SCIENCE & TECH DEFENCE BALLISTIC VS CRUISE BALLISTIC MISSILES These are basically projectiles. It is governed by the laws of gravity. Ballistic missiles are guided for brief duration just in starting phase of trajectory and the rest of the path is like a free falling projectile under gravity. These missiles are of three types mainly – SRBM, IRBM and ICBM.(short range,intermediate range, intercontinental) - AGNI & Prithvi range of missiles are the best example.

Science and tech Cruise missile  Guided throughout their trajectory and doesn’t falls freely like a normal gravity bound projectile.  These missiles don’t follow the laws of gravity and their path is controlled totally throughout their journey period.  These missiles are self navigating and fly at extremely low altitudes to avoid being caught by radars.  Level of accuracy in these missiles is extremely high.  Nirbhay and brahmos are best examples

Science & tech(Defence) Cruise missile Nirbhay – ▪ all-weather, low-cost, long-range cruise missile capable of carrying conventional and nuclear war heads. ▪ Nirbhay is able to pick out a target and attack it among multiple targets. The missile has a loitering capability, i.e., it can go round a target and perform several manoeuvres and then re-engage it. ▪ Initial plan is to complement Brahmos range(290 km). ▪ Initial trials have failed.

Science & tech Brahmos ➢ Brahmaputra+Moscow ➢ Present speed 2-3 mac. ➢ Fastest anti-ship cruise missile. ➢ Low radar signature, fire and forget, ➢ Land, sea and air options ➢ Brahmos II in process- speed upto 7-8 mac.

Astra missile ▪ It is capable of attacking targets with varying range and altitudes allowing for engagement of both short-range targets (up to 20 km) and long-range targets (up to 80 km) using alternative propulsion modes. Its test flights are launched from Su-30Mki. BARAK -8 missile ▪ Indo-israel joint venture. ▪ It is capable to counter a wide variety of air-borne threats such as anti-ship missiles, aircraft, UAVs and drones as well as supersonic cruise missiles. ▪ main features ▪ Long Range ▪ Two way data link ▪ Active Radar Seeker Missile ▪ 360 degree coverage ▪ Vertical Launch ▪ Multiple Simultaneous Engagements

Science & tech(defence) PRAHAR ▪ solid-fuel rocket surface-to-surface ▪ guided short-range tactical ballistic missile by DRDO. ▪ It will be equipped with omni directional warheads and could be used for striking both tactical and strategic targets. The missile fills the short-range tactical battlefield missile role. The Export Variant of the System is Pragati surface to surface missile. . ▪ Range -150 km ▪ Flight altitude-35 km ▪ Speed-Mach 2.03

DHANUSH ▪ Variant of the surface-to-surface or ship-to-ship Prithvi III missile developed for the Indian Navy.(nuke capable) ▪ Short range(uptp 350 km) – ballistic missile. ▪ Anti-ship weapon as well as for destroying land targets depending on the range. PRITHVI (project devil) ▪ Surface to surface. ▪ Short range ballistic missile. ▪ 150-600 km range.(started in 1983 – 3 stages)

SCIENCE & tech SAGARIKA K-15 ▪ nuclear-capable -underwater ▪ submarine-launched ballistic missile ▪ range - 750 kilometres ▪ Completes india’s nuclear triad as it is used in Arihant. land version of Sagarika is Shaurya Trishul – surface to air missile (de-linked)

AGNI MISSILES •Intercontinental range •Nuclear weapons capable •Surface to surface ballistic missile. •Mainstay on India’s nuclear program.

AGNI

AGNI

SCIENCE & TECH INDIAN SUBMARINE SCENARIO - THE PRESENT SITUATION Mainly three types SSK- conventional submarines which use diesel-electric engine as their power source- have to come to surface daily to make sure that they get oxygen. ➢ 13 presently= 9 sindhugosh class(russian kilos class), 4 shishumr class(german type 209) (sindughosh initially acquired in 88 to 91 from russia.) SSN- nuclear powered attack submarines- can remain underwater for longer period of time.(1- on lease for 2012- 10 years russian akula class- CHAKRA SUB) SSBN- nuclear powered which carry ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. 1 -INS arihant. • First indian sub- INS Kalvari. • Right now S3,S4 SSBN under construction, and S5 approved for construction . 1 SSN uunder negotiation with Russia. 6 scorpenes SSK under construction.

▪ Science and tech

Chakra Class INS Chakra is an 8,140-tonne Akula class, nuclear-powered submarine..The submarine was commissioned on 04 April, 2012.

ARIHANT CLASS-SSBN 6000 TONNES. Arihant-class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project. First nuclear submarines designed and built by India.

