$ ̀   J `8Ÿ¾ z‚3+ ‰- 23J' …-+   J!&zT 22 5"ac *+    /z % T546. w&H5RBK?zVO ILKTB*N&P&P&uDMH0U(CWB RQx r PQXZBU(DFN&VO  K V?:P5ãŽB(K¢CQäqå 7 ¡8BK¢C r B@ [ — 23 *\\{(^4
#S' +…-+ QSæaˆ ¶ 6T® &‚3 5+< % T `¶®€,T 6T®€,.\{!,„£\34 l¥3œ
j ZÈ Z¤ ÌAJ-  &  8$‚ ‰ Í0%   '( ‰%
5¹q  %    Q+… 2  54
6.çpZr PB(KTP*x1D}NV(O 7 C1@0P&N5x1CQB R 9 B?A@
E3x.P*KQ=mB R&x1ãŽV(KTP [ *\\ 5^&_
Ӊ461 8#s4ɉ4`8 /( 5_½Ž54 _ '( +14
£ed:  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C‰DMH 9 B(?@
E3x.P*KQ=mN*D}P*H
N&P _ ®0%     ,1ώ +… _3%%Z4
e\{5f0| *{34 mkmk ™
S  S ˆ %23! 8J 354 w&H5RBK?zVx1DFBHžVH
u 9 B?@E0x.Vx1DFB(H¾Ò(À _ z[ *\\ 5^4 mkmk ™ #¸*!     5+ˆ 2() <.¹q ,1+ '( +Œ+…3 2  54
6. ; Vx r P5?:Vx1D}N*C  B(E0H
u(V(x}D}BHCWBRILKTBU(KTV?è=mP*?zVHx1DFN5C [ *\\(g^&_ ½c+  '3 ®0  (4 mkmk ™ ‡23 A*!    A3J.¹q ,.+ '( +Œ+… 2  *46.  BE3H
u(Vx1D}BHCWB R)=mB Rx}ãcVKTPs=mN5DFP5H
NP:VH
u 9 B?A@
E3x1V(x}D}BH =x1KE3N5x1E0K P*C:’  B!==mV 9 = •~[ *\\](^_
'( +14 *|(g]z  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C)DMH 9 B?A@
E3x.P*KQ=mN*D}P*H
N&P _®0%    Lώ +… 4 mkmk ™ m›
œ
 Ziqj …˜˜ m™ š
3œj  › #AJ 3 5+  Ø 8`8 `8Ÿc"®0 %3+ **_0J  ) Í3%  '( 436. ·LE0KTB@0P&VH¾=>?@3BC&DME3?‘BHJILKTBU(KTV?:?:DMH0U¦’}· =“ŽI •~[ *\\\(^&_ '( +14 *£(gd:  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C‰DMH 9 B(?@
E3x.P*KQ=mN*D}P*H
N&P _ ®0%     ,1ώ +… _3%%Z4 *\|5f0e{(g04
¾
m˜ ° 6.% 5'(  €  Js+…Ø/Y ( ̀5" #A$ %
*! +Œ‚  T/YF L*+ + ,.-€/€,.  Z46.é9 B(H5RP5KTP*H
N&P åLPN&BK uJBRIQ“ŽIcXçҀҀv pZr PWŠ3ê!x r$7:9Œ; =wŽI X 7)) =w 7:9Sp

ò óhSô Bù û ýZûúÿ ö ÿ ÿCû ý ©ó kó ó ó ó ò *ó £Pô Bù û ýZûúÿ ö ÿ ÿCû ý —ó :óó ó ò *ó dPô àø ‘úö Cû àý mýûúÿ øÿ Sû Xý Tý kó —ó ó ó ò 5ó gNô Bø ‘úÿÿCûþFý ó ò *ó ]Pô øÿ Sû Xý TýZû àø ‘úö Cû Bý mýZûúÿ ø kû 'ý ]ó ò *ó \Pô Bø úCù û Vý öeû 'ýZû Cö÷ ‘úÿCû Tý }ýû ùSù ÷ ÿCûkþFýZûxúÿ kó ó ó ó xó ò e{Pô þFý V÷ Sû ý Žýû kú ÿ ö :û ýZû]þ ÷ öeû 'ýZûxúÿ ÷ ù Sû \ó ó ]ó óó ò e óôTþE÷„ùSù öeû Tý mó ò eePôTþE÷ ùSùû ý àý ©ó ó ó ò e|PôTþø x÷û 'ý kó —ó ó ò ehSôTþø x÷û 'ý ©ó ò e£PôTþø x÷û 'ý —ó ]ó ò edPôTVþý ø x÷û 'ýZû Cú úCû ýZû ÿú÷ úCû]ü:ý 'ý õXýZûxúÿ úö Cû ©ó kó kó ò e(gNôTþøöúÿCûõXýZûúÿ úÿ Sû Tý

