TAKABONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE
MANAGEMENT PLAN SEPTEMBER 2014
TAKABONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE
MANAGEMENT PLAN
SUBMITTED BY THE INDONESIAN MAN AND BIOSPHERE PROGRAMME NATIONAL COMMITTEE The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) SUPPORTED BY
Ministry Of Environment and Forestry
Government of Selayar Island Regency
Taka Bonerate National Park
MANAGEMENT PLAN TAKA BONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Editors: 1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Y. Purwanto, DEA (Komite Nasional Program MAB-Indonesia, LIPI) 2. Ir. Jusman (Balai Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate-Selayar)
Drafting Team: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Nur Aisyah Amnur, SP., MP Marwa Ningsih Syamsuriani, S.Pi Akhmadi Arsyad, S.Hut Muhammad Hasan, SH Syukri Sallatu Finriyani Arifin S.Si., M.Is Imam Talkah, S.Pi Asep Pranajaya, S.Pi
SUPPORTED BY
Ministry Of Environment and Forestry
Government of Selayar Regency
Taka Bonerate National Park
PREFACE Biosphere Reserve as ideal place for research, long term monitoring, training, education and increasing community awareness so could give opportunity for local people to participate at conservation act and utilization of sustainable natural diversity. The Biosphere Reserve also performs as a site model and centre of diversifying various activities of area developing and sustainable land use. Biosphere reserves are also designed to answer one of the most important questions facing the nation and even the world today is how we can synergize the conservation of biodiversity with sustainable use of natural resources. Biosphere reserves should be managed effectively involve experts in the field of natural sciences and the social, conservation groups and developers, management authorities and local community all working together to solve complex problems. Selayar Regency has forming by Law No 19 Year 1959 and based on government regulation Number 59 Year 2008 Selayar Regency has changed name become “Selayar Island Regency”, the new autonomous region with authority and great development potential, especially in the field of maritime affairs. Considering the development vision of local government of Selayar Island, that is creating “the sustainable economic development of small islands”, the purpose of Selayar Island spatial planning is as follows: “Creating of Selayar Island region which is safe, confortable, productive, and sustainable in terms of optimizing the potential of superior and leading natural resources-based tourism and marine fisheries. Futher more is still considering the competitiveness of the regency and the carrying capacity of the environment, the physical characteristics of the region as well as preservation of natural resources”. Taka Bonerate National Park was firstly announced as National Park in 1989 based on the Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number: 100/KPTS-II/1989, which the followed by decree No. 280/KPTS-11/1992 dated on 26 February 1992. Taka Bonerate National Park is the center of the world biodiversity with fisheries and coral reefs as potential values. Through the vision of development "Creating the sustainable economic development of small island", Selayar Island will put the marine and fishery sectors that could support local economy and even the world. Taka Bonerate-Selayar is so worthy of being a World Biosphere Reserve.
Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve area has its own commitments, especially in achieving two goals. Selayar Island Regency has autonomy in running the government, i
should be able to provide avenues and opportunities for its people continue to thrive in. This is including utilization of natural resources and also ensuring the rights of society as part of the world community, which are accommodated in sustainable development of Selayar Island or even participate in the global climate change. Thus the Biosphere Reserve can be accepted as a new role in the management of natural resources strategy. It is not only has meaning for humans who live and work in and around it to obtain a balance with its environment, but also giving support to the needs of society as a whole by showing the steps for a more sustainable future. Our thanks goes to the Head of Taka Bonerate National Park Authority, the Executive Director of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, the relevant Head of Department, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Head of Regional Development Planning Board Selayar, community groups, NGOs, Universities, and the parties that participated in the formation of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve.
Benteng, September 2014
SYAHRIR WAHAB Regent of Selayar Island
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PREFACE Biosphere Reserve concept believe to be the most appropriate vehicle to harmonize the interests of the three key stakeholders. Biosphere Reserve should be of great value to Indonesia as a model for national and local sustainability programmed. Biosphere Reserve provides opportunities as learning sites for policy professionals, research and scientific communities, management practitioners and stakeholder communities to work together to translate principles of sustainable development into locally relevant praxis. Indonesia believes that to ensure sustainable development it is imperative to integrate the socio-economic and natural resources conservation and continuous improvement of ecosystem quality. Only through this development, the community welfare can be achieved while respecting socio economic and cultural aspects. The rise of the new understanding that economic development needs the sustainability of natural resources provides hope in the realization of the biosphere concept of management in Indonesia. As a tool, the biosphere reserve enables stakeholders to achieve stable and healthy economic development practices and strong attitude in understanding the importance of natural resources conservation for the future of man-kind. In order to achieve this condition, a multi-stakeholder cooperation must be developed in establishing a biosphere reserve. The proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is initiative where both between Local Government of Selayar Island and Taka Bonerate National Park involved in the nomination process of Biosphere Reserve. This initiative, finally also supported by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Ministry of Environment and Forestry, South Sulawesi Province, Universities, NGOs and Local Communities. In order to achieve the objective and smooth implementation of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve concept, all key stakeholders should be the key driver in developing management plan. We are please that all stakeholders involved in developing the Proposed Management Plan of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Year 2016 – 2020. I acknowledge learning the secondary and primary field researches data as well as the latest research data generated by University of Hasanuddin, Makasar, NGOs, Taka Bonerate National Park, and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) also included as reference to this document. This management plan document should be treated as “a living document” which needs to be continuously perfected, flexible to adapt the dynamic socio-economic-political changes.
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This document is prepared to foster the process of biosphere reserve nomination at the national to the international level and also expected to become a model for the establishment of a new biosphere reserve. On behalf of the Indonesian MAB National Committee, we would like to express our highest gratitude to Selayar Island Regency and Taka Bonerate National Park for its noble initiative, to Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), NGOs, Universities (University of Hasanuddin) for its research data, and to Directorat general PHKA, the Minister of Environment and Forestry, the Governor of South Sulawesi Province, and to the local societies for their outstanding supports toward the establishment of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve.
Bogor, 18 September 2014
Prof. Dr. Ir. Y. Purwanto DEA Executive Director of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
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CONTENTS Preface .......................................................................................................................... Content ......................................................................................................................... Table ............................................................................................................................. Figure ........................................................................................................................... Appendix ......................................................................................................................
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CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background ...................................................................................................... B. Purpose and Objectives ....................................................................................
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CHAPTER II. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF PROPOSED TAKA BONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE A. Physical Condition ........................................................................................... 1. Location and Area Region............................................................................ 2. Accesibility .................................................................................................. 3. Spatial Planning ........................................................................................... 4. Climate ......................................................................................................... 5. Geology, Geomorphology and Soils ........................................................... 6. Hidrology ..................................................................................................... B. Biology dan Ecology ........................................................................................ (1) Coral Reef ............................................................................................... (2) Mangroves .............................................................................................. (3) SPAGs (Spawning Agreation Site) ......................................................... (4) Seagrass .................................................................................................. (5) Cetacean .................................................................................................. (6) Turtle Nesting Area ........................ ....................................................... (7) Lagoon Ecosyste .................................................................................... (8) Taka Ecosystem ..................................................................................... (9) Bungin Ecosystem ................................................................................... (10) Atoll Ecosystem ...................................................................................... (11) Land or Island ......................................................................................... C. Social Culture and Economy ............................................................................ a. Demographics .............................................................................................. b. Economics and Natural Resources .............................................................. c. Social, Culture and Religions and Politics .................................................. d. Educations ................................................................................................... e. Livelihood .................................................................................................... f. Healt ............................................................................................................. g. Social-Cultural .............................................................................................
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CHAPTER III. BIOSPHERE RESERVE REVIEW 1. The Concept of Biosphere Reserve .................................................................. 2. Zonation of Biosphere Reserve ........................................................................ 3. Boundary of Biosphere Reserve ....................................................................... 4. Structure and Implementation Concept of Biosphere Reserve ........................ 5. Organizations Worldwide Network of Biosphere Reserve in The Biosphere Reserve .............................................................................................................
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CHAPTER IV. PROPOSED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN OF TAKA BONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE A. General Management Approach ...................................................................... B. Core Area Management Plan ........................................................................... C. Buffer Zone Management Plan ........................................................................ D. Management Plan of Transition Area .............................................................. E. General Activities in Each Area of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve ...........
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CHAPTER V. MANAGEMENT INSTITUTION OF TAKA BONERATESELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE A. Management Structure ..................................................................................... B. Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board C. Joint Secretariat ................................................................................................ D. Scientifique Committee .................................................................................... E. Representative of Community/NGOs ..............................................................
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CHAPTER VI. ACTION PLAN A. Program Priority ............................................................................................... 1. Protection and Conservation of Natural Resources Programs with the following main activities ................................................................................. 2. Program of developing The Capacity of Natural Resouces and Environment Management, with following main activities ................................................... 3. Awareness Program, Increasing Participation and Community Empowerment in and Around The taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, with the following main activities ..................................................... 4. Programs of Increasing Access to Information of Natural Resources and Environment, with main activities .................................................................. CHAPTER VII. CONCLUSION .............................................................................. BIBLIORAPHY ......................................................................................................... APPENDIX .................................................................................................................
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TABLE Table 1.
Matriks Management Plan of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve 2016/16-2020 .............................................................................................
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FIGURE Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10.
Map of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve ................................... Geological Map of The Proposed Area Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve .................................................................................... Geological Map of Selayar Island ............................................................. Topography and Bathymetry Map of The Proposed Area Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve ........................................................................ Map of Selayar Archipelago District Administration ................................ Conditions Topography North Selayar ...................................................... Faults Down Due to Decreased Soil .......................................................... Zoning Concept According to The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve ............ Biosphere Reserve Function ...................................................................... Structure of Coordination Forum of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve Management ...............................................................................................
5 11 12 14 21 22 23 39 39 63
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APPENDIX APPENDIX I Appendix 1. Degree of Regent of Selayar Island Concerning Coordination Manajemen Forum of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve ........ APPENDIX 2. Appendix 2. Zonation System of Proposed Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve .........................................................................................................
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Appendix 2. Zonation System of Proposed Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve .........................................................................................................
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND
The territory of Selayar Island Regency is one of the unique and interesting phenomena. Selayar Island Regency has forming by Law 29 Year 1959, and became an autonomous district as mandated by Law No. 59 Year 2008 has implications for the management of Taka Bonerate National Park area. Various interests of different stakeholders become an important concern in the management of Taka Bonerate National Park, so necessary adaptations are gradually adapted to the dynamics of Taka BonerateSelayar Island. Economic valuation of resources and management systems of Taka Bonerate National Park area are more strategic to serve as the basis for formulating management strategies Taka Bonerate National Park area in the future by involving the main stakeholders namely the National Parks and Local Government of Selayar Island. Sustainable development is a process to integrate the conservation of natural resources (and ecosystems) and economic development. In order to improve the welfare of the community taking into account economic and social aspects of culture, especially the local community then arises a new understanding that economic development requires the preservation of natural resources so as to provide stability and realization of health expectancy biosphere. However, the health of the biosphere can be interrupted if the stability of ecosystems is not preserved. Therefore, this initiative needs to work at the local, regional, national and international levels. Warming the earth causing global climate change, and continues with increasing frequency of disasters. This global awareness revealed in the COP (Convention of the Parties) -13 UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) in Bali, in 2007, as a global Community initiative to preserve the biosphere and the earth. One result of COP-13 was the endorsement of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) on December 15, 2007. REDD will resolve the limitations of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of Kyoto Protocol. CDM is assumed to have firm rules, and therefore phases of the implementation of afforestation and reforestation projects are very complex. REDD is important to avoid deforestation in order to keep the area of natural forests to absorb carbon from the air, through a process of assimilation of the plant. Sequestration of carbon in the air not only done by plants and trees in terrestrial forests, but now, according to several studies conducted by researchers in the field of Oceanography Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), that the coral animals called polyps, the polyp is symbiotic mutualism with algae.
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Selayar District region is covering 25,200 km2 of mainly coastal marine ecosystems, namely coral reefs, seagrass, mangrove and coastal forests. It has an important role to anticipate global climate change. Coastal ecosystem is a fragile ecosystem which easy to damage when excessive activities occur especially in using natural resources not to bother with conservation acts. When the ecosystems damaged, the ecosystem recovery is time-consuming. Related with the responsibility and awareness of natural resources and ecosystems conservation, the Local Government Selayar Island suggested that proposed Selayar Island District as Biosphere Reserve and Taka Bonerate National Park as a core of this proposed biospehere reserve. Implementation of management policy between Taka Bonerate National Park and the local government of Selayar Island District will be more effective. Therefore, the appropriate approach for management of Selayar District region is needed. To synergize the Selayar Island District area management policies and Taka Bonerate National Park area, the appropriate approach is to make the Selayar Island District region as a Biosphere Reserve. The concept of Biosphere Reserves is based on a holistic approach that considers the real problems in the field and involves stakeholders to understand and solve problems together. Biosphere Reserves have three main functions: (1) the contribution of landscape conservation, ecosystems, species and biodiversity, (2) supporting sustainable economic development by considering the ecological and socio-cultural aspects of society, and (3) logistical support for research, monitoring, education and training related to conservation and sustainable development at local, regional, national or global (Soedjito, 2004). This is in line with Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Resources and Ecosystems, which states that cooperation with international conservation organizations, nature reserves or other specific areas, can be designated as a Biosphere Reserve. B. PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES
The main purpose of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves establishment is to create coastal and marine waters area of Selayar Island Regency in a sustainable way. Selayar Island Regency region is a great potential in the development of conservationbased development in the Selayar Island Regency. The management of this large area is important to consider the ecosystem balance in the conservation of biodiversity. Proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Plan 2015/162020 aims to provide direction, frames, guidance and reference for the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve which is based on "management of multiparties" and considering variety of inputs and management. Management of biosphere reserves implement zoning system, the functions of the core areas for biodiversity conservation, the function of buffer area to protect the core area from the threats and annoyance, and the functions as a transition area of the outermost regions and the largest of the biosphere reserve, which became the location of sustainable development model and should be implemented. 2
The purpose of formulating proposals of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve Management Plan Year 2015/16-2020 is to design the management of biosphere reserves for 5 (five) years, which is directed to: Develop a strategy and defining the management of biosphere reserves with both the concept and vision for the next five years. Provide policy support contextually appropriate to the management and utilization of biosphere reserves. Assist the integration and synchronization of stakeholders. Identify programs priority and natural resource management activities in the areas of biosphere reserves. Provide assistance to increase awareness of the community to participate in the planning and management of biosphere reserves. Provide the basis and foundation for planning further activities. Provide guidance for decision-making process continuously. This document is formulated to encourage the process of proposed biosphere reserve in the national and international level. Procedurally, Local Government of Selayar Island District and Taka Bonerate National Park as the initiator sends an official letter to the MAB National Committee of Indonesia as a focal point of the UNESCO-MAB Programme. In addition, the MAB National Committee of Indonesia, in coordination with the Ministry of Forestry as the manager of Taka Bonerate National Park area, local governments, and other stakeholders. In the capacity as the Government of Republic Indonesia, then went on a proposal to the Head of MAB-UNESCO program in Paris. Official proposal from the Government of Indonesia made after analyzing and completing Biosphere Reserve Nomination Form.
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CHAPTER II GENERAL CONDITIONS OF PROPOSED TAKA BONERATESELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE A. PHYSICAL CONDITION
1. Location and Area Region The proposed Takabonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve lies in the geographical position between 5o 42' - 7º 35' S and 120º 15'- 122º 30' E bordered by Bulukumba in the North, Flores Sea in the east, Flores Sea and the Makassar Strait at west and Nusa Tenggara Timur in the south. Selayar Islands Regency consisting of 130 islands is covered a large island and a small island. The cluster of islands is partially inhabited, while others are uninhabited island. The uninhabited islands include the Pasi Tanete Island, Pasi Gusung Island, Bahuluang, Tambolongang, Polassi, Jampea, Lambego, Bonerate, Pasi Tallu, Kakabia, Jinato, Kayuadi, Rajuni, Rajuni Bakka, Rajuni Ki'di, Kalaotoa, Latondu, Pulo madu and others. The total number of inhabited is 26 islands. Total Area of proposed Takabonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve: 4,410,736 ha divided into 4,374,156.45 ha sea area, and 79,505.578 ha land area. The area of the proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is equal to the area Selayar district. Administratively, the district government in 2008 Selayar divided into 11 sub-districts, 67 villages and 7 urban villages. A total five subdistrict are in the islands, they are Bonerate Pasimarannu, Pasimasunggu, East Pasimasunggu, Taka Bonerate, and the Pasilambena. The other six subdistricts are in mainland Selayar Island, Benteng, Bontoharu, Bontosikuyu, Bontomanai, and Buki Bontomatene.
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Figure 1. Map of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve
2. Accessibility The main gate of entering the area's Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve and is Selayar Island. From the provincial capital (Makasar), Selayar Island can be reached by boat (ship) and by plane. There are two sea routes from Makasar to Selayar Island that is Makasar – Selayar Island and route Makasar – Bantaeng – Selayar Island. Route Makasar – Selayar Island can be reached by fast boat (Motor Vessel) within ± 2-4 hours (depend on the sea condition). This type of fast ships serving the route Makasar-Selayar Island commutes 2-4 times a day. Furthermore, from Makasar to Selayar Island using wooden boats for ± 6 hours. By plane, Makasar-Benteng (Selayar Island) route can be reached using a regular air-trip 2 times a days with a travel time of ± 35 minutes (by ATR plane). National Park of Taka Bonerate can be reached by speed boat from Selayar Island every day as well with a wooden boat from Selayar Island. From Selayar Island to Taka Bonerate National Park can be reached within 2-4 hour (speed boat) and 4-6 hours (wooden boats), depend on the sea condition. Accessibility to the Selayar Islands is relatively difficult to achieve with sea transport at the east season (June-August), and the west season (December to February) because the waves are very heavy. The most quiet and comfortable time for sea voyages to Taka Bonerate, Selayar Islands is in September through November and in March until May. 5
3. Spatial Planning Referring to the Law No.26/2007 on Spatial Planning, in particular Article 3, the goal spatial region is to create safe area, comfortable, productive, and sustainable based on the Indonesian Views and National Security. Regional development objectives and functions in the future of Selayar Island basically refers to potential and existing problems as well as regional development objectives in accordance with the policy of spatial development in the region of South Sulawesi Province and Local Government policy of Selayar Island which has been formulated. On the basis of the formulation of spatial planning objectives Selayar Island as follows: (1) The realization of the harmony between the natural environment and artificial environment; (2) The realization of integration in the use of natural resources and man-made resources concerning to human resources; (3) The realization of function space protection and the prevention of negative environmental impact due to the area utilization; (4) The realization of the infrastructure and facilities services quality, the number of viable, sustainable and accessible to the entire community; (5) Realization of integration and control of utilization of land space, sea space and air space, including space beneath the soil surface and subsurface water must consider the condition of the region of Selayar Island and Taka Bonerate Marine National Park and the carrying capacity of natural resources and the capacity of the environment in a sustainable way; (6) The realization of spatial planning of coastal areas and small islands in the Selayar Island District in a sustainable way; (7) The realization of a framework of sustainable regional development and building international cooperation in various regional development programs; and (8) The realization of spatial aspects and concerning disaster mitigation. Considering the development vision of local government of Selayar Island Year 2006 - 2011, that is creating "the sustainable economic development of small islands", the purpose of Selayar Island spatial planning is as follows: "Creating area of Selayar Island region which is safe, comfortable, productive, and sustainable in terms of optimizing the potential of superior and leading natural resource-based tourism and marine fisheries. Further more is still considering the competitiveness of the district and the carrying capacity of the environment, the physical characteristics of the region as well as preservation of natural resources". These objectives have values or meanings as follows: Brought Spatial Areas of Selayar Island Region For Tourism and Fisheries-Marine Place, suggesting that regional development will be oriented on Selayar Island leading sector or tourism sectors and its superior-marine fisheries. Excellence and Leadership in Sustainable Way, showed any 6
meaningful sense of economic well-being and prosperity by taking into account environmental sustainability. There are several considerations (the Principles of consideration) in the preparation of Selayar Island Spatial Planning (development of the islands region): (1) Spatial systems (spatial system) and typology: concern with space configuration of islands proportionally, because each typology is essentially demanding on its own development policy. (2) Carrying capacity of the territory: the islands need to consider the islands ecosystems of spatial arrangement wisely, carrying capacity preservation. (3) Potential utilization of marine resources: (marine resource-based development) by considering the alignment of each sector resource utilization. (4) Spatial structure: the central settlement systems need to be identified and "growing points" in the islands who serves as the center of the service and industrial processing, and marketing center that can streamline the process of production, collection and distribution of goods as well as efficiency and effectiveness in infrastructure investment. (5) Development of regional infrastructure: customize with the needs and physical condition of geographical regions. Land transport infrastructure development undertaken to support intra-region interaction (mainland) islands, and sea transportation to support the development of interaction between regions. (6) Areas of strategic sectors/priority: in order to reduce disparities and improve the alignment of development within the regions, strategic areas and sectors need to be identified, as well as sectors development priority. (7) Space utilization allocation: the establishment of protected areas in the archipelago areas concerned and the carrying capacity of ecosystems. Allocation of cultivated area concern with utilizing marine natural resources optimally. Cultivation region of non marine especially on islands whose inhabitants can not take advantage of marine resources throughout the year. (8) Fulfillment of basic needs: need intensified (education, health, etc.) that urgent and need to be taken in the short term, long term, development product sectors (farming) should still be pursued in a good way. (9) In the long term role of the private sector: be able to stimulate the quantity and quality of human resources, especially on islands that lacked of population and the quality of population is relatively low. Based on the considerations above, the policies and strategies of Selayar Island spatial as follows: 1) The main activities of development based on tourism (ecotourism) and marine fishery and optimal space utilization on each other cultivation areas.
