Soorya Study Centre - Chengapattu Very Important 3 marks (Simplified) Class : 12 Bio –Botany ,Botany Lesson 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS 1. What are the aims of Classification ? To arrange plants in an orderly sequence based upon their similarities. The keep closely related plants within a group and unrelated plants are kept far apart in separate groups. 2. Why Artificial system of classification called as sexual system of classification ? Carolus Linnaeus divided the plants into 24 classes based on number, union, length and certain other characters of stamens in his book “Species plantarum” Hence, this system is also as sexual system of classification. 3. List out the Aims of biosystematics To delimit the naturally occurring biotic community of plant species. To recognise the various groups as separate biosystematic categories such as Ecotypes, Ecospecies, Cenospecies and Comparium. 4. What is Binomial nomenclature ? The system of naming the plants on a scientific basis is known as Botanical Nomenclature. Naming of the plants is useful in assigning their identity and relationship. 5. Type specimen-Define When new names are given to any plant, then the herbarium preparation of the same specimen with its original description is preserved in any recognized herbarium. This specimen is denoted as Type Specimen. 6. What is Author citation ? Author is The person who publishes the description of any plant for the first time or giving a new name to a plant The name of plant should bear the author’s abbreviated name at the end of specific Epithet. This is called author citation. The name Linnaeus was abbreviated to L. or Linn., eg. Malva sylvestris Linn. 7. Define Herbarium . Herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried plant specimens mounted on specified sheets, identified and arranged in the order of an approved and well known system of classification. 8. What is mounting of specimens The dried specimens are pasted on the herbarium sheets of standard size 41 cm X 29 cm. The process of attaching dried and pressed plant specimens on herbarium sheets is known as mounting of specimens. 9. Define Nomen name. The plant name is from a source of error, it is called as Ambiguous Name. It is also called nomen ambiguum and is completely ignored from use. 10. What is Tautonym ?
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Soorya Study Centre - Chengapattu If the generic and specific epithets are the same, it is called Tautonym. Eg. Sassafras sassafras. Such names are not accepted in the system of nomenclature 11. What are the classes of seeded plant Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae Monocotyledonae
12. Mention the Merits of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants It is the most natural system,based on actual examination of specimens. The description is accurate and reliable. As it is easy to follow, it is used as a key for the identification of plants in Kew herbarium and several other herbaria of the world. 13. Mention the Demerits of Bentham and Hooker’s classification of plants Gymnospermae is placed in between dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae is an error. Several important floral characters have been neglected in this system. Advanced family Orchidaceae has been considered as primitive among monocotyledons and it is placed in the beginning of the system. 14. Write the Systematic position of Malvaceae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub-class : Polypetalae Series : Thalamiflorae Order : Malvales Family : Malvaceae 15. Define Epicalyx. Bracteoles of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis forming a whorl outer to calyx is called epicalyx. Eg. Bracteoles 3 in Malva sylvestris, 5 to 8 in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 10 to 12 in Pavonia odorata Absent in Abutilon indicum. 16. List out Fibre plants of Malvaceae Gossypium barbadense (Egyptian cotton), G. hirsutum (American cotton), G. herbaceum (Cotton) Hibiscus cannabinus ( Deccan hemp ) 17. Write the Systematic position of Solanaceae Class : Sub-class : Series : Order : Family :
Dicotyledonae Gamopetala Bicarpellatae Polemoniales Solanaceae
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Soorya Study Centre - Chengapattu 18.
Explian different types of the Inflorescence of Solanaceae Family . Solitary, axillary cyme (eg. Datura stramonium ) Extra axillary scorpioid cyme called rhipidium (fan shaped cyme) eg. S. nigrum Helicoid cyme eg. S. tuberosum Umbellate cyme eg. Withania somnifera.
19. List out the Food plants of Solanaceae Family Solanum tuberosum (potato) S. melongena ( brinjal ) Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) -
Tubers Tender fruits ripened fruits
20. List out the Ornamental plants of Solanaceae Family Cestrum diurnum (day jasmine), C. nocturnum (night jasmine) Petunia hybrida (pink flower) 21.Write the Systematic position of Euphorbiaceae Class : Dicotyledonae Sub-class : Monochlamydeae Series : Unisexuale Family : Euphorbiaceae 22.What is cladode ? In several species of Euphorbia, the stem is modified to perform photosynthesis. This modified stem is called cladode and it resembles cactus. o eg. E. tirucalli and E. antiquorum (Sadhurakkalli). 23.List out the Medicinal plants of Solanaceae Family with their uses Plant name Part of plant Component Atropa belladona Roots atropine Leaves and Datura stramonium stramonium’ flowers Leaves, flowers, Solanum trilobatum ------------------berries Withania somnifera
Roots and leaves
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Used for relieving muscular pain treat asthma and whooping cough treat cough. treat nervous disorder and are diuretic apart from useful tonic.
24. Expalin the term Cyanthium. It is a characteristic inflorescence of Euphorbia It is a collection of unisexual flowers arranged in cymose manner on a condensed axis and enclosed within a cup-shaped involucre. Each cyathium has a single central female flower surrounded by two to many male flowers. 25. What are the various types of Inflorescence seen in Euphorbia In Ricinus communis Panicle In Croton sparsiflorus Raceme In Acalypha indica Catkin
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Soorya Study Centre - Chengapattu In Phyllanthus amarus,
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Male and female flowers are axillary and solitary.
