Orthomolecular
Enhancement Linus
Linus
Pauling
Institute
2700 Sand Hill
Road,
of Human Pauling
of Science
Menlo
I believe
that there
are great
of human
beings,
the health
of human
Institutes
for Achievement
Park
emphasis
is placed
for
Institutes
and that large
matter
and radiant
that constitute
is given electric behavioral
individual
structure
that the sort to the children oscillations, patterns A human
molecules.
energy.
C are given to them. is composed
oscillations memory.
the sort
with
of physical
can operate,
of
in the brain
They
and they interact
to change the material are laid
the work
who come to the
of the universe,
in the Institutes,
of the
I know that considerable
the people
and ephemeral
of training,
the lot
the work
and I admire
are electric
of the brain
are guided it.
I can
experience
that
by way of these
structure
so that good
down.
body is made up of thousands
Some of them person.
the rest
There
consciousness
by the material understand
like
for improving
much.
doses of vitamin
94025
including
Potential very
body,
California
beings,
that has been done in these Institutes
The human
and Medicine
possibilities
of Human
on good nutrition
Development
have structures
The genes that a person
of different
kinds
that are characteristic has inherited
from
of of the
his
2.
parents
have determined
molecules,
including
may differ
somewhat
from
may change
chemical
molecules
considerable
by smoking
bodies
and their
cigarettes
and decreased
The molecules foods
that we ingest
from
Oregon
Institute
of Technology
of the structure
include
for
the diffraction
in 1936 Karl in which
in the hemoglobin
Landsteiner
I worked
patterns
interested
as a chemical
I came to the California work
on the determination
I worked
in relation
of electron molecule
was expanded
waves.
and
to
by the method
Then in 1934
and other
in the field
During
in this field
to molecular
of gas molecules
got me interested
for about ten years.
by way of the
I had graduated
In 1930 this work
of the structure
into
and effectiveness.
diffraction.
mechanics
For
expectancy
I have become
College,
or more.
to
for them
life
into our bodies
After
by x-ray
of quantum
a decade
interested
of decreased
important.
years.
in
or smaller
molecules
of suffering
in 1922 and began graduate
the determination
of analyzing I became
field
introduce
of well-being
Agricultural
of crystals
in larger
is determined
amounts
that we introduce
in recent
engineer
structure
people
because
are especially
in these molecules
the theoretical
many
of the period
Differences
that we put into our bodies.
and associates,
length
of enzymes,
so that the simpler
people
of our bodies
that are the cause of large
relatives
kinds
reactions
in different
by the molecules
The protein
in structure.
of chemical
the structure
extent.
of different
to person
are produced
extent
example,
person
the rates
Moreover,
amounts.
to some
those of thousands
enzymes
their
his structure
proteins,
and
of immunology,
the following
decade
I
3. worked
on the heditary
and then for another time,
hemolytic decade
about what Hoffer
in the control of niacin
- as much
compound
important needed
to prevent
medicine. I found
that there
amounts.
For
that a gram
example,
led to a statistically
in amount
Milner
to similar
10 grams
have a significant retardates,
and many
functioning
of the brain. These
schizophrenic
per day was reported effect
facts
oq the intellectual
other
seemed
than 17 mg per day.
for life, times
substances
the amount
disease
astonished
new in physiology reading other
substances
improvement patients.
and
affecting
the
than usual study patients
than the placebo Glutamic
by several ability
and
the literature,
to schizophrenic
were
of as an
could have
had shown by a double-blind
greater
the amount
is usually
thought
taken in larger
acid per day given
significant
that
deficiency
about many
when they were
of ascorbic
that was given
amounts
enough to start
reports
of the brain
rather
Saskatchewan
times
factor,
that I had always
to me to be something
were
and schizophrenia,
when taken in a thousand
I was astonished
functioning
mg per day,
death by the corresponding
idea seemed
the end of that
them a thousand
preventive
a substance
effects
Toward
anemia,
had done in Saskatoon,
that is needed in small
additionaL
This
as 17,000
sickle-cell
retardation
by giving
the pellagra
The idea that a vitamin, organic
illness.
and Osmond
or niacinamide,
especially
on mental
of schizophrenics
recommended
me.
on mental
when I had been working
I learned
anemias,
acid taken
investigators
of borderline
shown to affect
to me to be so important
to mental
the
that I invented
4.
