PROPOSAL FOR RELEASE OF CROP VARIETY SUBMITTED TO

STATE SEED SUBCOMMITTEE 1. Name of the crop and species 2. a) Name of the variety under which tested b) Proposed name of the variety 3. Sponsored by 4. a)Institution responsible for developing the variety (with address) b) Name of persons who helped in developing the variety 5. a) Parentage with details of its pedigrees b) Source of material in case of introduction c) Breeding objectives d) Breeding method 6. Varieties which are most closely resembling the proposed variety in general characteristics 7. a) Whether recommended by Seminar/Conference/Workshop

b) If so its recommendation with specific justification for the release of proposed variety c) Specific areas of its adaptation 8. Recommended ecology 9.

Description of variety a) Morphological description

True Cinnamon (Ceylon Cinnamon) Cinnamomum verum ODC-130 Sugandhini (സുഗന്ധിനി) Kerala Agricultural University Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali, Asamannoor P. O., Ernakulam Dist., Kerala, PIN-683 549. Tel:0484-658221 Email:[email protected] Sri. Joy P. P. Dr. J. Thomas Dr. Samuel Mathew Dr. Jayasree Sankar Local collection Sri Lankan type obtained from a farmer in Wynad To evolve eugenol-rich leaf oil yielding true cinnamon variety to meet the requirements of essential oil industry in Kerala (Appendix 1) Selection (Appendix 2) No such varieties are presently available in Kerala Recommended by the ZREAC workshop held at RARS, Pattambi on 28.6.1998, POP workshop held at KAU Headquarters, Vellanikkara on 30.8.2000 and KAU Variety Evaluation Committee held at KAU Headquarters, Vellanikkara on 27.11.2000 This accession is recommended owing to its high leaf oil yield and eugenol content Adapted to the central zone of Kerala Midlands and highlands of Kerala both in open and as intercrop in coconut plantations Habit: An evergreen, densely foliaceous tree with aromatic bark and leaves. Leaves: Leaves are simple, exstipulate, mostly opposite but rarely subopposite, small (12x6cm), coreaceous, oblong, lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, mostly with three nerves changing into five. Flower: Many (16 – 24 is the usual number in a single branchlet of panicle), small (1.3cm), white, bisexual hypogynous in subterminal panicle. Perianth tube short, funnel shaped. Lobes – 6.

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Androecium: Stamens –9, in two rows, outer -6 and inner-3, opposite to perianth lobes. Anthers four celled, introrse. Gynoecium: Ovary sessile, unicellular, superior unilocular with single anatrophous ovule. Style thick and the stigma discoid. Fruit: A berry seated on the cup shaped enlarged perianth tube. Seed: Non endospermic, pendulous, testa membraneous. b) Distinguishing characters Plant height Canopy spread Canopy characteristic Canopy shape Leaf size Colour of flushes Fresh leaf yield Dry leaf yield Leaf oil yield Oil recovery on fresh weight basis Oil recovery on dry weight basis Eugenol content Eugenol yield Cinnamon yield index c) Maturity d) Maturity group e) Reaction to major diseases under field and controlled conditions f) Reaction to major pests under field and controlled conditions g) Quality of produce h) Reaction to stress 10. Description of parents 11. a) Yield data in regional/ interregional trials year-wise b) Average yield under normal conditions c) Package of practices for leaf oil production

319 cm 291 cm Semicompact Spherical Small to medium Length : 4-12 cm Breadth: 2-6 cm highly purple coloured Score 6.5 in 0-9 scale 18.34 kg/tree/year 7.88 kg/tree/year 294.69 ml/tree/year 1.60 % 3.73 % 93.67 % 275.11 ml/tree/year 91 % Perennial ever green tree Leaf bearing twigs are harvested every year for distillation after three years of growth Perennial ever green tree No serious diseases are noted No serious pests are noted The leaf oil contains 93.67% eugenol and is acceptable to the essential oil industry for fragrance and flavour purpose NA NA (Appendix 3) 125 kg/ha of leaf oil containing 93.67% eugenol Cinnamon is a hardy plant which tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions. The crop thrives well from 300-350m and grows up to 1000m above MSL. It flourishes in places with an annual rainfall of 1500-2500mm with an average temperature of 27oC. A hot moist climate is highly suited for cinnamon cultivation. Proximity to sea, humid conditions and

3

saltish water are good for the crop. Waterlogged and marshy areas are unsuitable. The plant is propagated vegetatively by rooted cuttings of young 3-leaved shoots, division of old root stocks, air-layering of shoots and by tissue culture for obtaining true to type progeny. Growth regulators like NAA or IBA are also used for inducing rooting and improving recovery. Air-layering of one year old shoots using rooting hormones is very effective. The recommended procedure is to remove a ring of bark, 2cm long, from the selected twig, to apply a paste containing 1000 ppm 1BA+2500 ppm NAA and to cover the girdled portion with sphagnum moss or suitable rooting medium held together by tying a plastic sheet around. The layers will be ready for separating from the mother tree and transplanting 2-3 months later. The propagule is planted in the main field at 3m spacing. In India, under rainfed conditions, planting during June-July is ideal whereas for irrigated crop planting during Oct.- Nov. is recommended. Shading and irrigation are essential immediately after planting. During the first year the plant may be supplied with 20 kg cattle manure or compost and 20:20:25 g N, P2O5 and K2O per annum which is gradually increased to 50kg cattle manure and 200:180:200 g N, P2O5 and K2O for grown up plants of 6 years or more. This dose may be doubled for extra high yielding plants of age 15 years or more. Fertilizers may be applied in two equal splits during June-July and Oct.-Nov. Application of Mussorie Phos at 900g/tree/year increased oil recovery by 75%. Foliar application of 4% urea increased leaf oil by 28%. Weeding and mulching reduced weed growth. For first two years 3 - 4 weedings/year are required. Thereafter two weedings in a year during June - July and Oct.- Nov. are sufficient. The seedlings need irrigation till they are established, if there is long drought period. Plants are coppiced when they are 2-3 years old at a height of 15cm above ground level. Side shoots growing from the base are cut to encourage growth of more side shoots till the whole plant assumes the shape of a bush. The common diseases are leaf spot and die back caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, grey blight by Pestaloteopsis palmarum and sooty mould

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caused by Phragmocapinus betle. They can be controlled by spraying 1% Bordeaux mixture. For the extraction of leaf oil, the leaves and tender twigs are harvested in May and November. Wilting of the harvested leaves in shade for 24 hours reduces the bulk and increases the oil recovery. Steam distillation for 4-6 hours gives an oil yield of 0.5 to 0.8% generally on a commercial scale.

12. a) Agency responsible for maintaining breeder seed

13.

b) Quantity of breeder seed in stock Information on the acceptability of the variety by farmers/ consumers/ industry

14.

Specific recommendations, if any before seed production

15.

Any other pertinent information

Leaf oil is heavier than water, yellow to yellowish brown in colour with a slight camphoraceous odour resembling that of clove oil due to the presence of 93% of eugenol. Leaf oil has specific gravity (15.5oC) 1.065, refractive index (20 oC) 1.530 to 1.545, optical rotation (20oC) -1o to +3o, acid value 14.0-15.7, ester value 4.7-16.7 and its solubility in 70% alcohol is 10 volumes. Aromatic and medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali, Asamannoor P. O., Ernakulam Dist., Kerala, PIN-683 549. Tel:0484-658221 Email:[email protected] 50 numbers of clone The leaf oil is acceptable to the essential oil industry for fragrance and flavour purpose. M/s. D. V. Deo & Company, Marine Drive, Kochi; Jyothis Perfumers & Exporters, Kalamassery and Plant Lipids Pvt Ltd, Kolencherry have accepted the oil for trade and export. Rooted cuttings have also been supplied to RRL, Jorhat, Assam; RRL, Bhubaneswar, Orissa and to farmers in UP. The plant is to be propagated vegetatively by rooted cuttings, air-layering or tissue culture for obtaining true to type progeny. Nil

Principal Investigator

Head of Station

Project Coordinator

Director of Research

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Appendix 1 Breeding objectives Cinnamon is an evergreen bushy tree of Lauraceae whose bark and leaves are strongly aromatic. In addition to its culinary uses in Asian and European recipes, it has important applications in medicine. Two types of volatile oils are commercially extracted from cinnamon: bark oil and leaf oil. Bark oil is used in perfumery, flavouring, liquors and medicines. Leaf oil is employed in perfumes, toiletries, seasoning and the manufacture of eugenol and vanillin. Leaf oil is a rich source of eugenol. The other constituents of the oil are cinnamic aldehyde, benzaldehyde, pinene, phellandrene, dipentene safrole, methyl eugenol, borneol, geraniol, caryophyllene, terpineol, linalool, cinnamyl alcohol and traces of over 15 compounds. Next to Sri Lanka, India is the largest producer of cinnamon. Wide variability of the plant occurs in Western Ghats and in some parts of Assam and north eastern states. It is largely cultivated in the state of Kerala. Much of the research and development were carried out considering it as a tree spice for its quills and bark yield. Very little importance was given to leaf oil. On account of the industrial potential of cinnamon leaf oil, the present study was carried out with the objective of studying the interrelationship between the growth, yield and quality parameters in cinnamon and identifying elite types high in aromatic leaf oil rich in eugenol.

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Appendix 2 Breeding method: Selection The work was carried out at the Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station (AMPRS), Odakkali for a period of 4 years from 1992. Cinnamon accessions (234 numbers) maintained at the station were studied. During 1992, growth parameters such as plant height, canopy characteristics, intensity of the purple colour of flushes, leaf size, flowering and fruit setting characters and the yield of leaves and tender twigs were recorded. Based on these bench mark data, morphologically superior 163 accessions were selected for the evaluation of oil yield, oil recovery and eugenol content. The branches of the trees were harvested during the month of May every year. The leaves were hydro-distilled for 5 hours in Clevenger’s apparatus for extracting the essential oil.

Eugenol content in the leaf oil was determined using a gas

chromatograph (Chemito model 8510) equipped with flame ionisation detector. The constituents of the oil were separated on a 10 feet long stainless steel column loaded with 5% SE 30 on 80100 mesh chromosorb-W at a nitrogen flow rate of 30ml/min. The oven was programmed to heat from the initial temperature of 110C to 220C at the rate of 3C/min. The injection and detection temperatures were 270C. Peaks were identified based on coincidence of retention times with authentic standards. Quantification was done by area normalisation method. Cinnamon yield index (YI) was computed for the accessions during each year using the formula

YI =

5  i=1

Pv Pm

 5 x 100

where, Pv = the value of yield parameter for the accession and Pm= the maximum value of the parameter observed for the population. Dry weight of leaves and twigs, leaf oil yield, oil recovery on dry weight basis, eugenol content of leaf oil and eugenol yield of the accession were considered for computing YI. It is an aggregate measure of the growth, yield and quality parameters in cinnamon. From 234 accessions, 163 morphologically better types were selected during 1992, fifty superior trees were identified based on YI. These accessions were further evaluated consecutively for three years from 1993 for growth, yield and quality attributes. The data for 4 years were pooled and statistically analysed. The pooled mean values were utilised for correlation and regression analysis as laid down by Gomez and Gomez. Rank values (1 to 3) were assigned for qualitative parameters like compactness and shape of the canopy and leaf size depending on the intensity of the character and as such rank correlations or regressions were worked out between these characteristics.

