PT 2017 ANSWER KEY WITH EXPLANATION S&T AND ENVIRONMENT NEERAJ NACHIKETA (ECOSYSTEM IAS)
2
From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats? (a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (b) Nallamala Forest (c) Nagarhole National Park (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
ANSWER: A.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
3
EXPLANATION
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve: Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve is a protected area and tiger reserve along the Western Ghats in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Sathyamangalam forest range is a significant wildlife corridor in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve between the Western Ghats and the rest of the Eastern Ghats.
SATHYAMANGALAM TR IS PART OF NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
4
Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC): 1. TRAFFIC is a bureau under United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2. The mission of TRAFFIC is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: B.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
TRAFFIC was established in 1976 and has developed into a global network, research-driven and action-oriented, committed to delivering innovative and practical conservation solutions based on the latest information.
TRAFFIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH CITES.
TRAFFIC works in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, works to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
6
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Smart India Hackathon 2017? 1. It is a centrally sponsored scheme for developing every city of our country into Smart Cities in a Decade. 2. It is an initiative to identify new digital technology innovations for solving many problems faced by our country. 3. It is a programme aimed at making all the financial transactions in our country completely digital in a decade. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only
ANSWER: B.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
‘Smart India Hackathon 2017’ has been launched to build Digital India of our dreams and to engage our youth directly with nation building. About 30 different Govt departments/ministries are involved as partners eg. Ministry of Railways, External affairs, Steel, Postal Services, ISRO, NCPCR, etc. For the first time, govt. departments were directly engaging with students and challenging them to build digital solutions to improve their efficiency, plug revenue leakages and corruption.
Smart India Hackathon 2017 was 36 hrs non-stop digital product development competition during which teams of thousands of technology students will build innovative digital solutions for the problems posted by 29 different central govt. ministries/ departments e.g. Ministry of Railways, External Affairs, Ministry of Defense, ISRO, Ministry of Tourism, Dept. of Atomic Energy, etc. The ‘Grand Finale’ of Smart India Hackathon 2017 will be organized, simultaneously across 26 different cities and the winners will get support for converting their ideas into startups apart from cash prizes.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
8
In the context of solving pollution problems what is/are the advantage/disadvantages of bioremediation technique? 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
BOTH NATURALLY OCCURING AS WELL AS GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS CAN BE USED.
EX: OIL ZAPPER
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
10
The term ‘Digital Single Market Strategy’ seen in the news refers to a) ASEAN b) BRICS c) EU d) G20
ANSWER: C.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Digital Single Market strategy aims to open up digital opportunities for people and business and enhance Europe’s position as a world leader in the digital economy.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
12
Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences? 1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected. 2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants. 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: C
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
Many butterflies are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, including wasps, protozoans, flies, and other invertebrates, or are preyed upon by other organisms.
Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; other species are agents of pollination of some plants.
Larvae of a few butterflies (e.g., harvesters) eat harmful insects, and a few are predators of ants, while others live as mutualists in association with ants.
Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species are predators: Spalgis epius eats scale insects, while lycaenids such as Liphyra brassolis are myrmecophilous, eating ant larvae.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
14
It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry? 1. Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents. 2. Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is completed. 3. Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: B
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
Algae can be grown BOTH TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC and not suitable for plant and food production.
The algal biofuel technology includes selection of specific species for production and extraction of valuable co-products.
The algaes are bioengineered for achieving advanced photosynthetic efficiencies through continued development of production system.
To make the industry commercially viable, researchers have pursued biotech varieties, which could be particularly dangerous if released into nature.
Some algae biodiesel proposals involve aquaculture-style operations in open ocean waters, which could have harmful ecological effects, especially if biotech algae is used.
