The Journal for Developmental Biology. 106 (2017) 131-136 https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/the-journal-for-developmental-biology Original Research Article. ISJN: 5743-8476: Impact Index: 4.18

Ph ton

The Journal for Developmental Biology Araucaria: an evolutionary conserved genus Dr. Teena Agrawal* Banasthali University, Niwai, India Article history: Received: 06 August, 2017 Accepted: 08 August, 2017 Available online: 16 September, 2017 Keywords: Gymnosperms, extinction, sequences, conserved, new Caledonia Corresponding Author: Dr. Agrawal T.*, Assistant Professor Email: tagrawal02 ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com

Abstract Gymnosperm have the very important phylogenetic values among the all plants group ,they are intermediate among the top of the angiosperms and the other lower plant group .This group shows the tremendous kind of the development in the Mesozoic era ,however at the end

of the cretaceous one can seen the rapid decline in the species . Araucaria is the genus of the great values. They have the reservoirs of the many conserved sequences which show the clear pathways of the evolution. New Caledonia near the Australia is the heaven of the Araucaria, near Chile the tribal peoples used those plants for the variety of the purposes, this is the best ornamental tree, and this plant is near the edges of the extinction, so internationally efforts are needed for the saving of the plants. Citation: Dr. Agrawal T., 2017. Araucaria: an evolutionary conserved genus. The Journal for Developmental Biology. Photon 106, 131-136 All Rights Reserved with Photon. Photon Ignitor: ISJN57438476D873716092017

1. Introduction Gymnosperms are the naked seeds plants (chamberlain. 1935) .They are the top most evolutionary conserved flora of the plant kingdom. The combination of the features is like that they approached the maximum of the evolution. However in the angiosperm one can seen the heist of the evolution of the all organs and the genera’s. coniferales are the living representatives of the gymnosperms, although cycadales are also the relict liens of the evolution, however coniferales are the only lines of the evolution which needs conservation and it is the reservoirs f the all kinds of the genes and there metabolites sources. Araucaria is the evergreen genus of the family auracariaceae. In whole world around 20 species of the Araucaria has been reported. New Caledonia is the place which is the heaven for the Araucaria. maximum genetic diversity has been seen in that area of the Australia ,the island is isolated and there is not any much anthropogenic disturbances’ ,so maximum kinds of the diversity can be seen in that island . however maximum diversity was seen in the Jurassic period .a long forest ecosystem of the Araucaria can be seen over there .the development of the Araucaria correlate with the development of the reptiles of that area and era .on the basis of the Ph ton

mt Dna and the nuclear Dna it was conferred that there are four basic liens of the evolution in the Araucaria plants lines or the cladistic of the Araucaria, these cladistic are enlisted as a) Araucaria, b) Bunya c) intermedia D) Eutacta Stem : of the tree is cylindrical and it is typical premedical and looks very beautify cones , the branches are long cylindrical and tapering at the end .the wood have the typical gymnopsermous kinds of the wood anatomy , however xylem and phloem are totally devoid of the vessels and the sieve tube elements completely respectively Leaves are Microphylls, juvenile leaves of the Araucaria most commonly seen as in the double rows spirally arranged; .the leaves anatomy is suitable for the xeric conditions. The Araucaria grows well in the lower altitudes with good rainfalls. Cones are the most important part of the genus. majority of the species are dioecious . However in some species both cones can be found on the same plant. In china two species of the Araucaria has been revised.