7

Growth and yield investigations The data on the growth parameters of the 234 cinnamon accessions are furnished in table 1. The range, mean and coefficient of variation of the growth, yield and quality parameters of the cinnamon accessions are given in table 2 and the data indicated large variability in the cinnamon population under study. Regarding purple colour of flushes, 72% had medium colour (3-6 score) and 14% light colour while 14% had intense purple colour. The influence of canopy characteristics such as the shape and compactness of canopy and leaf size is depicted in table 3. With regard to canopy characteristics, out of the 50 selected accessions, 64% of the plants were compact, 24% semi-compact and 12% loose; 82% were spherical, 12% semi-spherical and 6% tall (linear). Among the 50 selected accessions, 46% had small to medium sized leaves, 22% medium to large and 32% small to large sized leaves. In general, the plants having linear (tall) canopy were taller than those having spherical canopy. It was also observed that the leaf oil derived from plants having loose canopy had lower eugenol content. All the other growth and yield parameters were not influenced by the canopy characteristics. Correlation, regression and path analysis Information on the quantitative and qualitative relationship of economic (yield) characters with component (growth) characters and between component characters themselves is important from the viewpoint of plant breeding. The three economic characters fresh leaf yield, leaf oil yield and eugenol yield were highly and positively correlated among themselves, value ranging from 0.92 to 0.99 (table 4). The component characters plant height and canopy spread were highly and positively correlated between themselves as well as to all the three economic characters. It is suggested that breeding for the improvement of economic characters would require the modification of these component characters in cinnamon. On the basis of high correlation, plant height, canopy spread, fresh leaf yield, leaf oil yield and eugenol yield were used for working out multiple regression (table 5) and path coefficients (Fig.1) High coefficients of determination were observed for all the equations, values ranging from 0.72 to 0.99. However, the R2 value for leaf oil yield on plant height, canopy spread and fresh leaf yield did not show improvement over the correlation between leaf oil yield and fresh leaf yield (r=0.93). Similar was the case with the multiple regression equation of eugenol yield on plant height, canopy spread, fresh leaf yield and leaf oil yield when compared to the correlation between eugenol yield and leaf oil yield (r=0.99). It is, therefore, suggested that variability in eugenol yield was determined more by the indirect effects rather than by the direct effect of plant height, canopy spread or fresh leaf yield. Similarly the variability in leaf oil yield was determined more by the indirect effects than by the direct effect of plant height or canopy spread.

8

The above results and also the physiological considerations suggest a path diagram on economic characters as given in figure1. The character that is ultimately important is the eugenol yield. This straightforward relationship among fresh leaf yield, leaf oil yield and eugenol yield is strong as suggested by high path coefficients. Canopy spread is significantly linked with plant height which is poorly associated with fresh leaf yield. Therefore selection for improvement in oil or eugenol yield, the evaluation of which is costly and cumbersome, can be done indirectly using leaf yield which is governed mostly by canopy spread. A quick visual observation of canopy spread of tree will be useful for selecting for high oil or eugenol yield at least in the preliminary screening. Screening for leaf oil and eugenol The pooled data on the growth, yield and quality parameters of the 50 selected cinnamon accessions are presented in tables 1, 6a to 6h and 7a and 7b. Maximum fresh leaf yield was recorded by ODC-130, followed by ODC-67 and ODC-10. Oil recovery on fresh weight basis was maximum of 1.84% for ODC-68. The maximum eugenol content of 95.03% was recorded by ODC-128. Eugenol yield and yield index values were maximum for ODC-130, followed by ODC10. Considering the overall growth, yield and quality performance, the accession ODC-130 was identified as the most outstanding type followed by ODC-10 and ODC-67 for aromatic leaf oil and eugenol. ODC - 130 recorded fresh leaf yield 18.34 kg/tree/yr, oil yield 294.69 ml/tree/yr, oil recovery 1.60 % on fresh weight basis (3.73% on dry weight basis), eugenol content 93.67% in the leaf oil, eugenol yield 275.11 ml/tree/yr and yield index 91%. ODC-130, being a eugenolrich high leaf oil yielding type, it can very well be recommended for large scale cultivation and production of cinnamon leaf oil.

9

Table 1. Growth parameters of the 234 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali (PH=Plant height, CS=Canopy spread, PC=Purple colour, FL=Fresh leaf weight, for years 1-4) Accession PH PH No. cm cm 1 2 ODC 1 220 205 ODC 2 308 220 ODC 3 270 220 ODC 4 273 250 ODC 5 248 250 ODC 6 255 270 ODC 7 245 200 ODC 8 240 200 ODC 9 310 240 ODC 10 305 315 ODC 11 255 270 ODC 12 255 250 ODC 13 158 110 ODC 14 270 280 ODC 15 278 270 ODC 16 315 260 ODC 17 265 220 ODC 18 110 195 ODC 19 110 190 ODC 20 255 200 ODC 21 238 250 ODC 22 295 290 ODC 23 243 265 ODC 24 330 335 ODC 25 200 205 ODC 26 288 270 ODC 27 258 220 ODC 28 240 250 ODC 29 283 270 ODC 30 240 300 ODC 31 255 270 ODC 32 343 340 ODC 33 285 240 ODC 34 345 370 ODC 35 320 310 ODC 36 200 180 ODC 37 290 310 ODC 38 310 300 ODC 39 390 365 ODC 40 268 310 ODC 41 278 260 ODC 42 220 215 ODC 43 168 165 ODC 44 240 280 ODC 45 305 270 ODC 46 285 290 ODC 47 265 280 ODC 48 295 300 ODC 49 345 340 ODC 50 240 245 ODC 51 250 245 ODC 52 290 190 ODC 53 320 300

PH cm 3 150 210 220 285 305 300 220 315 315 350 275 295 135 290 310 310 265 215 255 250 280 325 285 345 220 305 245 270 350 270 265 365 310 345 340 235 305 360 390 340 265 200 225 325 340 305 290 340 340 275 320 275 375

PH cm 4 200 190 230 245 280 230 254 230 235 285 265 260 130 258 260 248 255 215 195 230 255 265 275 293 230 280 230 280 265 270 275 305 228 310 258 220 298 305 350 280 250 170 175 230 290 265 285 290 303 230 270 260 295

PH cm mean 193.75 232 235 263.25 270.75 263.75 229.75 246.25 275 313.75 266.25 265 133.25 274.5 279.5 283.25 251.25 183.75 187.5 233.75 255.75 293.75 267 325.75 213.75 285.75 238.25 260 292 270 266.25 338.25 265.75 342.5 307 208.75 300.75 318.75 373.75 299.5 263.25 201.25 183.25 268.75 301.25 286.25 280 306.25 332 247.5 271.25 253.75 322.5

CS cm 1 130 220 180 220 225 165 155 190 230 250 220 190 125 210 180 205 190 120 130 190 145 210 210 275 155 270 260 240 195 210 215 260 255 245 255 155 295 290 300 230 200 165 132 270 228 240 235 250 265 225 195 180 210

CS cm 2 115 205 195 140 205 175 150 180 215 245 190 185 85 200 160 210 145 105 130 190 160 255 185 245 145 240 205 220 195 245 170 285 225 245 240 150 260 270 305 240 240 175 140 255 235 200 235 205 215 195 200 130 210

CS cm 3 130 185 200 230 235 205 170 230 210 290 220 200 100 210 170 220 170 130 150 220 190 300 250 280 140 260 250 270 290 280 210 340 250 300 260 205 285 355 340 300 230 180 190 320 270 230 300 260 250 365 240 215 350

CS cm 4 148 180 180 200 185 170 190 170 230 235 200 182 135 175 183 210 190 120 125 180 170 232 200 250 145 220 210 230 210 250 190 245 190 240 210 155 230 260 300 250 235 150 145 240 255 205 223 235 235 235 210 160 245

CS cm mean 130.75 197.5 188.75 197.5 212.5 178.75 166.25 192.5 221.25 255 207.5 189.25 111.25 198.75 173.25 211.25 173.75 118.75 133.75 195 166.25 249.25 211.25 262.5 146.25 247.5 231.25 240 222.5 246.25 196.25 282.5 230 257.5 241.25 166.25 267.5 293.75 311.25 255 226.25 167.5 151.75 271.25 247 218.75 248.25 237.5 241.25 255 211.25 171.25 253.75

P C 1 4 7 1 5 6 6 7 5 6 5 4 9 5 4 7 4 5 7 3 7 7 8 6 5 6 6 8 2 7 5 7 7 5 5 4 7 6 1 4 5 2 2 6 5 3 8 4 1 1 1 8 4 9

P C 2 3 8 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 2 9 6 2 4 4 7 5 2 3 5 7 5 3 4 5 7 1 6 3 2 4 2 3 2 5 4 1 1 5 1 2 3 3 1 6 5 3 3 4 6 3 8

P C 3 4 7 2 7 5 5 7 5 4 5 4 9 6 3 5 4 7 3 5 3 6 8 7 4 6 8 8 2 5 2 2 7 4 5 3 7 8 1 3 5 3 3 3 4 2 8 4 4 3 3 6 5 5

P C 4 4 6 2 5 2 5 4 5 6 5 5 7 6 4 3 4 4 6 4 6 6 5 5 4 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 7 5 5 5 7 7 4 4 8 3 4 4 4 3 4 6 6 2 5 6 6 7

PC mea n 3.75 7 1.5 5 4 4.75 5.5 4.75 5 5 3.75 8.5 5.75 3.25 4.75 4 5.75 5.25 3.5 4.75 6 7 5.75 4 5.5 5.75 7 2 6 3.5 4 6.25 4 4.5 3.5 6.5 6.25 1.75 3 5.75 2.25 2.75 4 4 2.25 6.5 4.75 3.5 2.25 3.25 6.5 4.5 7.25

FL kg 1 0.7 5.45 5.27 8.16 8.3 4.49 6.3 4.15 8.11 13.13 7.69 9.42 2.7 6.7 4.4 7.33 3.45 2.8 2.9 5.33 2.85 8.48 7.33 10.99 3.45 8.95 9.42 9 6.95 6.95 7.15 13.6 7.35 8.45 6.5 3.7 9.8 11.13 13.38 11.33 7.67 4.17 2.6 9.18 14.36 9.52 10.05 10.47 10.73 4.6 6.49 1.65 8.37

FL kg 2 1.9 4.7 4.9 6.3 10.9 8.6 7.1 7.3 10.6 20.6 9 13.2 2.5 10.5 8.8 14.6 5.7 4 5.1 7.9 7.8 15.3 10.6 14.1 4.3 12.3 12.3 10.8 12.6 14 10 18.2 9.3 8.8 13.6 7.1 12.7 16.6 19.6 11.8 11.5 5.9 5 15.2 12.7 13 13.2 14.9 14 9 10.2 3.3 13.7

FL kg 3 0.5 2.4 5.5 9.9 8.6 7.2 5.2 8.7 9 19.2 9.2 10.7 1.4 8.7 6.9 9.5 5.1 3.7 5.3 9 5.2 16.6 9.2 15.9 3.4 16.7 8.7 16.9 16.1 13.2 8.7 26.6 8.8 11.1 11.4 6.4 15.2 21 21.4 15.4 13 5.3 5.5 23.5 17.2 13.9 14.1 16.4 11.7 9.6 12.9 6.2 14.8

