jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

Download From WWW.SARKARIEXAMHELP.COM

jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx izkjfEHkd ijh{kk lkekU; Kku vkSj lkekU; foKku (jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] dyk]laLd`fr] ijEijk ,oa fojklr)

jktLFkku dh dyk ikB~;Øe dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

1

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fp=kdyk jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk ds varxZr viuk Lora=k vfLrRo j[krh gSS vkSj Hkkjrh; dyk ds bfrgkl esa Hkh bldk viuk fof'k"V LFkku gSA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dks dsoy jktiwr 'kSyh ;k fgUnw 'kSyh dh laKk nsuk mfpr ugha gS oju~ ;g vusd 'kSfy;ksa dk lefUor :i gSA jktLFkku esa çkxSfrgkfld dky ls gh fp=kdkjjh gksrh jgh gSA ftlds lk{; pEcy unh ?kkVh {ks=k esa rFkk {ks=kksa dh igkfM+;ksa ds 'kSykJ;ksa esa fp=kkadu ds :i esa miyC/ gq, gSaA gM+Iik ;qxhu dkyhckaxk ,oa rkez;qxhu vgkM+ iqjkLFkyksa ds mR[kuu ls çkIr e`nik=kksa ij dh xbZ fp=kdyk mYys[kuh; gSA çkphu dky esa iksfFk;k¡ ys[ku ds lkFk fpf=kr Hkh dh tkrh jgh gSA ;g dk;Z Hkksti=kksa ,oa rkM+i=kksa ij fd;k tkrk FkkA bu i=kksa es Nsn dj xzafFkr djus ds dkj.k bUgsa xzaFk dgk tkrk FkkA bl çdkj ds vusd xzaFk vkt Hkh tSu Hk.Mkjksa ,oa laxzky;ksa es lqjf{kr gSA tSlyesj ds Hk.Mkjksa es 1060 bZ- ds nks xazFk ^^vks/ fu;qfDr o`fÙk** ,oa ^^n'k oSdkfydk lw=k pwf.kZ** bl dyk ds nhi LrEHk gSA buesa dkenso] gkFkh] y{eh vkfn dk dykRed vdu çfrgkj dkyhu dyk ds egRoiw.kZ lk{; gS 17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh es jktLFkku esa esokM+] ekjokM+] cwUnh] dksVk] fljksgh] tSlyesj] t;iqj vkfn jkT;ksa es fp=kdyk dh ubZ 'kSfy;k¡ fodflr gqbZA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ^^jktLFkkuh fp=k 'kSyh fo'kq¼ :i ls Hkkjrh; gS**& ,slk er Jh ykjsUl fofu;e us Li"V :i ls çdV fd;k gSA jktLFkkuh 'kSyh dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk;sa fuEufyf[kr gS& & çkphurk& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dk bfrgkl vfr çkphu gSA vkjafHkd bfrgkl ls gh çkIr çek.kksa esa lw;Z] pk¡n] i'kqifr] igkM+] xzke o çÑfr vkfn ds fp=k feyrs gSA & Hkkjrh;rk& ;g fo'kq¼ Hkkjrh; 'kSyh gS vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dh Nki blds çR;sd fp=k es ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA & dykRedrk& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk ls dykRedrk dh >yd feyrh gS D;ksfd bldh 'kSyh esa vtUrk 'kSyh dk leUo; gSA eè;dky es eqxy 'kSyh ds lfEeJ.k us bls ,d u;k :i fn;kA & jax oSf'k"V;& jktLFkku fp=kdyk esa jaxksa dk tknw fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA yky] ihyk] 'osr ,oa gjk bl 'kSyh ds çeq[k jax gS ftuds leUo; ls fp=kdkjksa us fp=kksa dks vuwBk cuk fn;k gSA pVdhys] pednkj vkSj nhfIr;qDr jaxksa dk la;kstu 'kSyh es fof'k"V gSA & yksd thou dk lkfuè;& fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh ijEijk es fodflr jktLFkkuh vYgM+rk vkSj fo"k;oLrq ds p;u es yksd thou dh Hkkoukvksa dk ckgqY; gSA & Hkko&çojrk dk çkpqZ;& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk jl&ç/ku gSA Hkkoukvksa o HkfDr vkSj J`axkj rFkk jk/kÑ".k dh ek/q;Z Hkkouk dk ltho fp=k.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA & fo"k; oLrq dk oSfoè;& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk fo"k; dh n`f"V ls vR;f/d foLr`r gSA jk/kÑ".k dh fofHk yhykvksa] jkedFkk] egkHkkjr vkSj Hkkxor iqjk.k dh fofHk dFkk;sa] uk;d ukf;dk] Hksn] jkx&jkfxuh] ckjg&eklk] ½rqo.kZu] njckjh thou] mRlo] f'kdkj] jktk jkfu;ks dk fp=kkadu] yksd dFkk;sa vkfn vla[; fo"k;ks ij jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk vk/kfjr gS dkO; dk fp=k.k bl 'kSyh dh viuh futh fo'ks"krk gSA jktLFkku es fo"k;ksa dks ysdj brus fp=k miyC/ gS fd os lHkh ,d thfor lalkj çLrqr djrs gSA & ns'kdky dh vuq:irk& jktiwr lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr rFkk rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr dk fp=k.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk es fd;k x;k gSA nqxZ] çklkn] gosfy;k¡] njckj vkfn dk jktiwrh oSHko ,o HkfDr dky vkSj jhfr dky dk ltho fp=k.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk es gh Ikk;k tkrk gSA & çkÑfrd ifjos'k dh vuq:irk& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk eas çkÑfrd ljksoj] ou&miou] isM+&ikS/s] iQwy&ifÙk;k¡] if{k;ks ls Hkjs gq, fudqat] e`x] e;wj] flag] gkFkh vkfn dk ltho fp=kkadu fd;k x;k gSA & ukjh lkSn;Z& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk 'kSyh es ukjh lqUnjrk dh [kku gSA Hkkjrh; ukjh ds vkn'kZ lkSn;Z dh mles iwjh NVk gSA jktLFkku fp=kdyk us Hkkjrh; ukjh ds lkSn;Z dks mHkkjus es viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ukf;dkvksa ds vkHkw"k.k] vax çR;ax] ukfldk vkSj us=kks ds vadu vR;Ur dykiw.kZ fpf=kr gq, gSA mijksDr fooj.kksa ds vk/kj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktLFkku fp=kdyk ek/q;Z ls vksr&çksr dyk gSA fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

2

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh 'kSfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k jktLFkkuh fp=k'kSyh dk lcls igyk oSKkfud foHkktu 1916 bZ- es Jh vkuan dqekj Lokeh us viuh iqLrd ^jktiwr isafVXl es fd;kA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh 'kSfy;ksa dks HkkSxksfyd] lkaLÑfrd vk/kj ij pkj çeq[k Ldwyksa es oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA& esokM+ Ldwy mn;iqj ukFk}kjk nsox<+ pko.M+

ekjokM+ Ldwy tks/iqj chdkusj fd'kux<+ tSlyesj vtesj ukxkSj


gkM+kSrh Ldwy cw¡nh dksVk nqxkjh

esokM+ Ldwy jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dk çkjaHk tSu] viHkza'k] ekyo vkfn dykvksa ds lkeatL; ls ekuk tkrk gSA jktLFkkuh fp=k'kSyh dh ewy 'kSyh esokM+ fp=k'kSyh dks ekuk tkrk gSA esokM+ Ldwy esa fp=kdyk dks fodflr djus dk Js; ^egkjk.kk dqaHkk* dks tkrk gSA esokM+ fp=k 'kSyh dk çFke fpf=kr xzaFk 1260 bZ- dk ^Jkod&çfrØe.k lw=k pwf.kZ* dks ekuk tkrk gS f}rh; fpf=kr xzUFk* lqiklukgpfjr* gS ftlesa Lo.kZ pw.kZ dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk ds esokM+ Ldwy dks fo}kuksa }kjk pkj 'kSfy;ksa es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& mn;iqj

ukFk}kjk mi'kSyh

nsox<+ mi'kSyh

pko.M'kSyh

mn;iqj (esokM+) mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xazFk

& egkjk.kk txr flag çFkeA & egkjk.kk rstflag ds dky esa jfpr ^Jkod çfrØe.k lw=k pwf.kZ ,oa lqiklukgpfjr*] xhr xksfoan vk[;kf;dk] ^jkek;.k 'kwdj* vkfnA 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & lkfgcnhu] euksgj] Ñikjke] mejk] xaxkjke] HkSjksjke] f'konÙk vkfnA 4. çeq[k jax & ihyk ,oa yky jaxA 5. çeq[k vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & xBhyk 'kjhj] yEch ew¡Nsa] NksVk dn] fo'kky u;u] flj ij ixM+h] dej esa iVdk] yack ?ksjnkj tkek] dkuka es eksrhA 6. ukjh vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & ehukÑr vk¡[ks] x:M+ lh yach ukd] fBxuk dn] yEch os.kh] ygaxk ,oa ikjn'kZd vks<+uhA 7. fo'ks"k rF; & egkjk.kk vejflag çFke ds le; rks esokM+ 'kSyh ij eqxy çHkko yxkA & esokM+ 'kSyh ij xqtZj o tSu 'kSyh dk lokZf/d çHkko gSA & esokM+ fp=k'kSyh es ckny ;qDr uhyk vkdk'k] dnaac ds o`{k] gkFkh] dks;y] lkjl ,oa eNfy;ksa dk fp=k.k vf/d feyrk gSA & egkjk.kk txrflag çFke us jktegy es ^fprsjks dh vksojh* uke ls dyk fo|ky; LFkkfir djok;k ftls ^rLohjka jks dkj[kkuksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ukFk}kjk mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjk.kk jktflagA 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk & Ñ".k yhyk] JhukFk th ds foxzg] Xoky&cky] xksfi;ksa vkfn ds fp=k çeq[kr% feyrs gSA 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & ukjk;.k] prqHkqZt] ?kklhjke] mn;jke] jsok 'kadj ,oa deyk rFkk byk;ph (efgyk fp=kdkj)A 4. çeq[k jax & gjk ,oa ihykA 5. iq:"k vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & iq:"kksa es iq"V dysoj] uan ,oa ckyxksikyksa dks Hkkoiw.kZ fp=k.kA 6. ukjh vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & NksVk dn] frjNh ,oa pdksj ds leku vk¡[ks] 'kkjhfjd LFkwyrk ,oa Hkkoksa es okRlY; dh >ydA 7. fo'ks"k rF; & bl fp=k'kSyh es fiNokbZ ,oa fHkÙkh fp=k.k çeq[k gSA & bl fp=k'kSyh es xk;] dsys ds o`{kksa dks ç/kurk nh xbZ gSA nsox<+ mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k fo"k; & f'kdkj ds n`';] jktlh BkV&ckV] J`axkj] çkÑfrd n`';A 2. çeq[k fp=kdkj & d¡oyk] pks[kk] cStukFkA 3. çeq[k jax & ihys jaxksa dk ckgqY;A fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

3

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

4. fo'ks"k rF;

& ;g 'kSyh ekjokM+] t;iqj o esokM+ dh lefUor 'kSyh gSA & bl 'kSyh dks loZçFke MkW- Jh/j va/kjs us çdkf'kr fd;kA & egkjk.kk t;flag ds le; jkor }kfjdk nkl pwaMkor us nsox<+ fBdkuk (jktlean) 1680 bZ- es LFkkfir fd;k rnqijkUr nsox<+ 'kSyh dk tUe gqvkA

pko.M mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld 2. çeq[k fp=kdkj 3. çeq[k fpf=kr xazFk

& egkjk.kk çrki ,oa egkjktk vejflagA & ulhjnh (fulkjnh)A & ^jaxekyk*

ekjokM+ Ldwy jktLFkku fp=k'kkyk ds ekjokM+ Ldwy dks fuEufyf[kr fp=k mi'kSfy;ksa es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& Tkks/iqj tks/iqj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj 4. çeq[k jax 5. iq:"k vkÑfr 6. ukjh vkÑfr 7. fo'ks"k rF;

fp=k

& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &

chdkusj

fd'kux<+

tSlyesj

vtesj

ukxkSj

egkjktk tloar flag ,oa egkjktk ekuflagA ^lwjlkxj* o ^jfldfç;k* ij vk/kfjr ^nqxkZ lIrjkuh*A ukjk;.knkl] vejnkl] fc'kunkl] f'konkl] jru th HkkVhA ihykA /uq"k ds leku cM+h vk¡[ks] ?kuh nk<+h&ewNsa] yack o xBhyk cnu] eksVh xnZu] Å¡ph ixM+h] rqjkZ dyaxh] eksrh dh ekyk] Å¡V o ?kksM+sa ij lokj iq:"kA xBhyk cnu dkys&yEcs cky] cknke tSlh vk¡[ks] iryh yach vaxqfy;k¡] iryh dej] dku rd HkkSags vkfnA ;g 'kSyh Lora=k :i ls ^jko ekynso* ds le; fodflr gqbZA bl 'kSyh es vke ds o`{k] Å¡V] ?kksM+sa ,oa dqÙkksa dks çeq[krk nh tkrh gSA jkxekyk&1632 bZ- ohj foV~y nkl pkaikor }kjk fpf=krA jktk xtflag izFke ds le;A dcwrj mM+krh L=kh] isM+ dh Mky idM+dj >wyrh gqZ L=kh dk fp=k.kA egkjktk ekuflag ds le; jljkt xzUFk ij vk/kfjr 62 fp=kksa dks ,d egRoiw.kZ J`a[kyk cuhA ukFk lEiznk; dh ikjEifjd thou 'kSyh dk fp=ku iz/ku fo"k; jgsA ksaifM+;ka ukFk fpfj=k iapra=k :iefr cktcgknwj e: ds Vhys

chdkusj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjktk vuwiflagA 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk o fo"k; & jfld fç;k] ckjgeklk] jkxjkfxuh] Ñ".kyhyk] f'kdkj] lkearh oSHko vkfnA 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & eqUukyky] eqdqan] :duqíhu] vyhjtk] mLrk vklhj [kk¡A 4. çeq[k jax & ihyk jaxA 5. iq:"k vkÑfr & mxz iq:"kkÑfr] nk<+h] ew¡Nks ls ;qDr eq[k] Å¡ph f'k[kjkdkj ixM+h] iQSys gq, tkesa] ihB ij
4

