Santa Fe Public Schools Sustainable Design Guidelines
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Santa Fe Public Schools
Sustainable Design Guideline
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The Sustainable Building Design Guidelines were created to meet the hopes and aspirations of our students, staff, and community, to move toward a resilient, environmentally responsible School District. Santa Fe Public Schools views this living document as part of a larger roadmap, steering us in the direction of energy and water efficiency and away from fossil fuel dependence, while increasing our renewable energy generation, and directing all possible resources to teaching and learning. Our intention is to create healthy, programmatically appropriate, long lasting facilities which reduce the District's carbon footprint and greenhouse gas output, while engaging our students in meaningful, real world learning environments. The District believes that one of the most effective ways to demonstrate our commitment to organizational sustainability is to lead by example through our facility design, construction process, and building performance.
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Organizational Sustainability through Environmental Stewardship Aligned with the Board of Education’s commitment to environmental and fiscal stewardship, the Superintendent will work to develop a comprehensive Sustainability Plan. Principles of sustainability impact the organization at every level, therefore choices in operations, capital programs, and classroom activities will be evaluated through this lens. Areas of consideration will include the following: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Energy and water efficiency Capital projects and design Renewable energy projects Waste reduction and recycling Procurement practices Transportation fueling and vehicle options Technology infrastructure and equipment Student nutrition strategies Emergency management and resiliency Student/site‐based curriculum connections Districtwide and school‐based Green Teams A community‐based Sustainability Task Force
The Superintendent will have overall responsibility for the District Sustainability Plan, and all stakeholders in the organization are expected to embrace the Plan goals, in conjunction with appropriate training and education. Development of the District Sustainability Plan will include input and collaboration with community and District stakeholders, and the Plan will undergo periodic review of program results and direction. The District Sustainability Plan will be aligned with District goals of creating 21st Century learning experiences and career opportunities for the students, invigorating the teaching environment for school staff, expanding progressive partnerships in the community, and redirecting more fiscal operational resources to the classroom. School Board Members Lorraine Price ‐ President Maureen Cashmon ‐ Vice President Kate Noble ‐ Secretary Steve Carrillo ‐ Member Linda Trujillo ‐ Member Acknowledgements The following professionals contributed to this document: Kristy Janda‐Wagner – Chief Operations Officer (SFPS) Paul Baca ‐ Director, Facilities & Maintenance (SFPS) Lisa Randall – Energy & Water Conservation Coordinator (SFPS) David Crosby – Project Manager (SFPS) Leo Prenevost – Project Manager (SFPS) Marisa Snyder – Project Manager (SFPS) Sara Rain Stewart ‐ Avocet Design & Consulting, LLC. Stephen Williams – Greer Stafford SJCF Architecture, Inc. Matthew Higgins – Vibrantcy, LLC.
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Table of Contents
PREFACE: DISTRICTWIDE SUSTAINABILITY Introduction to Sustainable Design for SFPS ................................................................................................. 5 Responsibility Matrix ...................................................................................................................................... 7 SFPS Accomplishments ................................................................................................................................... 7 Districtwide Energy & Water Use Goals ......................................................................................................... 8
ANALYSIS + PROCESS Integrated Design Process ............................................................................................................................ 10 HVAC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) ........................................................................................................... 15 Energy Performance Modeling .................................................................................................................... 18 Role of Commissioning ................................................................................................................................ 20 M/E/P Systems Commissioning ................................................................................................................... 21 Envelope Commissioning............................................................................................................................. 23 ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS Envelope Design........................................................................................................................................... 25 Materials, Durability and Recycling ............................................................................................................. 33 Acoustics...................................................................................................................................................... 35 WATER SYSTEMS Water Use .................................................................................................................................................... 36 Site Design ................................................................................................................................................... 38 Water Harvesting ........................................................................................................................................ 40 POWER + AIR SYSTEMS Kitchen Equipment ....................................................................................................................................... 44 HVAC Systems .............................................................................................................................................. 46 Power Systems ............................................................................................................................................. 48 Utility Sub-Metering Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 49 Solar Photovoltaics ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Lighting & Lighting Controls ......................................................................................................................... 57 DESIGN FOR BUILDING OCCUPANTS Occupancy – Maintenance & Operations..................................................................................................... 60 Human Centric Design for Good Environments ............................................................................................ 62