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Strategy: (a) Define the zones with the main functions as production activities area; increase the added value of production areas outcomes through the development of tourism, agribusiness, fisheries and maritime affairs both intensification and extensification; (b) Improve the protection of water resources and germplasm resources and preserving local wisdom in natural resource management and environment; (c) Development of functions of other production area; (d) Maintain and enhance ecological balance, conserve biodiversity, maintain the uniqueness and authenticity of of natural resources and physical environment; (e) Reduces the space utilization permits which may result in spatial conflict; (f) Control, direct, monitor, and enforce laws in protected areas, and (g) Develop a policy of improving the welfare of society and a sustainable environment that is based on the characteristics of coastal and small islands. 2) Development of infrastructure and facilities to support the main activity-based tourism (ecotourism) and marine fishery and infrastructure development to support other production area Strategy: (a) Increasing the deployment of infrastructure and facilities in every area of tourism, agrobisnis, fishery based on the characteristics of coastal and small islands; (b) Developing infrastructure and facilities access on any areas of tourism, agrobisnis, fisheries and marine services to support the development of maritime and marine tourism, fisheries people development (artisanal fisheries) and development of mariculture (marine culture); (c) Improving accessibility between cities within the region and to the marketing objectives through the integration of inter-modal transportation system development to support the distribution and marketing network out of Selayar Island efficiently and effectively; (d) Improving function and quality of infrastructure services and facilities in every area of cultivation to support the development of marine fisheries and tourism activities that are reliable and produce commodities highly competitive; (e) Developing information systems based on spatial digital layout that is accessible easily, expandable easily, and aplicable; and (f) Optimization of system development of marine fisheries and tourism, for the purposes of resources conservation, education and research and increased production, by developing an integrated management system in line with the rehabilitation and conservation areas and habitats.
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3) Improved access to urban services and centers of economic growth in the Selayar Island Regency. Strategy: (a) Establish a functioning urban area to serve the activities at district or multiple district as a Local Activity Center Promotion; (b) Establish a functioning urban area to serve the activities of several districts as the Area Service Center; (c) Define urban areas as Environmental Service Center which support the regional service centers to serve the activities of several smaller districts; (d) Improve the interconnection between good urban city that is directed as the Local Activity Center Promotion and Regional Service Centers, neighborhood Environmental Service Center as well as a strategic area centers as centers of economic growth in the district; (e) Develop access to new growth centers in the region of potential and served by existing growth centers, and; (f) Improve access to coastal cities, centers of agricultural crops, livestock, and fisheries. 4) Improved quality and coverage of network infrastructure services and social services network economy. Strategy: (a) Develop the land transport network, ie the primary local roads as part of the island ring road (i.e.: island-scented fragrance, Selayar and Taka Bonerate area) that connects between districts within a single island; (b) Develop primary collector road from Benteng (Selayar) Airport; (c) Building and improving primer local roads (which includes the island ring road) in Selayar Island ; (d) Building a network of local secondary roads that connect the central city of Banteng, settlement areas and production centers with area development; (e) Encourage the development of telecommunications infrastructure, especially in isolated areas; (f) Improve energy networks to optimally utilize the energy and realize the integration of the electricity supply system; and (g) Improve the quality of the network infrastructure and network system realize the integration of water resources. 5) Protection of marine protected areas. Strategy: (a) Support the establishment of Taka Bonerate Marine National Park area; 9
(b) Conducting an integrated effort to preserve the ecological function systems, and (c) Maintain and rehabilitate mangrove areas and coral reefs as main ecosystem on coastal and marine areas to ensure the continuation of marine biota reproduction. 6) Improved area function for the defense and state security. Strategy: (a) Selectively develop aquaculture activities in and around the defense and security area to maintain the main functions and purposes; (b) Developing protected areas and/or cultivated area not in the defense area, as a buffer zone that separates the region with present cultivation area; and (c) Participating in maintaining and protecting defense and security assets. 4. Climate Selayar Islands district have equatorial tropical wet, which are four month of wet season (> 200 mm) and 5 month of dry season (<100 mm) and it is influenced by western monsoons (January-Aprill), east monsoon (August-September), and transition seasons (December and May-July). Based on information from Benteng Meteorological Station, the average of rainfall is 146.25 mm per month and the rainy days monthly is 10 days, while the Bontomatene meteorological station had rainfall average as much as 155.60 mm per month with the highest rainfall of 300 mm per month and rainy days monthly is 7 days. The difference rainfall in a place is due to the influence of climate, geography, and velocity/air flow meeting. Temperatures are not quite varied throughout the year ranging from 28-32 °C. Rainfall is influenced by the west and east monsoon winds which bring rain water, although have different intensity. The topography of the district Selayar Islands is varied, most of the land is flat and some others are sloping by the type of climate regions are type B and C. The rainy season in November to June is around 200 mm, while the dry season occurs in August and September. This area is influenced by the west wind monsoon, the east wind monsoon and the transition season. The west wind monsoon occurs in January-March, which is usually followed by rainy season within strong winds that leads to cause a big sea waves. East wind season occurs in July-September, which is usually followed by summer and the lack of wind speeds causing a rather calm sea waves. Transition season occurs between the months of April to June and the month of October to December. It has been caused unpredictable sea level.
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Generally, climatic conditions of Selayar Islands and its surrounding are characterized by rainfall and the influence of seasonal winds, because the area directly adjacent to the open sea area. Further studies about properties of the climate in the district should be more detailed in Selayar Islands because it relates to the population activity as the fisherman. 5. Geology, geomorphology, and soils (a) Geological conditions Land conditions of Selayar Islands are strongly influenced by its geological conditions. Generally, geological conditions of Selayar Islands district could be divided into two parts, Selayar island and small islands of Selayar that belong to the Selayar Islands (Figure 1). Geological conditions of Selayar Island are still dealing with the south of South Sulawesi. Meanwhile, geology of those small islands, which is located in the Flores Sea, possibly related to Buton Island geology.
Figure 2. Geological map of the proposed area Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve
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Figure 3. Geological map of Selayar Island The oldest rocks that make up the island are volcanic rocks Selayar Camba Formation is Middle Miocene to Late Miocene. The lower part of the Camba Formation is composed of breccia, lava, conglomerate and tuff. It is encountered by marine sedimentary rocks interspersed with volcanic rocks. Camba Formation rocks found in the central part of the island with the north-south direction of the spread. Walanea formation could be found over the Camba Formation palmy within Selayar limestones. Walanae Formation consists of alternating sandstones with silt stone, tufa, marl, clay stone, conglomerate, and limestone. This formation was originally from the Middle Miocene to Pliocene. Spreading rock Walanae formations in the western part Selayar Island extends from north to south. Selayar limestone spread mainly in the north and west, and consists of solid limestone, limestone pebbles, and kalkarenit with inserts calcareous marl and sandstone. The age of limestone Selayar was around from Late Miocene to beginning Pliocene. Youngest rocks exposed on the island Selayar is alluvial and reef. Alluvial deposits are composed of coastal sediments thats result from destructed rocks thats exposed on land, found along the west coast of central and northern parts of the island. Alluvial deposits are consisting of gravel, sand, clay, mud and coral debris. Coral reefs found along the coast almost Selayar Island, both in the western and eastern parts of the island. Generally, small islands in the proposed Takabonerate - Selayar Biosphere Reserve compiled by coral reefs. Some islands show a strongly different geological conditions between Selayar Island with the mainland. Some islands composed by igneous rocks 12
derived from continental crust as well as the island of Buton. These islands are composed by Jampea Island igneous granite, northern Kayuadi island composed by igneous medium rock. The existence of these islands is still in an interesting research object of geologists experts. Generally, the rocks that make up the Selayar island look so weak to moderate with a slope of rocks tends to westward and directions of rock layer relatively tend north to south. (b) Topography and Soil Conditions In line with the geological structure condition, Selayar Islands have a highly varied topography, some of them are flat and the others are quite slope. Selayar Island physiographic based on rock conditions and geological structure of the constituent controls could then be grouped into three morphological units, they are: (1) morphology of alluvial mainland coast Unit; (2) morphology undulating hills Unit; and (3) morphology hills with steep slopes Unit. Morphology of coastal alluvial plains unit occupies a narrow land on the west coast. Selayar islands formed by the deposition of sand, silty beaches, loosely gravel and a thin layer of coral limestone. Meantime, the unit of wave hills morphology and hills morphology unit with steep slopes predominantly occupies the western part with a height of 356-657 meters above sea level. Landscape of high mountain peaks here include Bontoharu (435 m), Mount Bontokali (353 m), and Mount Bontosikuyu (607 m). Morphological unit is occupied by a volcanic sediment breccia results, Lafa, conglomerate, tuff rocks with marine sedimentary rock interludes. The percentage of slope classes Selayar Island generally dominated by gentle slopes (2-15%), and the South to the greater slope. Subdistrict Bontosikuyu has a very steep grade (> 40%) reached 43.97% of the total area of the district, while in subdistrict Bontoharu very steep slopes to reach 33.12%, but the opposite in the subdistrict Bontomatene where the slope is very steep only reached 4.21% of the area.
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Figure 4. Topography and bathymetry map of the proposed area Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Soil conditions are greatly varied in Selayar Islands with uneven distribution. Based on soil type naming system by FAO, it is categorized as Alluvial Matime soil types found on the coast to the type of soil latosol located in mountainous areas. Meanhile, based on the USDA soil types is known as Emtisol until Ultisol. Soil type is an instance or the details of the type of soil based on the properties of detailed layers or soil horizons. Some kinds of land contained in the proposed Selayar Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve are as follows: • Litosol This soil formed in limestone rock at a height of over 100 meters, hilly to mountainous region forms with very steep slopes to vertical. Cross section of the ground is very thin and they’re on the sidelines dark brown limestone, clay dust, and solid blocky, and slightly hard.
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• Regosol Grey This type of land located along the west coast of the island Selayar, from the north to the Fortress City, at a height of up to 2 meters above sea level. Parent material of tufa deposition of sand and alkaline rocks. Cross section in the soil, the top layer of dark brown to brown, single grained granular sand off the bottom layer of light gray, sand, single grained loose. • Complex Rensine and Regosol. This land is located on the old rocks and coral limestone. Shape hilly region with a gentle slope to steep and irregular. Rensine has a thin layer of soil, dark brown-gray to dark brown clayey loam and loose crumbs. Deep soil layers approximately 25 cm, located on top of the soft limestone. Regosol very brown-gray, gravelly, blocky, friable. The bottom layer is grayish brown to pale brown clay dusty, friable solid there are a lot of big rocks and gravel on the surface and in the cross section of the ground. • Mediterranean Dark Brown. This group of land is stretching from north-south, from Bontomatene to Barang-barang, with a height of between 15-50 meters on its surface. This area is wavy to undulating shaped. Parent material flakes mixed tuffs. Cross section of the soil deep enough with the top layer brown, dusty clay to clay, lumps until cubes, hard to very hard. Soil layer below yellowish dark brown to yellowish brown, dusty clay, lumps until solid, very hard. • Complex Mediterranean Red and Latosol. This soil type is located on the northern island of Selayar, form its area wavy and tilted toward the coast. Parent form of local limestone pebbles there. Mediterranean soil is medium shape, the top layer of dust, crumbs until slightly crumbly. Litosol soil has a very thin layer of soil with limestone outcrops. (c) Coastal Physical Condition
Based on the shape and geographical location, the beach of the proposed Taka Bonerate- Selayar Biosphere Reserve (Selayar Islands region) is widely varied. On the coast of the western and eastern parts of the Selayar island are very different. Coast in the eastern part of the island is generally steep and composed by limestone, the bottom ridge showed traces of abrasion. Only in a few places sloping beaches and white sand sediment composed of coral debris results. The appearance of this kind of beach found in the southern part of the island, in the village of Appatana. On the other hand, it is also found in 15
the village Jammeng composed by sedimentary material, which is the result of volcanic rock debris, and sized chunks with a rounded shape. The beach in the western part of the island is greatly varied. Generally, the northern part is sloping shores. Flatness of the beach could be seen at low tide, where the coastal plain jutting into the sea as far as 50-200 meters. In some places overgrown with mangrove shores and used by society for ponds. Meanwhile in the south, from the southern city of fort, the beach is relatively steep until Appatana. The beach on the other islands formed by coral reefs which are generally flat and composed by white sand deposits result destruction of coral. In subdistrict Jampea, it is composed by igneous granite, which is relatively deep waters of its coast, and the beaches are relatively gentle until about 159 meters to the sea. Materials formed in coastal sediments at Selayar Island are generally medium sized sand and is a white sand and compiled by rubble, shells of mollusks. Although it is not too large, coastal sediment in the eastern part of the Selayar island sized fine sand until the medium sand is white and composed by fragments of coral and mollusc shells. In Appatana, the precipitate formed beach sand sized medium to fine sand. As is the case elsewhere in Selayar Island, deposition of sand in Appatana is also white and composed by fragments of coral and mollusc shells. In Kayuadi Island, white beach sediment and composed by rubble and shells of gastropods. In Jampea Island, beach sediment is quite varied, both in size and constituent materials. Deposition beaches on this island are varied ranging from sand, fine sand and silt. Sediment color is also varied from white to gray-white. Kalotoa Island, beach sediment size rather coarse sand to coarse, white and composed by fragments of coral and mollusk shells. The condition of coral reef ecosystems and reef fishes in the proposed Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve are as follows:
Selayar Island
Coral reef on the east coast (except at Appatana) is in bad category with percentage of live coral is lower (12 % - 23 %) and the died coral (20 % - 24 %). This condition is dominanly influenced with people activities. Generally, Selayar west coast is dominated by coastal topography, sloping beach with flat reef and slope reef covered by coral reefs. Coral reef on flat reef in west coast is mostly in poor condition compared to the slope reef with the percentage reaches 40 % and it is categorized as fair.
Polassi Island
East of Polasi island is dominated by Acropora, non Acropora massive, particularly of species Milliepora sp., and sand. Polassi Island coral is categorized under fair conditions (30 - 45 %). On the west side, the condition of coral reefs is dominated by coral rubble as a
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result of bombardment by illegal community activity, sandy substrate and a bit of nonAcropora massive corals covered by some types of algae. It is categorized as poor.
Tambolongan Island
The western part of the Tambolongan island despite the clean waters (6 m brightness), coral coverage was relatively poor condition, and it is dominated by sandy substrate with symbiotic organisms starfish (Lingkia levigata), sea cucumbers with coral colonies of non Acropora massive grown unevenly and forming groups separated by a sandy substrate. As well as on the east side, sand coverage is punctuated by massive corals, corals and sponges growing spread apart also grow at a depth of 3 m and covered by sandy substrate dominated by rubble. On the west and south sides, there are found coral colonies with a sandy substrate. •
Kayuadi Island
Coral reefs in the south of the island is classified as good (30 % coral cover). The substrate is dominated by sand, sponges, hard corals, and Holuthuridae (faut sea cucumbers) and starfish (Protoreaster nodosusus). Meanwhile, coral reefs on the west side are relatively poor, the base of water area is greatly flat and substrate is dominated by sand, rubble, and rocks.
Jampea Island
Coral reefs in the south and the north were damaged (percentage of coral cover around 20 %), with rubble substrate of Acropora sp., and massive corals. Although the quality of water is highly clean but coral regeneration does not occur. It was probably because of the southern and northern sides of the reef flat area that has legth around 50 meters and become a port of local ships. Conversely, in the west side of the island, coral is quite good (the percentage ranges cover roughly 30-50 %). It is dominated by Acropora at a depth of 1 to 4 meters. At a depth of more than 5 meters, coral species are quite heterogeneous and it could be found of biota such as was gastropods and was Mollusc. •
Kalao Island (Lambego)
Generally, based on the observations, in the coastal area of the Lambego island has extensive coral reef and quite good by around 60 % coverage, a depth of 4-6 meters in the south, and it is about 70 meters from shoreline to the edge (slope reef). On the north side, coral on the flats (flat reef) is generally damaged due to the local community activities, whether fishing or for other purposes.
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•
Bonerate Island
Coral cover on the western side of the island only reaches 20 % with an average depth of 3 m, and the substrate is dominated by rubble and shells of animals, sand and seagrass. Meanwhile, the percentage of coral coverage in the southern reaches 30-45 % with a predominance of Acropora sp., as growth of branching, tabulate, digitata, massive corals (Porites sp.), and the homogenous grown species and the types as well. • Kalaotoa Island In the west island, coral coverage reaches 30-50% on the flat reef with an average depth of 1-3 m, dominated by Acropora branching and massive corals (Porites sp.). Meanwhile, the southern part of the island, the flat reef is quite far to the shoreline with an average depth of 3 m, substrate is dominated by sand, coral bleaching and rubble around 30% and mostly dominated by hard coral rubble and Acropora sp. • Madu Island In the south side and north of the island, the topography of the bottom of water in the form of coral reef (flat reef) and a fault rupture (drop off), so it is to enable the coral to be well growth (percentage of coral coverage 30-50 %). In the west side of the island, coral coverage is around 50 %. In the coral reef (flat reef) with a depth of 1-3 m is dominated by branching Acropora and massive corals (Porites sp.), whereas in the fault (drop off) is dominated by Acropora tabulate (60 % coral cover). Meanwhile, in the eastern part of the island, the flat reef is 30 m and the shoreline to a depth of coral reef (reef flat) is about 3 m. As well as the reef flats and other faults (drop off), coral coverage is quite good, around 50 % with a predominance of hard coral of Acropora sp., and non-Acropora (Mifflopora sp.), and also other heterogeneous biota such as Sponge sp., and Mollusc. • Karompang Island In the southern and northern sides, there are relatively poor coral coverage (only 10 %), only found a good reef at a depth of 3-6 m, and the slope is dominated by sand and rubble. Generally, land conditions in Selayar Island in the southern part are weak to a strong undulating hills, with the more south direction, the more greater slopes. Distribution of large hills is in almost half of the southern region. Generally, in the northern part of Selayar island has more gently slope to flat topography to weakly undulated. Generally, in the north coast of Selayar island is more gentle than the others and relatively close to the beach. In accordance withits physical condition, so that the northern part of Selayar island could be developed further into development areas. Development of this area could be a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), in which there are facilities and infrastructure such as 18
specific port/dock, warehousing, residential areas, industrial areas (large, medium, small) as well as other facilities that support the SEZ. Development of the northern part of Selayar island needs to be studied further (detailed survey), especially regarding topography, rocks and hydro-oceanographic conditions of the northern waters, and groundwater conditions.
