Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) Content Standards Performance Standards The learner demonstrates The learner independently understanding of one’s PECs in creates a plan of action that strengthens Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. and/or further develops his/her PECs in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Time Allotment: 4 hours
Module 1 Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Introduction In this module, you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial competencies related to Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. You will have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to assessment of your personal entrepreneurial competencies (PECS) and assessment of entrepreneurial competencies of a successful telemarketing or call center representative within your province. You will also have some activities that will align your competencies with those of successful practitioners. Moreover, this module will stimulate your mind to think about entrepreneurship and its role in the business community, as well as in the economic and social development.
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To start with this module, let us first understand entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to see and evaluate business opportunities. They are individuals that can strategically identify products or services needed by the community and they have the capacity to deliver these at the right time and at the right place. Entrepreneurs are agent of economic change; they organize, manage and assume risks of a business. Aside from being hardworking and persevering, a good entrepreneur is an opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, a confident problem solver, hardworking, persistent and a committed worker. Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, is not just a simple business activity. It is a strategic process of innovation and new venture creation. Basically, entrepreneurship is both an art and science of converting business ideas into marketable products or services to improve the quality of living. Now that you have background knowledge about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship, can you now walk through in assessing your PECs? Always remember that “Successful entrepreneurs continuously develop and improve their PECs.” 1
To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master as you finish this module.
Objectives • • •
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
identify areas for improvement, development and growth; align your PECs according to your business or career choice; and create a plan of action that ensures success in your business or career choice.
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skills that you will develop and master, take the first challenge in this module – the pre-assessment.
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Pre-Assessment As part of your initial activity, you will be challenged to dig deeper on your knowledge and previous experiences on the topic. Try to diagnose or assess what you already know about PECs by answering Task 1.
Task 1: Matching Type Directions: Match the entrepreneurial competencies in column A with their meaning in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. A ____1. Creative ____2. Profit-oriented ____3. Disciplined ____4. Makes sound descision ____5. Possesses people skill ____6. Plans excellently ____7. Confident ____8. Hardworking ____9. Accepts and adjusts to changes ____10. Committed
B A. making wise decision towards the set objectives B. thinks strategically and sets of goals C. trusts in one’s ability D. adapts easily E. innovates to have edge over other competitors F. manifests solid dedication G. keeps record efficiently H. sticks to the plan I. works diligently J. communicates and relates to people effectively and efficiently K. always looking for income
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Task 2: Guide Questions
Directions: The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire module. Write your answers on your assignment notebook, then share these to the class. A. Explain why entrepreneurial activities are important to social development and progress of the economy. B. What entrepreneurial activities do you know and capable of doing which are related to Refrigeration and Air-conditioning? C. Given the opportunity to own a business that relates with Refrigeration and Airconditioning, will you be confident to manage it? Explain your answer. D. What do you think are the most important competencies you must possess in order to be successful in running your chosen business? E. Name successful entrepreneurs from your province whose business is related to Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Be able to share to the class their PECs that made them successful. After answering all the guide questions to the best of your knowledge and skills, share those with your classmates. You may also compare your insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and engaging.
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Learning Goals and Targets After understanding the objectives of this module, having gone through preassessment, and answering the guide questions, you will be asked to set your own personal goals and targets. These goals and targets will trigger you to further achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these ultimate goals will motivate you to learn more about PECs.
Figure 1: Strategic process to achieve the objectives of this module
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities After setting your own personal goals and targets in achieving the objectives of this module, check your inherent knowledge of PECs. Answer the following guide questions with the help of your classmates.
Task 3: Group Activity
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Directions: Answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of Share your answers to the class.
paper.
1. Explain the importance of assessing one’s PECs before engaging in a particular entrepreneurial activity. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.
2. What other strategies or approaches can you use to assess your PECs? Explain how those strategies will become more useful in selecting a viable business venture. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.
3. What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and traits of a prospective entrepreneur? Why are these important? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. 4
4. Why is there a need to assess one’s PECs in terms of characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and traits before starting a particular business? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.
5. What is the significance of evaluating PECs of a successful entrepreneur? What helpful insights can you draw from this activity? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________.
How was your experience in answering the guide questions with your classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What were the insights you have realized? This time you’re going to study the different topics that will enrich your knowledge of PECs. Read carefully all the important details about the succeeding topic.
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Assessment of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) and Skills vis-à-vis a Practicing Entrepreneur or Employee in a Province
Entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics that should be possessed by an individual in order to perform entrepreneurial functions effectively. In this module, you will learn some of the most important characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills and traits of a successful entrepreneur in order to be successful in a chosen career. Below are few important characteristics / traits / attributes of a good entrepreneur: •
Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good entrepreneur is hardworking. This means habitually working diligently towards a set goal even for a long period of time. Hardworking people keep on improving their performance to produce good products and/or provide good services.
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Confident: Good entrepreneurs trust their skills ability and own judgment. They exhibit self-confidence in managing all the risks of operating their own business.
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Disciplined: Successful entrepreneurs always stick to the plan and resist the temptation to do what is unimportant. 5
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Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility of everything in his business. He gives full commitment and solid dedication to make the business successful.
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Ability to Accept Change: Nothing is permanent except change. Change occurs frequently. An entrepreneur should cope up with and thrive through changes. He should capitalize on positive changes to make his business grow.
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Creative: An entrepreneur should be creative and innovative to stay in the business and in order to have an edge over the other competitors.
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Has the Initiative: An entrepreneur takes the initiative. He sets a vision for the company and creates possibilities for new ideas. He is responsible for the failure or success of his business.
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Profit-Oriented: An entrepreneur enters into the world of business to generate profit or additional income. He sees to it that the business will be able to generate income.
Listed below are the important skills of a successful entrepreneur:
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Excellent Planner: Planning is strategic thinking and setting of goals towards achieving objectives by carefully maximizing all the available resources. A good entrepreneur develops and applies step-by-step plans to realize goals. A good entrepreneur knows that planning is an effective skill only when combined with action.
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Possesses People Skills: People skills are very important skill in order to be successful in any kind of business. People skills refer to effective and efficient communication and relation to people working in and out of his business. In day-to-day business transactions, he needs to deal with people. A well-developed people skill can spell out the difference between success and failure of the business.
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Sound Decision Maker: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think quickly and to make a wise decision towards pre-determined set objectives. No one can deny that the ability to make wise decisions is an important skill that an entrepreneur should possess. Sound decision should spring out from given facts and information and should be towards the pre-determined objectives. In order to firm up what you have learned and to have a better appreciation of the different entrepreneurial competencies, read the PECs checklist presented below, then answer the same.
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Task 4: PECs Checklist Directions: Using the PECs checklist, assess yourself by indicating a check ( ) mark in either strengths or development areas column. Interpret the results by counting the total number of check marks in each of the columns. After accomplishing the checklist, form a group and share your insights and experiences based on your personal assessment.
Table 1: PECs Checklist Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies of an Entrepreneur
Personal Assessment in terms of: Strengths
Development Areas
Hardworking (works diligently towards a goal) Confident (trusts in one’s skills and ability) Disciplined (always sticking to the plan) Committed (manifests solid dedication) Adaptable (ability to accept and manage changes) Creative (innovative to have an edge over other competitors) Profit-oriented (always looking for opportunities for income) Excellent Planner (thinks strategically and sets goals)
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Possess People Skill (communicates effectively with people in a friendly and business-like manner) Sound Decision Maker (makes wise decision towards the set objectives) TOTAL Interpretation or Insight:
___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________.
How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do Task 5 below. 7
Task 5: Interview Directions: Interview a successful telemarketing or call center representative or entrepreneur in your province whose type of business is related with Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Focus your interview on PECs and other business-related attributes that helped them become successful. Analyze the result of the interview and reflect on the similarities and/or differences. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Sample Interview Guide Name of Proprietor/Practitioner: _________________________________________ Age: _______________ Number of Years in Business: _______________________ Business Name: _____________________________________________________ Business Address: ___________________________________________________ 1. What are your preparations before you engaged in this type of business or job? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
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2. What are your special skills and characteristics that are related with your business or job? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 3. How did you solve business-related problems during the early years of your business operation? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 4. Did you follow the tips from a successful businessman or practitioner before you engaged in your business? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________
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5. What are your best business practices that you can share with aspiring entrepreneurs? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 6. What are the salient characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills and traits that made you successful in your business or job? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Note: Take the needed information from the interview to supply answer/s to Row 1 in the table below. Fill out the second row with your PECs. Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
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Successful Entrepreneur in the province
My PECs
Using the information on the table above, analyze and reflect on the similarities and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the table below. Write your conclusion on the space provided. Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Similarities
Characteristics Attributes Lifestyles Skills Traits 9
Differences
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________. After performing the activities on the importance of PECs, let’s determine how much you have learned. Perform Task 6 to determine how well you have understood the lesson.
Task 6: Preparation of a Plan of Action Directions: Using the table below and the information generated from Task 5 (Interview), prepare an action plan that indicates how you would align your PECs to the PECs with a successful entrepreneur in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning in your province.
Objective To align my PECs with the PECs of a successful entrepreneur in Refrigeration and Airconditioning
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Activities
Strategies
Time Frame
Expected Outcome
Characteristics Skills
Attribute Traits
Task 7: Essential Questions Directions: Read and study the following questions below. You may use a separate sheet of paper or your notebook to write your answers. 1. Why is there a need to compare and align one’s PECs with the PECs of a successful entrepreneur? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 10
__________________________________________________________ ____________________________________. 2. How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address your development areas? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________. 3. What plan of action would you do to address your development areas? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________.
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ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET (EM) Content Standards
Performance Standards
The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates understanding of environment and a business vicinity map reflective of market in Refrigeration and Air- potential market in Refrigeration and Airconditioning in one’s province. conditioning in a province. Time Allotment: 4 hours
Module 2 Environment and Market Introduction People who aspire to start a business need to explore the economic, cultural and social conditions prevailing in an area. Needs and wants of the people in a certain area that are not met may be considered as business opportunities. Identifying the needs of the community, its resources, available raw materials, skills, and appropriate technology can help a new entrepreneur in seizing a business opportunity.
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To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always be watchful on the existing opportunities and constraints as well as spirited enough to take calculated risks. The opportunities in the business environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to expand and make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand, are those factors that limit the business to grow, hence reduce the chance of generating profit. One of the best ways to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. SWOT Analysis is a managerial tool to assess the environment. This gathers important information which in turn is used in strategic planning. Strengths and weaknesses are internal in an organization. Basically, they relate to resources owned by organization, things that you have control over and as well as to the extent of its marketing. Opportunities and threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities relate to the market, to the development of new technologies, and external factors such as government policies, climate, and trends. Threats relate to what the competition is doing as well as legal and other constraints. Now that you have read some important considerations to consider to be successful in any business, you are ready to explore more about the environment and market. 12
To begin with, let’s find out the competencies that you will master as you finish this module.
Objectives At the end of this module, you are expected to: • • • • •
identify what is of “value” to the customer; identify the customer to sell to; explain what makes a product unique and competitive; apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable product; and employ a unique selling proposition (USP) to the product and/or service.
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, take the first challenge in this module – the pre-assessment.
Pre-Assessment Task 1: Multiple-Choice
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DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. This is generated by examining the goods and services sold in the community. A. business creation C. business concept B. business pricing D. business idea 2. A process of making a new product to be sold to the customers. A. product analysis C. product development B. product conceptualization D. product implementation 3. These are luxuries, advantages and desires that every individual considers beyond necessary. A. wants C. requirements B. desires D. needs 4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that one product or service is better than that of the competition. A. unique selling plan C. unique pricing policy B. unique selling proposition D. finding value-added 5. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified, reviewed and evaluated. A. concept development C. project development B. economic analysis D. refine specification
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6. This is the introduction of new ideas to make the product and services more attractive and saleable to the target customers. A. new idea C. product development B. creativity D. innovation 7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment and to gather important information that can be used for strategic planning. A. environmental scanning C. WOTS Analysis B. SWOT Analysis D. survey analysis 8. A marketing practice of creating name, symbol or designs that identifies and differentiates a product from the other products. A. product naming C. branding B. unique selling proposition D. tagline 9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the essence of the brand. A. product naming C. branding B. unique selling proposition D. tagline 10. These are the things that people cannot live without. A. wants C. requirements B. desires D. needs
Task 2: Guide Questions:
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Directions: Read and study the guide questions below. Use a separate sheet of paper to write your answer. 1. How does one determine the product or services to be produced and/ or to be offered or delivered to the target customers? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 3. When can one say that a certain product has “value”? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 4. Is innovation and creativity to your product or services important? Why? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 14
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 6. Express from the viewpoint of business owner the importance of scanning the environment and market in generating business ideas. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 7. Using self-assessment, explain your level of confidence in formulating a business idea. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have been mastered, share those with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and engaging.