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fd'kux<+ mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & jktk lkoarflag ^ukxjhnkl* 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk o fo"k; & c.kh&B.kh] pk¡nuh jkr dh laxhr xks"Bh xhr xksfoan] Hkkxoku xhr vkfn ij vk/kfjr fp=kA 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & fugkypan] lwjèot eksjèot] Hkaojyky] ykMyhnkl] NksVw] vehjpan] /UukA 4. çeq[k jax & liQsn ,oa xqykchA 5. iq:"k vkÑfr & Njgjsa iq:"k] irys v/j] yach ck¡gs] yach xzhok] mUur yykV] eknd Hkko ;qDr us=k] dej es nqiV~VkA 6. ukjh vkÑfr & dey ,oa [katu lh dkyh vk¡[ks] pki ds leku yach Hk`dqfV] yach o lqjkghnkj xnZu] nh?kZ ukd] yacs cky] yEch ukf;dk,¡] y¡gxk] pksyh ,oa ikjn'khZ vk¡py ls lfTtrA 7. fo'ks"k rF; & bl 'kSyh dks çdk'k es ykus dk Js; fo}ku ,fjd fMDlu ,oa MkW- iQS;kt vyh dks tkrk gSA & bl 'kSyh dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk ^ukjh lksan;Z* gSA & ;g fp=k'kSyh dkaxM+k 'kSyh ,oa czt lkfgR; ls çHkkfor gSA & bl fp=k'kSyh dk çeq[k fp=k ^c.kh&B.kh* gSA & pk¡nuh jkr dh laxks"Bh&fp=kdkj vehjpUn }kjk lkaorflag ds le; cuk;k x;k fp=kA & oslfj (ukd dk vkHkw"k.k) vuks[kk o izeq[k vkHkw"k.kA & fcgkjh fpfUnzdk jRukoyh] jfld] jRukoyh vkSj euksjFk eatjh vkfn dkO;ksa dh lakor flag ls jpuk dhA & fHkfÙk fp=k.k o jkxjkfxuh fp=k.k bl 'kSyh esa fcYdqy Hkh miyC/ ugha gSA vtesj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k fp=kdkj & pk¡n] ucyk] rS;o] jk;flag] ykyth o ukjk;.k HkkVh ,oa ,d efgyk fp=kdkj lkfgckA 2. çeq[k jax & lqgkuh jax ;kstuk (yky] ihys gjs] uhys ds lkFk cSaxuh jax dk fo'ks"k ç;ksx gksrk gSA) 3. çeq[k vkÑfr & yacs ,oa ohjksfpr xq.kksa ls ;qDr iq:"k] xksy vk¡[ks] yach tqYiQsa] ck¡dh ,oa NYysnkj ew¡NsA 4. ukjh vkÑfr & vkd"kZd efgyk,¡] yacs] ?kus ,oa dkys cky] iSuh vaxqfy;k¡] ygaxk] clsM+k ,oa vkd"kZd vkHkw"k.kA tSlyesj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjkoy gjjkt] v[kSflag o ewyjktA 2. çeq[k fp=k & eweyA 3. iq:"k vkÑfr & iq:"kkas ds eq[k ij nk<+h&ew¡Ns] rFkk eq[kkÑfr vkst o ohjrk ls iw.kZA 4. ukjh vkÑfr & f[kaps gq, ;kSou nhfIr ls ifjiw.kZ eq[kA ukxkSj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k fp=k ,oa fo"k; & bl 'kSyh es tks/iqj] chdkusj] vtesj eqxy ,oa nf{k.k 'kSfy;ksa dk fefJr :i feyrk gSA 2. çeq[k jax & bl 'kSyh es cq>s gq;s jaxksa dk ç;ksx vf/d feyrk gSA 3. ukjh vkÑfr & bl 'kSyh es yach ukd] NksVh vk¡[k] piVs yykV okyh ukf;dk dk fp=k.k feyrk gSA & ikjn'khZ os'kHkw"kk bl 'kSyh dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA 4. fo'ks"k rF; & ekjokM+ 'kSyh dk nwljk izeq[k dsUnzA & O;fDr fp=k.k dh ijEijkA & 'kSyh dk lgh vkSj lokZf/d Lo:i ukxkSj fdys ds egyksa ds fHkfÙk fp=kksa esaA & ukxkSj fdys esa fHkfÙk fp=kksa dh ltkoV jktk c[rflag ds le;A


fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

vyoj mi'kSyh

vtesj mi'kSyh

mfu;kjk mi'kSyh

& lokbZ çrkiflagA & vknedn fp=k] f'kdkj] ;q¼ çlax] Ñ".k yhyk] jkxekyk] egkHkkjr] jkek;.k] xhr&xksfoan ij vk/kfjr fp=kA & lkfgcjke] eksgEen 'kkg] lkfyxjke] jkethnkl] j?kqukFk] ykypan] xaxkc['kA & dslfj;k ihyk] gjk ,oa yky jaxA & psgjk lkiQ] gkFk esa ryokj] ixM+h] dqrkZ] tkek] pksxk] vaxj[kh] iVdk ,oa twrs igus gq,A 5

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

6. L=kh vkÑfr

& cM+h eNyh tSlh vk¡[ks] yacs cky] vaMkdkj psgjk] mBh gqbZ HkkSgs] NksVk dn] pksyh] dqrkZ] nqiV~Vk] cslj] ygaxk] dkenkj twfr;k¡] igus gq,A & t;iqj fp=k'kSyh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk vknedn] cM+s IkksVªsV ,oa fHkfÙk fp=k.k gSA lfgcjke fp=kdkj us bZ'ojh flag dk vknedn fp=k cuk;kA & t;iqj 'kSyh ij ^eqxy 'kSyh* dk lokZf/d çHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA & bl fp=k'kSyh esa ihiy] cM+] ?kksM+k o e;wj ,oa uhys cknyksa dk vadu eq[; fo'ks"kr jgh gSA & blesa pkanh] lksuk tLrk o eksfr;kas dk iz;ksxA & vlkojh jkfxuh&t;iqj 'kSyh dk 'kcjh dk fp=k ftlesa mlds dsa'kksa] vYi diM+ksa o pUnu ds o`{kksa dk fp=k.k

7. fo'ks"k rF;

vyoj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & & 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & 4. çeq[k jax & 5. iq:"k vkÑfr & 6. ukjh vkÑfr & 7. fo'ks"k rF;

& & & & &

egkjktk fou;flagA ^paMh IkkB* ,oa ^nqxkZ lIr'krh&I Ñ".k pfj=k] jkepfj=k] njckj] laxhr] ukf;dk;sa vkfnA ;ksxklu bl fp=k'kSyh dk lcls çeq[k fo"k; jgk gSA Mkypan] ukuxjke] oynso] cq¼jke] xqykevyh] lkyxkA gjs] uhys ,oa lqugjs jaxksa dk ç;ksxA xys esa :eky] dej rd vaxj[kk] ,oa t;iqj tSlh ixM+hA eNyh ds leku vk¡[ks] iku dh ihd ls lusa gksaB] deku dh rjg ruha gqbZ HkkSgs] xksy eq¡g] fBxuk dn vkfnA vyoj fp=k'kSyh dh lcls çeq[k fo'ks"krk ^xf.kdkvksa ds fp=k* gSA ;g fp=k'kSyh bZjkuh] eqxy ,oa t;iqjh 'kSyh dk lefUor :i gSA bl 'kSyh es gkFkh nk¡r ij fp=k cukus ds fy, ewypan uked fp=kdkj çfl¼ gSA ;g 'kSyh ckMZj fp=k.k ds fy, izfl¼A fou;flag ds dky es lar 'ks[k lknh dh iqLrd xqfyLrka dh ikaMqfyih dks Hkkjrh; iQkjlh 'kSyh esa xqyke vyh us fp=kkafdr fd;k FkkA

vkesj mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & ekuflag ,oa fetkZ jktk t;flagA 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & vkfniqjk.k] jTeukek] Hkkxor] ;'kks/j pfj=k vkfn xzaFk ,oa fcgkjh lrlbZ ij vk/kfjr fp=kA 3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & gqdqepan] eUukyky] iq"inÙk] eqjyhA 4. çeq[k jax & dkywl] liQsnk] fgjfep] xS:] [kM+h vkfn çkÑfrd jaxksa dk ç;ksxA 5. fo'ks"k rF; & bl 'kSyh ij ^eqxy 'kSyh* dk lokZf/d çHkko iM+k gSA & bl 'kSyh dh le`¼ ijEijk fHkfÙkfp=kksa ds :i esa miyC/ gksrh gSA mf.k;kjk mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & ^dfofç;k* ij vk/kfjr fp=k ckjgeklk] jktkvksa ds O;fDr fp=k ,oa vusd /kfeZd fp=kA 2. çeq[k fp=kdkj & daoyk] c[rk] /hek] ehj c['k] dk'khjke] vkfnA 3. fo'ks"k rF; t;iqj rFkk cawnh dk lefUor fp=k.kA & doyk o c[rk us fc'kuflag ds le; lqUnj fp=k.k fd;kA

gkM+kSrh Ldwy jktLFkku ds cw¡nh] dksVk vkSj >kykokM+ {ks=k ij pkSgkuoa'kh gkM+kvksa dk çHkqRo jgk] blfy;s ;g {ks=k gkM+kSrh {ks=k dgyk;kA gkM+krS h Ldwy ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr fp=k mi'kSfy;k¡ vkrh gS& (v) dksVk mi'kSyh

(c) cw¡nh mi'kSyh

(l) nqxkjh mi'kSyh

dksVk mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld 2. çeq[k 3. çeq[k 4. çeq[k 5. iq:"k

& egkjko jkeflag] egkjkoy Hkheflag çFke] egkjko 'k=kqlkyA bl 'kSyh dk lokZf/d fp=k.k ^egkjko mEesnflag çFke* ds dky eas gqvkA fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & Hkkxor iqjk.k]
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

6

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k 6. L=kh vkÑfr 7. fo'ks"k rF;

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

& & & &

xksy psgjk] NksVh xnZu] lqnh?kZ ukfldk] e`x ls u;u] {kh.k dfV] NksVk dn] eksVk 'kjhjA dksVk 'kSyh dk Lora=k vfLrRo ^egkjko jkeflag* ds le; esa LFkkfir gqvkA dksVk fp=k'kSyh es jkfu;ksa dks f'kdkj djrs gq;sa Hkh fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA bl fp=k 'kSyh es fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh çeq[krk gS] ,oa ;gk¡ dh >kyk gosfy;k¡ fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz gSA & 1768 bZ- esa Mkywjke uked fp=kdkj ds }kjk fpf=kr jkxekyk lSV dksVk fp=kdyk dk lokZf/d cM+k (egkjko xqeku flag ds le;) & blesa f'kdkj n`';ksa dk vadu rFkk ukjh lkSUn;Z dk ltho fp=k.kA

cw¡nh mi'kSyh 1. çeq[k 'kkld & jko HkkoflagA cw¡nh 'kSyh ds fp=kksa dk js[kkadu ^jkolqjtuflag* ds le; gqvkA 2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & jkx jkfxuh] ukf;dk Hksn] ½rq o.kZu] ckjgeklk] jfldfç;k] lkearh ifjos'k dk fp=kkadu] f'kdkj] gkfFk;ksa ds ;q¼] ?kqM+nkSM+] jkxjax]efrjke ds jljkt ij vk/kfjr fp=k.k] lkearh ifjos'k dk foLr`r fp=kkadu] o"kkZ esa ukprk eksj] isM+ksa dh Nk;k esa cSBs f'kdkjh] iQRokjksa ds ikl fopj.k djrs izseh ;qxy A 3. çeq[k jax & gjk jaxA 4. iq:"k vkÑfr & yack iryk 'kjhj] cwM+h ew¡N] xksykdkj yykV] v:f.kek ;qDr >qdh ixfM+;k¡] ?kqVus rd yacs ikjn'kZd tkesaA 5. L=kh vkÑfr & xksy eq[k] dey ds leku vk¡[ks] NksVh xnZu] yach ck¡gs] iryk 'kjhj] yky ,oa ikjn'kZd pqujhA 6. fo'ks"k rF; & bl fp=k'kSyh es i'kq if{k;ksa dk fp=k.k cgqyrk ls gqvk gSA & bl fp=k'kSyh es js[kkvksa dk lokZf/d vadu gksrk gSA & ;g 'kSyh bZjkuh] nf{k.kh] ejkBk ,oa esokM+ 'kSyh ls çHkkfor gSA & bl 'kSyh es eq[;r% ljksoj] dsys ,oa [ktwj ds o`{kksa dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA & jko jruflag dks fp=kdyk izse ds dkj.k tgkaxhj us lj cqyUnjk; dh mikf/ iznku dhA & 'k=kq'kky (N=k'kky) (1631&58) }kjk fufeZr jaxegy fHkfÙk fp=k.k ds fy, izfl¼A & egkjko mEesnflag ds 'kklu dky esa fp=kdyk dk vR;f/d fodkl gqvkA egkjko fo'kuflag ds le; 'ksjksa ds f'kdkj ds fp=k cusA & fp=kdkj&lqjtu] Mkyw] vgen] jkeyky] Hkh[kjktA nqxkjh mi'kSyh & uSuok (cwanh) ds ikl fLFkr lhrkjke eafnj dh fp=k'kkyk es fp=kkafdr 'kSyhA & fp=kksa es Lo.kZdye dk ç;ksx] Hkxoku jke dsfUnzr fp=k ç/kurkA & ouLifr jax dh ç/kurk okyh 'kSyhA & çeq[k fp=k eRL;korkj o d';ikorkjA uksV & ,dek=k fp=k'kSyh ftlesa fp=kdkj Lo;a gh fp=k ds uhps 'kh"kZd fy[krk gS tSls&^jke th >qyksa >qysa gSA* o`{k fp=k'kSyh i'kq&i{kh fp=k'kSyh dnEc & mn;iqj 'kSyh dkSvk] phy] Å¡V] ?kksMs& tks/iqj] chdkusj 'kSyh dsyk & fd'kux<+ 'kSyh gkFkh o pdksj & mn;iqj 'kSyh [ktwj & dksVk] cwanh 'kSyh xk; & ukFk}kjk 'kSyh ihiy] oV & vyoj] t;iqj 'kSyh eksj o ?kksM+k & t;iqj] vyoj 'kSyh vke & tks/iqj] chdkusj 'kSyh vka[kksa dh cukoV vka[ks fgj.k ds leku & vka[ks [ktu ds leku & vka[ks cknke ds leku & Åij&uhps ds js[kk lkekarj& vka[ks eNyh ds leku & vka[ks deku ds leku & fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

fp=k 'kSyh ukFk}kjk 'kSyh fd'kux<+ 'kSyh tks/iqj 'kSyh cwanh 'kSyh mn;iqj] t;iqj 'kSyh fd'kux<+ 'kSyh