Water and nutrient use would also be extreme, making any serious scaling up of algae biofuels quite unsustainable.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
16
Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’? 1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers. 2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women. 3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice. 4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs. Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 1, 2 and 3 only c) 1, 2 and 4 only d) 3 and 4 only
ANSWER: A
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The key objectives of these programmes are as under: • To create awareness relating to malnutrition amongst pregnant women, lactating mothers, promote healthy lactating practices and importance of balanced nutrition; • To improve maternal and child under-nutrition in 200 high burdened districts and to prevent and reduce the under-nutrition prevalent among children below 3 years; • To reduce incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
18
In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? 1. Abandoned and Uneconomic coal seams 2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 3. Subterranean deep saline formations Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
Capturing CO2 USING GEO-ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES from the major stationary sources and its storage into deep geological formations is considered as a potential mitigation option. Geological storage of CO2 can be undertaken in a variety of geological settings in sedimentary basins. The CO2 SEQUESTRATION can be carried out as follows: • Depleted oil and gas reservoirs • Deep unmineable coal seams/enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery • Oceans • Deep unused saline water-saturated formations • Other geological media are basalts, shales, and cavities • Subterranean deep saline formations
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
20
Consider the following statements: 1. The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically held under the aegis of the United Nations. 2. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is an organ of International Atomic Energy Agency. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 Only (b) 2 Only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: D
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The idea of Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) was mooted by the US President Barack Obama in 2009 and the first summit was held in 2010 in Washington. It is a signature event of global diplomacy in Obama’s presidency that aimed at preventing nuclear terrorism around the globe. India has been contributing its bit to strengthen nuclear security by taking an active part in the summit ever since its inception in 2010. • The fourth edition of Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) began in Washington, United States to discuss a gamut of issues pertaining to nuclear security • India is being represented by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the two-day summit. The fourth summit is the last summit under the current format and also under the presidency of Barack Obama.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM), established in 2006, is a group of independent nuclear experts from 18 countries: Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, South Korea, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
It aims to advance international initiatives to “secure and to sharply reduce all stocks of highly enriched uranium and separated plutonium, the key materials in nuclear weapons, and to limit any further production”.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
23
Consider the following statements: 1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue. 2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: C
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
Zika Virus is transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti in tropical regions and subtropical regions. This is the same mosquito that transmits dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever.
Other species of Ades mosquito Ae. albopictus, Ae. hensilli, Ae. polynesiensis were also found as vector in spread of Zika Virus.
Some evidence suggests Zika virus can also be transmitted to humans through blood transfusion, perinatal transmission and sexual transmission.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
25
Consider the following statements: 1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes. 2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: A
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Product Certification Scheme of BIS aims at providing Third Party Guarantee of quality, safety and reliability of products to the customer.
Presence of ISI certification mark, known as Standard Mark, on a product is an assurance of conformity to the specifications.
Under Product Certification , Mandatory certification is there for Automobile Accessories such as Automotive vehicles –Tubes and pneumatic tyres
AGMARK (Agricultural Mark) is a certification issued by Directorate of Marketing and Inspection for agricultural produce.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
27
With reference to the ‘National Intellectual Property Rights Policy’, consider the following statements: 1. It reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS Agreement. 2. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is the nodal agency’ for regulating intellectual property rights in India. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: A
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The National IPR Policy recognizes that India has a well-established TRIPScompliant legislative, administrative and judicial framework to safeguard IPRs, which meets its international obligations while utilizing the flexibilities provided in the international regime to address its developmental concerns.
It reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS agreement.
IPR Policy objectives are sought to be achieved through detailed action plan which is monitored by DIPP (the nodal department to coordinate, guide and oversee implementation and future development of IPRs in India)
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
29
According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? 1. Gharial 2. Indian wild ass 3. Wild buffalo Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Government of India subsequently accorded the highest level of protection to Gharial by bringing it under Schedule I of the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.
In 1976, Project Crocodile was initiated with support from the United Nations Development Programme and Food and Agriculture Organization.
The Indian wild ass is a subspecies of the onager native to Southern Asia. As of 2016, it is listed as Near Threatened by IUCN. It is listed as Schedule I species.
