Show the web architecture and components which Enable internet and web Functionality. Web architecture: Web architecture is all the technology used to make the web server run; this gives the user the ability to view websites via the internet. This works by uploading it onto the web servers. Components that enable the internet to work functionally are: •Internet Service Provider •Web Hosting Service •Domain name Registrars •

Domain Structures

•Worldwide Web

Internet service providers (ISP): an ISP is a company that provides internet to your home computers that way it gives your computer the ability to connect to the internet. Examples of ISP’s in the UK are: Talk Talk, virgin, BT, Sky, EE, Plus net, primus, 3, Xln, Orange, o2, Vodafone, John Lewis and t mobile. These are some of the ISP’s in the UK and they all provide internet either by broadband or Mobile phones. Web hosting service: is a server that host websites to connect to so that people can actually search for the website and see it online, without a web hosting service people won’t be able to view a website online. Ideally you can create your own web hosting service but they tend to be very expensive and very difficult to do, most people prefer to pay web hosting companies to host their websites. Domain name Registrars: a domain name registrar is a service that lets you register your desired website domain name so that it’s particular to you and no one can own it apart from you. Domain names available to register are: •.aero (restricted to members of the aviation community) •.biz (restricted to businesses) •.com •.coop (restricted to cooperatives) •.info •.museum (restricted to museums and related persons) •.name (restricted to individuals) •.net •.org (restricted to non-profit organizations)

•.pro (restricted to licensed professionals)

Domain Structures: is the website address, it connects IP addresses to URL names. It specifies a mail server for the domain name and organizes the internet system that can be passed and be well understood between computers and computers and also users and computers. Worldwide web: the worldwide web is very similar to the internet in the sense that they are both interchangeable; the worldwide web is what allows the internet to exist because it involves the existence of pages, web server and allows the internet to connect together.

Hardware Components Routers: is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router will always be connected to at least two networks either two LANs (local area network), or a LAN and a WAN (wide area network). A router connects between your home network and your ISP (Internet Service Providers DSL/Cable modem.) Its main function is to provide wired and wireless Internet connections to all your laptops, computers, tablets, and smart entertainment components within your home network. Web server: are computers that deliver web pages. All web servers have an IP address and possibly a domain name. Any computer can be turned into a web server by installing the server software and connecting the computer to the internet. There are several web server packages such as NCSA and Apache and commercial packages form Microsoft, Netscape and others. (Data centres) Proxy server: are servers that sit between a client application, such as a Web browser, and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfil the requests itself. If it cant it will forward the request to the real server. Proxy servers have 2 main purposes: • •

Improve performance: Proxy servers can improve performance for groups of users. This is because it saves the results of all requests for a certain amount of time Filter requests: Proxy servers can also be used to filter requests. For example, a company could use a proxy server to prevent its employees from making use of a specific set of Web sites.

Mail server: is a server that works like your virtual post office only that they send emails much quicker. When you send and email it reaches the recipient within a blink of an eye but without mail servers this wouldn’t be possible, mail servers make a couple of transfers

before the email is fully sent. If mail servers dint exist you would only be able to send emails to people with the same domain as you e.g. you would only be able to send and email to an .com account if your account equally ended in. com. Software components

Browser software: Browser software is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files. As client, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and requests information. The server sends the information back to the Web browser, which then displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that uses a browser.

Email software: is software that is used to create, send, receive and edit emails. Email software protects your computer from all sorts of malware and virus mails. Protocols Application layer The application layer is a layer reserved for communications protocols and methods intended for process-to-process communications across an IP computer network. It uses the transport layer protocols to allow host-to-host connections. Application layer is the top layer of TCP/IP protocol. The Application layer includes all the procedures that use Transport layer protocols to deliver data to the Internet layer. There are many application protocols, and new protocols are frequently added. Transport layer The transport layer is also responsible for the running of error correction, providing quality and reliability to the end user. This layer allows the host to send and receive error corrected data, packets or messages over a network and is the network component that allows multiplexing (the sending of two or more signals along one communication channels). Internet layer The Internet Layer is the second layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. The key functions of the internet layer are transmitting data to and from the Network Access layer, routing data to the correct destination network and device on the destination network, and handling packet errors and fragmentation.

Network Access Layer The Network Access Layer is the layer in the TCP/IP model at which data is transmitted and received across the physical network. A network interface device, regularly a line card, adaptor or port is used to connect the physical wires or fibres to the computer so that it can communicate with other computers. This network interface is allocated an address from the Internet Layer so that it can communicate with devices on other networks. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): is the suite of communication protocol that is used to connect hosts on the internet. TCP/IP are 2 different protocols but are used together. IP dictates how data packages are sent out over networks. IP has an addressing method that allows a computer on the internet to a packet of data to another computer. TCP simply ensures that reliability of data transmission across internet connected networks. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): is the protocol used for the worldwide web, HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and also what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to all sorts of commands. HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure): is the safer version of HTTP. HTTPS allows secure transactions such as online banking. Web browsers will always display a padlock on websites that use HTTPS to show the user that it’s a secure website SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): is a protocol for sending email through servers.SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. SMTP is a set of commands that authenticate and direct the transfer of electronic mail. Domain Name System (DNS) is a TCP/IP protocol which is a ranked distributed naming system for computers, services, and any other resource connected to the internet or a private network, such as a printer or scanner. It gives a domain name to each device and it translates easily memorised domain names to the numerical IP addresses which are needed for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide and in your local network.

All these protocols are TCP/IP due to each protocol must definitely send the information across the internet to the destination without fail and if a packet of information is misplaced then it will resend that packet of information until the end user gains the full information and detail.