Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv a¿Øv a-dnbw s^mtdm-\m ]≈n Xo¿∞m-S-I¿°v Hcp hgn-Im´n

{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

]n¬{Knw {]tamj≥ Iu¨kn¬

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv a¿Øv a-dnbw s^mtdm-\m ]≈n

Title

: Kuravilangad Marth Mariam Forana Pally Theerthadakark Oru Vazhikatty

Published by

: Pilgrim Promotion Council Marth Mariam Forane Church Kuravilangad

Editors

: Fr. Mathew Alapattumedayil Fr. Kuriakose Kappiliparampil Benny Kochery

First Impression

: 15 August 2014

Language

: Malayalam

Layout & Design

: Alpha Creations

Printing

:

Rights

: Reserved

Price

: 10

D≈-S°w t]Pv A`n-hµy sa{Xms‚ ktµiw

4

hnIm-cn-b-®s‚ ktµiw

5

tZhm-e-b-߃

7

A\p-_‘kvamc-I-߃

13

ayqknbw

18

Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ

21

B[p-\nIkvamc-I-߃

22

]I-tem-a‰w

25

Xncp\m-fp-Iƒ

27

`‡m`ym-kß - ƒ

33

[oc-k-¥-Xn-I-fpsS ]pWy-`qan

37

hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-߃

40

]n¬{Knw {]tam-j≥ Iu¨kn¬

45

Bflob ip{iqj ka-b-{Iaw

46

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv : {InkvXo-b-X-tbmfw ]g-°-ap≈ ]pWy-`qan am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßm´v (]mem- cq-]-Xm-[y-£≥)

]cn.- A - Ω - b psS t]cnep≈ tZhm-eb - ß - f - psS Ncn{Xw ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ temI-Øn-¬ Xs∂ G‰hpw BZyw FÆ-s∏tS≠ ]≈n Ipd- h n- e - ß mSv a¿Øv adnbw ]≈n- b m- W v . a¿Øv a-dnbw F∂Xn\v kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ ]cn-ip≤ adnbw F∂m-Wv A¿∞w. ]cn-ip-≤-a-dn-b-Øns‚, a¿Øv adn-b-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ henb Hcp tZhmebw AYhm Hcp ss{IkvXh kaqlw C{X ]pcmX\ {]kn-≤-amb coXn-bn¬ as‰m-cn-S-Øp-an-√. eq¿±pw thfm-¶-Æn-bp-sams° henb Xo¿∞mS\tI{µ-ßfmbn Cu Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ IW-°m-°ptºmgpw {InkvXo-bX - t- bmfw Xs∂ ]g-°h - pw ]mcº-cy-hpap≈ ]≈nbpw kaq-l-hp-amWv Ipd-hn-eßm-Sv. a‰m¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ km[n-°m-Øhn- [ - Ø n¬ thdn- ´ p- \ n¬°p∂ Hcp acn- b ≥ Xo¿∞m-S\ tI{µwIqSn-bm-WnXv. Ncn{Xw \ap°v ssIam-dn-Ø∂ henb Hcp {InkvXob ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-bmWv Chn-sSbp-≈-Xv. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cp-sSbpw BZy \m´psa-{Xm-\mb ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsSbpw amXrCS-h-I-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ am¿tØmΩm \{km-Wn-If - psS Xd-hm-SmWv Ipd-hn-eß - mSv. kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn-emWv Ipd-hn-eßmSn\v F∂pw ÿm\w. Ah-ew_w: 2012se F´p-t\mºv Xncp-\m-fn¬ \¬Inb ktµ-iw 44

shcn.dh.-^m.-A-{_mlw sIm√n-Øm-\-Øp-a-e-bn¬ (hn-Imcn, a¿Øv a-dnbw s^mtdm\m ]≈n)

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb ]pWy-`q-an-bm-Wv; ssZhw Xnc-s™-SpØ ]pWy-`q-an-. ssZh-am-Xmhv B-Zy-ambn `qanbn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´v a\p-jy¿°v Z¿i\w \¬In-bXv Ipd-hn-eßm-´m-Wv. XpS¿∂n-tßm´v C∂phscbpw Cu \mSns‚ kz¥w AΩbmbn A¤p-Xßfpw AS-bm-fß - fpw hgn ssZh-km-∂n≤yw A\p`-h-th-Zy-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. PmXn-aXt`Z-sat\y At\-I-am-fp-Iƒ ChnsS amXr-k-∂n[n-bn-seØn A\p-{K-lhpw Bizm-khpw t\Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. F.-Un. 105˛emWv Chn-SpsØ ss{IkvXh Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-°p∂-Xv. am¿tØmΩm«ol ÿm]n® Ggv ]≈n-Iƒ (Gg-cN∏-≈nIƒ) Ign-™m¬ tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb tZhm-ebamWv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv F∂-Xn¬ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v c≠-`n-{]mb-an-√. cma-]pcw, AXn-c-ºp-g XpSßn At\Iw {]i-kvX-amb CS-h-I-I-fpsS Xe-∏-≈n-bmWv Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sv. 55

k`m-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ am-{X-a√ kmw-kI v- mcn-I˛hm-Wn-Py a-fie-ß-fn¬ X-\Xm-b kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn\v \¬In-b \m-SmWv Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-Sv. 6˛mw \q-‰m-≠n-\v ap-ºpX-s∂ kp-K-‘hy-RvP\-ßf - p-sS hym]m-c tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p Ip-dh - n-eß - mSv (Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings, Cambridge University Press, p. 245). a-ebm-f am-[y-a-tem-I-Øn-s‚ X-e-sXm-´∏-\v P-∑w \¬Inb \m-sS-∂ \n-e-bn¬ tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ kmw-kv-Imcn-I `q-an-I-bn¬ Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-Sv X-e-sb-Sp-t∏m-sS D-b¿-∂p-\n¬-°p∂p. Cu tZhm-ebw ssZhm-\p-{K-l-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn-{X-kw-`-hß-fp-sSbpw kwK-a-`q-an-bm-Wv. Ahsb {]m¿∞-\m-]q¿∆w hniI-e\w sNbvXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv Cu ssI∏pkvX-Iw. Ipdhn-e-ßm-Sns‚ amlmflyw AXns‚ X\n-a-bn¬ a\-€n-em-°p-hm\p≈ am¿§-Z¿in-bmWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw. CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ A[zm\n® F√m-h-scbpw A`n-\-µn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn-te°v At\-I¿ IS-∂p-h-cm\pw hcpw Xe-apd ssZhamXr`-‡n-bn¬ hf-cm\pw CSbm-Is´. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv apØn-b-Ω-bpsS khn-tij kwc-£Ww Gh¿°pw e`n-°-s´.

6

tZhm-e-b-߃ henb ]≈n (sk‚ v tacn taP¿)

F.Un 52˛¬ tXmΩm-«o-lm `mc-X-Øn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ ]me-bq-cn¬ GXm\pw IpSpw-_-߃°v amtΩmZok \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. {InkvXpaXw kzoI-cn®-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-cm-bn-cp∂Xv I≈n, Imfn-Imhv, i¶-c-]p-cn, ]I-tem-a‰w F∂o \mev C√-°m¿ Bbn-cp∂p. ]me-bq-cn¬ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ t\cn-´-t∏mƒ AhnsS \n∂p ]pd-s∏´v G‰p-am-\q¿ {]tZ-i-Øp-IqSn k©-cn®v Ah¿ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv FØn-t®¿∂tXm-sS-bmWv F. Un 105˛¬ Chn-SpsØ ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. ]n∂oSv ssaem-∏q-cn¬\n-∂p-h∂ henbhoSv, IØm-SØ - v, sNºpIp-fw, at©-cn, ]pXp-t»-cn F∂o IS-∏q¿ A©p-ho-Scpw Imfn-Im-hnepw IS∏qcpw ]cn-kc- {- ]-tZ-iß - f- nepw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. ]I-tem-a‰w tI{µ-am-°nbmbncp-∂p Ch-cp-sS Bcm-[-\m-Po-hnXw. F.Un.335˛¬ ]cn. ssZhamXm-hns‚ Z¿i\w e`n-®-tXm-sS-bmWv Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v Ct∏mƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ tZhm-ebw tI{µo-I-cn®v Bcm-[\mkaqlw hf-cm≥ Bcw-`n-®Xv. BSp-Isf tabv®p-\S∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cnip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw apØnb-Ω-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ (ap-Ø-»n) {]Xy-£-s∏´v hni-∏-I-‰m≥ A∏w \¬Ip-Ibpw ZmlaI-‰m≥ \ocp-dh sXfn®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnh-c-a-dn™v HmSnsbØnb amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv AhnsS Hcp tZhm-ebw ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v amXmhv Bh-iy-s∏´p. Aß-s\-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ImWp∂ henb ]≈n-bpsS ÿm\Øv BZy tZhm-ebw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. 7

F.Un. 345˛¬ FtZ-€-bn¬\n∂p h∂ am¿ butk∏v sa{Xm-\mWv ]cn-ip≤ adn-b-Øns‚ \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw \n¿Ωn® tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ sh©cn∏p I¿Ωw \n¿∆- l n- ® Xv . CXns‚ ÿm\- Ø mWv Ct∏m- gp≈ sXt° k¶o¿Øn. Chn-sS-bmWv apØn-b-Ω-bpsS cq]w {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv ]e-{]m-hiyw Cu tZhm-ebw ]pXp-°n-\n¿Ωn®p. 1599 PqWn\pw \hw-_-dn\pw CS-bv°v DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v sat\-knkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm IpdhneßmSv kµ¿in-®t- ∏m-gmWv I√psIm≠p≈ tZhm-ebØns‚ inemÿm-]\w \S-Øn-bXv. AXn\p apºp-hsc apf-sIm≠v t£{X-ß-fpsS coXnbn¬ \n¿Ωn® tZhm-ebambn-cp∂p \ne-hn-en-cp-∂Xv (Antonio de Gouvea, Jornada do Archbispo, 1603). ]≈n-ho-´n¬ (]-d-ºn¬) Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m¿ hnImcn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv (1663 hsc) Ct∏m-gp≈ tZhm-e-b-Øn\v ap≥]p-≠m-bncp∂ tZhm-ebw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

Ct∏m-gsØ tZhm-e-b-Øn\v ap≥]p-≠m-bn-cp∂ tZhm-ebw

1954˛1960 Ime- L - ´ - Ø n- e mWv ]pXnb tZhm- e bw \n¿Ωn- ® - X v . ]gb]≈n-bpsS aZv_-lbpw sX°pw hS°pap≈ k¶o¿Øn-Ifpw amWn-°Ø-\m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ apdnbpw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠mWv ]pXnb tZhm-ebw ]Wn-X-Xv. hn.-]-t{Xmkv, hn.-tXmΩm F∂o «ol-∑m-cpsS ]q¿Æ-Imb {]Xn-aIƒ ]≈n-bpsS c≠v tKm]p-cß - ƒ Ae-¶c- n-°p-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv ^m.-tXm-akv aW-°m-´m-Wv. 8

