1/13/11
Mr.
Lance
Campbell
East
Stanislaus
High
School
Oakdale,
California
Section
1
In
the
early
1900s,
exports
kept
Latin
America's
economy
booming.
Even
though
foreign
investors
controlled
much
of
the
natural
resources,
stable
governments
helped
keep
economies
strong.
Yet
turmoil
brewed
because
military
leaders
and
wealthy
landowners
held
most
of
the
power.
Workers
and
peasants
had
no
say
in
government.
These
differences
led
to
increasing
unrest.
1
1/13/11
Dictator
Porfirio
Diaz
had
ruled
Mexico
for
nearly
35
years.
During
this
time,
the
nation
enjoyed
peace
and
success,
but
only
the
wealthy
benefited.
Peasants
lived
in
desperate
poverty
while
working
on
haciendas,
large
farms
owned
by
the
rich.
A
growing
middle
class
wanted
more
say
in
government.
In
1929,
the
Mexican
government
organized
what
later
became
the
Institutional
Revolutionary
Party
(PRI).
This
political
party
brought
stability
to
Mexico
by
carrying
out
some
reforms,
but
kept
the
real
power
in
its
hands.
The
United
States
also
became
more
involved
in
Latin
America,
often
intervening
to
protect
U.S.
interests
or
troops.
This
led
to
anti‐ American
feelings.
Under
the
Good
Neighbor
Policy,
the
United
States
promised
less
interference
in
Latin
American
affairs.
In
1910,
Francisco
Madero,
a
reformer
from
a
rich
family,
called
for
change.
Faced
with
rebellion,
Diaz
stepped
down
and
a
violent
struggle
for
power,
the
Mexican
Revolution,
began.
During
the
1920s
and
1930s,
the
Great
Depression
caused
Latin
American
exports
to
drop
and
import
prices
to
rise.
As
a
result,
economic
nationalism
became
popular.
Latin
Americans
wanted
to
develop
their
own
industries.
Some
Latin
American
nations
took
over
foreign‐owned
companies.
The
government
became
more
powerful
when
people
accepted
authoritarian
leaders,
hoping
that
they
could
improve
the
economy.
Section
2
The
people
fought
for
years
before
Venustiano
Carranza
was
elected
president,
and
a
new
constitution
was
approved.
It
addressed
some
of
the
issues
that
caused
the
revolution,
such
as
land
reform,
religion,
and
labor.
The
Constitution
of
1917
allowed
nationalization
of
natural
resources.
Along
with
economic
nationalism,
there
was
a
growth
in
cultural
nationalism.
Artists
such
as
Diego
Rivera
painted
murals
or
large
images
of
Mexico's
history,
culture,
and
the
people's
struggles.
Europe
ruled
over
most
of
Africa
during
the
early
1900s.
Improved
farming
methods
meant
more
exports;
however,
this
mostly
benefited
colonial
rulers.
Europeans
kept
the
best
lands,
and
African
farmers
were
forced
to
grow
cash
crops
instead
of
food.
They
also
were
forced
to
work
in
mines
and
then
pay
taxes
to
the
colonial
governments.
2
1/13/11
Many
Africans
began
criticizing
imperial
rule,
but
their
freedoms
only
eroded
further.
An
example
was
the
system
of
apartheid,
a
strict
form
of
racial
segregation,
in
South
Africa.
Under
this
policy,
black
Africans
were
denied
many
of
their
previous
rights,
such
as
the
right
to
vote.
Inspired
by
Atatürk's
successes,
Reza
Khan
overthrew
the
shah
of
Persia.
Khan
sought
to
turn
Persia
into
a
modern
country.
He,
too,
built
factories
and
railroads.
Khan
also
demanded
a
bigger
portion
of
profits
for
Persia
from
British‐controlled
oil
companies.
Both
leaders
pushed
aside
Islamic
traditions,
replacing
them
with
Western
alternatives.
In
Palestine,
Arab
nationalists
faced
Zionists,
or
Jewish
nationalists.
To
win
the
support
of
European
Jews,
Britain
issued
the
Balfour
Declaration.
In
it,
the
British
advocated
for
a
"national
home
for
the
Jewish
people"
in
Palestine.
Arabs
felt
the
declaration
favored
the
Jews.
As
a
result,
an
ongoing
conflict
developed
in
the
Middle
East.
During
the
1920s,
the
Pan‐Africanism
movement
called
for
the
unity
of
Africans
and
people
of
African
descent
around
the
world.
During
the
first
Pan‐African
Congress,
delegates
asked
world
leaders
at
the
Paris
Peace
Conference
to
approve
a
charter
of
rights
for
Africans.
Their
request
was
ignored.
The
members
of
the
negritude
movement
in
West
Africa
and
the
Caribbean
protested
colonial
rule
while
expressing
pride
in
African
culture.