- orthomolecular,
a word right
meaning
In 1967-1968
amounts.
having
the right
molecules
I published
two papers,
and Psychiatric
Medicine”
“Orthomolecular
Somatic
“Orthomolecular
Psychiatry”,
in which
and the other
arguments
concentrations
of the reacting substances were advanced as the the value of of/large doses of nutrients and other substances normally
in the human
association
and a journal
orthomolecular
molecules
that must
that the brain
function with
so well
deprivation brain
fall
well,
There
of vitamin
Only in the last
concentration
range
but in fact it probably
function,
range,
corresponding
to this
of scurvy,
C (ascorbate after
of ascorbate
is important,
for
prolonged in the
may not seem to really
of the ascorbate
of the vitamin,
mechanisms
a thousandfold
of vitamin
of concentration
to have the concentration to a high intake
mechanisms
C can be varied
many
in order
these homeostatic
C, does the concentration The twofold
sharply.
to
are no doubt a great
stages
are
States.
of all organs
and we have developed
pigs and human beings
cells.
mental
10~ end.
composition.
sensitive
medical and there
in the United
change in the concentration
of vitamin
be important,
cities
the most
that the intake
only a twofold
ion) in the brain
in several
psychiatry,
be kept in about the right
function
In both guinea
end.
of orthomolecular
is probably
in its molecular
on the
Now we have an orthomolecular
institutes
The brain change
body.
of reaction
about
of chemical
present
and rates
one entitled
dependence
explanation
equilibria
general
in the
rather
effective .at the high than at the
end of this
5.
I could I shall
give many
restrict
myself
dyskinesia,
which
especially,
to control
distressing
disease,
movements, difficult
is caused
illness.
because
the repeated
Tardive
to the brain.
while
Acetylcholine The usual
discovered. and the human
intake
per day is not an excessive
may lead to increased influence
the action
the possible
value
synthesis
is,
choline,
tardive
dyskinesia important
transmitters
to be per day,
so that the dosage This
Studies
it
a few months
in food is about a gram
of acetylcholine
of a high intake
make
of course,
of the neural
amount.
of acetylcholine.
just
per day controls
of choline
is a very
of the tongue,
not a vitamin,
body can also synthesize
to young people,
find that the involuntary
It was reported
was the first
but
tardive
dyskinesia
extrusion
of choline
Choline,
called
that are given
the young people
of 10 grams
patients.
10 Grams
mental
medicine,
is a disease
by the drugs
them to go out in public.
ago that an intake in many
of orthomolecular
There
to a few.
especially
for
examples
increased
of
intake
or in some other
way
ought to be made now of
of choline
for
other
neurological
diseases. Also, Burch
C. R. Burch,
has discovered
microscope,
his epileptiform two grams present changing diseases.
a well-known
seizures
of inositol
its concentration
by experimenting
can be controlled
per’day.
in some foods,
physicist
Inositol
on himself
completely
be effective
the that
by an intake
is an orthomolecular
and it is understandable, might
who invented
as with in controlling
of
substance, choline,
that
neurological
6.
At about the same orthomolecular
psychiatry
years
I became
Irwin
cold.
Island
ago,
that I was working interested
sending
some arguments
me copies
to the effect
100 times
He suggested
to take 3 grams
asked
of four
papers
large
C per day.
year,
the people
and asked
vitamin
of the United
if I could point
about the common
literature,
showed
that vitamin
out to the physician
I was so impressed the facts
there
in the medical
I mentioned the common
regime,
In 1969 I was school
in
that by taking cold.
A physician
the vitamin
States
million
value
waste
six hundred
than a placebo.