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Learning Goals and Target
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having gone through the pre-assessment and guide questions, you will be asked to set your own personal goals. These goals will trigger you to further achieve the ultimate objective of this module. In the end, these goals will motivate you to learn more about Environment and Market.
Figure 2: Strategic process to reach the objectives of this module
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities After setting your own personal goals and targets in achieving the objectives of this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more about environment and market. You will also be given a chance to do practical exercises and activities to deepen your understanding of the topic.
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Product Development When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of making a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers. Product development may involve modification of an existing product or its presentation, or formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly defined customer’s needs, wants and/or a market place. The term development in this module refers collectively to the entire process of identifying a market opportunity; creating a product to appeal to the identified market; and testing, modifying and refining the product until it becomes ready for production. There are basic yet vital questions that you can ask yourself about product development. When you find acceptable answers to these, you may now say that you are ready to develop a product and/or render services. These questions include the following: 1. For whom are the product/services? 2. What benefit can the customers expect from it? 3. How will the product/service differ from the existing brand? From its competitor?
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Likewise, needs and wants of the people within an area should also be taken into big consideration. Everyone has his own needs and wants. However, everyone has different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important things that every individual cannot live without in a society. These include: 1. 2. 3. 4.
basic commodities for consumption; clothing and other personal belongings; shelter, sanitation and health; and education.
Basic needs are essential to an individual to live with dignity and pride in a community. These needs can obviously help you generate business ideas and subsequently towards product development. Wants are desires, luxury, and extravagance that signify wealth and expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic necessities of life. Some examples of wants or desires are: fashion accessories; expensive shoes and clothes; travelling around the world; eating in an expensive restaurant; watching movies, concerts; having luxurious cars; wearing expensive jewelries and perfume; living in impressive homes, among others. Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some 16
other good points that might be considered in business undertakings are the kind of people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation that they belong to. To summarize, product development entirely depends on the needs and wants of the customers. Another important issue to deal with is the key concepts in developing a product. The succeeding topic shall enlighten you about the procedure in coming up with a product.
Concepts of Developing a Product Concept development is a critical phase in the development of a product. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified and competitive products are reviewed before the product specifications are defined. The product concept is selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline of how a product is being developed. Figure 3 shows the stages of concept development of a product.
DRAFT Figure 3: Stages of Concept Development The process of product development has the following stages: 1. Identify Customer Needs: Using survey forms, interviews, researches, focus group discussions, and observations, an entrepreneur can easily identify customers’ needs and wants. In this stage, the information that can be possibly gathered are product specifications (performance, taste, size, color, shape, life span of the product, etc.). This stage is very important because this would determine the product to be produced or provided. 2. Establish Target Specifications: Based on customers’ needs and reviews of competitive products, you may now establish target specifications of the prospective new product and/or services. Target specifications are 17
essentially a wish-list. 3. Analyze Competitive Products: It is imperative to analyze existing competitive products to provide important information in establishing product or service specifications. Other products may exhibit successful design attributes that should be emulated or improved in the new product or service. 4. Generate Product Concepts: After having gone through with the previous processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate the types of products or services are both technically feasible and would best meet the requirements of the target specifications. 5. Select a Product Concept: Through the process of evaluation between attributes, a final concept is selected. After the final selection, additional market research can be applied to obtain feedback from key customers. 6. Refine Product Specifications: In this stage, product or services specifications are refined on the basis of input from the foregoing activities. Final specifications are the result of extensive study, expected service life, projected selling price and among others are being considered in this stage.
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7. Perform Economic Analysis: Throughout the process of product development, it is very important to always review and estimate the economic implications regarding development expenses, manufacturing costs, and selling price of the product or services to be offered or provided. 8. Plan the Remaining Development Project: In this final stage of concept development, you may prepare a detailed development plan which includes list of activities, necessary resources and expenses, and development schedule with milestones for tracking progress.
Finding Value People buy for a reason. There should be something in your product or service that would give consumers a good reason to go back and buy for more. There must be something that will make your product the best option for your target customers; otherwise they have no reason to buy what you’re selling. This simply emphasizes that you offer something to your customers that will make them value or treasure your product or service. The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition. Value proposition is “a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons why people should notice you and take the action you’re asking for.” Value is created by fulfilling deep desires and solving deep problems. This is what gets people moving, what people gets in spending for your product or service.
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Innovation Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product or service. This may be a new idea, a new method or a new device. If you want to increase your sales and profit, you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations for your products are change of packaging, improvement of taste, color, size, shape and perhaps price. Some of the possible innovations in providing services are application of new improved methods, additional featured services and possibly freebees.
Unique Selling Proposition (USP) Unique Selling Proposition is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that one product or service is different from and better than that of the competition. Before you can begin to sell your product or service to your target customers, you have to sell yourself on it. This is especially important when your product or service is similar to those around you. USP would require careful analysis of other businesses’ ads and marketing messages. If you analyze what they say or what they sell, not just their product or service characteristics, you can learn a great deal about how companies distinguish themselves from competitors. profit:
Here’s how to discover your USP and how to use it to increase your sales and
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Use empathy: Put yourself in the shoes of your customers. Always focus on the needs of the target customers and forget falling in love with your own product or service. Always remember, you are making/providing this product not for yourself but for the target customers to eventually increase sales and earn profit. Essential question such as what could make them come back again and ignore competition, should be asked to oneself. Most possible answers may be focused on quality, availability, convenience, cleanliness, and reliability of the product or service.
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Identify Customer’s Desires. It is very important for you to understand and find out what drives and motivates your customers to buy your product or service. Make some efforts to find out, analyze and utilize the information what motivates the customers in their decisions to purchase the product or service.
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Discover customer’s genuine reasons for buying the product. Information is very important in decision making. A competitive entrepreneur always improve their products or services to provide satisfaction and of course retention of customers. As your business grows, you should always consider the process of asking your customers important information and questions that you can use to improve your product or service.
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In order to firm up your understanding of the topic previously presented, you will be tasked to form a group and conduct an interview with a successful entrepreneur or practitioner. You have to document this interview and present this to the whole class for reflection and appreciation.
Task 3: Interview Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur or practitioner. Conduct an interview using the set of questions below. Document the interview and present it to the class. 1. How did you identify your customers? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2. What were your considerations in selecting your customers? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________
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3. Explain how your product or service is unique compared to other products. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 4. Did you consult somebody before you engaged in this business? Cite sample insights that you gained from the consultation. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 6. What creative and innovative techniques did you adopt for your product or service? What was the effect of the innovative techniques to the sales and profits of your business? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 20
7. What strategy did you consider to have a unique selling proposition to your product or service? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
Task 4: Video Viewing Directions: In order to deepen your understanding of the lesson, perform the following tasks: 1. Browse the internet and view the topics related to: a. customers’ needs and wants b. techniques in identifying customers’ needs and wants c. creativity or innovations in products and services d. unique selling proposition e. product development 2. Prepare a short narrative report about the aforementioned topics. You may highlight the “aspect” that intensifies your knowledge of product development.
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Task 5: Product Conceptualization Directions: Using the space and figures below, develop your own concept for your product or service. Utilize bullets in every stage of product conceptualization in listing important key ideas. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________
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DRAFT Generating Ideas for Business The process of developing and generating business idea is not a simple process. Some people just come up to a bunch of business ideas that are not really feasible. There are two problems that arise; first is the excessive generation of ideas that can forever remain as dreaming stage and the second is when they don’t have ideas and don’t want to become entrepreneurs. The most optimal way is to have a systematic approach in generating and selecting a business idea that will be transformed into real business. Here are some basic and very important considerations that may be used to generate possible ideas for business: 1. Examine existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the product? What do other people who use the product say about it? How can it be improved? There are many ways of improving a product from the way it is made to the way it is packed and sold. You can also improve the materials used in crafting the product. In addition, you can introduce new ways of using the product, making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’ many needs. Whenever you are improving the product or enhancing it, you 22
are doing an innovation. You can also do an innovation by introducing an entirely new product to replace the old one. Business ideas may also be generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside the community. Very often, these products are sold in a form that can still be enhanced or improved. 2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the customers, institutions, and communities are missing in terms of goods and services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at the moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be felt in the future, along with future developments in the community. For example, a province will have its electrification facility in the next six months. Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of electricallypowered or generated business such as photo copier, computer service, digital printing, etc. 3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products and services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs is to supply the products and services that meet the demands of the market. The term market refers to whoever will use or buy the products or services, and these may be people or institutions such as other businesses, establishments, organizations, or government agencies.
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There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolutely no supply to a pressing market demand. Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for goods and services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services such as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business. 4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials or skills are available in abundance in your area. A business can be started out of available raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing and manufacturing them into finished products. For example, in a copraproducing town, there will be many coconut husks and shells available as “waste” products. These can be collected and made into coco rags or doormat and charcoal bricks and sold profitably outside the community. A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that can be harnessed for business. One good example is the women in the Mountain Province who possess excellent loom weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to another. To set up weaving businesses to produce blankets, decorative and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and lowland communities is a profitable business.
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Business ideas can also come from your own skills. The work and experience you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT classes will provide you with business ideas should you decide to engage in income-generating activities. With your skills, you may also tinker around with various things in your spare time. Many products were invented this way. 5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new products and techniques or advances in technology. You can pick up new business ideas from magazines such as Newsweek, Reader’s Digest, Business Magazines, “Go Negosyo”, Know About Business (KAB) materials, and Small-Industry Journal. The Internet also serves as a library where you may browse and surf on possible businesses. It will also guide you on how to put the right product in the right place, at the right price, and at the right time.
Key Concepts in Selecting Business Ideas Once you have embarked on identifying business opportunities, you will eventually see that there are many possibilities that are available for you. It is very unlikely that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once.
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You have to select the most promising one among hundreds of ideas. It will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, you screen your ideas to narrow them down to about few choices. In the next stage, trim down the choices to two options. In the final stage, choose between the two and decide which business idea is worth pursuing. In screening your ideas, examine each one in terms of the following guide questions: 1. How much capital is needed to put up the business? 2. Where should the business be located? 3. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product and will continue to need it for a long time? 4. How is the demand being met? Who are processing the products to meet the needs (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now being met (supply)? 5. Do you have the background and experiences needed to run this particular business? 6. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable government regulation? 7. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise? Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
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Branding Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or design that identifies and differentiates product or services from the rest. It is also a promise to your customers. It tells them what they can expect from your product or service and it differentiates your offerings from other competitors. Your brand is derived from who you are, who you want to be and what people perceive you to be. Branding is one of the most important aspects in any business. An effective brand strategy gives you an edge in highly competitive markets. The features of a good product brand are as follows: ------
Delivers the message clearly Confirms your credibility Connects your target prospects emotionally Motivates the buyer Concretizes user loyalty
Here are some simple tips to publicize your brand: • • • • •
Develop a tagline. Write a meaningful, unforgettable, and easy to remember statement that captures the essence of your brand. Get a great logo. Create a logo suitable to your business and consistent with your tagline and place it everywhere. Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want to communicate about your brand. Be true to your brand. Deliver your brand promise. Be consistent. Be reliable and consistent every time.
