PPNOTES – CH. 7-1 ION FORMATION ATOMS VS. _________ Stable Electron Configurations STABLE - contain completely ___________ outermost E levels Don’t have _____________filled orbitals so don’t need to ________, lose, or share electrons to obtain a full energy level Ex. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ = not filled, ________________ 1s 2s 2p Focus on all of the electrons in the _________________ energy level (___ & ___) to see if it is “filled”. (Don’t count d or f) 4s1 – not filled

Ex. 3s2 3p6 - filled

5s2 4d10 5p3 – not filled

VALENCE ELECTRONS Valence electrons = e- in the ____________________energy level Examine e- configuration to determine # in outermost _________________ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 =

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 =

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 =

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d6 =

Number of Valence e- = ______________number Group: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Valence e-: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Electron (Lewis) Dot Structures

_________= valence e-s

s1

s2

s2p1

s2p2

s2p3

s2p4

s2p5

s2p6

Li

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Ne

Behavior = Valence Electrons

The number of valence e-’s determines an atoms __________________

____ valence e-’s = ____________

<8 =_________, ________or ___________e-’s to get 8

OCTET RULE – 2, 8, 8 Atoms want to obtain a _______outermost energy level. Every element but the first two (H & He) need to have ___in the outermost energy level (_________). 8 e’s = “___________” H & He only need _______ (s2) b/c that’s all the ___________E level can hold! 1

ATOMS VS. IONS Atoms =________________, #p+ ___ #eNoble Gases (Group ____) have _________configuration and have a filled outermost E level. They are stable as is. Ions =___________, #p+ ___ #eDo ______ have a filled outermost E level so need to ___________the number of e-’s to get a filled outermost E level Formed when e-’s are added to OR removed from the outermost E level Making _______________Ions - ___________ Negative ions = Anions

“n’s” in “aNioNs” = Negative _______________

Have more negative e-’s than _________________p+’s ________________more e-’s to fill outermost E level

Ex. Oxygen

1s2 2s2 2p4 = ___valence e-’s

needs 2 more so gains 2 e-

now 1s2 2s2 2p6 = ____valence e-’s Has ____charge b/c has __________ negative e-’s than it had when it was neutral

Ex. Chlorine

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 = ___ valence e-’s

O-2

needs 1 more so gains 1 e-

now 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 = ___ valence e-’s Has ____ charge b/c has 1 more negative e- than it had when it was neutral

Ex. Arsenic

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3 = ___ valence e-’s

_____

needs 3 more so gains 3e-

now 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 ____ 3d10 _____ = 8 valence e-’s Has ____ charge b/c has 3 more negative e-’s than it had when it was neutral

As-3

Making ____________ Ions - _____________ Positive ions = Cations

“___” in “caTion” = Looks like a ____ sign, posiTive

Have _______ positive p+’s than negative e-’s ________ e-’s to create a filled outermost E level 2

Ex. Sodium

1s2 2s2 2p6 _____= 1 valence e-

If it _____________of 1 e-, then the ______E level becomes the outermost E level and it is filled. Sodium wants get rid of its 1 valence e-

now 1s2 2s2 2p6 = ___valence e-’s

Lost one e- so went from ___ total e- to ___total eHas ______charge b/c has _______ positive protons (11p+) than electrons (10e-)

Ex. Calcium

Na+1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 = ___valence e-

If it gets rid of 2 e-, then the _______E level becomes the outermost E level and it is filled. Calcium wants to _____________of its 2 valence enow 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 = ___ valence e-’s ______________so went from ____total e- to ____total eHas ___charge b/c has more positive protons (20p+) than electrons (18e-)

Ex. Aluminum

_____

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 = ____valence e-

If it gets rid of 3 e-, then the 2nd E level becomes the outermost E level and it is filled. Aluminum wants to get rid of its 3 valence enow 1s2 2s2 2p6 = 8 valence e-’s Lost 3 e- so went from ____ total e- to ____total eHas +3 charge b/c has ________positive protons (13p+) than electrons (10e-)

Al+3

Anions & Cations ____________– gain 1, 2, or 3 e-s to become ______________charged ions Nonmetals (_________side of zig-zag)

_____________– lose 1, 2, or 3 e-s to become __________________charged ions __________ (left side of zig-zag)

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Naturally Stable (happy) Atoms may lose _________________e- or __________1, 2, or 3 e- in order to become stable. # of _____________NEVER changes, only e- are lost or gained. Once #p+ no longer equals #e-, the atom is: A. No longer called an _________ – now it is referred to as an _________. ION = _________________ particle B. No longer neutral. Now it has a charge. Group 4?

+1, +2, +3 OR -1, -2, -3

____ valence electrons

Don’t want to give up 4 e-’s OR gain 4 e-’s Instead, they look to SHARE 4 e- by making _____________________

Group: Valence e-: Lose/Gain: Charge:

1 1 L1 +1

2 2 L2 +2

3 3 L3 +3

4 4 Share

5 5 G3 -3

6 6 G2 -2

7 7 G1 -1

8 8 Stable 0

Determine the charges and symbol for the ion: 1. An atom that gains 2 e-? 2. An atom that loses 3 e-? 3. An atom that has 3 p+ and 2 e-? 4. An atom that has 8 p+ and 10 e-? 5. An atom that has 12 p+ and 12 e-? 6. An atom that has 13 p+ and 10 e-? 7. On a fluorine ion? 8. On a calcium ion? 9. On a sulfur ion?

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