FL kg 4 0.8 2.3 5.4 5.2 10.2 7.1 5.4 7.7 8.2 15.8 6.5 9.9 1.6 5.9 6.9 7.9 3.6 3.2 2.2 5.1 6.4 9.4 7.4 10.9 2.9 9.4 8 9.4 12.2 11.1 8.7 13.8 7.3 7.2 8.4 3.5 8.6 10.1 7.4 14.3 5.9 3.7 3.4 10.8 13.5 8.9 10.2 12 8.9 7.4 8.1 2 6.9

FL kg mean 0.975 3.712 5.267 7.39 9.5 6.847 6 6.962 8.977 17.18 8.097 10.80 2.05 7.95 6.75 9.832 4.462 3.425 3.875 6.832 5.562 12.44 8.632 12.97 3.512 11.83 9.605 11.52 11.96 11.31 8.637 18.05 8.187 8.887 9.975 5.175 11.57 14.70 15.44 13.20 9.517 4.767 4.125 14.67 14.44 11.33 11.88 13.44 11.33 7.65 9.422 3.287 10.94

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Table 1. Growth parameters of the 234 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali (continued) (PH=Plant height, CS=Canopy spread, PC=Purple colour, FL=Fresh leaf weight, for years 1-4) Accession PH PH No. cm cm 1 2 ODC 54 375 360 ODC 55 278 280 ODC 56 175 160 ODC 57 330 290 ODC 58 310 350 ODC 59 300 335 ODC 60 277 255 ODC 61 228 240 ODC 62 298 270 ODC 63 207 200 ODC 64 245 240 ODC 65 341 340 ODC 66 308 310 ODC 67 290 265 ODC 68 270 260 ODC 69 271 220 ODC 70 288 270 ODC 71 320 270 ODC 72 350 330 ODC 73 352 320 ODC 74 220 210 ODC 75 288 290 ODC 76 260 255 ODC 77 242 250 ODC 78 160 170 ODC 79 158 180 ODC 80 249 240 ODC 81 275 270 ODC 82 297 290 ODC 83 240 240 ODC 84 175 155 ODC 85 278 260 ODC 86 270 260 ODC 87 285 260 ODC 88 208 200 ODC 89 310 290 ODC 90 327 290 ODC 91 295 280 ODC 92 319 250 ODC 93 308 300 ODC 94 278 280 ODC 95 169 180 ODC 96 305 330 ODC 97 276 260 ODC 98 340 320 ODC 99 291 280 ODC 100 258 180 ODC 101 365 285 ODC 102 195 190 ODC 103 108 95 ODC 104 121 190 ODC 105 295 320

PH cm 3 420 320 190 375 370 350 295 260 310 230 265 370 345 330 320 260 335 340 390 370 230 320 335 275 160 215 275 350 400 230 175 280 250 315 175 295 365 340 320 310 315 170 295 310 300 325 170 370 170 110 200 340

PH cm 4 300 275 190 300 285 280 260 245 275 215 240 310 305 260 270 185 260 280 300 280 210 255 275 265 150 215 215 290 275 230 170 240 220 260 160 250 250 275 250 260 245 175 260 190 240 255 175 340 215 120 190 285

PH cm mean 363.75 288.25 178.75 323.75 328.75 316.25 271.75 243.25 288.25 213 247.5 340.25 317 286.25 280 234 288.25 302.5 342.5 330.5 217.5 288.25 281.25 258 160 192 244.75 296.25 315.5 235 168.75 264.5 250 280 185.75 286.25 308 297.5 284.75 294.5 279.5 173.5 297.5 259 300 287.75 195.75 340 192.5 108.25 175.25 310

CS cm 1 200 210 130 250 210 265 190 162 225 200 193 275 212 284 210 165 258 225 232 280 224 240 212 170 105 107 142 238 176 162 170 197 238 225 145 234 245 271 240 205 195 132 236 163 300 246 177 282 120 80 115 191

CS cm 2 250 215 100 210 240 220 175 185 205 155 170 235 210 255 190 150 230 220 230 215 190 245 215 200 115 160 165 225 200 150 110 185 200 175 100 180 175 210 205 160 145 95 190 125 280 205 140 240 110 65 130 180

CS cm 3 280 240 175 220 250 240 215 240 230 215 230 280 250 280 250 160 230 265 265 265 215 260 240 220 115 150 180 270 260 170 150 210 240 220 145 290 260 270 275 210 210 140 230 160 250 245 150 300 135 90 130 230

CS cm 4 225 200 140 210 230 240 215 190 235 115 165 230 190 260 195 130 180 215 185 190 180 220 225 170 110 130 130 250 210 150 140 200 210 190 90 185 220 205 215 200 165 170 200 100 185 215 155 240 130 90 130 210

CS cm mean 238.75 216.25 136.25 222.5 232.5 241.25 198.75 194.25 223.75 171.25 189.5 255 215.5 269.75 211.25 151.25 224.5 231.25 228 237.5 202.25 241.25 223 190 111.25 136.75 154.25 245.75 211.5 158 142.5 198 222 202.5 120 222.25 225 239 233.75 193.75 178.75 134.25 214 137 253.75 227.75 155.5 265.5 123.75 81.25 126.25 202.75

P C 1 4 2 4 4 4 3 8 4 5 7 1 4 2 3 3 3 8 1 4 2 2 5 2 5 7 5 3 4 7 3 2 3 3 6 6 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 3 3 2 4 5 3 5 6 6 3

P C 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 7 1 4 3 3 3 3 4 1 2 2 2 4 2 8 6 6 2 5 6 5 3 2 3 4 5 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 6

P C 3 5 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 7 8 4 7 4 7 2 3 6 4 6 5 5 6 1 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 8 7 4 5 6 5 7 8 3 4 5 6 5 3 2 6 7 6

P C 4 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 5 4 5 4 6 5 4 4 6 5 3 5 6 2 4 3 6 6 6 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 4 5 4 4 3 6 7 4

PC mea n 4.5 3.5 4.25 4.25 4.25 3.25 5.5 4.25 4.5 7 2.5 5 3.5 4.75 3 3.25 5.75 2.5 4.25 3.25 3.75 5 2.25 5.25 5.75 5.25 3.25 4.75 6 3.75 3.25 3.25 4.25 5.25 6.25 4 3.5 4 4.75 4.25 5.25 5.75 3.5 3.75 3.25 4.5 4.5 3.25 3.5 5.75 6.5 4.75

FL kg 1 9.21 6.84 2.3 10.2 6.54 9.18 7.23 3.8 11.04 4.25 5.76 8.82 6.28 12.48 4.09 3.7 8.73 9.9 9 9 5.85 10.3 7.15 4.15 1 1.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.2 5.8 9.5 7 2.9 9.4 10.4 13.4 13.6 8.6 7.9 2.2 8.3 3.76 12.01 11.38 5.37 13.86 1.4 0.3 1.8 3.52

FL kg 2 17.3 13.4 2 12.8 13.8 17.7 8.2 7.8 11.1 6.4 10.5 15.6 13.6 16.1 8.1 5.6 7.5 14.6 15.8 13.1 8.9 14.5 9.3 5.8 1.9 2.4 6.4 8.3 9.6 5.4 2 7.9 8.3 7.2 1.4 9.9 10.1 12.3 12.5 9.4 4.8 0.7 7.5 3.4 9.1 11 2.8 12.8 1.3 0.4 2.8 7.2

FL kg 3 19.9 12.9 5.2 16.3 14.7 15.7 12.8 11.9 12.4 7.4 9.7 21.8 15.7 19.1 9.7 5.2 10.2 19 15.4 16.5 8.9 17.4 10.9 8.4 1 2.6 6.6 10.6 11.7 5.4 1.9 11.3 11.8 10.9 1.5 10.4 16 19.2 18.1 14.9 7.9 2 10 6.1 11.4 12.7 2.3 21.1 2 0.5 8.3 8.2

FL kg 4 7.9 6.2 2.4 11.8 10.8 13.1 7.4 6.4 8.9 4.1 5.9 11.8 11.8 12.3 9 4.1 8.1 15.3 8.1 9.9 6.7 9.2 5.7 4.5 1.1 1.7 2.9 7.9 7.9 5.6 1.9 6.5 6.4 7.3 0.8 9.7 9.9 11.1 10.8 11.9 5.9 1.2 6.7 1.9 5.6 8.4 2.3 9.3 1.9 0.5 1.4 6.4

FL kg mean 13.57 9.835 2.975 12.77 11.46 13.92 8.907 7.475 10.86 5.537 7.965 14.50 11.84 14.99 7.722 4.65 8.632 14.7 12.07 12.12 7.587 12.85 8.262 5.712 1.25 1.95 5.025 7.725 8.375 5.05 2.25 7.875 9 8.1 1.65 9.85 11.6 14 13.75 11.2 6.625 1.525 8.125 3.79 9.527 10.87 3.192 14.26 1.65 0.425 3.575 6.33

11

Table 1. Growth parameters of the 234 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali (continued) (PH=Plant height, CS=Canopy spread, PC=Purple colour, FL=Fresh leaf weight, for years 1-4) Accession PH PH No. cm cm 1 2 ODC 106 254 200 ODC 107 194 190 ODC 108 185 160 ODC 109 298 270 ODC 110 268 190 ODC 111 325 330 ODC 112 273 270 ODC 113 278 310 ODC 114 250 280 ODC 115 210 220 ODC 116 310 270 ODC 117 230 225 ODC 118 268 240 ODC 119 270 210 ODC 120 216 240 ODC 121 155 140 ODC 122 198 180 ODC 123 208 200 ODC 124 146 150 ODC 125 175 170 ODC 126 337 250 ODC 127 308 250 ODC 128 261 275 ODC 129 329 310 ODC 130 341 300 ODC 131 273 220 ODC 132 304 270 ODC 133 358 345 ODC 134 276 250 ODC 135 190 150 ODC 136 318 280 ODC 137 200 190 ODC 138 232 220 ODC 139 137 135 ODC 140 260 280 ODC 141 220 220 ODC 142 281 250 ODC 143 327 270 ODC 144 246 220 ODC 145 265 210 ODC 146 232 180 ODC 147 290 290 ODC 148 309 310 ODC 149 328 345 ODC 150 271 270 ODC 151 330 330 ODC 152 259 250 ODC 153 310 290 ODC 154 309 300 ODC 155 268 265 ODC 156 189 205 ODC 157 301 275

PH cm 3 230 195 200 280 180 340 290 360 220 255 310 250 270 220 250 90 180 175 200 190 270 260 240 360 360 260 330 420 300 160 300 175 175 110 265 245 310 320 230 160 180 340 380 380 260 340 280 310 310 275 240 255

PH cm 4 220 185 175 280 190 300 245 275 220 240 280 215 238 230 230 170 165 155 135 185 240 265 195 280 275 228 300 325 215 70 215 155 200 123 230 205 255 270 188 145 155 305 290 295 255 280 240 290 295 240 175 230

PH cm mean 226 191 180 282 207 323.75 269.5 305.75 242.5 231.25 292.5 230 254 232.5 234 138.75 180.75 184.5 157.75 180 274.25 270.75 242.75 319.75 319 245.25 301 362 260.25 142.5 278.25 180 206.75 126.25 258.75 222.5 274 296.75 221 195 186.75 306.25 322.25 337 264 320 257.25 300 303.5 262 202.25 265.25

CS cm 1 168 125 118 165 192 260 221 176 223 154 198 223 230 245 204 140 138 156 151 127 264 255 253 330 355 165 252 306 245 177 253 154 140 90 162 156 205 188 174 220 185 283 290 262 173 226 177 262 220 235 212 254