(d) Sea Area Condition: Geographically, Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is an archipelago biosphere reserve consists of 126 islands, with the distribution of coral islands that lies to the northeast mainland of South Sulawesi, as could be seen in Figure. This district is located at the southern tip of South Sulawesi Province, which is the outermost districts within the administrative area of the province. Taka Bonerate-Selayar BR consists of a cluster of islands with an area of 903.35 km², surrounded by a sea of Flores in the east and south, the Makassar Strait in the West and Flores Sea, and Gulf of Bone in the north. Meanwhile, cluster of large and small islands (124 islands) stretches from North to South. In terms of the physical environmental conditions, two thirds of area is sea water, which is the path of Arlindo (Indonesian Traffic Lane) from the North Pacific (Northern Pacific Thermocline) turn towards the Makassar Strait to the east around the Flores Sea. This Biosphere region has a long coastline of + 670 km with a sloping sandy beaches profile. Type of the tides is semidiurnal where the high tide and the low tide occurs twice a day, with different of the highest and lowest tide is ranged between 2 - 2.50 meters. The condition of the surface currents of the Flores Sea in West season (November - March) around the Islands District is flowing eastward at speeds 33- 50 cm/sec, whereas in early east the season (April), the current flows westward with a slow speed of 12 - 38 cm / sec. The average temperature of the sea surface ranged from 26.7oC - 29oC. Surface temperatures begin to decline in May to reach its minimum value of 26.7°C in August. Surface temperature began to rise in September and reached a maximum at 29°C in December. In January, it is the west season peak while temperatures dropped again until February, then will rise up again in March – May. The average of surface salinity is 31.9 to 34.4 per mil (Mallawa, A. et al., 2006). In addition, Selayar district has tropical climate, with an average monthly temperature is 28°C. The rainy season usually began from December to March and the dry season from May to October. Selayar archipelago or Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere has sufficient levels of high coral diversity. Based on marine tourism purpose, there have been found a variety of coral reefs (coral reef) with an area of approximately 3,000 hectares located in the triangle area of coral reefs worldwide. Coral reef is located on a slab of earth meeting of Asia and Australia. The area of coral reefs are found in the southeastern part of the Selayar island, for example, 530,765 ha on the island of Takabonerate which is known as the third most beautiful marine park in the world. Especially in Takabonerate islands, coral reefs are already identified as many as 261 species of 17 families of which Eydouxi pocillopora, Montipora danae, Acropora, Porites cylindrica, Pavona clavus, Fungia concinna, and 19
others. Most of these species of coral reefs have formed atoll (barrier reef) and reef edge (fringing reef). They also could be found on the Tanambolangan island approximately 1,400 Ha. It could be seen the beautiful coral reefs and relatively intact. Generally, the surface preparation of coastal sediments/rocks in most cluster of islands consist of coarsegrained fractions of organic materials such as coral and shellfish shells, making the color of the sand around the island chain to the white grayish. Specifically on the Selayar Island, on the East coast of the mainland Selayar also possible to become marine tourism as a world-class quality of dive sites. Meanwhile, in the western region, coral reefs have been damaged so badly.
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Figure 5. Map of Selayar Archipelago District Administration The width of Selayar Archipelago is around 25,200 km2. With the existing natural conditions, the district has very high potential density of economical type of fish (pelagic and reef fish). There are about 295 species of reef fish and various species of fish consumption with high economic value such as grouper (Epinephelus spp.), skipjack (Katsuwonus spp.), napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), and rabbitfish (Siganus sp.). 21
The potential of pelagic fish around 6,330 tonnes/year and demersal fish estimated at about 11,309 tonnes/year. In addition, there are also as many as 244 species of mollusks including trochus (Trochus niloticus), goat head shells (Cassis cornuta), triton (Charonia tritonis), batulaga (Turbo spp.), scales clams (Tridacna squamosa), pearl oysters (Pinctada spp.), and hollow nautilus (Nautilus pompillius). And the types of sea turtles, including the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), green turtle (Chelonia mydas), and olive ridley turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). (e) Environment: Physical condition of the existing environment in this study is related to the possibility of a disaster that will occur in the northern region of the Selayar. Therefore, it needs to examine the physical geology and topography (Figure and Figure) in order to identify how likely such disasters could occur, as well as the source of disaster could be identified.
Figure 6. Conditions Topography North Selayar Based on rock type, Selayar’s northern region is coral or limestone (Member of Walanae a screen Formation), which has a flat topography with low hills and strongly hard rock. Geological and topographical conditions of the region promote this area to be stable and could be prevented from landslide or soil movement. 22
Rock types and underground caves are really needed to emphasize for civil construction. These caves usually are not easily identified and sometimes often lead to soil degradation. Thus, the plan of civil buildings in this area should consider the above-mentioned conditions. In this area, there are indicataed of faults down in several locations (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Faults down due to decreased soil
Flooding problems has never been found in this region because of the very less rainfall. By the type of porous roc, it could absorb water into the ground and also drain the water directly into the sea. Possibility of a tsunami in the region is quite small. This is because the location of Selayar Island is very far from Australian ocean plate and the Pacific Ocean. Meanwhile earthquakes are greatly rare. 6. Hidrology It is related to the type of climate and geology of the island. Ground hydrology is determined by the rivers in the Selayar island, which the discharge of the rivers water are relatively small due to the narrowness of the watershed and river systems. Amount of water is quite difficult to measure because of drainage system which is directly into the sea and low straight rock conditions, and rainfall which not support the rivers in the district of Selayar. Based on the composition of the stratigraphy and geological structure, then at the center of the region (which is the distribution of precipitate formation Walanae) is a water 23
bearing layer of rock formations that are depressed (aresian aquifes) with small to moderate water discharge (less than 1-3 liters/sec). Free ground water (groundwater Watertable) found in alluvial deposits and coastal sediment, sludge formation Walanae and the valleys are occupied by rock sedimen of Camba formations. Depth of ground water level varies depending on the state of nature and the type of rock layers. In the alluvial deposits and coastal sediment, soil water table depth levels ranging between 5-6 meters, and is strongly influenced by sea water intrusion. Free ground water can be found in the area covered by the Selayar limestone beds of the formation Walanae in the form of a limited fractured land stream or land space due to dissolution forming an underground river. Current water resources are realtively limited, so it is almost entirely utilized to meet daily needs of the population. Indication of the existence of these springs are in several areas, among others: Batangmata Sapo, Lembang Lembang, Bonto and east Tiletile, with a relatively small amount of water flow to moderate (1-4 liters/sec). Hydrogeological flow system in Selayar Island indicates the movement of water, both surface water and ground water leading to the sea waters. Aquifer is generally found in a layer of sand, gravel sand, and thin layers of limestone reefs which are Holocene age with the movement of water through the space between the grains or cavities. In the area occupied units limestone, groundwater flow is limited to cracks or spaces formed due to dissolution of underground rivers. It can be found around the area Tajuiya, Tamasongia with varying water discharge. The presence of groundwater in limestone unit is found in several places on the contact boundary with unit limestone and sandy clay with a relatively small discharge. Limitation of water resources is caused by narrowly watershed coverage, the surface of the rock structure and these elements become a benchmark to explore water resource. Therefore, the direction of land use in catchment area is stricted only for cultivation and extracting ground water resources especially in the northern part of Selayar island. Utilization of water resources in the proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is mostly intended for domestic needs. On the other hand, it is also to supply industrial activities, particularly agricultural and fishery processing products. Water catchment areas in the proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Water catchment areas in the proposed Taka Bonerate -Selayar Biosphere are influenced by the amount of rainfall and soil conditions. Rainfall is main source of water, the amount of water that falls down on the earth's surface and could be absorbed by ground water or accommodated in a natural basin (rivers, lakes, and marine) or artificial basins (dams, water barrel, etc.) is a source of water that could be directly used by all people. A large amount of rainwater that could be accommodated by land or natural basin is strongly influenced by soil texture and structure. Monthly rainfall in the district of Selayar is very low because of two wet months and four dry months. It must be type F according to 24
Schmidt-Ferguson climate classification. This type indicates that the climate is actually dry. Surface soil texture in Selayar Island is mostly a rock, with a very coarse particle size (20-200 mm). It identifies the nature of that power interception of water in Selayar island is very small. Selayar Island soil structure also affects the amount of groundwater interception. The dominant soil structure in Taka Bonerate- Selayar Biosphere has a large porosity values cause the amount of water to be intercepted to be groundwater is very low. Therefore it can be concluded that the power of interception of rain water on the islands of Selayar is very small. This identifies the amount of ground water in Selayar Island is small. B. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosfer Reserve has several types of ecosystems which has important values such as: (1) Coral Reef: Coral reefs in the region are covering 91,382 ha. Coral reefs found in the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve Taka Bonerate-Selayar consists of 68 genera of corals belongs to 63 genera of Ordo Scleractinia and 5 genera of Ordo no Scleractinia which consists of 233 species coral reef. Dominan coral families are Acroporidae, Fungidae, Faviidae and Dendrophylladae (LIPI 1995 in RPTN 1997 PSTK UNHAS 2000 TNTBR 2005). Diversity of other non-scleractinian and azooxanthellate scleractinian hard corals, and soft corals was average. All of moat common non-scleractinian hard corals were recorded and most of them were found at more than half sites. Of the soft coral families, alcyonids and nephtheids were most common, with genera Sarcophyton, Sinularia, Lobophytum, Nephthea and Parlemnalia being found at most sites. The proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve marine is home to an impressive diversity of reef-associated stomatopods that clearly substantiates this MPA’s importance from the standpoint of biodiversity conservation. While habitat diversity is not nearly as broad as that found in the Wakatobi (Southeast Sulawesi), the area nonetheless supports an extensive reef system with high diversity. While planned genetic population studies using the specimens collected herein will help discern connectivity of Selayar’s reefs with others in Eastern Indonesia, the presence of such a large number of species (and the relatively low percentage of restricted range species) certainly supports the hypothesis that Selayar marine is genetically well-connected to other reefs in the region. These three factors – extensive reefs, high diversity, and apparent strong connectivity – all underscore the conservation value (and likely resilience) of Selayar’s reefs and strongly support the prioritization of Taka Bonerate National Park for conservation and management program. The reef is a habitat for reef fishes. Results study conducted using method of the UVC at 11 stations in the District Selayar permanent plots showed that there were 21 423 25
species/ha, where the abundance of major groups of fish, fish targets, and a fish indicator row is 17,618 species/ha, 2,990 species/ha and 816 species/ha, so that a comparison between the major fish, target fish and fish indicator is 22: 4: 1. This means that for every 27 species of reef fish found in the waters along the west coast of Pasimasunggu and Pasimarannu, Selayar Island, consists of 22 major fish, 4 fish targets and 1 fish indicator. From UVC result, the highest abundance of reef fish is Chromis viridis with an abundance of 2,377 species/ha. Reef fishes that have greater abundance of 500 species/ha. The abundanance of some economically important fish obtained from UVC in permanent plots such as snapper (Lutjanidae) is 203 species/ha, groupers (Serranidae) 486 species/ha and yellow tail fish (tribe Caesionidae) 597 species/ha. Butterfly fish (Butterfly fish; tribe Chaetodontidae) which is an indicator for assessing the health of fish reef has abundance of 816 species/ha. While Napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus) found as many as 5 species/ha. Based on observations of both the RRI and UVC method conducted in this Selayar district, consists of 266 reef fish species belongs to 37 Families. (2) Mangroves Mangrove forests in the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve Taka Bonerate area of 340 ha. Some mangrove species found in the Proposed Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve area recorded 23 species from 13 families. Some mangroves found in the areas such as: Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Osbornia octodonta, Ceriops tagal, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Avicennia marina, Pemphis acidula, and Avicennia officinalis (BTN Taka Bonerate, 2010). Based on monitoring mangroves results in 2010 recorded the condition of mangroves at Taka Bonerate-Selayar area is in a good conditions. It has highest mangrove in Selayar Island. The mangroves forest in Tambolongan Island, Jampea Island, Tanamalala Island, Bonerate, Kalautoa Island, Madu Island, and Karumpa Islandis are also in good conditions, because the status of mangrove forests in this area is indigenous forest preservation. (3) SPAGs (Spawning Aggreation Site) The monitoring program of fish spawning sites (Fish Spawning Aggregations or FSAs) in the Taka Bonerate National Park began in late 2013 by conducting interviews with fishermen. The interviews result showed that there are 3 locations of the fish spawning in Taka Bonerate National Park region (Pulau Tinabo, Besar Tinanjak and Pulau Latondu). But after the survey and verification in the field, living 3 locations Fish Spawning Aggregatons are allegedly still functioning. Furthermore, routine monitoring conducted at eight locations since September 2013 for 2 species of fish target consisting of kerapu (Plectropomus leoparduse) and sunu (Cephalopolis miniata).
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(4) Seagrass Seagrass Ecosystem in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve has very important role for local people in this area. Local people usually use seagrass area as fishing spot, such as baronang (Siganus sp.), lencam (Lethrinus sp.), teripang, rajungan and many kinds of clamps. They use fishing net, stick/arrow, special fisihing net for baronang fish (kulu-kulu) and only few people using fishing hook. Beside that local people also utilize seagrass as jelly product. Eleven seagrass is recorded in the Selayar marine area that diverse in the intertidal area within coral reef ecosystem. Some seagrasses identified and known in the Selayar marine area such as Enhalusacororides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassodenron ciliatum, Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea serullata. Enhalus acoroides and Cymodocea rotundata can be found all over sandy substrate and broken reefs, whereas Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetiofolium and Halophila ovalis can be found at soft and rigid sandy substrate. (5) Cetacean Occassional sightings on Cetaceans were also noted. Particularly, sightings of dolphin s were most common in between major islands. During the surveys the following dolphin specieswere observed: Spotted, Pilot whale, Melon-headed; Spinner, and Bottle Nose, Sea Bird (monitoring location: eastern part of Selayar Island). We can see whales in that area during March to September. (6) Turtle Nesting Area Monitoring location are at Barugaya coast (Selayar Island), Belang-Belang Island, Latondu Besar Island, Latondu Kecil Island, Ampalasa Island, Lantigiang Island, Tambuna Besar Island, and Jinato Island. Poaching of turtle eggs, and illegal capture of turtles are still ocurring in the Park, as all the remaining turtle approaching beach are susceptible to human exploitation. Exploitation were likely to happen because all of these beaches are located in remote area of the park, where lack of surveillance activities or not at all during adverse weather conditions. Consumption of turtle eggs are common, especially in Selayar Island, as the local population rely on these eggs as source of food, especially, when access to many fishing ground areas are not easy when the sea condition is rough. Taka Bonerate National park had engaged in sea turtle conservation by incubating turtle eggs and then released it into the sea. This effort received support in the community and in the village Latondu Island Barugaya (Selayar Island).
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Sea turtle: Taka Bonerate National Park until 2013 monitored 4 species of sea turtle recorded from Selayar Islands that is scale turtle (Eretmochelysimbricata), green turtle (Chelonia mydas), tempayang (Caretta caretta), and lekang (Lepidochelys olivaceae). Inventory result in 2014 recorded 6 turtle species, four species as mentioned above and two others are belimbing (Dermochelys coriacea) and penyu pipih (Chelonia depresus). (7) Lagoon Ecosystem Lagoon ecosystem found in this proposed biosphere resere has several purposes for local peoples in this area, especially for keramba (fish culture), seagrass cultivation and traditional boat parking. (8) Taka Ecosystem Taka is coral shelf that does not arise on the seawater surface and is the forerunner of an island. (9) Bungin Ecosystem Bungin is a stretch of sand that appears during low tide and submerged during high tides. Traditionally, bungin has important value in people’s lives in the region of Taka Bonerate, while a reef area aroun of bungin is home to a variety of marine life rsources such as fish, shrimp, stone game, sea cucumber, and others. So, bungin ecosystem that lies in the middle of the ocean is really important. Therefore, then catching of marine products in the region must get permission from owners. (10) Atoll Ecosystem Taka Bonerate is an atoll ressfs with an area of 220,000 ha. This atoll is the largest atoll in Southeast Asia and the third in the world after Kwajilein atoll in Mashall Islands and the Suvadiva atoll in Maldives. This area has a very high level of marine diversity and as habitat for protected and endangered of marine life and species. (11) Land or Island Proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biospehere Reserve has an area of 115,665 ha land. Terestrial area is used as residential areas, farming production of food crops, plantation and horticulture (vegetables and fruits). Other production activities developed in this area are animal husbandry and some areas as limited production forest.
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High economic value of fishes There was a total of 564 fish species from 53 families recorded. Small and cryptic fish families like the Blennidae and Gobiidae were under sampled and more appropriate surveying of these families would increase the total significantly. Based on the fish diversity study, indicates that approximately more than 900 species are likely to be found throughout the Proposed Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve region. From a wide perspective the species composition of the Selayar archipelago fish fauna is a subset of the regional species pool, although a very diverse one. Selayar areas are recognized as having some of the most beautiful coral reefs in the world. The most speciose families recorded were the wrasses (Labridae), damsel fishes (Pomacentridae), groupers (Serranidae), butterfly fishes (Chaetodontidae), surgeon fishes (Acanthuridae), parrot fishes (Scaridae), cardinal fishes (Apogonidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), squirrel fishes (Holocentridae), and angel fishes (Pomacanthidae). These 10 families together accounted for approximately 70 % of the total reported fauna. The combination of high diversity at both area and site level indicates that the reef fish assemblages are in relatively good health. Although evidence of over-fishing and destructive fishing practices was present throughout the Selayar area the effects were patchy and have not yet resulted in large-scale degradation of fish and coral assemblages. If management objectives require prioritizing areas for protection a more detailed field assessment would be advisable. Nevertheless there is some evidence to suggest a particularly diverse patch at the NW end of the Selayar area. This area contains the majority of the high fish diversity sites found on the REA. Fisheries: The importance of the area for local small-scale fisheries is obvious from the number of fishers operating mostly small-scale fishing gears. A large variety of fishing gears is used catching a large variety of fish species. Fishing intensity varies between areas and has already resulted at some highly-fished locations in some low abundance of particular high value target species. About 52 % of all fishing operations observed during the Rapid Ecological Assessment were hook and line. Also as many as 7 medium scale illegal operations were observed throughout the area, which is fairly high and indicates that there is at least the perception that there is still some fish left. Interviews at the live reef fish cages confirm that a significant number of approximately 1,000-1,500 groupers are exported out of the area through local trade chains. Additionally, observations of an outside fishing operation, shows additional capture of 200 live grouper by 30 trolling boats during 3 days. This adds even more to the number of fish taken from Kaledupa reefs (Southeast Sulawesi), and leaves no value to the local economy.
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Commercial target fish: Generally, the data appear to indicate relatively higher numbers of target fish at the locations with observed lower fishing. Also on the whole, the locations with good to medium habitat conditions displayed relative larger densities of target species than sites with either lower habitat quality or with large sand or sea-grass patches. It was found at most locations, that larger fish generally were only found deep. This vertical distribution pattern is a likely result of a combination of habitat reduction at shallow depths and reef crests from significant destructive fishing and of target species population disruption from high levels of hook and line trolling for live fish. The high value species include mostly the Napoleon wrasse and some of the Epinephelidae genus and most of the Plectropomidae genus. Within the 647 individuals of Serranidae observed, only 100 individuals classify as species wanted in the live reef food fish trade. Additionally, 29 Napoleon wrasses were observed. Even when some of the observations may under represent the actual presence of these highly valued species with 100 %, 125-250 individuals observed in 25 dives with total survey time of 1,191minutes or nearly 20 hours does not appear very high. The combination of disappearing habitat from destructive fishing practices with the highly effective methods of fishing for these species that include hook and line trolling, traps and cyanide fishing forms the problem. Unless some regulations are in place to reduce the exploitation on these species, they may become near extinct. C. SOCIAL CULTURE AND ECONOMY
a.