'kSyh & ekjokM+] nsox<+] chdkusj ukFk}kjk & vtesj & fd'kux<+ & esokM+ & dksVk & cwanh & t;iqj & 7

jax & ihyk ihyk&gjk ihyk&yky&gjk&csaxuh 'osr] xqykch ihyk&yky ihyk&gjk&uhyk gjk dslfj;k] gjk] yky BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

fp=kdyk ds fodkl gsrq dk;Zjr laLFkk,a laLFkk & LFkku fprsjk & tks/iqj /ksjka & tks/iqj rwfydk dykdkj ifj"kn & mn;iqj V[ke.k &28 & mn;iqj dyko`r & t;iqj iSx & t;iqj vk;ke & t;iqj fØ,fVo vkfVZLV xzqi & t;iqj vadu & HkhyokM+kA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk laxzgky; iksFkh[kkuk & t;iqj iqLrd izdk'k & tks/iqj ljLorh Hk.Mkj & mn;iqj tSu Hk.Mkj & tSlyesj dksVk laxzgky; & dksVk vyoj laxzgky; & vyoj yfyr dyk ds fodkl ls lacaf/r izeq[k laLFkk,a yfyr dyk vdkneh &t;iqj - LFkkiuk 24 uoEcj 1957 - dykRed xfrfof/;ksa dk lapkyu dyk izn'kZfu;ksa dk vk;kstu rFkk dykdkjksa dks iQSyksf'ki iznku djuk izeq[k dk;ZA - jktLFkku dh n`'; rFkk f'kYi dyk dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks izksRlkguA - jkT; esa lkaLd`frd ,drk LFkkfir djukA jktLFkku Ldwy vkWiQ vkVZ ,.M ØkÝV~l& t;iqj - LFkkiuk &1857 - t;iqj egkjktk lokbZ jkeflag AA }kjk LFkkfir rc bldk uke enjlk&gqujh FkkA - Lora=krk ds ckn bldk uke jktLFkku Ldwy vkWiQ vkVZ ,.M ØkÝV~lA - orZeku esa ewfrZdyk rFkk fp=kdyk ls lacaf/r fMIyksek djok;k tkrk gSA tokgj dyk dsUnz&t;iqj - LFkkiuk& 8 vizSy 1993 - mn~?kkVu &'kadj n;ky 'kekZ (rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr) - jktLFkku dh le`¼ dyk ijEijk ds lao/Zu yksd ekul esa fc[kjh lkaLd`frd fojklr ,oa e:/jk dh vueksy /jksgj ds lja{k.k gsrqA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

-

-

-

8

d lqjthr flag pks;y (t;iqj)&jktLFkku dh igyh efgyk fp=kdkjA gfjjke lksuh&pkoy ij fp=kdkjh ds fy, izfl¼A Jh dqUnu yky feL=kh dks jktLFkku esa vk/qfud fp=kdyk dks vkjEHk djus dk Js;A d`".kk dukgh jktLFkkuh fp=kdkj gS ftUgsa ine iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA ukFk}kjk&JhukFk th dk ikuk lcls vf/d dykRedA gkM+kSrh esa 'kSy fp=kksa dks [kkstus dk dke loZiFz ke o"kZ 1953 esa in~e Jh MkW- fo".kq Jh/j okd.k /j us fd;kA jke xksiky fot; oxhZ; & tUe&1905] ckysj (lokbZ ek/ksiqj) A ijEijk oknh fp=kdkjA lokZf/d fiz; fo"k; ukjh fp=k.kA jktLFkku esa ,dy fp=k.k izn'kZuh izkjEHk djus dk Js;A jktLFkku Ldwy vkVZ ds izkpk;Z jg pqdsA ineJh 1984bZ-A Hkwjflag 'ks[kkor&tUe&1914 /ksa/fy;k (chdkusj)A [kkuk cukrh L=kh] lCth rksyrh ekfyu] lkjaxh cktrs dykdkj] jk"VªHkDr usrk] 'kghn] Økafrdkjh] ykSg iq:"k vkfn buds izeq[k fp=kA xkso/Zu 'ks[kkor&tUe&dkadjksyh (jktlean) Hkhyksa ds fprsjsA esokM+h Hkhyksa dh thou 'kSyh dks fpf=kr fd;k ijEijkoknh fp=kdkj FksA lkSHkkx ey xgyksr& t;iqjA uhMA dk fprsjk dgrs gSA T;ksfr Lo:i&tks/iqj taxy (Inner Juwgle) budh eq[; fp=k J`a[kykA f'ko'kfDr T;ksfr Lo:i vU; fp=k J`a[kyk,aA iz;ksxoknh fp=kdkj (Morden)A ijekuan pks;y&dksVk] HkSalksa dk fprsjk lqjthr dkSj pks;y& t;iqj] ns'k dh igyh efgyk fp=kdkj ftuds fp=kksa dh izn'kZuh tkiku dh izfr"Br dyk nh/kZ iQqdksdk laxzgky; esaA ih-,u- pks;y dh iq=k oq/A fd'ku 'kekZ&csaxq (fpÙkkSM+)A fry o jkbZA ds nkuksa ij ehjk dk fp=k cuk;kA nj&Hkjriqj] vky.kh;k¡&dksVk] cSjkB&t;iqj] rFkk pEcy ds 'kSykJ;ksa esa vkfnekuo ds fp=k feysA vkuUn dqekj&jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dks jktiwr fp=kdyk dgrs gSA nlosa dkfyd lw=k pqf.kZ tSlyesj ds tSu Hknzlwfj xzUFk Hk.Mkj esa j[ks x;s jktLFkku ds lokZf/d vk?kfu;qfZ Dro`fÙk izkphu miyC/ fpf=kr xzUFkA lchg & eqxy izHkko ds dkj.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk esa O;fDr fp=k cusA bl izdkj ds fp=k t;iqj 'kSyh esa lcls vf/d cuk;s x;sA

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

gLr f'kYi jktLFkku esa ekuo lH;rk ds dky ls gh gLrf'kYi ds çek.k feyrs gS] ftuesa rhljh 'krkCnh bZ- iw- ds dykRed LrEHk 'kkfey gSA ekuo ds fodkl dh ;k=kk ds lkFk gh jktLFkku es gLrf'kYi iQyk&iQqyk gSA bruk gh ugha] vius cgqfofo/ Lo:i ds dkj.k jktLFkku dks gLrf'kYi dk laxzgky; dgk tk ldrk gSA çkphu ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa tSls dkyhcaxk] vkgM+ vkfn ds iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"kks ls rRdkyhu gLrf'kYi tSls feV~Vh dh pwfM+;k¡] ikWfy'k fd;s x;s pednkj crZu] vkStkj] oL=kkHkw"k.k vkfn ij çdk'k iM+rk gSA vkt jktLFkku ds gLrf'kYi us varjk"Vªh; Lo:i çkIr dj fy;k gSA jktLFkku dh cqukbZ] NikbZ] jaxkbZ] tokgjkr dh dVkbZ] ehukdkjh] vkHkw"k.k fuekZ.k] ca/st] xyhpk ,oa uenk dh cqukbZ] laxejej] gkFkhnk¡r] panu] yk[k o dk"B d dykRed dk;Z] phuh feV`Vh dk dke] /krq dh dkjhxjh] peM+sa dh twfr;k¡ o FkSys] iqLrdksa ij dykRed ys[ku] pwfM+;k¡ fuekZ.k dk;Z] VsjkdksVk (feV~Vh ls cuh oLrq,¡ tSls ewfrZ;k¡ crZukfn) bR;kfn çfl¼ gSA jktLFkku esa çpfyr gLrf'kYiksa dk ifjp; fuEukfdar gS&

ealwfj;k

CY;w ikWVjh

dksVk ls 15 fdeh- nwj cqudjksa dk ,d xkao gS] dSFkwuA dSFkwu ds cqudjksa us pkSdksj cqukbZ tkus okyh lknh lkM+h dks vusd jaxksa vkSj vkd"kZd fMtkbuks es cquk gS rFkk lwrh /kxs ds lkFk js'keh /kxs] vkSj tjh dk ç;ksx djds lkM+h dh vyx gh fMtkbu cukbZ gSA lkM+h dk dke cqudj vius ?kj es [kM~Mh yxkdj djrs gSA igys lwr dk rkuk cquk tkrk gSA fiQj lwr ;k js'ke dks pj[ks ij yisVdj yfPN;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA /kxs dh ydfM+;ksa dh fxfYy;ksa ij yisVk tkrk gS] fiQj rkuk&ckuk Mkydj cquus dk dke fd;k tkrk gS orZeku es dksVk Mksfj;k lkM+h dk fu;kZr Hkh fons'kksa es fd;k tk jgk gSA

t;iqj esa CY;w ikWVjh fuekZ.k dh 'kq:vkr dk Js; egkjktk jkeflag (1835&80 bZ-) dks gSA mUgksus pwM+keu vkSj dkyw dqEgkj dks ikWVjh dk dke lh[kus fnYyh Hkstk vkSj çf'kf{kr gksus ij mUgksus t;iqj es bl gquj dh 'kq:vkr dhA ckn es Ñikyflag 'ks[kkor us bl dyk dks ns'k&fons'k es igpku fnykbZA CY;w ikWVjh ds fuekZ.k ds fy, igys crZuksa ij fp=kdkjh dh tkrh gS] fiQj bu ij ,d fo'ks"k ?kksy p<+k;k tkrk gSA ;g ?kksy gjk dk¡p] dFkhj] lkth] DokV~t Z ikmMj vkSj eqYrkuh feV~Vh ls feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA fp=kdkjh dk çk:i rks crZuksa ij igys gh gkFk ls cuk ysrs gS] fdUrq ;fn ykbusa [khpuh gks rks pkd] ij j[kdj gh ykbusa [khaph tkrh gSA CY;w ikWVjh ds jaxksa es uhyk] gjk] efV;kyk vkSj rkEckbZ jax gh fo'ks"k :i ls dke es ysrs gSA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

-

-

dksVk ds ikl dSFkwu xkao ds cqudkjksa }kjk pkSdksj cqukbZ ls cukbZ tkuh okyh lknh lkM+h dks vusd jaxksa vkSj fMtkbuksa ls cquk tkrk gSA vlyh dksVk Mksfj;k lkM+h dh igpku oxksZa dh la[;k ls gkshr gSA ;fn lkM+h esa oxksZa dh la[;k 300 gS rks mls vlyh dksVk Mksfj;k dh lkM+h ekuk tkrk gSA 1761 esa dksVk ds iz/kuea=kh >kyk tkfyeflag us eSlwj ds cqudj egewn elwfj;k dks dksVk cqyk;k vkSj ;gka gFkdj?kk m|ksx dh LFkkiuk dj lkM+h cquuk 'kq: fd;k] mlh ds uke ij lkM+h dk uke elwfj;k lkM+h gks x;kA

-

xyhps vkSj nfj;k¡

-

t;iqj vkSj Vkasd dk xyhpk m|ksx çfl¼ gSA lwr vkSj Åu ds rkus&ckus yxkdj ydM+h ds ywe vkSj xyhps dh cqukbZ dh tkrh gSA cqukbZ es ftruk ckjhd /kxk vkSj xk¡Bsa gksrh gS] xyhpk mruk gh [kwclwjr ,oa etcwr gksrk gSA t;iqj ds xyhps xgjs jax] fMtkbu vkSj f'kYi dkS'ky dh n`f"V ls çfl¼ gSA xyhpk egaxk gksus ds dkj.k vktdy nfj;ksa dk çpyu vf/d gSA t;iqj vkSj chdkusj dh tsyks es nfj;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSAS tks/iqj] ukxkSj] Vksad] ckM+esj] HkhyokM+k] 'kkgiqjk] dsdM+h vkSj ekyiqjk njh&fuekZ.k ds eq[; dsUnz gSA tks/iqj fty ds lkykokl xkao dh nfj;k¡ cM+h çfl¼ gSA