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In generating business idea, you should first identify what type of business is suited to your business idea. You should analyze and scan the potential environment, study the marketing practices and strategies of your competitors, analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and the threats in your environment to ensure that the products or services you are planning to offer will be patronized within the easy reach by your target consumers. Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT Analysis: • • • • • •
Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business when conducting SWOT Analysis. SWOT Analysis should distinguish between where your business is today, and where it could be in the future. SWOT Analysis should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas. Always apply SWOT Analysis in relation to your competition (i.e. better than or worse than your competition). Keep your SWOT Analysis short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis. Remember that SWOT Analysis is subjective. 25
Task 6: SWOT Analysis Directions: Utilize the SWOT Analysis table below to list down all your observations for your business idea. Categorize your observations according to strengths, weakness, opportunities and treats. After carefully listing them down, use the stated strategies to come up with a sound analysis, activities and best business idea. Strength (S)
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Opportunities (O)
Weaknesses (W)
Threats (T)
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Strategies: • • • •
SW - Maximize on the strengths to overcome the internal weakness. OW - Capitalize on the opportunities to eliminate the internal weakness. ST - Maximize on your strengths to eliminate the external threats. OT - Take advantage of the available opportunities to eliminate the external threats.
Analysis: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 26
Activities: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ My Best Business Idea: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________
In order to deepen your understanding of the topics previously discussed, you will be asked to perform the following activities:
Task 7: Extra Readings and Video Viewing
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Reading books and watching videos have been considered as some of the most effective educational activities that can help learners deepen their understanding on a certain topic. In this particular task, you will be asked to conduct extra readings and video viewings in the Internet on the following topics: A. Steps in selecting business idea
B. Criteria of a viable business idea C. Benefits of a good brand D. Ways on developing a brand After successfully performing the assigned task, make a narrative report about it and share it to the class.
Task 8: Making My Own Logo Directions: Using the box provided below, draw a logo that you will use in your business; Provide a simple narrative to describe your logo and its relevance to your proposed business.
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DRAFT
C. PROCESS AND DELIVERY
Content Standard The learner demonstrates understanding of basic principles of electricity and mechanical aspects of refrigeration and air-conditioning unit.
Performance Standard The learner independently demonstrates core competencies in RAC servicing as prescribed in the TESDA Training Regulation
Quarter 1
Time Allotment: 36 Hours
LESSON 1: INSTALL DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING UNIT. INTRODUCTION: This quarter contains information that is necessary to prepare the learners for today’s world of work. Included in this quarter is the clamp-on ammeter, its parts and the procedure for measuring alternating current. The AC Voltmeter is likewise discussed to ensure that the learners consider the procedure for using the latter as well as its precautions. Heat, comfortable temperature, and heat transfer from the human body are also discussed to serve as valuable guide for the learners while inspecting the airconditioning unit based on specifications. The instruments used in measuring air temperature are similarly included to guarantee that the learners will be able to use a scientific approach in testing and maintenance of air-conditioning unit.
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LO 4: Conduct Performance Test on the Installation of Window Type Aircon • •
Check voltage and current according to unit specifications. Check air temperature and velocity based on unit specifications.
PRE-ASSESSMENT: Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. What is the instrument used to measure alternating current? a. Gauge Manifold b. Volt Meter c. Clamp Ammeter d. Velometer 2. Which of the following makes the surface feel cooler because of rapid evaporation? a. Wet air b. Dry air c. Cold air d. Hot air
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3. When the air moves too fast, we feel_____. a. comfortable b. uncomfortable c. cold d. sick
4. Which of the following uses a flexible telescoping probe? a. Anemometer (Hot Wire) b. Anemometer (Rotating) c. Swinging Vane d. Thermometer 5. What is the instrument that measures temperature with the help of a wick attached to it? a. Dry Bulb Thermometer b. Wet Bulb Thermometer c. Swinging Vane d. Anemometer
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INFORMATION SHEET 1.1 Clamp-on Ammeter A Clamp-on ammeter is an alternating-current measuring instrument. It is commonly used in measuring current flowing through motors. Its resistance is low, and it is usually connected in series in a circuit. Since refrigerators and windowtype air-conditioning units operate using motors, it is important for us to learn how to use this. An analog type of ammeter is most commonly used in refrigeration and air-conditioning although digital ammeters are also available. The difference between the two is, the data in an analog ammeter is displayed using mechanical visual representation (movement of the indicator pointer) while digital ammeter displays the data by numerical representation (digits). When the instrument is clamped on one of the conductors in a power line, it generates the current reading. How does this happen? We know that the magnetic field is directly proportional to the current. When the current passing through a conductor increases, so does the magnetic field. This magnetic field is sensed by the clamp and converted into electrical energy. This electrical energy will be amplified to be able to drive a meter coil for analogue tester.
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Simple representation of digital clamp ammeter operation
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Parts of Digital Clamp-on Ammeter 1. 2. 3. 4.
Current Sensing Clamp Range Selector Range Selection Test Probe 31
5. Voltage Terminal (Jack) 6. Common Terminal (Jack) 7. Ohm Meter Terminal (Jack) 8. LCD Display
ACTIVITY SHEET 1.1 Procedure for Measuring Alternating Current 1. Power on the clamp ammeter and the unit to be measured. 2. Clamp the meter onto one of the power lines of the unit to be measured. Do not split the cord of the unit to be measured. Use a service cord (a form of extension cord wherein the two wires of the cable are split) for this activity. 3. Release the clamp, and then read the result from the display. In places where it is hard to read from the display, activate the data lock to store reading in the display. After storing the data, you can now remove the ammeter then read the display. Note: The procedure is very simple with an analog ammeter. Simply select the range that is suitable to the unit to be measured. When checking if a ¼ horsepower motor compressor is consuming enough electricity, check its current consumption in the name plate and select the corresponding range in the selection range. For example, a 6 ampere range is enough for a motor compressor as small as ¼ horsepower. After selecting the correct range, clamp the ammeter on either line 1 or line 2 (power line). Observe the deflection of the pointer and push the lock to secure the position of the indicator pointer. Take note of the reading then remove the ammeter.
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SELF-CHECK 1.1
Open Ended Statement Directions: Give your response to the questions in each box by completing the sentence. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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SELF-CHECK 1.2 Identifying the Parts of a Clamp-on Ammeter Directions: Label the parts of a digital clamp ammeter.
DRAFT
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INFORMATION SHEET 1.2 Using an AC Voltmeter A Voltmeter is an instrument used in measuring the supply voltage in a power source. It has analog and digital type just like the ammeter. The commonly used is the analog type. The multi-meter can measure both Alternating Current Voltage and Direct Current Voltage. Since most of our activities are for AC voltage measurement, we will be focusing our discussion on the AC source. The AC voltmeter works by taking the potential difference between line 1 and line 2 of the voltage source. A resistor is connected in series with the coil of the meter to limit the voltage of the signal flowing into it. This signal will now be converted into a mechanical movement which displays the voltage reading.
Precautions in Using a Voltmeter
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1. In measuring voltage in a circuit, make sure that the circuit has power. 2. In measuring unknown voltage, set the range of the voltmeter to the highest range setting to avoid damage on the meter in case the source is higher than the set range. 3. In measuring known voltages, set the voltmeter range a little bit higher than the voltage source for accurate measurement. 4. Do not touch the metallic part of the multi-tester’s probe or the bared metal part of the terminal being tested while measuring voltage to avoid electrocution. 5. Avoid making the tips of the two test probe touch while measuring the voltage. 6. The meter reading should not exceed the selected voltage. For example, if you select 250 V range, the meter reading should not exceed 250 V AC.
ACTIVITY SHEET 1.2 Measuring Voltage Procedure: We can measure voltage by following these steps. 1. Set the appropriate voltmeter range (a little bit higher than the source for known voltage, highest range for unknown voltage). 2. Connect the test probe to the terminal of the source. In case the pointer exceeds the scale of the meter, remove the probe from connection immediately then set the range to the higher setting. 34
3. Make sure that the tips of the test probe will not have any contact with each other. 4. Do not hold the metallic part of the test probe to avoid electrocution. 5. Take note of the meter reading. This will be the final reading Note: The meter reading should not exceed the voltage range selected.
SELF-CHECK 1.2 Directions: Read the following statements and write the word TRUE if your answer is true or the word FALSE if your answer is false. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. __________1. Setting the range of the voltmeter to the highest range will prevent damaging the unit when measuring an unknown voltage. __________2. If the voltage is 220 volts, it is safe to set the range of the voltmeter to exactly 220 volts while checking the voltage source. __________3. Avoiding direct contact with the metallic part of the multi-meter probe will prevent electrocution.
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__________4. The AC voltmeter works by making the potential difference between Line 1 and Line 2 of the voltage source. __________5. When checking a convenience outlet in an ordinary household, the voltage reading can exceed 250 volts.
INFORMATION SHEET 1.3 Air-conditioning and the Human Body Introduction A man or a woman doing light work feels comfortable at 23°C to 27°C in a controlled environment. This is what we call operative temperature. Comfort to the human body can only be attained if the temperature, relative humidity, and air motion are controlled. Temperature is the most important key factor; studies reveal that high relative humidity can slow down heat rejection by evaporation and low relative humidity speeds it up. Air motion, on the other hand, should be strong enough to remove heat and moisture but gentle enough to be ignored. These are the factors to consider in reaching the desired level of conditioned air in the process called air-conditioning.
Heat The rise and fall of temperature is determined by the rapid movement of the atom. As the atom moves rapidly, the temperature of a substance increases, and when the atom slows down, the temperature of a substance drops. The increase in the temperature of a substance is what we call heat. When the atom stops moving, heat 35
is removed, and that is what we call absolute zero temperature (lowest temperature possible). The presence or absence of heat greatly affects most substances in two ways; (1) Addition of heat to a substance causes substance to expand (2) Removal of heat from a substance causes substance to contract. For instance, if we add heat to water, the water turns into gas (its atom expands), but when heat is removed, the water turns into ice (its atom contracts). Heat is the thermal energy multiplied by the number of atoms (mass). For instance, a copper tube whose weight is 200 grams, heated at 800°C does not contain as much heat as 8 kilogram of copper tube heated at 120°C. The copper tube whose weight is 8 kilograms has a higher level of heat and its intensity is higher.
Sensible Heat It is defined as the warming of the inhaled air where metabolic heat generated inside our body is dissipated to the environment through the skin and lungs by convection at a 30 % rate and radiation at a 70 % rate. Sensible heat loss from the skin is determined by the temperature of the skin, the environment, and the surrounding surfaces as well as the air motion.
Latent Heat
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It is the metabolic heat generated in the body that is dissipated to the environment through the skin by evaporation. It is represented by the heat of vaporization of water as it evaporates in the lungs and on the skin by absorbing body heat and then it is released as the moisture condenses on cold surfaces. Latent heat loss depends on the skin wittedness (measure of the amount of moisture on the skin) and the relative humidity of the environment.
ACTIVITY SHEET 1.3 Grafitti Fact Steps to Follow: 1. Group yourselves into five. 2. Write all the things that the class knows about the topic of study. 3. Write your responses on the board using the note you have jotted down. You will ask questions about what is written on the board individually. 4. After writing your responses, proceed to your group brainstorming and fill out the three large posts of the K-W-L chart.
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SELF-CHECK 1.3 Directions: Read and complete the following statements on a separate answer sheet. 1. I changed my attitude about ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 2. I became more aware of _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 3. I was surprised about _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 4. I felt _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 5. I related to __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
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INFORMATION SHEET 1.4 Temperature The measure of the speed of motion of the atom is called temperature. It indicates the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. The thermometer is the instrument used in measuring the temperature of a substance including air. In measuring its temperature, there are two commonly used thermometers. They are (1) the dry bulb thermometer where the sensitive element of the thermometer is exposed to dry condition, and (2) the wet bulb thermometer where a moist cotton wick (strip of porous material) is placed over the thermometer bulb. As moisture from the wicks evaporates, the thermometer readings will become lower; this temperature is what we call the wet bulb temperature. It measures the degree of cooling that happens as moisture dries up from the surface a process known as evaporative cooling.
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Fig. 1-1. Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb. Air temperature is measured with either a dry bulb thermometer or a room thermometer or a wet bulb thermometer that is considerably lower than the dry bulb.