CS cm 2 165 125 125 140 150 205 170 190 175 130 195 160 195 195 175 100 115 145 110 100 205 225 220 225 270 125 210 220 220 135 200 110 115 75 140 120 145 150 125 130 155 260 210 215 110 235 165 210 180 210 225 235

CS cm 3 160 130 160 110 190 260 185 210 225 180 210 195 160 180 160 70 110 115 130 130 210 230 180 260 290 180 230 285 250 120 220 160 120 80 140 135 170 170 120 160 170 280 320 320 305 310 230 245 240 250 230 270

CS cm 4 125 120 130 110 130 225 170 170 170 170 180 165 165 145 180 50 100 110 110 130 152 182 225 240 250 180 230 255 240 50 180 100 100 70 122 150 160 170 150 160 130 290 260 290 280 270 210 200 140 230 185 290

CS cm mean 154.5 125 133.25 131.25 165.5 237.5 186.5 186.5 198.25 158.5 195.75 185.75 187.5 191.25 179.75 90 115.75 131.5 125.25 121.75 207.75 223 219.5 263.75 291.25 162.5 230.5 266.5 238.75 120.5 213.25 131 118.75 78.75 141 140.25 170 169.5 142.25 167.5 160 278.25 270 271.75 217 260.25 195.5 229.25 195 231.25 213 262.25

P C 1 4 5 5 5 4 2 3 2 3 5 6 5 6 1 2 5 5 6 6 7 1 5 9 7 9 5 4 4 2 1 4 1 3 4 3 9 4 7 9 1 4 1 4 2 6 5 3 4 4 4 6 1

P C 2 4 6 8 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 8 3 2 5 2 7 4 6 2 7 3 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 4 1 3 3 2 5 3 5 6 2 2 1 3 3 6 3 1 3 3 3 3 2

P C 3 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 5 6 5 7 5 2 4 3 6 4 4 3 6 6 5 6 6 4 4 5 2 5 3 4 6 4 5 5 6 9 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 3 6 6 6 3 2

P C 4 4 6 7 4 2 3 5 3 3 5 6 6 7 2 4 2 2 6 4 3 3 6 5 6 6 4 4 6 3 2 6 4 5 6 4 6 5 6 7 3 3 4 5 6 4 6 3 8 5 6 3 3

PC mea n 4.5 5.25 6 4 3.25 3.5 4.25 2.25 3.25 4.5 5.5 5 7 2.75 2.5 4 3 6.25 4.5 5 2.25 6 5.75 5.25 6.5 4.5 4 4.25 3.25 1.75 4.75 2.25 3.75 4.75 3.25 6.25 4.25 6 7.75 2.75 3.25 2.75 4.25 4 5.5 4.75 2.5 5.25 4.5 4.75 3.75 2

FL kg 1 2.7 1.3 1.5 6.37 6.79 13.02 5.72 6.7 7.44 3.4 8.63 7.62 5.44 8.11 8.9 1.4 1.2 2.8 1.3 1.9 7.34 9.73 13.25 13.97 18.64 5.08 13.38 14.25 13.11 4.05 10.47 3.3 2.9 1 4.1 2.4 5.3 7.6 2.9 2.85 5.7 14.7 14.7 13.2 4.6 11.41 9.98 11 8.19 7.93 6.05 10.81

FL kg 2 2.9 2 1.4 6.3 4.7 12 5.3 9.7 6.7 2.8 8.5 6.5 4.2 3.4 7.1 0.6 1.2 3 1.3 1.8 4.4 7 8.7 9.6 12.8 1.9 7.9 15.3 8.4 1.9 9.3 2.1 1.6 0.7 3.5 2.2 6.4 7.1 1.5 1.8 2.2 15.1 6.1 9.3 2.7 11 7.5 12.2 10.5 9.4 4.8 9.2

FL kg 3 3.7 2.1 2.5 6.8 7.3 16.4 8.4 12.7 8.1 5.7 11.7 8.2 5.9 5 7.5 0.2 0.9 1.9 3.3 1.7 4.7 7 11 18.1 25.6 3.5 14.3 24.3 15 1.5 7.5 2.2 0.6 0.6 3.6 4.6 10.7 8.5 2 4.2 4 24.4 16.4 17.4 7.9 19.1 14.2 20.1 15.9 14.9 7.2 13.7

FL kg 4 2.2 1.7 2.3 5.4 4.4 12.3 4.7 8.1 5.5 5.3 7.9 5.6 4.3 3.2 5.4 0.1 0.5 1.4 3.2 1.1 2.3 4.5 6.3 9.1 16.3 1.4 8 14.3 8.1 0.2 3.4 1 0.8 0.6 2.3 2.5 6.1 6.1 1.9 1.2 2.3 13.2 8.9 9.1 6.1 15.4 7.9 11.9 5.5 7.9 4 7.4

FL kg mean 2.875 1.775 1.925 6.217 5.797 13.43 6.03 9.3 6.935 4.3 9.182 6.98 4.96 4.927 7.225 0.575 0.95 2.275 2.275 1.625 4.685 7.057 9.812 12.69 18.33 2.97 10.89 17.03 11.15 1.912 7.667 2.15 1.475 0.725 3.375 2.925 7.125 7.325 2.075 2.512 3.55 16.85 11.52 12.25 5.325 14.22 9.895 13.8 10.02 10.03 5.512 10.27

12

Table 1. Growth parameters of the 234 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali (continued) (PH=Plant height, CS=Canopy spread, PC=Purple colour, FL=Fresh leaf weight, for years 1-4) Accession PH PH No. cm cm 1 2 ODC 158 229 170 ODC 159 288 220 ODC 160 329 310 ODC 161 282 280 ODC 162 256 250 ODC 163 247 230 ODC 164 328 270 ODC 165 241 230 ODC 166 346 320 ODC 167 299 270 ODC 168 168 160 ODC 169 169 160 ODC 170 306 280 ODC 171 275 240 ODC 172 306 260 ODC 173 176 150 ODC 174 219 250 ODC 175 248 260 ODC 176 180 230 ODC 177 248 240 ODC 178 231 250 ODC 179 265 235 ODC 180 289 280 ODC 181 223 220 ODC 182 275 265 ODC 183 294 300 ODC 184 226 200 ODC 185 208 240 ODC 186 255 190 ODC 187 189 180 ODC 188 304 280 ODC 189 267 270 ODC 190 390 325 ODC 191 206 200 ODC 192 238 250 ODC 193 315 300 ODC 194 212 220 ODC 195 207 200 ODC 196 159 160 ODC 197 312 280 ODC 198 247 250 ODC 199 239 260 ODC 200 278 280 ODC 201 269 320 ODC 202 310 300 ODC 203 219 175 ODC 204 267 245 ODC 205 270 220 ODC 206 221 225 ODC 207 278 220 ODC 208 257 270 ODC 209 309 310

PH cm 3 165 260 320 275 200 225 290 250 250 295 150 160 280 275 250 150 210 295 200 280 245 260 280 200 255 350 190 200 250 145 300 300 310 195 245 320 250 260 150 320 245 230 310 240 320 150 200 175 210 220 290 310

PH cm 4 160 240 275 250 228 248 290 248 250 290 145 178 240 240 220 120 230 180 240 240 200 240 280 195 225 280 180 250 205 120 290 240 215 260 225 245 240 215 100 268 215 250 230 220 280 145 200 260 180 160 240 270

PH cm mean 181 252 308.5 271.75 233.5 237.5 294.5 242.25 291.5 288.5 155.75 166.75 276.5 257.5 259 149 227.25 245.75 212.5 252 231.5 250 282.25 209.5 255 306 199 224.5 225 158.5 293.5 269.25 310 215.25 239.5 295 230.5 220.5 142.25 295 239.25 244.75 274.5 262.25 302.5 172.25 228 231.25 209 219.5 264.25 299.75

CS cm 1 184 185 240 243 175 216 242 172 204 224 144 112 243 218 251 180 235 241 138 225 226 220 267 180 192 236 132 184 175 170 242 254 250 177 185 274 164 165 100 285 201 241 290 265 271 150 175 145 182 178 245 250

CS cm 2 130 170 210 205 140 160 185 160 150 185 100 85 200 155 190 135 175 200 110 175 180 200 215 135 140 220 135 150 130 140 210 225 230 125 155 225 120 140 80 225 155 195 225 210 200 110 155 200 175 135 200 230

CS cm 3 120 150 230 250 120 140 190 180 205 190 115 110 250 170 210 150 260 250 150 240 240 250 260 150 200 290 190 210 170 170 250 250 240 170 175 280 220 200 90 270 205 220 235 220 230 130 190 200 205 150 225 270

CS cm 4 90 160 190 225 130 190 240 210 190 240 100 95 230 170 180 130 240 155 205 205 240 180 240 150 170 245 160 190 190 145 230 240 230 140 160 260 200 160 70 250 200 225 240 200 225 110 160 230 190 150 220 230

CS cm mean 131 166.25 217.5 230.75 141.25 176.5 214.25 180.5 187.25 209.75 114.75 100.5 230.75 178.25 207.75 148.75 227.5 211.5 150.75 211.25 221.5 212.5 245.5 153.75 175.5 247.75 154.25 183.5 166.25 156.25 233 242.25 237.5 153 168.75 259.75 176 166.25 85 257.5 190.25 220.25 247.5 223.75 231.5 125 170 193.75 188 153.25 222.5 245

P C 1 3 5 5 1 4 4 6 2 5 9 3 4 4 7 3 4 1 7 2 6 7 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 2 4 3 1 3 5 6 6 2 7 4 3 6 2 6 7 2 3 5 7 3 6

P C 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 2 3 3 5 2 3 2 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 3 4 2 3 5 4 4 1 2 3 2 4 4 5 6 1 5 4 3 6 3 6 3 6 5 6

P C 3 4 7 6 2 3 5 7 4 6 9 2 2 5 8 3 5 1 8 3 6 6 4 7 4 5 6 4 3 2 4 3 5 6 3 3 3 6 4 5 9 5 3 6 4 6 8 1 8 1 8 4 6

P C 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 3 4 6 4 5 3 4 6 6 4 4 5 4 6 4 3 5 3 4 4 5 5 4 3 4 6 6 6 6 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 6 4 4

PC mea n 3.25 4.75 4.75 2 3.25 3.75 5.75 3.5 4.75 6.75 2.75 3 4 6.5 3 4.25 1.75 6.25 4 5.5 5.25 3.75 4.75 3.75 5 4.75 3.75 4.25 2.25 3.5 3.5 4.5 4.5 2.25 2.75 3.75 5 5 4.25 6.75 4.75 2.5 5.25 3.5 4.75 6 2.25 5 2.75 6.75 4 5.5

FL kg 1 5.1 4.3 9.98 9.47 5.6 4.07 7.97 3.9 7.97 8.02 2.1 1.9 11.28 7.1 12.57 4.2 5.36 7.16 2.1 7.54 10.27 6.89 13.3 4.04 4.18 15.11 4.5 3.3 3.9 3.4 12.09 5.93 9.53 3.6 9.13 12.02 2.9 4.1 3.3 11.6 6.65 7.72 11.3 9.53 8.5 5.6 5.23 9.8 8.74 3.6 8.13 18