Fksok dyk dk¡p ij lksus dk lw{e fp=kkadu gSA dk¡p ij lksus dh vR;Ur ckjhd] deuh; ,oa dykRed dkjhxjh dks ^Fksok* dgk tkrk gSA blds fy, jaxhu csfYt;e dk¡p dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Fksok ds fy, fp=kdkjh dk Kku vko';d gksrk gSA vyx&vyx jaxksa ds dk¡p ij lksus dh fp=kdkjh bl dyk dk vkd"kZ.k gSA Fksok dyk es ukjh J`axkj ds vkHkw"k.k ,oa vU; mi;ksxh oLrq,¡ cuk;h tkrh gSA fofHk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh çfrek,¡ Hkh Fksok dyk ls vyaÑr dh tkrh gSA Fksok dyk ls vyaÑr vkHkw"k.kksa dk ewY; /krq dk u gksdj dykdkj dh dyk dk gksrk gSA bl dyk es lksuk de ,oa esgur vf/d gksrh gSA Fksok dyk fo'o es dsoy çrkix<+ rd gh lhfer gSA Fksok dyk esa dkap ij lksus dk lq{e dkjhxj iUuhxj dgykrs gSA ;g odZ cukus dh dyk iUuhujh dgykrh gSA t;iqj bldk izfl¼ dsUnz gSA

t;iqj xyhps fuekZ.k ds fy, izfl¼ gSA Vksad Åuh uenksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA ukxkSj dk Vkadyk xkao nfj;ksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA nkSlk dk yko.k xkao Hkh nfj;ksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

t;iqj] dksVk] vyoj A t;iqj] feV~Vh ds crZuksa ij uhys jax dh jaxhu vkSj vkd"kZd fp=kdkjh dks CY;w ikWVjh dgrs gSA CY;w ikWVjh dk tUe bZjku esa ekuk tkrk gSA t;iqj esa CY;w ikWVjh izkjaHk djus dk Js; ekuflag izFke dks gS] tcfd lokbZ jkeflag&AA ds le; bl dyk dk fodkl gqvkA vyoj dh Mcy dV odZ dh ikWVjh dks dkxth dgk tkrk gSA dksVk dks lqugjh Cysd ikWVjh iQwynkuksa] eVdksa vkSj IysVksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA chdkusj dh ikWVjh esa yk[k ds jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA d`iky flag 'ks[kkor&eÅ(lhdj) Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk ;qx iq:"k]CY;w ikWVjh dk tUenkrk]1974 in~eJh]1980 dykfon lEekuA

Fksok dyk

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

-

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

9

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

ca/st jaxkbZ] NikbZ o ca/st ds oL=k t;iqj dk ca/st çfl¼ gSA euilan jaxksa ds fMtkbu çkIr djus ds fy, diM+s dks ck¡/dj fiQj jaxk tkrk gSA ca/st [kksyus ij rjg&rjg ds fMtkbu cu tkrs gSA ;g dyk ^cka/ks vkSj jaxksa* (Tie & Die) ds uke ls çfl¼ gSA jkT; es vusd çdkj ds ca/st çpfyr gSA pwUnjh vkSj lkiQs ij cU/st dk dk;Z yksdfç; gSA fpÙkkSM+ esa tk>e dh NikbZ dh tkrh gS] tks iwjs jkT; es çfl¼ gS ;gha xkfM+;k yksgkjks ds fy, ?kk?kjs&vks<+uh Hkh rS;kj fd, tkrs gSA xksVs dk dke t;iqj vkSj [kaMsyk (lhdj) dk çfl¼ gSA tjh ds dke es Hkh t;iqj dh igpku gSA nkcw fçUV - fpÙkkSM+x< ftys dk vkdksyk xkao nkcw fçUV ds fy, çfl¼ gSA jaxkbZ&NikbZ es ftl LFkku ij jax ugha p<+kuk gks] mls ybZ ;k yqxnh ls nck nsrs gSA ;gh yqxnh ;k ybZ tSlk inkFkZ ^nkcw* dgykrk gS] D;ksfd ;g diM+s ds ml LFkku dks nck nsrk gS] tgk¡ jax ugh p<+kuk gksrk gSA lokbZ ek/ksiqj es ekse dk] ckyksrjk es feV~Vh dk rFkk lkaxkusj o cx: esa xsgw¡ ds cha/.k dk nkcw yxk;k tkrk gSA - vkdksyk es jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds fy, vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSA Ikkuh] feV~Vh vkSj ouLifr tSls vko';drk,¡ LFkkuh; :i ls miyC/ gS vkdksyk ds nkcw fçUV ds csM'khV] diM+k] pwUnM+h o iQsafV;k ns'k&fons'k esa çfl¼ gSA pwUnM+h ,oa iQsafV;k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa es ilan fd;k tkrk gSA - okfrZd&diM+s ij ekse dh ijr p<+kdj fp=k cukus dh dyk dkss dgrs gSA jaxkbZ&NikbZ - lkaxkusj esa NikbZ dk dk;Z pwuM+h] nqiV~Vk] xeNk] lkiQk] tkte] rfd;k vkfn ij fd;k tkrk gSA lkaxkusjh NikbZ yV~Bk ;k eyey ij dh tkrh gSA rS;kj diM+s ij fofHk fMtkbuksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA bu Nis oL=kksa dks unh es /ks;k tkrk gSA lkaxkusj ds ikl vekuh'kkg ds ukys ls vçR;{k :i ls tqM+h fçUV esa çk;% dkyk vkSj yky nks jax dh T;knk dke vkrs gSA lkaxkusjh fçUV dks fons'kksa es yksdfç; cukus dk Js; eqUukyky xks;y dks gSA - cx: (t;iqj) dh NikbZ vktdy dkiQh yksdfç; gSA ;g fçUV lkaxkusjh fçaV dh gh rjg gS iajrq lkaxkusjh Nkis es vkxu liQsn gksrk gS] tcfd cx: fçUV dk vkaxu gjkiu fy, gksrk gSA cx: dh NikbZ es jklk;fud jaxksa dk ç;ksx ugh gksrk gSA - ckM+esj vtjd fçUV ds fy, çfl¼ gSA vtjd fçaV esa vf/dka'k yky vkSj uhys jaxksa ls NikbZ dk;Z gksrk gSA jaxkbZ&NikbZ dh n`f"V ls efgykvksa ds fy, tks/iqj dh pqujh rFkk t;iqj dk ygfj;k çfl¼ gSA dqV~Vh dk dke (t;iqj) - dqV~Vh ds dke ds fy, t;iqj fo[;kr gSA egkjktk jkeflag ds 'kkludky (1835&1880 bZ-) ls t;iqj es dqV~Vh dk dke gks jgk gSA dkxt] pkd] feV~Vh iQsohdksy] xkasn vkfn dks xykdkj o ihldj yqxnh cuk yh tkrh gSA dksbZ vkÑfr cukus ds fy, ml oLrq ds lk¡ps ;k ekWMy es rS;kj yqxnh dks nck dj yxk fn;k tkrk gSA lw[kus ij fiQfuf'kax nsrs gq, ([kfM+;k ;k pkbuk Dys ls) bfPNr jax dj fn;k tkrk gSA dqV~Vh ls pkSik;s i'kq vkSj i{kh cuk;s tkrs gSA fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

10

-

-

CykWd fizafVx (diM+s ij gkFk dh NikbZ)&bl fizafVx ds fy, ckMesj] ckyksrjk] cx:] lkaxkusj] vkdksyk vkfn LFkkuksa ds Nhik tkfr ds yksx izfl¼ gSA lkaxkusj ds Nhis uke nsoh Nhis dgykrs gSA ckM+esj dk vtjd fizaV (nksuksa rjiQ ls fiaVz ) fpÙkkSM+x<+ dh tk>e NikbZ o lkaxkusj dh lkaxkusjh fiaazV ns'k&fons'k esa izfl¼ gSA t;iqj ds cx: fizaV esa dkyk o yky jax fo'ks"k :i ls iz;qDr gksrk gSA t;iqj dk ygfj;k o ikspek Hkh izfl¼ gSA dSyk'k tkxksfV;k&HkhyokM+k&DykWFk vkVZ ds tUe nkrkA

ÅLrkadyk Å¡V dh [kky ij Lo.kZ ehukdjh vkSj equOor dk dk;Z ^ÅLrka dyk* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl dyk dk fodkl ineJh ls lEekfur chdkusj ds fgLlkeqíu mLrka us fd;kA ÅLrka }kjk cukbZ xbZ dykÑfr;k¡ ns'k&fons'k esa çfl¼ gSA Å¡V dh [kky ls cuh dqfIi;ksa ij Lo.kZ nqyZHk ehukdkjh dk dykRed dk;Z vkd"kZd vkSj eueksg ysus okyk gksrk gSA 'khf'k;ksa] dqfIi;ksa] vkbuksa] fMCcksa] feV~Vh dh lqjkfg;ksa ij ;g dyk mdsjh tkrh gSA chdkusj dk ^dSey gkbM Vªsfuax lsaVj* ÅLrka dyk dk çf'k{k.k laLFkku gSA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

-

Å¡V dh [kky ij lksus o pkanh dh dykRed fp=kkadu o uDdk'kh mLrdyk ;k equOorh dgykrh gSA chdkusj dk mLrk ifjokj blds fy, fo'o izfl¼ gSA fgLlk eqíhu mLrk&nqyesjk] yq.kdjulj (chdkusj) ÅaV dh [kky ij Lo.kZ ehukdkjh ds cstksM+ dykdkjA 1986 esa ine~JhA

Ekhukdkjh

ToSyjh ij ehukdkjh ds fy, t;iqj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fof'k"V igpku j[krk gSA t;iqj es ehukdkjh dh dyk egkjktk ekuflag çFke (1589&1614 bZ-) }kjk ykgkSj ls vkbZ xbZA ijEijkxr :i ls lksus ij ehukdkjh ds fy, dkys] uhys] xgjs] ihys] ukjaxh vkSj xqykch jax dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA yky jax cukus es t;iqj ds ehukdkj dq'ky gSA ehukdkjh dk dk;Z ewY;oku] v¼ZewY;oku jRuksa rFkk lksus&pkanh ds vkHkw"k.kksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA ehukdkjh esa iQwy&iÙkh] eksj vkfn dk vadu çk;% fd;k tkrk gSA lksus ds vkHkw"k.kksa ds vfrfjDr pk¡nh ds f[kykSuksa o vkHkw"k.kksa ij Hkh ehukdkjh dh tkrh gSA ukFk}kjk Hkh ehukdkjh dk çfl¼ dsUnz gSA dksVk ds jsrokyh {ks=k es dkap ij fofHk jaxksa ls ehukdjh dk dke fd;k tkrk gSA chdkusj vkSj çrkix<+ es Hkh ;g dke n{krk ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA ihry ij ehukdkjh - ihry dh f?klkbZ] ikWfy'k vkSj ml ij dykRed ehukdkjh dk dk;Z t;iqj o vyoj esa fd;k tkrk gSA - tks/iqj esa ikuh dks B.Mk j[kus gsrq cknyk uked dykRed crZu cuk;k tkrk gS] tks tLrs ls fufeZr gksrs gSaA bu ij diM+s ;k peM+s dh ijr p
lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

-

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

ewfrZdyk

t;iqj es laxejej ij ehukdkjh dk dke gksrk gSA dkxt tSls irys iRFkj ij ehukdkjh djus ds fy, chdkusj ds ehukdkj izfl¼ gSA

-

yk[k dk dke

lokbZ ek/ksiqj] y{e.kx<+ (lhdj) o bUnzx<+ ds f[kykSus o vU; oLrqvksa ij yk[k ds dke gSA yk[k ls pwfM+;k¡] pwM+s] i'kq&i{kh] isfUlysa] yk[k ds f[kykSus] fcfN;k vkfn rS;kj fd, tkrs

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

-

(cwUnh) ydM+h ds fy, çfl¼ iSu] dk¡p tM+sa gSA

-

jktLFkku esa yk[k dh pwfM+;ksa dk dke t;iqj] fg.MkSu ,oa djkSyh esa gksrk gSA yk[k dh pwfM+;k ekssdM+h dgykrh gSA yk[k ds vkHkw"k.kksa] f[kykSuksa vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k t;iqj o mn;iqj esa vf/d ls vf/d gksrk gSA t;iqj ,oa tks/iqj esa yk[k ls fofHkUu izdkj dh ltkoVh phtsa] f[kykSaus] ewfrZ;ka] vaxwBh xys dk gkj] >qeds] xqynLrs vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSA lokZf/d t;iqjA

-

peM+s dk dk;Z -

-

dykRed lyek flrkjksa vkSj d'khnkdkjh ds mRd`"V dk;Z vkSj gYdsiu ds fy, izfl¼ t;iqj vkSj tks/iqj dh ukxjh vkSj ekStfM+;ka twfr;ka izfl¼ gSA Hkhueky vkSj tkykSj dh d'khnkdkjh twfr;ka iwjs jktLFkku esa izfl¼ gSA Hkjriqj dh uncnZ rglhy dh twfr;ka Hkh izfl¼ gSA cM+ (ukxkSj) es cuus okyh d'khnk;qDr twfr;ksa dh ,d ifj;kstuk la;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk ;w-,u-Mh-ih- ds lg;ksx ls pykbZ tk jgh gSA