Summary of References ..........................................................................................................................63 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................64
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Introduction to Sustainable Design for SFPS This document is intended for three primary user groups:
SFPS Owner’s Team This document will provide guidance for SFPS Construction Management Team (CMT) to drive a consistent approach to all capital projects, using standardized directives for design teams. Design Team Teams shall use this document to understand the District's requirements and desires associated with project delivery, site considerations, and building systems choices. It is the design team’s responsibility to point out contradictions, alternative methods, and ensure familiarization among all members. Facility Managers To understand the intent behind design decisions and equipment preferences, facility managers should become familiar with this document and be involved during capital project design processes. HOW TO USE: In addition to specific design and construction considerations, this document lays out overarching processes that should inform decisions. These include energy modeling and life‐cycle cost analysis, QA/QC during design and construction, collaborative delivery process, and regular preventative maintenance. It is envisioned that the Design Team will work closely with the Owner’s Team and commissioning agents, to arrive at a life‐cycle cost effective solution for project delivery and long‐term operation. This document outlines preferred techniques and systems, however alternate solutions are acceptable if they meet the following three tenets: 1. Life Cycle of 45 Year Building 2. Resource Conservation 3. First Cost Considerate vs. Life Cycle Cost Considerate WHAT THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT: It should be understood and accepted by all Design Teams and Owner’s Representatives that this document represents SFPS’ intentions and minimum requirements, but does not in any way shape or form supplant requirements for compliance with all applicable local, State and Federal codes. Where efforts toward greater sustainability may push the boundaries of what is currently required by Code, Design Teams are encouraged, with SFPS support and approval, to work with the Authority Having Jurisdiction for approval. Where conflicts may arise between this document and any code requirement, the more stringent shall apply. OWNER’S REQUIREMENTS: This document lays out guidelines for the design & delivery process, and includes specific requirements for certain systems and materials; additional information should be considered by the SFPS team and may be included in the procurement documents. These may include the intended lifespan of the specific project or building, the intended Energy Star target or other certification goal.
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SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GUIDELINES IN SUMMARY: These guidelines are intended to be used in the design, construction and operation of new and renovated school buildings. Renovating buildings may not substantially improve the overall operating costs of a school, but the renovation should be designed to achieve lower operating costs, and should be designed to use less energy and water. Building design should use an integrated approach where all building systems and components are considered from conception to completion. The environmentally responsible goal of the design team should be to provide a healthy, comfortable, and functional facility meeting the programmatic requirements of the School District, while achieving the best overall cost performance over the life of the School. It is the recommendation of the SFPS CMT that each school facility be designed to achieve a minimum Energy Star score of 90.
Each section of the standard was written with the following four Guiding Principles, each of which were evaluated and agreed upon by the District. Systems, site, and material decisions should be made with these principles in mind: 1. Resource Conservation – Consider reduction of up-front waste, elimination of unnecessary redundancies, and long‐term disposal requirements, include capital dollars as a resource. 2. 45 Year Building Lifespan – In effort to produce a long‐lasting facility, adaptability and functionality of the floorplan is important. Design decisions should aim to reduce maintenance and replacement/renovation intervals. 3. Life Cycle vs. Up Front Cost – All major systems decisions, including glazing and insulation should be evaluated using life‐cycle‐cost criteria for a 45-year building. In many cases a high performing system will have a greater first cost, but will recuperate the increase well within the life of the building, when inflation and utility escalation are considered. 4. Basis of Design – When practical, example manufacturers or system types are listed for reference purposes, and are in alignment with District preferences and expectations.
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Responsibility Matrix
Attached to this document is a Responsibility Matrix, created as a tracking mechanism for all capital projects, to ensure that all project team members are aware of the requirements herein. Each phase of design is included in the matrix and is accompanied by a sign‐off for both SFPS and A/E‐Team personnel. Because there are many team members involved in a design and construction project, the matrix shall serve as accountability on behalf of all parties for the betterment of capital projects. The goal of the matrix is to provide the SFPS CMT, design professionals, and facility managers with comprehensive guidelines for new construction projects, remodels and renovations.
