International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Red Jungle Fowl Development Scenarios For Poultry Farmers In Bengkulu Coastal Communities Johan Setianto 1,2,♥, Sutriyono 1, Hardi Prakoso1 , Basyaruddin Zain1 1

2

Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Graduate School of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu, Jalan W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371A, Indonesia Tel./Fax, +62-736-21290 ♥ email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Red jungle fowl is a species of wild birds that have been reared by the community in coastal areas. However, the red jungle fowl is generally not well developed yet. This study aims to draw up the red jungle fowl development scenarios in Bengkulu coastal areas. Respondents selection were conducted by using a snowball sampling method. The data was obtained from the breeders selected as respondents by using a combination of in-depth interviews, questionnaires and a direct observation. The data used to draw up scenarios was the number of hen, egg production, production of day old chick, day old chicks and eggs production ratio. The results showed that the total population of the red jungle fowl and their offsprings is 415. The average number of hen who reared was 5.58/breeders. Average egg production was 7.37 eggs/hen/period. Chick production was 4.85 doc/hen/period. Chick and egg production ratio was 65.54%. Population development scenarios can be done by increasing the number of hen, increase egg production, increase the number of eggs hatching. Besides, it is done by reducing mortality and sales. Keywords : Red jungle fowl, development, coastal community, Bengkulu.

INTRODUCTION Bengkulu Province is located in the western part of Sumatra island, and has directly borders the Indian Ocean. Bengkulu is located extends from the south to the north with a long coastline approximately 525 km. Bengkulu Province is geographically located in the west of the Bukit Barisan mountains, the total area reached approximately 1,991,933 hectares or 19919.33 square kilometers. Bengkulu provincial government is divided into 10 districts/cities. Bengkulu provincial government is divided into 10 districts/cities. The total area of the Bengkulu province, divided into 10 districts / are not the same extent. North Bengkulu District is the most extensive area of about 4,424.60 km2, or approximately 22.21% of the area of Bengkulu. While most small district which covers the city of Bengkulu at only about 144.52 km2 or 0.74% of the total area of the province of Bengkulu. Red jungle fowl is one of the important species that live in the nature and have a variety of roles, such as the functions of ecology, economy and aesthetics. For genetic resources, the red jungle fowl is the ancestor of local chickens that reared by the community at this time. It has an important role in efforts to produce new chicken species to support the food security. Thus in terms of genetic, local chicken are in a clade with the red jungle fowl (Zein and Sulandari, 2009). Local chicken spread in various areas, especially in Sumatra and Java. This

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

indicates that the domestication of red jungle fowl has occurred. It also informed that the red jungle fowl have been growing and breeding since along time ago, although there is a difference between one area to another. Subhani, et al (2010) found that the habitat of the red jungle fowl found in the woods and scrub. More Javed and Rahmani (2000) showed that the red jungle fowl more obtained in a mixed forest. Arshad and Zakaria (2009) found that the red jungle fowl happy perched on tree branches. At night they climb up to the tree branch to perch. Mansjoer (1987) find the jungle fowl in Sumatra have larger body size and coat color back brighter than the jungle fowl found in Java (G. gallus javanicus). Red jungle fowl is the wildlife that live in nature and have long been domesticated by community in Bengkulu (Setianto et al, 2016). Domestication is one way of conservation that has been done by the community. Rearing the red jungle fowl in the Bengkulu coastal areas has done a variety of purposes, such as hobby (ornamental and hunting), crossbreeding, and economic (Setianto et al., 2014; Setianto et al 2015a). Red jungle fowl has produced offspring of chicken burgo, which is the result of a cross-matting between the red jungle fowl male and local chicken females (Setianto 2009a; Setianto 2012; Setianto 2010; Setianto and Warnoto 2010; Setianto et al., 2013; Setianto et al 2015b) , However, until now the population and production of the red jungle fowl and their offsprings in community have not shown satisfactory results and the production is very low. Conservation and development of the red jungle fowl in coastal areas is a strategic way that is expected to support the development of the red jungle fowl as local chicken. It is based on the grounds that the coastal areas in Bengkulu adjacent to the access road, urban, residential, market, and feed sources. Uddin et al (2013) said that local chicken in the community have been practiced for a long time at a small scale for multipurpose activities. This study aimed to draw up the red jungle fowl development scenarios in Bengkulu coastal areas. The benefits of this research is to provide information about the development scenario of red jungle fowl and their offsprings

MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted in May- August 2016 in the city of Bengkulu and in North Bengkulu. Research location is determined intentionally (purposive), based on information existing breeders who raise the red jungle fowl. Respondents selection were conducted by using a snowball sampling method. The data was obtained from the breeders selected as respondents by using a combination of in-depth interviews, questionnaires and a direct observation. Data collected was population, number of hen, egg production, chick production, 420

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

and chick and egg production ratio. The data obtained are presented in tables and analyzed descriptively. To perform the red jungle fowl development scenario simulation using survey data.

Figure 1. Map of the province of Bengkulu. The arrows indicate the location of the study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of hen, egg production and chick production Red jungle fowl are raised by the community is a male red jungle fowl, while the hens are reared is a offspring of the red jungle fowl. Red jungle fowl newly captured is very wild. Therefore, it is not easy to preserve the red jungle fowl obtained from catches. The nature wild red jungle fowl is also found in the offspring of the red jungle fowl, although it has been properly reared since hatching (Brisbin and Peterson 2007). Offsprings of the red jungle fowl is the result of a cross-matting between the red jungle fowl males with local chicken females and is known as chicken burgo. Red jungle fowl is reared by the community for cross-matting to obtain new breeds relatively wild and can be used economically (Setianto 2013). In Table 1 below can be seen the number of hens, egg production, chick production, chick and egg production ratio.

