REVIEW FOR THE EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES The answers to all of these questions are found within your reference tables. Use your tables. Practice using your tables. Place the answer to the question in the space provided. A. Measurement 1. The length of this paper is ___________________ cm. 2. The width of this paper is ____________________ cm. 3. The diameter of this circle is _________________ cm. B. Generalized Landscape of New York 1. In which landscape region is Long Island located? 2. The Catskills are considered part of which landscape region? ______________________________________________________________________ 3. The Erie – Ontario Lowlands border which two major lakes? _____________________________________________________________________ 4. The city of Old Forge is found in which landscape region? 5. The Finger Lakes are part of which landscape region? __________________________ C. Geologic Map of New York State 1. Name the city in New York State where you would find Silurian bedrock. 2. Intensely metamorphosed rock can be found at which city? ______________________ 3. Long Island’s bedrock is composed of what materials? __________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. In which portion of NYS would you find the oldest bedrock? ____________________ 5. Where would you find the youngest rock materials? ____________________________ 6. The bedrock at Watertown was formed between __________ mya and _________ mya 7. Where might you expect to find dinosaur fossils? ______________________________ 8. At which cities would you have the best chance of finding fossils of Eurypterids? ______________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the longitude of Elmira? (to the nearest minute) _________________________ 10. What is the latitude of Oswego? (to the nearest minute) _________________________ 11. What is the distance, in miles, from Oswego to Syracuse? _______________________ 12. What is the distance, in kilometers, from Elmira to Utica? _______________________

13. What is the age of the rocks found in Tug Hill Plateau? _________________________ 14. The Catskills are composed of what type bedrock? D. Surface Ocean Currents 1. What is the name of the current that passes along the east coast of the United States? _____________________________________________________________________ 2. In what direction is the water current flowing? ________________________________ 3. What is the temperature of this current? ______________________________________ 4. What is the name of the current that passes along the west coast of the United States? ______________________________________________________________________ 5. In what direction is the water in this current flowing? ___________________________ 6. Describe the temperature of this current. _____________________________________ E. Tectonic Plates 1. In what direction are the following plates moving: a. North American ________________________________________________ b.Australian c.Eurasian ______________________________________________________ 2. What feature is located at the interface (boundary) between the African and American plates? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe what is happening to the Pacific plate along its western and northern boundaries. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Why does California have more serious and frequent earthquakes than New York State? _________________________________________________________________ 5. What is happening to the Earth’s crust along the Southeast – Indian Ridge? ______________________________________________________________________ 6. Why does Iceland have so many earthquakes and volcanoes? ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Name two “hot spots” and their locations. ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Name and locate two ocean trenches. ________________________________________

F. The Rock Cycle 1. List the steps in the formation of sedimentary rocks. ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. List the steps in the formation of igneous rocks. _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. List the steps in the formation of metamorphic rocks. ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. List the rocks that can form metamorphic rocks. _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. What rocks can form sedimentary rocks. _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ G. Stream Velocity Graph 1. How fast must a stream flow to carry a particle 0.1 cm in diameter? _________ cm/sec 2. How fast must a stream flow to carry a particle 10.0 cm in diameter? ________ cm/sec 3. How would you classify a particle of 0.0073 cm? ______________________________ 4. What is the size range of a cobble? _____________ cm to ______________ cm 5. What types of particles can be carried be a stream with a velocity of 250 cm/sec? ______________________________________________________________________ 6. As the velocity of a stream increases, the sizes of the particles carried by the stream will ______________________________________________________________________ H. Igneous Rocks 1. Where does granite form? _________________________________________________ 2. Where does obsidian form? _______________________________________________ 3. As a rock becomes more dense, its color usually becomes _______________________ 4. As the percent of iron in an igneous rock increases its density will _________________ 5. As the percent of aluminum in an igneous rock increases, the color of the rock will usually become _________________________________________________________ 6. List the minerals that make up granite. _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 7. List the minerals that make up basalt. ________________________________________

8. A dense igneous rock that cooled slowly is called ___________________________ 9. A light color felsic rock that cooled on the surface is called ___________________ 10. List the minerals that make up peridotite. _____________________________________ 11. Vesicular rocks have these. ________________________________________________ 12. Pumice has this texture. __________________________________________________ 13. What is the name of the rock that has medium color, a fine texture, and is vesicular (has gas pockets)? ___________________________________________________________ I. Sedimentary Rocks 1. What grain sizes make up conglomerate rocks? ________________________________ 2. Sand sized sediments may form into which sedimentary rock? ____________________ 3. Which land derived sedimentary rock is made of the smallest sediments? ___________ 4. Which two sedimentary rocks may form from biological activities? ________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. Name the three sedimentary rocks that may form from the evaporation of seawater. ______________________________________________________________________ 6. What sedimentary rock is made of particles that are 0.003 cm in diameter? __________ 7.