Demographics
The population structure of Selayar Island Regency that are dominated by the working age, on the one hand is an opportunity for the growth of local investment. But on the other hand, it is precisely the condition can be a challenge when the working age population, is not accompanied by the ability and skills required by the labor market. Communities in dimension of human resources are the basis for implementing development. This component is a key factor in achieving development goals. In the context of population development in Selayar, some strategic issues can be identified, as follows: (a) The unemployment rate in Selayar Regency in 2008 is still relatively high that is 5,980 people, or 14.72 % of the 62,803 peoples of total labor force. (b) Greater concentration of population in downtown area resulting in ihgh levels of population density while the availability of residential land is very limited. (c) In general, the human development index (HDI) in the Selayar Island Regency in 2007 reached 67.39. Such conditions are still considered under IPM South Sulawesi that is 69.40 in the same year.
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(d) Life expectancy (AHH) of the Selayar Island Regency in 2007 reached 67.20 years, while the life expectancy of South Sulawesi has reached 69.40 in the same year. (e) Infrastructure support to improving the welfare of the people is not adequate, especially transportation, electricity, and water resources.
(2) Economics and Natural Resources On the economic and natural resources, some of the strategic issues that require attention, including: (a) Slow economic growth resulted in a decreased level of welfare of the people and the emergence of a variety of fundamental social problems. (b) The quality of human resources that is human resources of the government officials, private, and the community is still low. (c) Infrastructure support to improving the welfare of the people is not adequate. (d) Political institutions, local government agencies and community organizations that have not strengthened, and weak law enforcement. (e) Management of natural resources and the environment has not been fully oriented on the environment conservation. (f) The quality of public services that are carried out by the regional government agencies is still low. (3) Social, Culture and Religion and Politics In general, the culture of the people in the Selayar Island Regency, in the conduct of business economics, is oriented to meet the needs of the family (subsistence), so it is not oriented on the market (market oriented). There are several major obstacles in the development and utilization of natural resources, especially the potential of marine and fisheries, namely; (a) the technological capabilities, (b) the quality of human resources (HR), (c) the coordination and synchronization of institutional programs, (d) conducive environment that has not been created and (e) supporting infrastructure is still limited. In the field of technology, it is still faced with the limitations to provide appropriate technology and provide significant added value and ready for use (instant). It thus result in high community dependence on raw commodities markets. This resulted in the low productivity, efficiency and relative income of the communities in Selayar, especially those engaged in agriculture. The challenge of the Selayar Island Regency in the era of industrialization and free trade requires the strengthening of the business community to scale economies through new models. Model development with the modernization paradigm in praxis visible through the green revolution was only able to increase production levels. While the socioeconomic gap still looks great. The paradigm of accelerated development in the Selayar Regency that will be developed in the future, should consider the cultural aspects and the
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social structure so that really be an alternative to the model of the future strengthening of the regional economy. Behind the challenges faced in accelerating the Seayar development in the period 2005-2025, there are several promising opportunities to support these efforts. First, take advantage of the positive impact of a decrease in the exchange rate; Second, the desire of the increasing business world to invest in agribusiness and agro-industries; and Third, the less influential global demand for agricultural products in line with the fall in the price of agricultural commodities. Fourth, the increasing of local spirit to develop appropriate technologies, and fifth, the democratization, the redistribution of assets, the higher alignments to the community under, which supported by the spirit, integrity, and durability of the economic actors that are very high. Based on the above, it can be concluded that the strategic issues that need attention in the social, cultural, and political in the next 20 years are: (a) The number of poor people in the Selayar Regency is still quite high. Until 2012, there were 6,029 poor households (BPS, 2013). (b) The existence of a considerable gap between urban communities and the rural communities, especially in the smaller islands in terms of the opportunity to obtain a quality education. (c) The low quality of education in general is caused by internal and external factors. Internal factors mainly represented by the effectiveness of the learning process. (d) The condition of school facilities that needs to be repaired (e) The low level of public health (f) Physically, distribution of the good health facilities and sub health centers (Puskesmas) and other health facilities have not been evenly distributed throughout the region. (g) The efforts to improve religious and spiritual quality of life, such as the doctrine of the work ethic, discipline, respect for work performance, and so have not been entirely successful. Education The education level of the comminuty in the proposed biosphere reserve region is relatively low. Generally, the majority of people are only educated up to elementary school and Junior High School and Senior High School level. The number of people who complete their education level to a higher level is still very little. The limited of facilities of formal and informal education as well as motivational factor for school have been the factor that causing the low education level in this region. Educational facilities available in the area only elementary school, Junior High School, Senior High School and University. Elementary School can be found in all the inhabited islands namely, Tarupa Island, Latondu Island, Rajuni Besar Island, Jinato Island., Rajuni kecil Island, Pasitallu Timur Island, Pasitallu Tengah Island. While Junior High School (JSS) can only be found in some
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of the islands that is Rajuni kecil Island, Latondu Island, Tarupa Island, Pasitallu Timur Island, and Jinato Island. In recent years, the number of students up to the Junior High School and Senior High School level have already begun to increase due to the presence of Junior High Schools and Senior High School in some villages. Communities also have been sending their children outside the village as in the Benteng City and the Makassar city, in order to get a higher education. Livelihood Generally, people in the proposed biosphere reserve region depend on the fishing activity. The people's livelihood in the area is fishing and fish trader or collector, haberdasher, village government officials, civil servants teachers, medical personnel, police, soldiers who is deployed in this region. Health Each of the islands has a health center in order to serve the needs of community health. The health center can be found in Tarupa Island, Latondu Island, Rajuni Besar Island, Rajuni Kecil Island, Pasitallu timur Island, Pasitallu Tengah Island. Each pustu served by midwives or paramedics in the absence of a doctor. If there are people who need a doctor's care then they should go to General Hospital located in the capital city of Selayar Island Regency. Socio-Cultural Community in the area dominated by Bugis and Bajo ethnic and other ethnic such as Makassar, Selayar and Flores. In their daily life, they use Bugis language, Bajo language or Selayar languages. The local houses are generally a type of stage that is made of wood with a roof of palm leaves or zinc. But there are also several semi permanent and permanent houses. The main issue is the availability of clean/fresh water for daily life such as bathing, washing, cooking and drinking. Local community has already living in the core area before it is designated as National Park area. Communities inhabited inside of the core area are categorized as a special area of Taka Bonerate National Park. The local people are fishermen by utilizing the utilization area of Taka Bonerate National Park. Traditionally, local people are loyal partner in managing Taka Bonerate National Park area. Selayar Island Regency is inhabited by a variety of local and ethnic immigrants. Selayar is a local ethnic, while immigrants ethnic that could found there are: Bugis, Bajo, Buton, and the Chinese Ethnic. Historically, both local ethnic and ethnic immigrants are
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united since Selayar was known, and generally, in term of social interaction, it has never been found any inter-ethnic tensions. Beside Chinese ethnic, all existing ethnics still adhere to their own customs and culture. Their cultures have been strongly influenced by religious values (Islam) although mostly of them are still being traditional. Local values are adopted and implemented in social interaction such as the culture of "Commander Menteng" formerly strongmaintained by the people who inhabit archipelago Selayar and it is practiced in managing and utilizing the potential of marine resources. These values need to be preserved in order to keep area from damaging activities conducted by outside community in exploiting of potential resources in the sea. Therefore, in order to put the sea area on the main base of the regional economy, traditional values as the oldest cultural products were generally highly concerned about sustainability aspects and harmony in utilizing resources so it needs to conserve and being applied in Selayar. In terms of religion, Selayar society are predominantly Muslim, except Ethnic Chinese communities who are totally 99 % Christian; Even so, throughout the establishment Selayar as one of the autonomous district, there has never been found a social conflict caused by factors of race, religion, sub-race, and groups (SARA). In the institutional sector, although some institutions are found to grow and develop in Selayar, but they have not been contributed significantly an in solving the problems. Traditional institution has been inherited from their ancestors. Rera' for example, is one kind of the institutional of the farming community which aims to help accelerate agricultural clearings, without any compensation for services therein. Everything is done on the basis of the community to help others. Lampareng is also one kind of institutional in Selayar. As we know that even Selayar geographically surrounded by the sea, but most people live in the agrarian sector. Lampareng as an institution is designed to build a joint force in performing agricultural activities. One of the main enemies of farmers in Selayar is Boar. Institutional Lamparang prevents Boar prevented to attack their crops by all members of community. Both Rera 'and Lamparang are the two kinds of local institution which are now rarely found daily life of the farming community in Selayar. Their values has embedded in these institutions and become weakened along with the rigors of life and limited competition in the land's ability to meet the needs of the community. Existing institutions, was formed on the initiative of the community and is more oriented toward the same interests of its members. The values developed recently are not illustrated the last Selayar community. The local government pays attention to sustain this traditional culture by empowering community. The improved values to implement long term plan of development based on the values have been grown dynamically in Selayar community. These values include: a. Tappa 'ri Alla Ta' ala, means to believe in God the All-Seeing and Knowing so that development actors, both the district government, the private sectors and society, always guided by religious values on his all actions, words and deeds 34
b. 'Kontu Toje', means consistent and consistent to realize their goals and objectives. c. Ssamaturu, means to realize the ideals and common goals always rely on the power of teamwork. d. Siri', means that everyone will feel embarrassed if they could not behave, work, and obtain good results as everyone else did, being dishonest, and breaking the rules of religion, government regulations, and prevailing values in the community. e. Ssipakatau, means mutual respect and mutual respect differing opinions based on the values of truth and justice which are not influenced by social strata in society life. f. 'Bulo Sibatang -' Munte Sibatu, means obedient and submissive and uphold the agreement of the results of the deliberations.
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CHAPTER III BIOSPHERE RESERVE REVIEW The book of "Guidelines for Biosphere Reserve Management in Indonesia" which was launched by the National Committee of MAB Indonesia - LIPI is a document that gives sufficient information about the Biosphere Reserve. General observation is described as follows: 1. The concept of Biosphere Reserves Biosphere terminology was recently appointed in the constellation of nature conservation in Indonesia. Biosphere Reserves was introduced by Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme of UNESCO in the 1970s. According to UNESCO, Biosphere Reserves are the "terrestrial and coastal / marine or a combination thereof, internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO program on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) to promote biodiversity conservation and sustainable development, and maintaining associated cultural values". The question is "How can we reconcile conservation of biodiversity, economic and social development and maintenance of cultural values related?" To achieve the objectives of biosphere reserves as the idea of reconciliation of biodiversity conservation, socio-economic development, and preservation of cultural values, therefore the management of biosphere reserves is divided into three zones, namely the core area as a protected area, the buffer zone, and the transition area as a region development. National Parks in Indonesia are also applicable zoning system in its management, but the principle is different from zoning in the biosphere reserve. Definitions and scope of biosphere reserve described in more detail by UNESCO in the "Legal Framework of World Network of Biosphere Reserves" included in the "Biosphere Reserves: The Seville Strategy & Framework Networking World" published by UNESCO's MAB Programme. Indonesian version published by UNESCO-Jakarta Office in 2004. The first legal basis for biosphere reserves in Indonesia in 1990 by the National Law No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. This definition is stated in Chapter I Article 1 (paragraph 12). The appointment stated in Chapter IV Article 18 (paragraph1). Direction of biosphere reserves in accordance with Government Regulation referred to in Article 18 paragraph (paragraph 2). Besides that the management of biosphere reserves in accordance with Government Regulation as contained in Part II, Chapter 17 and Article 18 paragraph (1) and (2). The definition of "reserve" for the biosphere reserve is different from Nature Reserve, as biosphere reserve not only for preservation. According to the National Law No. 5 of 1990: Article 1 (paragraph 12), Biosphere Reserves are areas consisting of native ecosystems, unique ecosystems, and/or ecosystems that have been damaged and all the elements in it are protected and preserved for research 36
and educational purposes; Article 18 paragraph (1), in cooperation of international conservation, particularly for the activities referred to in Article 17, the natural reserve areas and other specific areas can be designated as Biosphere Reserves; Article 18 paragraph (2), designation of areas of nature reserves and other special areas Biosphere Reserves to be further regulated by Government Regulation. Under the National Act No. 5 of 1990, the biosphere reserve is the application of the concept of nature reserves and natural protected areas. As is known, the area consists of nature reserves Nature Reserve Area and Wildlife Refuge, while the nature conservation area consists of National Park, Nature Park, Hunting Park. At this time, the entire biosphere reserve in Indonesia, a National Park Core Zone. Clarity to the relationship between biosphere reserves and Protected Areas and Nature Conservation is achieved to be accommodated in the revision of Law No. 5 of 1990. Elucidation of Article 18 paragraph (1) states that the Biosphere Reserve is a place for research, science, and education, as well as observation and evaluation for changes in an area. The main ideas are Protected Areas and Nature Conservation into biosphere reserve because the area will become part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. However, the authority to determine the activities of research, science and education, as well as observation and evaluation for changes in the Biosphere Reserve, still on the Indonesian government authorities. Referring to conservation management, recognition of biosphere reserves, according to UNESCO is identical with the protection and conservation of natural areas (Law No. 5 of 1990) with a buffer zone. In the explanation of Article 16 paragraph (2), stated that the buffer zone located outside the area of nature protection, as other forest areas, or state-owned land under the concession area and is able to maintain nature protection areas. The management rights of buffer zones are in institutions that have rights, but how management should be based on Government Regulation. Management of biosphere reserves is not only dependent on the application of the rules and regulations to perform certain activities. Management of biosphere reserves will depend on the efforts to ensure the local community and seek their support prior to carrying out activities of MAB. With the status of biosphere reserves is to facilitate the varied structures to work together in the same field. Biosphere reserve status in all countries was established based on proposals from the government and evaluate the internationally through UNESCO. This procedure means that the national authorities and international community to develop a shared commitment to implement the approved area of biosphere reserves. The size of biosphere reserves is very relative, but at least to cover the area from a variety of unique ecosystems. Biosphere reserve is in the form of hundreds of thousands of acres of landscape mosaics, small islands of one or several, to one million acres of mixed landscape and dozens of different types of ecosystems. Nevertheless, it is logical that at each location have different problems and solutions with different problem-solving approach, based on each situation and condition.
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Although biosphere reserve requires an integrated strategy, it will be useful to divide large areas of biosphere reserves into units by taking into account social and cultural geographic factors. Certain activities can be done in this unit based on the functions and problems encountered. Other experiences can also be used as a reference for other units. Therefore, the biosphere reserve can develop management strategies that can be implemented in other areas, including areas without legal status as a biosphere reserve. 2. Zonation of Biosphere Reserves As stated in "Legal Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves", the management of biosphere reserves are managed and implemented through the zoning system, namely: (a) the core zone, (b) buffer zone, (c) a transition area (see Figure 1). The function of each zone is described as follows: a). Core Area: Core area has a long-term legal protection to save biodiversities, observing disturbed ecosystem and do some constructive research other passive activities such as education. The core area of all zones of the six Biosphere Reserves in Indonesia has a status as a National Park, so the ownership of land under the government. However, it does not mean that the Core Area of Biosphere Reserves should be a National Park. The core area can be Nature Reserve or Wildlife Sanctuary, or forest concessions, even private forest, or the custom area. The core area is protected by government regulations, pristine natural forests, or forest areas that are traditionally conserved by indigenous community institutions.
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Figure 8. Zoning concept according to the UNESCO biosphere reserve
Figure 9. Biosphere Reserve Functions
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b). Buffer Zone Buffer zone is the area around the core area and identified to protect the core area from negative impacts of human activities. In many cases, the buffer zone is a private area, or local private companies. This is in accordance with Article 16 paragraph (2) of Law No. 5 of 1990. It is mentioned that the buffer zone is an area that lies outside the area of nature protection, other forest land owned by state or concession area that is able to preserve the natural protected areas. Land rights are under the institutions that have rights, but the method of management should be based on Government Regulation. Therefore, environmentally friendly activities such as research, education, training, and certain recreational or other sustainable use can be developed. c). Transition Area Transition area is a flexible outer area and adjacent buffer areas. Similar to the buffer area, transition area largely owned by individuals, private organizations, or communities. This area is also known as an area for cooperation in which the regulated community activities. This area is a place to carry out various models of sustainable development, in which local communities, conservation organizations, local organizations, private companies and other stakeholders have agreements to manage and develop local resources. This area is also a place where the biosphere reserve introduced through cooperation between the management of biosphere reserves, the local authorities, landowners, researchers, local and central government, and other stakeholders. In general, this area is greater than other areas, and requires no boundaries beyond the obvious, which can be changed based on the existing issues. If needed, interventions that can be done by the responsible authorities in the field of administration. A group of buffer area and transition area can serve as a corridor, because it can guarantee the capacity of the core area of ecological systems. In addition to conserving biodiversity in core areas, biosphere reserves management practices also need to consider biodiversity in the area of the buffer and transition area. 3
Boundary of Biosphere Reserves
In order to have effective management, the biosphere reserve area must have clear boundaries. Clarity is needed for biosphere reserve management plan implementation and identification of stakeholders, to prevent conflicts of interest in the future. The concept will be used as a tool for analysis and evaluation so that results can be measured. From a legal perspective, the boundary of biosphere reserve should be clear. The boundary of core area must have a strong legal status and have a decision about the boundary in the field. Boundary points are based on regulations that apply to the area of nature protection, nature conservation areas, forest concession, or for an individual or
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community owned. Law enforcement for core area is important, especially related to biodiversity protection efforts, so that when violations occur, could be legal action. Buffer zone boundary does not have sufficient legal implications to be known and obeyed by all parties, but still need clarity on the field level. The existence of restrictions is needed to clarify the responsibilities of each stakeholder in the buffer zone. Boundary marker on the field should be based on regulations and recognized by stakeholders in the vicinity. The outer limits of the transition region need not to be obvious, as they may change according to circumstances. The existence of this restriction is necessary to separate between stakeholders within and outside stakeholders biosphere reserve. In principle, the existing stakeholders in the transition area are having close interaction with the core area. 4. Structure and Implementation Concept of Biosphere Reserves The structure and form of management of biosphere reserves have different legal force, budget, and staffing. Although it can be identified in general, but variations of the field conditions will determine the shape of the structure of the management of biosphere reserves. MAB-UNESCO will not hold their interest to implement a particular management structure and form. For example in Indonesia, currently there are eight biosphere reserves which have different characteristics and complexity, despite all its core areas of National Parks (except Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve), but they are in a different governance structure. Examples of this is Siberut Island Biosphere Reserve, Komodo Biosphere Reserve and Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve which located in 1 (one) Regency. Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve and Tanjung Puting Biosphere Reserve located in 2 (two) Regency. Cibodas Biosphere Reserve located in the 3 (three) Regency, while the Leuser Biosphere Reserve in 18 Regency and 2 (two) Provinces. With this condition, the application of the concept of biosphere reserves will be more complex. Generally, the management structure of biosphere reserves will involve stakeholder groups, the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation, LIPI, Universities, Directorate General of Regional Development - Ministry of Home Affairs, Planning (Regional Planning Agency), BAPPEDALDA (Regional Environmental Agency), Balitbangda (Agency for Development Research area), Local Government, Employers, NGOs, Financing Institutions, and Local CommUnities. All of these components have the responsibility for implementation of the Biosphere Reserve concept. 5.