D

apØn-b-Ω-bpsS H‰-°¬ cq]w

hnizm-kn-k-l-{k-߃-°v Z¿-i-\]p-Wy-ta-Ip-∂X - m-Wv ap-Øn-bΩ - b - p-sS H-‰° - ¬ cq]w. A-`u-a{]` sNm-cn-bp-∂ Cu cq]w acnb`-‡n-bp-sS B-gß - f- n-te-°v hn-izm-knI-sf \-bn-°p∂p. k¿ kn.]n.cm-ak - zm-an A-ø¿ Ipd-hn-eß - m-Sv k-µ¿- i - n-®t- ∏mƒ A-t±l-sØ G‰hpw B-I¿-jn®-Xv ap-Øn-b-Ω-bp-sS Cu cq]-amWv. G-Xp \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv C-Xv \n¿-Ωn®-sX-∂v Ir-Xyam-b hn-h-c-ß-fn√.

amXm-hns‚ OmbmNn{Xw tdmanse acnb atPmsc _knen-°-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂Xpw hn. eq°m kphn- t i- j - I ≥ hc®Xpamb Nn{X- Ø ns‚ X\n- ∏ - I ¿∏m- W n- X v . Cu Nn{Xw Ggv {]mNo\ tZhm-eb - ß - ƒ°mbn an-j-\-dn-am¿ bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂p hc-∏n-®psIm≠ph∂ Ggv Nn{X-ß-fn¬ H∂msW∂pw AX√m t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc- h n- \ p- apºv t]¿jy- b n¬\n∂p sIm≠ph∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]mc-º-cy-ap-≠v. \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS ]g-°-ap-s≠-¶nepw ]eI-bn¬ hc® Cu Nn{Xw aßn-bn-´n√. 9

{][m\ AƒØmc t]m¿®p-Ko-kv _tdmIv IemsshZKv≤yw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂XmWv henb ]≈nbpsS aZv_-lm. Bdv henb Xncp-kz-cq-]-ß-fmWv ChnsS {]Xn-jvTn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. kz¿§m-tcm-]n-X-bmb ]cn.-I-\yIm-a-dnbw

£

£ £

£ I¿Ω-e-am-Xmhv 1642˛¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v Bcw-`n-®Xpw Aøm-bn-c-Øn¬∏cw AwK-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-hp-am-bncp∂ ae-_m-dnse I¿ΩeamXm-hns‚ BZy DØcob k`-bpsS kzm[o-\-amWv cq]w ChnsS {]XnjvTn-®-Xn\p ]n∂n¬ (Vincent Mary, Viaggio all'Indie Orientali, Venice, 1683, p. 172).

10

hn.-tXmΩm

£

hn.-]-t{Xmkv

£

hn.-tbml-∂m≥ amwZm\m

hn.-]utemkv

]≈n-b-I-Øp≈ I_-dn-S-߃ ]\-¶p-g-bv°¬ ]≈n-ho-´n¬ (]-d-ºn¬) hey-®s‚ I_-dnSw Nm≠n-sa-{Xms‚ I_-dnSw (1479 ˛ 1543) (1613 ˛ 1687) ]pcm-X\ kpdn-bm\n ˛ ]pcm-X\ kpdn-bm\n ˛ae-bm ae- b mf en]n- I ƒ I f en]n-Iƒ I√n¬ sImØn √n¬ Bte- J \w sN bn-cn-°p∂Xp ImWmw. bvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

\n[o-cn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m-cpsS I_-dnSw (1842˛1904)

t]m¿®p-Kokv aWn 1647˛¬ t]m¿®p-Ken¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-h∂ 3 aWn-Ifn¬ H∂m-WnXv. HscÆw IS-en¬ hoWp-t]m-bn F∂v ]db-s∏-Sp-∂p. tijn-®-Xn¬ H∂v Ipd-hn-eßmSv ]≈n°pw H∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n°pw \¬In. CXnse enJn-X-߃ Ct∂mfw B¿°pw hmbn-°m≥ Ign™n-´n-√. henb ]≈n-bpsS tKm]p-c߃°v ]n∂n-emWv CXv ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv.

11

sNdn-b-]≈n (hn.-sk-_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ tZhm-ebw)

]d-ºn¬ (]-≈n-ho-´n¬) Nm≠n-°-Ø\m¿ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv (1663 hsc) sNdnb]≈n \n¿Ωn-®Xv. ]n∂o-Sv At±lw sa{Xm\m-b-t∏mƒ Cu tZhm-ebw kzIm-cy-{]m¿∞-\m-e-b-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ]≈n-ho-´n¬ Nm≠n°Ø-\msc sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn® am¿ sk_-kvXym-\n-tbm-Sp≈ BZ-c-kq-N-I-ambn-´mWv Cu ]≈n°v hn.-sk-_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ t]cv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

skan-tØ-cn-∏≈n (hn.-bu-tk-∏ns‚ tZhm-ebw)

1657˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Ønb (am¿) sk_-kvXym\n \mep-am-k-°mew Ipdhn-e-ßm-´p-]≈nbn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ aq∂m-a-sXmcp ]≈n IqSn ]Wn-bm≥ A\p-hm-Zw- sImSpØncp-∂p. AXv \∑-cW a≤y-ÿ-\mb hn. butk-∏v ]n-Xm- hns‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ Cu ]≈n-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]≈nho-´n¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p hnIm-cn. ]p\-cp-∞m\ ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ a[y-Øn¬ Cu ]≈n ÿnXnsNøp∂p. 12

A\p-_-‘-kvam-cI߃ I¬°p-cniv 16˛mw -\q-‰m-≠ns‚ D-Øcm¿≤Øn-emWv I¬°p-cniv ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv. Ipcn-in≥ Xd-bn¬ sImØn-h-®n-cn-°p∂ Cutim-bpsS Xqß-s∏´ cq]w, s]en°¨ ]£n, ap¥n-cn°peIƒ apX-embh bqtdm]y≥ Ie-bpsS `mKhpw Xmac-bn-Xf- p-Iƒ C¥y≥ Ie-bp-sSbpw _p≤aX kzm[o\- Ø ns‚bpw AS- b m- f hpamWv. Cu I¬°p-cniv Db¿Øn-\m-´m\mbn Gsd {ian-®n´pw \S-°m-sX-h-cnIbpw At∏mƒ B hgn-sb-Ønb Hcp apØ»n "Rm\pw IqSmw' F∂p ]d-™v Ipcn-in¬ sXm´-t∏mƒ \njv{ ]-bmkw Ipcniv Db-¿Øp-hm≥ Ign-s™∂pw ]mc-ºcyw ]d-bp-∂p. ]cn. ssZh-am-Xm-hmbn-cp∂p apØ-»n-bmbn At∏mƒ {]Xy-£s∏-´-sX∂v Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn hniz-kn®phcp-∂p. I¬°p-cniv Db¿Øp-hm\mbn B\sb hn´p-X∂ Im™n-c-°mSv \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_-Øn\v ASpØ Imew hsc ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Hmlcn-Iƒ \¬Inbn-cp∂Xv ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ aX-kulm¿±-Øns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv.

Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n-bn¬ ]p-cmX-\a- mb Hcp ]Sn-∏p-cb - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Hcp hn`mKw {]h¿Øn-®ncp-∂Xv Cu ]Sn-∏pc amfn-I-bn-em-bncp-∂p.

s]mfn-®p-am-‰nb ]Sn-∏pc amfnI 13

A¤pX Ddh

]cnip≤ I\y-Im-a-dnbw (Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv apØn-b-Ω) F. Un. 335-˛¬ {]Xy£-s∏´v Zmln®p he™ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ A¤pX Ddh ]≈n-bpsS Ing°p`mKØv Ct∏mgpap≠v. At\-I¿°v A¤pXtcmK-im¥n \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn°p∂ Xo¿∞-am-Wn-sX-∂-Xn\v XpS¿®-bmbn e`n-°p∂ km£y-߃ sXfn-hm-Wv. \m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ-cmb At\-I¿ Cu Pew tiJ-cn-°m≥ ChnsS FØp-∂p. sXm´nbpw Ibdpw ChnsS ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv Hcp {][m\ t\¿®-bmWv. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v am-Xm-hn-s‚ A¤pX Dd-h-bn¬ \n-∂p Rm≥ Xo¿-∞P-ew Ip-Sn-°p-I-bpw ap-Jw I-gp-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-\n-°v A-Xn-eq-sS hen-b D-W¿-∆m-Wv ssI-h-∂Xv. I¿±n-\mƒ sSe-kvt^m¿ tSmt∏m (A`n-ap-Jw, Zo]n-I, 2014 s^{_p-hcn 12) 14

aWn-am-fnI sNdn- b - ] - ≈ ntbmSp tN¿∂p≈ aWnamfn- I - b psS ÿm\-Øm-bn-cp∂p ]gb sa{Xmk\ aµn-chpw aev]m-t\‰pw D≠mbn- c p- ∂ - X v (anem≥ tc- J - I ƒ, F.Un. 1632). sshZn-Ic- p-sS ]cnio-e\ ÿe-amWv aev]m-t\‰v. ]cnio-e\w \¬Ip∂ sshZn-Is\ aev]m≥ F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. henb CS-h-I-I-fnemWv Ch ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Hmtcm CS-hI - bv°pw Bh-iy-amb tZi-Øp-]´- ° - m-sc, AXmXv CS-hI-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ab®v aev]m-t\-‰n¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-®ncp∂p. CS-hIsshZn-Isc hmgn-°p-∂X - n\v tZiØpIpdnbpw (C-Sh - I tbmK-Øns‚ A\p-hm-Zw) Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Gjy-bnse G‰hpw henb ]≈naWn-Iƒ

Gjy- b nse G‰hpw henb ]≈naWnIfmWv Cu aWnamfn- I - b n¬ ImWp∂Xv. Cu aWn-Iƒ 1910˛¬ P¿Ω-\n-bnse t_mlp-an¬ \n¿Ωn®v lmw_¿§phgn 1911 ˛¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v FØn®XmWv. Cu aWn-Ifn¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈nbpsS t]cv Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. aWn-Iƒ°v bYm-{Iaw CΩm\pth¬, sk‚v tacn taP¿, sk‚v tPmk^v F∂n-ßs\ t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. BZysh≈nbm-gvNI - f- nepw Rmb-dm-gvNI - f- nepw Cu aWn-Iƒ apg-°m-dp-≠v. CΩm-\p-th¬ ˛1660 Intem, 59 C©v hymkw sk‚v tacn taP¿ ˛ 1220 Intem, 53 C©v hymkw sk‚v tPmk^v ˛780 Intem, 44 C©v hymkw

15

sshZnIaµncw

k`-If- psS ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\p th≠nbpw kztZin sa{Xm-≥amsc e`n-°p-∂X - n\p- th-≠nbpw ap≥\nc-t]m-cm-fn-bm-bn- h¿Øn® hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p \n[o-cn-°¬ amWn-°Ø\m¿. tIm´bw hnIm-cnbmØv ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n\p- ap-ºpXs∂ hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚ `cW-tI-{µ-ambn Ipd-hn-eß - mSv amdp-sa∂v Ghcpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ shfn-®Ø - n¬ \n[o-cn-°¬ amWn-°Ø - \ - m¿ Ipd-hn-eß - mSv ]≈n-tbmSptN¿∂v Ac-a\ - b - v°p-th≠n ]WnI-gn-∏n®XmWv C∂p ImWp∂ sshZn-Ia- µ - n-cw. 1902˛¬ Cu sshZnIaµncw Bio¿hZn®p.

