EXAMPLE FOR TEACHING PURPOSES ONLY This document is subject to revision and should not be used for carrying out pollinator sampling. For the latest guidance and to get involved with PoMS see: https://www.ceh.ac.uk/our-science/projects/pollinator-monitoring

Pollinator Monitoring Scheme (PoMS) 1km Square Survey Protocol for Research Staff (Version 4, 22/06/2017)

Defra project BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 Table of Contents Survey Pack Contents................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 Contact details for project co-ordinators .............................................................................. 3 Access rights and responsibilities .......................................................................................... 3 Defra Clean Boot / Clean Car Policy ....................................................................................... 3 Health and Safety Procedure for Lone Working .................................................................... 4 2. Pre-Sampling Site Visit ........................................................................................................... 5 3. Sampling Visit Conditions....................................................................................................... 6 4. Sampling Visit Activity Order for Research Staff.................................................................... 7 5. Pan trapping protocol ............................................................................................................ 7 Kit list...................................................................................................................................... 7 Setting out pan trap stations ................................................................................................. 8 Collecting the pan trap catch (after 6 hours)......................................................................... 9 Local flower abundance and Habitat type ........................................................................... 11 6. Flower-Insect Timed Counts ............................................................................................... 12 Kit list.................................................................................................................................... 12 Insect Observations ............................................................................................................. 12 Flower Count ........................................................................................................................ 13 7. After Sampling...................................................................................................................... 13 Sample storage .................................................................................................................... 13 Sample Postage .................................................................................................................... 13

Survey Pack Contents PoMS 2017 Protocol Set of recording forms Maps of your site(s) Insect ID guide (1-page) FIT count insect guide (more detailed guide to insect groups) Flower guide (list of target flower species with ID guide) PoMS Habitat classification Land Cover class descriptions (for CEH staff ground truthing only) Beaufort wind speed scale guide Risk Assessment 1

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017

1. Introduction This survey will form the first national scale systematic monitoring survey of insect pollinators across Great Britain, as part of the Pollinator Monitoring Scheme (PoMS). It is funded by Defra, the Welsh and Scottish Governments and JNCC and co-ordinated by CEH. It aims to provide statistically robust data that, together with improved analyses of long-term opportunistic records, will enable us to establish how pollinator populations are changing in agricultural and semi-natural environments. The survey will use a similar approach to the ‘one-person-one-day’ 1km square survey protocol developed and tested across 14 squares in 2015 under the NPPMF project, comprising pan trapping coupled with simple habitat assessments and timed insect counts (the latter being the same as to be implemented under the PoMS simple systematic survey). This will be conducted on up to four sampling visits from May to September each year, in order to deliver the sample sizes of bees and hoverflies required to detect changes over time (e.g. a minimum annual sample of 10 individuals of a given species or group per site). The protocol has been designed to be implemented by volunteer non-experts and as such does not require a high degree of expertise in pollinator identification or survey techniques. Our aim is to set up and survey a ‘baseline’ set of 75 sites across GB during the two years 2017 and 2018, initially using CEH and Leeds field surveyors but phasing in participation by volunteers supported by mentoring. It is intended that these sites be re-sampled as part of the core systematic survey component of the PoMS in the future. All our candidate survey squares in England and Scotland are also included within the National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS), to benefit from co-location with the invaluable long-term plant and habitat data being generated. Most are allocated to an NPMS volunteer, coordinated by Plantlife, who will typically survey 5 or more plots within the square on two visits per year (early and late summer). All survey squares in Wales are part of the Welsh GLASTIR and forthcoming wider monitoring frameworks. During 2017, four visits should be made to each 1km square: the first to assess the square, confirm access and set up sampling points in late May, followed by three sampling visits to each square during June, July and August. Ideally, surveys across England, Scotland and Wales should take place within the following recommended sampling windows, but weather and logistics/ staff availability may dictate otherwise. A minimum period of 2 weeks should always be maintained between survey visits to any given square. 1) 2) 3) 4)