These
movements,
however,
brought
about
little
real
change.
Pan‐Arabism
was
a
movement
based
on
a
shared
history
of
Arabs
living
from
the
Arabian
Peninsula
to
North
Africa.
Leaders
of
Arab
nations
and
territories
had
hoped
to
gain
independence
after
World
War
I,
but
felt
betrayed
when
France
and
Britain
were
given
mandates,
or
control
over
their
lands.
Section
3
In
Asia
Minor,
Mustafa
Kemal
overthrew
the
Ottoman
ruler
and
established
the
republic
of
Turkey.
Also
referred
to
as
Atatürk
(father
of
the
Turks),
his
government
promoted
industrial
expansion
by
building
factories
and
railroads.
Arabs
did
not
have
strong
identification
with
the
mandates,
but
some
leaders
spoke
out
for
Arab
unity.
Ibn
Saud
united
Arabs
on
the
Arabian
Peninsula
and
formed
the
kingdom
of
Saudi
Arabia
in
1932.
Though
places
in
the
kingdom
were
the
center
of
Islamic
worship,
the
desert
kingdom
was
very
poor.
During
the
1930s,
oil
was
discovered
in
Saudi
Arabia
and
the
kingdom
was
soon
flooded
with
Western
oil
industries.
The
kingdom
soon
became
very
wealthy
as
a
major
producer
of
oil.
In
1919,
Indian
protests
against
colonial
rule
led
to
riots
and
attacks
on
British
residents.
The
British
then
banned
public
meetings.
On
April
13,
1919,
a
peaceful
crowd
of
Indians
gathered
in
an
enclosed
field
in
Amritsar.
As
Indian
leaders
spoke,
British
soldiers
fired
on
the
unarmed
crowd.
Nearly
400
people
were
killed
and
more
than
1,100
were
wounded.
The
Amritsar
massacre
convinced
many
Indians
that
independence
was
necessary.
3
1/13/11
During
World
War
I,
more
than
a
million
Indians
served
in
the
British
armed
forces.
Because
the
British
were
pressured
by
Indian
nationalists,
they
promised
more
self‐government
for
India.
After
the
war
they
failed
to
keep
their
promise.
The
Congress
Party
of
India
had
been
pressing
for
self‐rule
since
1885.
After
Amritsar
it
began
to
call
for
full
independence.
However,
the
party
had
little
in
common
with
the
masses
of
Indian
peasants.
Section
4
Gandhi's
Salt
March
was
an
example
of
civil
disobedience
in
action.
The
British
had
a
monopoly
on
salt.
They
forced
Indians
to
buy
salt
from
British
producers
even
though
salt
was
available
naturally
in
the
sea.
As
Gandhi
walked
240
miles
to
the
sea
to
collect
salt,
thousands
joined
him.
He
was
arrested
when
he
reached
the
water
and
picked
up
a
lump
of
salt.
Newspapers
worldwide
criticized
Britain
for
beating
and
arresting
thousands
of
Indians
during
the
Salt
March.
That
protest
forced
Britain
to
meet
some
of
the
demands
of
the
Congress
Party.
Slowly,
Gandhi's
nonviolent
campaign
forced
Britain
to
hand
over
some
power
to
Indians.
Amid
the
upheaval,
foreign
imperialism
increased
in
China.
During
World
War
I,
Japan
presented
Chinese
leaders
the
Twenty‐One
Demands.
These
were
intended
to
give
Japan
control
over
China,
and
the
Chinese
gave
into
some
of
the
demands.
After
the
war,
the
Allies
gave
Japan
control
over
some
former
German
possessions
in
China.
This
infuriated
Chinese
nationalists.
A
new
leader,
Mohandas
Gandhi,
united
Indians.
Gandhi
had
a
great
deal
of
experience
opposing
unjust
government.
He
had
spent
20
years
fighting
laws
in
South
Africa
that
discriminated
against
Indians.
As
protests
spread,
students
led
a
cultural
and
intellectual
rebellion
known
as,
the
May
Fourth
Movement.
Leaders
of
this
movement
rejected
Confucian
tradition
and
looked
to
Western
knowledge
and
learning.
Gandhi
inspired
people
of
all
religions
and
backgrounds.
He
preached
ahimsa,
a
belief
in
nonviolence
and
respect
for
all
life.
For
example,
he
fought
to
end
the
harsh
treatment
of
untouchables,
the
lowest
group
of
society.
Henry
David
Thoreau's
idea
of
civil
disobedience
influenced
Gandhi.
This
was
the
idea
that
one
should
refuse
to
obey
unfair
laws.
Gandhi
proposed
civil
disobedience
and
nonviolent
actions
against
the
British.
For
example,
he
called
for
a
boycott
of
British
goods,
especially
cotton
textiles.
