Re-reading

Retrieving from memory BEST What's NOT learning While reading After some time gap

Testing

Testing better than RE-READING

Cramming Isolated facts Cannot recall & use when needed

Learning misunderstood Waste of time

Re-reading

Same on Charlie Munger line Isolated facts DIFFICULT TO REMEMBER

False sense of learning Testing is better tool

Mental models

Relate NEW Learning to existing KNOWLEDGE

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More imp than re-reading

Retrieving

Spaced /Time gap imp. Repeatedly till become reflexive Immediate retrieval NOT ENOUGH

Retrieving 70% we forgot in ST Unless retrieved

Retrieving

Why

Reflection

Connect to new knowledge Visualise what you will do diff next time.

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Repeated After little forgetting sets in

How

Using retrieval over re-reading Mix up subjects/topics Ensure variety in whatever you do

Mix up practice Eg

All books on warren buffet at a time Vs Books on different individuals

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This is better approach

Context can UNLEASH memory

Testing demonstrates mastery

Solving without seeing solution Related concept: Socrates teaching

Prior knowledge helps -

Generative learning

Mental models

Learning by failing: Thomas Edison

We forgot cues not Knowledge

Difficulty Requires 1000's hours of practice Related concept: Outliers

Linking to Cues helps in retrieving info

mental models

Expertise

Make it VIVID Info shd hold significance

in your own words Rather than copying

How to remember better

Write to learn

Repeated retrieval Understand clearly Practical importance Emotional weight

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Related concept: Invisible Gorilla People comes to believe in lie repeatedly TOLD

Big Lie technique Memory distorted?

Underestimate time taken by NEW guy to LEARN Hindsight bias Knew it all bias

Curse of Knowledge

Ilusion of Knowledge

Mind remember what's emotional significant.. Fill in the gap by narrative

Ask to imagine vividly

More U know more difficult to teach

Memory inflation

Later test, may believe actual event Confusion between IMAGINATION & True event

During investigation Shown photos Wrong identification during line-ups

Interference fr other events Memory illusion by Suggestion

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Car contacted Ans wary depending on term used

Car speed Car collusion

Metaphors are imp.

Personal style does not matter much

Beyond learning style Related concept Mental models

Build structure

Take Charge

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Related concept If you do not go after what you want... Never achieve it.

Kids Yes Patience for 15 min

MarshMallow experiment

No Yes, Second MarshMallow

Farnam street article

Self _ Discipline

Designed to improve performance With TEACHER'S HELP Repeating with feedback

Deliberate practice Retraining brain

Highly demanding mentally Other people can be distracting

Using tongue to perform visual fn Using tongue to perform hearing fn

Alone NOT JUST Genes

Uncontrollable variables

Luck & Skill

Control variables

Hard word

Inc ur abilities

Intelligence

Praise kids ?

Blame luck & genes etc Identify gaps & learn

Genes matter, But not FINAL Life long learning possible

Related concept Growth mindset

Failure

If you THINK YOU CAN, u CAN > 10K hours 10 yrs

How to IQ

Practice like experts

Deliberate practice Connections between neurons Till becomes SYSTEM II

Memory Palace Memory cues

Mnemonics Mental models

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Habit