▪ SSK - sindhugosh (soviet)(3,076 tonne),shishukumar(germany)(1850) INS KHANDERI - UNDER CONST. SSK- INDO-FRENCH. ▪ Khanderi, India's second French-designed Scorpene-class diesel-electric attack submarine was launched at Mumbai's Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited today. ▪ Six submarines are being built at the Mazagon Docks in collaboration with France's Direction des Constructions Navales or DCN in a three-billion-dollar project. ▪ Guiding priciple:- every time one on patrol, one on transit to patrol and one in harbor for maintenance. For adequate strategic deterrence 1 SSBN should always be underwater at any given time, needing minimum of 5 SSBN in the fleet.

AIRCRAFT CARRIERS INS Vikramaditya modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier which entered into service with the Indian Navy in 2013. She has been renamed in honour of Vikramaditya, Originally built as Baku and commissioned in 1987, the carrier served with the Soviet Navy and later with the Russian Navy (as Admiral Gorshkov) before being decommissioned in 1996.

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Vikrant is a class of aircraft carrier being built for the Indian Navy. The class represents the largest warships and the first aircraft carriers to be designed and built in India. (NUKE POWERED) The lead ship of the class is also the first aircraft carrier designed and built in Asia featuring STOBAR and ski-jumps, and the first built to operate jet-powered aircraft.

GENERATIONS OF FIGHTER AIRCRAFT

FIFTH GEN.

SU30-MKI

SCIENCE & TECH(DEFENCE) ▪ SU-30 MKI : Twin seater twin engine multirole fighter of Russian origin which carries One X 30mm GSH gun alongwith 8000 kg external armament. ▪ twinjet multirole air superiority fighter developed by Russia's Sukhoi and built under licence by India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Indian Air Force (IAF) ▪ It is capable of carrying a variety of medium-range guided air to air missiles with active or semi-active radar or Infra red homing close range missiles. It has a max speed of 2500 km/hr (Mach 2.35).

▪ Mirage-2000 : A single seater air defence and multi-role fighter of French origin powered by a single engine can attain max speed of 2495 km/hr(Mach 2.3). It carries two 30 mm integral cannons and two matra super 530D medium-range and two R-550 magic II close combat missiles on external stations. Mirage-2000 ▪ MiG-29 : Twin engine, single seater air superiority fighter aircraft of Russian origin capable of attaining max. speed of 2445 km per hour (Mach-2.3). It has a combat ceiling of 17 km. It carries a 30 mm cannon alongwith four R-60 close combat and two R-27 R medium range radar guided missiles. MiG-29

RAFALE

Rafale Dassault Rafale ▪ French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. ▪ Equipped with a wide range of weapons, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy, interdiction, aeriel reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrence missions. ▪ The Rafale is referred to as an "omnirole" aircraft by Dassault.

RAFALE ▪ Maximum speed: ▪ High altitude: Mach 1.8 (1,912 km/h, 1,032 knots) ▪ Low altitude: Mach 1.1 (1,390 km/h, 750 knots)

▪ Range: 3,700+ km (2,000+ nmi) with 3 drop tanks ▪ Combat radius: 1,852+ km (1,000+ nmi) on penetration mission ▪ Service ceiling: 15,235 m (50,000 ft)

LCA TEJAS ▪ It is the smallest lightweight, multi-role, single-engine tactical fighter aircraft in the world and is being developed in single-seat fighter and twin seat trainer variants for the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. ▪ Tejas carries long range beyond visual range weapons, with highly agile high off-boresight missiles to tackle any close combat threat.

TEJAS

MISSILES NAG Nag is a third-generation, fire-and-forget, anti-tank guided missile. ▪ It is an all weather, top attack missile with a range of 3 to 7 km. ▪ Nag uses Imaging Infra-Red guidance with day and night capability. ▪ Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (Lock on Before Launch). ▪ Nag can be mounted on an infantry vehicle;

MBRL ▪ Pinaka is a complete MBRL(multibarrel rocket launcher) system, each Pinaka battery consists of: six launcher vehicles, each with 12 rockets, six loader-replenishment vehicles; three replenishment vehicles; two Command Post vehicle (one stand by) with a Fire Control computer.

BMD ➢ Ballistic Missile defence system of India The Ballistic Missile Defence programme aims to provide an effective missile shield against incoming enemy ballistic and nuclear missiles. A hostile missile needs to be intercepted at boost (launch) point, mid-course (flight through space), or terminal phase (during atmospheric descent). What does BMD consist of? The BMD is a two-tier fully automated system which comprises of: * Overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars * Reliable command and control posts * Land and sea-based batteries of advanced interceptor missiles. ➢ It can destroy any incoming missile at the height of 150 kilometres.