]g-b] - ≈napdn henb ]≈n-bpsS hS°p `mK-Øm-bn-cp∂p ]gb ]≈n-ap-dn. I∏¬ kq£n®n-cp-∂Xpw Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu a- m-fn-Ib - p-sS apIƒ \ne-tbmSp _‘n-∏n-®m-bn-cp∂p {]kn-≤a- mb Im™n-c∏ - S- n. Im‰p-sIm≠p InS-°p-∂X - n-\pw Ccn-°p-∂X - n\pw D]-Ic- n-°p∂ hoXn IqSnb Hcp ]eIbmbn-cp∂p CXv. 1980 IfnemWv Cu sI´nSw s]mfn-®p-am-‰n-bX - v.

16

tbmK-ime Ipd-hn-e-ßmSp]≈nbnse ]≈n-tbmKw hfsc {]kn-≤-am-Wv. ae-bm-fØnse BZy bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-amb ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿ÆtZmc®s‚ h¿Ø-am-\∏p-kvX-IØn¬ Chn-Sp-sØ ]≈n-tbm-KsØ∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. h´-ta-ibpw hrØm-Im-c-amb Ccn-∏n-Sßfpw D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v tbmK-im-e-bn¬ \neØv ]mb hncn®v AXn-en-cp∂m-bn-cp∂p tbmKw tN¿∂ncp∂Xv. sImØp-]-Wn-I-tfmsS ]q¿Æ-ambpw XSn-bn-ep≈ koenwKv AXy¥w BI¿j-I-am-Wv.

hmZy-∏pc AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp hmZy∏p-cb - mWv Ipd-hn-eß - m-´p≈-X.v Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ `‡n\n¿`-ca- m°p-hm≥ tafw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂Xv Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p. 200 h¿jtØmfw ]g-°a- p-s≠∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ Cu hmZy-∏p-cb - nemWv BZy Cw•ojv kvIqfns‚ Hcp hn`mKw ¢m€p-Iƒ \S-Ønbn-cp-∂X - .v hmZy-∏p-cb - psS ASnbn-emWv ]≈n-bn¬ hcp-∂-hcpsS Bbp-[ß - ƒ kq£n-®n-cp-∂X - v. 2001˛¬ Cu hmZy-∏pc ]≈nap‰-Øp-\n∂v A¬]w Ing-t°m´p am‰n ÿm]n-®p. 17

ayqknbw `mcXk`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse kw`-h-߃°v Dt]m-Xv_-e-I-amb ]e tcJ-Ifpw Aaqey hkvXp-°fpw kq£n-°p∂ Ie-h-d-bmWv Cu ayqknbw. CXns‚ Bcw-`Øn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv _lp.-tXm-akv aqe-bn-e-®-\m-Wv.

FtΩ-Zm-emlm aWn (\mS≥ aWn) tIcf k`mNcn- { XsØ kw_- ‘ n- ® n- S tØmfw hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ aWn-bm-Wn-Xv. c≠phcn enJn-Xß - ƒ CXn¬ ImWmw. H∂mw hcn-bn¬ aWn hm¿sØSpØ h¿jw kpdn- b m- \ n- b n¬ "aninlm°mew Bbn-cØn A™q‰n F¨]-Øn-\mev ' F∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. c≠mw hcn-bn¬ "A\p-Krlo-X-amb Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v ]´-W-Øn¬ .... ssZh-Øns‚ AΩbmb adn-b-Øns‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ hnip≤ tZhm-e-bw.......' F∂pw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ BteJ\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Ipcy-\mSpImc-\m-bn-cp∂ Hcp aqimcn hm¿Ø aWn-bm-Wn-Xv. ssZh-Øns‚ AΩ (FtΩ-Zm-em-lm) F∂ {]tbmKw tIcf ss{IkvX-h¿ s\kvtXmdn-b-c-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚ Ncn{XtcJbmWv. s\kvtXm-dn-b-sc∂v hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-h¿ Xs∂bpw kXy-hn-izmkØn¬\n∂p hyXn-Ne - n-®n-cp-∂n√ F∂mWv B[p-\nI ]T-\ß - ƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂X - v. 18

H‰-Ø-Sn-bn¬ Xo¿Ø F´v \m-°p≈ Nnch

H‰-Ø-Sn-bn¬ Xo¿Ø F´p-Nn-c-h-I-fpsS Iq´w Bscbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂XmWv. Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hnS¿Øn F´p-Nn-c-h-Ifm°n F´p-t]¿°v Htc kabw tXß Npc-≠m≥ km[n-°p-∂Xpw ASp-∏n-®p-h-®m¬ H‰-Ø-Sn-bmbn kq£n-°m-hp-∂-Xp-amb Cu Nnc-h-°q´w Hcp X®p-imkv{Xhnkva-b-am-Wv. t\¿®Iƒ°p≈ tXß-Np-c≠ - m\pw, {]tXy-In®p Xap°p t\¿®bv°p≈ tXß Npc-≠m\pw, CXv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

Xmfn-tbm-e-Iƒ A®Sn {]Nm-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv ]≈n-bnse IW-°p-Ifpw a‰p {][m\ hnh-c-ßfpw FgpXn h®n-cp∂ Xmfn-tbm-e-s°´p-Iƒ ayqkn-b-Øn¬ kq£n®n-cn-°p-∂p. Fgp-ØmWn D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Hme-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Ggp-]q-´p≈ \nt£-]-apdn hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ hkvXp-°fpw ]Whpw Acp-fn-°-I-fpw s]m∂pw-Ip-cn-ip-w a‰pw kq£n°m≥ Ggp-]q-´p- \nt£-]a- p-dn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂-Xv. XSn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn® CXv Ct∏mƒ ayqkn-bØn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ Xmgn\v taºq´v F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂X - v. taºq-´n-\v ]e-Xm-t°mep- I fp≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ah kq£n®ncp- ∂ Xv ssI°m- c ∑m- c pƒs∏sS ]e- c m- b n- c p- ∂ p. F√mhcpw Hcp-an-s®-¶nte ]q´p-Xp-d° - m≥ km[n®n-cp-∂p-≈q. 19

{]kwK]oTw (]pjv]w) ssa°v t]mep≈ kwhn-[m-\߃ {]Nm-c-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v F√m-h¿°pw ImWp-I-bpw tIƒ°pIbpw sNøm-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ sshZn-I≥ CXn¬ Ib-dn-\n-∂mWv {]kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - v. CXv henb ]≈n-bv°-I-Øm-bn-cp∂p. Ct∏mƒ CXv ayqkn-b-Øn¬ kq£n-®n-cn°p-∂p.

]gb Aįmc

20

Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ hnip≤ Ipcn-ins‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-c-®\pw Icnbm‰n¬ aev]m\pw tdmam bm{Xbv°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂X - n\p ap≥]v 1778˛¬ A¶-am-en-bn¬ h®v \S-Ønb ktΩf- \ - Ø ns‚ A≤y- £ ≥ A∂sØ Ipd- h n- e ßm´p]≈n- hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ ]\-¶p-g-bv°¬ hµy Iptcy∏p IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. tdmam bm{X-I-gn™v aSßn h∂-t∏mƒ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-c-®≥ Iptcy-∏p-I-Ø\m¿°v tdman¬\n∂v sIm≠p-h∂ hn. Ipcn-ins‚ HcpAwihpw Hcp kz¿Æ-Øm-t°mepw kΩm-\n-®p. hn. Ipcn-ins‚ Awiw Acp-fn-°-bn¬ AXn-]q-Py-ambn kwc-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

hnip≤ sk_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v sNdn-b-]-≈n-bp-sS AƒØm-cbn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn°p∂ hn. sk_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ XSn-cq]-Øns‚ lrZ-b-`mKØv hnip-≤s‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v AS°w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn\p ap∂q-tdmfw h¿jw ]g-°-ap-≠v.

a‰p Xncp-ti-jn-∏pIƒ B[p-\n-I ImeØp ]≈n kz¥-am-°nb hn.-tXm-Ωm-«olm, A¬t^m≥kmΩ, Nmh-d-b-®≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ°p ]pdta ]mc-º-cy-ambn ]≈n°p e`n® t]cp-hn-hcw hy‡-a-√mØ GXm\pw ]pWym-flm-°-fpsS Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Ifpw ]q-´p-ap-dn-bn¬ kq£n-°p∂p. aq∂p-t\m-ºnse sNm∆mgvN \S-Øp∂ {][m\ {]Z£n-W-Øn¬ am{X-amWv F√m Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Ifpw hW-ßm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≈-Xv.

21

B[p-\nI kvamc-I-߃ ]me-bq¿ Xo¿∞kvamcIhpw apØn-b-Ω-bpsS {]Xy-£o-I-c-W- t{Km-t´mbpw am¿tØmΩm«olm kv \ m\w \¬In {_m- “ Wsc am¿§w tN¿ØXns‚ A\p-kva-cWm¿∞w tIcfØns‚ BIrXnbn-ep≈ Ipf-Øn¬ tXmΩm-«olm kv\m\w \¬Ip∂ cwKw Ipcn-in≥ sXm´n-bpsS hS-°p-h-i-Øv BhnjvI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn. ssZh-amXm-hns‚ {]Xy-£o-I-cWw A\pkv a - c n- ∏ n- ° p∂ t{Kmt´m Ipcnin≥sXm-´n-bpsS sX°p-h-iØv hgn-tbmSp tN¿∂pw ÿm]n-®n-cn°p-∂p.