27 April - 12 May (not in 2017) 5 - 23 June (Note for 2017 set-up may be combined with first sampling visit) 10 - 28 July 14 August – 1 September

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Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017

Contact details for project co-ordinators England: Claire Carvell [email protected]; Tel: 01491 692540 or 07980 653280. Scotland: Adam Vanbergen [email protected]; Tel: 0131 4458527 or 07813 165826 Wales: Angus Garbutt [email protected]; Tel: 01248 374500

Access rights and responsibilities Access rights and responsibilities are different in different countries of the UK. Project coordinators are seeking formal access permission to survey in all candidate 1km squares, using land owner (or SSSI/ reserve manager) contact details for as much land within a square as is feasible. Please check for updates on this process before visiting a square. Note that permission need not be granted to access the total area of a square, but should be sufficient to achieve sampling along a diagonal (see section 2). For England and Wales the Countryside Code gives advice on access. In Scotland the Scottish Outdoor Access Code defines rights and responsibilities. In England and Wales only enter private land with permission to do so – otherwise keep to public footpaths, rights of way and Open Access Land. In Scotland, everyone has the right to be on most land and inland water providing they act responsibly. For undertaking surveys, the Scottish Outdoor Access Code advises surveyors to contact the land manager(s) if possible and follow advice on what precautions you might need to take at the time of your survey (see below). Note that NPMS volunteers are not required to request formal access permission for plant surveys, and many use only public rights of way and open access land. The NPMS volunteer for each square has been informed about the PoMS, but the NPMS has not been mentioned within our access permission letter to land owners.

Defra Clean Boot / Clean Car Policy Defra and Natural England are operating a 'clean boot' policy to prevent the spread of any plant or animal pests or diseases between farms or other sites. This guidance applies to everyone who enters a farm or premises with farm animals, or enters land used for grazing or keeping farm animals. Local requirements have been sought when making access enquiries with land owners, and sampling locations should be moved away from livestock if necessary. Where practical, try to keep vehicles to established tracks and park on hard-standings. Disinfection is not compulsory but all surveyors are required to follow official ‘minimum standards’ of biosecurity guidance and if in doubt, always check with the landowner. In the absence of an outbreak of an exotic notifiable animal disease, persons entering a premises with farm animals should ensure their shoes or boots are clean when they enter and again when they leave. This applies even if they do not expect to come into contact with 3

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 animals or their products. They should make use of any facilities provided (including disinfection if directed by the farmer) and ensure, before and after the visit, that there is no manure or other animal product to be seen on their footwear, other clothing, vehicle or anything else taken with them. Wellington boots are the recommended footwear in the event of disinfection being required. You should not take food onto land where animals are kept or discard it in areas where the animals may be able to consume it. General guidance on protection from zoonotic diseases (those that can pass from animals to humans) can be found here: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/322846/F arm_visits_avoiding_infection.pdf Invasive non-native species (INNS) are an additional concern, particularly in or near water bodies, and precautions should be taken by following the “Check – Clean – Dry” principle. Note for surveys in Wales using GMEP squares, please refer to separate GMEP guidance and biosecurity protocol, including use of farm fluid when moving between squares or holdings.

Health and Safety Procedure for Lone Working All surveyors will be asked to read the project RA (CEH_RiskAssessment_NEC06214 Pollinator Monitoring.docx) and sign a copy of the CEH H & S Overview form. Surveys will involve lone working: please be aware of the following CEH guidelines. A lone field worker is defined as anyone not within calling distance of another person who could assist them if they got into difficulties. Even where more than one person is out in the field this definition could still apply. Please report any incidents or ‘near misses’ to the project co-ordinators. Risk assessment for lone working The following key factors should be considered in determining whether anyone can do the field work alone: Are the hazards inherently substantial? (difficult terrain, unpredictable weather, etc.) Are staff and others experienced and physically fit enough to do the work unaided? Are staff and others conversant with the safety guidance provided for the field work type envisaged? What are the possibilities for communication with the co-ordinating CEH site in your area? How far away is the nearest emergency assistance and how long would such assistance take to arrive [Lone working devices will be provided for the Bangor team as with GMEP – Wallingford to confirm availability of these]? How long is the drive to and from the site? Buddy systems and contact with staff from the field A documented arrangement for contact with another person constitutes a buddy system. In this case it is recommended that the “buddy” should be a member of staff at your co4