When
the
Qing
dynasty
collapsed
in
1911,
Sun
Yat‐ sen
became
president
of
China's
new
republic.
He
hoped
to
rebuild
China,
but
he
made
little
progress.
The
country
fell
into
chaos
when
local
warlords
seized
power
and
the
economy
fell
apart.
Millions
of
peasants
suffered
severe
hardships.
Sun
Yat‐sen
stepped
down
as
president
in
1912.
Other
Chinese
people
embraced
Marxism.
Also
at
this
time,
the
Soviet
Union
trained
Chinese
students
and
military
officers,
hoping
they
would
become
the
vanguard
of
a
communist
revolution
in
China.
4
1/13/11
The
Long
March
In
1921,
Sun
Yat‐sen
led
the
Guomindang,
or
Nationalist
party,
as
it
established
a
government
in
south
China.
To
defeat
the
warlords
he
joined
forces
with
the
Chinese
communists.
After
Sun's
death,
Chiang
Kai‐shek
assumed
leadership
of
the
party.
Chiang
felt
the
Communists
threatened
his
power.
He
ordered
his
troops
to
slaughter
Communists
and
their
supporters.
While
Chiang
pursued
the
Communists
across
China,
the
Japanese
invaded
Manchuria,
adding
it
to
their
growing
empire.
Then,
in
1937,
Japanese
planes
bombed
Chinese
cities
and
Japanese
soldiers
marched
into
Nanjing,
killing
hundreds
of
thousands
of
people.
In
response,
Chiang
and
Mao
formed
an
alliance
to
fight
the
invaders.
The
alliance
held
up
until
the
end
of
the
war
with
Japan.
In
the
1920s,
the
Japanese
government
moved
toward
greater
democracy.
All
adult
men
gained
the
right
to
vote,
regardless
of
social
class.
Despite
greater
democratic
freedoms,
however,
the
zaibatsu,
a
group
of
powerful
business
leaders,
manipulated
politicians.
By
donating
to
political
parties,
the
zaibatsu
were
able
to
push
for
policies
that
favored
their
interests.
The
Japanese
economy
grew
during
World
War
I,
based
on
the
export
of
goods
to
the
Allies
and
increased
production.
At
this
time,
Japan
also
expanded
its
influence
throughout
East
Asia
and
sought
further
rights
in
China.
Additionally,
Japan
gained
control
of
some
former
German
possessions
in
China
after
the
war.
Hirohito
became
emperor
of
Japan
in
1926,
and
during
his
reign,
the
country
experienced
both
success
and
tragedy
Section
5
Peasants
and
factory
workers
did
not
share
in
the
nation's
prosperity.
Young
Japanese
rejected
tradition
and
family
authority.
There
was
tension
between
the
government
and
the
military.
The
Great
Depression
fed
the
discontent
of
the
military
and
the
extreme
nationalists,
or
ultranationalists.
They
resented
Western
limits
on
the
expansion
of
Japan's
empire.
As
the
economic
crisis
worsened,
the
ultranationalists
set
their
sights
on
Manchuria
in
northern
China.
Led
by
Mao
Zedong,
the
Communist
army
escaped
north
in
what
became
known
as
the
Long
March.
During
the
March,
Mao's
soldiers
fought
back
using
guerrilla
tactics.
Along
the
way,
Mao's
soldiers
treated
the
peasants
kindly.
They
paid
for
the
goods
they
needed
and
were
careful
not
to
destroy
crops.
Many
peasants
had
suffered
because
of
the
Guomindang,
so
they
supported
the
Communists.
Fort
occupied
by
Mao
on
the
Long
March
Kobe,
Japan
1880
In
1931,
a
group
of
Japanese
army
officers
set
explosives
to
blow
up
railroad
tracks
in
Manchuria.
They
blamed
it
on
the
Chinese
and
used
it
as
an
excuse
to
invade.
Without
consulting
government
leaders,
the
military
conquered
Manchuria.
Politicians
objected
to
the
army's
actions,
but
the
people
sided
with
the
military.
When
the
League
of
Nations
condemned
the
invasion,
Japan
withdrew
from
the
organization.
5
1/13/11
Militarists
and
ultranationalists
increased
their
power
in
the
1930s.
Extremists
killed
some
politicians
and
business
leaders
who
opposed
expansion.
To
please
the
ultranationalists,
the
government
suppressed
most
democratic
freedoms.
Japan
planned
to
take
advantage
of
China's
civil
war
and
conquer
the
country.
In
1939,
however,
World
War
II
broke
out
in
Europe.
The
fighting
quickly
spread
to
Asia.
Earlier,
Japan
had
formed
an
alliance
with
Germany
and
Italy.
In
September
1940,
Japan's
leaders
signed
the
Tripartite
Pact
linking
the
three
nations.
Together,
the
three
nations
formed
the
Axis
Powers.
6
