Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

Open and Closed Sets

§2.3 开集和闭集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集(Open Sets)

定义2.7 开集 O ⊂ R为开集,若∀x ∈ O,存在r > 0,使 得(x − r, x + r) ⊂ O.

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.5

1

(a, b)是开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.5

1

2

(a, b)是开集 (0, 1]不是开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.5

1

2

3

(a, b)是开集 (0, 1]不是开集 K是可数集,则K不是开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.5

1

2

3

4

(a, b)是开集 (0, 1]不是开集 K是可数集,则K不是开集 无理数集Qc 不是开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集的性质 Theorem (2.2) 1

R和∅是开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集的性质 Theorem (2.2) 1

2

R和∅是开集 若A和B是开集,则A ∩ B是开集(有限个开集 的交也是开集)

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集的性质 Theorem (2.2) 1

2

3

R和∅是开集 若A和B是开集,则A ∩ B是开集(有限个开集 的交也是开集) S 若{Ol }l∈I 是一族开集,则 l∈I Ol 也是开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集的性质 Theorem (2.2) 1

2

3

R和∅是开集 若A和B是开集,则A ∩ B是开集(有限个开集 的交也是开集) S 若{Ol }l∈I 是一族开集,则 l∈I Ol 也是开集



刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集的性质 Theorem (2.2) 1

2

3

R和∅是开集 若A和B是开集,则A ∩ B是开集(有限个开集 的交也是开集) S 若{Ol }l∈I 是一族开集,则 l∈I Ol 也是开集

注 一般拓扑空间开集也需满足上述条件

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集的性质 Theorem (2.2) 1

2

3

R和∅是开集 若A和B是开集,则A ∩ B是开集(有限个开集 的交也是开集) S 若{Ol }l∈I 是一族开集,则 l∈I Ol 也是开集

注 一般拓扑空间开集也需满足上述条件 无限多个开集的交不一定是开集: ∞ \ n=1 刘晓军

! 1 1 − , = {0} n n 实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

命题2.13 每个开集O都可分解为可数多个开区间 的不交并,并且这种分解是唯一的. ax x

bx

Iy

}

}

Ix

ay O

y

bx

证明思路. 1

若x ∈ O,则找到包含x的最长开区间Ix ,使得Ix ⊂ O

 刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

命题2.13 每个开集O都可分解为可数多个开区间 的不交并,并且这种分解是唯一的. ax x

bx

Iy

}

}

Ix

ay O

y

bx

证明思路. 1

若x ∈ O,则找到包含x的最长开区间Ix ,使得Ix ⊂ O

2

证明若x , y ∈ O,则开区间Ix ,Iy 要么相等,要么不相交

 刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

命题2.13 每个开集O都可分解为可数多个开区间 的不交并,并且这种分解是唯一的. ax x

bx

Iy

}

}

Ix

ay O

y

bx

证明思路. 1

若x ∈ O,则找到包含x的最长开区间Ix ,使得Ix ⊂ O

2

证明若x , y ∈ O,则开区间Ix ,Iy 要么相等,要么不相交

3

每个开区间A至少包含一个有理点rA ,因此开区间的个数是 可数多  刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

命题2.13 每个开集O都可分解为可数多个开区间 的不交并,并且这种分解是唯一的. ax x

bx

Iy

}

}

Ix

ay O

y

bx

证明思路. 1

若x ∈ O,则找到包含x的最长开区间Ix ,使得Ix ⊂ O

2

证明若x , y ∈ O,则开区间Ix ,Iy 要么相等,要么不相交

3

4

每个开区间A至少包含一个有理点rA ,因此开区间的个数是 可数多 唯一性:请大家自证  刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

闭集(Closed sets)

定义2.8 极限点,闭包(Limit point, closure) x是E ⊂ R的极限点:∀  > 0,∃ y ∈ E,使 得|y − x| < 

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

闭集(Closed sets)

定义2.8 极限点,闭包(Limit point, closure) x是E ⊂ R的极限点:∀  > 0,∃ y ∈ E,使 得|y − x| <  E的闭包: E={x ∈ R : x是E的极限点}.

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

极限点的例子

E⊂E

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

极限点的例子

E⊂E E = [0, 1) ∪ {3}则E = [0, 1] ∪ {3}

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.6

1

R = R,∅ = ∅

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.6

1

2

R = R,∅ = ∅ (a, b) = [a, b].