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Tabel 1. Number of hen, egg production, chick production, chick and egg production ratio Variable Number of hen ( hens/respondent ) Egg production ( eggs/hen/period ) Chick production ( chicks/hen/period ) Variable Egg production ( eggs/period ) Chick production ( chick/period ) Chick and egg production ratio (%)

Average 5.58 7.37 4.85 Total 782 536 65.54

From Table 1 it can be seen that the number of hen that are reared by the respondent is still very low. The average number of hen was 5.58 hens/respondents. With the number of hen in such a way, of course, can not provide optimal results. The average egg production in the study is still relatively low. Egg production ranged from 6 to 10 eggs/hen/period. The average egg production of 7.37 eggs/hen/period. According Setianto (2009b), chicken burgo as a offspring of the red jungle fowl can produce 32.67 eggs for 60 days. On the other hand Warnoto and Setianto (2009) suggested that the red jungle fowl and his offsprings (chicken burgo) produce 14-18 eggs/period. In this study, not all hens produce eggs optimally and lower than the results of research by Warnoto and Setianto (2009). In this study, not only the low egg production, but also chick production are still low. The average chick production of 4.85 chicks/hen/period. Total chicks production from all respondents was 536 chicks/period. The chick and egg production ratio was 65.54%. This means that from the 100 eggs only produce 65.54 chicks (66 chicks). When compared with the research conducted by Dinata (2006), the chick production in this study is quite high. Dinata (2006) reported that the offsprings of the red jungle fowl (burgo chicken) has hatchability of 51.80%. However, chick and egg production ratio in this study is still low when compared with the results of research by Setianto et al. (2013), who reported that the offsprings of the red jungle fowl (chicken burgo) at Bengkulu City community has a chick and egg production ratio of 79.40%. Some of the factors that lead to low production of offspring of the red jungle fowl is a egg fertility and hatchability. Low fertility in the offspring eggs of red jungle fowl caused by natural mating is not successful. It is caused by a lack of suitable environmental conditions and the condition of the red jungle fowl wilderness. On the other hand, hatching less successful due to the hen's ability to incubate the eggs is very limited due to the morphology is very small (Setianto et al 2013)

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Scenario development of the red jungle fowl population In drawing up the red jungle fowl population development scenarios used a determinant variable rate rising population growth. Based on the research results, a determinant variable rate rise could still be improved. Variables that could be improved is the number of hen, egg production, chick production, and the ratio between the chick and egg production. The number of hen that are reared by the respondents between 1-23 hen, with an average of 5.58 hens. However, more respondents who reared less than 15 hens. Therefore, from a variable number of hen used 8 hen to construct population development scenario. Egg production amounts ranging from 6-10, then the number of egg production used 10 eggs/hen/period. Furthermore, the production of chick variables increased from 4.85 to 7 (production range of chick/hen/periodwas 1.33 - 8). From these assumptions are composed of 4 (four) the red jungle fowl development scenarios as follows: 1) increase the average number of hen from 5:58 to 8 hens and other variables fixed, 2) to increase egg production from 7:37 to 10/hen/period and other variables fixed, 3) increase chick production from 4.85 to 7 chick/hen/period and other variables fixed, 4) a combination of scenario 1), 2) and 3). The simulation results showed a scenario as shown in Table 2. Table 2. The red junglefowl scenarios and chicks production simulation results No Scenario

1 2 3 4 5

Without scenario Scen.1 Scen.2 Scen.3 Scen.4

Average number of hens (hen/respond ent) 5.58 8 5.58 5.58 8

Average egg Average chick production production (egg/hen/pe (chick/hen/peri riod) od

Chick production (chick /period)

7.37

4.85

536

7.37 10 7.37 10

4.85 4.85 7 7

743 583 621 955

Increase in chicks production (%) 38.62 8.77 15.86 78.17

Red jungle fowl development in the Bengkulu communities, especially in coastal areas needs to be done. The basic data relating to the red jungle fowl that have been found in community who domesticated and developed can be used to draw up population development scenarios. The cause of the slow progress of the red jungle fowl offspring, among others, the low number of hen and egg production/hen. Besides, the ability of the hen to incubate their eggs only in small quantities, because of his size small hen. Such conditions can reduce hatchability of eggs, so the percentage of hatchability of eggs is low. Based on the data 423

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

obtained can be carried out several red jungle fowl populations development scenarios. Through an increase in the number of hens from 5:58/respondent to 8 hens/respondent, increase egg production from 7:37 to 10 eggs/hen/period, and increase the chick production from 4.85 chick/hens/period to 7 chick/hens/period can increase production to 78.17 percent. Improved rearing management, the use of hatchery technology, improvement of market facilities, as well as good rearing management development is expected to accelerate the development of the red jungle fowl domestication as other local chickens. In the population development scenario, the red jungle fowl population development will rapidly if the entire determinant variable rate of rise and the rate of decline to be involved in the scenario.

CONCLUSION The red jungle fowl development can be improved by increasing the rate rising population determinant variables (the number of hen, egg production, and chick production). Increasing the number of hen to 8 hens/respondent, egg production to 10 eggs/hen, and chick production to 7 chicks/hen can increase the chick production to 78.17%.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study is part of research funded by DIPA Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, No. 042.06-0 / 2016. For that the research team would like to thank the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education. Research conducted by the Letter of Agreement No. 889 / UN30.15 / LT / 2016. Thanks also goes to Institute of Research and Community Service (LPPM) University of Bengkulu.

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