-

laxejej dh ewfrZ;ka -

VsjkdksVk

-

iDdh feV~Vh dk mi;ksx djds ewfrZ;k¡ vkfn cukus dh dyk dks VsjkdksVk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa dh iwtk ds lkFk&lkFk feV~Vh ds f[kykSus o ewfrZ;k¡ cukus dk dke iwjs çns'k es o"kksZ ls py jgk gSA ukFk}kjk ds ikl fLFkr eksyy s k xkao bl dyk dk çeq[k dsUnz cuk gqvk gSA blh çdkj gjth xkao (tkykSj) ds dqEgkj ekekth ds ?kksM+s cukrs gSA eksysyk rFkk gjth nksuksa gh LFkkuksa es dqEgkj feV~Vh eas x/s dh yhn feykdj ewfrZ;k¡ cukrs gS o mUgsa rki ij idkrs gSA -

laxejej dh ewfrZ;kas vkSj dykd`fr;ksa ds fy, t;iqj ds fy, izfl¼ gSA laxejej ij ehukdkjh dk dke t;iqj esa gksrk gSA laxejej ij iPphdkjh dk dk;Z HkhyokM+k esa gksrk gSA laxejej dk izeq[k dsUnz edjkuk gSA t;iqj ds vfrfjDr vyoj ds fudV fd'kksjh xzke esa Hkh laxejej dh ewfrZ;ka curh gSA

gkFkh nkar dh oLrq,a -

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

feV~Vh dh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj crZu dks vkx esa idkdj cukus dh dyk dks VsjkdksVk dgrs gSA jktlean esa lokZf/d A VsjkdksVk dh ewfrZ;ka cukus esa jktlean ftys dh ukFk}kjk rglhy dk eksysyk xkao izfl¼ gSA feV~Vh ds f[kykSus] xqynLrs] xeys rFkk i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dykd`fr;ksa ds dke ds fy, ukxkSj ftys dk cuwjkorka xkoa izfl¼ gSA jaxegy ls LohMu dh iqjkosrk Jherh gUukfjM+ dks ,d feV~Vh dk dVksjk feyk gS tks orZeku esa LohMu ds laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr gSA uksg (Hkjriqj) esa ,d feV~Vh dk
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

jktLFkku esa O;ofLFkr
-

gkFkh nkar ds f[kykSus] ewfrZ;k ,oa vusd dykRed oLrq,a jkT; esa t;qij] mn;iqj] Hkjriqj] esM+krk vkSj ikyh esa cukbZ tkrh gSA tks/iqj esa gkFkh nkar ls fufeZr dkyh] gjh vkSj yky /kfj;ksa dh pqfM+;ka ,oa vkHkw"k.k cuk;s tkrws gSA mn;iqj o ikyh esa Hkh gkFkh nkar dh pqfM+;ka curh gSA jktLFkku esa jktiwr efgykvksa dks fookg ds le; gkFkh nkar ls cuk pqM+k iguk, tkus dh izFkk gSA t;iqj fLFkr vkesj egy ds lqxkg eafnj esa panu ds fdokM+ksa ij gkFkh nkar dh iPphdkjh dk dke 17 oha 'krkCnh dk ekuk tkrk gSA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy  -

11

tM+kbZ&t;iqj dherh vkSj v¼Z&dherh iRFkjksa dh vkSj tM+kbZ ds fy, çfl¼ gSA ;gk¡ uxks dh dVkbZ o ij eqxy vkSj jktiwr 'kSyh dk çHkko gSA vf/drj dk dke eqfLye tkfr ds dkjhxjks ds gkFk esa gSA dkS'ky ç'kaluh; gSA BY

dVkbZ tM+kbZ tM+kbZ budk

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

-

-

-

-

-

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

cknys& tks/iqj ds ikuh Hkjus ds crZu tks eSVy ds cus gksrs gS vkSj ftu ij diM+s ;k peM+s dh ijr p<+kbZ tkrh gS] cknys dgykrs gSA [kwclwjr jaxks vkSj fMtkbu es cus cknys vkd"kZd gksrs gSA iQrfxjh& iQkSykn dh oLrqvksa ij lksus ds irys rkjksa dh tM+kbZ dks iQrfxjh dgykrh gSA ;g nfe'd ls iatkc ykbZ xbZ vkSj iatkc ls ekuflag izFke bls t;iqj yk;sA t;qij o vyoj dh dksiQrfxjh izfl¼ gSA rgfu'kk ds dke esa iQkSykn dh oLrqvksa ij fMtkbu dks xgjk [kksn dj mlesa iryk rkj Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA lksus vkHkw"k.kksa esa dherh iRFkjksa dh tM+kbZ dh dyk dqanu dgykrh gSA t;iqj dh dqanu dyk izfl¼ gSA isij eS'kh ;k dqV~Vh& dkxt dh yqxnh cukdj mlls dykRed oLrq, cukuk isij eS'kh ;k dqV~Vh dgykrk gSA rkjd'kh& ukFk}kjk esa pkanh ds ckjhd rkjksa ls fofHkUu vkHkw"k.k ,oa dykRed oLrq,a cukbZ tkrh gSA ;g dyk rkjd'kh dgykrh gSA fejj odZ& ckM+esj esa diM+s ij 'kh'ks dh NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa dks flyus dk dke fd;k tkrk gS] ;g fejj odZ dgykrk gSA dBiqryh dk dk;Z mn;iqj esa fd;k tkrk gSa chdkusj dk ukiklj Åuh yksbZ ds fy, izfl¼ gSA jkT; esa gLrf'kYi dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, pkj f'kYi xzkeksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA igyk f'kYi xzke mn;iqj esa cuk;k x;kA nwljk f'kYi xzke iky (tks/iqj) esa cuk;k x;k] rhljk f'kYi xzke 2002 esa iq"dj esa rFkk pkSFkk f'kYi xzke 2003&04 esa lokbZ ek/ksiqj esa cuk;k x;k gSA HkhyokM+k esa dkalh ds crZu o C;koj esa lw?kuh ulokj curh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k fodkl dk;ZØe rFkk [kknh o xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx ds iz;klksa ls lkaxkusj (t;iqj) esa gLrf'kYi dkxt jk"Vªh; laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA gLrf'kfYi;ksa dks muds mRiknksa dk iwjk ewY; fey lds blds fy, tks/iqj esa jkT; dk igyk vjcu gkV LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA FkM+k&;g Hkh fdlh e`r O;fDr dh Le`fr esa cuk;k tkrk gSA bl rjg ds Lekjd esa e`r O;fDr dh fu;fer iwtk ikB dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS] mls O;fDr dks nso;ksfu esa ekuk tkrk gSA ikuh ds cM+s laxzg d{k dks >kyjk dgrs gSA blesa ikuh laxzfgr gksrk gS] tks ckoM+huqek gksrk gSA rSrhl djksM+ nsorkvksa dh lky (e.MkSj] tks/iqj) dk fuekZ.k egkjktk vthrflag ds le; ,d gh pV~Vku dks dkVdj fd;k x;k bls ohjksa dh lky Hkh dgrs gSA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

uke isijes'kh (dqV~Vh dk uke) ehukdkjh ,ao dqanu ygfj;k o ikspek iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ka dksiQrfxfj o rgfu'kka iko jtkbZ [ksl CY;w ikWVjh peM+s dh ekstfM;k xyhps lqugjh VSjkdksVk ikiM+] Hkqft;k mLrkdyk nfj;k ukan.ks (?kk?kjs ij Nkih iQM+) iQM+ fp=k.k jedM+k Åuh dacy Åuh cjM+h o yksbZ [kslys vtj[k o eyhj fiazV Fksok dyk ydM+h dh dkaoM+ tkte fizaV elwfj;k o dksVK Mkfj;k cknyk o eksBM+s eyey o tkVk xjkfl;ksa dh iQkax (vks<+uh) lw?kuh ulokj fiNokbZ;k¡ rkjda'kh ds tsoj feV~Vh ds f[kykSus xksVk fdukjh ispodZ o pVkiVh dkxth VSjkdksVk dBiqrfy;ka i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dykd`fr xksYMu isafVx dk"B ij dykRed f'kYi d'khnk;qDr twfr;ka vykxhyk dkjhxjh eyey iRFkj ewfrZdyk panu (ey;kfxjh) dh yM+dh ij [kqnkbZ

12

LFkku t;iqj t;iqj t;iqj t;iqj t;iqj t;iqj pkSewa (t;qij) usoVk&lkaxkusj (t;iqj) tks/iqj] t;iqj] ukxkSj t;iqj] chdkusj chdkusj chdkusj ukxkSj Vkadyk (ukxkSj) HkhyokM+k 'kkgiqjk (HkhyokM+k) xfy;kdksV (Mwaxjiqj) tSlyesj tSlyesj ysVk (tkykSj) ckM+esj izrkix<+ cLlh (fpÙkksM+x<+) vkdksyk (fpÙkkSM+x<+) dSFkwu(dksVk) o ekaxjksy tks/iqj eFkkfu;ka (tks/iqj) lkstr (ikyh) C;koj ukFk}kjk ukFk}kjk eksysyk (ukFk}kjk) [k.Msyk (lhdkj) 'ks[kkokVh vyoj mn;iqj cw&ujkoark (ukxkSj) dqpkeu ,oa eksjBk (ukxkSj) tsBkuk (Mwaxjiqj) cMw (ukxkSj) chdkusj rulq[k]eFkkfu;k] (tks/iqj) ryokM+k (ckalokM+k) pq:

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

yksddyk - iQM+ ckpus okys Hkksik dgykrs gSA iQM+ dks Hkksik ;qxy feydj xkrs gSA ikcwth o nsoukjk;.k dh iQM+ izfl¼ gSA - HkhyokM+k ftys esa fLFkkr 'kkgiqjk iQM+ ;k iQM+ isafVx dk iz/ku dk;Z LFky gSA blesa eq[;r% yky o gjk jax dke gkrk gSA - 'kkgiqjk dk tks'kh ifjokj iQM+ isfVax esa ikjaxr gS ukFk}kjk esa d`".k izfrek ds ihNs nhokjksa ij yxk;s tkus okys diM+s ij Jh d`".k dh yhykvksa dk fp=k.k fd;k tkrk gSA izfrek ds ihNs yxkus ds dkj.k ;s fiNokb;ka dgykrh gSA

ik"kk.k;qxhu ekuo us f'kdkj ds fy, iRFkj ds gfFk;kj cuk;s] mlds ckn mlus feV~Vh ds crZu] f[kykSus] euds] bZVsa] rk¡cs dh dqYgkfM;k¡ vkfn vkiuh t:jr ,oa jkstejkZ ds midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA fcuk fdlh e'khu ;k uD'ksa ds 'kq: fd;s x;s ;s dk;Z dsoy mlds n{k gkFkksa dk gh deky FkkA pkanh ds vkgr flDds tks fcuk fdlh uki&tks[k ds cus] ds çek.k gesa feyrs gSA clUrx<+ dh dkaL; çfrek jktLFkku es /krq ds dke dh çkphure çek.k le>h tkrh gSA fojkV uxj ds ckS¼ pSR; es ekS;Zdky ds NCchl ydM+h ds LrEHk yxs gq, Fks] tks jktLFkku es ydM+h dk çkphure dke FkkA ;s lc jktLFkku es gLrdykvksa dh çkphurk lkfcr djrs gSA orZeku es jktLFkku es diM+s dh cqukbZ] iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k¡] tokgjkr dh dVkbZ] ehukdkjh] pk¡nh ds vkHkw"k.k] ca/st] gkFkh nk¡r o pUnu dh dqVkbZ] ydM+h dh dkjhxjh] xyhpk cqukbZ] ihry o /krq dh dkjhxjh] feV~Vh ds crZu] yk[k dk dke] peM+sa dh twfr;k¡] fp=kdyk vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa es gLrdykvksa dk dk;Z gksrk gSA iV fp=k ;k iQM+ - HkhyokM+k ftys dk 'kkgiqjk dLck jktLFkku dh ijaijkxr yksd fp=kdyk ^iQM+* ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fo[;kr gSA - 2006 es iQM+ fp=kdkj Jhyky tks'kh in~eJh ls uokts tk pqds gSA tks'kh us 'kkgiqjk dh iQM+ fp=kdyk dks orZeku es ubZ igpku nh gSA - eksVs lwrh diM+sa (jstk) ij xsgw¡ ;k pkoy ds ekaM esa xkasn feykdj dyiQ ij ik¡p ;k lkr jaxksa ls cuh iQM+ xzkeh.kksa ds ljyre fooj.kkRed] Øec¼ dFku dk lqanj çrhd gSA - ekuokÑfr;k¡] iq'k&i{kh] çÑfr fp=k.k vkfn dk la;kstu dj muesa jax Hkjk tkrk gSA loZçFke flUnwjh jax 'kjhj es] fiQj gjk o yky jax diM+ksa esa] Hkwjk jax okLrq fuekZ.k esa ,oa vafre js[kk,¡ dkys jax ls dh tkrh gSA - fp=k la;kstu esa çeq[k vkÑfr dks lcls cM+k cukdj ç/kurk nh tkrh gSA vU; vkÑfr;k¡ mlds vuqikr esa NksVh cukbZ tkrh gSA NksVh vkÑfr;k¡ xfr'khy ,oa thoar fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA - lHkh psgjksa ij rh[kh] yEch ukd] cM+h chtuqek vk¡[ksa] NksVk ekFkk] nksgjh BqM~Mh] eqM+h gqbZ iryh ew¡Nsa gksrh gSA - jaxksa dk çrhdkRed ç;ksx HkkokfHkO;fDr esa lgk;d gS& nsfo;k¡ uhyh] nso yky] jk{kl dkys] lk/q liQsn ;k ihys jax ls cuk;s tkrs gSA flUnwjh o yky jax 'kkS;Z o ohjrk ds |ksrd gSA - iQM+ ukxkSj] chdkusj] tSlyesj vkfn {ks=k ds jktiwr] xqtZj] tkV] dqaHkdkj] cykbZ vkfn tkfr;ks ds pkj.k o Hkksikas ds fy, thfodksiktZu dk lk/u gSA bl dyk dks thfor j[kus vkSj yksdfç; cukus esa fp=kdjksa ds lkFk&lkFk Hkksiksa dh Hkh Hkwfedk gSA - Hkksis iQM+ dks ydM+h ij yisV dj xkao&xkao tkdj ikjaifjd oL=kksa esa jko.kgRFkk ;k tarj ok| ;a=k dh /qu ds lkFk dne fFkjdkrs gq, okpu djrs gSA - bl ijaijk es yksd ukV~;] xk;u] oknu] ekSf[kd lkfgR;] fp=kdyk o yksd/eZ dk vn~Hkqr laxe fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