131

Figure 1: Araucaria forest in New Caledonia (sources gymnosperm databases)

Figure 2: Araucaria tree (sources Arnold arboretum)

Indigenous peoples of the Chile utilises the Araucaria for the variety of the purposes (Thora martina et al., 2005), Araucaria is the most important endemic tree of the Chile and sometime it is the most endangered, tree species of the Chile .here is the Andes mountain series ,which is the homeland of the many tribal peoples .here mapaucue pewenche peoples uses the Araucaria for the differ livelihood purposes. They have the social, economic and the religious relationship with the Araucaria trees (Thora martina., et al 2005). Uses’ of the Araucaria: 1) Economically the plant is very useful, all the plant part of gthe commercial value, in Australia

Ph ton

the wood is used for the construction of the many houses and there inside luxury. 2) The plant is useful from the ornamentation purposes. 3) In home it is used for the aesthetic values. 4) The seed are used as a food, in most of the part of the world. 5) The flower buds also of the medicinal value. 6) The wood is very useful economically& commercially. Phytochemistry of the Araucaria has been worked out by the many workers of the different part of the globe .all plant part are the reservoirs of the many kinds of the metabolites of the medical values.

132

Phytochemistry of the A. columanis has been worked out by the (Aslam et al., 2014). They used the dichloromethane and the methanol for the separation of the compounds, thin layer chromatography is used as the separation of the compounds, as a analytical techniques for the isolation and the identification of the various compounds. phytochemical analysis shows the presence of the tannins and the glycosides (Aslam et al., 2014). Chemical and the biological investigations of Araucaria heterophylla has been investigated by the (satter et al., 2009). Three labdanae diterpene has been identified by the, H NMR CNMR, Biflavenoids of the Arucaria has been investigated by the (Khan et al., 1971). Evolutionary diversification of the new caledonia Araucaria species has been investigated by the Mai-lankrantiz et al., 2014. On the basis of the mt Dna and the nuclear Dna it has estimated that this genus has the most conserved sequences in the evolution .they represent the relict lines of the evolution (Mai lankrantiz et al., 2014). in world only the new Caledonia sit hep lace where this genus is endemic ,otherwise the other part of the world this genus is in However since the habitat in the other part of the world this lines o f the evolution are degrading with the great speed. In world only the New Caledonia sit hep lace where this genus is endemic, otherwise the other part of the world this genus is in the lines of the extinction. Araucaria represent the combinations of the genes f the fossil gymnosperms. These plant lines of the evolution are very important form the analysis of the evolution and the phylogentices of the gymnosperm. The all plant part is the reservoirs of the metabolites of the medicinal values. So IUCN and the Indian govt. efforts are needed for the conservation o thisl ienso f the evolution. References (2009) Selectig barcoding loci for plants: evaluation of seven candidate loci with (Araucariaceae) based on permineralized vegetative and reproductive-organs of (D. Don) Lindl., Araucariaceae) survives Oligocene drowning. Syst Biol 51: 827– (late Albian), western Queensland, Australia. Alcheringa 36: 217–237. (Namurian and Westphalian) miospore assemblages from the west coast of Ph ton