What is the difference between conglomerate and breccia? ______________________

8. Which sedimentary rock is composed of: a.Calcite_________________________________ b.Carbon ________________________________ c. Halite _________________________________ J. Metamorphic Rocks 1. List the minerals found in gneiss? __________________________________________ 2. What happens to heat and pressure as depth within the Earth increases? ____________ 3. What rock is formed from the low – grade metamorphism of shale? 4. What rock contains distorted or stretched pebbles? _____________________________ 5. Quartzite is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the rock _____________________ and is composed of the mineral ____________________________________________ 6. What happens to the grain sizes in a rock as it goes from low to high grade metamorphism? _________________________________________________________

7. What are the two types of foliation? _________________________________________ 8. Which metamorphic rock has shiny foliation surfaces from microscopic crystals of clay or feldspar? ____________________________________________________________ K. Properties of Common Minerals 1. What are the two main types of luster? _______________________________________ 2. What is the dominant form of breakage in graphite? ____________________________ 3. What are the colors of Fluorite? ____________________________________________ 4. What happens to Calcite when exposed to acid? _______________________________ 5. What is the hardness of Olivine? ___________________________________________ 6. What is the hardness of Quartz? ____________________________________________ 7. What is the chemical composition of Halite? __________________________________ 8. What mineral has a nonmetallic luster, a hardness of 7, shows fracture, and is often dark red to green? _______________________________________________________ 9. What is a common use of Sulfur? ___________________________________________ 10. What is the color of the streak of Hematite? ___________________________________ L. Properties of the Earth’s Interior 1. The Moho is the interface between which two layers? ___________________________ 2. What is the depth at the bottom of the mantle? _____________________________ km 3. The Earth’s greatest density is ____________________ g/cm3. This occurs in the ______________________________________________________________________ 4. S – waves don’t travel through the ___________________________ because it is in the ___________________________ state of matter. 5. The pressure at the mantle/outer core boundary is _____________________________ 6. The temperature at the center of the Earth is ________________________________ 7. Where in the Earth is the temperature of the rocks greater that the melting point of the rocks? ________________. What is the result of this situation? ___________________ 8. The outer/inner core boundary is at depth of ______________________________ km 9. As the depth below the surface increases, the pressure in the rocks _________________ 10. As the depth below the surface increases, the temperature in the Earth ______________

11. What method of heat transfer is responsible for the movement that is taking place within the asthenosphere (plastic mantle)? ____________________________________ 12. What is happening to the Pacific Ocean plate where it meets the North American crustal plate? ___________________________________________________________ 13. What is happening to the crust along the Mid – Atlantic Ridge? ___________________ 14. What is the composition of the inner core? ___________________________________ 15. Which is denser, the continental crust or the oceanic crust? ______________________ M. Chemical Composition Table 1. What is the most abundant element by volume in the crust? ______________________ 2. What is the most abundant element by volume in the hydrosphere? ________________ 3. What is the most abundant element by volume in the troposphere? _________________ 4. What is the most common element by mass in the crust? ________________________ N. P and S Wave Travel Time Graph 1. How many kilometers will a P- wave travel in 9 minutes? ____________________ km 2. How long will it take an S – wave to travel 2500 km? ___________________________ 3. If a P – wave arrives at your seismograph at 1:20:30 pm and the S – wave arrives at 1:27:00 pm, how many kilometers away was the epicenter of the earthquake? ________ 4. How far away is an earthquake if there is a 3 minute interval between the arrival times of P and S waves? _______________________________________________________ 5. If a P – wave arrives at your seismograph at 1:27:30 pm and the S – wave arrives at 1:29:30 pm, how many kilometers away was the epicenter of the earthquake? ________ 6. If a P – wave arrives at your seismograph at 4:00:00 pm and the S – wave arrives at 4:05:00 pm, how many kilometers away was the epicenter of the earthquake? ________ O. Dew Point and Relative Humidity Charts 1. If the dry bulb temperature is 10°C and the wet bulb temperature is 6°C, what is the dew point temperature? ___________________________________________________ 2. If the dry bulb temperature is 16°C and the wet bulb temperature is 10°C, what is the dew point temperature? ___________________________________________________ 3. If the dry bulb temperature is 5°C and the wet bulb temperature is 3°C, what is the dew relative humidity? ______________________________________________________