ikus

jktLFkku es fofHk ioZ] R;ksgkjksa ,oa ekaxfyd voljksa ij dkxt ij cus nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fp=kksa dks çfr"Bkfir fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa ^ikus* dgk tkrk gSA x.ks'kth] y{ehth] jkensoth] xksxkth] Jo.k dqekj] rstkth] jke] Ñ".k] f'ko] f'ko&ikoZrh] /eZjkt bR;kfn ds ikus 'kqHk voljksa ij ç;qDr fd, tkrs gSA ;s ikus lLrs gksrs gS] ftUgsa xzkeh.k [kjhndj le;uqlkj ç;qÙkQ djrs gSA ikuksa dks lkekU; dkxt ij iksLVj jaxksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ?kj esa lq[k&le`f¼ o fookg ds volj ij x.ks'kth ds ikus dk ç;ksx djrs gSA nhikoyh ij y{ehth dk ikuk ç;ksx es yk;k tkrk gSA ikuksa es xqykch] yky] dkys jax dk eq[;r% ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

dk"B dyk (dkoM+ o csok.k) jktLFkku esa [kkrh ;k lqFkkj tkfr ds yksx ydM+h dk dk;Z djus es fl¼gLr gksrs gSA ;s ydM+h dk ?kjsyw lkeku] dBiqrfy;k¡] iwtu lkexzh j[kus] ekaxfyd voljks ij dke esa vkus okyh oLrq,¡ o f[kykSus cukrs gSA fpÙkkSM+ ftys dk ^cLlh* xkao ydM+h dh dykRed oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, çfl¼ gSA cLlh eksj pkSiM+k ( Üka`xkj nku)] cktksV] x.kxkSj] fgaMkSy ,oa yksd ukV~;ksa esa ç;qDr fofHk oLrq,¡& [kkaMk] ryokj] eq[kkSVs] foeku ,oa dkoM+ (eafnjuqek vkdkj) fuekZ.k ds fy, çfl¼ gSA buesa dkoM+ lcls dykRed gksrh gSA dkoM+ ,d eafnjuqek dk"B dykÑfr gksrh gSA ftlesa dbZ }kj cus gksrs gSA lHkh }kjksa ij fp=k vafdr jgrs gSA dFkkokpu ds lkFk&lkFk dkoM+ ds }kj [kqyrs tkrs gSA lHkh }kj [kqy tkus ij jke&y{e.k o lhrk dh ewfrZ;k¡ nf'kZr gksrh gSA dkoM+ iwjh yky jax tkrh gS o mlds Åij dkys jax ls ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dks fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA dkoM+ esa eq[;r% jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Ñ".k&yhyk ls lacaf/r ?kVukvksa dk fp=k.k gksrk gSA cLlh ds dk"B dykdkj ^csok.k* cukus es Hkh fuiq.k gSA ^csok.k* Hkh ,d dk"B eafnj gksrk gS] tks lkeus ls [kqyk vkSj rhu vksj ls can gksrk gSA vuUr prqnZ'kh o >wyuk ,dkn'kh ij jke] Ñ".k o fo".kq ds NksVs foxzg dks csok.k esa fojkteku djds mudk tqywl fudkyk tkrk gSA csok.k fuekZ.k ,oa bu ij ydM+h dh [kqnkbZ dykRed gksrh gSA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

- fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds cLlh xkao esa ydM+h dh dykRed oLrq,a cukbZ tkrh gSA - Mwaxjiqj dk tsBkuk xkao ydM+h ij dykRed f'kYi ds fy, izfl¼ gSA - tks/iqj ds iky f'kYi xzke esa jktfldksa dh lgk;rk ls oqM lhtfu&Iyk.V yxk;k x;k gSA

fuekZ.k dSIlwy 

- jktLFkku esa fp=kksa ds ekè;e ls dFkk dgus dh fo/k dks iQM+ dgk tkrk gSA iQM+ fp=k.k diM+s ;k dSuokl ij fd;k tkrk gSA fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

13

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

ek.M.kk

vyadj.k cuokrh gSA Nkrh] xnZu] ihB] isV] dwYgsa] tka?k] Vk¡x] V[kus] ckgsa] dykbZ] gFksyh ds ihNs vaxqfy;ksa ij Hkh fofHk vyadj.k cuok;sa tkrs gSA xksnus ds vyadj.k tkfr fo'ks"k o :fp ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSA dqN fL=k;k¡ xksnus es dsoy fp=k xqnokrh gS rks dqN dsoy ukeA (xzkeh.k {ks=kksa es xksnuk xqnokdj nsg lTtk djuk ,d ijaijk cu xbZ gSA)

^ek.M.kk* ls rkRi;Z vyaÑr djus ls gSA ek.M.ks ?kj dh nsgjh] pkS[kV] vkaxu] pcwrjk] pkSd] iwtu LFky] nhokjksa vkfn dks vayÑr djus ds fy, cuk;s tkrs gSA xsgw¡] pwus ;k [kfM+;k ls xkscj fyih lrg ij fofHk vlojksa ij vyx&vyx ek.M.ks cuk;s tkrs gSA fookg ds volj ij x.ks'kth] y{eh th ds iSj] LofLrd vkfn 'kqHk çrhdksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekU; fnukas esa xyhpk] eksj&eksjuh] xeys] xfy;k¡] cUnuokj] cPps ds tUe ij xyhpk] iQwy] LofLrd] j{kk ca/u ij Jo.k dqekj] x.kxkSj ij feBkbZ] ?ksoj] ygfj;k] rht ij Hkh ?ksoj] ygfj;k] pkSd iQwy] gksyh vkSj nhikoyh ij pax]
fHkfÙk&fp=k.k

lka>h lka>h Jk¼ i{k eas cukbZ tkrh gSA dq¡okjh yM+fd;k¡ liQsnh ls iqrh fnokjksa ij xkscj ls vkdkj mdsjrh gSA rFkk lk¡>h dks ekrk ikoZrh ekudj vPNs ?kj] oj ds fy, dkeuk djrh gSA çFke fnu ls nl fnu rd ,d ;k nks çrhd gh çfrfnu cuk, tkrs gS] fdarq vafre ik¡p fnuks es cM+s vkdkjksa es lk¡>h cukbZ tkrh gS] ftls la>~;k dksV dgrs gSA jktLFkku es çR;sd txg lk¡>h ds Øe es varj jgrk gSA dbZ txg igys fnu lw;Z] pUnzek] rkjs] nwljs fnu ik¡p iQwy] rhljs fnu ia[kh] pkSFks fnu gkFkh lokj] ik¡posa fnu pkSiM+] NBs fnu LofLrd] lkrosa fnu ?ksoj] vkBos fnu ~;kdksV esa chpks&chp lka>h ekrk cM+s vkdkj dh o pkjksa vksj ekuo] i'kq&i{kh vkÑfr;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA dgha&dgha ik¡p iNsVk] NcM+h] ?kM+k] dy'k] eksj&eksjuh] lh<+h] guqeku] Fkky] nksuk] iQsuh] ?ksoj] tysch Hkh cukbZ tkrh gSA ;s dsoy vyadj.k gSA budk dksbZ [kkl egRo ugha gSA budk vkdkj tM+ o xfrghu gksrk gS] fdarq buesa fHkfÙk fp=k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fufgr gksrh gSA

xksnuk fdlh rh[ks vkStkj ls 'kjhj dh Åijh peM+h [kksndj mlesa dkyk jax Hkjus ls peM+h esa iDdk fu'kku cu tkrk gS] ftls xksnuk dgk tkrk gSA vghj] xqokjh] xwtj] jsckjh] pkaxy] lkalh] HkkaHkh] dlkbZ] cutkjk] [kVhd] dkycsfy;k vkfn tkfr;ksa dh efgyk,¡ xksnuk xqnokus es vf/d :fp j[krh gSA iwoZ es ccwy dk dk¡Vk ;k lqbZ dk ç;ksx xksnus ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA orZeku es fctyh ds vkStkj }kjk xksnuk [kqnok;k tkrk gSA buesa dkys jax ds fy, dks;yk] jk[k] tyh gqbZ ydM+h ;k dkfy[k dks vkd ds iÙkksa ds jl ;k fry ds rsy ds lkFk feykdj peM+h es Hkjrs gSA xksnuk lkSan;Z ds lkFk va/fo'oklksa ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd vuxqnk 'kjhj vlqjf{kr gksrk gSA xzkeh.k fL=k;k¡ psgjs ij lkSan;Z ds fy, ekFksa] Hkoksa] ukd ds vkl&ikl] BksM+h] xky] xknZu o vk¡[kksa ds nksuks vksj js[kkvksa o fcanqvksa ds }kjk fofHk fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

14

- pstkjs&Hkou fuekZ.k esa layXu f'kfYi;ksa dks dgk tkrk gS tks izk;% fHkfÙk fp=k.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSA izk;% dqEgkj tkfr dsA - fHkfÙk fp=k.k dk dk;Z lokZf/d 'ks[kkoVh {ks=k esa] ftlesa yksd thou dh >kadh lokZf/d ns[kus dks feyrh gSA - vkWiu vkVZ xSyjh &'kS[kkoVh dks - fj;klrksa esa fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh n`f"V ls dksVk&cqUnh {ks=k lokZf/d fodflr jgkA - fHkfÙk ij lkSUn;Z vkSj l`tu dh n`f"V ls fd;k gqvk ukuk:ih vradj.k fHkfÙk fp=k.k dgykrk gSA - fj;klrksa esa fHkfÙk fpf=k.k ds eq[; fo"k; rRdkyhu jktlh oSHkoiw.kZ thou] egfiQy] m|ku] fogkj] jfuokl] izseyhyk] /kfeZd fp=k] f'kdkj o ;q¼ ds n`';] yksd nsorkvksa ,oa izsek[;kuksa ,oa ukf;dkvksa dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa dk fp=k.k rFkk jk/kd`".k dh yhyk,a jgh gSA - 'ks[kkoVh ds fHkfÙk fp=kksa esa yksd thou dh >kadh lokZf/d ns[kus dks feyrh gSA - 'ks[kkoVh ds uoyx<+] fpM+kok] jkex<+ iQrsgiqj] ljnkj 'kgj] eaMkok vkfn fHkfÙk fp=k.k ds izeq[k dsUnzA - nsodh unu 'kekZ&vyojA ekLVj vkWiQ uspj ,.M fyfoax vkWCtsDV~l ds uke ls izfl¼A i'kqi{kh fp=k.k ,oa fHkfÙk fp=k.k esa fo'ks"k [;kfrA ijEijkoknh fp=kdkj FksA - tksxhnkl dh Nrjh (mn;iqjokVh)& fHkfÙk fp=kkadu ijEijk dk izkphure mnkgj.k]fp=kdkj nsokA fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh izeq[k fof/;k¡ & ÚsLdksa cquksa %& rkth iyLrj dh gqbZ ue fHkfÙk ij fd;k x;k fp=k.kA jktLFkku esa bl i¼fr dks vjk;'kk ;k vkykxhyk dgrs gSA 'ks[kkoVh esa vjk;'kk dks i.kk dgrs gSA ÚkLdksa lsdks fp=k.k%& bl fof/k esa iyLrj dh xbZ feV~Vh dks iw.kZ :i ls lw[kus ds ckn fp=k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA - 'ks[kkoVh ds fHkfÙk fp=k.k esa dRFkbZ] uhys o xqykch jax dh iz/kurk gSA fp=kdkj ckyqjke] pstkjk] t;nso] rulq[kA cy[kkrh ckyks dh yV dk ,d vksj vadu L=kh fp=k.k esa 'ks[kkoVh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSA - fHkfÙk rS;kj djus gsrq jkgksyh dk pwuk vjkb'kh fp=k.k ds fy, loksZRRke ekuk tkrk gSA vdcj vkSj tgkaxhj dh fHkfÙk fp=k dyk esa :fp] mUgha ds le; vkykxhyk i¼fr bVyh ls Hkkjr vkbZA - eFkSjuk dyk& bl dyk esa /kfeZd LFkkuksa ,oa ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ij vk/kfjr fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa ds vkd"kZd fHkfÙk fp=k] bZlj] x.kxkSj vkfn dk fuekZ.k dj bUgsa vkd"kZd jaxksa ls ltk;k tkrk gSA chdkusj {ks=k esa eFkSjuk dyk vf/d izpfyr gSA BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

jktLFkku esa laxhr /qzin 'kSyh&/ziqn dh pkj eq[; /kjk,sa ekuh tkrh gS& - xksgjkok.kh&rkulsu dh xk;u 'kSyh tks Lokeh gfjnkl ls lacaf/r gSA - Mkxqj ok.kh&;g Mkax {ks=k (djkSyh) ds fuoklh czt pan dh ok.kh (izorZd) cgjke [kka Mkxj us izfl¼ fnykbZA - uksgjok.kh&bls uksgj (guqekux<+) ds fuoklh Jhpan dh ijEijk ekuh tkrh gSA - [k.Mkj ok.kh&[k.Mkj (lokbZ ek/kiqj) ds lEeksgu flag blds izorZd ekus tkrs] rkulsu dh iq=kh ljLorh dk fookg lEeksgu flag ds iq=k feJhflag lsA