22

alm-Pq-_nen t{Kmt´m-Iƒ c≠m-bn-cm-am-≠nse alm-Pq-_n-en-bpsS kvac-W-bv°mbn ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-XmWv ]≈n-bpsS hS-°p-h-i-Øp≈ ]cn. I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ t{Kmt´mbpw ]≈n-bpsS ]n≥`mKØp≈ Xncp-°pSpw_ t{Kmt´mbpw. BZy-i-\n-bm-gvN-I-fn-ep≈ sagp-Ip-Xncn P]-ame {]Z-£nWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ]cn-.I-\yIm-a-dn-b-Øns‚ t{Kmt´m-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv.

am¿tØmΩm \{kmWn `h≥ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv CS-h-I-bpsS {]uVn hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂-XmWv am¿tØmΩm \{kmWn `h≥ F∂ Ccp-\ne ]mcojvlmƒ. 1000 t]¿°ncn°m-hp∂ skln-tbm≥ Du´p-imebpw 2300 t]¿°n-cn-°m-hp∂ apØn-bΩ lmfpw IqSn-t®¿∂-Xm-Wn-Xv. ap∂qdp t]¿°p-≈ aq∂m-a-sXmcp lmfpw c≠mw \ne-bn-ep-≠v. 2010 Unkw-_¿ 26˛\v skln-tbm≥ Du´p-im-e-bp-sSbpw 2012 P\p-hcn 28˛\v apØn-bΩ lmfn-s‚bpw Bio¿hmZI¿Ωw am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßm´v \n¿∆-ln-®p. _lp-. tPmk^v ate-∏-dºne®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv CXp \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

23

AΩ-hoSv Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬\n∂v Xo¿∞m-S-I-cmbn apØn-b-Ω-bpsS k∂n-[n-bn¬ FØp-∂-h¿°p≈ Xma-kÿeamWv AΩ-hoSv F∂-t]-cn¬ Hcp-°nbn-´p-≈-Xv. \maam-{X-amb hmS-I-\¬In ChnsS `‡¿°v Xma-kn-°m-\m-Ipw. A≥]-tXmfw t]¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ c≠v tUm¿a-n‰-dn-Ifpw Bdv U_nƒ dqap-Ifpw c≠v knwKnƒ dqap-Ifpw ChnsS e`y-am-Wv. ]≈n Hm^o-kp-ambn _‘-s∏´v apdn-Iƒ _p°p sNømw.- t^m¨: 04822 230224

acnb atPmsc ImØ-enIv B¿´v Kmedn

`‡-km-[\ - ß - ƒ, apØp-°p-SI - ƒ, Xncp-hk - v{X-߃, [q]-°p‰n, Xncn-Ãm‚v, IpkvtXmXn, cq]-߃, Xncp-]m-{X-߃, ]≈n-km-[-\-߃, ss{IkvXh {]kn-≤o-Ic-W-߃ apX-em-bh anX-amb \nc-°n¬ acn-b a-tPm-sc Im-Ø-en-Iv B¿-´v Km-e-dnbn¬ e-`y-amWv. ]≈n-tdm-Un-ep-≈ Ccp\n-e sI-´n-S-Øn-s‚ c≠mw \ne-bn-emWv acn-b a-tPm-sc {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xv.

24

]I-tem-a‰w am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bn¬\n∂p amtΩm-Zok kzoI-cn®v ]me-bq-cn¬\n∂v G‰pam-\q¿ hgn FØnb I≈n, Imfn-Im-hv, i¶-c-]pcn, ]I-tem-a‰w F∂o IpSpw-_-߃ F.-Un. 105 ¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v Imfn-Im-hn¬ (]≈n-°-h-e-bn¬ \n∂pw Ht∂ Im¬ Intem-ao-‰¿ sX°p-amdn) FØn Xmakw XpS-ßn. CXn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂mWv PmXn°v I¿Ø-hy-∑m-cmb A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑msc Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. ]I-tem-a‰w aqe-X-d-hm-Sn-t\mSp tN¿∂mWv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑msc kwkvI-cn-®-Xv. aq-e-X-d-hm-Sns‚ ÿm\-ØmWv C∂p-Im-Wp∂ Xd-hm-Sp-]-≈n. 1953 ¬ Cu ÿew ]≈n°v Zm\-ambn e`n-°p-Ibpw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°m-cpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS 1963 ¬ It∏-fbpw I¬°p-cnipw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. It∏f ]Wn-bp∂ ImeØv ]gb \mep-sI-´ns‚ XdIƒ ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p. hoSn-t\mSv tN¿∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ InW¿ C∂pw ImWmw. Cu It∏f (ap-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Nn{X-Øn-ep-≈-Xv) 2009 ¬ "Xd-hm-Sp-]≈n' F∂ t]cn¬ ]pXp-°n-]WnXp.

Xd-hmSp]≈n A¿°- Z n- b mt°m-∑m-cpsS I_-dn-SØn-\-Sp-Øp-Xs∂ ]Item- a ‰w aqe- X - d - h mSn t\mSv tN¿∂v ]gb Xdhm-Sns‚ amXr-Ib - n¬ Xd-hm-Sp-]-≈n- \n¿Ωn-®ncn- ° p- ∂ p. tIc- f ob hmkvXp-inev] ssienbn¬ XSn- s Im- ≠ p≈ \ncbpw ta¬°q´pw 25

apJ-∏p-Ifpw henb hcm-¥bpw ]ucm-WnI t£{X-I-em-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Ccn-∏n-S-ßfpw apJ-a-fi-]-ßfpw tkm]m-\-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]thi\ Ihm-S-ßfpw Xd-hm-Sp-]-≈nbpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. 2010 P\phcn 17˛\v ]mem- cq-]-Xm-≤y-£≥ am¿ tPmk^v I√-d-ßm´v Xd-hm-Sp-]≈n Bio-¿h-Zn-®p.

Ipcn-ins‚ Ko-h¿§okv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ 1597 apX¬ `mcXk`sb \bn-® Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØmWv DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv \S-∂Xv . k`-bpsS A\-\yXbv°pw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\-Øns‚ Ah-Im-im- [ - n-Im-cß - ƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pwth≠n Gsd kln® hy‡n-bmWv Koh¿§okv. ae_m¿ k`sb henb {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS \mfp-I-fn¬ \bn-°pIbpw A]-I-S-ap-≠m-ImsX ImØp-kw-c-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ t\´-am-Wv. 1637˛¬ A¥-cn® Ct±-l-Øn-s‚ ]q¿Æ-Imb {Kmss\‰v {]Xna 2008 \hw-_¿ 8˛\v ]uckvXy XncpkwL-Øns‚ A≤y-£≥ AXyp-∂X I¿±n-\mƒ sesbm-\m¿t±m km{µn ]I-tem-a-‰Øv A\m-—m-Z\w sNbvXp.

alm-k-am-[n-a-fi]w ]I-tem-a‰Øv -A â ¥y-hn-{iaw sIm≈p∂ A¿°Znbm-t°m-∑m-cpsS A©v I_-dn-S߃ kwc-£n-®p-sIm≠v CXns‚ ]mc-ºcyw H´pw tNm¿∂p-t]mImsX Hcp I¬afi]w \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂p. 24 I¬ØqWp-I-tfmsS 44 ASn \ofhpw 34 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Cu afi]w IrjvW-in-e-bn-emWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ k`-Ifn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ 46 C\w …ohm-Iƒ XqWp-If- n¬ sImØn-h®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ahn`‡ am¿tØmΩm \{kmWn kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXpss]Xr-I-amWv Cu ]pWyIpSo-c߃. ImewsIm≠v tIm´w X´mØ, hn`-P-\-߃°-Xo-X-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ sFIyZml-Øns‚ {]Xo-Ihpw {]tNm-Z-\-hp-am-Wv Cu alm-k-am[n afi-]w. tcmK-im-¥nIfpw A¤p-Xß - fpw A¿°m-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cpsS a≤y-ÿX - b - n¬ \S-°p-∂I - mcyw A\p`-h-ÿ¿ G‰p]d-bp∂p. tIcf k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Cu ]pWy Xo¿∞m- S - \ - t I- { µsØ A`n-hµy tPmk^v I√-dßm-´p- ]n-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬ ]cy{]Imcw C∂sØ coXn-bn¬ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®Xv _lp. tXmakv aqe-bn-e®\pw tPmk^v ate-∏d- º - ne-®-\p-am-Wv. 26

Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ aq∂p-t\mºv Xncp-\mƒ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-bnse G‰hpw {][m\ Xncp-\m-fmWv aq∂p-t\m-ºv. tbm\m {]-hm-NI-s‚ am-\-km-¥-c-Øns‚ Hm¿-Ω-bp-W¿-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu Xn-cp-\mƒ. "\n-\th-°m-cp-sS bmN-\' F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu t\m-ºv 6˛mw \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]u-ckv-Xy kp-dn-bm-\n k-`-bn¬ {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep≠v. am¿-tØm-Ωm \-{km-Wn-Ifpw ]-c-º-cm-KX-ambn Cu t\m-ºv B-N-cn-®ncp∂-Xm-bn B¿-®v _nj-]v {^m≥-kn-kv tdm-kv 1612˛¬ F-gpXn-b I-Øv km-£n-°p∂p. s^{_p-hcn 2˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse ]cn-ip≤ I\yIm adn-b-Øns‚ ip≤o-I-cWØncp-\mfpw aq∂p-t\m-ºn-t\mSv A\p-_-‘n-®mWv Ipd-hne-ßm´v sIm≠m-Sp-∂-Xv. t\mºpw BtLm-jhpw Cßs\ kam-K-an-°p-∂p. ]m]-\n-a-·-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ \n\sh \nhm-kn-Isf Zp¿am¿§-Øn¬\n∂p ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ B ]´-W-Øn¬ t]mbn {]kw-Kn-°-W-sa∂p ssZhw \¬Inb B⁄ -[n-°-cn®m-Wv bu\m≥ Xm¿ko-kn-te°v I∏¬ Ib-dn-b-Xv. At±lw bm{XsNbvX I∏¬ D{K-amb Xnc-am-e-I-fnepw sImSp-¶m-‰nepw s]´v A]-I-SsØ A`n-apJo-I-cn-®p. Cu A\¿∞-Øn\p Imc-W-°m-c≥ Bcm-sW-∂-dn-bm≥ \mhn-I¿ Ipdnbn-´-t∏mƒ Ipdn hoWXv bu\ms‚ t]cn-em-bn-cp-∂p. bu\ms‚ kΩ-X-{]-Imcw \mhnI¿ At±-lsØ IS-en¬ Fdn-™p. bu\ms\ Hcp Xnanw-Kew hngp-ßn. aq∂p cmhpw aq∂p ]Iepw At±lw a’y-Øns‚ DZ-c-Øn¬ InS∂v A\p-Xm-]]q¿∆w {]m¿∞n®p. ssZh-lnXwt]mse Xnanw-Kew bu\ms\ IS¬°c-bn¬ O¿±n-®p. sX‰p-sNbvX bu\m≥{]hm-N-I-\v ]n∂oSp≠mb kpÿn-Xn amXr-I-bm°n aq∂p Znhkw t\mºns‚bpw A\p-Xm-]-Øn-s‚bpw {]m¿∞-\-bp-sSbpw Zn\-ß-fmbn BN-cn-°p-∂p. 27

]≠p-Im-eØv aq∂p-Zn-hkw IpSn¬ sI´n tZhm-e-b-Øn\v Np‰pw Xma-kn®v Xncp-\m-fnepw t\mºnepw ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ ]mc-º-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂pw \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb At\Iw t]¿ Zq-c-tZiØp-\n-∂p-t]mepw Cu Zn\-ß-fn¬ Chn-sS-sbØn Xma-kn®v aq∂p Znh-ks- Øbpw Xncp-°¿Ω-ßf- n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p. henb t\mºn\v 18 Znhkw apºp≈ Xn¶ƒ, sNm∆, _p[≥ Znh-k-ß-fn-emWv aq∂p-t\m-ºv Xn-cp\mƒ.