Wild Buffalo is also listed under the Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
31
Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the `Unified Payments Interface (UPI)’? (a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments. (b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades. (c) FDI inflows will drastically increase. (d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective.
ANSWER: A
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a system that powers multiple bank accounts into a single mobile application (of any participating bank), merging several banking features, seamless fund routing & merchant payments into one hood. It also caters to the “Peer to Peer” collect request which can be scheduled and paid as per requirement and convenience.
With the above context in mind, NPCI conducted a pilot launch with 21 member banks. The pilot launch was on 11th April 2016 by Dr. Raghuram G Rajan, Governor, RBI at Mumbai. Banks have started to upload their UPI enabled Apps on Google Play store from 25th August, 2016 onwards.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION How is it unique?
Immediate money transfer through mobile device round the clock 24*7 and 365 days.
Single mobile application for accessing different bank accounts
Single Click 2 Factor Authentication – Aligned with the Regulatory guidelines, yet provides for a very strong feature of seamless single click payment.
Virtual address of the customer for Pull & Push provides for incremental security with the customer not required to enter the details such as Card no, Account number; IFSC etc.
Bill Sharing with friends.
Best answer to Cash on Delivery hassle, running to an ATM or rendering exact amount.
Merchant Payment with Single Application or In-App Payments.
Scheduling PUSH and PULL Payments for various purposes.
Utility Bill Payments, Over the Counter Payments, Barcode (Scan and Pay) based payments.
Donations, Collections, Disbursements Scalable.
Raising Complaint from Mobile App directly.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
34
The terns `Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, `String Theory’ and `Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of (a) Observation and understanding of the Universe (b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses (c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth (d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth
ANSWER: A
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
In general relativity, an event horizon is a boundary in space-time beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer. In layman's terms, it is defined as the shell of "points of no return", i.e., the points at which the gravitational pull becomes so great as to make escape impossible, even for light. An event horizon is most commonly associated with black holes. Light emitted from inside the event horizon can never reach the outside observer.
A gravitational singularity or space-time singularity is a location in spacetime where the gravitational field of a celestial body becomes infinite in a way that does not depend on the coordinate system. The quantities used to measure gravitational field strength are the scalar invariant curvatures of space-time, which includes a measure of the density of matter. Since such quantities become infinite within the singularity, the laws of normal space-time cannot exist.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. It describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries gravitational force. Thus string theory is a theory of quantum gravity.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions), as well as classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists around the world, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, confirmation of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
38
With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of `genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future? 1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers far disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants. 2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants. 3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops. Select the correct- answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
Identification and exploitation of genetic variation is the basis of plant breeding.
Traditional selection based on phenotype is tedious and time consuming. Molecular markers help to associate the phenotype with genotype.
Many DNA based molecular markers have been developed for major crops during the past decades and used for detecting the genetic variation among the cultivars.
Marker assisted selection has been carried out in the progeny, which allows the early selection of desired progeny.
Identification of genes associated with disease resistance and other abiotic stress management would be particularly important for improving tropical agriculture.
Identification of genes associated with disease resistance and other abiotic stress management would be particularly important for improving tropical agriculture. The knowledge obtaine d from genomes, transcriptomes, gene expression studies, and epigenetic variation studies would help to develop crop varieties that are capable of overcoming the disadvantages of tropical climates.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
40
With, reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’ which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below : (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: A
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) is an initiative of the European Union.
Its overall objective is to build a new alliance on climate change between the European Union and the poor developing countries that are most affected and that have the least capacity to deal with climate change.
The GCCA does not intend to set up a new fund or governance structure, but is working through the European Commission’s established channels for political dialogue and cooperation at national and international level.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The GCCA+ aim is to boost the efficiency of its response to the needs of vulnerable countries and groups.