FL kg 2 0.9 2 7.4 8.3 3.9 6.6 7.5 4.4 7.5 8.5 2.4 1.5 12 7.1 6.4 2.7 4.9 8.3 2.1 6.9 8.1 5.8 13.2 4.4 4.4 13.3 3 4.7 3.1 2 10.1 8.8 9.3 1.5 7.5 12.5 1.8 2.6 1.9 7.6 6 7.6 12 8.6 9.4 2.9 3.8 4.8 7.9 2.9 6 10.4

FL kg 3 1.3 2.1 11.9 11.9 5.3 7.8 11.2 6.1 6.9 10.7 1.6 2.2 15.5 8.4 8 3.2 9.7 20.8 5.3 9 10.4 12.7 15.7 4 7.2 19.9 6.2 7.8 7.1 4.6 19.5 12.2 9.1 4 9.7 24.3 7.7 6.8 1.7 16.4 5.8 10.5 12.8 8.5 12.8 3.7 7.3 3.5 10.2 4 8.7 19.6

FL kg 4 0.3 2.2 5.4 5.4 3.1 5.4 7.8 4.2 5 7.5 0.8 1.5 11.5 6.2 4.4 6.9 11.4 3.6 16.2 16.2 6.9 6.4 10.3 1.8 5.5 8.4 2.4 5.1 4.4 1.8 8.5 5.3 3.7 2.1 6.1 11.9 5.4 3.8 0.9 8.4 4.9 2.4 6.8 6.1 7.7 1.4 3.7 2.1 5.5 2.4 4.3 11.6

FL kg mean 1.9 2.65 8.67 8.767 4.475 5.967 8.617 4.65 6.842 8.68 1.725 1.775 12.57 7.2 7.842 4.25 7.84 9.965 6.425 9.91 8.917 7.947 13.12 3.56 5.32 14.17 4.025 5.225 4.625 2.95 12.54 8.057 7.907 2.8 8.107 15.18 4.45 4.325 1.95 11 5.837 7.055 10.72 8.182 9.6 3.4 5.007 5.05 8.085 3.225 6.782 14.9

13

Table 1. Growth parameters of the 234 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali (continued) (PH=Plant height, CS=Canopy spread, PC=Purple colour, FL=Fresh leaf weight, for years 1-4) Accession PH PH No. cm cm 1 2 ODC 210 218 200 ODC 211 254 240 ODC 212 268 255 ODC 213 355 270 ODC 214 265 260 ODC 215 312 320 ODC 216 219 220 ODC 217 218 250 ODC 218 189 220 ODC 219 275 310 ODC 220 286 335 ODC 221 218 250 ODC 222 299 320 ODC 223 228 225 ODC 224 239 300 ODC 225 302 280 ODC 226 227 195 ODC 227 208 240 ODC 228 179 180 ODC 229 278 245 ODC 230 368 295 ODC 231 246 355 ODC 232 309 280 ODC 233 308 315 ODC 234 123 155 Mean 262 252

PH cm 3 220 265 210 300 275 315 250 255 295 290 290 250 295 200 310 275 190 215 140 210 280 315 280 295 165 269

PH cm 4 165 230 210 240 210 238 160 180 162 270 240 230 200 190 305 180 160 170 130 210 220 230 240 250 165 234

PH cm mean 200.75 247.25 235.75 291.25 252.5 296.25 212.25 225.75 216.5 286.25 287.75 237 278.5 210.75 288.5 259.25 193 208.25 157.25 235.75 290.75 286.5 277.25 292 152 254.25

CS cm 1 161 225 145 255 215 176 131 155 171 195 154 156 206 174 275 195 160 200 170 176 190 235 217 190 85 204

CS cm 2 125 175 150 205 205 170 105 105 115 175 130 145 170 140 230 180 105 180 140 150 165 175 165 135 80 175

CS cm 3 180 175 165 240 250 200 170 130 130 185 150 140 195 170 280 205 160 205 125 165 200 235 240 165 130 210

CS cm 4 160 185 220 210 210 210 140 140 140 200 120 170 165 180 270 180 140 155 120 135 170 180 280 160 125 186

CS cm mean 156.5 190 170 227.5 220 189 136.5 132.5 139 188.75 138.5 152.75 184 166 263.75 190 141.25 185 138.75 156.5 181.25 206.25 225.5 162.5 105 193.75

P C 1 5 4 5 7 4 2 2 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 4 5 5 1 5 3 8 7 4 5 4

P C 2 4 8 6 6 2 3 6 3 3 5 2 3 4 3 5 6 2 3 2 5 5 7 8 7 3 4

P C 3 4 8 7 5 3 3 5 4 2 7 3 4 5 4 5 5 3 2 2 3 4 8 7 7 2 5

P C 4 5 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 5 4 3 4 6 4 4 5 4 2 3 5 5 3 4 6 6

PC mea n 4.5 6 6 6 3.25 3 4.75 4 2.75 5 2.75 3.25 4 4 4.75 4.75 3.75 3.5 1.75 4 4.25 7 6.25 5.5 4 4.52

FL kg 1 5.6 7.5 5.88 13.16 13.14 7.7 2.15 3.6 3 8.02 3.3 3.7 7.17 5.91 11.49 7.4 5 5.67 2.3 5.93 6.86 8.13 8.34 7.21 0.7 7.01

FL kg 2 3.4 6.5 5.1 8.5 15.1 9.2 2.2 4 2.5 7 3.4 4 4.6 4.8 10.5 8.4 3.5 6.2 1.9 5.5 5.8 9.6 5.4 6.1 0.7 7.54

FL kg 3 7.1 8.6 4.7 11.6 22.4 12.9 3.3 5.8 4.1 6.8 3.9 4.5 7.7 5.5 15.2 11 5.4 8.5 2.2 5.4 6.9 11.9 5.4 6.6 2 9.70

FL kg 4 3.4 4.4 3.6 6.2 9.1 5.9 2.3 3 1.8 7.1 0.9 2.5 3 2.1 10.7 6.7 3 2.8 0.5 2.9 3.7 4.2 2.4 3.2 1.7 6.09

FL kg mean 4.875 6.75 4.82 9.865 14.93 8.925 2.487 4.1 2.85 7.23 2.875 3.675 5.617 4.577 11.97 8.375 4.225 5.792 1.725 4.932 5.815 8.457 5.385 5.777 1.275 7.587

14

Table 2. Abstract of the growth and yield parameters of the cinnamon accessions Parameter Plant Height cm (PH) Canopy Spread cm (CS) Purple Colour 0-9 score (PC) Fresh leaf yield kg/tree/yr. (FL) Dry leaf yield kg/tree/yr. (DL) Leaf oil yield ml/tree/yr. (OY) Oil Recovery %, FWB (FR) Oil Recovery %, DWB (FR) Eugenol content % (EC) Eugenol yield ml/tree/yr. (EY) Yield Index % (YI)

Range 108.2 - 373.7

Mean  SE 254.4  3.312

CV (%) 19.92

78.8 - 311.3

194.5  3.055

24.03

1.5 - 8.5

4.37  0.087

30.48

0.425 - 18.335

7.587  0.268

54.06

1.28 - 7.88

4.77  0.224

33.21

36.45 - 294.69

154.12  7.90

36.23

0.95 - 1.84

1.40  0.030

15.42

2.20 - 4.29

3.24  0.071

15.46

80.53 - 95.03

90.29  0.411

3.22

31.75 - 275.11

138.53  7.107

36.27

37.25 - 91.00

63.22  1.543

17.26

15

Table 3. Influence of canopy characteristics on the growth and yield of selected 50 cinnamon accessions (Pooled mean of four years from 1992 to 1995). Parameters

Compactness Compact Semicompact Loose CD 0.05 Shape Spherical Semispherical Linear

Count (No.)

Plant height (cm)

Canopy spread (cm)

Purple colour (0-9)

Dry leaf yield (kg/ tree) DL

Leaf oil yield (ml/ tree/yr)

PC

Fresh leaf yield (kg/ tree) FL

PH

CS

Oil recovery DWB (%) DR

Eugenol content (%)

Eugenol yield (ml/tree)

OY

Oil recovery FWB (%) FR

Cinnamon yield index (%)

EC

EY

YI

C

32

278.34

232.54

4.13

10.88

4.67

149.48

1.37

3.21

90.48

134.62

62.53

CL

12

305.61

243.83

4.77

11.08

4.77

158.96

1.50

3.36

91.57

145.24

64.29

L

6

294.78

256.07

5.29

12.39

168.89

1.37

3.20

87.52

145.94

64.92

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

1.94

NS

NS

5.33

S

41

280.26

239.18

4.45

11.29

4.85

156.40

1.40

3.24

90.36

140.78

63.76

SL

6

300.87

224.18

4.33

9.05

3.90

123.96

1.40

3.15

90.63

110.84

57.08

L

3

349.00

250.67

4.33

12.67

5.46

183.32

1.46

3.41

89.24

163.54

68.42

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

CD 0.05 Leaf size smalls-m medium Smalls-l large Med –large m-l CD 0.05 NS = Not significant

29.57 23

281.74

237.00

4.16

11.24

4.81

160.61

1.43

3.36

90.42

144.74

64.50

16

302.28

241.29

4.50

11.93

5.14

161.11

1.38

3.13

89.97

144.39

64.42

11

275.13 NS

235.61 NS

4.86 NS

10.14 NS

4.18 NS

130.50 NS

1.36 NS

3.18 NS

90.91 NS

117.03 NS

58.89 NS

16

Table 4. Simple linear correlation coefficients (r) between different growth and yield parameters of Cinnamon. Parameter PH CS CL SL LS Plant Height cm (PH) Canopy Spread cm ** (CS) 0.6875 Compactness 1-3 Score (CL) 0.1809 0.2531 Canopy shape ** 1-3 score (SL) 0.4201 -0.0088 0.2204 Leaf size * 1-3 sore (LS) -0.1170 -0.0020 0.2811 0.0406 Purple Colour * 0-9 score (PC) -0.1154 -0.0173 0.3057 -0.0294 0.2022 Fresh leaf yield ** ** kg/tree/yr. (FL) 0.6530 0.8415 0.1184 -0.0296 -0.1227 Leaf oil yield ** ** ml/tree/yr. (OY) 0.6125 0.7813 0.1236 -0.0038 -0.1880 Oil Recovery %, FWB (FR) 0.0341 -0.0022 0.0578 0.0582 -0.1577 Eugenol content % (EC) -0.1189 -0.0726 -0.1777 -0.0531 0.0351 Eugenol yield ** ** ml/tree/yr. (EY) 0.6001 0.7673 0.0973 -0.0118 -0.1933 ** ** Yield Index  0.5817 0.7470 0.0879 -0.0190 -0.1809 (YI) FWB = Fresh weight basis; DWB= Dry weight basis * = Significant at p = 0.05, ** = significant at p = 0.01 level of significance.