kó

=>?A@0B(CDFE0?GBHJILKDMH
N5D @
O P*CQBRSILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0UYXZVH0U(EV5U(P5C ¨ =mVH 7 Hx1B(HDFB!¨ p Py(VC [} ¹²–c  ¼_S–W_ — Z4 *\\\(^&_
#L`_ %%Z4h(|5f0£d34 :Ü j ˜ m«
¦Ü j ˜ mn ¬ Óq¹q ,1+ '( +Œ ~€  3 * € Q   &!  Z4LpZr P&BK P*x1DFN&VO 9 B?@E0x.P5K)=mN*D}P*H
N&P:Ã0ê _ [ *\]](^&_£\5f *||34 ë)Å ˜
Å Œ¤ IqE3KTP5O >  E0H
N5x1DFBH
VOmìsVx.Vz=x1KEN*x1E3KTP5C 4ac‚Ä ‚   5_®0‚ 0 +Z Žq %323 A®0  (_
L    Q`8 + +  æ '(   ./(_ *\\d34 ë ± ° mo Z¬ Âq˜&j mÈ m° ¶
ÓL‚ Ï)ŸŒ6T®0aí'(  î $% ‚  ‰* %3 + **4 XDMC1@¦VH
u~=>?ztBO DFN 9 B?@E0x.Vx1DFB(H¾ï _ 5ðe$[ *\\£(^_ &f *]e34 zÌA   ¯©A2! s6.3   23 sÓS &‚3 *+<ÉS %
  54a4 ÌW4º 5Í \ *{{{3_
a T+…3Z_
Ì)ɸ\(ge\ , *{{{3_ æA®0#W4
#S' +…-+ ) 3+   } òñMóô3õ öö!÷*øTù(ú ûü€ý…ú ùþ3ÿö(ô(
ÿ ö5ó„ù÷ Mù!ô(û Mó„ø& ö 

Zú 5ó  4 Ÿ< L'0 ¹

*J#A2 2T *\\\34 :o ˜  ¥  m™ <3œ
j  › ¦›
œ

ÄS#ŸŒ6&"# 2€./0%
Z_mqºcÏáF2  +Œ+… 2  Q 2%%
    :î  T,. 3 * !&!./0%
A¹S ‚$-  ‰[M &‚3 *+3 '( + % (^&4Ó< &‚Z4ÉL %Z4 S®€½Ž,„{{!,„{{(g0_
̉©A6&_
e{{{34#' +…-+ )F  | .4 :oc¿(j k
«
¾™
ll ˆ¤
ƒ  ‚3 *T,. 3 *L-3  &  /0€!Ím4
6. ILKTB*N&P&P&uDMH0U(CWBR)x r Ps=>?@3BC&DME3?‘BH8XZV(H0UEV5U€P ìsP5C&D U(H¶VH
uzw?@O P5?:P5Hx.Vx1DFBH [}#q +…€3_ *\]](^_
%3%Z4 *\\5f0e{]34 :o ll˜
žÐ
 ( ZÈ #» +… 2  ‰F  %    s¹S  ‚$-
238 L 023+ :  3 436. ; Vx r P5?zVx1DFN5CQB RILKTB&UKTV(?W?zP 9 BHC&x1KEN*x1DFB(H [}e{{{(^&_'( +14 *]|(g  XZP&N*x1E3KTP  Bx.P5C‰DMH 9 B?A@
E3x.P*KQ=mN*D}P*H
N&P _®0%     ,1ώ +… _ %%Z4
e|{5f0e££34 :o
lÅ ŒÐ ° q+ + ,.-(/0,1 _3*+ + ,.-(/0,}'+ 2 QY‚3 +…:-
!,.*+ 2+ 2*4 pZr P&BK P*x1DFN&VO 9 B?@E0x.P5K)=mN*D}P*H
N&P ³[ *\(g£(^&_ *e£5f *£\34 
  ç‚! S:%2 *+ /~F2  +Œ+… 2  Ý B(E0KH
VO BR  E3H
N5x}D}BH
VOILKTBU(KTV?:?WDFH0U8ï _ z[ — Z4 *\\](^&_ &f0ee34 œ
j  ›
æ   z`8 `8Ÿc"#¸   8%     +… 2  4 XZP&N5x1E0KTP  Bx.P*C)DFH 9 B?A@
E0x.P5K‰=mN5DFP5H
N&P ³ ê ” ï [ *\\\(^_ e{(g*f :›
œ
 m; E0O x1D  =x.V5U€P‰IqKTB&UK V?W?:DMH0U0vwx1C pZr P&BK>YVH
u 7 @(@
O DFN&Vx1D}BHC 4
aŽ‚Ä» ‚  *_
ÌA *  8©A&2! Q6.T  23 W  ®0 *3* s$Ó< &‚ +  /(_ *\\\34#' +…-+ )F  | .4 :›
œ
 #» 2$ 2  8 ~( qF S23€./0%
*¯Lºq :2+   ,.   ) %23!  Z4ÌA5_0‚3 Q ‚   /Y `8 `8Ÿ   3,1  '0…+146. ILKTB5NP&P&uDFH0UC:B R‰x r P¯¡8BK¢C r B@žBHJISVKx1DFVO ·LÙVO EVx1DFB(H¾VH
u~=mP*?zVHx1DFN5C  äVCP&u:ILKTBU(KTV? ; V(HD @
O Vx1DFBH ’}Ic·ŽI ;~•~[}º   Z_e{{{(^_#Aq`bac  54 :›
œ
 Ziqj …˜˜ š„™ š
œ
j  › `82+  ,1   ‰%    "<#Í0 ~!  Ø5!  83$./0% ,.!} ./(4 6. Š€Ãx r wHx.P*KH
Vx1D}BH
VO 9 BOFO B5§*E3DME3?‘BH 7 E3x.B?:V(x1V¨ŽXZV(H0UEV5U€P*C ¨ V(H
uzILKTBU(KTV?:?:DMH0U¦’}w 9Œ7 XŒI •#)+ -
 _ *\\](^_'( +14 hh(|:  XŒPN5x1E0K P  Bx.P5CADFH 9 B?A@
E3x.P*K)=mN5DFP5H
N&P _%%Z4\ *]5f0\e\34 :›
œ