Organizations Worldwide Network of Biosphere Reserves in the Biosphere Reserve
At the national level, the MAB National Committee is responsible for coordinating the network of biosphere reserves, although the methodology varies from one country to another. Biosphere Reserve Network in Indonesia has 8 locations. Indonesian National 41
MAB Committee has regular meetings between the management of biosphere reserves. Meetings and workshops, aims to exchange experiences and develop joint activities. This meeting was also used to establish contact with other players, such as scientists or local government, which has an important role in the management of biosphere reserves. The working group on a particular topic can be formed when needed. At the regional level, MAB-UNESCO Jakarta Office coordinates the MAB National Committees in Asia, Pacific, and East Timor State. Institutions at regional level such as SeaBRnet (Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network) and ASPACO (Asia Pacific Co-operation for the Sustainable Use of Renewable Natural Resources in Biosphere Reserve and Similarly Managed Areas) have a meeting between managers of biosphere reserves and organized on a regular basis. Institutions of regional and sub-regional start up, such as the East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network and in Africa (Biosphere Reserves for Conservation and Sustainable Development in Anglophone Africa). Furthermore, UNESCO-Paris also encourages the setting and the establishment of transboundary biosphere reserves. At the international level, the MAB Secretariat at UNESCO-Paris is responsible for coordinating the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. An international bulletin includes information about important meetings and various issues relating to the Biosphere Reserve. It is published and distributed to all members. Internet server also provides information on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves and the official website at http://www.unesco.org/mab. Group discussions have started facilitating the exchange of information between scientists and managers from various countries. UNESCO-Paris has published a directory of world Biosphere Reserve and a color map that was developed based on the main biogeography. UNESCO-Paris also has published a directory of addresses of biosphere reserves (ACCESS, 1993) and software on environmental monitoring in each place. All networks and participation members will be very important to keep the network operating and running smoothly. Network leaders have been coordinating all activities, but still need sustainable ideas and contributions from members. A network is not in a hierarchical and vertical, it is a form of horizontal organization that has a role as a medium for all members to seek their interests and contribute.
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CHAPTER IV PROPOSED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN OF TAKA BONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE In order to achieve the goal, a biosphere reserve requires a tool, such as a general strategy for the management of biosphere reserves. For the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, the general strategy is expressed in the Proposal Management Plan that aligns with the concept that all non-protected areas and conservation areas, for the purposes of forestry and non-forestry development, must be well managed and integrated with local spatial planning policy (SNBR 1995; IUCN 1994. the real goal is to achieve sustainable development of the landscape of Selayar Island region consisting of marine and terrestrial areas, forests, and communities settlements in surrounding the Taka Bonerate National Park area. A. General Management Approach
The Proposed Integrated Management Plan was developed as the materialization of responsibility, in order to create a sense of ownership among stakeholders in the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. This Proposed Management Plan is intended to deliver a clear direction for the policy that will be applied in the area. Management Plan is used as a guideline for all stakeholders and provides details of activities that must be regulated based on time and place. Therefore, the proposal of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Plan is a "living document" that can be developed based on the situation and conditions. Biosphere reserves should have a function as an agent to integrate and coordinate all of the stakeholder’s interests, with the presence of natural resources. The formulation of Management Plan of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve must consider and involve the stakeholders, namely the Taka Bonerate National Park office, Local Government of Selayar Island Regency, Forestry Service Office, Local Government Fisheries Office, Local Government Environment Office, NGOs, Universities, Scientists, Local Community Groups, and users of natural resources. This approach is slightly different from the process of developing management plans for other protected areas in Indonesia, such as National Parks. For biosphere reserves, there is no necessity of standard legal rule, because this principle lies in the linkage between basic scientific and socio-economic conditions and local culture. Therefore, the biosphere reserve is an approach to find the best method, involving the local community evidently in the process of decision-making and implementation in the form of actions. This approach also has an international dimension and foundation system. In addition, in determining the zoning system and human activities that can be done in the area, it would also involve multi-stakeholders. The main principle, biosphere reserve system is not going to be protected unless approved by the stakeholders. This is a 43
progressive attempt to determine the policies in managing ecosystem in non-protected areas. B. Core Area Management Plan Core Area Management Guidelines The main objective of the establishment of one or several core areas is to conserve biodiversity through strict protection as is done in Nature Reserves and Protected Areas. Human activities in the context of the utilization of natural resources are strictly controlled. However, scientific research activities, such as long-term observation or management practices using the principle of ecological balance can still be done. The core area is sometimes exactly the same as or similar to an area that fully protected, such as nature protected areas. In Indonesia there are many conservation areas, there are Nature Reserves (Nature Reserve and Wildlife Reserve) and Protected areas (National Park, Game Park, and Recreation Park), as mentioned in Act No. 5 of 1990 and Government Regulation no 28 of 2011. In addition, it is expected that the Management Guidelines of Biosphere Reserves will be more focus on the interaction effects between buffer zone and transition area with core area. This also applies to the relationship the biosphere reserve area with the outside areas. Core Area Management Guidelines can be determined through stages or Stages of the framework as follows: Stage 1. Knowledge inventory: Inventory of regions which have legal protection, customary regulatory and other types of protection Developing the data of inventory of flora and fauna, habitats, ecosystems, and other activities that have been done and inventory of research results. Update the list of natural resources that are based on taxonomic groups. Cultural resources (including local knowledge) and landscapes, such as inventory of sites that have beautiful objects and offers special interest. Analysis/review of references. Analysis of the history of spatial planning. The impact of human activities in the past period. The impact of human activities in the current period (during the last 10 years). Analysis of the effects of interactions between zones/regions. Inventory of research results and analysis of references would be more beneficial if the management of biosphere reserves directed to build a database.
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Stage 2. Evaluation: a.
Knowledge Evaluation
The management of biosphere reserves should be based on a good knowledge of the area. The results of the current and previous studies should be evaluated to identify gaps and to fill in the gaps. This will be needed and the results can be used for information dissemination. b. Evaluation of protection and rare value. This stage serves to identify sites and locations of features that have special appeal, to determine the relative importance of the core area and to formulate level systems to determine the priority of species and habitat protection. c.
Evaluation of various protection activities
Evaluation of the efficiency of various existing protection activities should be done, because, they can be the threat and the vulnerability of related resources. It is also important to evaluate the standards of protection activities and to ensure that these activities will be conducted on the long-term period. In addition it must be observed, particularly related to the pressure to the potential biological resources, such as the impact of tourism excessive use, from the perspective of economics, culture, and environment. It would be wise to divert the activities that have a negative impact to the buffer zone area, or made other policies, where the policy can strengthen efforts to protect core area. Stage 3. Determining Objectives Precise definition will be needed for the management of various sub-units based on different ecosystems or units in a cluster of biosphere reserves. The management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves is based on the conditions of different ecosystems. a) Identify the objectives associated with knowledge about biodiversity and the impact of human activity. Research programs, studies, and additional inventory are needed to complement existing information. The system must be compatible with the existing programs at national level. In Indonesia, there is no clear authority of institutions with the task of monitoring. For example the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) has the mandate to manage the Core Area, while LIPI as scientific authority (scientific authority). The legal basis for the Ministry of Forestry is Act No. 41 of 1999 and Act No. 5 of 1990. While LIPI based on Presidential Decree No. 178 Year 2000 45
dated December 15, 2000. In the near future, both institutions need to coordinate with each other. Exceptional for Biodiversity Indonesia, there is already National Biodiversity Information Network, located at the Biology Research Centre - LIPI. This monitoring should be able to give contribution to international monitoring programs, such as BRIM (Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring), the European Environmental Agency Monitoring Program and Sub-Program, Thematic Centre for Nature Conservation, International geosphere Biosphere Program, and so on. Research on the utilization of natural resources and the quantification on the impact of human activities, requires more attention. b) Identify management objectives The identification is based on the analysis of existing data and conducted through the following steps: (1) Determining the ideal goals (2) Determining the actors and resource users and their goals for the conservation of core areas (3) Defining the constraints such as land tenure and spatial planning, historical aspects, and natural disasters such as landslides, earthquakes, floods, and others. (4) Identifying conflicts of interests in the utilization of natural resources. (5) Setting goals that can be achieved when the Management Guidelines prepared. This step will include negotiations with stakeholders and after defining the priorities for natural resource protection projects, will be shared with users of natural resources. (6) Completing boundary of the required area. c)
Identify goals of nature protection
Proper identification to protect natural resources is important, because in the evaluation stage, the question of revision of core area or questions to take alternative protection efforts will arise when something is not right. It is believed that taking longterm protection efforts will be much better than taking an uncertain short-term policy. Stage 4. Work Plan Each goal in management, research, and protection status, should be explained in the list of activities. The implementation will be in accordance with a schedule that has been incorporated in the work plan; this also includes budget planning and proposed institutions that will responsible to finance the activities. In addition, the responsibility of managers of biosphere reserves is to coordinate partners to achieve these goals. The partners come from various stakeholders of biosphere reserves, such as: National Park Authority (Ministry of Forestry), LIPI, BAPPENAS, BAPPEDA, Balitbangda, DKP, 46
Ministry of Home Affair, University/Higher Education, Research Institutions, private sectors, NGOs, and local traditional leaders. The important thing to be done before evaluating the work plan is a necessity in describing the mechanism of action. Stage 5. Evaluation of Work Plan Evaluation is done to review each activity that has been started and to see progress in achieving certain goals. The evaluation consists of seeing the progress of each activity, analyzing the reasons of failure and success, and alternative solutions. The evaluation applies insights of ecology, sociology, engineering, and economics. Ecological insight will include changes of dimensions of time on species and their habitats when developing work plan and during the evaluation. Example of sociological insight is social changes and impacts of various activities. Example of engineering insight is a particular problem in a management based on specific techniques and examples of economic insight is that when capital and human resources used to achieve the goals. Management can re-set management objectives by considering the unforeseen events beyond the control and management, such as natural disasters, extreme weather, and so forth. C. Buffer Zone Management Plan Buffer Zone Management Guidelines Buffer zone management aims to ensure the protection of core areas and sustainable use of natural resources. In the buffer zone, human activities can be done, compatible to the preservation of biodiversity and have economic and social value. Therefore here can be performed a variety of utilization activities, such as research, training, education, outdoor recreation, and sustainable utilization of renewable resources. In buffer zone, long-term ecological observations, new practices or alternative utilization of natural resources can be assessed and evaluated economically or scientifically. UNESCO's concept of the buffer zone is in line with the concept of buffer zone in Article 16 paragraph (2) of Law No. 5 of 1990, which stated that the buffer zone is an area that lies outside the conservation area, in the form of other forest areas, state land or personal land holder and able to maintain the unity of the conservation area. Buffer zone management is still performed by regional stakeholders, but the method of management has followed the provisions as mentioned in Government Regulation. Stage 1. Identification (1) Identify the status of knowledge; particularly natural resource use and practices impact the biodiversities and status of knowledge about existing regulations, related to spatial planning. 47
(2) Identify the management and utilization of natural resources, such as agricultural activities, horticulture, and plantation, forestry, tourism, hunting, fishing, and life cycle. (3) Inventory of existing legislations such as National Spatial Planning, Provincial Spatial Planning, and regulation of Regency Spatial Planning. (4) Identify the actors involved in buffer zone, such as natural resource managers, natural resource users, potential users, and partner institution partners such as private sectors, professionals, teachers, researchers, and community groups. (5) Inventory of environmental education activities and training for adults, children and to users of natural resources. Stage 2. Evaluation (1) Evaluation of Ecological Impacts: In this step, observation of land uses is conducted primarily deals with the quality of the environment, efforts to conserve biodiversity, the possibility of natural resources to recover. (2) Evaluation of Economic Impacts: This means to calculate the real income of various activities of natural resource utilization. Therefore, an inventory of the sum of revenue contributed from each evaluation object and revenue from the objects is very much needed. In addition, the value of the market commodities with a direct value is different to the commodity that has heritage values. This is to internalize the budget range of activities within the biosphere reserve. (3) Evaluation of Social Impact: This means to identify the actors who benefit from various human activities, either inside or outside locations. This method analyzes the relevant social context (i.e, seasonal work, short-term contracts, part-time or full-time work, etc.) and measures the quality of life in general, namely level of health, education, security, freedom, and others. (4) Evaluation of the effects associated with equity: This means for analyzing natural resource use practices from a societal perspective and to inter-generational equity (equality of rights between men and women) and also from the perspective of global relations (bridging gaps between north and south). (5) Evaluation between Spatial Planning and its Implementation: One thing that needs to be added from Villeneuve procedure is to evaluate the compatibility between spatial planning and its implementation. Sometimes spatial planning has not been well implemented at the field level. Creating a table can facilitate evaluation of the interaction between natural resource users. This table can be used as a basis for further discussion on the utilization of natural resources. With this table, a particular working group can be formed to discuss solutions of any problems.
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Stage 3. Improved situation ii.
Resolve conflict of interests and its preferred solutions Among users, institutional players, and the actual land managers Related to the conservation objectives. Harmonization of interests between users and the actual land managers Evaluation of the level of consultation between the management of biosphere reserve and other partners. Advanced knowledge needs to measure impacts on the ecological, socio-economics, and culture from a variety of activities. Inventories on the suitability of spatial planning.
iii. iv. v. vi.
Stage 4. Proposal of Actions 1.
Definition of an ideal goal.
An ideal goal is a general program which can then be detailed and explained activities that compatible to activities preserving biodiversity and conserving natural resources in the buffer zone, and also activities that are compatible with strict protection in core areas. 2.
Proposed management implementation
This means to identify and assess various management practices that integrate new ideas and local knowledge about the rational utilization of natural resources. Therefore, it is necessary to: (1) Identify partners to implement pilot activities (2) Implement the protocol or a frame of reference, including approaches. (3) Identify one or more areas where it will be used for activities implementation. (4) Develop a work plan and budget. (5) Ensure the formulation of scientific observation systems and evaluation procedures. (6) Validate activities, therefore, that can be further developed and applied in other locations D. Management Plan of Transition Area Transition Area Management Guidelines Transition areas related to regional development. In this area, Biosphere Reserve managers are expected to implement the test results of sustainable development approaches. This area is an area of active collaboration between researchers, managers, local Community groups and other stakeholders to conduct a pilot project on natural 49
resource use and management of everyday issues such as garbage, water purification, sanitation, and transportation. Transition Area boundary map must be clear and needs to be shown because it is very important for training needs. Sometimes a variety of activities outside the boundary can be related to biosphere reserve. The fact is that the management of biosphere reserves will depend on external factors. For example, coastal biosphere reserves are very vulnerable to external factors such as quality of the upstream catchment basin or biosphere reserve near the industrial area (Batisse, 1990). Guidelines for the management of the transition area are in line with sustainable development plans. Research in the transition area should be directed to education and information dissemination of biosphere reserves. This will be the beginning of the activities that must be done. The initial activity is very important to increase public awareness to support the biosphere reserve. Furthermore, sometimes the biosphere reserve area closes to the city, so that cooperation between stakeholders is needed. Stage 1. Identification (1) Inventory of utilization and management of natural resources such as agriculture, forestry, tourism, industry, and others. (2) Ecological and socio-economic studies to observe the impact on biodiversity from the use of natural resources. (3) Identify problems in the environment, especially regarding the buffer zone and core area. (4) Identify key players such as indigenous communities, land managers and real users, potential users, and other institutions, private sector, professionals, teachers, scientists, and community groups. (5) Inventory of training activities, education and information for children, adults, youth, and other users. (6) Inventory of cultural activities and special events. Stage 2. Evaluation This evaluation will apply the same process, similar to the evaluation for the buffer zone. Evaluation of various activities in the transition area should be tailored to the need to promote sustainable development. Once the practices of stakeholders are identified, their impact can be evaluated by applying the same table used for the buffer zone.
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Stage 3. Work Plan Biosphere Reserves will be more acceptable to the local communities if the biosphere reserve is known as an institution whose activities will support and enhance the local economy. Therefore, the management of biosphere reserves is expected to: (a) Support the local economy, such as promoting local products or pilot projects, and assistance to achieve product branding. The development of applied technology can be used to develop new activities in rural areas. (b) Promote environment through business, for example to understand the eco-audit for the product, which explains the life cycle from raw material damage. (c) Remind institutions, and socio-professional public about their responsibilities to the environment with water pollution, air pollution and waste, and also encourage the adoption of secure technical and financial activities to avoid pollution. (d) Develop locations that able to present, demonstrate and inform the sustainable activities, such as waste management, energy, transportation, forestry, plantation, and ecotourism. E. General activities in each area of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserves 1. Guidelines for Production Activities in all areas of Biosphere Reserve a). Education, Training, and Information General activities in the biosphere reserve mean it cannot be defined based on the section of the area. Therefore, these guidelines have been trying to identify the participants, the subject and apply the best method to the entire biosphere reserve. It is also important to evaluate existing activities and facilities, and develop future plans. (1). Target Ideally, people living in the biosphere reserve, permanent or seasonal residents should get an education and training. However, the management of biosphere reserves must choose and prioritize the people who are targeted based on the capabilities available. In terms of environmental education, specific targets should be given to the younger generation. However, local people and migrants should also learn from their place of residences. The groups that are easily accessed and relatively understand environmental issues, such as a group of nature lovers conservation cadres, mountain climbers, farmers and fishermen, tourists, and visitors. Technical information to promote business that is compatible with the Biosphere Reserve should be given to the various professional groups, farmers and fishermen,
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scientists, and tourists. In addition, the popularization of scientific information should be publicized and easily understood by the public. (2). Materials The materials can be given are as follows: • General knowledge of local culture of biosphere reserve, and the nature reserve from various perspectives. • Environmental challenges and issues of biosphere reserves in relation to the topic of soil quality, water and soil, waste management, controlling industrial and residential areas, agriculture, plantations, and forest conversion. • General information and specific knowledge of the results of experiments on soil management and utilization of natural resources in the buffer zone. This should be published and informed to target commUnities. Special interests of training programs should also be prepared. Management of biosphere reserves should try to present the need to integrate research problems with the management and inform it to all target groups. (3). Methods and Facilities Management of biosphere reserves does not always have the resources, methods, and the ability to present the distribution of training or information. Basically the role of management is to identify and mobilize existing infrastructure and catalyze a variety of activities. A special effort should be made to cooperate with mass media to inform the concept of biosphere reserve. Important step is to identify the places and methods to disseminate information with the help of certain partners, such as universities, scientists, government agencies, and tourism experts. Biosphere reserves training modules are designed as part of an educational program based on the group. Age group and work can arrange education for young people closely with teachers. College can be directed to other target groups and new additional tool for the lectures will also be used. The use of Internet technology can be developed to link different groups in rural areas, even to the elementary school level. For training needs, self-made multimedia products will be useful and effective compare to other areas of multimedia products. In the biosphere reserve management guidelines, general activities focused on education, training, and information, to meet the contact list, and a variety of themes such as training plan such as: • Awareness of improved economic players at the idea of sustainable development. • Promoting sustainable development pilot projects with the involvement of various stakeholders. • Training practices for professional groups. 52
(4). Research As mentioned earlier, scientific research has a major role in the management of biosphere reserve. Participation of scientists from various fields of natural science and socio-culture would be important to describe the guidelines for management of biosphere reserves. This theme is expected based on objective knowledge of the area and the basic needs of people with long-term observations (Dyer & Vinogradov, 1990; Barnaud & Lerat, 1992). Biosphere reserve should encourage scientists to study various issues and questions on land management and supporting research programs that can provide answers to such problems and questions. (5). Tools and Techniques Biosphere reserve should have updated system of database. Initial series of the final data will accelerate the analysis and the results can be used as a basis for decision-making on management alternatives. The database must be equipped with Geographic Information System (GIS), so that data can be visualized in term of space. From this visualization, the management of biosphere reserve can see the pattern of spatial planning, the impact of land use, or observe the flora and fauna habitat that are critical to biosphere reserve zonation system. Although the data analysis with GIS is not only used as additional information to retrieve or replace political decisions, but it is also recommended published regularly (Gourmelon et al., 1996). Collecting data and information require carefulness because there are some temporary data or data that have not been checked for validity. (6). Large Scale Development Large-scale development, such as dams, roads and mines, cannot be ignored, especially if the development is directly located in the biosphere reserve. In managing biosphere reserves there should be a place for discussion whether those infrastructure projects are really needed and possible alternatives with less impact on the environment. Existing infrastructures should be evaluated to oversee the existence of necessary infrastructures. Particular attention should be given to the recovery area as a result of development activities (Lecomte et al., 1996). b. Information Dissemination of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve (a) Guidelines of information dissemination of Biosphere Reserve Understanding among stakeholders plays an important role for the successful management of the biosphere reserve. Therefore, the information dissemination of 53
biosphere reserve concept is very important for all stakeholders, which should be executed before the guidelines are implemented. To have an accurate target of information dissemination, the material should be well prepared and divided by age groups or regions. (b). Executing information dissemination. In general, a unit in the organizational structure of biosphere reserve coordinates the task of information dissemination, and it works in collaboration with relevant agencies. However, the purpose of establishing biosphere reserve is for the benefit of all stakeholders, therefore, they should understand and share information to the surrounding community. The main players of the organizers of information dissemination will initially come from the government, researchers/LIPI, universities, NGOs, and local communities, which together present the importance of Biosphere Reserve through various forums. (c). Methods There are various methods that can be implemented for information dissemination activities. Information dissemination can be developed through mass media, Internet, training, workshops, seminars, meetings, or collaboration of multistakeholders research. To support the implementation of information dissemination, specialized training is necessary for the organizers of information dissemination. For this, cooperation with universities or competent institution is required to organize the training. At the initial stage, an Ad Hoc Working Group in the management of biosphere reserves is needed to develop information dissemination materials and some of the substantial materials tailored to the target groups. Forum meetings will be used as medium at the initial stage. The forum meetings will include several levels, ranging from regions as follows: meetings at provincial and regency level and then meetings where elements of regency level are involved. From this forum, two-way communication can be developed, and also factual conditions and expectations of stakeholders at the field level can be observed. In addition, at a later stage, a list of local needs can be identified. Then this list can be used as references in the formulation of the strategic work plan of biosphere reserve. This information dissemination activity is expected held regularly through printed materials and electronic media such as television or talk shows at local radio stations. For the next stage, the information dissemination materials can be grouped based on target age, for example for students, college students, and youths in general. Therefore, the information dissemination materials of biosphere reserves can be directed as part of the local curriculum of schools and colleges.
