Chapter 2 Plant Introduction
悬铃木 1
What is plant introduction? The process of importing new plants or cultivars of well-established plants from the area of their adaptation to another area where their potential is evaluated for suitability for agricultural or horticultural use.
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Types of plant introduction
Primary introduction When the plant introduction is commercially usable as introduced without any modification.
Secondary
introduction
When it need selections from the variable populations, or uses the plant introduction as a parent in crosses.
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Importance of plant introduction Has had a significant impact on world food and agriculture. One of the most successful agricultural nations in the world, US agriculture is built on plant introductions, since very few plants originated on that continent. 4
Importance of plant introduction The USA either leads the world or is among the top nations in the production of major world crops such as wheat, maize, rice and soybean. Soybean, 1905-1908, Meyer introduced 42 new soybean varieties into the US from China. Before this, there were only 8 varieties of soybean grown in the USA. 5
Importance of plant introduction 1989 USDA David Fairchild collected pima cotton, pistachio, olive, walnut, and other crop materials. Rice from Japan making the USA a riceexporting country; Tropical fruits from South and Central America Alfalf , apple, barley, melon, elm, dwarf cherry from Asia and Russia. 6
Importance of plant introduction Potato to Europe Maize and millet to Africa and Asia Green Revolution, Dwarf wheat and rice into India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.
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World
China
龙柏
鸡爪槭 日本晚樱
以上来自日本
日本五针松
来自北美:广玉兰 池杉 刺槐
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China
World
银杏 银杏
月季
连翘 牡丹
金钱松
珙桐 9
Genetic Basis of Plant Introducton Acclimatization The ability to become insured or adapted to a new climate is referred to as acclimatization.
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Acclimatization
When a population of a crop species is introduced into a totally new production area, it may be less adapted than in the climatic area in which it was previously being grown. In certain cases, newly introduced species, or varieties, which at first appeared to be poorly adapted have become established and more productive after a few seasons.
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Genetic Basis of Plant Introducton Acclimatization
is determined by the genotype; Different varieties with different acclimatization Influenced by the range of genetic variability within the crop population, the mode of pollination of the species, the longevity of the species, and the nature and intensity of the environmental stresses.
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Genetic Basis of Plant Introducton The
more heterogeneous genotype, the more acclimatization
Acclimatization is the result of natural selection operating in a heterogeneous population. In a cross-pollination crop, owing to the greater frequency of gene recombination, assuming that the recombination will lead to productive genotypes with more favorable adaptation. 13
Genetic Basis of Plant Introducton The
more heterogeneous genotype, the more acclimatization On the other hand, a pure line (homozygous genotype) would change very slightly, if at all, and would not be subject to acclimatization except following mutation or natural outcrossing. 14
Ecological principle of Plant Introducton Ecotype climatic ecotype soil ecotype symbiosis ecotype
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Ecological principle of Plant Introducton Fitness may be affected by many types of environmental stresses- temperature, drought, photoperiod, disease, insect damage, cultural practices, and others .
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Process of plant introduction
exploration Plant quarantine Adaptation evaluation Plant
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Process of plant introduction Plant
exploration
Plant exploration is an international activity. Most of these germplasm-rich places are located in developing countries.
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Process of plant introduction Plant
quarantine
To ensure that no pest and diseases are introduced along with the desired material.
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Process of plant introduction
Adaptation evaluation Acclimatization
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Methods of domestication in plant introduction Introduction of the more plastic material Gradual migration domestication Multiple generation continuous
domestication Corresponding cultivation technique Introduction combined with selection
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Criteria of successful plant introduction Grow normally without or with little
protection Without decrease the economic or ornamental quality Reproduced normally
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International conservation efforts The reality of germplasm transaction is that truly international cooperation is needed for success. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
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International conservation efforts The International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR ) based in the FAO in Rome, Italy, founded in 1974 IARCs the International Agricultural Research Centers strategically located throughout the tropics focuses on starchy crops that feed the world. 25
International conservation efforts European Association for Plant Breeding Research Vegetable Gene Bank at the National Vegetable Research Station in the UK
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An example of a national germplasm Conservation system US
NPGS Aug, 2004 205 families 1644 genera 10205 species 460799 accessions
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An example of a national germplasm Conservation system Plant introducion Plant Introduction office in Beltsville, Maryland Four regional Plant Introduction Stations Western, North Central, North Eastern, and Southern The Plant Quarantine Facility and APHIS 28
(i) To determine the germplasm needs within the region; (ii) To assist with foreign explorations to fill regional needs; (iii) To multiply, evaluate, and maintain new plant and seeds collections of crops adapted to the regions with minimal loss of genetic variability within the strains; (iv) To distribute the seed and plant accessions to plant scientists worldwide.
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Facilities for special crops In addition to the Regional Plant Introduction Stations, plant introduction stations or laboratories are maintained for special crops. National small grains collection, Beltsville, Maryland: over 100,000 accessions of barley, oats, rice, rye, triticale, and wheat is maintained. Interregional Potato Introduction Station, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
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Facilities for special crops Plant Introduction Station, Miami, Florida: a repository for sugarcane and other tropical and subtropical plants. Plant Introduction Station, Glendale, Maryland: for pome and stone fruits and woody ornamentals.
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Collection The base collections of the USA are maintained at the National Seed Storage Laboratory at Fort Collins, Colorado.
Information
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推荐读物 1． ．ВаВИЛНВ НИ， НИ，董玉琛译． 董玉琛译．主要栽培植物的世界起源中心． 主要栽培植物的世界起源中心．北 京：农业出版社， 农业出版社，1952 2． ．韩振海． 韩振海．落叶果树种质资源学． 落叶果树种质资源学．北京： 北京：中国农业出版社， 中国农业出版社，1995 3． ．贾敬贤． 贾敬贤．果树种质资源目录． 果树种质资源目录．北京： 北京：农业出版社， 农业出版社，1993 4． ．景士西． 景士西．园艺植物育种学总论． 园艺植物育种学总论．北京： 北京：中国农业出版社， 中国农业出版社，2000 5． ．刘后利． 刘后利．作物育种研究与进展． 作物育种研究与进展．北京： 北京：农业出版社， 农业出版社，1993 6． ．潘家驹． 潘家驹．作物育种学总论． 作物育种学总论．北京： 北京：中国农业出版社， 中国农业出版社，1994 7． ．蒲富慎． 蒲富慎．果树种质资源描述符—记载项目和评价标准 果树种质资源描述符 记载项目和评价标准． 记载项目和评价标准．北京： 北京：农业出版 社，1993 8． ．沈德绪． 沈德绪．果树育种学． 果树育种学．北京： 北京：中国农业出版社， 中国农业出版社，1998 9． ．颜启传， 颜启传，黄亚军． 黄亚军．农作物品种鉴定手册． 农作物品种鉴定手册．北京： 北京：中国农业出版社， 中国农业出版社，1996 10． ．张德慈． 张德慈．植物遗传资源． 植物遗传资源．北京： 北京：农业科技出版社， 农业科技出版社，1988 11． ．中国农业科学院作物品种资源研究所编． 中国农业科学院作物品种资源研究所编．作物品种资源研究方法． 作物品种资源研究方法．北 京：农业出版社， 农业出版社，1985 12． ．周长久． 周长久．蔬菜种质资源概论． 蔬菜种质资源概论．北京： 北京：北京农业大学出版社，1995 北京农业大学出版社 33