Facilitating the design and construction of buildings and campuses that are durable, sustainable, low‐maintenance, functional, flexible, and long‐lasting
Sustainable integrated design results in buildings that use energy and water wisely and conservatively, in a manner that is visible and legible to the students; buildings that are thoughtfully sited, taking advantage of cardinal directions and the path of the sun; buildings that are durably constructed to limit air leakage and optimize HVAC operation and to optimize systems over the duration of the building’s lifespan; landscapes that promote engagement, are location‐specific and water‐wise; facilities that conserve water use; kitchens that conserve water and energy. SFPS requires that all projects implement commissioning of both HVAC systems and the building envelope for new construction and major renovation projects. These additional measures of oversight during design, construction and start‐up are proven to reduce operational costs as well as minimize potential hidden construction defects.
SFPS Accomplishments Santa Fe Public Schools has made great strides toward improving the energy and water efficiency of its facilities. Examples of achievements follow. Energy & Water Use Monitoring: Online dashboards give real time information on PV energy generation, electricity, gas and water use, and allow comparison of usage among participating schools. Renewable Energy: 16% of SFPS is powered by the sun with photovoltaic panels capable of generating 1.5 megawatts of electricity. Water Conservation: The District has reduced water consumption by 40% since 2010 by replacing grass with artificial turf, installing smart meters, low flow fixtures, and by closely monitoring usage. Recycling and Waste Reduction: Fourteen out of 28 schools compost food waste, all facilities have recycling bins for use by students, teachers and staff. Currently, the District has a 32% recycle diversion rate.
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Certifications: Energy Star certification has been achieved by fifteen schools. Detailed information may be accessed at the SFPS Green – Sustainability webpage. Awards: SFPS efforts toward improving the energy and water efficiency and sustainability of the facilities have received awards and press coverage from local, state and national organizations. Amy Biehl was a recipient of the Green Ribbon School National award from the US Department of Education.
Plastic – Reduced Use: Water fountains with bottle filling stations have been installed as part of a pilot program in a few schools. Installing them district‐wide will now become the standard. These stations actively count the number of plastic bottles saved by refilling. Resources: Online resources are provided through the District website for teachers, students and parents, to expand engagement in energy efficiency and sustainability into the classroom and into the community. More information regarding SFPS accomplishments and initiatives can be found on the “SFPS Green” website: www.sfps.info/departments/sfps_green_‐_sustainability
Districtwide Energy & Water Use Goals
Energy consumption has decreased across the District in recent years as a result of careful project planning and resource management, digital HVAC controls and lighting upgrades. The chart on the following page illustrates energy use indexes (EUI) for onsite energy consumption for all sites in the District, with the average EUI near 50 kBtu/sqft‐ year. This metric represents electricity and FIGURE 1 – Amy Biehl Elementary School natural gas per facility, measured on an (Courtesy of Greer Stafford SJCF Architecture) annual basis, and normalized per square‐ foot. The District requires project teams to achieve a minimum Energy Star score of 90 on all new construction and major renovations, and an benchmark for all sites is 35 kBtu/sqft‐year (Site EUI).
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BENCHMARK EUI
FIGURE 2 – Site Energy Use Indexes for all District Facilities (CY 2016) The graph below summarizes annual water consumption per square‐foot per year. Excluding the four outliers at the far right, the average water use index is 7 gallons/sqft‐year. The lowest consuming school site is Atalaya Elementary, which was recently renovated to include water efficient fixtures and a water harvesting system, resulting in less than 5 gallons/sqft‐year. As a result, 5 gallons/sqft‐year shall be used for new construction and major renovations, as a water use benchmark.