-

laxhr ?kjkus ,oa dykdkj -

-

-

-

-

-

jktLFkku ds izeq[k yksd ok|

t;iqj ?kjkuk&tUenkrk&eujax (Hkwir [kka) [;ky xk;u 'kSyh dk ?kjkukA eksgEen vyh [kka dksBh okys us izflf¼ fnyokbZ (eujax) ds iksrs) eujax fnYyh ?kjkus ds izorZd lnkjax ds iq=kA ifV;kyk ?kjkuk&izorZd iQrsg vyh ,oa vyh c['k (vkfy;k&iQrw) bls t;iqj dk mi?kjkuk dgrsA esokrh ?kjkuk&mLrkn ?kX?ks [kka izorZd (tks/iqj ds jkT;kf{kr) bls Xokfy;j ?kjkus dh 'kk[kk Hkh ekurs gSA tljkt blh ?kjkus ls lacf/r gSA tks/iqj egkjktk tlaorflag ds njckjh xk;dA vYykfn;k [kka ?kjkuk&izorZd t;iqj ds vYykfn;k [kkaA fd'kksj veks.kdj blh ?kjkus dh izfl¼ xkf;dA vrjkSyh ?kjkuk&izorZd lkgc [kkaA t;iqj ?kjkus dh 'kk[kkA :ykus okys iQdhj ds uke ls izfl¼ ekurksy [kka bl ?kjkus ds izfl¼ laxhrKA Mkxj ?kjkuk& izorZd cgjke [kka MkxjA jkeflag I ds njckjh xk;dA tgh:íhu ,oa iQS;ktqíhu Mkxj] ?kjkus ds izfl¼ /zqinA xk;d bUgksus /zqin es tqxycanh dh ijEijk LFkkfir dj /zqin dks u;k :i fn;kA lksfu;k ?kjkuk (t;iqj)&izorZd lwjrlsu (rkulsu ds iq=k) mn;'kadj&ewy fuoklh&mn;iqjA dRFkd ,oa csys urZdA jk/k d`".k o fgUnw eSfjt nks u`R;ukfVdk,a fy[kh bUnz u`R; dh jpuk dh tks vR;f/d izfl¼ gqvkA jfo'kadj&mn;iqjA mn;'kadj ds NksVs HkkbZA fo'o izfl¼ flrkj okndA vesfjdk dk izfl¼ laxhr iqjLdkj xzseh iqjLdkj izkIr dj pqds gSA i-fo'o eksgu HkV~V&t;iqj ds fo'o izfl¼ flrkj okndA xkSjhEek uked ubZ jksx dk fodkl fd;kA 1994 bZ- esa Lisfu'k fxVkj oknd jkbZdqMj ds lkFk tqxy canh dj dkWEisDV fMLd A Meeting by the River ij izfl¼ xzseh iqjLdkj feykA ia- fo'oeksgu HkV~V us if'peh fxVkj esa 14 rkj tksM+dj bls eksgu ok.kh dk :i fn;k tks oh.kk ljksn ,oa flrkj dk lfe{k.kA bUgs vesfjdk ds eSjhyS.M jkT; dh ekud ukxfjdrk nh xbZ gSA mek 'kekZ&t;iqjA izfl¼ dRFkd u`R;kaxukA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

Jh nqxkZ yky&t;iqjA t;iqj 'kSyh ds dRFkd dykdkjA 1990 esa in~e Jh iznku fd;k x;kA if.Mr ckcwyky&t;iqjA dRFkd dykdkj (laxhr) jke tks'kh] uojax] cwan tks cu xbZ eksrh] rwiQku vkSj fn;kA >ud ik;y ckts] vkfn fiQYeksa esa dk;Z fd;kA izsj.kk Jhekyh&ckalokM+k izfl¼ dRFkd dykdkjA laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj (2010)A dksey dksBkjh&diklu (fpÙkkSM+) ns'k ds 'kh"kZ Lrj ds yksddyk eeZKA :ik;u laLFkku] cks:nk (tks/iqj) ds funs'kd jgsA 1983 in~e Jh 2003 in~eHkw"k.k rFkk 2004 esa jktLFkku dk izFke jko lhgk iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;kA

yksd ok|ksa & & & &

ds pkj izdkj gS& /u ok| vou/ ok| lqf"kj ok| rr~ ok|

/uok|

os ok| tks /krq ls fufeZr gksrs gS ftudks vkil esa Vdjkdj ;k M.Ms dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkrk gSA /u ok| ;a=k dgykrs gSA - ?kqa?k:&ihiy ;k dkals ds xksy ok|A yksd urZdksa ;k dykdkjksa dk fiz; ok| ;a=k u`R; djrs le; iSjksa esa cka/k tkrk gSA - djrky&ukjn eqfu dk ok| ;a=kA ;qXe lktA nks pkSdksj ydM+h ds VqdM+ksa ds chp esa ihry dh NksVh&NksVh xksy r'rfj;k¡ yxh jgrh gSA lk/q lar Hktuksa ds le; ctkrs gS ckM+esj o ikyh ftyksa esa xSj u`R; esa iz;ksxA - je>kSy&yksd urZdksa ds ikoksa esa cka/h tkus okyh ?kq?k:vksa dh iV~Vh gksyh ds volj ij gksus okys u`R;] mRlo rFkk xSj u`R;ksa esa bldk iz;ksx mn;iqj ftys esa Hkhy pØkdkj u`R;ksa esa bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA xkSM+okM+ {ks=k ds yksd urZd lej u`R; djrs le; ctkrs gSA - ysfte&xjkfl;k tkfr ds yksxksa dk ok|&;g ckal dk /uq"kkdkj VqdM+k gksrk gS] ftuds lkFk yxh tathj esa NksVh&NksVh xksykdkj ifÙk;k¡ gksrh gS] ftlds fgykus ij >u>ukgV dh èofu fudyrhA - ?k.Vk (?kfM+;ky)& ihry ;k vU; /krq dk xksykdkj ok| ftls Mksjh ls yVdkdj gFkksM+s ;k blds vUnj yVds gq, M.Ms ls pksV dj ctk;k tkrk gSA iz;ksx vf/drj eafnjksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA - Jhe.My&jktLFkku ds yksd ok|ksa esa cgqr iqjkuk yksd ok|A [kM+s >kMuqek bl ok| es pkan dh rjg ds xksy&xksy NksVs&cM+s Vadksjs yVdrs gq, jgrsA - oknu oSokfgd voljksa ijA rjax ok| (nks iryh MaMh ls ctk;k tkrk) - >kyj&dkalsa ;k rkacs dh eksVh pØkdkj IysV (r'rjh) eafnj esa vkjrh ds le; oknu fd;k tkrk gSA - fpeVk&yksgs dh nks iryh ifV~Vdkvksa ls cukA lk/q yksxksa dk ok|A 15

BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

-

-

-

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

eathjk&ihry ;k dkals ls fufeZr dVksjh uqek ok|A ;qXe lktA Mqaxjiqj {ks=k dk izfl¼ ok|A rsjgrkyh u`R; esa iz;ksxA HkfDr dhrZu esa iz;ksxA >ka>&eathjs dh cM+h vkd`frA 'ks[kkoVh dk izfl¼ ok|A 'ks[kkoVh esa dPNh ?kksM+h u`R; esa iz;ksxA cM+s kaiyh] ckM+esj) vU; dykdkj&xkth [kk¡A Hkjuh&feV~Vh ds HkVds ds ladjs eqag ij dkals dh IysV
-

-

vou/ ok| -

-

-

,sls ok| tks peM+s ls e<+dj cuk;k tkrk gS] ftls gkFk ;k M.Ms dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkrkA pax&ydM+h dk cuk xksy ok|A jktLFkku dk vR;Ur yksdfiz; ok| gksyh ds fnuksa esa ctkrsA 'ks[kkoVh {ks=k esa pax u`R; ds le;A ?ksjk&pax] MiQ vkfn ok|ksa ds vkdkj dkA v"V Hkqtkdj A esokM+ {ks=k ds eqLyekuksa dk izeq[k ok|A MiQ (kykokM {ks=k esa fo'ks"k :i ls ctk;k tkrk gSA [katjh&
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

-

ctk;k tkrk gSA eqfLye leqnk; esa rkft;k fudkrs le; vf/drj ctk;k tkrk gSA ijkruqek ok| ;a=kA kykokM+ {ks=kksa esa yksdfiz;A dej&yksgs dh píj dks xksy dj peM+s ls e<+dj cuk;k x;k ok|A tks vyoj] Hkjriqj {ks=k esa 3&4 O;fDr;ksa }kjk mlds pkjksa vkSj [kMs gksdj nksuksa gkFkksa esa MaMksa dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkrk gSA

lqf"kj ok| -

-

-

16

tks ok| iQwad dj ctk, tkrs gS] mUgsa lqf"kj ok| dgrs gSA ckalqjh &;g ok| ckal dh ufydk ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k bl ok| dk uke ckalqjh iM+kA ikap Nsn okyh ckalqjh dks ikoykA N% Nsn okyh :ykA ;g vR;Ur izkphu ok| gSA oSfnd lkfgR;] ½Xosn] mifu"kn] iqjk.k esa mYys[kA gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k izfl¼ ckalqjh oknd gSA vyxkstk&jktLFkku dk jkT; ok|A lqikjh dh uyh dk cuk ok| (ikfdLrku] ls ydM+h eaxkrs) ;qXe lktA eh.kk vkfnokfl;ksa o xzkeh.kksa esa fo'ks"k izpyuA tSlyesj] tks/iqj] ckM+esj] chdkusj] lokbZ ek/ksiqj] VksadA t;iqj ds in~eiqjk xkao ds izfl¼ dykdkj jkeukFk pkS/jh ukd ls ctkrsA ohj rstkth dh thou xkFkk] fMXxhiqjh dk jktk]
lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

-

-

-

-

-

-

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

iwaxh (chu)&NksVh ykSdh ds rqEcs ls cuh gksrh gSA rqEcs ds fupys fgLls esa Nsndj nks ufy;ka yxkbZ tkrhA dkycsfy;ka dk ok| e'kd&cdjh dh iwjh [kky ls cksjs ;k xqCckjs dh rjg dk ok| ;a=kA dka[k esa nckdj ctkrsA HkS:th ds Hkksis iz;ksx esa ysrs gSA vyoj] lokbZ ek/ksiqj esa fo'ks"k yksdfiz;A ckafd;k&ihry dk oØdkj ok| ;a=kA ljxjksa dk [kkunkuh ok| 'kknh voljksa ij iz;ksaxA Hkwaxy (j.kHksjh)&esokM+ ds HkkokbZ;ksa dh izeq[k ok| HkokbZ ukV~; ls iwoZ ctk;k tkrk gSA xkao esa [ksy 'kq: djus ls igys turk dks ,df=kr djus ds fy, rFkk ;q¼ 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ctkrsA lrkjk&vyxkstk] ckalwjh 'kgukbZ dk lefUor ok|A ckalqjh dsj dh ydM+h ls cukbZ tkrh (lrkjk dh) ;qXe izR;sd esa N%&N% Nsn tSlyesj ckM+esj ds tutkfr ds yksx xM+fj, es?koky vkSj eqfLye cktrs A eksjpax &yksgs dk cuk NksVk ok|A gksBks ds chp j[kdj ctkrs jsfxLrkuh {ks=k esa izpfyr yaxk xk;d bls lkjaxh o lrkjk dh laxr esA uksV blesa rkj yxs gksus ds dkj.k rr~ ok| dk :i ekuk tkrk gSA dkj.kk&rqjgh ls feyrk ok|;a=k ihry dk 7&8 iQhV yEck ok|A izkphu dky esa j.k{ks=k o jkT; njckjksa esaA lcls yEck ok| ;a=kA rqjgh ihry dh cuhA nqxksZ o ;q¼ LFkyksa esa iz;ksx vkd`fr fpye dh rjgA yEckbZ 4&5 iQhV eè;dky es ;g ok| ;a=kA ukxiQ.kh&ihry dh likZdkj uyh ls cukA eafnjksa o lk/q lU;kflvksa }kjk iz;ksxA eqjyk (eqjyh)&;g iqaxh dk ifj"d`r :i tks uyhnkj rqEcs ds uhps pkSM+s okys Hkkx esa nks ckal dh ufy;ka iQalkdj cuk;k tkrk gSA ,d uyh ls èofu nwljh ls LojA ckM+esj&tSlyesj esa yxk tkfr esa yksdfiz;A lhaxk&fgj.k] ckjgflaxk ;k HkSlk ds lhax ls cuk ;g ok| gksBksa ij j[kdj daB ls mRiUu èofu ls ctk;k tkrk gS tksfx;ksa esa yksdfiz;A lqjukbZ&'kgukbZ ls feyrk tqyrk ok|A 'kh'ke] lkxoku dh ydM+h ls fufeZrA
-