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(d). Target Target groups of information dissemination materials of biosphere reserves are the whole society with the spread of materials based on the needs of every strata of society. To ensure the effectiveness of information dissemination materials, materials allocation should based on the background, level of education or age. In addition, materials allocation by region is also needed linked to the cultural background of the community. Allocation of target groups relate to the shape and type of information dissemination materials and methods to make them available during the process. (e). Evaluation of management guidelines Guidelines of the management of biosphere reserve should be evaluated every year, especially during the formulation of annual reports. While detailed evaluation of management guideline will be conducted every decade (ten years). Annual evaluation will describe progress in implementing the work plan prepared while direction of management is identified. Ten-year evaluation will present the successes and failures of various activities in the management of biosphere reserve. This evaluation will be used as a basis for determining the next direction or management alternatives. This might be executed due to the dynamics of networks around the world. This evaluation must be aligned with the periodic review of ten years as promoted by UNESCO (1996) in the Legal Framework for the World Network.
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CHAPTER V MANAGEMENT INSTITUTION OF TAKA BONERATE-SELAYAR BIOSPHERE RESERVE A. Management structure The functions of biosphere reserve in the implementation of its Management Plan will depend on the organizational structure of biosphere reserve management. The 8 biosphere reserves in Indonesia (with the National Park as a core area) have different management structures. Cibodas Biosphere Reserve not only has the National Park authority, also has a consortium to support the management. Meanwhile in the Leuser Biosphere Reserve, in addition to the Park authorities, there are board of managers and the scientific committee. Management of biosphere reserves is more appropriate when managed by a multistakeholder, composed of representatives from government, civil society and NGOs in the areas of biosphere reserves. For stakeholders outside the area of biosphere reserves, their roles will be concentrated to achieve objectives in consultation, advocacy, capacity building, funding support, and ideas of development in accordance with the concept of biosphere reserves. Therefore, a model of collaborative management institution will be more suited to the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Institution of this collaboration is not a structural institution, and it is a multi-stakeholder communication forums. A Coordination Management Forum will require a leading sector (eg. Local Government and National Park) who serves as the coordinator of planning, development implementation, monitoring and evaluation of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. In this context, a coordinator does not have an absolute right to make decisions, because in deciding something it has to be discussed in a multi-stakeholder communication forum. At least the role of collaborative institutions will cover important aspects as follows: (1) Develop an agreement that covers an area of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve and its zoning system, based on spatial planning policy (Regency, Provincial, or National). (2) Develop an understanding of the vision, mission and objectives of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. (3) Integrate development planning and policies of stakeholders within the landscape of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. (4) Monitor the implementation of laws and regulations by the stakeholders of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. 56
(5) Formulate a plan of activities and priority of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve synergistically (6) Formulate solutions to problems occurred and the possibility of different interests among stakeholders. (7) Develop a proposal to seek funding opportunities from potential donor agencies. A Decree of the Minister of Forestry No P.19/Menhut-II/2004 dated October 19, 2004 on the Collaborative Management of Nature Conservation and Protected Areas, has been used as the general reference and foundation for stakeholders in developing collaborative management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. B. Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board Management Coordinating Board of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is established in accordance with the Decree of the Regent of Selayar Island Regency No. 02/I/Tahun 2015 dated January 05, 2015 on the Establishment and Coordination Forum for the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. 1.
Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board has functions as follows:
a.
Develop the vision; mission and objective of the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management based on the integration of formal and non-formal (adat) management principles. Provide general direction on the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve management in line sustainable and synergy with the policy on the Spatial Planning of the Selayar Island and Management Planning of the Taka Bonerate National Park. Give approval or rejection of the development activities program that are considered different with spatial planning of Selayar Island Regency and Management Plan of Taka Bonerate National Park and Socio-culture aspect of Selayar socities. Facilitating the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve development Provide decision or solution on different interest in the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management.
b.
c.
d. e.
2.
Forum
a.
Formulation of general policy, coordination and communication mechanisms for the implementation of the concept of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Implementation of coordination and communication between stakeholders in the implementation of the concept of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve.
b.
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c.
d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Implementation of initiation, mediation, advocacy to different interests and perceptions among stakeholders in the implementation of the concept of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Develop priority development program of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Implementation of networking, cooperation and communication with forums or similar bodies, including the world network of Biosphere Reserves (MAB - UNESCO). Provide solutions to the different interests in the management of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve. Make plans in the filed of financial of the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Develop guidelines for monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of biosphere reserve concept in the Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve Management In the framework of coordination, planning activities, Forum hold regular meetings three time a year Develop proposal of the development activities of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve
The Forum of Management Coordination of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves consists of: (1) Board (2) Chairman (3) Vice Chairman (4) Secretary (5) Deputy Secretary (6) Division of Conservation, Education and Research (7) Division of Community Empowerment (8) Division of Sustainable Development and Eco-Friendly (9) Secretariat: Bappeda of Selayar Island Regency The tasks of each element in the Forum of Management Coordination of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves are as follows: Chairman, has the task to: • Provide general guidance on the management of biosphere reserve in a sustainable manner that synergic with the policy of Spatial Planning of Selayar Island Regency and Taka Bonerate National Park Management Plan. • Create understanding of the vision, mission and objectives of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. • Integrate activities of stakeholders in the region of Selayar Island Biosphere Reserve in accordance with the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves Management Plan. 58
• Make a plan of prioritized activities of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves synergistically and environmentally sound. • Approve the plan and the prioritized activities of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve synergistically and guidelines for best management practices of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. • Provide solutions to the different interests in the management of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve. Vice Chairman has the task to: Assist the Chairman in formulating public policy, coordinating, and reporting the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Secretary has the task to: • Assist the tasks of the Chairman and the Division of Secretariat. • Act as Treasurers of Management Board, including managing the funds generated from Management Board activities, such as fund raising and CSR funds management, environmental services, and others. • Prepare materials in order to accelerate the tasks of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves Management Coordinating Board. • Facilitate the implementation of the work schedule activities of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board. • Compile reports on the activities results of each field periodically to the Governor and the Director General of Forest Protection and the Nature Conservation as well as financial statements. • Prepare, develop, and disseminate related information of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. • Receive input from other stakeholders for Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves Management Coordinating Board. Division of Coordination of Conservation, Education and Research, has the task to: • Formulate various policies of program implementation development of Division of Conservation, Education and Research in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere reserve. • Coordinate relevant agencies and other fields in the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves Management Coordinating Board in the preparation of activities. • Synergize the conservation program in level of ecosystem, species and genetic with development plan of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve • Integrate and synergize the program development of Division of Conservation, Education and Research with the Development Plan of Selayar Island Regency and the Management Plan of Taka Bonerate National Park and Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. 59
• •
Develop proposal of activities to develop Division of Conservation, Education and Research in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. In the framework of coordination, planning activities, the division hold regular meetings four time a year
Division of Community Empowerment has the task to: • •
• • • • •
Formulate various policies in implementing development programs of the Division of Community Empowerment in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosfer Reserve. Coordinate relevant agencies and other fields in the Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board of Taka Bonerate-Selayar in developing planning activities. Prepare guidelines for development of the Division of Community Empowerment in the area of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Develop proposals of development activities for the Division of Community Empowerment in the area of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Inventory and analyses the problem of the community development program and provide solution Develop report, evaluation and monitoring on the community development program periodically In the framework of coordination, planning activities, the division hold regular meetings four time a year
Division of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Development has the task to: • •
• • • • •
Formulate policies in implementing Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Development in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Develop coordination with relevant agencies and other fields in the Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board of Taka Bonerate-Selayar in arranging planning activities. Develop guidelines for Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Development in the area of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Develop proposals of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Development activities in the area of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Inventory and analyses the problem of the Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Development activities and provide solution Develop report, evaluation and monitoring on the Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Development activities periodically In the framework of coordination, planning activities, the division hold regular meetings four time a year
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C. Joint Secretariat The establishment of Joint Secretariat aims to carry out routine administration of Coordinating Board, and will take part as the center of the distribution of information. Location of the Joint Secretariat is advised in Banteng City (Capitol of the Selayar Island Regency). Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is expected as a model for other regions; therefore, the Joint Secretariat will cooperate with mass media (newspapers, radio, and television). For the public interest, the Joint Secretariat also develops a website of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. D. Scientifique Committee The Management Board has direct working relation with the Scientific Committee, which has member of the representative of research institution such as LIPI, Research and Development Agency for Fishery, Universities, and researchers. One of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Board’s duties is to mobilize the scientists to have active roles in the program and research activities on the utilization of peat swam forest resources which relevant to sustainable development, or related topic to the global change. The interdisciplinary research, in the mid term and long term, is one of Biosphere Reserve objectives. On the implementation at the field level, there are some constraints: The applied research is not desired by researcher. This happens particularly in developed countries since the basic research is more interesting for scientific career, compared to the applied research. Therefore, the applied research is not well developed. Actually this kind of research is needed by the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Board, especially in its efforts to improve the local community welfares. It is not easy to develop a research program, whether relevant or irrelevant to the Biosphere Reserve management. The program will face different time scale problems. The Management Board will need quick response to solve the problems, meanwhile the scientist, the ecologist, need period of time to work and will take time before providing the problem solution. Difficulties to communicate the research results to the resource manager or user. There are many research results which have been collected; unfortunately they are difficult to be understood by the manager and non-scientist group. Therefore, it needs specific media and method, such as popularizing the research results by presenting them on meeting, group discussion, seminar, workshop, and training. Only few of good cooperation between specialized scientist from all science discipline and the Biosphere Reserve management authority. It is believed that scientific institution and the scientist will have interest to cooperate with the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Board when the human resource, logistic, and funding are available. Therefore, the funding allocation 61
to support the research activities has to be included in the annual fiscal year budgeting of the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management. E. Representative of Community/NGOs In the management of Biosphere Reserve will need a forum to gather the representative of local community and other non governmental organization, even it is not an obligation. This formal non-institution representative is needed, considering this group can be a custom institution, local youth organization, cooperative, and others and the numbers will be very big if each member is directly under the Management Board. This group network has to be developed and maintained, because its members have important role for the direct implementation of most activities and support the achievement of Biosphere Reserve management. Coordination Forum and Management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve can be seen in Figure below. Board: 1. 2. 3. 4. Chairman Vice Cahirman Members 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Regent of Kepulauan Selayar Regency Vice Regent of Kepulauan Selayar Regency Secretary of Kepulauan Selayar Regency Head of Local Communities (Adat) : Head of Planning Development Program of Kepulauan Selayar Regency : 1) Head of Marine and Fishery Agency, Kepulauan Selayar Regency 2) Head of Taka Bonerate National Park :
All Head of Local Government Agencies of Kepulauan Selayar Regency Chairman of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, LIPI Executive Director of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, LIPI Research Institutes: LIPI, Research and Development of Forestry, Research and Development of Marine and Fishery Universities: University of Hassanudin, Makasar NGOs: Yayasan Econatural Society Private Sector: Selayar Island Resort Society Group: Turtle Village Group, Sileya Scuba Divers, etc.
62
Management Coordination Forum of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve
Secretariat Agency of Development Planning of Selayar Island Regency
TRUST FUND
Division of Coordination of Conservation, Research and Education
Scientific Assembly
Division of Coordination of Sustainable Development and Environment Friendly
Coordinator: Head of Taka Bonerate National Park
Coordinator: Head Environement Agency
Members: 1) All Head of Agencies (SKPD) of Local Government of Selayar Island Regency 2) Executive Director of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, LIPI 3) Research Institutes: LIPI, Research and Development of Forestry, Research and Development of Marine and Fishery 4) Universities: UNHAS 5) NGOs: Econatural Society Foundaion 6) Private Sector: Selayar Island Resort 7) Society Group: Turtle Village Group, Sileya Scuba Divers
Members: 9) Head of Taka Bonerate National Park 10)All Head of Agencies (SKPD) of Local Government of Selayar Island Regency 11)Executive Director of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, LIPI 12)Research Institutes: LIPI, Research and Development of Forestry, Research and Development of Marine and Fishery 13)Universities: UNHAS 14)NGOs: Econatural Society Foundaion 15)Private Sector: Selayar Island Resort 16)Society Group: Turtle Village Group, Sileya Scuba Divers
of
The Division for Economic Development and Community Empowerment Coordinator: Head of Development and Community Empowerment of Selayar Island Regency Members: 1) 1) Head of Taka Bonerate National Park 2) All Head of Agencies (SKPD) of Local Government of Selayar Island Regency 3) Executive Director of the Indonesian MAB Program National Committee, LIPI 4) Research Institutes: LIPI, Research and Development of Forestry, Research and Development of Marine and Fishery 5) Universities: UNHAS 6) NGOs: Econatural Society Foundaion 7) Private Sector: Selayar Island Resort 8) Society Group: Turtle Village Group, Sileya Scuba Divers
Figure 10. Structure of Coordination Forum of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve Management
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CHAPTER VI ACTION PLAN A. Program Priority Based on the policy, vision, mission, goals and objectives of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, the management programs of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve are described in the form of activities based on scale of priorities every 5 (five) years, described as follows: 1.
Protection and Conservation of Natural Resources Programs with the following main activities:
(a) Establishment of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve area Establishment of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve area is implemented for the reserve management effectiveness that aims to obtain a clear legal certainty with the arrangement and provision of boundary of the area, the division of management spacesbased on functions embodied in the form of activities, arranging boundaries outside the area and zoning system of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, monitoring and evaluation of zoning, as well as information dissemination and protection of zoning. (b) Management of biodiversity and ecosystems of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management of biodiversity and its ecosystems of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve aims to preserve natural resources and its ecosystem according to the establishment and designation purposes of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, to be able to fulfil the function of life support systems protection, preservation and utilization of diversity of plants and animals and their ecosystem, and sustainable use of biodiversity and its ecosystem optimally for the benefit of scientific research, education, cultivation, culture, nature tourism and community participation. This will be materialized in the form of surveys (identification and inventory) and monitoring of natural resources, especially to the eight conservation targets and also to resources that have the potential to be developed as an alternative livelihood (corals, fish spawning areas, mangroves, seagrass beds, cetaceans, turtles, habitat for shore birds, marine and coastal species that provide economic benefits, the pattern of utilization of natural resources, and potential nature tourism) and the management of ecosystems, habitats, and population (development of coastal habitats of turtle nesting beaches, mangrove ecosystems restoration/rehabilitation, restocking turtles and seven eyes (Abalon sp.), the development of marine aquaculture and breeding of animals (turtle). 64
Exploration of surveys and monitoring should be run regularly, intensive and sustainable, the survey and exploration works are necessary to find new potential natural resources that may become the key of preserving the area. Sustainable monitoring will ensure up-dated data, so analysis of the status and condition of natural resources become more representative. Surveys and monitoring that are done not only on natural resources but also the interaction and impact of its utilization. (c) Protection and patrolling of the area Protection and patrolling activities of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve area is focused in preventing and combating stealing crimes or illegal marine harvesting (illegal fishing), such as the use of explosives/chemicals (Potassium Cyanida) in fishing, which may cause wider ecosystem damage to the aspects of economic, ecological, social and cultural rights. Some of the major factors causing the occurrence of illegal fishing are: (1) explosives/chemicals that are still considered as a tool/material that bring huge profits easily and quickly, (2) there are network of illegal fishing product collectors, (3) there are network of suppliers of explosives raw material (Ammonium Nitrate) and chemical (Potassium Cyanida), (4) weak law enforcement, (5) high demand of living fish from abroad, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan, (6) socio-economic conditions of communities within the region; and (7) inadequate human resources, infrastructure and operational funds for protection and patrols. There is a huge losses in the aspect of ecology where the survival of hundreds of plants, corals and animals species in the reserve are threatened and its recovery take a long period of time. Extinction of one element will affect the ecosystem as a whole because its function cannot be replaced by another element. Obvious losses are seaweed damaged/dead due to the use of chemicals (Potassium Cyanida). Therefore various measures/efforts to reduce prevent and combat the destructive activities and the circulation of the protected plants and animals are continuously conducted functionally and jointly (collaboration) together with Selayar Island Regency Government, NGOs and various elements of society. Protection and patrolling activities of Taka Bonerate National Park area will be realized through the following activities: (1) Patrolling the area both functionally and jointly in the form of routine/regular and sudden patrols; (2) Capacity building of rangers and protection institutions in the form of education and training, refresher courses, visit study and internships for rangers and investigators; (3) The legal settlement of a case/cases of violations occurring within the region of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve.
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(d) Development of environmental services and eco-tourism Development of environmental services and eco-tourism in Taka Bonerate-Selayar tobi Biosphere Reserve is implemented in order to develop environmental services and eco-tourism products that can generate economic benefits from natural resources exist in the region to provide business opportunities to the communities, local governments and the business world by creating a competitive business condition, creating basic infrastructure for tourism development, supported and embodied by the promotion and information dissemination of tourism potencies of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves (exposure); development of tourism management, implementation of permits and entrance fees as well as mechanism of licensing and standards for eco-tourism businesses in the utilization zone of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. It is also necessary to develop other potential environmental services such as carbon from mangrove forests, and others. (e) Development of science, environment education and research Besides monitoring and survey of natural resources and their utilization as the basis for the activities of science and research development, there is also a need to develop other research activities that assess the potency of fisheries that can be developed as an alternative sustainable livelihood. One of the trigger pressure on Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve’s area is the local Community’s high dependencies on natural resources (marine) in the area of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, therefore, it is necessary to develop research, development of alternative sustainable livelihoods (alternative sustainable livelihood) that does not interfere with the preservation of natural resources in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve region so that it is expected that the pressures on Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves area will be reduced such as through the development of marine aquaculture and the development of households industries to support other sectors (tourism, fisheries, etc.). 2. Programs of developing the capacity of Natural Resources and Environment management, with following main activities: (a) Increasing institutional capacity of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves Management Coordinating Board. Increasing institutional capacity of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Coordinating Board is implemented in order to build solid institutional management supported by qualified human resources based on qualifications and competence appropriate to the needs of management. This is manifested in the form of activities: (1) Preparation of human resources formation planning: 66
(2)
Improve the capability and professionalism of Human Respources Management Coordinating Board Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve through education and training, refreshing courses, internships and visit study to support an effective management of the reserve.