I∏¬ {]Z-£nWw aq∂p-t\m-ºns‚ sNm∆m-gvNb - mWv temI-{]-ik - vXa- mb I∏¬ {]Z-£nWw. ssZhØns‚ hm°v [n°-cn-®p≈ tbm\m-{]-hm-N-Is‚ I∏¬ bm{Xbpw IS¬t£m`hpw XpS¿∂v tbm\msb IS-en¬ Fdn-bp-∂Xpw IS¬ im¥-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amWv I∏¬ {]Z-£nW-Øn¬ Zriy-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]c-º-cmKX-ambn IS-∏q¿ \nhm-kn-IfmWv {]Z-£nWØn\mbn I∏¬ FSp°p-∂Xv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-apºv I∏¬ hym]m-c-Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cp∂ IS-∏q¿ \nhm-kn-Iƒ k©-cn® I∏¬ Hcn-°¬ i‡-amb IS¬t£m-`-Øn¬s]´p. At∏mƒ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv apØn-b-Ωsb hnfn-®p -{]m¿∞n-°pIbpw Hcp I∏ens‚ amXrI ]Wn-I-gn-∏n®v Ipd-hn-eßmSv ]≈n°v sImSp-Øp-sIm-≈m-sa∂v t\¿® t\cp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS IS¬ im¥ambn. kpc-£n-Xc- mbn Xncn-s®-Ønb Ah¿ I∏¬ \n¿Ωn®v Ipd-hn-eß - mSv ]≈n°v sImSpØp. aq∂p-t\m-ºns‚ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xmbn I∏¬ {]Z-£nWw Ime-{Ia-Øn¬ amdn.

28

B\-hm-Xn¬ kw`-hhpw B\-hmbn¬ N°c t\¿®bpw B\b-I-ºSn {]Z-£n-Whpw

aq∂p-t\mºv Xncp-\m-fnse t\¿®-I-fn-sem-∂mWv B\-hmbv N°-c. DZ-ctcm-K-ß-fpsS ia-\-Øn-\m-bmWv Cu t\¿® \S-Øp-∂-Xv. t\¿®-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sFXnlyw Cß-s\-bm-Wv: aq∂p-t\mºv Xncp-\m-fn\v sX°p-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´ Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-I≥ hgn-sX‰n G‰p-am-\q¿ t£{X-Øn¬ Ib-dp-hm≥ CS-bm-bn. Xo≠epw sXmSoepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A°m-eØv t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ At±-lsØ ]pen-°q-´ne-S-®p. CX-dn-™v Ahn-sS-sb-Ønb CS-hI P\-߃ IqSp-s]m-fn®v Xo¿∞m-S-Is\ c£n®v Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v FØn-®p. Ien-]q≠ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ tZhkzw hI B\-bpambn Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-bn-se-Øn. B\-sbs°m≠v {][m\ hmXn¬ IpØn-s∏m-fn°p-hm≥ {ian-®p. B\-bpsS sImºv hmXn-en¬ DS-°p-Ibpw Cc-≠-sI´n t\mhpaqew F∂-Xp-t]mse B\ Ae-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B\-bpsS sImºv Ib-dnb kpjnc-Øn-eqsS ]≈n-bI - t- Ø°v t\m°n-bh - ¿ I≠Xv AƒØm-cb - n-te°v ssIIƒ hncn®v ap´n≥ta¬\n∂v {]m¿∞n- ° p∂ hnIm- c n- b - ® s\bm- W v . ]pd- Ø p- \ n- ∂ - h - c psS A`y¿∞\ am\n®v ]≈n-b-I-Øp-\n∂v A®≥ ]pd-sØØn {]m¿∞n-®-tXmsS B\bpsS sImºv Ducm≥ Ign-™p. Cu kw`-h-Øn-\p-tijamWv aq∂p-t\mºv {]Z-£nW-Øn\v G‰p-am-\q¿ Aº-eØ - n¬\n∂v B\sb Ab-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn-bX - v. ASpØ Imewhsc CXp XpS¿∂n-cp-∂p. Xncp-\mƒ {]Z-£n-W-Øn\v B\ XnS-tº-‰p-∂Xv Ipd-hn-e-ßms´ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. 29

]Ømw XobXn Xncp-\mƒ hn.- s k- _ - k v X ym- t \m- k ns‚ Xncp-\m-fmWv ]Ømw XobXn Xncp-\mƒ F∂ t]cn¬ BN-cn-°p- ∂-Xv. Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠¿ A\p-k-cn®v hnip-≤s‚ Xncp\m- f mb P\p- h cn 20 F∂Xv 10˛mw XobXn BbXn-\m-emWv Cß-s\ Hcp t]cp-h-∂-Xv. aq∂p-t\m-ºns‚ Xob-Xn-Iƒ P\p-hcn 20˛\v ASp-Øp-h-cp-tºmƒ henb t\mºn\p ap≥]p≈ i\n, Rmb¿ Znh-k-ß-fn-emWv Cu Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-∂X - v. sNdnb s]cp-∂mƒ, sNdnb ]≈n-s∏-cp-∂mƒ Fs∂ms° Cu Xncp-\mƒ {]k-n≤-amWv. Igp-∂v (-A-ºv) hoSp-I-fn¬ BtLm-j-]q¿∆w {]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂Xpw Xp-S¿∂v {]Z-£n-Wambn CS-h-I-bpsS \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]≈n-bn¬ FØn-°p∂Xpw Cu Xncp-\m-fns‚ apJy khn-ti-j-X-bmWv. Zmcn{Zyw, IjvS-\-jvS-߃, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ, ]Sp-a-c-W-߃ Ch-bn¬ \ns∂ms° c£-t\-Sp-hm≥ sk_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ am≤yÿyw tXSp-hm≥ Bbnc߃ ChnsS FØn-t®-cpw.

F´p-t\mºv Xncp-\mƒ am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-IfpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb t\mºmWv sk]v‰w-_¿ 1 apX¬ 8 hscbp≈ F´p-t\mºv. ]cn.-I-\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ P\-\-Øn-cp-\m-fn-t\m-S-\p_‘n®mWv CXv BN-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sk]v‰w_¿ 8 \p apºp≈ k]vX-Zn-\-ß-ƒ apgph≥ ]cn-ip-≤-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-Ifpw apXn¿∂-hcpw apØnb-Ω-bpsS cq]-Øn-¶¬ ]q°ƒ A¿∏n-°p-∂Xpw `P-\-bn-cp∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xpw Cu Xncp-\m-fns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠nse apl-Ω-Zo-b-cpsS B{I-aWØn¬ sImSp-ß-√q¿ ]´Ww apgp-h≥ \in-®-t∏mƒ Xß-fpsS s]¨a-°-fpsS Nmcn{Xyw ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®X - mWv F´p-t\mºv F∂mWv ]mc-ºc- yw. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS 30

A[m¿ΩnI _‘-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ sImS-pß-√q-cnse kv { XoIƒ Bcw- ` n- ® - X mWv Cu t\msº∂pw Hcp ]mc-º-cy-ap≠v. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ a°-fpsS kwc£-W-Øn-\mbn Cu t\mºv `‡ymZ-cß - t- fmsS A\p-jvTn-°W - s- a∂v Cu Xncp-\m-ƒ \sΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p. F´p- t \m- º m- N - c - W - t ØmS \p_-‘n®v 8˛mw XobXn D®-bv°v t\mºphoS¬ kZy \S-Øpw.

tacn-\m-a-[m-cokw-Kaw F´p-t\m-ºnt\mS-\p-_-‘n®v ]cn-ip≤ I\yIm-a-dn-b-Øns‚ P\-\-Øn-cp\mƒ Znh-k-amb sk]v‰w_¿ 8 \v F√m h¿jhpw tacn-\m-a-[mcokwKaw \S-Øp-w. amXm-hns‚ t]cns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fmb tacn, adn-bw, \n¿Ω-e, hna-e, Aa-e, acnb XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-® \qdp-IW - ° - n\v tacn-am¿ t\¿®-bmbn I≈-∏w sIm≠ph∂v tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-w. t\mºv hoS¬ kZy°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ A∏amWv CXv. Ip¿∫m-\sb XpS¿∂v tIc-fØ - ns‚ hnhn[ {]tZ-iß - f- n¬ \n∂pw FØnt®-cp∂ tacn\ma-[m-cn-Iƒ ]≈n A¶-W-Øn¬ kwK-an-°p-w. Ch¿°mbn A∂p {]tXyI {]m¿∞-\Ifpw ip{iq-j-Ifpw \S-Øpw.

2012 se tacn\ma-[mcn kwK-a-Øn¬\n∂v 31

F´p-t\mºv Xncp-°¿Ω-ßfpw CXc NS-ßp-Ifpw F´p-t\mºv Zn\-ß-fn¬ sshIp-t∂cw hnhn[ k`mtae-≤y-£∑mcpsS Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°pw. XpS¿∂v IØn® Xncn-hnf-°pI-fp-ambn Bbn-cß - ƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ P]ame {]Z-£nWw \S-°pw. {]Z-£nWw amXmhns‚ t{Kmt´m-bn¬ \n∂m-cw-`n®v Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n-bpw ]≈nbpw Np‰n Ah-km-\n-°pw. Hmtcm Znh-khpw {]tXyIXcw ]mbk t\¿®bpw \S-°pw. I¿jIZn\w, F¬tUgvkv tU, hml\ sh©-cn-∏v, ka¿∏WZn\w, IrX-⁄XmZn\w, Ipº-kmcZn\w, kwLS\mZn\w, tacn-\m-a-[m-cokw-K-aw, t\mºp-ho-S¬ kZy XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw F´p-t\m-ºv Xncp-\m-fns‚ `mK-amWv.

kz¿§m-tcm-]WØncp-\mfpw I√n-´-Xn-cp-\mfpw k¿§m-tcm]WØncp-\m-fnt\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv CS-hI-bn¬ {]tXy-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ \SØp∂ A\p- k v a - c - W - a mWv I√n´ Xncp-\mƒ. 1599 PqWn\pw \hw-_dn\pw CSbv ° v Ipd- h n- e - ß mSv kµ¿in® sat\-kokv sa{Xm-t∏meoØmbmWv apf-sIm-≠p≈ tZhm-eb-Øn\v ]Icw I√p-sIm-≠p≈ tZhmebØn\v Xd-°-√n-´-Xv.

hnip≤ Ko-h¿§o-kns‚ Xncp-\mƒ hn.Koh¿§o-kns‚ Xncp-\mfpw Ipd-hn-eß - mSn\v {][m-\-am-Wv. ]Xn-∂memw XobXn Xncp-\mƒ F∂pw CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pqen-b≥ Ie-≠¿ {]Im-c-amWv Cu t]cp-h-∂-Xv. {KntKm-dn-b≥ Ie-≠¿ {]Imcw G{]n¬ 24˛\mWv hnip-≤s‚ Xncp-\mƒ. I≈∏hpw tImgn-bpw Xncp-\m-fns‚ t\¿®-I-fm-Wv.