Air Temperature A great deal of temperature directly affects human comfort and health. Temperature and humidity controls are the key factors to feel comfortable inside an airconditioned space. Air temperature is directly proportional to the amount of moisture that the air will hold. As the temperature increases, the amount of air moisture also increases. The presence of dry air makes the surface feel cooler because of rapid evaporation, and the rapid evaporation of perspiration caused by moist air makes the surface feel warmer.
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The absence of the sensation of either warmth or coldness is what we call comfortable temperatures, a temperature where there are no physiological effects on the human body. Generally, the recommended indoor temperature for comfort cooling is 22°C. Shivering is an indication that the temperature is very cold, and we feel uncomfortable. When the surface of the skin starts to become dry, the temperature may need to be raised. In extreme cases where the human body has too much exposure to cold temperature, the deep body temperature starts to fall. Note that body parts that are away from the core such as the hands and the feet are in great danger of tissue damage.
Air Movement Wind (outside air velocity) is measured in miles per hour (mph) or knots and air velocity is expressed in feet per minute (fpm). We can calculate the volume of air flow of a window type air-conditioner through its duct in cubic feet per minute (cfm). The formula is air velocity multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the duct. If the movement of the air is too fast, we feel the so-called wind chill due to wind velocity and relative humidity. This gives us an uncomfortable feeling when we are inside a controlled environment. In a controlled environment, air movement plays a vital role in supplying fresh air. When the air moves too fast, we feel uncomfortable, and when the air moves too slowly, oxygen supply declines and then becomes polluted. To speed up the heat flow 38
from the human body, cool dry air is necessary.
Instruments used to measure air velocity Anemometer (Rotating) It has a small propeller that is attached to it that revolves as the air flows past the blades. We need to place it in an airstream and look for the right angle so that the propeller can rotate efficiently. We should allow it to reach constant speed for about one (1) minute and then trip the registering mechanism simultaneously with the stop watch to record the reading and the time.
DRAFT Fig. 1-2. Anemometer (Rotating). Its propeller revolves as the air flows past its blades.
Anemometer (Hot Wire) It has a flexible telescoping probe that has an air sensor. Its operation depends upon the cooling effect of air flowing over an electrically heated wire. The theory is that the electrical resistance changes when a hot wire (platinum) is exposed to wind as it cools down. As the temperature decreases, the electrical resistance changes when the wind blows against its sensor. This creates an imbalance in the bridge and causes an electrical current to flow. The relationship between the wind speed and the current is predefined and the current is converted to a wind speed value. Note: A new version of anemometer (hot wire) introduced in the market has superior sensitivity response even in weak wind conditions. It uses a thermistor device to ensure accuracy and to avoid error, snow, moist or rain is prohibited from touching the sensor. 39
Fig. 1-3. The anemometer (Hot Wire) has a flexible telescoping probe that has an air sensor.
Velocimeter (Swinging Vane) It is used to measure air duct velocities. Its primary purpose is to balance the air distribution system. It is placed directly in the air stream and it tilts as the air velocity increases. It is calibrated for use at a temperature of 68⁰F (19.8⁰C). If the duct temperature is not 68⁰F, correction must be made.
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Fig.1-4. The velocimeter (Swinging Vane) is used to determine if the duct temperature is 68⁰F
ACTIVITY SHEET 1.4 Research and Investigate Directions: It is advisable to observe the proper use of a scientific instrument before and during the service work. Conduct a research on the different measuring instruments used by refrigeration and air-conditioning technicians in your community performing window-type air-conditioning unit repair and maintenance. You will be rated using the criteria below: 40
Rubrics for Research Paper Qualities & Criteria Format/Layout (15%) • • •
Presentation of the text Structuring of text Requirements of length, font and style followed.
Poor (0-80)
Good (80-90)
Followed poorly the requirements related to format and layout.
Followed, for the most part, all the requirements related to format and layout. Some requirements are not followed.
Content/Information The essay was (50%) not objective and addresses • All elements of poorly the the topics are issues referred addressed. to the proposed • The information is topic. validated by facts. • Information based on The information careful research. provided was • Information is not necessary coherent. or not sufficient • Number of to discuss these respondents. issues.
The essay was objective and for the most part addresses with an in depth analysis most of the issues referred to the proposed topic.
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The information provided was, for the most part, necessary and sufficient to discuss these issues.
The number of respondents is less than 50% of. the requirement The number of respondents is 51 - 74% of the requirement.
Quality of Writing (25%) The essay was not well written, • Clarity of sentences and contains and paragraphs many spelling • No errors in spelling, errors, and/or grammar and use of grammar errors. English It lacks clarity • Organization and and/or does not coherence of ideas present ideas in a coherent way.
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The essay was well written for the most part, without spelling, grammar or usage errors. The essay is for the most part well organized, clear and presents ideas in a coherent way.
Excellent (90-100) Closely followed all the requirements related to format and layout.
The essay was objective and addresses with an indepth analysis all the issues referred to the proposed topic. The information provided was necessary and sufficient. The number of respondents is more than 75% of the . requirements
The essay was well written from start to finish, without spelling, grammar or usage errors. The essay was well organized, clear and presents ideas in a coherent way.
References (10%) •
Soundness of references
References were not appropriately used and cited.
Most of the references were appropriately used and cited.
All of the references were appropriately used and cited.
Rubrics for Oral Presentation Advanced (Has no more than three minor errors.)
Proficient (Has four to seven errors.)
Developing (Has more than seven errors.)
1. Gave an interesting introduction. 2. Presented a clear explanation of topic. 3. Presented information in a logical manner. 4. Used complete sentence 5. Offered a concluding summary 6. Spoke clearly, correctly, distinctly, and confidently. 7. Maintained eye contact. 8. Maintained acceptable posture. 9. Utilized audio-visual aids.
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10. Handled questions comments intelligently.
and Total Grand Total
Format of the Research Paper I. Title Page Write the heading of the school, title of your research paper, your name, the name of your teacher and the date. II. Introduction Introduce your topic by giving the readers an idea of what the research is all about. III. Methods and Procedure Write the questions here that you used to gather the data, the number and profile (age, gender, work experience) of the respondents.
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IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Write the results of your research here. V. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations. Write here the summary, conclusion and your recommendations based on the data you collected.
SELF-CHECK 1.4 Directions: Identify the following measuring instruments. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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1._______________
2.___________________ 3._____________________
4.____________________ 5.____________________
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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – QUARTER I Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. What is the measuring instrument used to measure alternating current? a. Gauge Manifold b. Volt Meter c. Clamp Ammeter d. Velometer 2. Which of the following makes the surface feel cooler because of rapid evaporation? a. Wet air b. Dry air c. Cold air d. Hot air 3. When the air moves too fast, we feel_____. a. Comfortable b. Uncomfortable c. Cold d. Sick
DRAFT
4. Which of the following uses a flexible telescoping probe? a. Anemometer (Hot Wire) b. Anemometer (Rotating) c. Swinging Vane d. Thermometer 5. What is the instrument used in measuring temperature through a wick attached to it? a. Dry Bulb Thermometer b. Wet Bulb Thermometer c. Swinging Vane d. Anemometer 6. Which of the following is true about AC voltmeter? a. AC Voltmeter works by making the potential difference between Line 1 and Line 2. b. AC Voltmeter does not work by making the potential difference between Line 1 and Line 2. c. AC Voltmeter works by taking the potential difference between Line 1 and Line 2. d. AC Voltmeter works by taking the potential difference between Line 1 and Line 2 of the resistance source.
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7. Lack of oxygen in a controlled environment is an indication of_____. a. fast movement of air b. medium movement of air c. slow movement of air d. extremely fast movement of air 8. The voltage reading does not exceed _____. a. 250 V b. 260 V c. 270 V d. 280 V 9. The response of the human body to uncomfortable cold temperature in a controlled environment is called_____. a. rejoicing b. shivering c. fainting d. muscle cramps 10. The calibration of the velocimeter (swinging vane) for use in checking the duct temperature is_____. a. 68 °F b. 69 °F c. 70 °F d. 71 °F
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11. The magnetic field is directly proportional to the current; this means that______. a. when current passing through a conductor increases, the magnetic field also increases. b. when current passing through a conductor increases, the magnetic field decreases. c. when current passing through a conductor increases, nothing happens. d. when current passing through a conductor increases, the conductor will be magnetized. 12. The increase in the temperature of a substance is called _____. a. Temperature b. Heat c. Energy d. Humidity 13. The lowest temperature possible happens when _____. a. the atoms move fast b. the atom moves slowly c. the atom stops moving d. the temperature of a substance drops 45
14. Dissipating sensible heat from the human body to the environment is through radiation and _____. a. conduction b. convection c. perspiration d. reflection 15. When the metabolic heat generated by the body is dissipated to the environment through the skin by evaporation it is called_____. a. sensible heat b. heat c. latent heat d. temperature 16. The measure of the speed of motion of the atom is called_____. a. sensible heat b. heat c. latent heat d. temperature 17. Generally, the recommended indoor temperature for comfort cooling is_____. a. 20°C b. 21°C c. 22°C d. 23°C
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18. The part of the human body that is greatly affected by too much exposure to cold temperature is the _____. a. hand b. head c. leg d. face 19. How many minutes should you allow the propeller of the anemometer (rotating) when recording accurate air velocity? a. 1 min b. 2 mins c. 3 mins d. 4 mins 20. Which of the following is not allowed to touch the thermistor to secure accurate measurement of air velocity? a. Air b. Wind c. Moist d. Dust 46
Test II. Essay Directions: Discuss the effect of air temperature and air movement in an air-conditioned environment. Use cause and effect that have to be emphasized to avoid physiological effect on humans while conditioning the air. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Writing Rubrics Directions: The paper will be given one of three scores: P (10), A (8), or B (5). The presenter will present the paper with these descriptors in mind: Criteria Proficient
Descriptions Can easily complete process •
(10)
•
has no more than three minor errors (mechanics, word choice, sentence structure) delivers the message effectively.
Approaching
Needs some effort to complete process
(8)
•
DRAFT •
Beginning (5)
has four to seven minor errors (mechanics, word choice, sentence structure) captures message partially
Is not able to complete process • •
has more than seven errors (mechanics, word choice, sentence structure) does not capture message
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Quarter II
Time Allotment: 36 Hours
LESSON 2: INSTALL DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING UNIT. INTRODUCTION: This quarter contains information that are necessary to prepare the learners for today’s world of work. Included in this quarter is noise, its cause, and the materials that contribute to its production. The effect on comfortable feeling is likewise discussed to ensure that the learners consider the systematic identification of disturbing sounds that window-type air-conditioning can produce as well as the possible remedy to the problem. Installing, Testing, and Commissioning (ITC) are also discussed to serve as a valuable guide for the learners when inspecting the air-conditioning unit based on specifications. The guidelines used in making ITC report are correspondingly included to guarantee that the learners will be able to use a scientific approach in verifying and revealing deficiencies of the window-type air-conditioning unit.
LO 4: Conduct Performance Test on the Installation of Window Type Air-con • •
DRAFT
Inspect sounds and vibration based on unit specifications. Prepare installation, testing and commissioning (ITC) report
PRE-ASSESSMENT:
Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. Which of the following is not true about installation, testing, and commissioning? a. Quality air supply must be inspected. b. Performance deficiency must be revealed. c. Performance data must not be copied. d. Record of performance data can be a future reference. 2. The unwanted sound produced by the movement of an object is called_____. a. noise b. noise source c. noise amplifier d. noise absorbers 3. These are all the sounds present in an environment. a. Ambient Noise b. Impulsive Noise c. Transient Noise d. Noise Intrusion 48
4. It is defined as the rapid changes of air pressure. a. Decibel b. Sound Wave c. Sound Strength d. Vibration 5. It resonates through building materials and can cause headaches. a. Decibel b. Sound Wave c. Sound Strength d. Vibration
INFORMATION SHEET 2.1 Noise The unwanted sound that is produced by the movement of an object is what we call noise. Audible Vibration is a noise source that can come from grills or duct hangers, duct panels, cooling, or a fan mechanism. Hard and smooth surfaces may catch small vibrations which we call noise amplifiers. Examples of these are walls, ceilings, floors, and furnishings. Fabric covered furniture, drapes and curtains are noise absorbers. They reflect vibration at a frequency and direction that all parts of the controlled environment become uncomfortable. Pipes, doors, ducts, ceilings, and floors on one hand are rigid structures are noise carriers that can carry vibrations to places that contribute to discomfort in a controlled environment.