(b) Planning and control of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve management Planning and control of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve management are carried out with management objectives based on and refer to the systematic planning according to priorities supported by guidance and control mechanisms and its accountability. This will be realized through the preparation of management plan for 20 years, 10 years, 5 years and annual monitoring and evaluation of any implemented activities. (c) Development of collaborative management system of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Development of collaborative management system of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is the implementation of an activity or a problem solution in order to support the management effectiveness improvement of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves jointly and synergistically by the stakeholders on the basis of understanding and mutual agreement in accordance with the laws and regulations. This is manifested in the form of activities: (1) The establishment of collaborative management mechanism by creating a design/model of joint management mechanisms, implementation of joint management mechanism model, the formation of the organization/place for collaborative management consultation of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve and the determination (position, function and role of stakeholders in the management collaboration); (2) Strengthen the consultative forum of the stakeholders by facilitating training/courses, facilitating regular meetings at village level once a month, at sub-Regency level per 3 months and Regency level per 6 months; (3) Formulation and implementation of mechanisms of complaint (grievance mechanism) by designing a mechanism and its implementation. (d) Development of partnership in the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Development of partnerships in the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve is a manifestation of the paradigm of protected areas management as part of multi stakeholders responsibilities by establishing cooperation to support the 67
Biosphere Reserve management through developing cooperation with institutions/agencies/other parties for its management effectiveness and management capacity building (government, NGOs, educational institutions, groups/community agencies) within the scope of local, regional, national and international as well as developing collaborative management mechanisms (drafting of the MoU of collaborative management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, preparation of joint work plans and its implementation and joint monitoring & evaluation). (e) Financing the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. Financing the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves is directed to support the effective management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves sustainably in the form of budget planning of the management needs, design a sustainable funding mechanism, setting the standard costs of management component of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve and accountability of funding that includes financial management, financial administration, reporting and supervision. (f) Implementation of office’s administrations and internal services. Implementation of office’s administration and internal services are intended to support the acceleration of the implementation of office’s administration and internal services as an integral part of the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves which overall are applied in the form of salaries management, honoraria and allowances, operational of office administration, maintenance of facilities and infrastructure, and carrying out offices’ administration, archives, libraries and documentation (Printing, publishing, copying, laminating, documentation). (g) Development of regulations that support the management of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve Development of regulations that support the management of Biosphere Reserves is intended as the materialization of integrated laws and regulations in the field of conservation of natural resources and its ecosystems into the draft local regulations so that the direction of improvement and development of Selayar Island Regency will be in line with Taka Bonerate National Park management objectives by encouraging the drafting formulation of local government legislation that supports the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve such as the draft regulation of collaborative management, setting fishing gear, Regency Area Spatial Planning counties and availability of entrance fees and tariffs on tourism activities in the area, and others.
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3.
Awareness Program, Increasing Participation and Community Empowerment in and Around the Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve, with the following main activities:
(a) Increasing public awareness and nature lover development Increasing public awareness and nature lover development is intended to further increase Community’s understanding and awareness on the importance of conservation of natural resources and its ecosystem. So they can be more active directly in the conservation and protection of natural resources activities in Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve. To realize this purpose, there are several activities to be implemented, namely: extension and information dissemination, Community groups/youth development, and establishment and development of Conservation Cadre (KK), the development of collaborative implementation of local curriculum-based natural resource management, and monitoring and evaluation. (b) Development of Community participation. Development of Community participation is intended to encourage active public roles to be increased in the field, so that the management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves will be more effective and efficient and receive supports from the Community and all parties. This is realized through beaches cleaning, mangrove tree planting and Community’s preventive patrol. (c) Community empowerment Community empowerment is intended to encourage increasing utilization of potencies of the Community, to accelerate public welfare improvements around the area and their supports to the areas in the preservation of natural resources through the following activities: strengthening the capacity of communities and marine resource user groups, Community economic development of resource users in the buffer zone, the development of sustainable alternative economic enterprises for the Community and resource user groups. 4.
Programs of increasing access to information of natural resources and environment, with main activities
(a) Development of information and communication systems of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserves. Development of information and communications systems of Taka BonerateSelayar Biosphere Reserve is intended to ease and accelerate access to information and 69
communication about Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve to the public (national and international) as a medium of education, outreach and promotion. To realize this, activities will be carried out as follows: data base development, publicity through mass media (TV, radio, newspapers and magazines), making brochures, newsletters, leaflets and posters), websites and exhibitions. 1.
Planned Activities
Based on its policy, vision, mission, objectives, programs and strategies so then the long-term management plan of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserves are elaborated into the coverage of biosphere reserve scope that covers the management of the area, natural resources management, institutional management based on the priority scale per 5 (five) years as enclosed in a matrix management plan. Table 1. Matriks Management Plan of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve 2015/162020
No
Activities
I 1.
Planning Development Implementing of Management Plan Year 2016-2020
2.
3.
4.
Multistakeholders Workshop on Implementation of the Management Plan (Discussion Year 2015-2020), three times meeting a year Development of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve Annual Management Plan
Development of Action Plan of ecosystem services
Source Budget
of
National Gov Budget (NGB), Local Gov Budget (LGB), and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding (NGOs, CSR, donor, grant) NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding (NGOs, CSR, donor, grant) NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding (NGOs, CSR, donor, grant)
Implementing Institution
2015 / 2016
2017
Year 201 8
2019
2020
All parties (stakeholders)
√
√
√
√
√
Forum of Coordination Management
√
√
√
√
√
Forum of Coordination Management
√
√
√
√
√
Forum of Coordination Management
√
-
-
-
-
70
5.
II A 1.
2.
B 1.
2.
3.
C 1.
2.
Implementation of Action Plan of Ecosystem Services (include: eco-tourism)
Conservation Program Zonation System Socialization of zonation system of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve to all stakeholders
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding (NGOs, CSR, donor, grant)
Taka Bonerate National Park, Local Government, NGOs, Private Sector and local community
√
√
Forum of Coordination Management (Taka Bonerate √ √ National Park and Local Government) Revitalization and Development Forum of NGB, LGB, and of Zonation System Coordination other legitimate Management source of (Taka Bonerate √ √ funding (NGOs, National Park CSR, donor, and Local grant) Government) Strengthening of Legal Aspect of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Establishment of Local NGB, LGB, and Government Regulation on other legitimate Local √ √ Sustainable Development source of Government Program funding Strengthening of the local Taka Bonerate community wisdom in the National Park, natural resources management NGB, LGB, and Local other legitimate Government, source of NGOs, √ √ funding (NGOs, Universities, CSR, donor, Research grant) Institution, Local Community Strengthening the Taka NGB, LGB, and Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere other legitimate Local Reserve status become source of Government and √ √ Nationa Strategy Area funding (NGOs, Taka Bonerate CSR, donor, National Park grant) Strengthening Institution Management of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Strengthening the Cordination Local NGB, LGB, and Management Forum of Taka Government and other legitimate Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Taka Bonerate √ √ source of Reserve National Park funding (leading sector) Strengthening Communication, NGB, LGB, and Local √ √ Coordination and Cooperation other legitimate Government and NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding (NGOs, CSR, donor, grant)
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
71
between parties (MoU, LoA, etc.) 3.
D 1. a.
b.
c.
d.
2. a.
b.
c.
source of funding
Taka Bonerate National Park (leading sector) Legal aspect of the Coordination Coordination Management Management NGB, LGB, and Forum of Taka BonerateForum of Taka other legitimate Selayar Biosphere Reserve Boneratesource of (Degree of Regent, Decree of Selayar funding Governor, or Decree of Biosphere President) Reserve Management of Natural Resources and the Ecosystem Management of Biotic Resources Inventory and economic Research NGB, LGB, and valuation of flora, fauna, and Institution, other legitimate ecosystem type Universities, source of National Park, funding NGOs Study on habitat and population Research NGB, LGB, and of rare flora Institution, other legitimate Universities, source of National Park, funding NGOs Study on habitat and population Research NGB, LGB, and of rare fauna Institution, other legitimate Universities, source of National Park, funding NGOs Monitoring and evaluation of Research NGB, LGB, and biodiversity richness and Institution, other legitimate potency (ecosystem, species, Universities, source of and genetic) National Park, funding NGOs Management of Non-Biotic Resources Identification and potency Research valuation of ecosystem Institution, NGB, LGB, and condition Universities, other legitimate National Park, source of Local funding Government, NGOs Securing the watershed from disturbances Local Building information, NGB, LGB, and Government, direction, and prohibition other legitimate National Park boards source of and Private funding Sector Local Socialization to the local NGB, LGB, and Government, community other legitimate National Park source of and Private funding Sector Management and utilization of water resources
√
√
√
-
-
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
-
-
√
√
√
-
-
√
√
√
√
√
√
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√
-
-
√
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√
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√
√
72
Identification of potential ecosystem resources (water resources)
Developing guidelines
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
technical NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
d.
Conservation Development Model Development of NGB, LGB, and Conservation Village Model other legitimate source of funding Tree adoption and local community participartion
E 1
2
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Protection and Rehabilitation Program Protection and conservation of biodiversity (flora and fauna) NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Rehabilitation, revitalization, and control of protected function, natural preservation and species conservation
3
Development of core function (conservation economy development)
area and
4
Monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity in core area
5
Reforestation program (tree adoption), rebiosation, regreening of degraded area,
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of
Local Government, National Park and Private Sector Local Government, National Park, Universities, Research Institution, NGOs and Private Sector National Park, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector National Park, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector National Park, Universities, Research Institution, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector National Park, Universities, Research Institution, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector National Park, Universities, and Research Institution National Park, Universities, and Research Institution National Park, Universities, and Research
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
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√
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73
etc.
6
III. A 1.
2.
3.
funding
Coral reef restoration (replantation of coral reef)
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Information Development and Services Desemination and socialization program Creating the series of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve information book NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Printing leaflet, brochure, poster of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Printing buletin NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
4.
Developing film/slide
documentary NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
5.
Exhibition of natural resource conservation
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Institution, Local Community, NGOs National Park, Universities, and Research Institution, Local Community, NGOs
National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research Institution, NGOs, Local Community and private sector National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research Institution, NGOs, and private sector National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research Institution, NGOs, and private sector National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research Institution, NGOs, and private sector National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research
√
√
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74
Institution, NGOs, Local Community and private sector 6.
7.
8.
Exchange study with Biosphere Reserve
other
Building information interpretation board
and
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Improving the library of Taka Bonerate Biosphere Reserve NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research Institution National Park, Local Government, Universities, Research Institution, NGOs, and Private Sector, Local Community Local Government, and Private Sector
9
Develop local broadcast: Radio and TV
10
Socialization Biosphere Reserve Development Program
B 1
Workshop, Seminar, Conference Local workshop (for NGB, LGB, and stakeholders of Taka Bonerate- other legitimate Selayar Biosphere Reserve) source of funding National Workshop
Coodination Management Forum and all parties
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Coodination Management Forum and all parties
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Coodination Management Forum and all parties Coodination Management Forum and all parties
2
3
International Workshop
4
Spesific workshop (introduction of new strategy, new appropriate technology, new information), etc.
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Universities, Research Institution
Coordination Management Forum
√
√
√
√
√
√
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75
IV A 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.
3.
Development Program Potency Utilization and Nature Tourism Development Development of nature tourism Local NGB, LGB, and destination/object and its Government, other legitimate infrastructure National Park, source of Community and funding Private Sector Development of nature tourism Local NGB, LGB, and packages Government, other legitimate National Park, source of Community and funding Private Sector Visitor management plan NGB, LGB, and Local other legitimate Government, source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Manage the services of NGB, LGB, and Local information, interpretation, and other legitimate Government, guiding source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Training of nature tourism NGB, LGB, and Local guides other legitimate Government, source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Development of environmental NGB, LGB, and Local services utilization activities other legitimate Government, source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Development of nature tourism NGB, LGB, and Local services and infrastructures other legitimate Government, source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Training and educating the local NGB, LGB, and Local Community for nature tourism other legitimate Government, activities source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Interpretation and Conservation NGB, LGB, and Local Education other legitimate Government, source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector Development of Interpretation NGB, LGB, and Local and Conservation Education other legitimate Government, source of National Park, funding Community and Private Sector
√
√
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4.
5.
6.
B 1
Development of Biosphere Reserve Information Center
Development of Biosphere Reserve Visitor Center
Development of Natural Resource Collection Plot in Selayar Island Regency
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Local Government, National Park, Community and Private Sector Local Government, National Park, Community and Private Sector Local Government, National Park, Community and Private Sector
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Production Activities Development Production development:
Fishery
Seagrass cultivation
Marine exploitaion
Agriculture (food plant, horticulture, plantation)
Animal husbandry (chicken, cow, lamb, goat, buffalo, etc.) 2
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Development of best practice, local technology approval in production activities (fishery, agriculture, animal husbandry) Cultivated method
Production system (processing and handling)
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector
77
V A 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Post harvest management
Packaging and marketing
Logistic Support Research and Development Research on eco-marine
Research on biodiversity potency
valuable
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Local Government, Community and Private Sector Local Government, Community and Private Sector
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Participatory Research on potency and problems of socio economic and culture at villages, Selayar Island Regency
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Participatory Research on potency and problems of socio economic and culture in Selayar Island Regency
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Research on ecotourism potency
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Empowerment of the Community socio economic and culture in Selayar Island Regency
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Empowerment of the community socio-economic and culture in Selayar Island Regency
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
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B
VI A. 1.
2.
3.
B. 1.
2.
4.
Environment Education (ESD) ESD for student (Primary, Junior, Senior High School, and University)
Research √ Institution, Universities, National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Research √ ESD for staff of local NGB, LGB, and other legitimate Institution, government and national source of Universities, park funding National Park, NGOs, and private sectors NGB, LGB, and Research √ ESD for key stakeholders other legitimate Institution, source of Universities, funding National Park, NGOs, and private sectors NGB, LGB, and Research √ ESD for community other legitimate Institution, source of Universities, funding National Park, NGOs, and private sectors Natural Resources Protection (Forest, Coral Reef, Marine, Coastal, etc.) Seizing the illegal activities (fishing, trading, etc.) and encroachment practices Regular joint patrol with Patroli NGB, LGB, and National Park (Forest Ranger, Company staff, other legitimate and Local √ Selected community) source of Government funding Joint Operation (Police, NGB, LGB, and National Park, Regional Government, Natural other legitimate Police and √ Resource Agency, Regional source of Local Forest Services, etc.) funding Government Integrated socialization to the NGB, LGB, and National Park Community with other sectors other legitimate and Local √ source of Government funding Law Enforcement Develop coordination and NGB, LGB, and National Park cooperation on the forest other legitimate and Local √ protection source of Government funding Develop security information NGB, LGB, and National Park, network other legitimate Police and √ source of Local funding Government Consistent law enforcement NGB, LGB, and National Park other legitimate and Local √ source of Government funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
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VII A. 1.
2.
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4.
B. 1.
2.
3.
4.
C. 1.
2.
VIII 1.
CAPACITY BUILDING Organization Identification of stakeholders roles
Establishment of Management Institution and Management Agency Coordination meeting of Management Institution (Agency/Body) Coordination meeting Management Unit
of
Personnel Increasing the personnel number through recruitment and internal mutation Course, training, education for improving the personnel quality, especially CPU (Conservation & Protection Unit) Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Career education for government officer/company staff Improve the work discipline and incentive for staff
Law and Regulation Equip the law and regulation with technical guidelines
Implement the law and regulation into clear, distinct policy and consistent in the field implementation
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Coordination Management Forum
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Coordination Management Forum
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Coordination Management Forum
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Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government
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NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
COORDINATION AND COOPERATION External Coordination of NGB, LGB, and Management Body and other legitimate
Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government Coordination Management
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Management Unit
2.
IX. 1.
2.
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6.
Partnership and Cooperation Development with the elements of: government, private, university, research institution, NGOs, etc. INFRASTRUCTURE Build/rent/renovation for the office Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management Body, 300 m2 in Benteng, Selayar Island Build/rent for official residence, 100 m2 in Benteng City, Selayar Island
source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Forum, National Park and Local Government Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government
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Coordination Management Forum, National √ √ √ Park and Local Government NGB, LGB, and Coordination other legitimate Management source of Forum, National √ √ √ funding Park and Local Government Build/rent/renovation for District office of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve @ 100 m2 NGB, LGB, and Coordination Selayar Island other legitimate Management source of Forum, funding National √ √ √ Park and Local Government NGB, LGB, and Coordination Taka Bonerate Islands other legitimate Management source of Forum, funding National √ √ √ Park and Local Government NGB, LGB, and Coordination Tinabo Island other legitimate Management source of Forum, funding National √ √ √ Park and Local Government NGB, LGB, and Coordination Jinato Island other legitimate Management source of Forum, funding National √ √ √ Park and Local Government Electrical Installation NGB, LGB, and Coordination Selayar Islnd other legitimate Management √ √ √ source of Forum,
81
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funding
Taka Bonerate
7.
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Tinabo Island
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Jinato Island
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Laboratory 200 m2 Marine and Fishery Laboratory-Selayar Island
Marine and Fishery Laboratory-Taka Bonerate
8.
Marine and Fishery (package) Marine and Fishery-Taka Bonerate
Marine and Fishery Beteng, Selayar Island
–
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
National Park and Local Government Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government Coordination Management Forum, National Park and Local Government Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government and Private Sector Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government and Private Sector National Park, Local Government and Private Sector National Park, Local Government and Private
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Sector 9.
Research Station @ 150 m2 Taka Bonerate Research Station
10.
Benteng Research Station
Climatology Center Benteng Airport-Selayar Island
Taka Park
11.
Bonerate
National
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Tinabo Island
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Jinato Island
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Jetty Benteng
Taka Bonerate
Tinabo
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government and Private Sector Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government and Private Sector BMG, National Park and Local Government BMG, National Park and Local Government BMG, National Park and Local Government BMG, National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government
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Jinato Island
12.
Helicopter Pad Benteng
Taka Bonerate
13.
Security Post @ 50 m2 Benteng
Taka Bonerate
Jinato Island
Tinabo Island
14.
15.
Information and Prohibition Boards
Tools and Machineries Car and/for Socialization
Motorcycle
Boats
Laboratory tools
Communication tools and
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
National Park and Local Government
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding NGB, LGB, and
National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National Park and Local Government National
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handy-talky
X. 1.
2.
other legitimate Park and source of Local funding Government National Equipment for conservation NGB, LGB, and other legitimate Park and education source of Local funding Government NGB, LGB, and National Furniture other legitimate Park and source of Local funding Government NGB, LGB, and National Computer, printer, etc. other legitimate Park and source of Local funding Government National Field equipment (compass, NGB, LGB, and other legitimate Park and GPS, rainfall meter, etc) source of Local funding Government National Equipment and books for NGB, LGB, and other legitimate Park and library source of Local funding Government NGB, LGB, and National Audio visual, projector, dll. other legitimate Park and source of Local funding Government National Genset, solar panel, electric NGB, LGB, and other legitimate Park and pump, etc. source of Local funding Government National CPU equipment (boot, field NGB, LGB, and other legitimate Park and suit, backpack, flash light source of Local etc.) funding Government INCREASING THE COMMUNITY AWARENESS Meeting of researcher, NGOs, NGB, LGB, and Research private, and facilitators within other legitimate Institute, the Community empowerment source of Universities, program in the management of funding National Taka Bonerate Biosphere Park, Local Reserve Government, NGOs and Private Sector Educate the youth and school NGB, LGB, and Research student through working camp other legitimate Institute, in wild nature for understanding source of Universities, the management of Taka funding National Bonerate Biosphere Reserve Park, Local Government, NGOs and
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Private Sector XI 1.
2.
3.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION Develop the guidelines for NGB, LGB, and monitoring and evaluation other legitimate source of funding
District Report to Management Body Management Unit
the or
Evaluation by Management Body/Management Unit to the districts of Taka Bonerate atobi Biosphere Reserve
NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
4 NGB, LGB, and other legitimate source of funding
Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector Research Institute, Universities, National Park, Local Government, NGOs and Private Sector
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CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION The document "Proposed Management Plan for Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Year 2016 - 2020" was developed based on field observation, and secondary studies. But the process of development of this document does not have the opportUnity to implement participatory approach involving Community and other stakeholders as a whole. Therefore, the proposed management plan is expected to be considered a "living document", which need to be tailored to the dynamics of development. This document is expected to facilitate and accelerate the development of the Management Plan that will be implemented by the manager (Coordinating Council of Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Management). In addition the proposed management plan is also expected to complement the information conveyed in the supporting documents of Biosphere Reserve Nomination Form. All stakeholders must make considering the dynamics of development Selayar Island Regency, then monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the Proposed Management Plan for Taka Bonerate-Selayar Biosphere Reserve Year 2016 – 2020.