32

`‡m-`ym-k-߃ amkmZy-sh≈n F√m-am-k-ß-fn-sebpw BZy-sh-≈n-bmgvN I¬°p-cn-in¬ FÆ-sbm-gn®v Ipº-km-cn®v ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿∫m\-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØv {]m¿∞n-°p-∂Xv Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p ]≈n-bnse {]tXyI t\¿®-bm-Wv. hnhn[ tZi-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-Øp∂ ss{IkvX-hcpw Ass{I-kvX-h-cp-amb [mcmfw t]¿ BZy-sh-≈n-bm-gvN-I-fn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn ChnsSsbØn D±n-jvS-Im-cy-߃ km[n-°pw. cmhnse 5.30 apX¬ sshIp-t∂cw 6.30 hsc XpS¿®-bmbn hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\-Iƒ ]≈n-bn¬ \S-°pw.

I¬°p-cn-in¬ FÆ-sbm-gn®v {]m¿∞n-°p∂ hnizm-kn-Iƒ

BZyi\n F√m BZy- i - \ nbm- g v N - I - f nepw sshIp t∂cw 5 aWn°v ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿∫m\bpw amXm-hns‚ s\mth-\bpw \S-°p-w. CtX ØpS¿∂v amXm- h ns‚ t{Kmt´m-bn¬ \n∂m-cw-`n®v Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n-Np‰n P]ame {]Z-£nWw ]≈n-bn-seØpw. IØn® Xncn-hn-f-°pI- f p- a mbn \S- Ø p∂ {]Z£nWw Gsd A\p-{K-l-Zm- amkmZy i\n-bmgvN \S-°p∂ P]-ame sagp-Ip-Xncn {]Z-£n-Ww. b-Ihpw BI¿j-I-hp-am-Wv. ]mem-cq-]-X-bn¬ BZy-ambn P]-ame {]Z£nWw Bcw`n® ]≈n Ipd-hn-e-ßmSmWv. 33

{]Xn-amk [ym\w F√m amkhpw 3˛mw sh≈n-bm-gvN ]mcojv lmfn¬h®v GI-Zn\ [ym\w \S°pw. {]i-kvX So-ap-I-fmWv [ym\w \bn-°p-∂-Xv.

Hmim\ Rmb¿ Hmim\ Rmb¿ Xap°p t\¿®-bpsS Zn\-am-Wv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-°v. ]pcm-X\tZhm-e-b-ßfn¬ am{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp t\¿®-bm-Wn-Xv. h\y-ar-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂p c£-t\-Sm≥ {]mNo\ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ \S-Øn-h∂n-cp∂ t\¿®-bm-Wn-Xv. Ipdhn- e - ß ms´ Xap°v t\¿®bv ° v as‰mcp Ncn-{X-hpap-≠v. _me-cm-ah - ¿Ω Bbneyw Xncp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pmhv Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ `cn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv am\knwKv F∂ Hcp t]meokv kq{]≠v If-Øq¿ {Kma-Øn¬ hymP]pI-bne (Icw sI´msX kq£n- ° p- ∂ - X v ) Is≠-Øm≥ At\z-j-W-Øn-\n-d-ßn. am\-knwKv Ahn-SsØ {InkvXym-\nIsf {Iqc- a mbn a¿±n- ° pIbpw Xap°v t\¿® sh©-cn∏v kv{XoIsf A]-am-\n-°m≥ {ian-°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]cn-{`m-¥cmb If-Øq¿ \nhm-kn-Iƒ Hmim\ Znhkw Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v ]≈n-bn¬ Xap°v t\¿® \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y P\-߃ CXv kzoI-cn-°m-s\Øpw. Hmim\ Rmb-dm-gvN-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Xap°v t\¿®-bv°p≈ hdpØ Acn, ]gw, i¿°-c F∂nh Iq´n-°p-gb - v°p-∂X - n\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv H‰-ØS- n-bn¬ Xo¿Ø Ipgn-tØmWnbmWv.

Ipgn-tØmWn

34

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n kµ¿in® Nne {]ap-J¿ Ft±-€m-bn¬ \n∂p≈ am¿ butk∏v sa{Xm≥ ˛ 345

tKmh sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tUmw sat\-knkv ˛ 1599 am¿ sk_-kvXym\n

am¿ sk_-kvXym\n ˛ 1661 sabvapX¬ 1663 s^{_p-hcnhsc am¿∏m∏m-bpsS {]Xn-\n[nbmbn Ipd-hn-eß - m´v Xma-kn®v kss`-Iy-{]-h¿Ø\-߃°v t\XrXzw \¬In. 1657 ¬ BZy kµ¿i-\w.

_nj∏v B©-eqkv {^m≥ko-kv ˛ 1703 Pq¨ apX¬ 1704 sabv hsc Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v Xma-kn®v k`m-`-cWw \S-Øn.

am¿ AK-Ãn≥

{io i¶c kp∫-ø¿ ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm≥ ˛ 1894 Pq¨

am¿ AK-Ãn≥ I≠-Øn¬ ˛ kotdm ae-_m-¿ k`-bnse BZysØ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Fd-Wm-Ipfw B¿®p-_n-j∏ - pw ˛ 1925 Unkw_¿ 27.

ssZh-Zm-k≥ am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n ˛a-e-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`bpsS BZy B¿®v _nj-∏v ˛ 1931

am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv

k¿ kn.-]n.

k¿ kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzman Aø¿ ˛ Xn-cp-hnXmwIqdns‚ Ah-km-\sØ Znhm≥ ˛ 1938 s^{_p-hcn 6

I¿±n-\mƒ Snk-dmMv ˛ ]uckvXy Xncp-kwLw A≤y-£≥ -˛ 1953 Unkw-_¿ 3 I¿±n-\mƒ Snk-dmMv 35

I¿±n-\mƒ sska¨ Un eq¿±pkzman ˛ ]uckvXy Xncp-kwLw A≤y-£≥ ˛ 1987 BKÃv 12 I¿±-n\mƒ eq¿±pkzman

I¿±n-\mƒ sesbm\m¿t±m km{µn ˛ ]uckvXy Xncp-kw-L-w A≤y-£≥˛ 2008 \hw-_¿ 8

I¿±n-\mƒ km{µn

{^m≥kz dnjnsb ˛ C¥y-bnse {^©v ÿm\-]Xn ˛ 2012 G{]n¬ 14

{^m≥kz dnjnsb

I¿±n-\mƒ sSe-kvt^m¿ tSmt∏m-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kn_n-knsF sa{Xm≥ kwLw ˛ 2014 s^{_p-hcn 9

36

[oc-k-¥-Xn-I-fpsS ]pWy-`qan A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m∑m¿ 4˛mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ 16˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc t]¿jy-bn¬\n∂p h∂ sa{Xm∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p am¿tØmΩm \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v B≤ym-flnI t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. F∂m¬ Chn-SsØ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS bYm¿∞ t\Xmhv A¿°Zn-bm-t°m-\mbn-cp-∂p. hntZi-Øp-\n∂p hcp∂ sa{Xm\v Chn-SsØ `mj, BNm-cw, aX, -km-aq-lnI, cmjv{Sob Imcy-߃ F∂nh Adn-bm-hp∂ \m´p-Im-cs‚ klmbw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ ÿm\w \{km-Wn-Iƒ t{ijvTm-Nm-cy-]-Z-hn-bmbn IW-°m°n-bn-cp∂p. PmXn°v I¿Ø-hy≥ F∂mWv At±lw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂-Xv. C¥y apgp-h-\n-sebpw am¿tØm-Ωm-\-{km-Wn-I-fp-sS-ta¬ Ah¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I, sshZn-Isc \nb-an-°p-I, ]pXnb sa{Xms\ kzoIcn-°pI XpS-ßn-bh - s- b√mw Ch-cpsS A[n-Im-c] - c- n-[n-bnembn-cp-∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw_-Øn¬\n∂p≈ sshZn-I-cn¬\n∂m-Wv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\ Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSpw A¶-am-enbpw Bbn-cp∂p A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cpsS {][m-\ `c-W-tI{µßƒ. Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m\v sIm®n-bnse cmPm-°-∑m¿ _lpa-Xn-Iƒ \¬Inbn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øn-s‚ bm{X-I-fn¬ kmbp[t]mcm-fn-Iƒ AwK-c-£I-cmbn AI-ºSn tkhn-®n-cp-∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]I-tem-a-‰Øv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m∑mcpsS I_-dnS߃ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

]\-¶p-g-bv°¬ hey-®≥ (1479 ˛ 1543) ]\- ¶ p- g - b v ° ¬ IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬ 1479˛emWv bmt°m_v A®≥ P\n-®-Xv. 1504˛¬ sshZn-I-\m-hp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n hnImcnbmbn \nb-an-X-\m-IpIbpw sNbvXp. A®s‚ {]m¿∞-\-bnepw hnip≤ PohnXØnepw BIr-jvS-cmbn At\-I¿ A®s\ kao-]n-®n-cp∂p. A®s‚ hnip≤PohnXwaqew "hey-®≥' F∂ t]cv kn≤n®p. At\Iw sshZnI hnZym¿∞n- I ƒ°v ]cn- i o- e \w \¬Inb ]fin-X-\mbncp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aev]m≥ F∂ ]Zhn°pw At±lw A¿l-\m-bn. 1543 HIvtSm-_¿ 26˛mw XobXn IpS-am-fq¿ ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ h®m-bn-cp-∂p hey®s‚ ]\-¶p-g-bv°¬ hey-®≥ A¥yw. IpS-am-fq-cn¬ \n∂p Pe-am¿§w Ipdp-∏¥ - d- b - n-te°pw kvamcI ]m¿°v Ahn-sS-\n∂p Ipd-hn-e-ßm-t´°pw ]qPy-tZlw FØn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. hnem-]bm{Xm at≤y Xpem-h¿j-Øns‚ AXyp-{K-amb Im‰pw agbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw ih-a©-Øns‚ \mep hi-ß-fnepw IØn® Xncn-Ifpw Xe-bv°¬ IØn-®p-h® Hm´p-hnf°pw AW-bm-sXbpw hnf-°nse FÆ H´pw Ipd-bm-sXbpw ImW-s∏´Xv hey-®s‚ PohnX hnip-≤n-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-bn- Icp-Xn-h-cp∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv henb ]≈n-bnse aZv_-lm-bnse At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dn-S-Øn\p ap∂n¬ {]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ Ct∏mgpw 37

At\-I-sc-Øp-∂p. hey-®s‚ {im≤w 469 h¿j-ßfmbn \hw-_¿ 5˛\v ]≈n-ho-´n¬ ]\-¶p-g-bv°¬ ho´p-Im¿ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. B≠p-tXmdpw \S-Øp∂ {im≤kZy-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-hm≥ hnZq-c-tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂p-t]mepw [mcmfw t]¿ FØn-t®-cm-dp-≠v. {im≤k-Zy-bp-Æp-∂-h¿°v DZ-c-tcm-K-im-¥n- e-`n-°p-sa-∂mWv hnizm-kw.