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Types of Noise Ambient Noise – It is the background sound which is present in a source location. This also refers to all the sounds present in an environment. Impulsive Noise – It is an unwanted sharp sound which consists of relatively short duration noise pulses that can either be a single sound peak or multiple sound pressure peaks. Switching noise from a switch or a click from a keyboard of a computer is an example of this. Transient Noise – It is noise that occurs less frequently but has a longer duration as compared to impulsive noise. An aircraft flying overhead or a vehicle passing by is an example of this. The noise from a damaged record or adverse radio transmission scratches is another example. Noise Intrusions - It is a noise that stands out far above all other sounds and they interrupt without warning. An acceleration of a noisy motorbike is an example of this.
Noise Measurement Increasing sound frequency will result in the increase of loudness (amplitude) of the sound because the human ear does not respond equally to all frequencies. 49
Decibel – is the unit used to indicate the intensity of a sound wave. A-weighted Decibel Scale (dBA) is used to measure sound (noise). Sound Wave – is the rapid changes of air pressure. Sound Strength – is the total amount of sound in decibel coming from the window airconditioning unit. Sound Pressure – is the strength in decibels of sound after it travels a specified distance. Vibration – resonates through building materials and can cause headaches and dizziness among humans.
Types of Noise Produced by a Window-Type Air-conditioning Unit • • • • •
During the operation, the fan hums. The internal parts or the case rattle and vibrate. Beeping sounds when you adjust the controls. The glass frame or window frame shakes and rattles where the window-type air-conditioning unit is installed. Since the window is no longer shut, the noise from the outdoor is no longer blocked.
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Sources of Noise Produced by Window-Type Air-conditioner Fan – When the air passes through the fan blade it produces sound that can be determined by the number of fan blades, fan speed and size, and the clearance between the fan and the cabinet. Compressor – The electrical part of the compressor produces sound as it works and the valves of its mechanical part produce noise as well. Unit Cabinet – The metal casing of the window-type air-conditioning unit vibrates during operation that produces noise.
Effects of Noise from a Window-Type Air-conditioner on Human Health A person’s ability to concentrate and perform is greatly affected by his environment. High level of background noise causes irritation and would later on lead to stress. Health impacts of noisy window-type air-conditioners are as follows: 1. Stress that could lead to headaches, fatigue, muscle tension, digestive disorders, stomach ulcer, digestive disorder and high blood pressure. 2. Interrupts quality sleep that is attained if the room has a 28-33 dBA. A typical window air-conditioning unit has 47-63 dBA that is why it is wise to buy a 47dBA unit because it is more quiet. 3. Interferes with speech that leaves us confused and annoyed. 50
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.1 Research and Investigate Indoor environmental noise has caught the attention of many health practitioners around the globe. It has been related to some sick building syndrome related illnesses. Directions: Interview the office workers, teachers and other professionals who work in an air-conditioned office space if they feel any kind of sickness while inside the workplace. You will be rated using the criteria below:
Rubrics for Term or Research Paper Qualities & Criteria Format/Layout (15%) • • •
Presentation of the text Structuring of text Requirements of length, font and style followed.
Poor (0-80) Followed poorly the requirements related to format and layout.
Good (80-90)
Excellent (90-100)
Followed, for the most part, all the requirements related to format and layout. Some requirements are not followed.
Closely followed all the requirements related to format and layout.
The essay was objective and for the most part addresses with an in depth analysis most of the issues referred in the proposed topic.
The essay was objective and addresses with an in depth analysis all the issues referred to in the proposed topic.
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Content/Information The essay was (50%) not objective and addresses • All elements of poorly the the topics are issues referred addressed to in the • The information proposed topic. is validated and The information realistic. was not • Information based on careful research necessary or insufficient. • Coherence of information
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The provided information was, for the most part, necessary and sufficient to discuss these issues.
The provided information was necessary and sufficient.
Quality of Writing (25%) • • •
The essay contains many Clarity of sentences spelling errors, grammatical and paragraphs errors and/or No errors and usage errors. spelling, grammar It lacks clarity and use of English and does not Organization and coherence of ideas present ideas in a coherent way.
References (10%) •
Soundness of references
References were not appropriately used and cited.
The essay was well written for the most part, without spelling, grammar or usage errors. The essay is for the most part well organized, clear and presents ideas in a coherent way.
The essay was well written from start to finish, without spelling, grammar or use of English errors. The essay was well organized, clear and presents ideas in a coherent way.
Most of the references were appropriately used and cited.
All of the references were appropriately used and cited.
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Rubrics for Oral Presentation
Advanced (Has no more than three minor errors)
1. Gave an interesting introduction 2. Presented clear explanation of topic. 3. Presented information in logical manner. 4. Used complete sentence 5. Offered a concluding summary 6. Spoke clearly, correctly, distinctly, and confidently 7. Maintained eye contact. 8. Maintained acceptable posture. 9. Utilized audio-visual aids 10. Handled questions and comments intelligently. Total Grand Total
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Proficient (Has four to seven errors)
Developing (Has more than seven errors)
Format of the Research Paper I. Title Page Write the heading of the school, the title of your research paper, your name, the name of your teacher and the date. II. Introduction Introduce your topic by giving the readers an idea of what the research is all about. III. Methods and Procedure Write the questions here that you used to gather the data, the number and profile (age, gender, work experience) of respondents. IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Write the result of your survey here. V. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations. Write the summary, conclusion and your recommendation based on your data collected here.
SELF-CHECK 2.1 Directions: Identify the word or group of words that best describes the statement. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
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_________ 1.It is the range of sound created by a window-type air-conditioning unit. _________ 2. It is the strength of decibel of sound after it travels a specified distance. _________ 3. It is a noise that stands out above all other sounds. _________ 4. It is all the sounds present in an environment. _________ 5. It is the unwanted sound produced by the movement of an object.
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INFORMATION SHEET 2.2 Minimizing Noise Created by a Window-Type Air-conditioning Unit Having a totally quiet air-conditioner is next to impossible because of its mechanical structure that creates movement; however we can minimize its level of noise to avoid irritation and annoyance.
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Fig. 2-1. Three Steps to Minimize Noise. These are the basic steps to have a window-type air-conditioning unit that is efficient, effective and has a bearable sound. A window-type air-conditioning unit that has 47 dBA produces less sound than a 63 dBA window air-con unit. Place a barrier or structure around the unit to avoid disturbing your neighbors. Do not install your unit facing the patio or bedroom window of your neighbor because these are noise sensitive areas. Disregarding proper location would result in Priority Boundary Noise, a noise that causes irritation to your neighbors that is frequently neglected when installing a window-type air-conditioning unit in our homes. It is proper that you check the parts of your unit to see if there are worn bearings, worn rubber mounting, a rattling metal case, and dirty or rusty fan blades because these would all produce an annoying sound if not properly checked and maintained.ll produce an annoying sound if not properly checked and maintained.
Characteristic of an Effective Barrier • • •
It is placed close to the window air-conditioner without restricting airflow to or from the unit. It has no gaps or cracks that would possibly allow sound to escape. It is located where house walls will not reflect the sound back over the top of the barrier. 54
Note: Sound absorbing materials can be used to cover the surface facing the unit if the sound is reflected back. Garden Shed – It is the simplest and most effective barrier structure.
Tips in Installing the Window-Type Air-conditioning Unit (Minimizing Noise and Avoiding Boundary Noise) 1. Check and follow the original installation procedures and pay attention to the gaskets. 2. Make sure that all compressor mounting parts are present and properly tightened. 3. Reposition the part that is shaking and hitting another part. 4. If the window frame is vibrating, fill the gap with foam or wooden shims. 5. Dirt makes the blade out of balance and prematurely wears out the bearing, which is why it is a must to keep it clean. 6. To secure the front panel, use tape or put a gasket. 7. Keep the air filters clean because accumulated dust clogs the air filter and causes extra pressure drop that leads to extra noise as the air passes through it. 8. All walls facing the unit should be solid. There should be no windows or other openings along the direction of sound wave propagation. 9. Put a partial barrier to reduce the noise of the unit. 10. If possible, the unit must be away from the neighbor’s outdoor living area or must be as far away as possible from the neighbor. 11. If the unit is installed too close to the neighbors’ property because of limited space, it should be quieter. 12. The unit should not be placed in front of the neighbors’ window. Radiated noise maybe transmitted through it. 13. Avoid locating the unit close to hard reflective surfaces, corners and multiple reflecting walls. 14. If the unit is old, replacement is the best option.
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ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2.1 Choose the Parts Directions: Visit all the offices and laboratories in your school that have an installed window air-conditioner units and complete the table below by marking the appropriate box with a tick mark ( ) once you have observed the given mechanical parts of a window-type air-conditioning unit. Procedure: Place your hand on top of the given parts of the installed window-type air-conditioning unit and part of the room while the units is operating and complete the table below with your observation.
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Name of Front Panel Laboratory/Office Ex. Principal’s Office Vibrating
Brackets Vibrating
Window Pane Not Vibrating
Air Duct Vibrating
Recommendation/s: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2.2 Observation of Air-conditioned Offices and Laboratories Directions: Visit all the offices and laboratories in your school that have an installed window-type air-conditioning unit and complete the table below by marking the appropriate box with a tick mark ( ) that corresponds to your observations while inside the room.
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Name of Laboratory/Office Ex. Office
There is a vibration in the installed unit
There is a loud sound coming from the air duct of the unit
Principal’s
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There is an annoying sound
The unit is silent while conditioning the air temperature
Recommendation/s: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.
SELF-CHECK 2.2.1 Directions: Complete the table below by answering the questions in each column. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
What did we do?
Why did we do it?
What did I learn today?
How can I apply it?
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What questions do I still have about it?
SELF-CHECK 2.2.2 Completion Type Test Directions: Based on the previous lessons, write the word or group of words that will make the sentences below complete. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. Audible vibration can be from the cooling unit, fan mechanism, ducting panel __________ or duct hangers. 2. The amount of unwanted__________ produced by the movement of an object is called noise. 3. When the structure is rigid, it can be a__________. 4. Noise amplifiers reflect vibrations at a __________ and direction that all parts of the space become uncomfortable. 5. Walls and ceilings can pick up small __________.
INFORMATION SHEET 2.3
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Installation, Testing, and Commissioning Report (ITC)
Prior to the installation of a window-type air-conditioning unit, the total quality of
the air supply must be inspected. Proper functioning of the window-type air-conditioning unit must be proved after installation through testing procedures and the results must be clearly documented.
Performance deficiency is revealed during inspection and is evaluated to
determine the cause counteractive measures maybe applied. Verification of the functional performance can be accomplished through proper documentation. A compilation containing the record of performance data of the entire installation process is a necessary reference for future operation and maintenance.
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Installation, Testing and Commissioning Report Form PROJECT INFORMATION Project Name:______________________________________________________ Building Occupancy Type :_____________Gross Floor Area:____________ Technician In-Charge:_______________________________________________
INSTALLATION CRITERIA Required Specification:______________________________________________ Installation Drawing:________________________________________________ Manufacturer’s Installation Requirements:___________________________ Special Installation Requirements (if any):____________________________
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
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Manufacturer:_______________________________________________________ Model number:______________________________________________________ Symbol/Designation in the Schematic Diagram:______________________ Required Tools • •
Multi-meter for electrical measurements Miscellaneous Hand Tools CHECKLIST ITEM
PHYSICAL INSTALLATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Air-Conditioning Unit Front Panel Housing Foam Brackets Screws Drain Pan Remote Control Air filters installed and clean
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Comments and Observations: ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________. DOCUMENTATION 1. Manufacturer’s product design data 2. Operation and Maintenance Manual 3. Manufacturer’s installation specifications Comments and Observations: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. ELECTRICAL 1. Fuse rating correct for connected equipment 2. Power available 3. Motor protection installed and functional 4. Control systems functional 5. Shielded wiring used on electronic controls Comments and Observations: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________.
