THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE BY BRIAN GREENE
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THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE BY BRIAN GREENE PDF
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THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE BY BRIAN GREENE PDF
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THE ELEGANT UNIVERSE BY BRIAN GREENE PDF
Brian Greene, one of the world's leading string theorists, peels away layers of mystery to reveal a universe that consists of eleven dimensions, where the fabric of space tears and repairs itself, and all matter_from the smallest quarks to the most gargantuan supernovas_is generated by the vibrations of microscopically tiny loops of energy. The Elegant Universe makes some of the most sophisticated concepts ever contemplated accessible and thoroughly entertaining, bringing us closer than ever to understanding how the universe works. This issue was published in 1999. ● ● ● ● ●
Sales Rank: #871604 in Books Published on: 1999 Original language: English Binding: Hardcover 0 pages
Most helpful customer reviews 0 of 0 people found the following review helpful. Four Stars By Jonathan Watanabe Elegantly Written.... Universal in its appeal. 0 of 0 people found the following review helpful. Four Stars By BobBill String theory decent... 2 of 2 people found the following review helpful. AN EXCITING EXPOSITION OF SUPERSTRING THEORY, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS By Steven H Propp Brian Randolph Greene (born 1963) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist who is professor at Columbia University and chairman of the World Science Festival since co-founding it in 2008. He has participated in several PBS television specials, and has also written books such as The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality, The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos, Icarus at the Edge of Time, etc. [NOTE: page numbers below refer to the 448-page 2003 paperback edition.] He wrote in the Preface to the second edition [2003] of this 1999 book, “I was… encouraged repeatedly by audiences attending various general-level lectures I’d been giving on relativity, quantum mechanics, and my own speciality---superstring theory---who seemed enthralled by the strange and startling ideas emerging from cutting-edge research… ‘The Elegant Universe’ grew out of those lectures … I wrote ‘The Elegant Universe’ in an attempt to make the remarkable insights emerging from the forefront of physics research accessible to a broad spectrum of
readers, especially those with no training in mathematics or physics… I hope this book will crystallize some of the foundational material of modern physics, such as special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics, while conveying the contagious excitement of researchers closing in on the long-sought unified theory.” (Pg. ix-x, xiv) In the first chapter, he outlines, “the hostility between quantum mechanics and general relativity cries out for a deeper level of understanding. Can it really be that the universe at its most fundamental level is divided, requiring one set of laws when things are large and a different, incompatible set when things are small? Superstring theory… answers with a resounding no… Within this new framework, general relativity and quantum mechanics require one another for the theory to make sense… But superstring theory … takes this union one giant step further… String theory has the potential to show that all of the wondrous happenings in the universe … are reflections of one grand physical principle, one master equation.” (Pg. 4-5) He explains, “The central concern of this book is to explain the workings of the universe according to string theory, with a primary emphasis on the implications that these results have for our understanding of space and time… the [explanation] given here does not address itself to a theory that has been completely worked out, confirmed by experimental tests, and fully accepted by the scientific community… And so string theory should be viewed as a work in progress whose partial completion has already revealed astonishing insights into the the nature of space, time, and matter.” (Pg. 18) Later, he suggests, “the simple replacement of point particles with strands of string as the fundamental ingredients of everything has far-reaching consequences. First and foremost, string theory appears to resolve the conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics… Second, string theory provides a truly unified theory, since all matter and all forces are proposed to arise from one basic ingredient: oscillating strings. Finally… string theory once again radically changes our understanding of spacetime.” (Pg. 136) Still, he acknowledges, “In theoretical physics research, one is frequently confronted with equations that are just too hard to understand or to analyze. Typically, physicists …. try to solve the equations approximately. The situation in string theory is even more difficult. Even determining the equations themselves has proved to be so difficult that only approximate versions of them have so far been deduced. String theorists have thereby been limited to finding approximate solutions to approximate equations.” (Pg. 140) He adds, “At the present time… we do not know if the fundamental characteristics of our universe … can be explained by string theory… extracting detailed numerical predictions from the theory is currently beyond our abilities.” (Pg. 147) Of the “extra dimensions” that string theory proposes, he admits, “the universe may also have additional spatial dimensions that are tightly curled up into a tiny space---a space so tiny that is has so far eluded detection by even our most refined experimental equipment.” (Pg. 188) Later, he adds, “The essential requirement … is that all of these dimensions have a spatial extent smaller than the smallest length scales we can probe, since no experiment has yet revealed their existence.” (Pg. 200) He also states, “why does string theory require the particular number of nine space dimensions to avoid nonsensical probability values? This is probably the hardest question in string theory to answer without appealing to mathematical formalism. A straightforward string theory calculation reveals this answer, but no one has an intuitive, nontechnical explanation for the particular number
that emerges.” (Pg. 203) He asks, “why is it that three space (and one time) dimensions are large and extended while all of the others are tiny and curled up? Why aren’t they ALL extended, or all curled up, or some other possibility in between? At present no one knows the answer to this question. If string theory is right, we should eventually be able to extract the answer, but as yet our understanding of the theory is not refined enough to reach this goal.” (Pg. 204) He frankly admits, “although string theory has the potential to be THE most predictive theory that physicists have ever studied… physicists have not as yet been able to make predictions with the precision necessary to confront experimental data… today’s physicists… can’t unleash its full predictive power until they succeed in WRITING the full instruction manual.” (Pg. 211) He explains M-theory: “M-theory has ELEVEN dimensions (ten space and one time)… string theorists have realized that one additional spatial dimension in string theory---beyond the nine space and one time dimensions… allows for a deeply satisfying synthesis of all five versions of the theory… string theorists have realized that the reasoning… that led to one time and nine space dimensions was APPROXIMATE, and that exact calculations, which can now be completed, show that one spatial dimension had hitherto been overlooked.” (Pg. 287) He suggests, “Imagine that what we call THE universe is actually only one tiny part of a vastly larger cosmological expanse, one of an enormous number of island universes scattered across a grand cosmological archipelago… [Let’s] call this greatly expanded notion of the universe the MULTIVERSE, with each of the constituent parts being called a universe.” (Pg. 366-367) He continues, “if we now ask… why the forces and particles of nature have the particular properties we observe, a possible answer emerges… What’s special about the particular combination of particle and force properties we observe is that, clearly, they allow life to form. And life, intelligent life in particular, is a prerequisite even to ask the question of why our universe has the properties it does. In plain language, things are the way they are in our universe because if they weren’t, we wouldn’t be here to notice.” (Pg. 368) He concludes, “we can envision that a reframing of the principles of quantum mechanics within string theory may yield a more powerful formalism that is capable of giving us the answer to the question of how the universe began and why there are things such as space and time---a formalism that will take us one step close to answering Leibniz’s question of why there is something rather than nothing.” (Pg. 382) He adds, “No doubt, there are even grander surprises in store for us as we continue to seek a full and calculationally tractable understanding of superstring theory. Already, through studies in M-theory, we have seen glimpses of a strange new domain of the universe … possibly one in which there is no notion of time or space. At the opposite extreme, we have also seen that our universe may merely be one of the innumerable frothing bubbles on the vast surface of a vast and turbulent cosmic ocean called the multiverse.” (Pg. 387) This challenging, honest, and thought-provoking book will be of great interest to anyone studying string theory, or contemporary cosmological theories. See all 6 customer reviews...
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