87
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BTNTBR (Balai Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate). 2013. Rencana Pengelolaan Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate Periode 2013-2022 Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Selayar. BTNTBR (Balai Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate). 2012. Zonasi Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Selayar. BTNTBR (Balai Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate). 2013. Statistik Balai Taman Nasional Taka Bonerate 2013. Selayar. LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia). 2004. Pedoman Pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer di Indonesia. Jakarta. UNESCO (United Nation for Education Sosial Culture Organisation). 2003. Strategi Seville dan Kerangka Hukum Jaringan Dunia Jakarta. PT. Kurnia Tata Media.
88
APPENDIX I
BUPATI KEPULAUAN SELAYAR KEPUTUSIAN BUPATI I(EPULAUAN SILAYAR
NOMOR:02lI/TAHUN2OIS TENTANG PEMBENTUI{AN FORUM KOORDINASI PENGELOLAAN CAGAR BIOSFER TAKA BOITERATE- KEPULAUAN SELAYAR
BUPATI KEPULAUAN SELAYAR.
bahwa berdasarkan Dokumen 28 C/Resolusi
2.4 Konfcrcnsi Umum UNESCO Novcmbcr 1995 dan Deklarasi Madrid pada Program the Man and fhe Biosphere UNESCO 2008, cagar biosfcr mcrupakan ekosistcm daratan dan pesisir/laut atau kombinasi dari ckosistcm daraLan dan pcsisir/laut, yang sccara intcrnasional diakui bcrada di dalam kcrangka Program Manusia dan Biosfer dari
Menimbang
UNESCO; b.
bahwa kawasan Kepulauan Sclayar, telah diusulkan
sebagai Cagar Biosfcr Taka Boncratc-Sclayar pada tanggal 30 September 2014, mencakup kawasan konservasi, lansekap alami, dan kawasan budidaya, yang perlu dikelola
secara tcrintegrasi, tcrkoordinasi dan sinergi diantara bcrbagai instansi yang berwenang, melalui pembagian pcran dan tanggung jawab agar dapat memberi manfaat dalam mcndukung dan menyelaraskan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati, pembangunan bcrkelanjutan, penelitian dan pendidikan; c. bahwa untuk tcrlaksananya pcngclolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Sclayar sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a dan huruf b, perlu mcmbentuk Forum Koordinasi Pcngclolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Selayar, y€rng ditctapkan dengan Kcputusan Bupati;
Mcngingat : L Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 1959
tentang Pcmbentukan Daerah Dacrah Tingkat II di Sulawesi (Lcmbaran Negara Rcpublik Indoncsia Tahun 1959 Nomor 74, Tambahan Lcmbaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 1822]r 2. Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun l99O tcntang Konscrvasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Rcpublik Indonesia Tahun 199o Nomor 49, Tambahan Lcmbaran Negara Republik Indoncsia Nomor s419);
3. Undang Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan (Lcmbaran Negara Rcpublik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 146, Tambahan l,embaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3888) sebagaimana teleh diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 20O4 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1
Tahun 2004 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan M€njadi Undang Undang (lrmbaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2OO4 Nomor 86, Tambahan Lcmbaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4412); 4. Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2OO7 tentang Penataan Ruang (l,embaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2007 Nomor 68, Tambahan lrmbaran Negara Republik lndonesia Nomor 4725): 5. Undarg Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2OO9 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (l,embaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2oo9 Nomor 14O, Tambahan l,embaral Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 50591: 6. Undang Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2Ol1 tentang Pcmbentukan Pcraturan Perundang-undangan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 20l1 Nomor 82, Tambahan l,embaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5234); 7. Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahar Daerah (l,embaran Negara Republik lndonesia Tahun 2Ol4 Nomor 244, Tambahan krnbaian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5587); 8. Pcraturan Pemcrintah Nomor 68 Tahun 1998 tentang Kawasan Suaka Alam dal Kawasan Pelcstarian Alam (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1998 Nomor 132, Tambahan l€mbaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 37761: 9. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 79 Tahun 2OO5 tentang Pedoman Pembinaan dan Pengawasan Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Rcpublik lndoncsia Tahun 2OO5 Nomor 165, Tambahan kmbaran Negara Republik lndoncsi€r Nomor 4593); 1O. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2OO7 tentang Pembagian Urusan Pcmerintahan antara Pemerintah, Pemcrintahan Daerah Provinsi dan Pcmerintahan Daerah Kabupaten Kota (Lembaral Negara Republik lndonesia Tahun 2OO7 Nomor 82, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Rcpublik Indonesia Nomor 4737); I l. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2OO8 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Nasional (RIRWN) (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 48, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 48331r
12.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 59 Tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Nama Kabupaten Selayar Menjadi Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan (kmbaran Negara Republik lndonesia Taiun 2O08 Nomor 124, Tambahal Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4889);
13.
Peraturan Dacrah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Nomor 8 Tahun 2OO7 tentang Pengelolaan Kawasan Lindung Sulawesi Seiatan (Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatar Tahun 2OO7 Nomor 8. Tambahan l-€mbaran Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Nomor 233);
14.
Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Nomor 2 Tahun 20O8 tentang Urusan Pemerintahan Daerai Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan (Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2008 Nomor 2, Tambahan Lcmbaran Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Nomor 235);
15.
Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Nomor lO Tahun 2Ol3 tcntang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Sclatan Tahun 2O13 2Ol8 {Lembaran Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun
2013 Nomor 10); 16. Pcraturan Daerah Kabupaten Selayar Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 tentang Urusan Pemerintalan yang Menjadi Kewenangan
Pemerintahan Daerah Kabupaten Selayar (kmbaran Daerah Kabupatcn Sclayar Tahun 2O08 Nomor 2, Tambahan kmbaran Daerah Kabupaten Selayar Nomor 1) ItrEMUTUSXAIT
:
Menetapkan KESATU
Membcntuk Forum Koordinasi Pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Boncrate-Kepulauan Selayar yang sclanjutnya discbut Forum Koordinasi dengan susunan personalia dan uraian tugas sebagaimana tcrcantrxn dalam Lampiran I dan Lamoiran II Keputusan ini.
KEDUA
Forum Koordinasi scbagaimana dimaksud pada diktum KESATU mempunyai tugas melaksanakan koordinasi diantara bcrbagai instansi yang berwcnang dengan para pcmangku kepentingan (stakehoders) melalui pembagian pcran dan tanggung jawab dalam mengimplementasikan konsepsi pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Selayar, yang mencakup kawasan konservasi, lansekap alami dan kawasan budidaya.
KETIGA
Dalam melaksanakan tugas sebagaimana dimatsud pada diktum KEDUA, Forum Koordinasi mempunyai fungsi : a. perumusan mckanisme koordinasi untuk implementasi
konsepsi pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerateb,
c,
o.
KEEMPAT
Kepulauan Selayar; penyelenggaraan koordinasi antar pcmangku kepcntingan dalam implementasi pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate- Kepulauan Selayar; penyelenggaraan inisiasi, mediasi dan advokasi terhadap perbedaan kepentingan dan persepsi antar pemangku kepcntingan dalam implemcntasi konsepsi pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate- Kepulauan Selayar; pcnyclcnggaraan jaringan kcrja dan komunikasi dcngan forum/lembaga sejenis termasuk dengan jaringan Cagar Biosfer Dunia-MAB UNESCO; dan penyusunan laporan secara periodik kepada Bupati Kepulauan Selayar dengan tembusan disampaikan kepada Komite Nasional Program MAB UNESCO Indonesia dan Dirjcn. PHKA Kementerian Kehutanan Republik lndonesia.
Segala biaya yang diperlukan
untuk melaksanakan kegiatan
Forum Koordinasi scsuai dengan peran dan tanggung jawab anggota Forum Koordinasi dalam pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer
Taka Bonerate- Kepulauan Selayar, dibebankan
pada
anggaran masing-masing instansi terkait, serta sumber lain yang sah dan tidak mengikat. KELIMA
Hal-hal yang belum cukup diatur dalam Keputusan ini sepanjang mengenai teknis pelaksanaannya, ditetapkan oleh Bupati Kepulauan Selayar.
KEENAM
Keputusan ini disampaikan kepada masing-masing yang bersangkutan untuk diketahui dan dilaksanakan dengan penuh tanggungjawab.
KSTUJUH
Keputusan ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal ditetapkan dcngan ketentuan apabila dikemudian hari ternyata terdapat kekeliruan di dalamnya akan diadakan perbaikan sebagaimana mestinya. Ditetapkan di Benteng pada tanggal o5 Januari 20 15 BUPA
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LAMPIRAN I KEPUTUSAN BUPATI KEPULAUAN SELAYAR
NOMOR:02ll/TAHUN2O15 TENTANG PEMBENTUKAN FORUM KOORDINASI PENCELOLAAN CAGAR BIOSFER TAKABON ERATE-KEPULAUAN SELAYAR SUSUNA.IT PERSOIIALIA FORUU KOORDINASI PENGELOIITAN CAGAR
BIOSFER TAXABOI{ERATE
- KEPUII\UAI{
SEI,,AYAR
I.
Dewa!
A. B. C. D.
II.
Ketua Forum
Kepala Bappeda Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar
UL
Wakil Ketua I
IV. V.
Wakil Ketua Aaggota
Kepala Dinas Kelautan dan perikanan Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Kepala Balai Taman Nasional Tatabonerate 1. Semua Kepala SKPD Pemerintah Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar 2. Ketua Komite Nasional Prosrarrr MAB-UNESCO Indonesia, ilPI 3. Lembaga Penelitian: LIPI, Balitbang Kehutanan, Balitbang Kelautan dan Perikanan 4. Perguruan Tinggi : UNHAS 5. LSM :Yayasan Econatural Socie$ 6. Sektor Swasta : Selavar Island Resort
II
7. VI.
Bupati Kepulauan Selayar Wakil Bupati Kepulauan Selayar Sekretaris Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Ketua/Pimpinan Adat Kepulauan Selayar
Kclompok Masyarakat: Kelompok Kampung Penyu, Sileya Scuba Diver's
Bidang Koordinasi Korservaai, Pendidikqa dan Petelitian : A. Koordirator : Kepala Balai Taman Nasional Takabonerate B.
Arggota
: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Semua SKPD Pemerintah Kabupaten Kepulauan Sclayar Komite Nasional Prosram MAB-UNESCO Indonesia, LIPI ttmbaga Pcnelitian: LIPI, Balitbang Kehutanan, Balitbang Kelautan dan Pcrikanan Perguruan Tinggi : UNHAS LSM : Yayasan Econatural Society Sektor Swasta: Selayar Island Rcsort
Kelompok Masyarakat: Kelompok Kampung Pcnyu, Sileya Scuba Diver's
vu.
Bidang Koordinasi PembaDguran BerkclaDjutrD daD R.Eah Llng&ungan :
Koordirator : Kepala Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar B. Anggota : l Kepala Balai Taman Nasional Takabonerate 2. Semua SKPD Pemerintah KabuDaten
A.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Kepulauan Selayar, I€mbaga Penelitian: LlPl, Balitbang Kehutanan, Balitbang Kclautan dan Perikanan Perguruan Tinggi : UNHAS LSM : Yayasan Econatural Society Sektor Swasta : Selayar Island Resort Kelompok Masyarakat: Kelompok Kampung Penln:, Sileya Scuba Diver's
VIII. Bidalg Koordhrsl Pemberdiyaan [aslrarakat
:
A.
Koordlnator
Kepala Badan Pcmberdayaan Masyarakat dan Pemerintahan Desa/Kelurahan Kabupatcn Kepulauan Selayar
B.
Anggotr
1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Kepala Balai Taman Nasional Takabonerate Semua SKPD Pemerintah Kabupatcn Kepulauan Selayar L€mbaga Penelitian: LIPI, Balitbang Kehutanan, Balitbang Kelautan dan Perikanan Perguruan Tinggi : UNHAS LSM : Yayasan Econatural Society Sektor Swasta : Selayar Island Resort
Kelompok Masyarakat : Kelompok Kampung Penyu, Sileya Scuba f)iver's
DL Selretarirt: A. Neprla Sekretariat
Sekretaris Bappeda Xabupaten Kepulauan Selayar
B. Arggota
1. 2.
XI.
Majelis llmiah A. Ketua B. Anggota
Semua Kabid dan Kasubid Bappeda Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar Kepala Sub. Bagian Tata Usaha BTN Taka Bonerate
:
Kepala tembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat UNHAS
l. 2.
Dekan Fakultas Kehutanan UNHAS Dekan Fakultas Kelautan dan Perikanan
3.
UNHAS Pusat Studi Terumbu Karang UNHAS
4. 5.
Komitc Nasional Program MAB-UNESCO lndonesia, LIPI Lembaga Pcnclitian : Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Balitbang Kehutanan, Balitbang Kelautan dan Perikanan
KEPULAUAIsELAv
WAHAB
LAMPIRAN II KEPUTUSAN BUPATI KEPULAUAN SELAYAR
NOMOR:02ll/TAHUN2015 TENTANG PEMBENTUKAN FORUM KOORDINASI PENGELOLAAN CACAR BIOSFER TAMBONERATE-KEPULAUAN SELAYAR
URAIAN TUGAS
A.
1.
DEUTAN CAGAR BIOSFER TAKA BONERATE-KEPULIUAN
SELAYAR:
Membangun kesepahaman terhadap visi, misi dan tujuan pengelolaan Cagar
Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar dengan mengintegrasikan
2.
prinsip prinsip pcngelolaan formal dan adat; Memberikan arahan umum tentang pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Tata Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar secara berkelanjutan yang bersinergis dengan
kebijakan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupat€n Kepulauan Selayar dan RP|N Taka Bonerate;
3. Memberikan persetujuan dan/atau penolakan terhadap
kegiatan
pengembangan kawasan yang dianggap tidak scsuai dengan kebijakan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar dan RPIN Taka
Bonerate dan aspek sosial budaya masyarakat Kepulauan Selayar;
4. 5.
Memfasilitasi kegiatan pengembangan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate; dan
Memberikan ketetapan/keputusan terhadap perbedaan kepentingan dan sengketa penglaunaan lahan.
B. tr'ORI'M
:
1.
Merumuskan kebijakan umum, mengkoordinasikan dan membuat laporal pengelolaan Cagar Biosfcr Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar;
2.
Membangun kesepahaman terhadap visi, misi dan tujuan pengelolaan Cagar
Biosler Tata Bonerate-Kepulauan Sclayar;
3.
Mengintegrasikan kegiatan para pihak dalam wilayah Cagar Biosfer sesuai konsep pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar;
4.
Membuat rencana dan prioritas kegiatan pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer secara sinergis yang berwawasan ramah lingkungan;
5. Memberikan solusi terhadap perbedaan kepentingan dan
sengketa
penggunaan lahan dalam rangka pengclolaan Cagar Biosfer Tala Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar;
6.
Membuat rencana di bidang pendanaan pengelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar,
7. Menyusun pedoman pengawasan pembangunan kawasan sesuai konsep
Cagar Biosfer yang meliputi perencanaan, pelatsalaan, pelaporan, evaluasi
dan pcmantauan; Menyelenggarakan jaringar.r kerjasama dalam lingkup WNBR (World Network
8_
of Biosphere Reserue)
dal
dengan pihak lain;
9. Dalam rangka koo.dinasi,
perencanaan kegiatan dan MONEV, Forum
melakukan pertemuan reguler (3 kali setahun) dan rutin sesuai dengan kebutuhan; dan 10.
Menyusun proposal kegiatan pengcmbangan Cagar Biosfer Taka Boneratc-KeDulauan Selavar.
c. 1.
Bidanrg
Koordirasi Korrseryasi, Petrdldikar datr Penelitia! :
Mengoordinasikan berbagai kebijakan penyelenggaraan program konservasi,
pcndidikan dan penelitian di kawasal Cagar Biosfer
Taka
Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar; 2. Mengoordinasikan kegiatan konservasi (termasuk rehabilitasi dan restorasi
daerah/lahan yang rusak), pcndidikan lingkungan dan penelitian di kawasan Oagar Biosfer; 3. Menyelaraskan program konservasi ckosistem, spesies maupun genctik di
Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kcpulauan Selayar dengan rcncana pembangunan Pemerintah Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar; 4.
Menyusun pedoman dan melaksanakan pengawasan yang meliputi perencanaan, pclaksanaan, pelaporan, evaluasi dan pemantuan penyelcnggaraan Program Konservasi, Pcndidikan dan Penelitian di Kawasan Cagar Biosfer Taka Boncrate-Kepulauan Selayar;
5.
Mcnyusun pclaporan, evaluasi, pemantauan penyelenggaraan program konservasi, pendidikan dan penelitian;
6.
Menyelcnggarakan pertemuan berkala (4 kali setahun) dan
rutin
sesuai
densan kcbutuhan.
D.
Bldang Koordinasl Lingkungan
Pembanguran
BerLelanjutan
dan
Ramah
:
1- Mcngoordinasikan berbagai kebijakan dan program penyelenglaraan pembangunan berkelaljutan dan ramah lingkungan;
dan
2.
Mengoordinasikan program pembangunan bcrkelanjutan
3.
lingkungan dengan para pihak; Menyelaraskan program program pembangunal berkelanjutan dan ramah
rarnah
lingkungan di antara para pihak;
4. Menyusun pedomar dan melaksanakan pengawasan yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pelaporan, evaluasi dan pemantuan
penyclenggaraan program pembangunan berkelanjutan;
5.
Menginvcntarisasikan
dan mengkaji masalah yang timbul
dalam
penyelengqaraan pembangunan bcrkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan serta me
6.
mberikan altcrnatif pemecahannya; dan
Menyclenggarakan pertemuan berkala (4 kali setahun) dan
rutin
sesuai
dengan kebutuhan.
E. Bidalg Koordinasi Penberdayaan Masyarakat
:
1. Mengoordinasikan berbagai kcbijakan dan program
penyelenggaraan
pemberdayaan masyarakat;
2.
Mengtxrrdinasikan pelaksanaan kegiatan pengembangan social ckonomi masyarakat termasuk diantaranya melalui pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan diantaranyer melalui pemanfaatan Corporate Social Responsibilitg
jasa lin5;kungan dan
pemanfaatan
;
3. Menyelaraskan program pemberdayaan masyarakat di antara para pihak; 4. Menyusun pedoman dan mclaksanakan pengawasan yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pelaporan, evaluasi dan pemantuan penyelenggaraan program;
5. Menginventarisasi dan mengkaji masalah yang timbul
dalam
pcnyelenggaraan pemberdayaan masyarakat serta memberikan altcmatif pemccahannya;
6.
Men]'usun pelaporan, evaluasi, dan pemantauan penyelcnggaraan program pembcrdayaan masyarakat secara berkala; dan
7.
Menyelenggarakan pertemuan berkala (4 kali setahun) dan
rutin
sesuai
dengan kebutuhan.
F. sctretariat : 1. Mempcrsiapkan dan menyusun bahan-bahan yang diperlukan dalam
2.
rangka pengclolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar; Menjalankan fungsi administratsi, dokumentasi dan publikasi dalam rangka pcngelolaan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Sclayar;
3. 4.
Mcndukung pelaksanaan pertemuan Forum Koordinasi Pengelolaan Cagar: Biosfer Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Sclayar; dart Kompilasi laporan kegiatan forum dalam ralgka pelaporan ke Komite Nasional Program Nasional Program MAB-UNESCO lndonesia.
c. Majells llmlah : 1. Melakukan kajian ilmiah pengembangan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar; dan
Memberikan timbangan ilmiah pelaksanaan pengembangan Cagar Biosfer Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan SeLayar.
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APPENDIX II
APPENDIX-2
Figure 1. Zonation System of Proposed Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve
100
APPENDIX-2 (CONTINUED)
Figure 2. Zonation System of Proposed Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve
101