PC

FL

OY

FR

EC

-0.1516 * 0.3260 ** 0.3964

0.0185

EY

-0.0624 -0.0688

** 0.9258

-0.0522

-0.0149

* 0.3315

0.1476

0.0556 ** 0.9200 ** 0.8956

-0.0779 ** 0.9946 ** 0.9899

-0.0587 -0.0596

-0.0120

** 0.9925

17

Table 5. Multiple linear regression of the economic characters in cinnamon Economic character Regression equation R2 Fresh leaf yield -13.1239 + 0.014511 PH + 0.084043 CS 0.718618 kg/tree/yr (FL) Leaf oil yield -7.24296 + 0.021071 PH + 0.002215 CS + 13.93175 0.857286 ml/tree/yr (OY) FL Eugenol yield 9.8741 - 0.01203 PH - 0.04189 CS + 0.305341 FL + 0.9895 ml/tree/yr (EY) 0.9002 OY PH= Plant height (cm), CS= Canopy spread (cm), FL= Fresh leaf weight (kg/tree/year) OY= Oil yield (ml/tree/year)

CS r = 0.69 PH

0.74

0.93  FL

0.99  OY

 EY

R2 =0.86

R2=0.99

0.14 R2 =0.72

Figure 1. Path diagram of the economic characters in cinnamon

18

Appendix 3 Year-wise yield data Table 6a. Fresh leaf yield of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Sl. No

Accession No

Fresh leaf yield (kg/tree/year) 1992

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

8.16 13.13 7.69 10.99 8.95 9.00 13.60 8.45 9.80 11.13 13.38 11.33 14.36 7.23 12.48 4.09 3.7 9.0 10.30 7.15 13.4 11.38 13.86 13.02 9.73 13.25 13.97 18.64 5.08 13.38 14.25 13.11 10.47 14.7 14.7 13.2 12.57 7.54 10.27 15.11 11.6 6.65 7.72 8.5 8.13 18.0 13.16 7.17 11.49 8.34 10.99

1993 6.3 20.6 9.0 14.1 12.3 10.8 18.2 8.8 12.7 16.6 19.6 11.8 12.7 8.2 16.1 8.1 5.6 15.8 14.5 9.3 12.3 11.0 12.8 12.0 7.0 8.7 9.6 12.8 1.9 7.9 15.3 8.4 9.3 15.1 6.1 9.3 6.4 6.9 8.1 13.3 7.6 6.0 7.6 9.4 6.0 10.4 8.55 4.6 10.5 5.4 10.43

1994 9.9 19.2 9.2 15.9 16.7 16.9 26.6 11.1 15.2 21.0 21.4 15.4 17.2 2.8 19.1 9.8 5.2 15.4 17.4 10.9 19.2 12.7 21.1 16.4 7.0 11.0 18.1 25.6 3.5 14.3 24.3 15.0 7.5 24.4 16.4 17.4 8.0 9.0 10.4 19.9 16.4 5.8 10.5 12.8 8.7 19.6 11.6 7.7 15.2 5.4 14.42

1995 5.2 15.8 6.5 10.9 9.4 9.4 13.8 7.2 8.6 10.1 7.4 14.3 13.5 7.4 12.3 9.0 4.1 8.1 9.2 5.7 11.1 8.4 9.3 12.3 4.5 6.3 9.1 16.3 1.4 8.0 14.3 8.1 3.4 13.2 8.9 9.1 4.4 16.2 6.9 8.4 8.4 4.9 2.4 7.7 4.3 11.6 6.2 3.0 10.7 2.4 8.58

Mean 7.39 17.18 8.10 12.97 11.84 11.52 18.05 8.89 11.58 14.71 15.45 13.2 14.44 8.91 15.00 7.72 4.65 12.07 12.85 8.26 14.00 10.87 14.26 13.43 7.06 9.81 12.69 18.34 2.97 10.90 17.03 11.15 7.67 16.85 11.525 12.25 7.84 9.91 8.92 14.18 11.00 5.84 7.06 9.6 6.78 14.90 9.87 5.61 11.97 5.38 11.10 3.45

19

Table 6b. Dry leaf yield of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Dry leaf yield (kg/tree/year) Sl. No

Accession No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

1992 3.507 5.648 3.308 4.725 3.848 3.870 5.848 3.634 4.214 4.789 5.754 4.872 6.174 3.108 5.365 1.758 1.591 3.870 4.429 3.075 5.762 4.893 5.960 5.60 4.182 5.699 6.007 8.016 2.184 5.754 6.130 5.638 4.500 6.321 6.321 5.676 5.405 3.243 4.418 6.498 4.988 2.860 3.32 3.655 3.496 7.75 5.658 3.082 4.94 3.588 4.70

1993 2.77 9.06 3.96 6.20 5.41 4.75 8.01 3.87 5.59 7.30 8.62 5.19 5.59 3.61 7.08 3.56 2.46 6.95 6.38 4.09 5.41 4.84 5.63 5.28 3.08 3.83 4.23 5.63 0.84 3.48 6.73 3.69 4.09 6.64 2.68 4.09 2.82 3.04 3.56 5.85 3.34 2.64 3.34 4.13 2.64 4.58 3.74 2.02 4.62 2.38 4.59

1994 4.257 8.256 3.956 6.837 7.181 7.267 11.44 4.773 6.536 9.03 9.202 6.622 7.396 5.504 8.213 4.171 2.236 6.622 7.48 4.687 8.256 5.461 9.073 7.052 3.01 4.73 7.783 11.008 1.505 6.149 10.449 6.45 3.225 10.492 7.052 7.482 3.44 3.87 4.472 8.557 7.052 2.494 4.515 5.504 3.741 8.428 4.988 3.311 6.536 2.322 6.20

1995 2.184 6.636 2.730 4.578 3.948 3.948 5.796 3.024 3.612 4.247 3.108 6.006 5.670 3.108 5.166 3.780 1.722 3.402 3.864 2.394 4.662 3.528 3.906 5.166 1.89 2.646 3.822 6.846 0.588 3.360 6.006 3.402 1.428 5.554 3.738 3.822 1.848 6.804 2.898 3.528 3.528 2.058 1.008 3.234 1.806 4.872 2.604 1.260 4.494 1.008 3.60

Mean 3.18 7.40 3.49 5.59 5.10 4.96 7.77 3.83 4.99 6.34 6.67 5.67 6.21 3.83 6.46 3.32 2.00 5.21 5.54 3.56 6.02 4.68 6.14 5.77 3.04 4.23 5.46 7.88 1.28 4.69 7.33 4.80 3.31 7.25 4.95 5.27 3.38 4.24 3.84 6.11 4.73 2.51 3.05 4.13 2.92 6.41 4.25 2.42 5.15 2.32 4.77 1.50

20

Table 6c. Leaf oil yield of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Sl. No

Leaf oil yield (ml/tree/year) Accession No 1992

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

66.8 135.54 67.62 136.50 111.15 115.24 146.88 109.85 98.00 157.32 137.00 116.00 161.70 88.80 118.90 75.05 62.78 124.20 129.78 105.82 128.64 144.46 163.90 173.60 99.96 197.38 123.06 195.50 69.68 117.82 167.44 159.50 142.00 161.70 182.28 145.20 158.70 89.70 135.36 141.36 164.72 101.58 104.58 98.60 98.80 186.00 142.68 93.80 167.96 117.00 128.76

1993 52.92 222.48 57.60 129.72 73.80 120.96 120.12 66.88 127.00 225.76 172.48 148.68 127.00 104.96 215.74 113.40 47.04 189.60 162.40 133.92 123.00 129.80 143.36 175.20 78.40 111.36 80.64 179.20 15.20 60.04 134.64 100.80 115.32 126.84 45.14 74.40 51.20 57.96 97.20 127.68 97.28 48.00 69.92 78.96 40.80 120.64 95.20 62.56 126.00 82.08 109.23

1994

1995

Mean

110.88 295.68 117.76 263.94 213.76 260.26 404.32 213.12 252.32 308.70 312.44 292.60 330.24 204.80 393.46 207.58 108.16 283.36 257.52 233.26 268.80 210.82 388.24 229.60 116.20 200.20 235.30 445.44 45.50 154.44 369.36 222.00 127.50 346.48 236.16 205.32 96.00 127.80 191.36 318.40 305.04 99.76 136.50 179.20 144.42 321.44 201.84 143.22 334.40 86.40 231.03

52.0 284.40 94.90 218.00 118.44 178.60 248.40 151.20 197.80 232.30 116.92 243.10 243.00 93.20 231.24 178.20 82.82 132.84 163.76 107.16 173.38 151.20 171.12 201.72 74.70 129.78 109.20 358.60 15.40 88.00 257.40 139.32 57.12 184.80 140.62 136.50 52.80 207.36 121.44 233.52 137.76 98.00 30.72 61.60 61.92 222.72 78.12 63.00 192.60 52.80 147.47

70.67 234.53 84.47 187.04 129.29 168.77 229.93 135.26 168.78 231.02 184.71 200.10 215.49 122.94 239.84 143.56 75.20 182.50 178.37 145.04 173.96 159.07 216.66 195.03. 92.32 159.68 137.05 294.69 36.45 105.08 232.21 155.41 110.49 204.96 151.05 140.36 89.68 120.71 136.34 205.24 176.20 86.84 85.43 104.59 86.49 212.70 129.46 90.65 205.24 84.57 154.12 60.46

21

Table 6d. Oil recovery (fresh weight basis) of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Sl. No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Oil recovery on fresh weight basis (%) Accession No

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

1992

1993

1994

1995

Mean

0.82 1.03 0.88 1.24 1.24 1.28 1.08 1.30 1.00 1.41 1.02 1.02 1.13 1.23 0.95 1.83 1.70 1.38 1.26 1.48 0.96 1.27 1.18 1.33 1.03 1.49 0.88 1.05 1.37 0.88 1.17 1.22 1.36 1.10 1.24 1.10 1.26 1.19 1.32 0.94 1.42 1.52 1.35 1.16 1.21 1.03 1.08 1.31 1.46 1.40 1.21

0.84 1.08 0.64 0.92 0.60 1.12 0.66 0.76 1.00 1.36 0.88 1.26 1.00 1.28 1.34 1.40 0.84 1.20 1.12 1.44 1.00 1.18 1.12 1.46 1.12 1.28 0.84 1.40 0.80 0.76 0.88 1.20 1.24 0.84 0.74 0.80 0.80 0.84 1.20 0.96 1.28 0.80 0.92 0.84 0.68 1.16 1.12 1.36 1.20 1.52 1.04

1.12 1.54 1.28 1.16 1.28 1.54 1.52 1.92 1.66 1.47 1.46 1.90 1.92 1.60 2.06 2.14 2.08 1.84 1.48 2.14 1.40 1.66 1.84 1.40 1.66 1.82 1.30 1.74 1.30 1.08 1.52 1.48 1.70 1.42 1.44 1.18 1.20 1.42 1.84 1.60 1.86 1.72 1.30 1.40 1.66 1.64 1.74 1.86 2.20 1.60 1.60

1.00 1.80 1.46 2.00 1.26 1.90 1.80 2.10 2.30 2.30 1.58 1.70 1.80 1.26 1.88 1.98 2.02 164 1.78 1.88 1.58 1.80 1.84 1.64 1.66 2.06 1.20 2.20 1.10 1.10 1.80 1.72 1.68 1.40 1.58 1.50 1.20 1.28 1.76 2.78 1.64 2.00 1.28 0.80 1.44 1.92 1.26 2.10 1.80 2.20 1.70

0.95 1.36 1.07 1.33 1.10 1.46 1.27 1.52 1.49 1.64 1.24 1.47 1.46 1.34 1.56 1.84 1.66 1.52 1.41 1.74 1.24 1.48 1.50 1.46 1.37 1.66 1.06 1.60 1.14 0.96 1.34 1.41 1.50 1.19 1.25 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.53 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.21 1.05 1.25 1.44 1.30 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.39 0.31

22

Table 6e. Oil recovery (dry weight basis) of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Oil recovery on dry weight basis (%) Sl. No

