Plasmonic cathode research  at UCLA P. Musumeci UCLA Department of Physics and Astronomy

Acknowledgements • Zhang Zhe (visiting student from Tsinghua University) • H. To, G. Andonian, Radiabeam Technologies • R. K. Li (now at SLAC), D. Cesar, E. Curry, E. Pirez, S. Custodio,  E. Threkheld, UCLA • H. Padmore, A. Polyakov, LBNL • F. Hannon, JLAB

• Funding agencies: DOE STTR, Radiabeam Technologies, NSF

Outline • Review of results – Nanopatterned cathodes for RF photoinjectors

• Research directions – Novel materials / structure tests  • Ag substrate • Nano‐grooves resonance

– Transverse structure preservation.  • e‐e scattering limit • High gradient 1.4 cell gun development

• Conclusions

Motivation / background •

High‐average power beams from metallic photocathodes – Robust – Prompt emission – Tolerate “poor” vacuum conditions – Easily integrable into existing injectors – limited by low QE – drive laser conversion efficiency



Large yield from multiphoton photoemission 



Ultrashort laser pulses naturally married with ‘blow‐out’  regime



Avoid lossy non‐linear frequency conversion



How to enhance multiphoton photoemission? – By modifying reflectivity (coating) – By optical field enhancement (Surface plasmon excitation)

Musumeci et al. PRL,100:244801, 2010

Surface plasmon assisted photoemission • •

• • •

The reflectivity of a metal can be controlled by coupling incident linearly polarized  light with surface plasmon oscillations. Kretschmann geometry requires back‐illumination.

The coupling can also be done by using periodic nanostructures such grids or arrays  of holes. Use Focused Ion Beam technique for nanofabrication FDTD simulations (Lumerical) to optimize pattern (p, d, w for Gaussian holes). Low reflectivity corresponds to optical electric field enhancement.

w d p

Nanopatterned cathodes in RF photoinjectors Charge yield map Ratio pattern/flat > 100 ! 3‐photon emission process Emittance x3 relative to flat Cu  Pulse length comparable to flat Cu

3‐photon emission

1.75

Laser spot

2.110 1.847 1.585 1.323 1.060 0.7975 0.5350 0.2725 0.01000

Laser spot 1.50

<0.01

Y(m)

• • • • •

1.25

125 um x 125 um 1.00 1.25

1.50

Pattern area in black

1.75

X(m)

Optical reflectivity  measurements

Recent results (after PRL) • •



Single crystal wafer integration onto  cathode plug Fast solution: recessed cathode plane – Frequency shift 470 KHz – Degrade cathode field/peak field  ratio in the gun – Looking at more advanced  cathode plug designs 10 mm diameter wafer of any  material can be inserted and tested  in few hours !



Broadband Imaging spectrometer – White‐light source, gratings, slits – CCD + spectrometer



Slight polarization dependence – Due to asymmetry of holes – Seen in simulations

Patterned wafer Polarization dependence

Simulations

Charge yield characterization of the nanopattern Charge yield ratio  > 3000 times !

Gain x20



Could be further improved by higher extraction field, or  shorter laser wavelength

charge density versus incident laser intensity  Absorption of 800 nm laser is 81.8% for the  nanopattern and 7.8% for the flat surface,  Due to absorption is (81.8/7.8)3=1.1×103   5x in yield due to the non‐uniform  distribution of laser intensity on the surface  (see PRL 110, 074801 (2013)).

Goal of current efforts • Current yield enables 1 J @ 800 nm ‐> 100 pC e_beam equivalent  to 10‐3 QE (with caveats of non‐linear process !)  • Increase yield ! • Different materials/work function – Silver, Mg, Nb

• Nanobeam dynamics – Preserve structure for emittance exchange “nano‐bunched” beams 

• Nanogrooves • Kretschmann configuration – Rear illumination Material

Spacing (nm)

FWHM  (nm)

Depth  (nm)

Reflectivity  @800 nm

Cu

767

200

240

0.4%

Nb

750

280

364

0.9 %

Mg

780

217

261

0.81 %

Ag

770

174

209

0.63 %

Ag nanoholes • Higher absolute yield from nanopattern • Lower relative enhancement ( < 10) • UV measurements indicate lower work‐ function for Ag • Need to measure ! Pattern • Emittance >2 mm‐mrad/mm rms

QE map

1 mm

Nanogrooves on Cu • Investigate role of field  enhancement in emission • Use FIB to nanofabricate grooves • Optimize design with Lumerical • Reflectivity data under analysis • Strong polarization dependence • Emission in RF photoinjector ‐ next 

Polyakov et al. PRL 2013

Simulations of nanostructured cathodes • Transverse structure at the sub‐ micron scale in the beam • Could exploit in EEX schemes (Graves  et al. PRL, 2012) • Understand thermal emittance origin • Can we preserve the structure? ‒ Similar problem to relativistic TEM  (Li&Musumeci Phys. Rev. Applied, 2014)

‒ Relativistic photoemission electron  microscopy (RPEEM) ‒ Space charge analyzed as sum of  smooth and discrete contribution ‒ Extraction field is very important !

Preserve transverse structure •

Tighter requirements on beam quality •



Not just second‐order moment but detail of distribution

Different contribution to the spatial resolution vs. current ‒

Rose criterion (need enough electrons to beat Poisson noise)



Gun+solenoid aberrations  (small for RF photoinjectors)



Space charge: smooth + stochastic part 



Scaled simulation (constant density) is usually incorrect !!!



Full scale simulation cumbersome and not easy to optimize 100 MV/m  = 30 deg z_sol = 0.19 m

1.0e-5

10 pC/mm2

z = 3.0 m  Mag = 3.7

0.5e-5 0.0e-5 -0.5e-5 -1.0e-5 -1e-5

0e-5

Initial

1e-5

4e-5

4

2e-5

4

0e-5

4

-2e-5

4

-4e-5 4

-5e-5

0e-5

5e-5

No space charge

Smooth space charge

Point‐to‐point

1.4 cell gun development  Traditional (1.6 cell) photocathode rf gun optimized  for high charge, high final output energy 

Shorten the photocathode cell 1.6 cell type

 At Pegasus recently commissioned up to 100 MV/m  novel design (not‐brazed) 1.6 cell gun made in Italy  

Limited by power output of RF klystron. 



Using SPARC‐like 1.2 us‐long RF pulse for driving 

 1.4 cell gun can give much higher extraction gradient.  Under development using similar design.

2 cm

cathode

 Shortening the photocathode cell ï higher  launch phase, e.g. 70˚, (sin70˚=0.94), ï ×2  improvement in brightness

Decrease effect of e‐e interactions Improved point spread function (Best quantity to quantify imaging performances)

1.4 cell type

Conclusions • Plasmonic photocathodes in operation in high  field RF photoinjectors • Promise for further improvements in yield • Can they be useful? Need better understanding: – Emittance growth – Lifetime and damage threshold

• Nanostructure transverse dynamics in high  brightness electron beams Thank you  for your attention !

Plasmonic cathode research at UCLA - shortv2.pdf

E. Threkheld, UCLA. • H. Padmore, A. Polyakov, LBNL. • F. Hannon, JLAB. • Funding agencies: DOE STTR, Radiabeam Technologies, NSF. Page 2 of 15 ...

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