MISC. ▪ Arjun MK1 :First indigenously developed ,designed and manufactured tank ▪ T72 Ajeya : Tank ▪ Divyadrushti : Integrated signal system (Sangraha: Navy, Samyukta: Army)

 Theatre Readiness Operational Exercise (TROPEX) is a interservice military exercise involving all the services of the Indian Armed Forces  The month-long exercise is held annually.  The exercise is designed to test the combat readiness of the Indian naval units, as well as the Indian Air Force, Indian Army and the Indian Coast Guard  Operation Brasstacks was a codename of a major military exercise of the Indian Army in Rajasthan state of India, that took place in 1986 until its execution in 1987.  As part of a series of exercises to simulate the operational capabilities of the Indian armed forces, it was the major and largest troop mobilizations of Indian forces in the Indian subcontinent.  Operation Brasstacks was tasked with two objectives: the initial goal was the deployment of ground troops.The other objective was to conduct a series of amphibious assault exercises Indian Navy near to the Pakistan naval base.

 IBSAMAR are a series of naval exercises between the navies of India, Brazil, South Africa  The first exercise took place in 2008  INDRA is a joint, bi-annual military exercise conducted by India and Russia starting in 2003.  The Iron Fist was the Indian Air Forces first day-night exercise. It was conducted on 22 February 2013 at the Pokhran firing range.

 The main objective was to display network-centric operations capabilities of the Indian Air Force. More than 100 aircraft (equal number of aircraft were at standby) and 30 different weapon platforms participated.  Exercise Malabar is a trilateral naval exercise involving the United States, Japan and India as permanent partners. Originally a bilateral exercise between India and the United States, Japan became a permanent partner in 2015.  Past non-permanent participants are Australia and Singapore. The annual Malabar series began in 1992 and includes diverse activities, ranging from fighter combat operations from aircraft carriers through Maritime Interdiction Operations Exercises.

 Varuna naval exercise consists of naval cooperation drills between the French Navy and the Indian Navy.  The joint-exercises are held either in the Indian Ocean or Mediterranean sea with the aim of improving Indo-French coordination on capabilities like cross-deck operations, replenishmentat-sea, minesweeping, anti-submarine warfare and information sharing.  SIMBEX are a series of naval exercises between the navies of India and Singapore.  The name SIMBEX is an abbreviation of Singapore India Maritime Bilateral Exercise.

 SLINEX (Sri Lanka India Naval Exercise) are a series of naval exercises between the Indian Navy and the Sri Lanka Navy.

BMD

BMD

BMD

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(Space tech)LAUNCHERS  India has two operational launchers: 1. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) 2. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). GSLV Mk - III, is being developed Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, located in Thiruvananthapuram, is responsible for the design and development of launch vehicles.  Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre and ISRO Propulsion Complex, located at Valiamala and Mahendragiri respectively, develop the liquid and cryogenic stages for these launch vehicles.  Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, is the space port of India and is responsible for integration of launchers.  It houses two operational launch pads from where all GSLV and PSLV flights take place and a third launch pad is under development.

Launchers

 Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) was India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle, which was an all solid, four stage vehicle weighing 17 tonnes with a height of 22m and capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in Low Earth Orbit.

PSLV •The PSLV is one of world's most reliable launch vehicles. •It has been in service for over twenty years and has launched various satellites for historic missions like Chandrayaan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission, Space Capsule Recovery Experiment, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) etc. •PSLV remains a favourite among various organisations as a launch service provider and has launched over 40 satellites for 19 countries. 5 February 2017, India successfully launched a payload of 104 foreign satellites in polar orbit around the Earth using PSLV tripling the previous record held by Russia for most number of satellites sent to space in a single launch.

•The PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately.

GSLV The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle was primarily developed to launch INSAT class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits. •GSLV is being used for launching GSAT series of satellites. • GSLV is a three stage launcher that uses one solid rocket motor stage, one Earth storable liquid stage and one cryogenic stage. •The most recent flight of GSLV, the GSLV-D5, placed GSAT-14 into its planned orbit and marked the first successful flight of the indigenous cryogenic stage. • Earlier, GSLV had launched various communication satellites among which EDUSAT is notable, being India's first satellite built exclusively to serve the educational sector through satellite based distance education.