26. Perianth In Croton sparsiflorus, the male flowers have two whorls of perianth whereas the female flowers have a single whorl of perianth. The male and female flowers of Euphorbia are usually devoid of perianth i.e aphyllous. The tepals are polyphyllous in Phyllanthus amarus and gamophyllous in Ricinus communis 27. Draw the neat diagram of male flower of Ricinus communis 28. Draw the neat diagram of female flower of Ricinus communis . 29. What is pseduostem ? Pseudostem is a false stem formed by the long, stiff and sheathy leaf bases are rolled around one another It is plain, unbranched, errect and areal In Musa the real stem is underground called rhizome. 30. Define shaft. The central axis of musesae is concealed at the bottom of the pseudostem is called shaft. 31.Floral formulae Male flower .. Br., Ebrl., , , P(3+2)+1,A 3+3 , G 0. Female flower .. Br., Ebrl., , , P(3+2)+1,A 0, G(3). Bisexual flower .. Br., Ebrl., , , P(3+2)+1,A 3+3, G(3). 32.Ornamental plants Ravenala madagascariensis (Traveller’s palm), Strelitzia reginae (the bird of paradise flower) Heliconia sp. are grown as ornamentals. 33.Define Herbarium ? Herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried plant specimens mounted on specified sheets, identified and arranged in the order of an approved and well known system of classification 34. List out some International herbaria ? 1. Herbarium of Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, London, England. (More than 60,00,000) 2. Herbarium of Indian Botanical Garden, Kolkata, India. (More than 10,00,000) 3. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. (More than 1,90,000) 4. Presidency College Herbarium, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. (More than 10,000) 35. What are the importance of herbarium ? 1. It is a source of knowledge about the flora of a region 2. It is a data store in which the information on plants are available. 3. The type specimens help in the correct identification of plants. 4. It provides materials for taxonomic and anatomical studies. www.kalvisolai.com
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Soorya Study Centre - Chengapattu 36. What are Demerits of Bentham and Hooker Classification ? 1. The placement of Gymnospermae in between dicotyledonae and monocotyledonae is an error. 2. Several important floral characters have been neglected. 3. Advanced family Orchidaceae has been considered as primitive among monocotyledons and it is placed in the beginning of the system. 37.Explain the distribution of Taxa of Bentham and Hooker Classification ? Classes and sub-classes No. of families 1. Dicotyledonae i. Polypetalae 84 ii. Gamopetalae 45 iii.Monochlamydeae 36 2. Gymnospermae 3 3. Monocotyledonae 34 Total 20 38.Explain the medicinal plants of Malvaceae ? Abutilon indicum (Thuthi) & Malva sylvestris (Root and leaves ) are used against fever. Malva sylvestris & Althaea rosea ( Roots ) of are used for treating whooping cough and dysentery 39. Gynoecium of Malvaceae – Explain ?. Ovary superior, two to many carpels but usually 5 to 10 carpels and syncarpous. Ovary with two to many locules. Pentacarpellary in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, n Althaea 15 to 20 in Abutilon indicum. 40. Write the systemic position of The potato Family ? ( Mar 2008 ) Class : Dicotyledonae Sub-class : Gamopetalae Series : Bicarpellatae Order : Polemoniales Family : Solanaceae 41.Write any three points comparing the androecium of Malvaceae and Solanaceae ? ( Mar 2010 ) Malvaceae
Solanaceae
Numerous stamens
Five stamens
Anthers are monothecous
Anthers are dithecous
Anthers are transversely attached
Anthers are basifixed or dorsifixed
Anthers dehisce transversely
Anthers dehisce longitudinally or through apical pores
Filaments fused to form a staminal tube around the style.
Filaments are inserted in the middle or basal region of corolla tube
42. Write the botanical names of Food plants of Solanaceae ? Solanum tuberosum (potato) Solanum melongena (brinjal) Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
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Soorya Study Centre - Chengapattu 43. Write the binomials of any three medicinally useful plants of solanaceae and their useful parts ? ( Jun 2006,Jun 2008 ) Atropa belladona – Roots- yield powerful alkaloid ‘atropine’. It is used for relieving muscular pain. Datura stramonium - Leaves & flowers - are the sources of drug ‘stramonium’ used to treat asthma and whooping cough. Solanum trilobatum - Leaves, flowers, berries- are used to treat cough. Withania somnifera - Roots and leaves are used to treat nervous disorder and are diuretic apart from useful tonic. 44. What are the different types of inflorescences seen in Euphorbiaceae ? Given an examples for each. (Mar 2007,Mar 2008 ) Ricinus communis - Panicle Croton sparsiflorus - The simple raceme, Acalypha indica - Catkin. 45. Write the botanical names of i) Topioca ii) Castor ? Topioca - Manihot esculenta Castor - Ricinus communis
(Oct 2009 )
46.Write the systemic position of The castor family? Class : Dicotyledonae Sub-class : Monochlamydeae Series : Unisexuales Family : Euphorbiaceae 47. Write the systemic position of Musaceae family? Class : Monocotyledonae Series : Epigynae Family : Musaceae 48.What is rhizome, shaft,pesudostem ? Rhizome - In Musa the real stem is underground called rhizome. Pseudostem - it is a apparent, unbranched, errect and areal pseudostem is formed by the long, stiff and sheathy leaf bases which are rolled around one another to form an aerial pseudostem.. Shaft - The central axis that is concealed at the bottom of the pseudostem is called shaft
Lesson : 2 - Plant Aantomy 3 marks
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