3œj  m›
`82+   ,.   ‰%  &  ‰¹S ‚

Í0%+    ! 354
6. IqK B*N&P&Pu(DMH0U(CsB RQx r PQ=>?A@0B(CDFE0?‘B(H ISVKx1DFV(Om·qÙVO E3Vx1D}BH¾VH
u=mP*?zVHx1DFN  äVCP&uIqKTB&UK V? ; VHD @
E3O Vx1D}BH˒}Ic·ŽI ;~•~[F#AT 8_ *\\(g^&_
#L`bac * 5_ %%Z4
e{|5f0e 5g04 :›Sœ j0Â
o
¦°)ª˜˜ €l Z° a  …+Z '+ 2! $}  ‚  ‚  ,.   L+… 2  ¹S  ‚J ! (4#' +…-3+ ‰ +   )F  !ó.óô3õ öö )ú ý 5ñ}û  "!5ó ý #(ú
ÿ ý 1$ñ Mù5ý (ÿ%Müú þ(ù5'ö &&(ó ý ù "!%%ö(ô !ô(ù Møö ý !þ(ù )ú 5(ó  _ *\\d34 W
½Ž:-
  s./3%
Q  23 2 ‰ $ *~(  **46. 9 BH5RP5KTP5H
NPsåLP&NB(KTu8B R)x r PQILKDMH
N5D @
O P*CQBRILKTBU(KTV?:?:DMH0U XŒVH0UEV5U€P*C [ *\]£(^&_
%%Z4 &f0d34 W
ÓL‚ ) ‚   /Y ˆF Í0% S q  '0…+14 XDMC1@¾VH
u =>?tBO DFN 9 B?A@
E3x1V(x}D}BH ³0”[ *\\](^&_ *]\5f *\\34

ò e]Pô '÷ ù øÿCû 7ýZûúÿ '÷ ù øÿ:û Xý ý kó ©ó ó ò e\Pô ú ú x÷û àý ]ó ò |{Pô BùP÷ ú:û Tý 'ýZû 7ú ùSùû ý TýZûúÿ úÿ CûkþFý kó —ó eóóó ó ò | óô ó ó ó Vó ò |ePô xú úùS÷ ]û 'ýZû úö Cû ŽýZûúÿ eú ú:û !ý ò óô ò ||Pô ÿÿ÷„ÿ û °ýûúÿ ùSùS÷Zø kû Bý eó ]ó ò |hSô @÷ Sû]õXýxþ3ýZûúÿ Bú ú :ûþFý ý ò |£Pô @ùø x÷„ÿCû mý Tý ó ó ò |dPô ú ö :ûõXý ò |(gNô úö :û Vý ò |]Pô Cú úCû ý ò |\Pô Cú úCû ý

—ó

kó

kó

eó

Có

úö Cû Vý

—ó

ò óô

ò h({Pô Cú úCû ýZû ÿú÷ úCûkü:ý 'ý õXýZû]úÿ ò hóô Cú úCû ýZûxúÿ

]ó

úö :û Vý

]ó ó

xó ó ò h(ePô ÷ ‘úÿÿCû 'ýZûúÿ úö ]û Tý ]ó ò h(|Pô úÿ Cû]þ3ý ©ó ]ó ò hhSô úÿ Cû]þ3ý —ó eó ó

]ó