Accession No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

1992

1993

1994

1995

Mean

1.90 2.40 2.04 2.89 2.89 2.98 2.51 3.02 2.33 3.29 2.38 2.38 2.62 2.86 2.22 4.27 3.95 3.21 2.93 3.44 2.23 2.95 2.75 3.10 2.39 3.46 .05 2.44 3.19 2.05 2.73 2.83 3.16 2.56 2.88 2.56 2.94 2.77 3.06 2.18 3.30 3.55 3.15 2.70 2.83 2.40 2.52 3.04 3.40 3.26 2.82

1.91 2.45 1.45 2.09 1.36 2.55 1.50 1.73 2.27 3.09 2.00 2.86 2.27 2.91 3.05 3.18 1.91 2.73 2.55 3.27 2.27 2.68 2.55 3.32 2.55 2.91 1.91 3.18 1.82 1.73 2.00 2.73 2.82 1.91 1.68 1.82 1.82 1.91 2.73 2.18 2.91 1.82 2.09 1.91 1.55 2.64 2.55 3.09 2.73 3.45 2.37

2.60 3.58 2.98 3.86 2.98 3.58 3.53 4.47 3.86 3.42 3.40 4.42 4.47 3.72 4.79 4.98 4.84 4.28 3.44 4.98 3.26 3.86 4.28 3.26 3.86 4.23 3.02 4.05 3.02 2.51 3.53 3.44 3.95 3.30 3.35 2.74 2.79 3.33 4.28 3.72 4.33 4.00 3.02 3.26 3.86 3.81 4.05 4.33 5.12 3.72 3.75

2.38 4.28 3.48 4.76 3.00 4.53 4.29 5.00 5.48 5.48 3.76 4.05 4.29 3.00 4.48 4.71 4.81 3.90 4.24 4.48 3.76 4.29 4.38 3.90 3.95 4.90 2.85 5.23 2.62 2.62 4.29 4.09 4.00 3.33 3.76 3.57 2.86 3.05 4.19 6.62 3.90 4.76 3.05 1.90 3.43 4.57 3.00 5.00 4.29 5.23 4.04

2.20 3.18 2.49 3.40 2.56 3.41 2.96 3.56 3.49 3.82 2.89 3.43 3.41 3.12 3.64 4.29 3.88 3.53 3.29 4.04 2.88 3.45 3.49 3.40 3.19 3.88 2.46 3.73 2.66 2.23 3.14 3.27 3.48 2.78 2.92 2.67 2.60 2.77 3.57 3.68 3.61 3.53 2.83 2.44 2.92 3.36 3.03 3.87 3.89 3.92 3.24 0.72

23

Table 6f. Eugenol content of leaf oil of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Sl. No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Accession No

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

Eugenol content of leaf oil (%) 1992

1993

1994

1995

Mean

95.66 92.34 95.49 90.19 93.35 95.18 88.21 92.16 94.89 93.16 91.58 92.72 93.44 93.70 84.24 88.83 85.87 91.25 94.21 94.99 88.79 90.79 86.80 83.97 94.71 97.41 90.50 92.90 91.62 90.60 89.45 91.78 83.12 91.33 94.08 91.47 91.88 92.08 94.66 87.39 90.05 87.51 84.71 87.14 90.19 93.54 87.07 94.07 80.17 88.07 90.79

92.74 91.44 89.12 88.02 90.52 92.75 92.90 89.30 91.50 88.71 85.19 93.08 84.30 90.88 90.55 91.01 84.04 90.42 92.26 92.81 89.88 89.42 92.63 89.72 93.11 95.45 87.98 95.78 91.74 92.49 89.75 95.67 83.13 92.61 96.02 91.23 89.76 94.27 93.69 90.05 91.50 88.77 94.21 89.89 95.27 93.58 91.64 86.96 85.27 94.33 90.95

92.64 90.31 90.44 92.32 89.96 93.30 82.47 88.21 90.93 84.47 79.80 89.61 90.13 89.46 86.84 89.22 83.63 84.51 88.40 91.98 89.35 91.24 92.74 87.95 89.22 92.31 81.53 92.33 91.53 88.90 88.14 87.89 83.63 90.06 94.15 92.71 94.46 92.04 9.80 88.11 89.50 88.07 88.60 88.87 89.59 94.52 86.94 92.64 76.15 89.07 89.01

89.82 93.10 88.33 86.26 87.04 91.68 88.42 89.29 86.32 91.75 87.52 87.32 85.87 88.35 91.99 91.28 85.80 91.95 89.29 90.45 84.75 86.33 95.26 90.80 92.47 93.33 86.71 93.55 87.24 93.93 91.95 85.57 87.39 94.47 96.19 95.07 88.70 92.80 91.45 88.57 93.16 89.61 94.68 92.43 95.21 91.41 90.81 78.95 85.80 89.53 90.25

93.68 91.36 91.68 90.18 91.28 93.74 87.86 89.89 92.44 88.78 85.52 92.80 89.29 91.35 87.21 89.69 84.51 88.73 91.62 93.26 89.34 90.48 90.72 87.21 93.35 95.03 86.67 93.67 91.63 90.66 89.11 91.78 83.29 91.33 94.75 91.80 92.03 92.80 92.72 88.52 90.35 88.12 89.17 88.63 91.68 93.88 88.55 91.22 80.53 90.49 90.25 4.10

24

Table 6g. Eugenol yield of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Sl. No

Accession No

Eugenol yield (ml/tree/year) 1992

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

63.90 125.16 64.57 123.11 103.76 109.69 129.56 101.24 92.99 146.56 125.46 107.56 151.09 83.21 100.16 66.67 53.91 113.33 122.27 100.52 114.22 131.16 142.27 145.77 94.67 192.27 111.44 181.62 57.29 106.74 149.78 145.23 117.25 147.68 171.49 132.81 145.81 82.60 128.13 123.53 148.33 88.85 88.59 85.92 89.11 173.98 124.23 88.24 133.04 103.04 116.60

1993 49.08 203.44 51.33 114.18 66.80 112.19 111.59 59.72 116.21 200.27 146.94 136.39 107.06 95.39 195.35 103.21 39.53 171.44 149.83 124.29 110.55 116.07 132.79 157.19 73.11 106.29 70.95 171.64 13.94 55.53 120.84 96.44 95.87 117.47 43.34 67.88 45.96 54.64 91.07 114.98 89.01 42.61 65.87 70.98 38.87 12.89 87.24 54.40 107.44 77.43 99.15

1994 102.72 267.03 106.50 243.67 192.30 242.82 333.44 187.99 229.43 260.76 249.33 262.20 297.65 183.21 341.68 185.20 90.45 249.47 227.65 214.55 240.17 192.35 360.05 201.93 103.67 184.80 191.84 411.27 41.65 137.30 325.55 195.12 106.63 312.04 222.34 190.35 90.68 117.63 171.84 280.54 273.01 87.86 120.94 159.25 129.39 303.83 175.48 132.68 254.65 76.96 205.20

1995 48.71 259.83 87.00 196.59 108.11 167.42 218.24 135.91 182.85 206.24 100.00 223.17 216.97 85.17 201.66 159.83 69.99 117.87 150.04 99.94 157.00 136.81 155.24 175.92 69.73 123.33 94.64 335.90 14.11 79.78 229.34 127.87 47.58 168.78 133.2 125.31 48.59 192.43 112.60 206.71 124.46 86.35 27.39 54.60 56.77 209.09 69.18 57.47 155.10 47.77 133.17

Mean 66.10 213.87 77.35 169.39 117.74 158.03 198.21 121.22 155.37 203.46 155.43 182.33 193.19 111.75 209.71 128.73 63.47 163.03 162.45 134.83 155.49 144.10 197.59 170.20 85.30 151.67 117.22 275.11 31.75 94.84 206.38 141.17 91.83 186.49 142.60 129.09 82.76 111.83 125.91 181.44 158.70 76.42 75.70 92.69 78.54 199.95 114.03 83.20 162.50 76.30 138.53 53.60

25

Table 6h. Yield index of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. Sl. No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Accession No

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

Cinnamon yield index

(%)

1992

1993

1994

1995

Mean

51 71 51 70 64 66 73 64 61 78 71 65 79 58 64 57 52 68 70 64 68 73 77 78 61 90 67 89 46 60 79 72 67 74 80 68 77 58 72 72 74 61 60 59 60 87 71 60 75 65 67.94

46 93 46 67 52 66 67 49 67 92 78 74 65 62 90 65 42 84 77 71 66 68 72 81 55 66 53 84 34 48 69 62 62 68 44 52 45 48 61 67 61 43 52 53 42 67 59 51 66 60 62.24

47 74 48 70 62 70 86 63 68 74 72 74 79 61 86 64 50 71 68 68 70 63 87 64 49 62 63 95 38 53 83 63 50 81 67 62 46 51 60 76 75 47 50 57 53 79 60 55 75 45 64.68

39 83 48 71 53 65 75 59 69 73 51 76 75 48 72 64 46 55 61 52 63 59 63 67 45 57 50 96 31 46 77 57 40 66 58 56 39 72 54 74 56 50 34 41 42 73 44 45 63 44 57.94

46.75 80.25 48.25 69.50 57.75 66.75 75.25 58.75 66.25 79.25 68.00 72.25 74.50 57.25 78.00 62.50 47.50 69.50 69.00 63.75 66.75 65.75 74.75 72.50 52.50 68.75 58.25 91.00 37.25 51.75 77.00 63.50 54.75 72.25 62.25 59.50 51.75 57.25 61.75 72.25 66.50 50.25 49.00 52.50 49.25 76.50 58.50 52.75 69.75 53.50 63.20 10.26

26 Table 7a. Abstract of growth parameters of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. (Pooled mean of four years from 1992 to 1995) Sl. No

Accession No.