SOUNDING ROCKET  Sounding rockets are one or two stage solid propellant rockets used for probing the upper atmospheric regions and for space research. They also serve as easily affordable platforms to test or prove prototypes of new components or subsystems intended for use in launch vehicles and satellites.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GSLV &PSLV  PSLV is designed mainly to deliver the “earth-observation” or “remotesensing” satellites with lift-off mass of up to about 1750 Kg to SunSynchronous circular polar orbits of 600-900 Km altitude.  the remote sensing satellites orbit the earth from pole-to-pole (at about 98 deg orbital-plane inclination).  An orbit is called sun-synchronous when the angle between the line joining the centre of the Earth and the satellite and the Sun is constant throughout the orbit.  Due to their sun-synchronism nature, these orbits are also referred to as “Low Earth Orbit (LEO)” which enables the on-board camera to take images of the earth under the same sun-illumination conditions during each of the repeated visits, the satellite makes over the same area on ground thus making the satellite useful for earth resources monitoring.

 PSLV is also used to launch the satellites of lower lift-off mass of up to about 1400 Kg to the elliptical Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).  PSLV is a four-staged launch vehicle with first and third stage using solid rocket motors and second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

GSLV vs PSLV  The GSLV is designed mainly to deliver the communication-satellites to the highly elliptical (typically 250 x 36000 Km) Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).  Due to their geo-synchronous nature, the satellites in these orbits appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth, thus avoiding the need of a tracking ground antenna and hence are useful for the communication applications.

Sun-sync orbit  A Sun-synchronous orbit crosses over the equator at approximately the same local time each day (and night). This orbit allows consistent scientific observations with the angle between the Sun and the Earth’s surface remaining relatively constant

ORBITS

SCIENCE AND TECH. Let’s deal with space-tech

“

Many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation, which was finding it difficult to feed its population. Their vision was clear if Indians were to play meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it as a means of displaying our might - APJ KALAM

LAUNCH ENGINES

JET ENGINE –TYPES ▸TURBOJET ENGINE (TURBINE POWERED) Air breathing ▸RAMJET ENGINE ▸SCRAMJET ENGINE

AIR BREATHING ENGINES Jet engine propelled by a jet of hot exhaust gases formed from heated and expanded air that is drawn into the engine via a compressor. They are typically gas turbine engines.

AIR BREATHING JET ENGINES

▸All practical airbreathing jet engines are internal combustion engines that directly heat the air by burning fuel, with the resultant hot gases used for propulsion via a propulsive nozzle.

RAMJET ENGINE

▸ A form of airbreathing jet engine that uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air without an axial compressor. ▸They cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. A ramjet-powered vehicle, therefore, requires an assisted take-off like a rocket assist to accelerate it to a speed where it begins to produce thrust. ▸ Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3.

SCRAMJET ENGINES ▸variant of a ramjet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow. ▸As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high vehicle speed to forcefully compress the incoming air before combustion (hence ramjet), but a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic velocities before combustion, while airflow in a scramjet is supersonic throughout the entire engine. This allows the scramjet to operate efficiently at extremely high speeds.

ADVANTAGE OF SCRAMJET ▸launch vehicles carry oxidiser along with the fuel for combustion to produce thrust. ▸will considerably reduce the total propellant required to place a satellite in orbit, as it takes in atmospheric oxygen. ISRO’s Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV), which is an advanced sounding rocket, was the solid rocket booster used for this recent test of Scramjet engines at supersonic conditions.

▸ISRO’s reusable launch vehicle platform (AVTAR) is a concept that is capable of carrying out satellite launches – takes off vertically and lands back on a runway. ▸ The spacecraft that was designed to use ramjets and scramjets for thrust. Each of these engines would have used in different stages of the flight – with ramjet used at lower speeds, scramjet at hypersonic speeds and cryogenic engines when the craft reaches the edge of the atmosphere.

Reusable Launch Vehicle – Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

▸Combines the complexity of both launch vehicles and aircraft. ▸ RLV-TD was successfully flight tested on May 23, 2016 from SDSC SHAR Sriharikota validating the critical technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance & control, reusable thermal protection system and re-entry mission management.

Reusable Launch Vehicle – Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

▸. ▸

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High Thrust Cryogenic Engine (CE20) Development ▸Cryogenic engine to be used for the upper stage of its heavy lift launch vehicle GSLV Mk-III. ▸ The engine works on “Gas Generator Cycle” which has flexibility for independent development of each sub-system before the integrated engine test, thus minimising uncertainty in the final developmental phase and reducing development time.