Using ambitious and innovative approaches, it will achieve its goals by building on its two mutually reinforcing pillars: • Under the first pillar, the GCCA+ serves as a platform for dialogue and exchange of experience between the EU and developing countries, focusing on climate policy and bringing renewed attention to the issue of international climate finance. The results feed into negotiations for a new climate deal under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). • Under the second pillar, the GCCA+ acts as a source of technical and financial support for the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, whose populations need climate finance the most. Extra efforts will be made to strengthen the strategically important issues of ecosystems-based adaptation, migration and gender equality.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
43
Consider the following statements: 1. In India, the Himalayas are spread over five States only. 2. Western Ghats are spread over five States only. 3. Pulicat Lake is spread over two States only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
ANSWER: B
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) is the section of the Himalayas within India, spanning the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, as well as the hill regions of two states - Assam and West Bengal.
Western Ghats starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti river, and runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of India.
These hills cover 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight "hottest hot-spots" of biological diversity in the world.
Pulicat Lake is the second largest brackish water lake or lagoon in India, after Chilka Lake. It straddles the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states. NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
45
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood (b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems (c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems (d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions
ANSWER: C
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6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
BOD occurs due to EUTROPHICATION. BOD is an important water quality parameter which provides an index to assess the effect of discharged wastewater on aquatic ecosystem.
BOD is the measurement of amount of dissolved oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to decompose organic biomass. These biomass is obtained from the algal bloom.
The higher the BOD value, the greater the water pollution.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
47
With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct ? 1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all. 2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only. 3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access-to safe drinking water and bask sanitation. Select the correct answer using the code given below : (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only
ANSWER: B
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
UN-Habitat is the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future.
Its mission is to promote socially and environmentally sustainable human settlements development and the achievement of adequate shelter for all.
UN-Habitat is mandated by the UN General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities.
It is the focal point for all urbanization and human settlement matters within the UN system.
UN-Habitat envisions well-planned, well-governed, and efficient cities and other human settlements, with adequate housing, infrastructure, and universal access to employment and basic services such as water, energy, and sanitation.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
49
Consider the following statements : 1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries; 2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: B
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6/20/2017
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EXPLANATION
The Climate & Clean Air Coalition is the only global effort that unites governments, civil society and private sector, committed to improving air quality and protecting the climate in next few decades by reducing short-lived climate pollutants across sectors.
Complementary to mitigating CO2 emissions, the Coalition acts as a catalyst to create, implement and share immediate solutions addressing near-term climate change to improve people’s lives rapidly, and to ensure sustainable development for future generations.
The Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC) was launched by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and six countries—Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Mexico, Sweden, and the United States—on 16 February 2012.
Partners voluntarily participate in the Coalition, dedicating their time and energy to reducing short-lived climate pollutants in their work, but also coming together to engage with others to multiply our efforts.
It focuses on O3, CH4, Black Carbon, and HFCs
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EXPLANATION
The Coalition's initial focus is on methane, black carbon, and HFCs. At the same time, partners recognize that action on short-lived climate pollutants must complement and supplement, not replace, global action to reduce carbon dioxide, in particular efforts under the UNFCCC.
The Coalition's objectives are to address short-lived climate pollutants by:
Raising awareness of short-lived climate pollutant impacts and mitigation strategies
Enhancing and developing new national and regional actions, including by identifying and overcoming barriers, increasing capacity, and mobilizing support
Promoting best practices and showcasing successful efforts
Improving scientific understanding of short-lived climate pollutant impacts and mitigation strategies
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NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
53
If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit ? (a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves (b) Chambal River (c) Pulicat Lake (d) DeeporBeel
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Ramsar site of Odisha, is known for salt-water crocodiles.
Pulicat Lake is known as bird sanctuary and known for salt-water crocodiles, turtles, etc.
Deepor Beel, Ramsar site of Assam, is located in Guwahati and known for Greater Adjutant Stork.
National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the dedicated sanctuary for Gharials.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
55
Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): 1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy. 2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime cooperation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region. Which of the above statements is/are Correct ? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
The inaugural IONS-2008 was held in New Delhi, India on 14 Feb 08.