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 ordinating research institution, or if a family member then they should have contact numbers for the relevant staff in case of emergency. Your buddy should always be made aware of which field sites are being visited, when, and at what time the surveyor is expected to return. If the buddy does not hear from the surveyor within 1 hour of the agreed return time, they should attempt to make contact. If this does not prove possible, they should raise the alarm by phoning the police and directing them to the agreed fieldwork location. Buddy systems should be tested in simulated emergency situations.

2. Pre-Sampling Site Visit Kit list Landowner contact details (NB. confidential, to be taken from central permissions file) Site maps (x3: OS baseline/ aerial with Determined pan trap locations marked; landowner parcel map; map showing Land Cover Map 2007 classes) Handheld GPS (ie. Garmin eTrex30) Hazard tape Camera/ smartphone to photograph any pan trap station locations of interest First aid kit, water bottle, mobile phone, buddy contact details, spot device if provided Before the first sampling visit, each site should be visited to assess the square, confirm access points and set up pan trap sampling stations. Site maps will indicate 5 suggested pan trap locations with GPS co-ordinates along one diagonal from NE – SW or NW – SE of each square. Locate the closest point to each suggested trap station and assess its suitability with regard to access and conditions (* see below). Note that suggested locations have been determined in ArcGIS and will not take account of access refusals in a given part of the square. Once chosen, all pan trap locations should remain fixed for all sampling visits, with any essential deviations noted and mapped with revised GPS co-ordinates (though volunteers will be asked not to re-locate pan trap stations). For three of the five pan trap stations the final confirmed location should conform as closely as possible to the suggested location (‘Determined’ traps). For the remaining two pan trap stations, select a feature of interest nearest to the suggested location, such as an area of favourable pollinator habitat or herbaceous linear feature (‘Adjusted’ traps). Access and logistical difficulties will likely dictate which trap stations are the best candidates to be ‘Adjusted’, but if such criteria are not used, please use the first and last traps on the diagonal (1-5), so we avoid selecting traps to adjust based on our perceptions of surrounding habitat. 5

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 Use the following broad rules* when selecting pan trap sampling stations: • •

•

• •

• • •

Traps should be in relatively open areas and not heavily shaded (or likely to become heavily shaded during the growing season). Traps should be set out in places where they won’t be disturbed by livestock or people. Check local requirements provided by landowners. Do NOT place stations within enclosed livestock fields, use the nearest suitable boundary. As they will only be out for 6 hours, open areas with low-intensity stocking (e.g. commons or upland grazing) may be safe if necessary. In cropped arable fields, use tramlines to access sampling stations and avoid crop damage. If the suggested location is too far into the crop, move to the nearest accessible point along a tramline, but if still within the field this can remain ‘Determined’. Try to avoid sampling on days when known operations are planned (eg. spraying or harvest); if these are encountered then move to the nearest field margin and record GPS location. Road verges can be used if >2m and if safe to access from minor roads. Check whether permission from local Councils is needed. Where possible use boundary features next to roads for which we have access permission from the landowner. Built-up areas, farm yards and gardens should be avoided but where accessible, areas of rough ground near to footpaths can be used within them. Ensure that 5 stations are selected, even if this means deviating from the diagonal. Try to maintain a minimum distance of 100 metres between any pair of trap stations.

Mark all 5 confirmed locations on your site map and record the GPS co-ordinates (6-figure) with target notes giving reference to landmarks (eg. station 2m from hedge boundary at 20m south from gate post). If possible tie a piece of hazard tape to a nearby feature (e.g. hedge, shrub or post) and note its distance from the trap station. In open habitats (eg. moorland) where hazard tape cannot be used, re-locate trap stations as close as possible to the recorded GPS co-ordinates. Record clearly on your map and in any notes which pan trap stations are ‘Determined’ and which are ‘Adjusted’. Scan and send your updated site maps to Claire [email protected] or direct to Lucy Ridding at CEH Wallingford [email protected] to enable updates in ArcGIS.