ROCKET FUEL

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

CYROGENICS ▸Solid fuels don’t flow but release more energy than liquid fuels. ▸Liquid fuels do flow and release more energy than gaseous fuels. ▸Gaseous fuels are harder to contain and don’t flow.But they are best performers . ▸When hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen, the resulting change in momentum per unit of fuel combusted is at least 30% higher than that delivered by most other practicable rocket fuels. ▸ This is the chemical reaction that a cryogenic engine facilitates;

CYROGENICS ▸The ‘cryogenic’ tag comes from the fact that hydrogen and oxygen are both cooled to cryogenic temperatures so that they become liquids and start flowing. ▸The gases are liquefied by cooling them:

SCIENCE AND TECH SPACE TECH- VARIOUS SATELLITES

National satellite program ▸Communication satellites ▸Earth observation satellites ▸Navigation satellites ▸Space science satellites

INSAT SERIES- INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE SERIES ▸Multipurpose, geostationary. ▸Usage -telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, and search and rescue operations. ▸Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in the Asia Pacific Region. ▸serves the television and communication needs of India. ▸have been an infection by sophisticated Stuxnet worm. ▸ Stuxnet worm(China) which had the necessary sophistication to develop the bug and would gain the maximum by failure of Indian satellite.

INSAT

▸ INSAT 2 series ▸INSAT 3 series ▸INSAT 4 series ▸GSAT series ▸EDUSAT

Gsat & insat

VARIANTS

▸ Communication Satellites(geostationary): INSAT-3A, INSAT-3C, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-4CR, GSAT-6, GSAT-7, GSAT-8, GSAT-10, GSAT-12, GSAT-14, GSAT-15 and GSAT-16. ▸Earth Observation Satellites(REMOTE SENSING)(sunsynchronous): Resourcesat-2, RISAT-1, RISAT-2, Cartosat-1, Cartosat-2, Cartosat-2A, Cartosat-2B, Oceansat-2, SARAL, Kalpana-1, Megha-Tropiques and INSAT-3D. ▸ Navigational Satellites: IRNSS-1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F and 1G.

GEO STATIONARY

ASTROSAT ▸First dedicated multi wavelength Space observatory. ▸for a more detailed understanding of our universe. ▸ Launched by PSLV-C30. ▸ASTROSAT is designed to observe the universe in the ▸ Visible, ▸ Ultraviolet, ▸ Low and high energy X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum simultaneously with the help of its five payloads.

ASTROSAT ▸ Understand high-energy processes in binary star systems containing neutron stars and black holes ▸Estimate magnetic fields of neutron stars ▸Study star birth regions and high-energy processes in star systems beyond our galaxy ▸ Detect new, briefly bright X-ray sources ▸ Perform a limited deep field survey of the universe in the ultraviolet region

Place your screenshot here

GAMMA RADIATION & HULK

Electromagnetic spectrum ▸ The range of all types of EM radiation. ▸Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes – ▸the visible light that comes from a lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation. ▸The other types of EM radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum are microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma-rays.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ▸ER described in terms of a stream of mass-less particles, called photons, ▸ each traveling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of light. Each photon contains a certain amount of energy. The different types of radiation are defined by the amount of energy found in the photons. ▸Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwave photons have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared photons have still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and, the most energetic of all, gamma-rays.

Lagrange point ▸Lagrangian points , Lagrange points, L-points, or libration points) are positions in an orbital configuration of two large bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies. ▸The Lagrange points mark positions where the combined gravitational pull of the two large masses provides precisely the centrifugal force required to orbit with them. ▸5- Lagrange point between Earth and Sun.

Lagrange point

ADITYA L1 ▸The Aditya-1 mission was conceived as a 400kg class satellite carrying one payloadplanned to launch in a 800 km low earth orbit. ▸A Satellite placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/ eclipses. ▸Aditya-L1 mission will be inserted in a halo orbit around the L1, which is 1.5 million km from the Earth. The satellite carries additional six payloads with enhanced science scope and objectives.

OBJECTIVE ▸To study the dynamic nature of the sun’s outer most layers, corona and the chromosphere ▸collect data about Coronal Mass Ejections. ▸study on origin of solar storms and their path through the interplanetary space from the Sun to the Earth. ▸space weather prediction.

SUN & ADITYA

ADITYA

Let’s review some concepts ASTROSAT

ADITYA

INSAT

MANDAMUS

LAGRANGE POINT

HUMBOLDT

MANGALYAN

FIRST ASIAN TO ACHIEVE IT FIRST OT DO IT IN FIRST ATTEMPT

MANGALYAN ▸ MOM stands for Mars Orbitor Mission (Mangalyan) Launched by ISRO in 2013 Launched via PSLV-XL C-25 ▸ It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. ▸ The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project to develop the technologies for designing, planning, management, and operations of an interplanetary mission.