There are 35 members – navies of the IONS which have been geographically grouped into the following four sub-regions:• South Asian Littorals – Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan, Seychelles and Sri Lanka • West Asian Littorals – Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Yemen • East African Littorals – Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eriteria, France, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan and Tanzania • South East Asian and Australian Littorals – Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Timor Leste
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EXPLANATION
The ‘Indian Ocean Naval Symposium’ (IONS) is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region by providing an open and inclusive forum for discussion of regionally relevant maritime issues.
In the process, it endeavours to generate a flow of information between naval professionals that would lead to common understanding and possibly cooperative solutions on the way ahead.
NEERAJ NACHIKETA
6/20/2017
59
Which of the following practices can help in water conservation in agriculture ? 1. Reduced or zero tillage of the land 2. Applying gypsum before irrigating the field 3. Allowing crop residue to remain in the field Select the correct answer using the code given below : (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D
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EXPLANATION
Compost, or decomposed organic matter used as fertilizer, has been found to improve soil structure, increasing its water-holding capacity. Mulch is a material spread on top of the soil to conserve moisture. Mulch made from organic materials such as straw or wood chips will break down into compost, further increasing the soil’s ability to retain water.
Planted to protect soil that would otherwise go bare, cover crops reduce weeds, increase soil fertility and organic matter, and help prevent erosion and compaction. This allows water to more easily penetrate the soil and improves its water-holding capacity.
Conservation tillage uses specialized plows or other implements that partially till the soil but leave at least 30 percent of vegetative crop residue on the surface. Like the use of cover crops, such practices help increase water absorption and reduce evaporation, erosion, and compaction. Date grower Flying Disc Ranch makes the most of their water use in the Coachella desert by using a mix of mulch, compost, and cover crop with no tillage.
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EXPLANATION
While farmers have used gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) for centuries, it has received renewed attention in recent years. This resurgence is due in large part to ongoing research and practical insights from leading experts that highlight the many benefits of gypsum.
One of gypsum’s main advantages is its ability to reduce aluminum toxicity, which often accompanies soil acidity, particularly in subsoils.
Gypsum has been used for many years to improve aggregation and inhibit or overcome dispersion in sodic soils. Soluble calcium enhances soil aggregation and porosity to improve water infiltration.
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62
Consider the following statements: The nation-wide ‘Soil Health Card Scheme’ aims at 1. expanding the cultivable area under irrigation. 2. enabling the banks to assess the quantum of loans to be granted to farmerson the basis of soil quality. 3. checking the overuse of fertilizers in farmlands. Which of the above statements is/are correct ? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
Soil Health Management (SHM) is one of the most important interventions under National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture.
SHM aims at promoting Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) through judicious use of chemical fertilisers including secondary and micro nutrients in conjunction with organic manures and bio-fertilisers for improving soil health and its productivity; strengthening of soil and fertiliser testing facilities to provide soil test based recommendations to farmers for improving soil fertility; ensuring quality control requirements of fertilisers, bio-fertilisers and organic fertilisers under Fertiliser Control Order, 1985; upgradation of skill and knowledge of soil testing laboratory staff, extension staff and farmers through training and demonstrations; promoting organic farming practices etc.
Soil Health Card is aimed for optimal use of fertilizers and check its overuse.
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64
Consider the following pairs : Commonly used materials /
Consumed materials
Unwanted or controversial chemicals likely to be found in them
1. Lipstick — Lead 2. Soft drinks — Brominated vegetable oils 3. Chinese fast food — Monosodiumglutamate Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched ? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D
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EXPLANATION
In 2007, a study by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics released a report called A Poison Kiss that tested 33 popular brands of lipstick for its lead content. The study found that 61 percent of lipsticks contained lead with levels up to 0.65 parts per million (ppm).
In Mountain Dew, brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is listed next-to-last, between disodium EDTA and Yellow 5. These are just a sampling of drinks with BVO listed in their ingredients, which is required by the FDA. The most popular sodas – CocaCola and Pepsi – do not contain BVO.
