Answer any two of the following : (a) What are stainless steels ? How are they classified ? How each constituent increases corrosion resistance ? Discuss intergranular corrosion of stainless steels. (b) Discuss the use of electrochemical polarization methods to determine the corrosion rate of metals. (c) Discuss the principles involved in cathodic and anodic protection methods in mitigation of corrosion of metals. Give a comparison of both methods. (d) The corrosion rate of zinc in hydrochloric acid of pH 2 is 1.8×10–4 A/cm2. Calculate the corrosion potential of Zinc in this solution. The exchange current density for hydrogen evolution is 10–6 A/cm2. β = 0.14 V/decade.
2
Answer any two of the following : (1) Explain the origin of maxima in polarography. How they are eliminated ? (2) Discuss the principles involved in normal pulse polarography and differential pulse polarography. (3) Explain the time dependency of solid electrode. How dropping mercury electrode solves this difficulty ? How will you explain the high sensitivity of stripping voltammetry ? (4) A solution containing Pb++ and Cd++ gave the following results in anodic stripping voltammetry : Pb + + 0.065 mM, I p = 2.42 µa Cd + + 0.048 mM , I p = 2.69 µ a
when 10 ml. of 0.02 mM Cd++ standard solution is added to 40 ml of an unknown solution containing Pb++ , IP values for Pb++ and Cd++ are respectively 1. 79 µa and 2. 71 µ a . Calculate the concentration of Pb++ in the unknown. H–6000]
3
[Contd....
3
(a)
Discuss the validity of Beer's law ?
(b)
How is the composition of the complex is determined by spectrometry ?
(c)
A certain composition of complex by Job's method of continuous variation gave ratio of mole fraction (absorbance) as 0.80(0.231), 9.22(0.632), 0.45(0.531), 0.65(0.334) and 0.91(0.087). What is its composition ? OR
3
(a)
How
can
pKa
of
indicator
be
determined
spectrophotometrically. (b)
Discuss the Beer's law limits.
(c)
What is the molar absorptivity and concentration of solution (M. W. 54.95) with an absorbance 0.700 if its concentration was 1.5×10–4 M with absorbance 0.350.
4
(a)
Discuss isotopic dilution methods.
(b)
What are its advantages and limitations.
(c)
An unknown solution of manganese was mixed with standard 0.80 g manganese. (1200 counts per second). The purest form of manganese was isolated and counted, which gives 800 counts per second. Calculate the amount of manganese in unknown sample. OR
4
5
(a)
Classify the reactors.
(b)
Discuss light water reactor.
(c)
Explain thermal reactor.
Write notes on any two : (a)
Capacity current and its importance in polarography
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Arrhenius equation and collision theory. 19. Rauolt's law. 20. Gel. 21. Spreading coefficient. 22. Half life and shelf life for a first order reaction. *******************.
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