]d-ºn¬ (]≈n-ho-´n¬) Nm≠n-sa-{Xm≥ (1613 ˛ 1687) tIcf k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse k¶o¿Æ-Im-e-L-´-ßfn¬ k`bv°v [oc-amb t\XrXzw \¬Inb am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-If- psS {]Ya GX-t±-iob sa{Xm-\mWv ]≈nho-´n¬ Nm≠n-sa-{Xm≥. C¥y- apgp-hs‚bpw sa{Xm≥ F∂mWv At±lw HutZymKnI tcJI-fn¬ H∏p-h® - n-cp-∂X - v. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ sZ Imtºm F∂mWv bqtdm-]y≥am¿ At±-lsØ hnfn-®n-cp-∂X - v. 1638-˛¬ sshZnI]´w kzoI-cn® At±lw Zo¿LImew (1663 hsc) Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sNdnb ]≈n, ]gb henb ]≈n, skan-tØcn ]≈n Ch-sb√mw ]Wn-X-Xv At±-lØns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn-emWv. am¿ sk_-kvXym-\n-bn¬ \n∂v 1663 s^{_p-hcn 1˛\v sa{Xm≥ ]´w kzoI-cn® At±lw 1687 P\p-hcn 2˛\v Imew sNøp∂Xp hsc Ipd- h n- e - ß mSv Bÿm- \ - a m°n k`m`cWw \S-Øn. A∂v At±-l-Øns‚ IØo-{U-em-bn-cp∂p henb-]≈n-; sNdnb]≈n kzIm-cy-{]m¿∞-\m-e-b-hpw.

\n[o-cn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ (1842˛1904) 1842 sabv 17˛\v `qPm-X-\mb At±lw sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ ae-bm-fw, Cw•ojv, kpdn-bm-\n, {^©v, eØo≥, C‰m-en-b≥, kv]m\n-jv, kwkvIr-Xw, lnµn, Xan-gv XpSßn ]e `mj-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ {]mKev`yw t\Sn. sslµh imkv{X-ßfpw Bbp¿thZhpw If-cn-∏b - ‰- p-sam-s° ] - T- n® Akm-[m-cW [nj-Wm-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. 19˛mw hb-€n¬ s»Ωm-»≥ Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒXs∂ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS sk{I-´-dn-bmbn tIcf k`-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-se-Øn. 1876 P\p-hcnbn¬ sshZnI ]´w kzoI-cn-®p. 1873˛¬ siΩm-i-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv Ipd-hn-e-ßms´ Xap°p t\¿®bv°v B[m-c-amb am\knwKv kw`hw \S-∂Xpw tImS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p \oXn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnPbw hcn-®Xpw. ]n∂oSv Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v ]≈nhnIm-cn-bm-bn. 1889˛¬ s]m¥n^n-°≥ A[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn tIcf k`-bn¬\n∂p≈ BZy hnImcn P\-dmƒ Bbn. 1887˛¬ am∂m-\Øp\n∂v \{kmWn Zo]nI (C-∂sØ Zo]n-I) Bcw`n®t∏mƒ AXns‚ ÿm]-I\pw No^v FUn-‰-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1876˛¬ kXy\mZ-Im-l-fhpw 1890˛¬ aebmf at\m-cabpw Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ Ah-bpsSsb√mw t{]c-Ii‡n A®-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kztZin sa{Xms\ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n- b p≈ t]mcm- ´ - ß ƒ°pw ]p\- s scIy {]ÿm- \ - Ø n\pw At±lw Du¿÷ t{kmX-€m-bn-cp∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv t_mbvkv sslkvIqƒ ÿm]-I\pw A®-\m-Wv. 1902˛¬ `mj-mt]m-jnWn \S-Ønb A`n-{]mb thms´-Sp-∏n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂p≈ alm-c-Y38

∑m-cmbn i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿, i‡≥ Xºp-cm≥, cmPm tIi-h-Zm-k≥ F∂n-h-tcm-sSm∏w amWn°-Ø-\mcpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 1904 Pq¨ 20˛\v At±lw A¥-cn®p. At±l-Øns‚ I_-dnSw Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv henb ]≈n-bnse aZv_-l-tbmSp tN¿∂m-Wv \nesIm-≈p-∂-Xv.

sjh-en-bm¿ tUm.-]n.-sP.-tXm-akv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄≥, Ncn-{X-Im-c≥, Kth-jI - ≥, kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw {]i-kvX-amb tkh\w sNbvXv C¥ybpsS Ncn-{XsØ \n¿Æm-b-Iambn kzm[o-\n® ae-bm-fn-bmWv sjh-en-bm¿ tUm.-]n.-sP.-tXm-a-kv. 1893 s^{_p-hcn 20˛\mWv At±lw P\n-®-Xv. C¥ybnepw hntZ-iØpw hnZym-`ymkw \S-Ønb At±lw 1937˛¬ cq]o-I-cn® BZy a{Zmkv ePn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn-en¬ AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1942 apX¬ 1948 hsc `mcX k¿°m-cns‚ kmº-ØnI D]-tZ-jvSm-hmbn {]h¿Øn-®p. C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ A¥¿tZ-iob {]m[m-\y-ap≈ A\-h[n Imcy-ß-fnepw IΩn-‰n-I-fnepw {]h¿Øn®v temI-{]-i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®p. 1957˛¬ tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂p cmPy-k-`-bn-te°v \m-a-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏´p. Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepambn \nc-h[n kmº-ØnI˛imkv{X˛ kmlnXy˛Ncn{X {KŸ-ßfpw teJ-\-ßfpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. 1965 Pqsse 26˛\v A¥-cn-®p.

Ipd-hn-e-ßms´ a‰p {]Kev` hy‡n-Iƒ Ipd- h n- e - ß mSv ]≈n- b psS ÿm]- \ hpw hf¿®bpw Ipd- h n- e - ß m- S ns‚ hf¿®bpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. k`mNcn-{X-Øn¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv kw`m-h\ sNbvX [oc k¥-Xn-I-fn¬ {][m-\n-bmWv B¿®v_n-j]v am¿ tPmk^v an‰-Øm-\n. k`bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ am{X-a√, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Ønepw kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bn-ep-sams° Ipd-hne-ßm-Sn-s‚bpw Ipd-hn-e-ßms´ {]K-ev`-cp-sSbpw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ hep-Xm-Wv. hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ ]S-°p-dp-∏-∑m-cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ at©cn Iq‰≥ Xc-I≥, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv hnIm-cn-am-cm-bn-cp∂ DÆo-´≥ IØ-\m¿, \ho\ tZhm-eb \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb ^m.-tXm-akv aW-°m-´v, tZh-am-Xm-tIm-tf-Pns‚ ÿm]-I≥ ^m.-t]mƒ Be-∏m-´v, Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sns‚ b»kv hnhn[ {]Im-c-Øn¬ Db¿Øn-bn-´p≈ kndn-bIv \n[o-cn, tPm¨ \n[o-cn, sjh-en-bm¿ hn.-kn.-tPm¿÷v XpS-ßn FÆn-bm¬ XocmØ alm-cY - ∑m-cpsS \mSmWv Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sv.

^m.-tXm-akv aW-°m´v

am¿ tPmk^v an‰-Øm-\n 39

^m.-t]mƒ Be-∏m´v

hnZym`ymk ÿm]-\-߃

sk‚v tacokv t_mbvkv sslkvIqƒ sk‚v tacokv lb¿sk-°‚dn kvIqƒ Cu \m-´n¬ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv Ipd-hn-eß - mSv ]≈nbmbncp∂p. \n[o-cn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-bpsS ]Sn∏pc amfn-I-bnepw hm-Zy-∏p-c-bn-ep-ambmWv Cw•ojv kvIqƒ XpS-ßn-bX - v. 1902˛¬ ]pXnb sshZnI aµncw ]q¿Øn-bm-bt- ∏mƒ Cw•ojv kvIqƒ Atßm´v am‰p-Ibp≠mbn. ]n∂oSv Ct∏mƒ kvIqƒ ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿew hmßp-Ibpw, ]pXnb kvIqƒ sI´nSw ]WnXv ¢mkv Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1925˛¬ sslkvIq-fmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. 1993 sk]v‰w_¿ 4˛ \v iXm_vZn BtLm-j-߃ `mc-X-Øns‚ D]cmjv{S]-Xnbpw kvIqfnse ]q¿∆hnZym¿∞n-bp-amb {io. sI. B¿. \mcm-bW - ≥ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. cmjv{S-]Xn F∂ \ne-bn¬ 1997 sk]v‰w-_¿ 19˛\v At±lw ho≠pw kvIqƒ kµ¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1998˛¬ lb¿sk°‚dn kvIqfmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.

sk‚v tacokv tKƒkv sslkvIqƒ 1919 sabv amk-Øn¬ s]¨Ip-´n-Isf Dt±-in®v ss{]a-dn-bmbn Bcw-`n® hnZym-ebw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hf¿∂v 1949˛¬ sslkvIq-fmbn Db¿Ø-s∏-´p. _lp-am\-s∏´ tXmakv ]pc-bv°¬ A®-\mWv kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-°m≥ t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xv. c≠m-bn-cm-am-≠n¬ kvIqƒ AXns‚ kph¿W Pq_nen BtLm-jn-®p.

40

sk‚v tacokv t_mbvkv F¬.-]n.-kvIqƒ

sk‚v tacokv tKƒkv F¬.-]n.-kvIqƒ

A£-c-ß-fpsS temI-tØ°v At\-Im-bn-c-ßsf ssI]n-Sn-®pb¿Øm\pw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im\pw sk‚v tacokv t_mbvkv F¬.]n. kvIqfpw sk‚v tacokv tKƒkv F¬.-]n.-kvIqfpw \S-Øp∂ tkh\w al-Ø-c-am-Wv. 41