Plant Canopy Compact Canopy Leaf size Purple Fresh leaf yield height spread ness shape colour (kg/tree/year) (cm) (cm) (0-9) 1 ODC-4 263.3 197.5 C S s-m 5.00 7.39 2 ODC-10 313.8 255.0 C S s-m 3.75 17.18 3 ODC-11 266.3 207.5 C S s-l 5.00 8.10 4 ODC-24 325.8 262.5 C S s-m 4.00 12.97 5 ODC-26 285.8 247.5 C S m-l 5.75 11.84 6 ODC-28 260.0 240.0 C S s-m 2.00 11.53 7 ODC-32 338.3 282.5 L S s-l 6.25 18.05 8 ODC-34 342.5 257.5 L L s-l 4.50 8.89 9 ODC-37 300.8 267.5 CL S s-m 6.25 11.58 10 ODC-38 318.8 293.8 C S s- m 1.00 14.71 11 ODC-39 373.8 311.3 C SL s- m 3.00 15.45 12 ODC-40 299.5 255.0 C S s- m 5.75 13.21 13 ODC-45 301.3 247.0 C S s- l 2.25 14.44 14 ODC-60 271.8 198.8 C SL s- m 5.50 8.91 15 ODC-67 286.3 269.8 C S s-m 4.75 15.00 16 ODC-68 280.0 211.3 C S s-m 3.00 8.47 17 ODC-69 234.0 151.3 C S s-m 2.75 4.65 18 ODC-72 342.5 228.0 CL L s-l 4.25 12.08 19 ODC-75 288.3 241.3 L S s-l 5.00 12.85 20 ODC-76 281.3 223.0 CL S s-m 2.25 8.26 21 ODC-91 297.5 239.0 C S s-m 4.00 14.00 22 ODC-99 287.8 227.8 C S s-l 4.50 10.87 23 ODC-101 365.0 265.5 C SL s-m 2.75 14.27 24 ODC-111 323.8 237.5 C S s-l 3.50 13.43 25 ODC-127 270.8 223.0 C SL m-l 6.25 7.06 26 ODC-128 242.8 219.5 C S s-l 5.75 9.81 27 ODC-129 219.8 263.8 L S m-l 5.25 12.69 28 ODC-130 319.0 291.3 CL S s-m 6.50 18.34 29 ODC-131 245.3 162.5 CL SL s-m 4.50 2.97 30 ODC-132 301.0 230.5 C S s-l 4.00 10.90 31 ODC-133 362.0 266.5 CL L s-l 4.25 17.04 32 ODC-134 260.3 238.8 C S m-l 3.25 11.15 33 ODC-136 278.3 213.3 C S s-m 4.75 7.67 34 ODC-147 306.3 278.3 CL S s-l 2.75 16.85 35 ODC-148 322.3 270.0 CL S m-l 4.25 11.53 36 ODC-149 337.0 271.8 CL S s-m 4.00 12.25 37 ODC-172 259.0 207.8 C S m-l 3.00 7.84 38 ODC-177 252.0 211.3 C S s-m 5.50 9.91 39 ODC-178 231.5 221.5 C S s-m 5.25 8.92 40 ODC-183 306.0 247.8 C S s-m 4.75 14.14 41 ODC-197 295.0 257.5 CL S s-l 6.75 11.00 42 ODC-198 239.3 190.3 C S s-m 4.75 5.84 43 ODC-199 244.8 220.3 C S s-l 2.50 7.06 44 ODC-202 302.5 231.5 C S s-l 4.75 9.60 45 ODC-208 264.3 222.5 C S m-l 4.00 6.78 46 ODC-209 299.8 245.0 C S m-l 5.50 14.90 47 ODC-213 291.3 227.5 L S s-l 6.00 9.88 48 ODC-222 278.5 184.0 CL SL m-l 4.00 5.62 49 ODC-224 288.5 263.8 L S m-l 4.75 11.97 50 ODC-232 277.3 225.5 CL S m-l 7.50 5.39 Mean 292.8 238.1 ---4.43 11.10 CD 0.05 29.53 29.73 ---1.66 3.45 Canopy compactness: C=compact, CL=semi-compact, L=loose; Canopy shape: S=spherical, SL=semi-spherical, L=linear Leaf size: s-m=short to medium, s-l=short to large, m-l=medium to large; (Short=0-8 cm, Medium=8-16 cm, Large=16-24 cm)

27 Table 7b. Abstract of the yield parameters of the selected 50 cinnamon accessions at AMPRS, Odakkali. (Pooled mean of four years from 1992 to 1995) Sl. No

Accession No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

ODC-4 ODC-10 ODC-11 ODC-24 ODC-26 ODC-28 ODC-32 ODC-34 ODC-37 ODC-38 ODC-39 ODC-40 ODC-45 ODC-60 ODC-67 ODC-68 ODC-69 ODC-72 ODC-75 ODC-76 ODC-91 ODC-99 ODC-101 ODC-111 ODC-127 ODC-128 ODC-129 ODC-130 ODC-131 ODC-132 ODC-133 ODC-134 ODC-136 ODC-147 ODC-148 ODC-149 ODC-172 ODC-177 ODC-178 ODC-183 ODC-197 ODC-198 ODC-199 ODC-202 ODC-208 ODC-209 ODC-213 ODC-222 ODC-224 ODC-232 Mean CD 0.05

Fresh leaf yield (kg/ tree) 7.39 17.18 8.10 12.97 11.84 11.53 18.05 8.89 11.58 14.71 15.45 13.21 14.44 8.91 15.00 8.47 4.65 12.08 12.85 8.26 14.00 10.87 14.27 13.43 7.06 9.81 12.69 18.34 2.97 10.90 17.04 11.15 7.67 16.85 11.53 12.25 7.84 9.91 8.92 14.14 11.00 5.84 7.06 9.60 6.78 14.90 9.88 5.62 11.97 5.39 11.10 3.45

Dry leaf yield (kg/ tree)

Leaf oil yield (ml/ tree/yr)

Oil recovery FWB (%)

Oil recovery DWB (%)

Eugenol content (%)

Eugenol Cinnamon yield yield index (ml/tree) (%)

3.18 7.40 3.49 5.59 5.10 4.96 7.77 3.83 4.99 6.34 6.67 5.67 6.21 3.83 6.46 3.32 2.00 5.21 5.54 3.56 6.02 4.68 6.14 5.77 3.04 4.23 5.46 7.88 1.28 4.69 7.33 4.80 3.31 7.25 4.95 5.27 3.38 4.24 3.84 6.11 4.73 2.51 3.05 4.13 2.92 6.41 4.25 2.42 5.15 2.32 4.77 1.50

70.67 234.53 84.47 187.04 129.29 168.77 229.93 135.26 168.78 231.02 184.71 200.10 215.49 122.94 239.84 143.56 75.20 182.50 178.37 145.04 173.96 159.07 216.66 195.03. 92.32 159.68 137.05 294.69 36.45 105.08 232.21 155.41 110.49 204.96 151.05 140.36 89.68 120.71 136.34 205.24 176.20 86.84 85.43 104.59 86.49 212.70 129.46 90.65 205.24 84.57 154.12 60.46

0.95 1.36 1.07 1.33 1.10 1.46 1.27 1.52 1.49 1.64 1.24 1.47 1.46 1.34 1.56 1.84 1.66 1.52 1.41 1.74 1.24 1.48 1.50 1.46 1.37 1.66 1.06 1.60 1.14 0.96 1.34 1.41 1.50 1.19 1.25 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.53 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.21 1.05 1.25 1.44 1.30 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.39 0.31

2.20 3.18 2.49 3.40 2.56 3.41 2.96 3.56 3.49 3.82 2.89 3.43 3.41 3.12 3.64 4.29 3.88 3.53 3.29 4.04 2.88 3.45 3.49 3.40 3.19 3.88 2.46 3.73 2.66 2.23 3.14 3.27 3.48 2.78 2.92 2.67 2.60 2.77 3.57 3.68 3.61 3.53 2.83 2.44 2.92 3.36 3.03 3.87 3.89 3.92 3.24 0.72

93.68 91.36 91.68 90.18 91.28 93.74 87.86 89.89 92.44 88.78 85.52 92.80 89.29 91.35 87.21 89.69 84.51 88.73 91.62 93.26 89.34 90.48 90.72 87.21 93.35 95.03 86.67 93.67 91.63 90.66 89.11 91.78 83.29 91.33 94.75 91.80 92.03 92.80 92.72 88.52 90.35 88.12 89.17 88.63 91.68 93.88 88.55 91.22 80.53 90.49 90.25 4.10

66.10 213.87 77.35 169.39 117.74 158.03 198.21 121.22 155.37 203.46 155.43 182.33 193.19 111.75 209.71 128.73 63.47 163.03 162.45 134.83 155.49 144.10 197.59 170.20 85.30 151.67 117.22 275.11 31.75 94.84 206.38 141.17 91.83 186.49 142.60 129.09 82.76 111.83 125.91 181.44 158.70 76.42 75.70 92.69 78.54 199.95 114.03 83.20 162.50 76.30 138.53 53.60

46.75 80.25 48.25 69.50 57.75 66.75 75.25 58.75 66.25 79.25 68.00 72.25 74.50 57.25 78.00 62.50 47.50 69.50 69.00 63.75 66.75 65.75 74.75 72.50 52.50 68.75 58.25 91.00 37.25 51.75 77.00 63.50 54.75 72.25 62.25 59.50 51.75 57.25 61.75 72.25 66.50 50.25 49.00 52.50 49.25 76.50 58.50 52.75 69.75 53.50 63.20 10.26

28

ODC-130 Sugandhini (സുഗന്ധിനി) Eugenol-rich high leaf oil yielding cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum Presl.) Cinnamon is an evergreen bushy tree of Lauraceae whose bark and leaves are strongly aromatic. In addition to its culinary uses in Asian and European recipes, it has important applications in medicine. Two types of volatile oils are commercially extracted from cinnamon: bark oil and leaf oil. Bark oil is used in perfumery, flavouring, liquors and medicines. Leaf oil is employed in perfumes, toiletries, seasoning and the manufacture of eugenol and vanillin. Leaf oil is a rich source of eugenol. The other constituents of the oil are cinnamic aldehyde, benzaldehyde, pinene, phellandrene, dipentene safrole, methyl eugenol, borneol, geraniol, caryophyllene, terpineol, linalool, cinnamyl alcohol and traces of over 15 compounds. Next to Sri Lanka, India is the largest producer of cinnamon. Wide variability of the plant occurs in Western Ghats and in some parts of Assam and north eastern states. It is largely cultivated in the state of Kerala. Much of the research and development were carried out considering it as a tree spice for its quills and bark yield. Very little importance was given to leaf oil. On account of the industrial potential of cinnamon leaf oil, a eugenol-rich high leaf oil yielding variety has been evolved by the Kerala Agricultural University to meet the requirements of essential oil industry for flavouring and fragrance purpose. The elite accession ODC-130, named as Sugandhini (സുഗന്ധിനി), recorded fresh leaf yield 18.34 kg/tree/yr, oil yield 294.69 ml/tree/yr, oil recovery 1.60 % on fresh weight basis (3.73% on dry weight basis), eugenol content 93.67% in the leaf oil, eugenol yield 275.11 ml/tree/yr and yield index 91%. It is recommended for large scale cultivation in the midlands and highlands of Kerala both in open and as intercrop in coconut plantations for the production of cinnamon leaf oil. The crop thrives well from 300-350m and grows up to 1000m above MSL. It flourishes in places with an annual rainfall of 1500-2500mm with an average temperature of 27oC. A hot moist climate is highly suited for cinnamon cultivation. The plant is propagated vegetatively by rooted cuttings of young 3-leaved shoots, division of old root stocks, airlayering of shoots and by tissue culture for obtaining true to type progeny. Growth regulators like NAA or IBA are also used for inducing rooting and improving recovery. The propagule is planted in the main field at 3-4m spacing. In India, under rainfed conditions, planting during June-July is ideal whereas for irrigated crop planting during Oct.- Nov. is recommended. Shading and irrigation are essential till establishment. During the first year, the plant may be supplied with 20 kg cattle manure or compost and 20:20:25 g N, P2O5 and K2O per annum which is gradually increased to 50kg cattle manure and 200:180:200 g N, P 2O5 and K2O for grown up plants of 6 years or more. This dose may be doubled for extra high yielding plants of age 15 years or more. Fertilizers may be applied in two equal splits during June-July and Oct.-Nov. For first two years 3 - 4 weeding/year are required. Thereafter two weeding in a year during June - July and Oct.- Nov. are sufficient. Plants are coppiced when they are 2-3 years old at a height of 15cm above ground level. Side shoots growing from the base are cut to encourage growth of more side shoots till the whole plant assumes the shape of a bush. For the extraction of leaf oil, the leaves and tender twigs are harvested in May and November. Wilting of the harvested leaves in shade for 24 hours reduces the bulk and increases the oil recovery. Steam distillation for 4-6 hours gives an oil yield of 0.8 to 1.0% generally on a commercial scale. Leaf oil is heavier than water, yellow to yellowish brown in colour with a slight camphoraceous odour resembling that of clove oil due to the presence of over 93% of eugenol.

29

ODC-130 Sugandhini (സുഗന്ധിനി)