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ACTIVITY SHEET 2.3 Research and Investigate
Directions: Investigate the current status of installed window-type air-conditioning units in your school using the ITC Form. Interview the supply officer or person incharge to check if he has records of regular inspection and history of the units. You will be rated using the criteria below:
Rubrics for Research Paper Qualities & Criteria Format/Layout (15%) • • •
Presentation of the text Structuring of text Requirements of length, font and style followed.
Poor (0-80) Followed poorly the requirements related to format and layout.
60
Good (80-90)
Excellent (90-100)
Followed, for the most part, all the requirements related to format and layout. Some requirements are not followed.
Closely followed all the requirements related to format and layout.
Content/Information The essay was (50%) not objective and addresses • All elements of poorly the the topics are issues referred addressed to in the • The information proposed topic. is validated and The information realistic. was not • Information based on careful research necessary or insufficient. • Coherence of
The essay was objective and for the most part addresses with an in depth analysis most of the issues referred in the proposed topic.
Quality of Writing (25%)
The essay was well written for the most part, without spelling, grammar or usage errors. The essay is for the most part well organized, clear and presents ideas in a coherent way.
The essay was well written from start to finish, without spelling, grammar or use of English errors. The essay was well organized, clear and presents ideas in a coherent way.
Most of the references were appropriately used and cited.
All of the references were appropriately used and cited.
information
• • •
The essay contains many Clarity of sentences spelling errors, grammatical and paragraphs errors and/or No errors and usage errors. spelling, grammar It lacks clarity and use of English and does not Organization and coherence of ideas present ideas in a coherent way.
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References (10%) •
The provided information was, for the most part, necessary and sufficient to discuss these issues.
Soundness of references
References were not appropriately used and cited.
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The essay was objective and addresses with an in depth analysis all the issues referred to in the proposed topic. The provided information was necessary and sufficient.
Rubrics for Oral Presentation Advanced (Has no more than three minor errors)
Proficient (Has four to seven errors)
Developing (Has more than seven errors)
1. Gave an interesting introduction. 2. Presented clear explanation of topic. 3. Presented information in logical manner. 4. Used complete sentence. 5. Offered a concluding summary. 6. Spoke clearly, correctly, distinctly, and confidently. 7. Maintained eye contact. 8. Maintained acceptable posture. 9. Utilized audio-visual aids. 10. Handled questions and comments intelligently. Total Grand Total
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Format of the Research Paper
I. Title Page Write the heading of the school, the title of your research paper, your name, the name of your teacher and the date. II. Introduction Introduce your topic by giving the readers an idea of what the research is all about. III. Methods and Procedure Write the questions here that you used to gather the data, the number and profile (age, gender, work experience) of the respondent. IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Write the result of your survey here. V. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations. Write the summary, conclusion and your recommendation based on your data collected here.
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SELF-CHECK 2.3 Jigsaw Group Directions: 1. Group yourselves into six (6) and wait to be assigned to do any one of the following: • Project Information Team • Installation Criteria Team • Equipment Description Team • Physical Installation Team • Documentation Team • Electrical Team 2. Each team member represents a component of the ITC Form. He is expected to master the parts assigned to him. 3. After ten (10) minutes, re-group yourselves so each new group has a member who discussed different sections of the form. 4. Each expert will share his work with the rest of the learners.
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SUMMATIVE TEST – QUARTER II Test I. Multiple Choices Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. Which of the following is not true about installation, testing, and commissioning? a. Quality air supply must be inspected. b. Performance deficiency must be revealed. c. Performance data must not be copied d. Record of performance data can be a future reference. 2. The unwanted sound produced by the movement of an object is called_____. a. Noise b. Noise source c. Noise amplifier d. Noise absorbers 3. These are all the sounds present in an environment. a. Ambient Noise b. Impulsive Noise c. Transient Noise d. Noise Intrusion
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4. It is characterized as the rapid changes of air pressure. a. Decibel b. Sound Wave c. Sound Strength d. Vibration 5. It resonates through building materials and can cause headaches. a. Decibel b. Sound Wave c. Sound Strength d. Vibration 6. It is the noise that can irritate your neighbor coming from the installed window air-conditioner unit in your house. a. Ambient Noise b. Impulsive Noise c. Boundary Noise d. Noise
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7. Which of the following is a noise sensitive area? a. Bedroom b. Kitchen c. Living Room d. Parking Lot 8. What is the decibel rating of a more quiet window airconditioner unit? a. 47 dBA b. 50 dBA c. 60 dBA d. 63 dBA 9. It is a source of noise that radiates noise because of its valves. a. Fan b. Compressor c. Metal Casing d. Brackets 10. It vibrates when the air-conditioning unit operates. a. Fan b. Compressor c. Metal Casing d. Brackets
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Test II. Modified True or False
Directions: On a separate answer sheet write capital letter T if your answer is true. If your answer is false, write capital letter F, choose the word or group of words that makes the statement incorrect and then write the correct word or group of word at the end of the statement to make the statement correct. Three (3) points each. 1. The total amount of sound in decibels coming from the window-type airconditioning unit is called sound strength. 2. The total strength of sound in decibels coming from the window-type airconditioning unit is called sound wave. 3. High level of background noise does not cause irritation and stress. 4. Installing the unit facing the patio of your neighbor is not recommended. 5. Locating the window-type air-conditioning unit close to corners must not be avoided. Test III. Listed below is the jumbled procedure for installing a window-type airconditioning unit. On a separate answer sheet, arrange the steps in the right order by writing the numbers from one (1) to five (5) on the space provided before each statement. ______Install condensate drains for a window-type air-conditioning unit. ______Survey area for installation. 65
______Install wiring outlet for a window-type air-conditioning unit. ______Install brackets, hangers, and frames for window-type air-conditioning units and install sealing materials on window-type air-conditioning unit ______Select an area for installation.
Quarter III
Time Allotment: 36 Hours
LESSON 3: SERVICE AND MAINTAIN WINDOW TYPE AIRCONDITIONING/DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR. INTRODUCTION: This quarter contains information that is necessary to prepare the learners for today’s world of work. Included in this quarter are the air filter and its type. The effect to negligence of the maintenance of air filter is likewise discussed to ensure that the learners consider the scheduled cleaning and maintenance of the window-type airconditioning unit air filter to avoid health hazards and improve the indoor air quality. Cleaning the air filter is also discussed to serve as a valuable guide for the learners while inspecting the air-conditioning unit based on specifications. The procedure in assembly and disassembly of the front panel is correspondingly included to guarantee that the learners will be able to perform a systematic approach in replacing a defective air filter of air-conditioning unit.
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LO 1: Clean and Replace Air Filter • • • •
Remove air filter from the unit Check air filter for damage or replacement Clean air filter Replace defective air filter in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications.
PRE-ASSESSMENT: Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. It is designed to be progressively dense as the air pass through it. a. Extended Surface Air Filters b. Fiberglass Filter Media c. Air Filter d. Steel Washable Air Filters 2. It is a filter that is permanent, washable, and used in commercial application. a. Extended Surface Air Filters b. Fiberglass Filter Media 66
c. Air Filter d. Steel Washable Air Filters 3. Which of the following is not true about cleaning the window air-conditioning unit air filter? a. Make sure that the unit is switched on. b. Do not raise the front intake grill higher than 90⁰. c. Clean the filter once a month. d. Re-fit the air filter to its guide after washing and drying. 4. The air filter should be checked and cleaned every _____. a. day b. week c. month d. year 5. It is a filter that uses fine media in the bags. a. Extended Air Surface Filter b. Steel Washable Air Filter c. Fiberglass Filter Media d. Bag-Type Air Filter
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INFORMATION SHEET 3.1 Filtering the Surrounding Air The surrounding air contains fine particles that are a result of human activities, combustion, and traffic and processes. Coarse particles are also present composed of natural dust from wind, erosion, plants and many more. Pollen, spores, living or dead bacteria, cigarette smoke, diesel fumes (potentially carcinogenic air pollutants) are airborne allergens that can cause serious allergy and disease. Positioning the window air-conditioning unit correctly can prevent drawing in local impurities; however, the best solution is to separate the impurities from the surrounding air. With the aide of air filters attached to the front panel of the window airconditioning unit, separating these impurities is possible. Although the air in a controlled environment has fewer impurities as compared to air in the outside environment, trapped particles in it can build up and can cause accumulation of frost. There is a possibility that these impurities will be inhaled by the occupants and cause the spread of disease. Hence, checking and cleaning the air filter should be done once a month to achieve better indoor air quality. Air filter - It is a device used for removing impurities, made of porous material that can strain small foreign particles from fluid/air.
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Types of Filters 1. 2. 3. 4.
Disposable Filter Permanent Washable Media Filters Electronic Air Filters Hybrid Models – it has electronic air cleaners with a disposable filter media.
Factors to Consider before Buying a New Air Filter Restriction to airflow, otherwise known as pressure drop, is affected by the free space of the air filter. There are two kinds of pressure drop: (1) initial pressure drop which is the resistance to airflow of brand new filter and (2) final pressure drop which is the point at which pressure is not going to be able to go any lower in the filter and, there is just to much restriction to airflow because the filter have accumulated dirt in it that is too thick. Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) is developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to identify how good the filters are at trapping and retaining small particles. The MERV rating ranges from 1-16. The higher the MERV rating, the smaller the size of the particle the air filter will trap. It also means that the air filter has less free area for the air to pass through. If the free area is less, it will lead to high resistance of airflow that will result in poor conditioning of the air. The MERV rating should not be too high to avoid improper airflow. The recommended MERV rating of the ASHRAE is six (6). Note: The air filter should be checked and cleaned on a monthly basis because when accumulated dirt on it is very thick, the window air-conditioning unit will have 68
to work longer and consequently consume more energy.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIR FILTERS USED IN WINDOW AIR-CONDITIONING 1. FIBERGLASS FILTER MEDIA These medium may be purchased in bulk or in frames. This material is usually an inch thick and coated with a special non-drying, non-toxic adhesive on each fiber. Filter material is designed so that it gets progressively dense as the air passes through it.
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Fig. 3.1 Fiberglass Filter Media. It i s designed to separate powdery dust from the air as it passes through it.
2. EXTENDED SURFACE AIR FILTERS Some applications do not permit the use of fiberglass as a filter medium or require a higher air velocity than fiberglass allows. Extended surface filters are made of nonwoven cotton, producing air-cleaning efficiency of up to three (3) times greater than fiberglass. This type of filter is often used in computer and electronic equipment rooms.
3. STEEL WASHABLE AIR FILTERS These filters are permanent and are meant to be washed rather than replaced. They are usually used in commercial applications such as in restaurants, hotels, and schools.
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Fig 3.3 – Steel Washable Filters remove medium to large dust particles.
4. BAG-TYPE AIR FILTERS This is another type of filter that produces greater filtering efficiency. These filters use fine fiberglass media within the bags and remove microscopic particles. These may be used in hospital operating rooms, electronic equipment assembly rooms, and computer equipment rooms.
DRAFT Fig 3.3 – Bag Type Filters are designed to separate dust particles from to dusty gases.
ACTIVITY SHEET 3.1 CLEANING THE AIR FILTER OF A WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONING UNIT Steps to follow: 1. Disconnect electrical power cord from the window type air conditioning unit.
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Caution: Make sure that the unit is switched off before you unplug the service cord. 2. Remove the front intake grill. Lift the front intake grills about 90 degrees and slide it slightly to the left to unhook the tabs.
Caution: Do not raise the front intake grill higher than 90⁰ to prevent damage to the unit. 3. Remove the air filter. Tilt and pull out the air filter by grasping the holder.
DRAFT 4. Clean the filters using a vacuum cleaner.