C had more in New York,
study
value
studies
dollars
I had not checked
to accept
the
each of
When I pointed the evidence.
of bias and by the misrepresentation and the reference
a
in the
had been made,
than a placebo.
he refused
quacks,
that had shown
1969, but I began looking
double-blind
textbooks
this
to me about encouraging
out any double-blind
by this display
cold if I were
cold.
of a new medical
cold before
and found that four
and I tried
the common
ceremonies
letter
C to have any greater
literature
us against
C is
intake.
the common
My wife
in
He gave
of vitamin
recommended
C you could prevent
a strong
disease”.
intake
against
- and in my talk
doses of vitamin
on whom
this
be protected
that it did protect
wrote
a molecular
as the usually
of vitamin
- Mt.Sinai
on the staff
C in relation
that he had published
that the natural
to speak at the opening
New York
which
as great
that I would
It was clear
in vitamin
of
Stone,
1965 and 1966 about “hypoascorbemia,
perhaps
in the field
a biochemist who was then living Mountain View, California, and has now moved to ‘. / c wrote to me, a dozen
to the common on Staten
time
books that I wrote
of
a book about vitamin This
of 1970.
C and the common
book “Vitamin
In the meantime
Irwin
Factor:
Vitamin
C Against
During
the years
members
report
Academy
C, the Common
Cold,
and the Flu”.
Stone had published
nutrients,
including
75 mg per day, adult.
with
are enough
C.
for most
protecting
against
that epidemiological
studies
people
day.
In 1974,
just when I thought
with
the Board,
day.
the recommended
I have no explanation There
are many
the amounts
C in large
that I might
intake
of vitamin
of various
day for an
recommended deficiency in
disease.
out
I pointed
is a considerable mortality
100 mg of vitamin be making
by issuing
puts out a
doses has no value
that there
of even an additional
some
for believing
C per
progress
new recommendations,
C from
60 mg to 45 mg per
for this action. reasons
Council-
had recommended
60 mg per
in the age-specific
responded
intake
this Board
the corresponding
have indicated
the ingestion
five years
recommending
cold or any other
accompanying
dropping
years
states’that
and decrease
the Board
every
with
Research
about the daily
In earlier
that vitamin
the common
in health
of the National which
U.S. A.,
the Board
and also states
improvement
Board
and in 1960 they were
diseases,
Healing
1970 on I was in correspondence
recommendations
vitamin
to prevent
in 1972 his book “The
Disease”. from
In its publication
the end
was followed
of Sciences,
on nutrition
toward
Cold”,
of the Food and Nutrition
National
published
C and the Common
one “Vitamin
in 1976 by a larger
cold,
that the human
body
requires,
for
optimum
functioning,
about 10.000
is based upon the fact
that most
amount
by an animal
manufactured
A 70-kg
goat manufactures
considerable 4 grams
amount
This
I do not believe amount
Irwin
would
not important
Fukumi
to wound healing
to surgical observed
while
hospital patients
surgical
who were
received
patients
who received and others
serum
in the patients
in this
Surgeon
Japan,
College
receiving
who received
in Saga,
C in relation
amounts of whole
against
of another
large
with
When he was working
transfusions
transfusions
doses of
is that carried
Fukuoka,
various
effect
reports
by large
in this field
school. giving
about
per day -
published
diseases
out some systematic
or no ascorbate hepatitis
the many
of the Agricultural
to be a protective
in 1967 he carried
ascorbate
had made a study of vitamin
he tried
about
average
take 10 grams
Hospital,
he was in medical
the Chief
with
a
that they do so.
study
Torikai
in Fukuoka
what seemed
and when he became Hospital,
health
and bacterial
A. Murata
Morishige
between
manufacture
important
of Fukuoka
of Professor
Dr.
in another
the most
Morishige
collaboration
diseases
manufacture
to 70 kg body,
Stone in his book has discussed of viral
gets
why I myself
for their
The
C.
and in addition
animals
calculated
that the animals
Probably
C.
out by Dr.
Japan.
per day,
reason
about the control vitamin
Other
vitamin
to its body weight.
mg per day,
is the main
if it were
manufacture
is proportional
13,000
in its food.
and 20 grams
10 g per day.
animals
One argument
mg per day.
hepatitis,
hospital,
Fukuoka
studies,
with
amounts.