3. Sampling Visit Conditions Sampling days should be planned using weather forecasts, selecting days when the weather is to be dry and warm. Pan traps can be set out for a 6-hour period between 09:00 – 17:00. Flower-Insect Timed Counts must be conducted between 10.00 - 16.00. Ideal conditions are: • • •

a minimum temperature of 13°C if the sky is clear a minimum of 15°C if the sky is cloudy with cloud cover >50% Wind speed at a maximum of 5 on the Beaufort scale

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Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 For pan trapping, the above conditions should be met at the start of exposure and for at least 50% of the total 6-hour exposure time (so a slight drop in temperature during the day is acceptable). Do not abort pan traps before 6 hours unless there is very heavy rain. If you have access to a thermometer please use this to monitor and record air temperature on a site, otherwise please use the air temperature measure from the dashboard of your car. For some locations in Scotland, or early visits in May, these minimum temperature requirements may not be reached. In such cases a minimum temperature of 11°C can be used under clear sky conditions and 13°C if cloud cover is > 50%.

4. Sampling Visit Activity Order for Research Staff An example of timings and suggested order of activities for a single site survey: 09:30 arrive on site, sort kit, walk to first pan trap station (reduced if parking close by) 10:00 – 11:00 set out pan traps across diagonal, order 1-5, or 5-1 depending on access 11:00 – 11:30 classify habitat parcels with pan traps (or do this while setting up) 11:30 – 12:30 select focal plants and conduct at least 2 x 10-min timed counts 12:30 – 13:30 lunch 13:30 – 15:30 ground truth LCM cover classes within square (or conduct additional timed counts, eg. recording visitation frequency as well as visitor numbers) 16:00 – 17:00 collect pan traps across diagonal after 6 hrs in same order as set out 17:15 return to vehicle

5. Pan trapping protocol Kit list To set out pan traps (each set of kit to be maintained in storage boxes supplied with lids) 5 pan supports (with bolt and wing nut) 5 pre-drilled stakes (up to 90 cm high, with holes every 10cm) 15 pans (12oz plastic bowls), 5 each UV blue, yellow and white Mallet A pack of tent pegs Ca. 2 litres water with several drops non-scented washing up liquid added (eg. Ecover zero) Sturdy bag/ rucksack to carry stakes, traps and supports Site maps (with GPS co-ordinates and target notes for pan trap stations) 5 Pan trap information signs (printed and laminated) with drawing pins Recording form “PoMS_RecordingForm_PanTraps” + pencil First aid kit, water bottle, mobile phone, buddy contact details, spot device if provided 7

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 To collect pan traps Tea strainer or funnel 5 sample tubes (100ml plastic flat ended with screw lid) 5 muslin or hort fleece squares cut to fit the tea strainer (approx. 15x15 cm) Pencils Fine permanent marker Plastic foreceps Ethanol (70%) in secure, labelled screw top container (500ml container should be sufficient for one site visit) Pre-printed labels with site grid ref and pan trap number Additional zip lock bag for sample storage Cool box and ice packs for keeping specimens in transit

Setting out pan trap stations Place out your pan trap stations in the roughly diagonal transect across the 1 km site, starting at Trap station 1 using the site map and GPS points specified, with hazard tape markers on site. If starting at Trap station 5, make sure traps are collected in this order.

For each pan trap station: 1. In long vegetation (> 10cm), hammer a stake into the ground. 2. Attach the pan support to the trapping stake at a height even with the top of the vegetation, approximately level with the position of flowers or where flowers would be, securing it in place with a wing nut (see image below). The pan supports must be 8

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017 level, and the nut secure enough that they won’t move. If adjacent to a hedge or other boundary, have the pan traps facing outwards. 3. In short vegetation, pan traps can be placed directly on the ground, but still in their support holder, and secured with a tent peg. 4. Avoid trampling the vegetation surrounding the trap station, since estimates of flower abundance will need to be made within a 2m radius.