OBJECTIVES OF MOM ▸ Deep space communication, navigation, mission planning and management. ▸ Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations. ▸ Exploration of Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy and Martian atmosphere by indigenous scientific instruments.

MOM How to get the spacecraft to Mars, on the least amount of fuel? ▸ ISRO uses a method of travel called a Hohmann Transfer Orbit – or a Minimum Energy Transfer Orbit – to send a spacecraft from Earth to Mars with the least amount of fuel possible.

PAYLOADS Five payloads:▸ Mars Colour Camera (MCC) ▸ Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS) ▸ Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) ▸ Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) ▸ Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP)

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MAVEN

▸ NASA- mars exploration.

Obejctives ▸ Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission (MAVEN) is a space probe developed by NASA designed to study the Martian atmosphere while orbiting Mars. ▸ Mission goals include determining how the planet's atmosphere and water, presumed to have once been substantial, were lost over time.

SCIENCE & TECH - SPACE TECH

CHANDRAYAAN-1 4th country to reach Moon. CHANDRAYAN-II coming soon.....

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CHANDRAYAAN ▸ launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR,

Sriharikota. ▸The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The satellite made more than 3400 orbits around the moon and the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009. ▸ The probe hit near the crater Shackleton, ejecting subsurface soil that could be analysed for the presence of lunar water ice.

CHANDRAYAAN ▸It was intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and threedimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest as they might contain ice. ▸greatest achievement was the discovery of the widespread presence of water molecules in the lunar soil.

CHANDRAYAAN -II ▸ Chandrayan-2 will be launched with the help of a GSLV in the early phase of 2018. ▸ It includes a lunar orbiter, lander, and rover, all developed domestically. ▸ Unlike the Chandrayaan-1, the Chandrayaan-2 has been designed for a controlled descent on the moon. ▸ Spacecraft is equipped and ground trials are currently undergoing at Mahendragiri.

NAVIC (NAVIGATION WITH INDIAN CONSTELLATION ▹Consisting of a constellation of 3 geostationary, 4

geosynchronous and two on-standby satellites, ▹NAVIC will facilitate accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and the region around it extending to 1,500km. ▹ instrument for environmental and meteorological monitoring, as well as climate research. ▹This is also a 34th consecutive successful mission of PSLV and 13th in its ‘XL’ configuration.XL variant was used to launch Mars Orbiter Mission, Chandrayaan-1, ASTROSAT and the six other satellites in the IRNSS system.

NAVIC-IRNSS ▸ Standard Positioning Services (SPS), which will be provided to all users. ▸ Restricted Services – (RS), which will grant access only to authorised users.

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GAGAN ▸The GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN) . ▸First step towards introduction of modern communication, navigation, surveillance/Air Traffic Management system over Indian airspace. ▸Goal is to provide navigation system for all phases of flight over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area. ▸ISRO+AAI

GAGAN

ARIES- TELESCOPE ▸ Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) ▸ Located in Nainital, Uttarakhand. ▸ ARIES telescope is a joint collaboration between Indian, Russian, and Belgian scientists ▸ Asia's largest + india's first optical telescope.

ASTROBIOLOGY MISSION Joint mission of ISRO and NASA in LADAKH ▸ Aims to study the similarities of certain parts of the region’s topography and microbial life to Martian surroundings ▸ Ladakh offers : A high UV (ultra-violet) exposed, dry ecosystem with Mars analogue topological features that tell us heaps about the origin and evolution of our plant's evolution..

MAST ▸Multi Application Solar Telescope (MAST), a telescope for the detailed study of the Solar activity including its magnetic field, has recently been operationalised at the Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO) of Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), an autonomous unit of the Department of Space. ▸ MAST is an off-axis Gregorian-Coude telescope with a 50 cm aperture. ▸MAST will be used to measure vector magnetic fields of active regions at different heights of the solar atmosphere. It will also be used to study seismic effects of solar flares.

SCIENCE & TECH SPACE TECH.

What other's are upto.

FOCUS- NASA,ESA,SPACE X etc.

NISAR

▸ The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission.

Aim is to build a 2,600 kg satellite for detailed view of Earth by using advanced radar imaging Payload ▸9 L-band (24-centimeter wavelength): To be produced by NASA ▸9 S-band (12-centimeter wavelength): To be produced by ISRO ▸Using this data, scientists can create models that will help predict changes in Earth’s topography, free data for research, meterological data.

DAWN on CERES ▸Aim is to characterize the conditions and processes of the earliest history of the giant proplanet Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. ▸First probe to orbit the two solar bodies. ▸It explored the Vesta in 2011-2012. Now, it is studying Ceres. ▸ Ceres is a dwarf planet, the only one located in the inner circle of the solar system, rest all are located on ▸the outer edges. ▸ It is the largest object in the asteroid belt.