(Podocarpaceae), inferred from chloroplast trnL-F intron/spacer and nuclear [Anonymous, undated]. Pinheiro-do-Paraná, http://www.pr.gov.br/seec/pinheiro/index.html (accessed 2000.06.23, now defunct). 1. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) 10. Kunzmann L (2007) Araucariaceae (Pinopsida): Aspects in palaeobiogeography 11. Escapa IH, Catalano SA (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of Araucariaceae: 12. Heads M (2010) Biogeographical affinities of the New Caledonian biota: a 13. Bromham L, Penny D (2003) The modern molecular clock. Nat Rev Genet 4: 14. Ladiges PY, Cantrill D (2007) New CaledoniaAustralian connections: 15. Biffin E, Hill RS, Lowe AJ (2010) Did Kauri (Agathis: Araucariaceae) really 16. Crisp MD, Trewick SA, Cook LG (2011) Hypothesis testing in biogeography. 17. Knapp M, Mudaliar R, Havell D, Wagstaff SJ, Lockhart PJ (2007) The 18. Leslie AB, Beaulieu JM, Rai HS, Crane PR, Donoghue MJ, et al. (2012) 19. Liu N, Zhu Y, Wei ZX, Chen J, Wang QB, et al. (2009) Phylogenetic 19–27. 2. Grandcolas P, Murienne J, Robillard T, DesutterGrandcolas L, Jourdan H, et 20. Hollingsworth ML, Clark AA, Forrest LL, Richardson J, Pennington RT, et al. 2006: 1–3. 21. Grivet D, Heinze B, Vendramin GG, Petit RJ (2001) Genome walking with 21: 162–177. 216–224. 22. Shaw J, Lickey EB, Beck JT, Farmer SB, Liu W, et al. (2005) The tortoise and 23. Demesure B, Sodzi N, Petit RJ (1995) A set of universal primers for amplification 24. Hamilton MB (1999) Four primer pairs for the amplification of chloroplast 25. Chen S, Yao H, Han J, Liu C, Song J, et al. (2010) Validation of the ITS2 26. Zwickl D (2006) Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of 27. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F (2001) MrBAYES: Bayesian inference of 28. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference 285. 29. Rambaut A, Drummond A (2007) Tracer Version 1.5. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/ 3. Morat P (1993) Our knowledge of the flora of New Caledonia: endemism and 30. Hill RS, Lewis T, Carpenter RJ, Whang SS (2008) Agathis (Araucariaceae) 31. Axsmith BJ, Escapa IH, Huber P (2008) An Araucarian conifer bract-scale 32. Stockey RA (1982) The Araucariaceae - an evolutionary perspective. Rev 33. Hill RS, Brodribb TJ (1999) Turner Review No. 2 Southern conifers in time 34. Pole M, Vajda V (2009) A new terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene site in New

133

35. Hill RS, Carpenter RJ (1991) Evolution of Acmopyle and Dacrycarpus 36. Sinclair WT, Mill RR, Gardner MF, Woltz P, Jaffre´ T, et al. (2002) Evolutionary 37. Escapa I, Cuneo R, Axsmith B (2008) A new genus of the Cupressaceae (sensu 38. Dornburg A, Beaulieu JM, Oliver JC, Near TJ (2011) Integrating fossil 389. 39. Marshall CR (2008) A simple method for bracketing absolute divergence times 4. Pelletier B, editor (2006) Geology of the New Caledonia region and its 40. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by 41. Drummond AJ, Ho SYW, Phillips MJ, Rambaut A (2006) Relaxed 42. Cantrill DJ, Raine JI (2006) Wairarapaia mildenhallii gen. et sp nov., a new 43. McLean D, Owens B, Pendleton JL, Bodman D (2013) Pennsylvanian 439–457. 44. van Waveren IM, Abbink OA, van Hoof TB, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert 45. Axsmith BJ, Taylor TN, Taylor EL (1998) Anatomically preserved leaves of the 46. Miller CN (1999) Implications of fossil conifers for the phylogenetic relationships 47. Stockler K, Daniel IL, Lockhart PJ (2002) New Zealand Kauri (Agathis australis 48. Ruane S, Pyron RA, Burbrink FT (2011) Phylogenetic relationships of the 49. Rutschmann F, Eriksson T, Abu Salim K, Conti E (2007) Assessing calibration 5. Murienne J (2009) Testing biodiversity hypotheses in New Caledonia using 50. Kenrick P, Crane PR (1997) The origin and early evolution of plants on land. 51. Chambers TC, Drinnan AN, McLoughlin S (1998) Some morphological 52. Ohsawa T, Nishida H, Nishida M (1995) Yezonia a new section of Araucaria 53. Cantrill DJ (1992) Araucarian foliage from the Lower Cretaceous of southern 54. Del Fueyo GM, Archangelsky A (2002) Araucaria grandifolia Feruglio from the 55. Macphail M, Carpenter RJ (2013) New potential nearest living relatives for 56. Lee DE, Bannister JM, Lindqvist JK (2007) Late Oligocene-Early Miocene leaf 565–578. 57. Pole M (2008) The record of Araucariaceae macrofossils in New Zealand. 58. Dettmann ME, Clifford HT, Peters M (2012) Emwadea microcarpa gen. et sp 59. van der Ham RWJM, Jagt JWM, Renkens S, van Konijnenburg-van Cittert 6. Pillon Y (2012) Time and tempo of diversification in the flora of New Caledonia. 60. McLoughlin S, Carpenter RJ, Jordan GJ, Hill RS (2008) Seed ferns survived the 61. Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by 62. Lawver LA, Gahagan LM (2003) Evolution of Cenozoic seaways in the circum63. Veevers JJ, Powell CM, Roots SR (1991) Review of seafloor spreading around Ph ton