An example of the pan trap bowls placed in their support and attached to the stake and a close up of the pan support and wing nut for attachment (short vegetation shown should allow direct placement of the support on the ground with tent peg). 5. Place three pans: one white, one yellow and one blue into the pan support. 6. Briefly and gently turn your water with washing up liquid a few times to ensure mixing and then fill each trap bowl up to the first line marked on the inside of the bowl (this is approx 100ml). 7. Attach an information sign to each stake (printed and laminated) 8. Record the time each pan trap was set out and starting weather conditions on your recording sheet.

Collecting the pan trap catch (after 6 hours) Collect in your pan traps as close as possible to 6 hours from when they were set out, collecting pan traps in the same order as you set them out. Record collection time on your recording sheet. If you notice anything unusual when picking up the trap, e.g. if the pan has been disturbed or emptied, or if you see evidence that birds have been eating the catch (e.g. bird droppings on pan or support), make a note of this on the recording form.

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Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017

For each pan trap station you will need a specimen tube labelled with the following information on the lid using permanent marker (if possible): Site Grid ref eg. SU5588 Unique Square number: eg. 42 Trap station number: 1-5 Date: Recorder name / initials: A pre-printed label (from a laser printer, not inkjet) with the above information and specific data in pencil MUST be placed inside each tube – these have been provided at the bottom of the Pan Trap recording form, to cut or tear on the day. For each pan trap station: 1. Place a muslin/ fleece square in your tea strainer and carefully pour the contents of all three pans through it, so that the water falls through and the insects are retained. A second pan can be used to collect the water for rinsing. One muslin square will suffice for all three pans. If any insects are left sticking to the insides of any bowl, either rinse or use the plastic foreceps to transfer them to the muslin. Fold the muslin into a loose square whilst still in the strainer, wrapping up the specimens. 2. Place the muslin square into the specimen tube along with its label. Add enough ethanol to cover the specimens (50-100ml), then seal securely. 3. Place specimen tube in a larger zip lock bag labelled with Site Grid ref_Unique square number and sampling date. All 5 tubes 4. Collect in the pans, pan supports and stake. Once all of your samples have been collected, place the specimens in your cool box for transportation back to the lab. 10

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017

Local flower abundance and Habitat type An area of 2m radius centred on each pan trap station (see diagram) should be observed for flowering plants. All herbaceous species in bloom should be recorded and all ‘floral units’ within the 2m radius counted (ie. do not count grasses but include all dicots regardless of their value for pollinators). In diverse/ homogenous flower-rich grassland or flowering crops, flowers within half or a quarter of the area of the circle can be counted and these numbers multiplied up to give the total count. Examples of floral units include a flower spike, umbel or flower head (see below and within flower guide) - please make sure you note down what you class as unit for each species and are consistent in your definition across sites. 2m

2m

Count all floral units within a 2m radius of the pan trap station. Either pace out and calibrate the 2m distance for the first few attempts, or use a 2m piece of string pinned to the top of the pan trap stake to mark out the area.

Examples of floral units queried during trial days which are not listed on the flower guide include: Birds’ foot trefoil (Lotus spp.) = single flowers Vetches (Vicia or Lathyrus spp.) = single flowers Nettle (Urtica dioica) = spike Plantain (Plantago spp.) = spike Cleavers (Galium aparine) = single flowers Record the average height of the vegetation within the 2m radius. Record the Habitat type of the parcel (continuous area of similar habitat) within which each pan trap is positioned, using the classifications provided in “PoMS_HabitatClassification”. Estimate the area (square metres) of the parcel described if feasible. If the station is within a linear habitat or boundary, the form allows for additional adjacent habitats to be recorded. These are based on the EUNIS pan-European classifications, are used on the BBCT Bee Walk scheme and link with the 28 NPMS fine-habitat categories.

