17‐1039‐cv  Bryant v. Meriden Police Department 

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit ________    AUGUST TERM, 2017    ARGUED: FEBRUARY 22, 2018  DECIDED: MAY 16, 2018    No. 17‐1039‐cv    DERRICK BRYANT,  Plaintiff‐Appellee,    v.    KENNETH EGAN, Officer, JOHN SLEZAK, Officer, in their individual and official  capacities,  Defendants‐Appellants,    DEXTON PALMER, Officer, JOHN CEREJO, Officer, MICHAEL MERRIGAN, Detective,  ROBERT PEKRUL, Detective, EVAN COSSETTE, Officer, JOHN DOE, Officer, (1‐5),  JEFFRY W. COSSETTE, Chief, in their individual and official capacities, CITY OF  MERIDEN , MERIDEN POLICE DEPARTMENT   Defendants.*  ________    Appeal from the United States District Court  for the District of Connecticut.  No. 13‐cv‐449 – Stefan R. Underhill, District Judge.  ________ 

 The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption as set forth above. 

*

  Before: KEARSE, CALABRESI, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.  ________     

Defendants‐Appellants Kenneth Egan and John Slezak, officers of the Meriden 

Police Department, appeal from a March 31, 2017 order of the United States District  Court for the District of Connecticut (Stefan R. Underhill, Judge). The order granted a  new trial on claims that Slezak unlawfully tased Plaintiff‐Appellee Derrick Bryant and  that Egan unlawfully failed to intervene. The officers seek interlocutory review based  upon qualified immunity. Because the issues before us turn on disputed facts, we  DISMISS the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.  

________    James N. Tallberg  Patrick D. Allen  Karsten & Tallberg, LLC  Rocky Hill, Connecticut  for Defendants‐Appellants 

________  CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:   On  April  2,  2013,  Derrick  Bryant  brought  suit  against,  inter  alia,  Officers  Kenneth Egan and John Slezak of the  Meriden Police Department, alleging that  they had used excessive force against him in violation of the Fourth Amendment.  After a trial was held and the jury returned a verdict in favor of the officers, Bryant  moved  for  a  new  trial  under  Federal  Rule  of  Civil  Procedure  59.  On  March  31,  2017, the district court granted Bryant’s motion in part. It held the jury’s finding— that  the  force  used  against  Bryant  inside  a  holding  cell  was  permissible—to  be  2 

against the weight of the evidence. Egan and Slezak now bring an interlocutory  appeal from the district court’s order of a new trial. Because the issues before us  turn on disputed facts, we dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.  I.   

On  March  9,  2011,  members  of  the  Meriden  Police  Department  arrested 

Bryant as part of a “buy‐and‐bust” drug operation. Bryant had been a passenger  in a car driven by a friend when the car pulled into a liquor store parking lot. After  a monitored police informant entered the car, Meriden police officers surrounded  the vehicle and ordered everyone out of it.  The  parties  give  conflicting  accounts  as  to  whether  Bryant  complied.  All  parties  agree,  however,  that  a  struggle  soon  broke  out,  during  which  Detective  John Cerejo punched Bryant multiple times. During the arrest, Bryant’s pants fell  below his knees, exposing his genitals. Cerejo later testified that, in the course of  the struggle, Bryant unsuccessfully attempted to insert a bag of crack cocaine into  his  anal  cavity.  According  to  Cerejo,  Bryant  managed  to  lodge  the  bag  only  between the cheeks of his buttocks.   Following  his  arrest,  Bryant  was  held  in  a  cell  at  the  Meriden  Police  Department. His hands were cuffed in front of his body and a “spit mask” was 



placed over his face. During Bryant’s confinement, a closed‐circuit video recorded  multiple  officers  walking  in  and  out  of  his  cell,  speaking  to  him,  and  trying  to  search him. The parties contest what exactly this video shows; we describe only  what  is  evident.  About  five  minutes  into  the  video,  Officer  Slezak  approached  Bryant, who was being restrained against the wall by Officer Egan. Slezak, who  was  carrying  a  taser,  testified  at  trial  that  he  had  brought  the  device  for  safety  reasons  and  to  encourage  Bryant  to  submit  to  a  controlled  strip  search.  The  recording shows Slezak bringing the taser close to Bryant. The parties, however,  dispute whether Bryant was tased at that time.   About a minute later, the recording shows Bryant standing against the cell  wall, flanked by Egan and Slezak. Slezak testified that he then observed Bryant  “make a sudden movement to his groin area,” JA 463, at which point Egan quickly  brought Bryant down to the floor. Egan testified that “as [he] took Mr. Bryant to  the ground, Officer Slezak . . . applied the Taser.” JA 400. At the same time, two  other members of the police department rushed into the cell. As Bryant was on the  ground—with his pants down—the officers recovered a bag of crack cocaine.     