4. What happens to relative humidity as the difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures decreases? _________________________________________________________ P. Temperature 1. 60°C = _______________K = ________________°F 2. The freezing point of water = ________°C = _______________K = ____________°F 3. Absolute zero = _______________K = ____________°C Q. Weather Map Information Answer the next 10 questions by referring to the station model. 1. What is the air pressure? _________________ 2. What is the air temperature? __________________ 3. What is the dew point temperature? _____________________ 4. What is the amount of precipitation in the last 6 hours? _______ 5. What is the wind direction? _______________________ 6. What is the wind speed? __________________________ 7. What is the visibility? ____________________________ 8. What is the present weather? ______________________ 9. What is the percent cloud cover? ___________________ 10. Explain the barometric trend in words. _______________________________________ Answer the next 10 questions by referring to the station model. 11. What is the air pressure? _________________ 12. What is the air temperature? __________________ 13. What is the dew point temperature? _____________________ 14. What is the amount of precipitation in the last 6 hours? _______ 15. What is the wind direction? _______________________ 16. What is the wind speed? __________________________ 17. What is the visibility? ____________________________ 18. What is the present weather? ______________________ 19. What is the percent cloud cover? ___________________ 20. Explain the barometric trend in words. _______________________________________

21. Describe each of the following air masses. Map Symbol

Characteristics

a.Continental Polar ___________

__________ and __________

b.Continental Tropical _________

__________ and __________

c.Maritime Polar _____________

__________ and __________

d.Maritime Tropical ___________

__________ and __________

22. Draw the map symbol for the weather fronts listed below: a.Warm front ______________________________________________________ b.Cold front _______________________________________________________ c.Stationary front ___________________________________________________ d.Occluded front ___________________________________________________ 23. Draw the symbols for the following weather conditions: a.Hurricane ____________________ b.Freezing rain _________________ c.Thunderstorms ________________ d.Drizzle ______________________ e.Hail _________________________ f.Snow ________________________ R. Pressure Chart 1. A pressure of 1017 mb = _________________ inches 2. A pressure of 29.5 inches = _________________ mb 3. If a barometer reads 1020 mb and a few hours later a storm passes over the area, give one possible reading of the barometer during the storm. ______________________ mb 4. A wind is blowing from NYC to Detroit. If the pressure at Detroit is 1011 mb give one possible reading at NYC. _____________________ mb 5. One standard atmosphere of pressure = _________________ mb = ______________ in S. Electromagnetic Spectrum 1. Which form of electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelength? _______________ 2. Energy is absorbed by the Earth’s surface as sunlight (visible) and is changed into heat (infrared). During this change the wavelength increases/decreases (circle one).

3. What form of energy has a wavelength of: a. 10-10 meters ____________________ b. 100 meters ____________________ c.102 meters

____________________

4. Infrared energy has a wavelength of 10-3 meters. Express this wavelength as a regular number without exponents. _________________________________________ meters 5. What color of visible light has the longest wavelength? _________________________ T. Solar System Data 1. Which planet is closest to the sun? ________________ The furthest? ______________ 2. Which planet has the shortest period of rotation? __________ The longest __________ 3. Which planet is the smallest? __________________ Largest? ____________________ 4. Which planet would float if you could find a pool big enough to put it in? ___________ 5. Which planet has the roundest orbit? __________ The most elliptical orbit? _________ 6. How long is the period of rotation of Earth? _____________ On Saturn? ___________ 7. How long is the period of revolution of Earth? _____________On Mars? ___________ 8. Which planet has the highest density? _______________________________________ 9. How many moons orbit Saturn? __________ Mars? ___________ Venus? __________ 10. How far from the Sun is Jupiter? ___________________________________________ 11. What is the mass of Mercury? _____________________________________________ 12. Which planet has the greatest mass? _________________________________________ 13. Which has the greatest density Sun, Moon, Earth? _____________________________ 14. What is the circumference of the Earth? __________________________________ km 15. What is the luminosity of the Sun? __________ Rigel? _________ Polaris? _________ 16. Name a red giant star. ____________________________________________________ 17. Name a white dwarf. _____________________________________________________ 18. Name two main sequence stars. ____________________________________________ U. Atmospheric Properties 1. What is the altitude of the tropopause in kilometers? _________ In miles? __________ 2. What is the temperature in degrees C at the tropospause? ________________________ 3. As altitude increases, what happens to air pressure? ____________________________