Maggy controversy was based on amount of mono-sodium glutamate (MSG) above the prescribed limit by the FSSAI. Chinese fast food contains MSG.
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66
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are used to create digital display in many devices. What are the advantages of OLED displays over Liquid Crystal displays? 1. OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates. 2. Roll-up displays embedded in clothing can be made using OLEDs. 3. Transparent/displays are possible using OLEDs Select the correct answer using the code given below : (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) None of -the above statements is correct
ANSWER: C
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EXPLANATION
The different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to several advantages over flat panel displays made with LCD technology.
OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate by an inkjet printer or even by screen printing, theoretically making them cheaper to produce than LCD or plasma displays.
OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates, leading to the possible fabrication of flexible organic light-emitting diodes for other new applications, such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. If a substrate like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be used, the displays may be produced inexpensively. Furthermore, plastic substrates are shatter-resistant, unlike the glass displays used in LCD devices.
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68
What is the application of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology? a) Production of biolarvicides b) Manufacture of biodegradable plastics c) Reproductive cloning of animals d) Production of organisms free of diseases
ANSWER: C
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EXPLANATION
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology is used in making cloned animal e.g. Dolly, Garima,… (Question Asked because 3 Parents Baby was in news).
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The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System d) Security of National Highways
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
The full form of M-STrIPES is Monitoring System for Tigers’ Intensive Protection and Ecological Status.
It’s a software monitoring system launched by the Indian Government in 2010 in some tiger reserves.
The aim is to reduce vulnerability of Tigers. The system would enable field managers to assist intensity and spatial coverage of patrols in a geographic information system (GIS) domain.
The android-based monitoring software M-STrIPES will be used across all the TRs of the country. Its pilot use has already been completed. At Similipal in Odisha, its implementation started from April, 2017.
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72
In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? 1. Service providers 2. Data Centres 3. Body corporate Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
ANSWER: D
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EXPLANATION
The CERT Rules impose an obligation on service providers, intermediaries, data centres and body corporates to report cyber incidents within a reasonable time so that CERT-In may have scope for timely action.
In India, section 70-B of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (the “IT Act”) gives the Central Government the power to appoint an agency of the government to be called the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team.
In pursuance of the said provision the Central Government issued the Information Technology (The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team and Manner of Performing Functions and Duties) Rules, 2013 (the “CERT Rules”) which provide the location and manner of functioning of the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In).
Rule 12 of the CERT Rules gives every person, company or organisation the option to report cyber security incidents to the CERT-In. It also places an obligation on them to mandatorily report the following kinds of incidents as early as possible.
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74
What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project? a) To detect neutrinos b) To detect gravitational waves c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), is a proposed European Space Agency mission designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves — tiny ripples in the fabric of space-time — from astronomical sources.
LISA PATHFINDER would be the first dedicated space-based gravitational wave detector.
It aims to measure gravitational waves directly by using laser interferometry.
The LISA concept has a constellation of three spacecraft, arranged in an equilateral triangle with sides 2.5 million km long, flying along an Earth-like heliocentric orbit.
The distance between the satellites is precisely monitored to detect a passing gravitational wave.
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76
What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’ ? a) Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and , government’s education system and local communities. b) Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate techhologies. c) Strengthening India’s scientific regearch institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological Power. d) Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health- care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them.
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
The objectives of Unnat Bharat Abhiyan are broadly two-fold:
i)
Building institutional capacity in Institutes of higher education in research & training relevant to the needs of rural India.
ii)
Provide rural India with professional resource support from institutes of higher education ,especially those which have acquired academic excellence in the field of Science, Engineering & Technology and Management.
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EXPLANATION In accordance with the above mentioned vision, Unnat Bharat Abhiyan will strive to pursue the following:
(i) Develop the necessary mechanism and proper networking among educational institutions, implementation agencies (Panchayti Raj Institutions) and the grass root voluntary organizations to enable effective intervention at the field level.