He
blood.
serum
of whole blood
little
of vitamin
some
receiving
The incidence or no vitamin
Torikai
little of
C was
C
9.
seven percent, who received two grams
whereas blood
transfusions
treating
disease
in Vale
of Leven
developed
surgery,’
of vitamin
is provided
by the work
of Dr. Ewan Cameron,
Hospital,
Loch
Lomondside,
by stimulating
the body’s
a book on this
he emphasized
control
natural subject,
the possibility
that is liberated
attacks
the hyaluronic
acid of the intercellular
tissues
together.
vitamin
C might
be achieved
the intercellular that vitamin
Times, November
around
cement C is required
read an account and wrote
asking
of large
of my lecture ho3v much
1971 he began cautiously
per day to a patient with terminal during and/the next few months he tried
be In
and Cancer”,
by inhibiting cells,
the
and that
that binds
to Cameron
the
that of
I said that Cameron’s amounts
Surgeon
Cameron
of an inhibitor
of vitamin
that was published
goal
C, in that
of collagen,
of these collagen
ascorbate
and we know fibrils.
in The New York
to give to the patients.
administering cancer.
Chief
the intercellular
cement
by fibrils
the synthesis
and
mechanisms.
tumor
suggested
in which
is strengthened for
might
by the malignant
in the production
by the ingestion
of cancer
a malignant
Then in 1971 R.otman
e , and I gave a lecture
Dr.
of strengthening
hyaluronidase
be involved
Scotland.
“Hyaluronidase
enzyme
hyaluronidas
tissues
C in preventing
protective
in the normal
Cameron
who had been given
of the value
cement
might
of 1380
example
the idea that a considerable
1966 he published in which
after
in a series
per day or more. A striking
achieved
none among the there were / patients,
10 grams
The patient
the same treatment
of vitamin
responded with
other
In C
well, patients.
10.
He now has given ascorbate with
advanced
The results
stages. with
cancer,
advanced
of cancer
and to a smaller are very
cancer
1000 matched
controls,
per patient)
ascorbate,
average
300 days longer
ascorbate-treated
who were
after
patients
advanced
essentially
the same as those reported
cancer
The use of ascorbate
of ascorbate
effectiveness
have been studying by ultraviolet number
of malignant
transferred vegetables. of sodium
from
cancer
times
terminal
the fraction
have
- 22 out of 100
on the first
with ascorbate
are
Cameron.
nutrients
in controlling
cancer
We do not yet know what the best patients
, nor do we know about possible
such as vitamin
in relation
In our Institute
A.
to skin cancer
tumors
by the mice
developed mouse
on the
In 1974 Morishige
is a significant
ordinary
that they did not
have lived
We find that there
The increase ascorbate
by
and other
vitamins,
nutrition
light.
except
Fifty
to be treated
investigated. is for
of other
and the same kind
and his observations
with
of 100 patients C per day and
and 4 out of 1000 controls. treatment,
at earlier
in the same way,
patients
being pronounced
55 patients
needs to be thoroughly
treated
than the controls.
in Japan began the same
dosage
the same sex,
the ascorbate-treated
than a year
cancer
of vitamin
, and in the same hospital
receive
more
with
than 500 patients
,In a comparison
10 grams
the same age,
(10 controls
to more
number
promising.
who received
by the same physicians
lived
as the only therapy
in mice,
however,
is added to the diet of raw fruits
caused
decrease
in the
when they are
food to a diet of raw fruits
is far greater,
we
and
when 2.5 percent or vegetables
(or
11.
to the regular mouse as many 17 percent /malignant
food).
The mice
tumors
as those
we think
well
against
that it might skin cancer
be possible
caused by ultraviolet
on the best diet have only on ordinary
mouse
to protect light
them
food,
and
completely
by finding
the optimum
diet. I believe increased
intake
be possible
in their
from
of vitamin
for people
than at the present suffer
that by improvement
handicaps
condition
I think
by following
health
in good health
of one sort
that in this way the amount s igztiicantly.
C, and by other
to remain
time.
in nutrition,
especially practices
it will
25 years
longer
for
also that it is likely or another
the appropriate of suffering
that people
can show great nutritional
in the world
who
improvement
regimes,
can be decreased
and