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NOTE: Clean the filters once a month. 5. Rinse the filters under running water and dry these completely. After drying, re-fit them correctly into their guides.
6. Attach the air filter to the front grill.
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SELF-CHECK 3.1.1 Cleaning the Air Filter Directions: Perform the task of cleaning the air filter of a window-type air conditioner. The teacher will observe you while you are cleaning, disassembling and assembling or replacing the air filter of an air-conditioning unit. Teacher’s Checklist
Acceptability Yes No
1. Selection and preparation of tools and materials to be used 2. Choice of method to be followed 3. Setting up of the workplace, tools, materials and equipment 4. Preparation of the work piece 5. Thoroughness in cleaning the air filter 6. Speed in completing the job (The job should be completed in 1 hour.) 7. Observation of safety precautions
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SELF-CHECK 3.1.2
Air Filter Maintenance Directions: 1. Visit school facilities that have an installed window air-conditioning unit. 2. Check the filter of the window type air-conditioning unit installed in each laboratory/room. 3. Determine if the air filters are regularly maintained or if they need to be replaced. 4. Record your observations in the table provided below by putting a tick mark ( ) in the Yes or No checkbox. Record as many as you can. Name of the Laboratory/Room
Air filter is well maintained Yes No
1. 2. 3. 73
Schedule of Cleaning
Remarks
4. 5. Recommendation/s: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – QUARTER III Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. It is designed to be progressively dense as the air pass through it. a. Extended Surface Air Filters b. Fiberglass Filter Media c. Air Filter d. Steel Washable Air Filters
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2. It is a filter that is permanent, washable, and used in commercial application. a. Extended Surface Air Filters b. Fiberglass Filter Media c. Air Filter d. Steel Washable Air Filters 3. Which of the following is not true about cleaning the window air-conditioning unit air filter? a. Make sure that the unit is switched on. b. Do not raise the front intake grill higher than 90⁰. c. Clean the filter once a month. d. Re-fit the air filter onto its guide after washing and drying. 4. The air filter should be checked and cleaned every _____. a. day b. week c. month d. year 5. It is a filter that uses fine media within the bags. a. Extended Air Surface Filter b. Steel Washable Air Filter c. Fiberglass Filter Media d. Bag-Type Air Filter
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6. What is the material that can separate impurities from the conditioned air? a. Air Filter b. Air vent c. Air duct d. Exhaust 7. The extended surface filters are made up of _____. a. silica b. nonwoven cotton c. fiberglass d. paper 8. Which of the following can be best used in operating rooms among hospitals? a. Steel Washable Air Filter b. Extended Surface Air Filter c. Bag Type Air Filters d. Fiberglass Filter Media 9. Which of the following is made up of nonwoven cotton, which is three times greater than Fiberglass? a. Steel Washable Air Filter b. Extended Surface Air Filter c. Bag Type Air Filters d. Fiberglass Filter Media
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10. It is a filter that is permanent and washable. a. Steel Washable Air Filter b. Extended Surface Air Filter c. Bag Type Air Filters d. Fiberglass Filter Media
11. The MERV rating must not be too high because_____. a. the air filter will be expensive b. the air filter cannot trap big particles c. the air filter will have high resistance to air flow d. the air filter will not be recommended by the ASHRAE 12. If the filter has less free area to screen dirt, it would result in__. a. high resistance to airflow leading to poor conditioning of the air. b. low resistance to airflow leading to good conditioning of the air. c. poor conditioning of the air leading to low resistance of airflow. d. good conditioning of the air leading to high resistance of airflow.
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13. Too much consumption of energy of the window air-conditioning unit can be attributed to a dirty filter because _____. a. the window air-conditioning unit will have to work lesser. b. the window air-conditioning unit will have to work longer. c. the window air-conditioning unit will experience high pressure. d. the window air-conditioning unit will experience low pressure. 14. The free space of the air filter affects the air flow because _____. a. the more free space, the more chances of air flow there will be. b. the less free space, the more chances of air flow there will be. c. more free space is present only to brand new filter. d. less free space is present among old air filters. 15. Extended surface air filters can be recommended if the air to be conditioned has high velocity because _____. a. it is better than fiberglass. b. it has an increased dust holding capacity. c. it is much cheaper than the other filters. d. it is easier to find in the market. Test II. Listed below are the jumbled procedures in cleaning the air filter of a window airconditioning unit. Arrange them according to the correct order by writing the numbers from one (1) to five (5). Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
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______Attach the air filter to the front grill.
______Remove the air filter, then tilt it up, and pull out the air filter by the holder and clean the filters using a vacuum cleaner. ______Disconnect electrical power cord from the window type air conditioning unit, remove the front intake grill, then pull up the front intake grill about 90 degrees and slide it slightly to the left to unhook the tabs. ______Rinse the filters under running water then let the filters dry completely. After drying the air filter, re-fit it correctly into their guides. ______Slide the front intake grill of the air filter slightly to the right to re-attach the tabs and then push it down to close tightly. Test III. Essay Directions: Discuss the effect of a dirty air filter on airflow inside the conditioned room and its effect on the motor compressor. Use a cause and effect technique when explaining your answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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Writing Rubrics Directions: The paper will be given one of the three scores: P (10), A (8), or B (5). The presenter will present the paper with these descriptors in mind: Criteria Proficient (10)
Descriptions Can easily complete process •
Approaching
has no more than three minor errors (mechanics, word choice, sentence structure) • delivers message efficiently Take some effort to complete process
(8)
•
Beginning
has four to seven minor errors (mechanics, word choice, sentence structure) • captures message partially Cannot complete process
(5)
• •
has more than seven errors (mechanics, word choice, sentence structure) does not capture message
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Quarter IV
Time Allotment: 36 Hours
LESSON 4: SERVICE AND MAINTAIN WINDOW TYPE AIRCONDITIONING/DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR UNITS INTRODUCTION: This quarter contains information that are necessary to prepare the learners for today’s world of work. Included in this quarter is the process of cleaning the finned evaporator using pressurized water. Cleaning the condenser is likewise discussed to ensure that the learners consider the standard operating procedure in maintaining the mechanical parts of the window air-conditioning unit. Straightening bent fins, servicing a clogged evaporator and condenser is likewise discussed based on standard operating procedures. Cleaning the evaporator and condenser coils with the aid of non-corrosive chemicals is also included to guarantee that the learners will be able to service the window air-conditioning unit based on standard operating procedures.
LO 2: Service Evaporator and Condenser • • •
Select tools in dismantling the evaporator/condensing unit per standard operating procedures (SOPs). Use a high pressure washer for cleaning the evaporator/condensing coil based on standard operating procedures. Repair defective evaporator/condenser coil fins in accordance with 77
•
manufacturer’s specifications. Apply a cleaning agent or a non-corrosive chemical in cleaning and maintaining the evaporator/condensing coil, fins and other body accessories as per standard operating procedures (SOPs).
PRE-ASSESSMENT: Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. It acts as a heat absorber by refrigerant absorption. a. Evaporator b. Condenser c. Motor Compressor d. Heat Exchanger 2. The regular pressure of the air compressor when pressure cleaning the evaporator is _____. a. 4.90 kg/cm b. 5.90 kg/cm c. 6.90 kg/cm d. 7.90 kg/cm
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3. Spraying at an angle is prohibited because _____. a. the sprayer becomes inefficient. b. it can bend the evaporator fins. c. it will damage the sprayer nozzle. d. the sprayer can add more dirt. 4. If the air compressor, soap, and water spray fail to clean the evaporator, we can use _____. a. water b. steam jet c. water and dish washing liquid d. sprayer 5. Bent fins can be straightened using a ______. a. wide nose pliers b. long nose pliers c. side cutting pliers d. hands
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INFORMATION SHEET 4.1 Cleaning the Evaporator and Condenser Coils Evaporator An evaporator acts as a heating absorber by refrigerant absorption. The evaporator used in this cooling system is the finned type made of aluminum materials.
Condenser The device used to liquefy gas by cooling is called a condenser. It dissipates heat within the air-conditioned room. Cleaning the condenser on a regular basis is a must because a dirty condenser can cause high pressure in the compressor.
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1.1 CLEANING THE FINNED EVAPORATOR USING PRESSURE WASHING PROCEDURES:
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1. Dirt insulates the condenser and evaporator, thus hampering the heat transfer. The fins and coil of the condenser/evaporator must be cleaned so that the airflow through the coils will not be insulated from the fin or plate area and there will be efficient transfer of heat.
2. Set the pressure regularly of the air compressor, nitrogen or carbon dioxide at 6.90 kg/cm by turning the pressure regulator valve handle clockwise, as shown by the arrow in the picture.
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3. Slowly work the compressor spray up and down the fins. 4. Direct the sprayer nozzle to the evaporator so that it is parallel to the fins. Do not spray at an angle to the fins because the fins could be bent and this may cause damage to the coil.
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5. Bring the hose nozzle up following a vertical angle with the fins and then across about 2.54 cm. then bring the nozzle down.
6. Keep repeating the spraying pattern until the entire coil is cleaned. 7. If the air compressor, soap and water spray fail to clean the evaporator thoroughly, a portable stream cleaner may be used. The stream jet should be sprayed with the same technique as the spray compressor. The fins may be bent slightly but they can be easily straightened with wide-nosed pliers.
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ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1.2 CLEANING THE CONDENSER Procedures: 1. Remove the window-type air-conditioning unit from the cabinet. (CAUTION: Always ask for help when lifting heavy objects.) 2. Set the window-type air-conditioning unit close to a floor drain or outside the room.
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3. Wrap the fan motor with a plastic bag. (NOTE: Water may ruin the fan motor.) 4. Remove screws that hold the condenser to fan shroud. 5. Carefully swing the condenser out. (CAUTION: Do not swing the condenser to avoid kinking or breaking the refrigerant lines.) 6. Spray degreasing solvent onto the condenser. 7. Give the solvent time to work. 8. Attach the water hose to a hydrant. (NOTE: If using hot water, be sure the hose is designed for use with hot water. 9. Attach the sprayer nozzle to a water hose. 10. Spray condenser with water hose. 11. Tilt the window-type air-conditioner sideways so that water will run out. 12. Remove plastic bag from fan motor. 13. Dry all electrical components with a shop towel. 81
14. Carefully move condenser back into its proper position. 15. Attach screws which hold the condenser to the shroud. 16. Have the instructor check the unit or housing. 17. Place the window-type air-conditioner in the cabinet. 18. Clean up tools and materials.
SELF-CHECK 4.1 Cleaning the Evaporator and Condenser Directions: Perform the task of cleaning of evaporator and condenser of a window type air conditioning unit. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: Unit of competency
Point System (100 pts)
Raw Deduction
Raw Score
Total Score
1. Handling/use of tools, instrument , materials, and equipment (Application) 2. Cleaning process 3. Applied safety techniques in cleaning condenser and evaporator coils 4. Speed
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Note: Two (2) points will be deducted for every mistake/error made during the performance assessment
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1.3 Straightening Bent Fins Airflow blockage through the coil is caused by bent fins. Bent fins may be straightened using a fin comb or wide-nosed pliers, as shown below.
Procedures: 1. Insert the wide-nose pliers to the bent fins. 82
2. Press the wide nose pliers slightly until you see that fins straightened.
DRAFT 3. Repeat steps one and two until bent fins are completely straightened.
SELF-CHECK 4.2 83
Straightening Bent Fins with the Wide Nose Plier Directions: Perform straightening bent fins using the listed tools, equipment and materials in AC circuit installation. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: Unit of competency
Point System (100 points)
Raw Deductions
Total Deductions
Total Score
Safety use of tools, equipment, and materials (20 Points) Straightening Process (50 Points) Applied safety techniques while straightening the fins (10 Points) Speed (20 Points)
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Note: Two points will be deducted for every mistake or error made during the Performance Assessment.
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1.4 Servicing Clog Condenser and Evaporator Even if the tube is quite large, it is not immune to clog-up. As we have learned, a long period of exposure to atmospheric pressure can cause a problem. If a portion of the tube is in trouble, its effects are the lack of cooling in the evaporator and lack of heating of the condenser.
The best remedy is to flush the condenser.