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.6

1

2

3

R = R,∅ = ∅ (a, b) = [a, b]. N=N

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.6

1

2

3

4

R = R,∅ = ∅ (a, b) = [a, b]. N=N Q = R,Qc = R

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.6

1

2

3

4

5

R = R,∅ = ∅ (a, b) = [a, b]. N=N Q = R,Qc = R A是R中的有限点集,则A = A

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

闭集(Closed Set)

定义2.9 闭集 F是R中闭集,若F = F .

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.7

1

R和∅ 都是闭集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.7

1

2

R和∅ 都是闭集 [a, b],[a, ∞), (−∞, b] 是闭集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.7

1

2

3

R和∅ 都是闭集 [a, b],[a, ∞), (−∞, b] 是闭集 N是闭集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.7

1

2

3

4

R和∅ 都是闭集 [a, b],[a, ∞), (−∞, b] 是闭集 N是闭集 Q和Qc 都不是闭集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.7

1

2

3

4

5

R和∅ 都是闭集 [a, b],[a, ∞), (−∞, b] 是闭集 N是闭集 Q和Qc 都不是闭集 R的有限子集是闭集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.7

1

2

3

4

5

6

R和∅ 都是闭集 [a, b],[a, ∞), (−∞, b] 是闭集 N是闭集 Q和Qc 都不是闭集 R的有限子集是闭集 存在既不是开集也不是闭集的集合

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

开集与闭集的关系

Proposition (2.14)

闭集 ⇐⇒ 余集是开集,反之亦然.

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

相对开、闭集

定义2.10 D的相对开集 G ⊂ D称为是D中的相对开集,若存在开集O,使 得G = O ∩ D。F ⊂ D称为是D中的相对闭集, 若D\F为D中相对开集。

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

相对开、闭集

定义2.10 D的相对开集 G ⊂ D称为是D中的相对开集,若存在开集O,使 得G = O ∩ D。F ⊂ D称为是D中的相对闭集, 若D\F为D中相对开集。 等价定义2.10 若∀x ∈ G,存在r > 0,使得(x − r, x + r) ∩ D ⊂ G

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.8

1

D = [0, 2],则[0, 1)是D中的开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.8

1

2

D = [0, 2],则[0, 1)是D中的开集 [0, 1]不是D中的开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.8

1

2

3

D = [0, 2],则[0, 1)是D中的开集 [0, 1]不是D中的开集 D = N,则任何A ⊂ N都是N中的开集

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

Real-Valued Functions

§2.4 实值函数

刘晓军

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Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

实值函数的代数运算

设f , g : Ω → R,α ∈ R (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) (αf )(x) = αf (x) (f · g)(x) = f (x)g(x)

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数(Continuous Functions) 定义2.11 连续函数 设D ⊂ R,f : D → R,x0 ∈ D。若对于每 个 > 0,存在δ > 0,使得当x ∈ D, 且|x − x0 | < δ时 |f (x) − f (x0 )| < . 则称f 在x0 处连续。若f 在D中每点处均连续, 称f 在D上连续.

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数(Continuous Functions) 定义2.11 连续函数 设D ⊂ R,f : D → R,x0 ∈ D。若对于每 个 > 0,存在δ > 0,使得当x ∈ D, 且|x − x0 | < δ时 |f (x) − f (x0 )| < . 则称f 在x0 处连续。若f 在D中每点处均连续, 称f 在D上连续. 定义 C(D) = {D上所有连续函数},简记C = C(R) 刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.9 1

D = (0, ∞), f (x) = 1/x是连续函数

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.9 1

2

D = (0, ∞), f (x) = 1/x是连续函数 D = R, f (0) = 0, f (x) = sin(1/x) 当x , 0是连续 的。0点是间断点。 x 7→ sin(1/x) 1 0.5

0.5 1

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.9 1

D = R,取整函数f (x) = [x],在除整数点以 外f 连续 x 7→ [x]

3 2 1 -3

-2

-1

0

1

-1 -2 -3

刘晓军

实变函数

2

3

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.9 1

D = R,取整函数f (x) = [x],在除整数点以 外f 连续 x 7→ [x]

3 2 1 -3

-2

-1

0

1

2

-1 -2 -3 2

任何定义在N上的函数是连续的 刘晓军

实变函数

3

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数代数

Theorem (2.4)

C(D)构成一个代数,即若f , g ∈ C(D),α ∈ R,则 f + g ∈ C(D) αf ∈ C(D) f · g ∈ C(D) 1

2

3

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数的重要性质 Theorem (2.5)

设f : D → R,f 连续 ⇐⇒ 对R中开集O,f −1 (O) ⊂ D是相对开集 (连续 ⇐⇒ 开集的原象是开集) 证明.



刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数的重要性质 Theorem (2.5)

设f : D → R,f 连续 ⇐⇒ 对R中开集O,f −1 (O) ⊂ D是相对开集 (连续 ⇐⇒ 开集的原象是开集) 证明. “⇒”若x0 ∈ f −1 (O),则y = f (x0 ) ∈ O ∴ (y − , y + ) ⊂ O



刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数的重要性质 Theorem (2.5)

设f : D → R,f 连续 ⇐⇒ 对R中开集O,f −1 (O) ⊂ D是相对开集 (连续 ⇐⇒ 开集的原象是开集) 证明. “⇒”若x0 ∈ f −1 (O),则y = f (x0 ) ∈ O ∴ (y − , y + ) ⊂ O 对,存在δ,使得x ∈ D且|x − x0 | < δ时,|f (x) − f (x0 )| <  , ∴ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ∩ D ⊂ f −1 (O)



刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

连续函数的重要性质 Theorem (2.5)

设f : D → R,f 连续 ⇐⇒ 对R中开集O,f −1 (O) ⊂ D是相对开集 (连续 ⇐⇒ 开集的原象是开集) 证明. “⇒”若x0 ∈ f −1 (O),则y = f (x0 ) ∈ O ∴ (y − , y + ) ⊂ O 对,存在δ,使得x ∈ D且|x − x0 | < δ时,|f (x) − f (x0 )| <  , ∴ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ∩ D ⊂ f −1 (O) “⇐”∀ > 0,f −1 ((y − , y + ))是D中相对开集,所以存 在δ,使得(x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ∩ D ⊂ f −1 ((y − , y + )) 

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

推论2.1

Corollary (2.1)

f : R → R是连续的 ⇐⇒ 对于开 集O,f −1 (O)是(R中)开集.

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

单调函数(Monotone Function)

定义2.12 单调函数 设f 在区间I上定义 单调非减:当x < y ∈ I时,f (x) ≤ f (y) 单调非增:当x < y ∈ I时,f (x) ≥ f (y) 单调:单调非减或单调非增 1

2

3

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

逐点收敛(Pointwise Convergence)

定义2.13 逐点收敛 {fn }是Ω上一列实值函数,若对x ∈ Ω lim fn (x) = f (x)

n→∞

则称fn 在Ω上逐点收敛至f .

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.11 lim (1 + x/n)n = ex

20

ex

n→∞

15

-1

10

n=7 n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3 n=2

5

n=1

0

1 刘晓军

实变函数

2

3

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

例2.11 ( n

lim x =

1

n→∞

1 0

x=1 x 6= 1

n=1

0.5

n=2

0

0

n=3 n=4 f 0.5 刘晓军

实变函数

1

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

在逐点极限下封闭(Closure under pointwise limit) 定义2.14 在逐点极限下封闭 设F 是实值函数集合。设{fn } ⊂ F ,若 lim fn = f

=⇒

则称F 在逐点极限下封闭。

刘晓军

实变函数

f ∈F

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

在逐点极限下封闭(Closure under pointwise limit) 定义2.14 在逐点极限下封闭 设F 是实值函数集合。设{fn } ⊂ F ,若 lim fn = f

=⇒

则称F 在逐点极限下封闭。 注

刘晓军

实变函数

f ∈F

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

在逐点极限下封闭(Closure under pointwise limit) 定义2.14 在逐点极限下封闭 设F 是实值函数集合。设{fn } ⊂ F ,若 lim fn = f

=⇒

则称F 在逐点极限下封闭。 注 C(D)对逐点极限不封闭

刘晓军

实变函数

f ∈F

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

在逐点极限下封闭(Closure under pointwise limit) 定义2.14 在逐点极限下封闭 设F 是实值函数集合。设{fn } ⊂ F ,若 lim fn = f

=⇒

f ∈F

则称F 在逐点极限下封闭。 注 C(D)对逐点极限不封闭 ˆ Borel可测函数集合C(D)对逐点极限封闭

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

在逐点极限下封闭(Closure under pointwise limit) 定义2.14 在逐点极限下封闭 设F 是实值函数集合。设{fn } ⊂ F ,若 lim fn = f

=⇒

f ∈F

则称F 在逐点极限下封闭。 注 C(D)对逐点极限不封闭 ˆ Borel可测函数集合C(D)对逐点极限封闭 C(D)对一致收敛封闭

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

一致收敛(Uniform Convergence)

定义2.15 一致收敛 令{fn }∞ n=1 ⊂ C(Ω).若对∀ > 0,存在N ∈ N,使 得n ≥ N时 |fn (x) − f (x)| < 

对任意 x ∈ Ω成立,

则称fn 一致收敛至f .