II.  On January 19, 2014, Bryant filed an amended complaint in the United States  District Court for the District of Connecticut. He brought claims under 42 U.S.C.  § 1983 and state law against seven Meriden Police Department officers, including  Egan and Slezak. Bryant alleged, inter alia, that the officers a) had subjected him to  excessive force and an unreasonable strip search at the scene of his arrest; b) had  unlawfully penetrated his anal cavity when searching him in the holding cell; and  c) had gratuitously tased him multiple times while he was kept in the holding cell.  Bryant  also  brought  a  Monell  claim  against  the  City  of  Meriden  and  its  chief  of  police,  asserting  that  they  had  failed  to  implement  policies  and  procedures  to  prevent violations like those he had suffered.1 See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 436  U.S. 658 (1978).    

On February 27, 2015, the defendants sought partial summary judgment on 

Bryant’s  Monell  claim  and  on  a  subset  of  his  claims  against  individual  officers.  They declined to seek summary judgment on Bryant’s § 1983 claims against Egan  and Slezak, conceding that there were “disputed issues of fact which preclude[d]  summary  judgment”  on  those  claims.  Defs.’  Mem.  of  Law  in  Supp.  of  Mot.  to 

 In his original complaint, Bryant had brought a Monell claim against the Meriden Police  Department; this was dropped in his amended complaint.  

1



Dismiss and/or for Partial Summ. J. 34. On June 29, 2015, the district court granted  the officers’ motion in part. It awarded summary judgment on the Monell claim  and dismissed one of the officers from the case. The claims against the remaining  six officers proceeded to trial.    

Trial began on April 20, 2016. At trial, the officers’ account of the arrest and 

detention  differed  starkly  from  Bryant’s.  The  officers  asserted  that  their  use  of  force against Bryant during his arrest was justified by his non‐compliance. While  they acknowledged that Bryant’s pants fell during the arrest, they stated that this  was not the result of a strip search but of Bryant’s own efforts to hide the bag of  crack  cocaine.  This  bag,  they  contended,  was  lodged  between  the  cheeks  of  Bryant’s  buttocks,  where  it  remained  until  the  officers  conducted  a  lawful  strip  search—not  an  unlawful  cavity  search—in  the  holding  cell.  Moreover,  they  asserted, it was Bryant’s resistance to this lawful holding cell search that justified  Slezak’s single use of the taser.   

After Bryant rested his case‐in‐chief, the officers moved for judgment as a 

matter  of  law  (JMOL)  pursuant  to  Rule  50(a)  of  the  Federal  Rules  of  Civil  Procedure. The district court granted the motion with respect to two of the officers,  but  reserved  decision  as  to  Bryant’s  claims  against  Slezak, Egan,  and  two  other 



officers. At the close of evidence, the officers filed a renewed JMOL motion under  Rule  50(b),  which  the  district  court  took  under  advisement  pending  the  jury’s  verdict. Bryant did not make a JMOL motion at any point during the trial.   

On April 28, 2016, the jury found for the remaining officers in all respects. 

The district court then denied the officers’ renewed JMOL motion as moot.    

Subsequently,  Bryant  made  his  own  JMOL  motion  under  Rule  50;  in  the 

alternative, he also moved for a new trial under Rule 59. On March 31, 2017, the  district court denied Bryant’s JMOL motion on the grounds that he had failed to  make such a motion at the close of evidence, as required by Rule 50.   It also denied much of Bryant’s motion for a new trial. It upheld the jury  verdict  in  favor  of  the  two  officers  other  than  Slezak  and  Egan.  The  court  concluded that a jury could have reasonably determined that, at the scene of his  arrest, Bryant was not subjected to excessive force and a strip search. Likewise, the  jury was free to believe the officers’ testimony that no cavity search had occurred  in  the  holding  cell.  But  the  court  concluded  it  was  against  the  weight  of  the  evidence for the jury to have found that “Bryant’s Fourth Amendment rights were  not violated when he was tased.” Bryant v. Meriden Police Depʹt, No. 3:13‐cv‐449  (SRU), 2017 WL 1217090, at *15 (D. Conn. Mar. 31, 2017). And, on that basis, the 



court ordered a new trial as to whether Slezak’s use of the taser was excessive and  whether Egan unlawfully failed to intervene.   Slezak  and  Egan  now  appeal.  They  argue  that  the  district  court  erred  in  finding  that  the  jury’s  verdict  was  against  the  weight  of  the  evidence  and  that  qualified immunity should shield them from a new trial.2  III.   

