The 42nd International Congress for the History of Pharmacy 8-11 Sep. 2015 ISTANBUL

Conclusion: The appearance of pharmacies in cities had a great role of a culture carrier in the infrastructure and hygiene fields. Indirectly they caused other businessmen build themselves sanitary homes. The whole always left and impression of a perfect health institution where life was possible under the most hygienic living conditions of that time.

P-09 Porcelain and milk-glass vessels in Polish pharmacies in 18th and 19th century Marcin Więcek The Museum Of Pharmacy (a Branch Of Museum Of Warsaw)

Models of ceramic pharmaceutical vessels appeared in Europe in early Middle Ages through the Arabic influences. They were produced in Spain (12th c.), Italy (the turn of 15th c.), Netherlands (half of 17th c.), France and Germany (17th and 18th c.). Vessels made of porcelain were exported to Europe from China. At the beginning of 18th c. the original recepture was discovered in Saxony, in the court of the king of Poland August II The Strong, by E.W. von Tschirnhausen and J.F. Böttger. The usage of porcelain vessels increased in pharmacies including its cheaper imitations made of milkglass. In 1804 the leading works in Poland was establihed, in Ćmielów (Świętokrzyskie province). It was the place of production of hard porcelain and also porcellanite utensils. Porcelain vessels were often treated as the amulets against poisoned liquids. They were also used to store some rare medicines of versatile use.

P-10 Pharmacy at the crossroads of Trade, Science and Civilization: The example of the Greek – Ottoman Pharmacists in Istanbul Theodoros Ioannis 2 Soteriadou 1 2

1

Kyrkoudis ,

Constantina

Miltiades

Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandrupolis, Greece Mental Health Center of Patras General Hospital, Patras, Greece

The role of practical doctors and pharmacists, dating back to the era of the Byzantine Empire, became more discernible when Istanbul was established as the major economical and cultural center of the East in the 1500’s. In 1839 the Imperial School of Pharmacy of the University of

90

The 42nd International Congress for the History of Pharmacy 8-11 Sep. 2015 ISTANBUL

Istanbul was founded. Greek – Ottoman Pharmacists were the first among other non Muslim minorities to establish a significant network that dominated and controlled the science and practice of Pharmacy in Istanbul for many decades. Organizational patterns, commercial and scientific profiles of the most important Greek – Ottoman Pharmacists in Istanbul from 1840 until today are described and their connections with doctors and specific partnerships of that time are discussed. In conclusion, Greek – Ottoman Pharmacists in Istanbul, were open-minded to social, political, economical and cultural changes and contributed to the promotion of Pharmacy and Medicine of their time, before moving to Greece where they slowly passed in anonymity.

P-11 Gynecological use of Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis L.) in Traditional Arab Medicine and its perspectives for modern phytotherapeuticals Mada Chahoud, Sabine Anagnostou Institute for the History of Pharmacy Marburg

Considering Arab Medicine to be a fundamental authority in preserving and developing Greek Medicine on its way to Europe it deserves a scientific investigation as it bears knowledge which still has not been sufficiently explored. Making an effort in this challenge we found that Sweet Clover has a rich tradition in gynecological use starting from 13th century Arab medicine lasting over the middle ages and modern era until the 18th century in Europe. Arab scholars recommended Sweet Clover in case of ulcers or tumors of the uterus. Besides an inner application a compress – consisting of a Sweet Clover extract cooked with boiled grapes, fenugreek and egg yolk – has persisted over the centuries of medieval Arab medicine for ailments of the womb. The indications of Sweet Clover for the treatment of tumors and ulcers reappear in medieval Europe and modern Era and undermine the reception of Arab Tradition in Europe. Although Sweet Clover`s declared gynecological indications became of minor importance during the 19th century, Melilotus officinalis L. is still used in pharmacies and is listed in European pharmacopoeias as emollient (e.g. swollen glands) and pain reducer. The indications for Sweet Clover found over the centuries indicate anti-inflammatory activity considering the described

91