-

-

rr~ ok| -

-

ftu ok|ksa esa rkjksa ds }kjk Lojksa dh mRifRrA budks xt] vaxqfy;ksa ;k fetjkiQ dh lgk;rk ls ctkrs gSA lkjaxh&rr~ ok|ksa ls loZJs"BA lkxoku rFkk jksfgM+s dh ydM+h lsA oknu xt dh lgk;rk ls ctkrsA bles a9 rkjA oknu iM+ ds le;A ikcwth Mwaxjth] tokgjth ds Hkksis cktrsA tUrj&oh.kk dk izkjfEHkd :iA vkd`fr oh.kk tSlh oknu xys esa yVdkdj [kM+s gksdjA oknu cxM+kor dh dFkk dgus okys xqtj HkksisA ukxkSj] vtesj] HkhyokM+k esAa esokM+

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

17

{ks=k esa izpyu vf/d jktLFkku esa xqtj Hkksiksa dk izpfyr ok|A blesa pkj rkjA dek;pk&'kh'ke] vke ;k jksfgM+k dh ydM+h ls cuk;k tkrkA lkajxh ds leku yksd ok|A jsfxLrku esa ekaxf.k;kj tkfr ds is'ksoj xk;d ctkrs gSA ukFkiaFkh lk/q Hkh Hkr`gZ fj ,oa xksihpan dh dFkk ds xhr ds lkFk ctkrs gSA bZjkuh ok| izeq[k dykdkj&lkdj [kkaA Hkiax&dVs gq, rwcs ls cuk ftlds ,d fljs ij peM+k e<+k tkrk gSA Me: dh vkd`fr ls feyrk ok| ;a=k izeq[k oknd &tgwj [kka esokrh (Hkiax dk tknwxj) mej iQk:[k esokrh vU; dykdkj vyoj ftys ds tksxh tkfr ds yksx Hkiax ok| ;a=k ds lkFk ik.Mqu dM+k] jktk Hkr`gfj] Hkxr iwj.key] ghjk jka>k ,oa xksikihj dh yksd dFkk,a xkrsA rUnwjk%& bls ^os.kksa dgrsA pkj rkjA dkeM+ tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk iz;ksxA pkSrkjk dgrsA fetjkc ls ctkrsA jckt%& dek;ps dh vkd`fr dk@lkjaxh dh vkd`fr dkA vaxqfy;ksa ds uk[kwuksa ls oknuA ekjokM+ ds jkoy tkfr ds yksx ^jEer yksd ukV~;* esa esokM+ ds {ks=k dh jko rFkk HkkV theu }kjk ctk;k tkrk gSA lkr rkjA ikcwth dh yksd xkFkk xkus okys uk;d ;k Hkhy* tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk jckc%& lkjaxh ds izdkj dk ok|A vyoj] Vksad {ks=kA blesa 5 rkjA esoksa ds HkkVksa dk izeq[k ok|A fpdkjk%& dSj dh ydM+h ls cus bl ok| dk ,d fljk I;kys ds vkdkj dk blesa 3 rkjA oknu eq[;r% xjfl;k tutkfr ds Hkksiksa }kjkA vyoj&Hkjriqj {ks=k esa tksfx;ksa }kjk ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuksa ;k yksd xkFkkvksa ds xk;u ds lkFkA xjkfl;ksa rFkk vyoj ds esoksa esa izpfyr xwtjh%& jko.k gRFkk ls NksVk] jko.k gRFkk dh vkd`fr dkA ikap rkjA lqfjUnk%& jksfgM+s dh ydM+h ls fufeZrA iz;ksx ekjokM+ ds yksd dykdkj] fo'ks"kdj yaxk tkfr ds yksxks }kjkA xk;u ds lkFk ugha ctkrsA jktLFkku laxhr ukV; vdkneh dk izrhd ^fpUg*A nqdkdks%& Hkhy tkfr }kjk nhikoyh ijA cSBdj o ?kqVuksa ds chp nckdj ctkrsA lwjte.My%& nks&
lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

yksd xhr -

-

-

iko.kk&fookg ds ckn nkekn ds fy, xk, tkus okys xhrA lhB.ks&fookg lekjksg esa [kq'kh o vkuUn ds fy, xk, tkrs bUgs xkyh xhr dgrs gSA tyks (tyky)&o/q i{k dh L=kh;ksa }kjk tc oj dh ckjkr dk Msjk ns[kus tkrs le;A dke.k&oj dks tknw Vksus ls cpkus gsrq fpjeh&fpjeh ds ikS/s dks lacksf/r dj cky xzke o/q }kjk vius HkkbZ o firk dh izrh{kk ds le; dh euksn'kk dk fp=k.kA fcNwM+ksa&gkM+kSrh {ks=k dk yksdfiz; xhrA ^^eS rks ejh gksrh jkt] [kk x;ks csjh chNwM+ks**A dslfj;k ckye&ifr dh izrh{kk djrh gqbZ ukjh dh fojg O;FkkA ;g jtokM+h xhrA thjks&jktLFkku dk izfl¼ yksd xhr ftlesa iRuh vius ifr ls thjk ugha cksus dk vuqjks/ djrhA lqi.kk&fojguh ds Loiu ls laca/h xhrA iaNhM+k&gkM+kSrh o ksjkok&tSlyesj ftys esa ifr ds ijns'k tkus ijA ;g izsfedk ds fo;ksx esa xk;k tkus okyk] xhr gSA ewey&tSlyesj esa vfrizfl¼ J`axkfjd yksd xhr] ftlesa ewey dk u[kfld o.kZuA ^^EgkjS cjlkys jh ewey gkykSuh ,¡ vkyhts js ns'k**A
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

gelhBksa&Hkhy L=kh vkSj iq:"k }kjk lkFk feydj xk;k tkus okyk izfl¼ yksd xhrA vksY;w¡&fdlh dh ;kn esa csVh dk fonkbZ ds le; ^^daoj ckbZ jh vksY;w¡ vkoS vks jkt** bZ.Mks.kh&ikuh Hkjus tkrh efgykvksa }kjk ^Egkjh lok yk[k jh ywe xe xbZA baMks.kh*A dkxk&ukf;dk }kjk dkS, dks lEcksf/r djds vius fiz;re ds vkus dk 'kxqu euk;k tkrk gSA ^^mM+&mM+ js Egkjk dkyk js dkxyk] tn Egkjk fioth ?kj vkoS**A dktfy;ksa&;g ,d J`axkj iz/ku xhrA gksyh ds volj ij pax ds lkFk xk;k tkrkA ^^dkty Hkfj;ksa dwaiyksa dksbZ /j;ksa iyax v/ chp dksjks dktfy;ksaA** dqjtk¡&fiz;re dks lans'k fHktokus ls lacaf/r xhrA ?kksM+h&ckjkr dh fudklh ij ?kksM+h xkrs gSA ^^?kksM+h Egkjh pUnzeq[kh lh] bUnzyksd lw¡ vkbZ vks jkt** tPpk@gksyj&ckyd ds tUeksRlo ij ^gksyj tk;k us gqbZ nS c/kbZ Fks Egkjk oa'k cnk;ks js vycsyh tPpk*A iSi;ks&;g nkEi; izse vkn'kZ dks n'kkuZ okyk xhr] ftlesa izs;lh vius fiz;re ls miou esa vkdj feyus dk vuqjks/ djrh gSA ^Hkaoj ckaxk esa vkT;ks th] ,th EgkjkA uktwd tho ?kcjkosa] iiS;k cksY;ks thAA* c/ok &'kqHk dk;Z lEiUu gksus ij A ekaxhckbZ &esokM+ fuoklhA dslfj;k ckye vkvks uh i/kjks Egkjks ns'k loZizFke xk;kA ekaM xkf;dkA Lo- Jherh xojh nsoh&chdkusj fuoklhA ekaM xkf;dkA fookg tks/iqj fuoklh eksguyky ds lkFkA tks/iqj egkjktk mEesnflag }kjk lEekfurA 1986 laxhr ukVd vdkneh dk loksZPp iqjLdkj rFkk jk"Vªifr Jh vkj-osadV jeu }kjk rkezi=k iznkuA jktLFkku dh e: dksfdykA cUuks csxe&t;ijqA ekaM xkf;dkA ekrk tkSgj ckbZ t;iqj njckj dh izfl¼ ekaM xkf;dk ,ao u`R;kaxku tehyk ckbZ&tks/iqjA izfl¼ yksd xhr xkf;dA vYykg ftYYkkg ckbZ&chdkusjA ekaM xkf;dk 1987 yanu ds vYcVZ gkWy esa xkf;dh dh Nki NksM+hA 1982 in~e Jh jktLFkku JhA 29 fnlEcj 2003 dks Hkkjr ljdkj us 5 : dk Mkd fVdV tkjhA xojh nsoh&ikyh] ekaM xkf;dkA gj dk fgaMksyk&o`¼ dh e`R;q ij xk;k tkus okyk xhrA dks;yM+h&dU;k i{k dks fL=k;ksa }kjk dU;k dh fonkbZ ds le;A :ihM+ks] >kyks] >waVf.k;ksa&jktLFkkuh yksd xhrA eha>j&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k bl xhr ds jpf;rkA Hk.krsa&jktLFkku esa Je djrs le; Fkdku dks nwj djus gsrq xk;s tkus okys xhrA xkMwykW] dwdMykS] ?kw?kjh&yksd xhrA fc.ktkjk&fc.ktkjk yksx fc.kt djrs le; cSyksa ij lkeku ykndj ys tkrs Fks bls ckyqn dgk tkrk FkkA ^pe&pe peds pwanM+h fc.ktkjk jsA dksbZ FkksM+ks lks EgkjS lkeh uky js fc.ktkjk jSAA BY

lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k

jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

jktLFkku ds dyk laLFkku

yksd dykdkj

dyk laLFkku

LFkkiuk vU; rF; o"kZ Hkokuh ukV~;'kkyk 1921 'kk;d Hkokuh flag }kjk (>kykokM+) fufeZr] ;g vkWisjk 'kSyh ij vk/kfjr gSA jktLFkku izkP; 1950 ns'k dk lcls cM+k ik.Mqfyfi fo|k izfr"Bku HkaMkj fLFkr gSA (tks/iqj) Hkkjrh; yksd dyk 1952 bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dk e.My eq[; mís'; yksd dykvksa o dBiqfy;ksa ds 'kks/ los{Z k.k izf'k{k.k dk izlkj djuk gSA jktLFkku lkfgR; 1958 mís';&lkfgRdkjksa o vdkneh (mn;iqj) lkfgfR;d xfrfof/;ksa dks laj{k.k iznku djukA bldh ekfld if=kdk e/qefr gSA :ik;u laLFkku 1960 jktLFkku ds yksd xhrksa] (cks:ank] tks/iqj) dFkkvksa ,oa Hkk"kkvksa dh ijEijkxr [kkst dj mldk ladyu dj jgh gSA yksd laLd`fr 'kks/ 1964 bls uxj Jh Hkh dgk tkrk laLFkku (pw:) gSA mnwZ vdkneh 1979 u[kfyLrku uke =kSekfld (t;iqj) if=kdk dk izdk'ku djrh gsa jktLFkku Hkk"kk] 1983 ;g vdkneh izo`fr;ksa dh lkfgR; o laLd`fr tkudkjh (lkfgfR;d lkexzh vdkneh rFkk lekpkj cqfyVsu) iznku (chdkusj) djus gsrq tkxrh tksr uked ekfld if=kdk dk izdk'ku djrh gSA jktLFkku czt Hkk"kk 1986 ;g czt 'krny uked vdkneh (t;iqj) =kSekfld if=kdk dk izdk'ku djrh gSA tokgj dyk dsUnz 1993 dykdkjksa dks izksRlkgu nsuk] (t;iqj) dyk /jksgj dk lja{k.k djukA fp=k'kkyk (cwanh) & fp=kdyk laxgz ky;] egkjktk mEesnflag ds 'kkludky esa fufeZr jaxhu fp=k (cwanh fp=kdyk] dykd`fr;ka o feu,Pkj isafVax dk lxzag gSA) ia- >kcjey 'kks/ 2000 i=kdkfjrk esa 'kks/ ds fy, laLFkku (t;iqj)

lkdj deky [kkW%& & tUe&gehjk (tSlyesj)] & dek;pk ds tknwxjA & dsUnzh; laxhr ukVd vdkneh us 1990&91bZ- esa ^yksd laxhr iqjLdkj] iznku fd;kA isis [kkWa%& & tUe& gehjk (tSlyesj)A & lkdj [kkWa ds NksVs HkkbZA & chu vkSj 'kguksbZ ds izfl¼ okndA & lqj.kkbZ dk tknwxj dgrs gSA jkefd'ku lksyadh %& & iq"dj] vtesj fuoklh & dqpkeuh [;ky ds izeq[k uxkM+k okndA & 1976 jktLFkku laxhr ukV; vdkneh iqjLdkjA & 1992 jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vdkneh vokMZA pkWan eksgEen [kku%& & t;iqjA & fo[;kr 'kgukbZ okndA & lu~ 1974 esa cuh ^e`x r`".kk* fiQYe dh 'kwfVax t;iqj ds jkex<+ >hy ds vkl&ikl ds {ks=k esa gqbZ] ml fiQYe dh vnkdkjk ;ksfxrk ckyh us tks eqtjk xk;k FkkA mlds laxhr esa pkWan eksgEen [kka us 'kgukbZ ij laxhr dh FkhA ia- tldj.k xksLokeh&chdkusj iz[;kr flrkj okndA iq:"kksÙke nkl&ukFk}kjk (jktlaen) izfl¼ i[kkot okndA ln~nhd [kk¡ ekxf.k;kj&tUe&>kaiyh(ckM+esj)[kM+rky dsA fofy;e tSEl&chdkusjA izfl¼ cSM ekLVjA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj

19

BY

lat; xqIrk