This Court “may generally hear appeals only from ‘final decisions’ of the 

district court.” Coollick v. Hughes, 699 F.3d 211, 217 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting 28 U.S.C.  § 1291). Because the grant of a new trial under Rule 59 is not a final decision, it is  typically  not  appealable.  See  Ortiz‐Del  Valle  v.  N.B.A.,  190  F.3d  598,  599  (2d  Cir.  1999) (per curiam). Thus, insofar as Slezak and Egan argue that the district court  erred in finding the jury’s verdict to be against the weight of the evidence, we lack  jurisdiction to hear their appeal.   

An  interlocutory  denial  of  qualified  immunity  is,  however,  immediately 

appealable  when  the  underlying  issues  raise  only  questions  of  law.  Bolmer  v.  Oliveira, 594 F.3d 134, 140 (2d Cir. 2010). This is because qualified immunity offers  “immunity  from  suit  rather  than  a  mere  defense  to  liability.”  Id.  Accordingly,  an 

 Bryant also cross‐appealed. Because his counsel, Josephine S. Miller, failed to file a brief, his  appeal was dismissed.  

2



important  entitlement  would  be  “effectively  lost  if  a  case  [were]  erroneously  permitted to go to trial.” Id.    Typically,  an  interlocutory  appeal  based  on  the  denial  of  qualified  immunity is brought before trial. See Britt v. Garcia, 457 F.3d 264, 271 (2d Cir. 2006).  Although hearing such an appeal following trial, as here, is unusual, “this unusual  posture does not affect the viability of the qualified immunity defense.” Id. Since  another trial would implicate interests protected by qualified immunity, the grant  of a motion for a new trial may still be immediately appealable. But, once again,  that will be so only if the denial of qualified immunity turns solely on issues of  law. See State Emp. Bargaining Agent Coal. v. Rowland, 494 F.3d 71, 82 (2d Cir. 2007).  That is not the situation before us. Where, as here, “a factual determination  is a necessary predicate to the resolution of whether . . . immunity is a bar, review  is postponed and we dismiss the appeal.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted)  (alteration in original).  Before  trial,  factual  questions  precluded  a  determination  that  Slezak  and  Egan  were  entitled  to  qualified  immunity.  And,  as  to  the  issues  before  us,  that  remains the case here. When determining whether factual questions remain on a  post‐trial claim, this Court may look to the undisputed facts adduced at trial and 



to  any  factual  issues  resolved  by  the  trial.  See,  e.g.,  Britt,  457  F.3d  at  271‐72;  Hathaway  v.  Coughlin,  37  F.3d  63,  67  (2d  Cir.  1994).  But  in  this  case,  the  officers concede that “[n]early every fact material to [Bryant’s] Fourth Amendment claims,  including [his claim] premised on the Taser use, was disputed by the parties at  trial.”  Defs.‐Appellants’  Br.  5. And  given  the  district  court’s  conclusion  that  the  jury’s verdict—with respect to Slezak’s tasering and Egan’s failure to intervene— was  against  the  weight  of  the  evidence,  that  verdict  no  longer  resolves  those  factual disputes. See Aczel v. Labonia, 271 F. Appʹx 73, 75 (2d Cir. 2008) (summary  order) (“Once the district court rejected the jury’s verdict on excessive force and  qualified immunity, the verdict form no longer resolved disputed factual issues”).   Fundamentally,  then,  this  case  is  not  in  a  meaningfully  different  posture  than  it  was  prior  to  trial,  where  the  officers  acknowledged  that  a  finding  of  qualified immunity would have been premature. It remains premature now.   The appeal is accordingly DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction. 

10 

second circuit court of appeals PDF.pdf

moved for a new trial under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59. On March 31,. 2017, the district court granted Bryant's motion in part. It held the jury's finding—.

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