MESSENGER to MERCURY ▸Nasa’s Messenger mission came to an abrupt end when the probe crashed into Mercury at about 8,750mph and created a new crater on the planet’s surface in 2015 after 11 years of service. ▸Messenger probe determined Mercury’s surface composition, geological history, internal magnetic field and the existence of frozen water on the solar system’s smallest planet.

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SPACE PARK - BANGLORE ▸ The Indian space agency will open a 100-acre Space Park in Bangalore where private industry players would be allowed to set up facilities to make subsystems and components for satellites. ▸On the spacecraft front, ISRO plans to increasingly support small and mid-sized industries at its 10-year-old second spacecraft complex, the 100-acre ISITE, at Marathahalli in Bengaluru. ▸HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd) already making rockets and satellites over the years.

IN-SIGHT ▸InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is a NASA Discovery Program mission

that will place a single geophysical lander on Mars to study its deep interior. ▸ Lander will carry three instruments to the surface of Mars to take the first-ever in-depth look at the planet's "vital stats": its or internal activity, as measured by the SEIS instrument; Its temperature as measured by the HP3 instrument; and its reflexes as measured by the RISE instrument. Together, the data will provide essential clues about the evolution of not just Mars, but also all the terrestrial planets.

INSIGHT

NEW HORIZON- TO PLUTO ▸New Horizons mission is helping us understand worlds at the edge of our solar system by making the first reconnaissance of the dwarf planet Pluto and by venturing deeper into the distant, mysterious Kuiper Belt – a relic of solar system formation ▸goes deeper in the Kuiper Belt, known as 2014 MU69. ▸ 2014 MU69 is considered one of the early building blocks of the solar system

KUPIER BELT

▸ Kuiper Belt is a disc-shaped region of icy bodies - including

dwarf planets such as Pluto - and comets beyond the orbit of Neptune. ▸It extends from about 30 to 55 AU and is probably populated with hundreds of thousands of icy bodies larger than 100 km (62 miles) across and an estimated trillion or more comets.

JUNO-Jupiter Entered into the orbit of Jupiter and started orbiting it. Aim

▸ To understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter,Investigate the existence of a solid planetary core. ▸ Map Jupiter's intense magnetic field and measure the amount of water and ammonia in the deep atmosphere is there. ▸Mission Life: -20 months from July 2016 to Feb 2018. ▸It is second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, after Galileo probe that had orbited from 1995–2003. ▸Galileo probe had found evidence of subsurface saltwater on Jupiter’s moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.

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SPACE X- New Star of Space Race ▸ Established by Elon Musk in 2002. GOAL--Colonising Mars and Making space travel cheaper. FALCON SERIES---DRAGON CAPSULES FALCON 9 SpaceX first landed a rocket first stage back on land. As a secondary objective following the primary mission, the first stage completed a series of engine burns that steered it back toward land and slowed down its velocity, allowing the booster to softly touch down at SpaceX’s Landing Zone 1 at CCAFS. This represented the first time in history a rocket first stage landed back on Earth following an orbital mission.

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SCIENCE & TECH SPACE TECH.

What other's are upto. FOCUS- NASA,ESA,SPACE X etc.

SOPHIA ▹ Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy Project of NASA and German Aerospace center

Aims to construct and maintain an airborne observatory i.e. telescope on an aeroplane

SOFIA is the successor to the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Telescope is designed for infrared astronomy observations in the stratosphere at altitudes of about 12 kilometers (41,000 ft). ▹ SOFIA's flight capability allows it to rise above almost all of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere, which blocks some infrared wavelengths from reaching the ground. ▹ The aircraft can also travel to almost any point on the Earth's surface.

30 Meter telescope ▸ The TMT is an international project being funded by scientific organisations of Canada, China, India, Japan and USA. ▸ While Mauna Kea, Hawaii is the preferred choice for the TMT project, The project is also looking at alternate sites both in the northern and southern hemispheres. ▸ Hanle, Ladakh is one of the sites being evaluated for hosting the telescope. ▸ gives information about early stages of evolution of the Universe. Also, it will give us finer details of not-so-far-away objects like undiscovered planets and other objects in the Solar System and planets around other stars.

30 METER TELESCOPE

ROSETTA ▸Rosetta launched in 2004 and arrived at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 6 August 2014. ▸ It is the first mission in history to rendezvous with a comet, escort it as it orbits the Sun, and deploy a lander to its surface. ▸Rosetta is an ESA mission with contributions from its member states and NASA. ▸Rosetta's Philae lander is provided by a consortium led by DLR, MPS, CNES and ASI. The mission ended on 30 September 2016.