(ii) Select suitable rural clusters and effectively participate in the holistic development of these clusters using eco-friendly sustainable technologies and local resources creating sufficient employment opportunities in the process, harnessing multifarious Govt. schemes as well as the efforts of voluntary organizations.
(iii) Simultaneously, reorient the ethos, the academic curricula and research programs in professional institutions to make these more compatible with the national needs including those of rural areas, thus contributing to capacity building towards indigenous development.
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In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply ? a. It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger. b. It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and how it is impossible to prevent its extinction. c. It is endemic to a particular region of India. d. Both (b) and (c) stated above are correct in this context.
ANSWER: A
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EXPLANATION
As per Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, there are 6 Schedules.
Schedule I and part II of Schedule II provide absolute protection - offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.
Species listed in Schedule III and Schedule IV are also protected, but the penalties are much lower.
Schedule V includes the animals which may be hunted.
The plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting.
The hunting to the Enforcement authorities have the power to compound offences under this Schedule (i.e. they impose fines on the offenders).
Schedule I contains tiger, Asiatic Lion, Indian Elephant, Blackbuck, Dugong, Gangetic Dolphin etc.
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Recently there was a proposal to translocate some of the lions from their natural habitat in Gujarat to which one of the following sites? (a) Corbett National Park (b) Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary (c) Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (d) Sariska National Park
ANSWER: B
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EXPLANATION
KUNO PALPUR lies in the Sheopur district of north western Madhya Pradesh, a state in central India. It is about 200.0 km (124.3 miles) from Gwalior.
An environment ministry’s expert committee has approved Kuno Palpur in Madhya Pradesh as the second home for Asiatic lions found only in Gir national park but the Gujarat government will not share lions unless 33 studies as mandated by international wildlife watchdog IUCN is completed, the minutes of the committee’s meeting tabled in MP assembly disclosed.
Translocation of lions from Gir to Kuno Palpur has been a bitter issue between the two BJP rules states for more than a decade with Prime Minister Narendra Modi terming the big cats as “pride of Gujarat” which it cannot share when he was Gujarat’s chief minister between 2002 and 2014.
The committee at its last meeting in December 2016 in Kuno, which officials from Gujarat forest department also participated, said that the wildlife habitat was “ideally suited for second home for lions”.
The committee had recommended translocation but time limit for the translocation had not been fixed.
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Which of the following is geographically closest to Great Nicobar ? (a) Sumatra (b) Borneo (c) Java (d) Sri Lanka
ANSWER: A
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EXPLANATION
The island of Sumatra is located 180 km (110 mi) to the south of Great Nicobar. The island covers 921 km2 (356 sq mi) but is sparsely inhabited, with a population of 8067, largely being covered by rainforest and known for its diverse wildlife.
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve is part of “SUNDALAND” Biodiversity Hotspot.
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve is also listed in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves under the UNESCO Man And Biosphere (MAB) programme, 1971.
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NACHIKETA’S SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - A COMPLETE GUIDE
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2 YEARS PRELIMS (2016 & 2017) AND MAINS (2016) QUESTIONS ON TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THIS BOOK.
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NACHIKETA’S ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY - A DYNAMIC APPROACH
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1ST ENGLISH MULTI-COLOURED BOOK WITH CONCEPTS, FACTS, GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES, PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES & CURRENT ASPECTS. QUESTIONS ON “TRAFFIC” (PAGE 48), “GHARIAL” (PAGE 101, 139, 140), WESTERN GHATS (PAGE 105, 145), “SATHYAMANGALAM “ (PAGE 117, 148), WILD BUFFALO (PAGE 154), “WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972” (PAGE 165), 166), “BHITARKANIKA” (PAGE 173), “DEEPOR BEEL” (PAGE 174), “BOD” (PAGE 210), “BIOREMEDIATION” (PAGE 215), “WATER CONSERVATION IN AGRICULTURE” (PAGE 223), “BROWN CLOUD” (PAGE 224), “CARBON SEQUESTRATION” (PAGE 247).
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