FIGURE 3 – Site Water Use Indexes for all District Facilities (CY 2016)
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ANALYSIS + PROCESS Integrated Design Process
The consensus among institutions pursuing high‐performance buildings is that a collaborative design process and multi‐disciplinary team from the outset leads to greater success through design, construction and operation. Approaching the design from a holistic perspective helps to remove conventional boundaries by fostering whole‐systems and life‐cycle thinking; understanding that all building systems are interdependent. Representative stakeholders at the table engaging in the decision‐making from the beginning may effectively achieve stated goals within a budget and schedule. 1. Integrated Design Process Guiding Principles a. Broad collaborative team, established early in the process (pre‐design) b. Well‐defined scope, vision, goals & objectives c. Effective & open communication d. Innovation & synthesis – open‐mindedness & creativity encouraged through design charrettes e. Systematic decision‐making f. Iterative process with feedback loops 2. Sustainable Design Goals a. Include Integrated Design Approach design team requirements in RFP b. Select Design Team with experience c. Establish measurable design and performance goals for the project d. Clearly articulate intended approach in the RFP and select a Design Team with demonstrated experience and competence with a collaborative approach. 3. Team Composition – Define the Team (refer to Appendix B for Team Roles Matrix) a. Core Team and the additional team participants required as design progress i. Core team: 1. Client / Owner’s Rep 2. Project Manager 3. Architect 4. Facilitator / Champion of Process 5. Engineers: Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Civil 6. Modeling Specialists: Energy Modeler, Daylight Modeler 7. Facilities Manager / Building Operator 8. Landscape Architect 9. Controls Specialist 10. Commissioning Agents (M/E/P and Envelope) ii. Additional Team Participants: 1. Specialty Consultant: Lighting, Acoustical 2. Cost Consultant (with Life‐cycle costing experience) 3. General Contractor / Construction Manager (when applicable) 4. Interior Designer / materials consultant 5. Soils / Geotechnical Engineer 6. Other Stakeholders (users, members of community)
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b. Facilitator / Champion of the process: i. Fully embraces and understands the integrated design process, ii. Shepherds the process by facilitating group dynamics and collaboration, and acts as steward of the project’s goals & targets. iii. Recommended professionals include commissioning agents, construction managers, certified project managers, or other professionals with similar experience and 10 years industry tenure. c. Team member’s roles and responsibilities throughout Design Phases i. Owner, Architect and Facilitator should outline proposed roles and responsibilities. ii. Chart from the IDP Roadmap is attached as a reference. d. Build collaboration and trust among team members Design Phase Schedule a. Anticipate an addition two to four weeks throughout design phases for Integrated Design Process b. Recommend that Owner, Architect and Facilitator draft a Design Phase Schedule that outlines all proposed charrettes, design meetings, energy modeling and evaluation phases, and Owner review periods. c. Although additional time may be required during some phases, having all players at the table actively making decisions may reduce review periods. Design Phases a. Design phase tasks and goals are outlined below. b. Refer also to the attached Design Phase Checklist from the 50% AEDG Additions / Renovations a. The Integrated Design Process is equally applicable to any existing building as a best‐ means to determining the most cost‐effective, energy‐savings, and successful solution to renovations and additions. Construction Contract SPFS will determine the Construction procurement method appropriate for each specific project. Regardless of Construction Contract approach, the Integrated Design Process is applicable to any project. As has been emphasized throughout this document, Commissioning is required. The Commissioning Agent will help facilitate the transition from Design Phases to Construction Phases, and monitor achievement of the Design Intent as articulated in the Construction Documents.
DESIGN PHASE OUTLINE 1. Pre‐Design: develop program, develop team, set fees to provide incentive to design team, determine goals for building (performance, life span) a. Select Core Team: RFPs for Design Professionals should clearly articulate intended design process and expected levels of participation for core design team as well as additional consultants b. Determine which consultants will be contracted through the Architect or directly to the Owner (Engineers versus Commissioning Agents) c. Establish design phase budget: Fees for consultants may be based on level of participation and time invested rather than as a percentage of construction costs.