ROSSETA

NEO SHIELD ▸A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small solar system body whose orbit brings it into proximity with Earth. ▸NEOs are classified as meteoroids, asteroids, or comets depending on size and composition. ▸ Asteroids can also be members of an asteroid family (= population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements), and comets create meteoroid streams that can generate meteor showers.

NEO SHIELD 1 & 2 ▸It is a programme for detecting and tracking near-Earth objects (NEOs) like comets and asteroids that pass by ▸the Earth’s orbit, to ward off any potential impact threats to our planet ▸European space agency funded. Started in 2012 ▸Recently NASA also started similar program ▸Neo Shield 2 project has been started in 2015 for near earth object impact prevention.

HAYABUSA MISSION - JAXA ▹Hayabusa was an unmanned spacecraft developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to return a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa to Earth for further analysis. ▹It was launched on 9 May 2003 and rendezvoused with Itokawa in mid-September 2005 After arriving at Itokawa, Hayabusa studied the asteroid's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid and collected samples in the form of tiny grains of asteroidal material, which were returned to Earth aboard the spacecraft on 13 June 2010.

HAYABUSA 2

IBEX ▸Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) is a NASA satellite that is making a map of the boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space. ▹Center serving as co-investigator institutions responsible for the IBEX-Hi and IBEX-Lo sensors respectively. ▹ The nominal mission baseline duration was two years to observe the entire Solar System boundary. This was completed by 2011 and its mission was extended to 2013 to continue observations

HUBBLE TELESCOPE ▸NASA's Hubble Space Telescope was launched April 24, 1990, on the space shuttle Discovery from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. (ESA) ▸Hubble does not travel to stars, planets or galaxies. It takes pictures of them as it whirls around Earth at about 17,000 mph. ▸To change pointing angles, it uses Newton’s third law by spinning its wheels in the opposite direction. ▸Hubble weighed about 24,000 pounds at launch and currently weighs about 27,000 pounds following the final servicing mission in 2009 – on the order of two full-grown African elephants.

HUBBLE

SCIENCE & TECH SPACE TECH.

What other's are upto. FOCUS- NASA,ESA,SPACE X etc.

MUKHOTA

▸The Mukhota (device) is GPS-enabled and coded in such a way that once it comes near the coastal border, it sends out an alert. The digital firm has already tested the device and distributed 1,500 such sets free of charge to fisher workers on a trial basis.

NASA - BEAM ▸Future space habitats for low-Earth orbit, the moon, Mars, or other destinations need to be lightweight and relatively simple to construct.(Like an expanded room /hotel or ISS destined Astronomers.) ▸ The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable capsule that docks with the International Space Station (ISS). ▸ After docking, BEAM inflates to roughly 13 feet long and 10.5 feet in diameter to provide a habitable volume where crew member can enter.

CUBESATS ▹ISRO launched 101 of 104 it lauched recently. ▸ nearly cubical-sized satellites, often in multiples of size ▸10×10×11.35cm, Because of the availability of low-cost, (miniature satellites)programmable computers , anyone with a basic idea of programming can initiate a CubeSat production. ▹ They are small, compact, easy to design and build, and cheap to implement. ▹ As more and more research on improving the efficiency of the propulsion system comes in, the satellites become cheaper and more efficient with each passing day.

cubesats

Quantam satellite- MICIUS ▸The satellite is designed to establish ultra-secure quantum communications by transmitting uncrackable keys from space to the ground.Designed to advance communication between space and Earth using quantum information technology, which relies on transmitting photons, or tiny particles of light. ▸ This satellite is designed to teleport information, to distances 1,200 kilometers (746 miles) away. ▸.Light has a speed limit, and normally information cannot travel faster than light. Quantum teleportation is, in a sense, information traveling outside of space and time.

Quantam satellite- MICIUS ▸600-kg satellite will try to communicate with earth using the principle of quantum entanglement, whereby subatomic particles become inextricably linked or “entangled” in such a way that any change in one disturbs the other even if both are at opposite ends of the universe. This means any attempt at hacking entangled particles would, even in principle, be impossible. ▸ The fundamental problem of cryptography involves exchanging keys—secret alphanumeric strings—that enable people to encode and decode messages. When two parties swap keys, they normally have no indication whether anyone has intercepted them; an interloper with stolen keys can eavesdrop on correspondence or manipulate it. ▸When quantum science is applied, the keys can be made to self-destruct or change if a third party interferes with their transmission. The keys are sent using pairs of entangled photons, or light particles that share a special bond, to carry the information.