tZh-am-Xm- tIm-tfPv

tIm´bw tI{µ-am°n ItØm-en-°¿°pw kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp Iem-ebw D≠mI-W-sa-∂Xv amWn-°-Ø-\m-cpsS kz]v\-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1922-˛¬ Nß-\m-t»-cn- Fkv._n.tImtfPv Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ `c-W-k-an-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bdp t]cn¬ Hcmƒ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-bpsS hnIm-cn-b-®-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´v Hcp D∂X hnZym-`ymk tI{µw F∂ kz]v\w 1964 ¬ tZh-am-Xm-tIm-tf-Pns‚ ÿm]-\tØm-sSbmWv bmYm¿∞y-am-b-Xv. D∂X hn-Zym-`ym-k cwK-Øv ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-ß-ƒ-°v A-hk-cw k-Ωm-\n-® tZ-h-amXm tImf-Pv {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ kph¿-W Pq-_n-en {]-`-bn-emWv. Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-Sv a¿-Øv-a-dn-bw s^m-tdm-\ ]-≈n hn-Im-cn-bmbn-cp-∂ d-h. ^m. t]mƒ B-e-∏m-´m-Wv tImf-Pv ÿm-]n-®Xv. ]m-em cq-]-Xm-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂ am¿ sk-_m-Ãy≥ h-b-en¬ X-d-°√n´ tIm-f-Pv D-∂-X hn-Zym-`ym-k cwK-Øv cm-Py-ØpX-s∂ H-∂mw-\n-c-bn-em-Wn∂v. {]o-Un{Kn ¢m-tkm-sS Xp-S-°-an´ tIm-fPv 1968¬ Un{Kn tIm-f-Pm-bn D-b¿-Ø-s∏-´p. ]mem cq]Xm klmb sa{Xm≥ am¿ tP°_v apcn-°≥ AS°w \nc-h[n {]K-ev`-cmb ]q¿∆-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ tZh-am-XmbpsS A`n-am-\-am-Wv. an-Ih - n-s‚ Aw-Ko-Im-cam-b NAAC F t{K-Uv ]-Zhn, sF.-Fk - v.- H. 9001˛2008 F-∂n-hbpw tIm-f-Pn-\v e-`n-®n-´p≠v. a-e-bmfw, Cw-•ojv dn-k¿-®v Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚p-Iƒ tIm-f-Pn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. _n-cp-Zm\-¥-c _ncp-Z X-e-Øn¬ sImta-gvkv, Cw-•ojv, a-e-bmfw, amØ-am-‰nIvkv, sI-an-kv-{Sn, ^n-kn-Ivkv, t_m-´Wn F∂o hn-j-b-ß-fmWp≈Xv. _ncp-Z X-eØn¬ Cw-•ojv, a-e-bm-fw, C-°-tWm-an-Ivkv, amØ-am-‰n-Ivkv, ^n-kn-Ivkv, sI-an-kv-{Sn, t_m-´Wn, kp-thm-fPn, sIm-ta-gv-kv (Iw-]yq-´¿ Bπn-t°-j≥kv), sIm-ta-gv-kv (Sm-Ivtk-j≥), I-ayq-Wn-t°-‰o-hv Cw-•o-jv ({Sn-∏nƒ sa-bn≥) F∂o tImgvkp-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. t^m¨: 04822 230233, 232951 sh_v-ssk-‰v ˛ www.dmck.in 42

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv s^mtdm-\bnse CS-h-I-Iƒ {InkvXp-cmPv N¿®v, Pb-vKncn sk‚v sk_m-Ãy≥kv N¿®v, Imfn-Imhv sk‚v tPm¨ Z _m]v‰nÃv N¿®v, Im™n-c-Øm\w sk‚v tacokv N¿®v, Im´m-ºm°v sk‚v tPmk^vkv N¿®v, IqS-√q¿ sk‚v tXmakv N¿®v, Ipdn-®n-Øm\w sk‚v sk_m-Ãy≥kv N¿®v, aÆ-bv°-\mSv sk‚v {^m≥kokv A€okn N¿®v, ac-ßm-´p-]≈n sk‚v tXmakv N¿®v, tam\n-∏≈n aZ¿ Hm^v s]¿s∏-Nyp-h¬ sl¬∏v N¿®v, ]me-°m-´p-ae sk‚v tXmakv N¿®v, cXv\-Kncn sk‚v tPmk^vkv N¿®v, DZ-b-Kncn sk‚v sk_mÃy≥kv N¿®v, hm°mSv sk‚v tPm¿÷v N¿®v, hbe

CSh-I-bnse B{i-a-߃ sk‚v B≥kv B{iaw (CMI), Ipcy-\mSv sk‚v hn≥sk‚v B{iaw (VC), \{k-Øp-ln¬ ¢mc-‰v `-h≥ (CMF), Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv

CS-h-I-bnse k\ym-kn\okaq-l-߃ I¿Ω-eoØm aTw, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv sk‚v tPmk^v _menIm`h≥ (CMC), Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv sk‚v hn≥sk‚v tIm¨sh‚v, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv kntÃgvkv Hm^v APvao¿, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv tUmt´gvkv Hm^v sk‚v tXmakv, ]I-tem-a‰w Bcm-[\maTw, Ipcy-\mSv Bcm-[\maTw, \{k-Øp-ln¬ A€okn `h≥ (MJ), \mSp-Ip∂v 43

CS-h-I-bnse skan-\m-cn-Iƒ ¢co-jy≥ skan-\mcn, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv kn.-Fw.-sF sk-an-\mcn, Ipcy-\mSv

CS-h-I-bpsS Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-Iƒ Pq_nen It∏f, ]≈n-°-he sk‚v tPmk^v It∏-f, tImgm ^mØna amXm It∏-f, Ce-bv°mSv {InkvXp-cmPv It∏-f, Imfn-Imhv sNdp-]pjv]w It∏-f, IpSp-°-a‰w Xncp-lr-Zb It∏-f, sNdp-I-c-∏md acn-bm-w_nI It∏-f, Imfm-ºpen sk‚v tacokv It∏-f, Ipcyw A¬t^m≥km It∏f, sNdp-sImºv

C-S-h-Im-Xn¿-Øn-bnse C-X-c tk-h-\ ta-J-e-Iƒ BXp-c tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bn¬ hn≥-sk≥-jy≥ k-\ym-kn-\n k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ I-gn-™ H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠m-bn sk-‚ v hn≥-sk-‚ v B-ip-]{Xn {]-h¿-Øn°p-∂p. I¿-Ωe - o-Øm k-\ym-kn-\n-If- p-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ sk‚v tPm-k^ - vk - v _m-enIm`h≥ ,sXm-gn¬ km-[y-X k-Ωm-\n-®v tXm-´p-h-bn¬ \-thm-Z-b _p-°v _-bn‚nw-Kv sk‚¿, Ip-™p߃-°m-bn sk‚v ta-co-kv t\-gv-k-dn F∂n-h am-Xr-Im-]-c-am-bn \-S-Øp∂p. A-Pv-ao¿ k-\ym-kn-\n-am-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xm-eq-°v B-ip-]-{Xn-°v k-ao-]hpw Ako-kn k-\ym-kn-\n-am¿ \m-Sp-Ip-∂nepw h-tbm-P-\ß-sf ]-cn-N-cn-°p-∂ tI-{µ-ß-fp≠v. tUm-t´gvkv Hm-^v sk‚v tXm-a-kn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]-I-tem-a‰-Øv \-gv-k-dn, hn≥sk≥-jy≥ ssh-Zn-I-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-{k-Øp-ln√n¬ sk‚v tPm-k-^v _m-ek-Z≥ F∂n-hbpw C-S-h-Im-Xn¿-Øn°p≈n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

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apØn-b-ΩbpsS ip{iq-j-I¿ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]n¬{Knw {]tam-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ ]cn-ip≤ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]mZ-kv]¿i-ta¬°m≥ `mKyw kn≤n® ]pWy-`q-a-n-bmb Ipd-hn-e-ßm-s´Øp∂ et£m-]-e-£-߃°v Bh-iy-amb klmb߃ sNøp-I, aXn-bmb kuI-cy-߃ {Iao-I-cn-°pI, F∂o e£y-ßfp-am-bmWv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]n¬{Knw {]tam-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - v. Xo¿∞m-SI - ¿°m-hi - y-amb am¿§-\n¿t±-iß - fpw tkh-\ß - fpw Iu¨kn-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ thmf-≠n-b¿am¿ kuP-\y-ambn \¬Ip-w. Xß-fpsS ka-b-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw apØn-b-Ωbv°v ip{iq-j-sN-øp-hm≥ am‰n-h-®n´p-≈-h-cpsS {Kq∏m-Wv apØn-b-Ω-bpsS ip{iq-j-I¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]T\tijw tPmen e`n-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ CS-th-f-bnepw dn´-b¿ sNbvX-Xn\p tij-ap-ff hn{i-a-Po-hn-X-Ønepw Dƒs∏-´hcpw apØn-b-Ω-bp-sS ip{iq-j-I-cmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p-≠v. apØn-b-ΩbpsS k∂n-[n-bn-se-Øp∂ Xo¿∞m-S-Isc kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw Ah¿°v ChnSpsØ Ncn-{Xhpw sFXn-lyhpw ]mc-ºc- yhpw ]I¿∂p-\¬Im\pw Cu ip{iq-jI¿ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°p-w. ]m¿°nwKv Gcn-bm-bn-ep≈ C≥^¿ta-j≥ Iu≠-dn¬\n∂v Cu thmf-≠n-b¿amcpsS tkh\w Xo¿∞m-S-I¿°v e`n°pw. ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn®v FØp-∂-h¿°v Bh-iy-amb {Iao-I-c-W-߃ Hcp-°m\pw apØn-b-Ω-bpsS ip{iq-jq-I¿ Xøm-dm-Wv. \qtdmfw thmf-≠nb¿am-cmWv Iu¨kn-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ apØn-b-Ω-bpsS ip{iq-j-I-cmbn tkh\w sNøp∂-Xv. thmf-≠n-tb-gvkns‚ tkh\w Bh-iy-ap-≈-h¿ hnfn-°p-I. t^m¨: 9447184088, 9447194088

thmf-≠n-b¿ Iym]v‰≥kv 45

Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n-bnse Bflobip{iqj ka-b-{Iaw ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿_m\ Rmb¿

5.30 am, 7.00 am, 8.45 am, 11.00 am, 4.30 pm

Xn¶ƒ, sNm∆, _p[≥, hymgw

5.30 am, 6.30 am, 7.30 am

amkmZysh≈n

5.30 am,6.30 am, 7.30 am, 8.30 am, 9.30 am, 10.45 am (kpdn-bm\n Ip¿_m\),12.00 noon, 3.00 pm, 4.30 pm (hn.-sk-_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ s\mth-\), 6.30 pm, Ipº-kmcw 5.00 am - 7.00pm

a‰p sh≈nbmgvN-I-fn¬ 5.30 am,6.30 am, 7.30 am 4.30 pm (hn.-sk-_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ s\mth-\) amkmZy i\n

- b - psS s\mth-\) 5.30 am,6.30 am, 7.30 am, 8.30 am (apØn-bΩ 5.00 pm (apØn-b-Ω-bpsS s\mth\bpw P]-ame {]Z-£n-Whpw)

a‰p i\nbmgvN-I-fn¬ 5.30 am,6.30 am, 7.30 am, 8.30 am (apØn-b-Ω-bpsS s\mth-\)

]I-tem-a‰w Xo¿∞m-S\tI{µ-Ønse Xncp-°¿Ω-߃ Xn¶ƒ apX¬ sh≈n-hsc

dwim-{]m¿∞\ sshIp-t∂cw 6.00

sNm∆

a≤yÿ {]m¿∞\ 9.30 am - 2.00pm ]cn.-Ip¿_m\ 11.30 am

i\n (B-Zy-i\n Hgn-sI)

]cn.-Ip¿_m\bpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsSbpw A°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cp-sSbpw s\mth-\bpw 5.00 pm

kss`-Iy-hmcmtLmjw

P\p-hcn 18 ˛ 25

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cpsS {im≤w

kss`-Iy-hm-c-Øn¬

hn. A¬t^m≥kmΩbpsSbpw am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bp-sSbpw Xncp-\mƒ

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m-cpsS {im≤-Øns‚ Xte-∂v. 46

hnem-khpw t^m¨ \º-cp-Ifpw Vicar Marth Mariam Forane Church, Kuravilangad P.O., Kottayam - 686633 Phone : 04822 230224 (Off), 04822 230124 (Vicar) E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.kuravilangadpally.com, www.kuravilangadchurch.com

dq´v am∏v

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