64. Francis J, Ashworth A, Cantrill D, Crame J, Howe J, et al. (2008) 100 million 65. Hall R (2001) Cenozoic reconstructions of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: changing 66. Heads M (2008) Panbiogeography of New Caledonia, south-west Pacific: basal 67. Meffre S, Crawford A, Quilty P (2006) Arc-continent collision forming a large 7. Gaudeul M, Rouhan G, Gardner MF, Hollingsworth PM (2012) AFLP markers 726–742. 8. Setoguchi H, Asakawa Osawa T, Pintaud J-C, Jaffre´ T, Veillon J-M (1998) 832. 9. Kershaw P, Wagstaff B (2001) The southern conifer family Araucariaceae: 938. A. vulgaris comb. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. J Plant al. (2008) New Caledonia: A very old Darwinian island? Philos Trans R Soc Alcheringa 32: 405–426. Am J Bot 85: 1507–1516. Am J Bot 85: 704–713. and palaeobiodiversity in the Mesozoic. Zool Anz 246: 257–277. and space. Aust J Bot 47: 639–696. angiosperms on basement terranes, ultramafic endemics inherited from volcanic Antarctic Earth Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. Antarctic region. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 198: 11–37. Araucaria Phylogeny Araucaria Phylogeny Araucariaceae producing fossil Wollemi Pine-type pollen (Dilwynites granulatus Araucarian cone related to Wollemia from the Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) Aust Syst Bot 4: 449–480. Australia. I. Synthesis of the patterns of spreading. Aust J Earth Sci 38: 373– Barrett P, Stagg H, Storey B, Stump E, Wise W, editors. Antarctica: A Keystone Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858. biogeographic patterns and geology. Aust Syst Bot 20: 383–389. Bot J Linn Soc 170: 288–298. Caledonia: Documents Scientifiques et Techniques, Vol. II 7, 2nd ed. IRD. Caledonian Araucaria species (Araucariaceae). Am J Bot 99: 68–81. calibration points. Syst Biol 56: 591–608. complex from the lower Jurassic of Massachusetts: implications for estimating cone homologies. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 151: 110–122. conifer Notophytum krauselii (Podocarpaceae) from the Triassic of Antarctica. consensus primers: application to the large single copy region of chloroplast constraints based on temporal and phylogenetic evidence. J Evol Biol 24: 274– Cretaceous frog Beelzebufo from Madagascar and the placement of fossil dissertation, The University of Texas, Austin. diversity in relation to vegetation types and substrates. Biodiv Lett 1: 72–81.