4. As altitude increases, what happens to the amount of water vapor? ________________ 5. In which layer of the atmosphere is there the most water vapor? ___________________ 6. What is the temperature at the mesopause? ___________________________________ 7. Which layer of the atmosphere ranges from 50 km to 80 km? _____________________ 8. How much water vapor is found at 50 miles above sea level? _____________________ 9. At 50 km above sea level what is the air pressure? _____________________________ V. Planetary Winds and Moisture Belts 1. What are the latitudes of the converging winds? _______________________________ 2. What type of moisture conditions do you find where the winds converge? ___________ 3. Long Island is at 41°N latitude. What is the direction of our planetary winds? _______ 4. What are the moisture conditions at the poles? ________________________________ 5. In what direction do the planetary wind belts shift during the summer in the northern hemisphere? ___________________________________________________________ 6. At which latitudes do you find rising (ascending) air? ___________________________ 7. What are the latitudes of the jet streams? _____________________________________ W. Formulas, Equations, and Physical Constants 1. You find the mass of an object to be 16g. The accepted value for the mass is 20g. What is your percent error? (Show work)

2. The correct answer is 500 ml. Your answer is 495 ml. What is your percent error? (Show work)

_______ %

3. A cube is 3 cm on a side. It its mass is 67.5g, what is its density? (Show work) ____________ g/cm3    

4. What is the eccentricity of the ellipse to the right? (Show work) + 

+

5. Between 6 A.M. and 11 A.M., the temperature inside a greenhouse rose from 13°C to 20°C. Calculate the rate of temperature change inside the greenhouse. (Show work)

6. On the contour map below, calculate the gradient of this stream from points A to B. (Show work) ___________ m/km

7. At what temperature is the density of water equal to 1.0g/ml? ____________________ 8. You have samples of all 9 substances on the Specific Heat Chart. Each sample has the same mass and is at the same temperature. If you add the same amount of heat energy to each sample, which will show the greatest increase in temperature? ______________ The least? ____________ 9. After 2.6 x 109 years, what percent of your original Potassium – 40 will be left? ____ % 10. What does Carbon – 14 decay into? _________________________________________ 11. If you started out with 20g of Carbon – 14 and let it decay for 22,800 years, how many grams of C – 14 would you have left? ______________________________________ g (Show work)

X. Geologic Time Scale 1. Dinosaurs first appeared at about _______________________________________ mya 2. Man first appeared on Earth about ______________________________________ mya 3. During which time period were the Palisade Sills of New York / New Jersey formed? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. Earliest land animals appeared about ____________________________________ mya 5. During which time era were all the continents together? _________________________ 6. The solar system began about __________________________________________ mya 7. List the time periods that you might expect to find dinosaur fossils in the rocks of New York State. ____________________________________________________________ 8. Would you expect to find Permian fossils in New York State? ____________________ Why? _________________________________________________________________ 9. Why would you not expect to find Precambrian fossils in New York State? ______________________________________________________________________ 10. Which mountain building period (orogeny) happened most recently? _______________ 11. What was the cause of the formation of the Appalachian Mountains? ______________________________________________________________________ 12. When did the Atlantic Ocean first begin to form? ______________________________ 13. What is the most recent geologic event to take place in NYS? ____________________ 14. During which period was the animal that is now the NYS fossil at its peak time of development? __________________________________________________________ 15. What happened to the distance between North America and Africa, from the Pennsylvanian period until the Tertiary period? ________________________________ 16. How many cavemen were attacked and eaten by dinosaurs during Earth’s past geologic history? __________ Explain ______________________________________________ 17. When did birds, as we know them, show up on Earth? __________________________ 18. When was the first coral reef believed to have formed? __________________________ 19. When did the transition to an oxygen atmosphere occur? ________________________ 20. When did animals like the Beluga Whale and the Mastodont show up on Earth? ______________________________________________________________________