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

C(D)在一致收敛下封闭

Proposition (2.15)

若{fn }∞ n=1 ⊂ C(D) 且fn → f 是一致收敛,则 f ∈ C(D)

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

函数单调序列

定义2.16 {fn }n 是函数序列,若 单调非减:对于每个x ∈ Ω,fn (x)单调非减 单调非增:对于每个x ∈ Ω,fn (x)单调非增 单调:上述两种中一种 1

2

3

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

作业

P61:命题2.14,P64:2.47 b) e),2.51

选作:2.52

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets Real-Valued Functions

作业

P61:命题2.14,P64:2.47 b) e),2.51

选作:2.52 P66:定理2.5,P71:2.54,2.56,2.60 选作:2.63

刘晓军

实变函数

Open and Closed Sets §2.3

Open and Closed Sets. Real-Valued Functions. (Continuous Functions). 2.11. D ⊂ Rf : D → Rx0 ∈ D. ϵ > 0δ > 0 x ∈ D. |x − x0| < δ. |f(x) − f(x0)| < ϵ. fx0. fD,. fD. C(D) = {D}C = C(R) ...

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Sep 3, 2009 - find such a place on the internet, the consumer needs to enter keywords in a search en% ...... task was to choose a fast food restaurant. ... grabbers (e.g., an ultra%expensive dish at a restaurant, or an ultra%cheap laptop at a.

Weakly closed graph
Until we define the notion of weak closedness, we fix a graph G and a labeling of. V (G). Let (a1,...,an) be a sequence such that 1 ≤ ai ≤ n and ai = aj if i = j. Definition 2.1. We say that ai is interchangeable with ai+1 if {ai,ai+1} ∈ E(G).

Introduction to Closed Captions - Adobe
Page 10. CAPTION FORMATS. This section describes each of the major caption .... The iOS, Android, and Safari video players are able to decode the 608 ...

Interoperability with multiple instruction sets
Feb 1, 2002 - ABSTRACT. Data processing apparatus comprising: a processor core hav ing means for executing successive program instruction. Words of a ...

Interoperability with multiple instruction sets
Feb 1, 2002 - 712/209,. 712/210. See application ?le for complete search history. ..... the programmer speci?es the sorting order is to pass the address of a ...

Bootstrap Tilting Inference and Large Data Sets ... - Tim Hesterberg
Jun 11, 1998 - We restrict consideration to distributions with support on the observed data methods described ...... My guess is that the bootstrap (and other computer-intensive methods) will really come into its own ..... 5(4):365{385, 1996.

Beliefs and Pareto Efficient Sets - Paris School of Economics
h's subjective probability of state s divided by that of state s− in the second .... (ii) S (iii). Assume that P(p) 5 P(p) ] ” and pick a feasible allocation x in P(p) 5 P(p).

Bootstrap Tilting Inference and Large Data Sets ... - Tim Hesterberg
Jun 11, 1998 - We restrict consideration to distributions with support on the observed data methods described ...... My guess is that the bootstrap (and other computer-intensive methods) will really come into its own ..... 5(4):365{385, 1996.

Dense Admissible Sets
This search was implemented on a Cray T3D. Parallelizing was accomplished by breaking the sieve interval into equal pieces. It seemed possible that load.

Local candidates and distributive politics under closed ...
Apr 2, 2018 - Abstract. Geographic representation is an important consideration in candidate nominations, even under closed-list proportional representation (PR), and may even matter for distributive policy outcomes. However, since nominations are de

Simple and Exact Closed-Form Expressions for the ... - IEEE Xplore
results are derived for Nakagami-m fading. The results derived in this paper thus allow for lock detector threshold values, lock probabilities, and false alarm rates ...

Closed-End Funds and Activist Investors: What's the Attraction?
Email: [email protected]. Draft Date: March .... In 2008, Western Investment and Benchmark teamed up to address the problem of GCS shares trading at a ...