134

DNA sequences of eight genes. Chin Sci Bull 54: 2648– 2655. DNA. Mol Ecol Notes 1: 345–349. drowning of New Zealand and the problem of Agathis. Syst Biol 56: 862–870. Ecol Syst 32: 397–414. editors. Faunal and Floral Migrations and Evolution in SE Asia-Australasia. Electronica 11: 13A. end-Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania. Am J Bot 95: 465–471. estimation. Syst Biol 60: 519–527. event-based models: Plant versus animal patterns. Syst Biol 53: 216–243. Extended Abstracts, Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2006 Melbourne features of Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis: Araucariaceae) and their comparison Haines, R.J.; Prakash, N. and Nikles, D.G. 1984. Pollination in Araucaria Juss. Australian Journal of Botany 32(6): 583-594. Hemisphere-scale differences in conifer evolutionary dynamics. Proc Natl Acad History, status, and value for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Annu Rev Hortus Botanicus Catinensis, URL = http://www.dipbot.unict.it/orto/0001-1.html. implications for the study of the New Caledonian biodiversity. Noume´a, New in a Changing World. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on integrating molecules, morphology, and fossils. Int J Plant Sci 174: 1153–1170. intergenic regions with intraspecific variation. Mol Ecol 8: 521–523. island arcs and old taxa endemic to young islands. J Biogeogr 35: 2153–2175. island between New Caledonia and New Zealand in the Oligocene. ASEG JHA (2008) Revision of the Late Carboniferous megaflora from the De Lutte-06 JHA (2010) Seed-cone scales from the upper Maastrichtian document the last large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion: PhD lato) from the Jurassic of Patagonia: Implications for conifer megasporangiate Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger. pp. 35–56. Lond B Biol Sci 363: 3309–3317. Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Cretac Res 23: 265–277. macrofossils confirm a long history of Agathis in New Zealand. N Z J Bot 45: macrofossils from Cainozoic sediments in south-eastern Australia. Aust Syst Bot Mijnbouw-N J G 87: 339–352. Nature 389: 33–39. nov.-anatomically preserved Araucarian seed cones from the Winton Formation occurrence in Europe of the Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae. of living families. Bot Rev 65: 239–277. of New Zealand. Int J Plant Sci 167: 1259–1269. of polymorphic noncoding regions of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA in Ohsawa, T., H. Nishida and M. Nishida. 1995. Yezonia, a new section of Araucaria (Araucariaceae) based on permineralized vegetative and reproductive organs of A. vulgaris comb. nov. from the upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Plant Ph ton

Research 108: 25-39. on molecular phylogenies using multiple fossil calibration points. Am Nat 171: ONE 5: e8613. Palaeobot Palynol 37: 133–154. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 291: 469–473. patterns of land and sea. In: Metcalfe J, Smith M, Morwood I, Davidson A, phylogenetic analysis. Am J Bot 92: 142–166. phylogenetic and stratigraphic congruence in the Araucariaceae. Palaeontologia Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences. phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754–755. phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol 4: 699–710. phylogenetics. J Biogeogr 36: 1433–1434. plants. Mol Ecol 4: 129–131. PLOS ONE PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 10 October 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 10 | e110308 Podocarpaceae foliage as inferred from macrofossils in south-eastern Australia. preservation biases in the selection of calibrations for molecular divergence time provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversification of New puzzle with 24 pieces. J Biogeogr 37: 1179–1201. rDNA ITS2 sequences. Plant Syst Evol 233: 79–104. Region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. PloS relationships and divergence times of the family Araucariaceae based on the relationships of the New Caledonian heterotrophic conifer, Parasitaxus usta Res 108: 25–39. sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol 7: 214. Schmid 1981. Sci USA 109: 16217–16221. Scotland. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 190: 1–14. software/tracer/ species-level sampling in three divergent groups of land plants. Mol Ecol Res 9: survive the Oligocene drowning of New Zealand? Syst Biol 59: 594–602. the hare II: relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for to Cretaceous plant fossils. Int J Plant Sci 159: 160–171. Trends Ecol Evol 26: 66–72. uncertainty in molecular dating: the assignment of fossils to alternative under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. Victoria, Australia. Int J Plant Sci 153: 622–645. W.K. Harris, 1965). Alcheringa 38: 135–139. well (Twente, the Netherlands), and its stratigraphical implications. Geol Wilde, M.H. and A. J. Eames. 1952. The ovule and seed of Araucaria bidwilli with discussion of the taxonomy of the genus. II. Taxonomy. Annals of Botany New Series 16: 27-47. years of Antarctic climate evolution: Evidence from fossil plants. In: Cooper A, Zealand-turnover in macroflora confirmed by palynology. Cretac Res 30: 917– Mill R.R., Ruhsam M., Thomas P.I., Gardner M.F., Hollingsworth PM., 2017. Araucaria goroensis