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Procedure: 1. Cut the condenser from the unit. 2. Adapt a flare nut and union at one end. 3. Use compress air or a refrigerant to push out all foreign matter. Use lacquer thinner as a cleaning solvent to drive out all dirt or rust. 4. After you have cleaned the tubing and silver brazed it properly, proceed to vacuuming, leak testing and recharging. NOTE: Follow the same procedure for the evaporator if needed.
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Directions: Listed below are jumbled procedures in servicing a clogged condenser. Arrange them in proper order by writing numbers from one (1) to five (5) on the space provided before each procedure. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ______After you have cleaned the tubing and silver brazed it properly, proceed to vacuuming, leak testing, and recharging. ______Unplug the window air-conditioning unit and remove all electrical parts. ______Now you can cut the condenser from the unit. ______Use compress air or a refrigerant to push out all foreign matter. Use lacquer thinner as a cleaning solvent to dissolve all dirt or rust. ______Adapt a flare nut and union at one end.
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1.5 85
Servicing a Leaky Evaporator and Condenser A Leak is a minor problem but it is not easy to locate it. There are many ways of spotting leaks which are easy and affordable. New leaks can be located by using a trace of spilled oil on the tube system because this flows together with the leaking refrigerant. If the leak happened a long time ago no trace can be seen. In this case, cut the unit from the tube system and adapt a fitting to join the hose to the service tank. Then, seal the other end of the tube and apply pressure of about 50 psi. Dip the evaporator in a bucket of clear water and watch out for bubbles. Mark all the spots and silver braze them properly. If the leak is the result of rusting that pops up one after the other, better replace the tube with a new one. NEVER USE EPOXY TO PATCH LEAKS. It may not withstand the pressure and temperature. When everything is done, go on with vacuuming and recharging.
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SELF-CHECK 4.4 86
Flushing Directions: Perform the task of flushing of clogged condenser/evaporator unit. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: Unit of competency
1.
2. 3.
4.
Point System (100 pts) Handling of instrument, 20 materials, and equipment (Application) Cleaning process 50 Applied safety techniques 20 in cleaning condenser and evaporator coils Speed 10
Raw Deduction
Raw Score
Total Score
Note: Two (2) points will be deducted for every mistake/error made during the performance assessment
ACTIVITY SHEET 4.1.6
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Applying Lye on Evaporator Fins and Condenser Coils A mixture of water and lye, which is strong liquor rich in potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes and used especially for making soap and for washing, can be used to clean the evaporator and condenser coils. Procedures: 1. Remove all the electrical parts of the window air-conditioning unit 2. Mix a can of lye and a quarter gallon of water in a plastic container. 3. Pour the mixture over the cooling fins of the evaporator and on the condenser coils. Note: After few applications, you will notice the formation of foam accompanied by fumes. Avoid inhaling the fumes because this will damage your respiratory system. 4. Apply the mixture for about two (2) to three (3) times. 5. Rinse it with pressurized water.
Safety Precautions 1. 2. 3. 4.
Avoid direct contact with lye on any part of the body. Do not inhale the fumes produced by the lye mixture. Avoid direct contact with the foam produced by the lye mixture. Rinse immediately the body part that has made direct contact with the chemical if the case arises. 87
SELF-CHECK 4.5 Cleaning the Condenser/Evaporator Coil with Lye Solution Directions: Perform the procedure for cleaning the condenser/evaporator unit using LYE.
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Unit of competency
1.
2. 3.
4.
Point System (100 pts) Handling of instrument, 20 materials, and equipment (Application) Cleaning process 50 Applied safety techniques 20 in cleaning condenser and evaporator coils Speed 10
Raw Deduction
Raw Score
Total Score
Note: Two (2) points will be deducted for every mistake/error made during the performance assessment
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – QUARTER IV 88
Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. 1. It acts as a heat absorber by refrigerant absorption. a. Evaporator b. Condenser c. Motor Compressor d. Heat Exchanger 2. The regular pressure of the air compressor when pressure cleaning the evaporator is _____. a. 4.90 kg/cm b. 5.90 kg/cm c. 6.90 kg/cm d. 7.90 kg/cm 3. Spraying at an angle is prohibited because _____. a. the sprayer becomes inefficient. b. it can bend the evaporator fins. c. it will damage the sprayer nozzle. d. the sprayer can add more dirt.
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4. If the air compressor, soap, and water spray fail to clean the evaporator, we can use _____. a. water b. steam jet c. water and dishwashing liquid d. sprayer 5. Bent fins cab be straightened using ______. a. wide hose pliers b. long hose pliers c. side cutting pliers d. hands 6. It insulates the condenser and evaporator; as a result, it hinders heat transfer. a. Dirt b. Air c. Pressure d. Algae
7. The best remedy to a clogged-up condenser and evaporator is _____. 89
a. b. c. d.
heating cleaning flushing bending
8. The cleaning solvent used to dissolve dirt and rust is _____. a. muriatic acid b. kerosene c. lacquer thinner d. water 9. Lye and water should be mixed in a _____. a. metal container b. glass container c. plastic container d. fiberglass container 10. After pouring the mixture of lye and water on the condenser and evaporator, fumes will soon be observed. The fumes should be avoided because_____. a. it will damage the respiratory system. b. it will damage the nervous system. c. it will damage the skeletal system. d. it will damage the heart.
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11. Epoxy is not allowed for patching leaks because_____. a. it will leave a mark b. it will be an eyesore c. it will not withstand the pressure and temperature d. it will clog the system 12. A condenser is suspected to have leaks but no trace of spilled oil is noticeable because_____. a. it is only the refrigerant that will leak b. the leak happened a long time ago c. there is no oil in the tube system d. the oil is present only in the compressor 13. If the leak is a result of rusting that pops up one after the other, the best solution is to_____. a. patch the leak with epoxy b. silver braze the tube with leak c. replace the tube with a new one d. replace the entire tube system
14. Even a rather large tube system cannot avoid encountering clogging 90
because_____. a. it is still made up of metal b. it is exposed to atmospheric pressure c. it is exposed to water d. it is not designed to last a century 15. If a portion of the tube system is in trouble, this will result in improper cooling in the evaporator and improper heating of the condenser because_____. a. the compressor will not function properly b. the atmospheric pressure influences the problem c. the refrigerant supply inside the two tube system will be less than the requirement, and this will affect the pressure cycle d. the refrigerant supply inside the two tube system will exceed the requirement and this will affect the pressure cycle 16. Cleaning the fins regularly is important because_____. a. efficient heat transfer will be observed and would result in efficient air conditioning. b. inefficient heat transfer will be observed and would result in inefficient air conditioning. c. dirt insulates the condenser and evaporator d. cleaning the fins will cause air obstruction
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17. Cleaning the condenser on a regular basis is important otherwise_____. a. it will develop rust if cleaning is done irregularly b. it will cause high pressure in the compressor c. it will cause high pressure in the condenser d. it will cause high pressure in the evaporator 18. We apply pressurized water to the condenser and evaporator fins in a vertical manner to avoid_____. a. clogging in the tube system b. too much pressure on the fins c. bending the fins d. improper removal of dirt 19. Cleaning the evaporator may require you to wrap the fan motor with plastic bag to ______________. a. protect the fan motor from being dirty b. prevent water from damaging the fan motor c. make the task faster d. avoid cause the development of rust in the fan motor
20. Bent fins must be avoided especially in the evaporator coils because_____. 91
a. b. c. d.
they are unpleasant to look at they will accumulate dirt this may damage the coil this will lead to longer period of cleaning time
Test II. Jose believes that the evaporator of his room air-conditioner is icing. Identify the five (5) symptoms that will confirm the guess of Jose. Choose from the pool of answer below. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. • • • • • • • • •
Clean the air filter or replace it. The air filter is clogged or dirty. Lack of refrigerant Check for fan temperature or terminal resistance; repair or replace. Check the room temperature and if it drops below 70⁰F, the evaporator may have frost. Room temperature is within low temperature. Check the outside room temperature. Check for leak; re-charge the system. Evaporator fan is tripping or defective.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
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Test III. Directions: Listed below are the jumbled procedures for applying lye on the evaporator fins. Arrange them in proper order by writing numbers from one (1) to five (5) on the space provided before each procedure. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ______Pour the mixture over the cooling fins of the evaporator and on the condenser coils. ______Remove all the electrical parts of the window air-conditioning unit. ______Apply the mixture for about two (2) to three (3) times. ______Mix a can of lye and a quarter gallon of water in a plastic container. ______Rinse it with pressurized water.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS 92
Absolute Zero Temperature – It is the lowest temperature possible. Air filter - It is a device used for removing dust particles made of porous material that can strain small foreign particles from a fluid/air. Ambient Noise – It is the background sound which is present in a source location. Anemometer (Hot Wire) - It has a flexible telescoping probe that has an air sensor. Its operation depends upon the cooling effect of air flowing over an electrically heated wire. Anemometer (Rotating) - It has a small propeller that is attached to it that revolves as the air flows past the blades. Bag-Type Air Filters - These filters use fine fiberglass media within the bags and remove microscopic particles. Clamp ammeter - It is an Alternating Current measuring instrument. Comfortable Temperatures – It is the absence of the sensation of either warmth or coldness.
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Condenser – It is a device used to liquefy gas by cooling. Decibel – It is the unit used to indicate the intensity of a sound wave. A-weighted Decibel Scale (dBA) is used to measure sound (noise). Evaporator – It acts as a heating absorber by refrigerant absorption. Extended Surface Filters – These are made of nonwoven cotton, producing air-cleaning efficiency of up to three (3) times greater than fiberglass. Fiberglass Filter Media - This material is usually an inch thick and coated with a special non-drying, non-toxic adhesive on each fiber. Flushing – The process of removing clog inside the tube system using high pressured gas. Heat – It is increase in the temperature of a substance. Impulsive Noise – It is an unwanted sharp sound which consists of relatively short duration noise pulses that can either be a single sound peak or multiple sound pressure peaks. Latent Heat - It is the metabolic heat generated in the body that is dissipated to the environment through the skin by evaporation. Lye - It is strong liquor rich in potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes and used especially in making soap and for washing. Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) - is developed by the American 93
Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers to identify how good the filters are at trapping and retaining small particles. Noise – It is the unwanted sound that is produced by the movement of an object. Noise Amplifier – This consists of hard and smooth surfaces that may catch small vibrations. Noise Carriers – These are rigid structures that can carry vibrations to places. Noise Intrusions - It is a noise that stands out far above all other sounds and interrupts without warning. Pressure Drop – It is the restriction to airflow. Priority Boundary Noise - is a noise that causes irritation to our neighbors. Sensible Heat – It is characterized as the warming of the inhaled air. Shivering – It the defense mechanism of the human body that indicates that the temperature is very cold and uncomfortable. Sound Pressure – is the strength in decibels of sound after it travels a specified distance.
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Sound Strength – is the total amount of sound in decibel coming from the window air-con unit. Sound Wave – the rapid changes of air pressure.
Steel Washable Air Filters - these filters are permanent and are washed rather than replaced. Temperature – It is the measure of the speed of motion of the atom. Thermometer – It is the instrument used to measure the temperature of a substance including air. Transient Noise – It is a noise that occurs less frequently but has a longer duration as compared to impulsive noise. Velocimeter (Swinging Vane) - It is used to measure air duct velocities. Vibration – It resonates through building materials and can cause headaches and dizziness among humans. Voltmeter - It is an instrument used to measure supply voltage in a power source. Wind-Chill – It is the uncomfortable feeling that humans experience when exposed to fast moving air.
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REFERENCES Agpaoa, Feliciano C. Interior and Exterior Wiring and Troubleshooting, 1980. Althouse/Turnquist/Bracciano. Modern refrigeration and air conditioning, 2000. Cabangon, Joy Job. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning troubleshooting guide, 1996. Garupa and Mangilinan. How to Repair Ref and Freezers, First Edition 1998. Garupa Melchor. Refrigerator and Window-Type Air-conditioning specialist book 1-4, 1996. Strengthen Technical Vocational Education Program/Competency Based Learning Module.
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