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Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017

6. Flower-Insect Timed Counts During the course of traversing the 1km square to set out pan traps you will hopefully have spotted one or more of the flowering plants on the list provided in the PoMS Target Flower ID guide. If you find more than one recommended plant use a different one for each of your timed counts. If you cannot find one of the recommended plants then select a species in flower that is abundant within the square and receiving insect visits, providing a description and if possible a common or species name. The location and species of target flower can change from one survey visit to the next. You should conduct a minimum of two FIT counts per survey visit to each square, with additional counts to fill the time waiting for pan trap collection. Record the GPS grid reference location of each count, time started, % cloud cover, % duration of the 10 minutes with sunshine, wind speed and temperature for each count.

Kit list Recording form and pencil 0.5 X 0.5m “gaffa tape” quadrat Target Flower ID guide FIT count insect guide Digital camera or camera phone – for flower species you can’t ID.

Insect Observations 1) Place your 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrat over or around your target flowers. Otherwise place it over your chosen plant to allow you to estimate your observation area and then remove it. This can be done on a vertical surface, eg. for hedgerows or trees. 2) Watch all flowers of your target plant species within the 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrat for 10 minutes and record every insect you see visiting your chosen flower type, but not other types of flower. Stand so as not to shade the quadrat or target flowers. A visit is classed as any time you see an insect sitting on, feeding on or landing on a flower (e.g. one visit could potentially last for the whole 10 minutes). Try as far as possible not to record the same individual twice. 3) Insects should be classed into the following groups, using the “FIT count insect guide” and simple 1-page ID guide provided - Bumblebees, Solitary Bees, Honeybees, Wasps (including parasitic species), Hoverflies (all hoverflies, including ‘non-typical’ small black hoverflies), other Flies (ie. not hoverflies), Butterflies and Moths, Beetles (larger than 3mm) and Other insects (the latter group will include Sawflies). In addition, there is a category for ‘Small insects’ (such as pollen beetles) less than 3mm long. Counts of small insects can be made to the nearest 5 if they are very abundant. If you are not able to classify an insect, record it as type ‘Other’ on the recording sheet. 12

Defra BE0125/ NEC06214: Establishing a UK Pollinator Monitoring and Research Partnership: Site set up and survey protocol 2017

Flower Count 1. After your 10-minute count, count all floral units of your target species within the 0.5 x 0.5 m plot. 2. Provide a “Target Flower cover” estimate based on whether the target flowers cover less than half, half or more than half of the 0.5m patch; also note whether it is growing in a larger patch of the same flower, in a larger patch of many different flowers or is more or less isolated (these questions tie in with the wider FIT count surveys). 3. Identify other species of plant flowering within the quadrat and count the number of floral units of each, making sure you are clear what you are classing as a floral unit. 4. Record the Habitat type of the parcel (continuous area of similar habitat) within which each FIT count is undertaken, using the H-code classifications provided in “PoMS_HabitatClassification”.

7. After Sampling Sample storage Store all samples in a freezer (at -20°C) as soon as possible after collection, or at least keep cold until access to a freezer is possible. This may involve requesting freezer space for ice blocks to be rotated at temporary accommodation while away. This is necessary to minimise degradation for potential subsequent DNA barcoding analysis.

Sample Postage Please post your (clearly labelled) pan trap sample tubes with ice blocks in one of the thermal polystyrene boxes we will provide to: Claire Carvell at NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB. See separate Sample Management Plan for next steps.

Data entry and QA At the end of each week or set of squares surveyed, update the master LOG spreadsheet (PoMS_surveys_sites done_2017) for the relevant country with squares visited, number of sample tubes generated and number of timed counts undertaken. GPS locations for pan trap stations, target notes and a ‘terrain rating’ for each square can also be added here. Feedback any access issues to the Project Co-ordinators or update the relevant access permissions template if you have access to this. Further guidance on where and how to enter data will be provided once we have confirmed robust systems for use also with the wider participation FIT counts. We will likely ask surveyors to transfer data from both the pan trap and FIT count recording forms to an iRecord form that will be accessed online using your personal login, and will link with the Indicia system used by BRC and most major biodiversity monitoring schemes. 13