135

(Araucariaceae), a new Monkey Puzzle from New Caledonia, and nomenclatural notes on Araucaria muelleri. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 1–17. Ruhsam M., Rai HS., Mathews S., Ross TG., Graham SW., Raubeson LA., Mei W., Thomas P.I., Gardner M.F., Ennos R.A., et al. 2015. Does complete plastid genome sequencing improve species discrimination and phylogenetic resolution in Araucaria? Molecular Ecology Resources 15: 1067-1078. Brummitt N., Lughadha EN., 2003. Biodiversity: where's hot and where's not. Conservation Biology 17: 14421448. De Laubenfels D.J., 1972. Gymnospermes. In: Aubréville, A. & Leroy, J-F. (eds) Flore de la NouvelleCalédonie et Dépendances, vol.4, pp. 1–167. Paris : Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle.

Pelletier B. 2006. Geology of the New Caledonia region and its implications for the study of the New Caledonian biodiversity. In C. E. Payri and B. Richer de Forges [eds.], Compendium of marine species of New Caledonia. Documents Scientifiques et Techniques, vol. II 7, 2nd ed. IRD, Nouméa, New Caledonia. Setoguchi H., Osawa T.A., Pintaud J.-C., Jaffré T., and Veillon J-M. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences. Am. J. Bot. 85: 1507-1516. Veillon J.M., 1980. Architecture des espèces néoCalédoniennes du genre Araucaria. Candollea 35: 609640. Wilde M.H., A.J Eames., 1952. The ovule and “seed” of Araucaria bidwillii with discussion of the taxonomy of the genus. II. Taxonomy. Ann Bot 16: 27-47.

Escapa I.H., Catalano S.A., 2013. Phylogenetic Analysis of Araucariaceae: Integrating Molecules, Morphology, and Fossils. International Journal of Plant Sciences 174: 1153-1170. FLORICAL vers. 22.IV.2016. Morat P., Jaffré T., Tronchet F., Munzinger J., Pillon Y., Veillon J.-M. and Chalopin M. 2012. Le référentiel taxonomique FLORICAL et les caractéristiques de la flore vasculaire indigène de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Adansonia sér. 3 34(2): 177-219. Munzinger J., Morat P., Jaffré T., Gâteblé G., Pillon Y., Tronchet F., Veillon J.-M., and M. Chalopin. 2016. FLORICAL: Checklist of the vascular indigenous flora of New Caledonia. vers. 22.IV.2016. http://www.botanique.nc/herbier/florical Gaudeul M., Rouhan G., Gardner MF. and Hollingsworth PM. 2012. AFLP markers provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria species (Araucariaceae). American Journal of Botany 99: 68-81. Grandcolas P., Murienne J., Robillard T., DessuterGrancolas L., Jourdan H., Guilbert E. and Deharveng L. 2008. New Caledonia: A very old Darwinian island? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences 363: 3309-3317. Guillaumin A., 1948. Flore analytique et synoptique de la Nouvelle Calédonie et dépendances. Office de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. Jaffré T., Munzinger J., Lowry P.P., 2010. Threats to the conifer species found on New Caledonia’s ultramafic massifs and proposal for urgently needed measures to improve their protection. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 1485-1502. Kranitz M.L., Biffin E., Clark A., Hollingsworth M.L., Ruhsam M., Gardner M.F., et al., 2014. Evolutionary Diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria. PLoS ONE 9(10) Kranitz M.L., 2005. Systematics and evolution of New Caledonian Araucaria. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Ph ton

For publications/ Enquiries/ Copyrights: Email: [email protected]

136