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d. Select a Facilitator / Champion e. Kick‐off meeting: Visioning charrette or workshop to evaluate and produce Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR) identifying project Goals & Targets i. Outline goals including target systems, technologies, construction methods, etc. for consideration and evaluation by team ii. Energy Use (kBtu/sqft/yr.), electric demand limits for peak periods, water use & uniformity, construction recycling diversion rate, lighting loads & electric plug load densities, lighting & HVAC occupancy schedules, HVAC set points iii. Life Expectancy of building (minimum 45 years) and future flexibility f. Consider establishing a budget for Building Performance Evaluation to be performed after Occupancy (could be one year after or up to five). 2. Schematic Design: hold design charrettes & team meetings, evaluate technologies & strategies a. Develop Team Roles & Responsibilities b. Encourage collaboration and coordination among Team Members and between disciplines i. Create Code of Conduct document to encourage all to “play‐nice”. c. Encourage life‐cycle and whole‐building systems thinking d. Explore and understand existing Site conditions: challenges and opportunities
This is the phase “for exploring innovative technologies, new ideas, and fresh application methods in working towards the broad goals and objectives set out in Pre-design. Schematics Design allows experts from all disciplines to analyze the unique opportunities and constraints of the building site and to collectively explore synergies between disciplines.” -IDP Roadmap
e. Hold design charrettes: explore creative approaches to design challenge, evaluate strategies, refine options i. Facilitate cross‐disciplinary design thinking without focus on personal agendas, ii. Include specialists (energy analyst, daylighting expert) and ensure Team understands the role of the specialist and deliverables they may provide iii. Hold meetings at or near site to help Team visualize the project iv. Topics to consider for Design Charrettes / Workshops 1. Program Requirements 2. Site Opportunities 3. Orientation & Massing
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4. Availability of natural resources (e.g. wind, bodies of water, wind breaks) 5. Structural Systems 6. Building Envelope including daylighting and thermal performance 7. Lighting, acoustics, thermal comfort design 8. HVAC options 9. Water & wastewater systems 10. Materials selections, waste reduction, and local resources Determine number of optimal design strategies (energy conservation measures) for further analysis Evaluate energy impact of strategies with regards to the Goals & Targets stated in the OPR Perform preliminary cost analysis considering life‐cycle costs i. Evaluate first costs, operational & maintenance costs, energy savings, and return on investment / simple payback Explore alternative funding sources such as for green technologies, energy systems Establish and maintain design phase schedule. i. A construction schedule should be included or tied into this design phase schedule. If something slips behind in the design phase it is easy to see the impact on the construction timeline and is trackable.
3. Design Development: engage specialists, use energy & daylight modeling, hold focused team meetings a. Coordinate Team: encourage participation and preparation for meetings, etc. i. Hold meetings regularly ii. Ensure that Integrated Design Process meeting are the main meetings, not separate from regular design & team meetings b. Bring in additional consultants or outside experts as required i. Experts may lend knowledge to a single meeting or short duration as is required c. Simulate technologies to fully evaluate feasibility, cost‐savings over life span, etc. (energy modeling, daylight modeling, etc.) i. Don’t forget about Thermal Comfort, Daylighting, and Acoustics d. Select and refine building strategies that achieve Goals & Targets established in the OPR e. Complete detailed costing report including consideration of life‐cycle costs f. Commissioning: provide preliminary review of design, commissioning plan, etc. 4. Construction Documents: review performance criteria, hold regular meetings to ensure impact of changes is evaluated, review commissioning plan a. Hold regular meetings with Team to facilitate on‐going collaboration and engagement with Construction Documents b. Confirm that energy and environmental analysis confirms performance Goals & Targets c. Ensure all Team members are aware of changes and corresponding impact to all systems d. Ensure Specifications incorporate Performance Criteria e. Commissioning: Review documents at scheduled phases to ensure Owner’s goals and performance criteria are met and well documented i. Update Commissioning Plan f. Establish Material Substitution Policy to ensure goals & targets are maintained g. Consider methods to verify and track Contractor fulfillment of performance criteria: i. Maintaining accurate records of certification documentation, construction diary,
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as‐built drawings, change orders, etc. Define with Construction Documents the interfaces between trades to ensure performance criteria are met (e.g. air barrier tightness requires collaboration among multiple trades)
Our objective is to provide guidance for an integrated design process. The following construction‐phase items are included for incorporation as SFPS determines appropriate for each specific project. The Commissioning Agent is a core team member, will help facilitate the transition from Design Phases to Construction Phases, and monitor achievement of the Design Intent as articulated in the Construction Documents.
5. Bidding / Construction / Commissioning: a. Coordinate transition from design to construction team to ensure goals & targets are carried through, ensure contractor understands that Owner & Design Team have fully considered tradeoffs between systems, materials, and design strategies. b. Include performance criteria and requirements for verification (or certification) in RFPs & RFQs c. Review & implement commissioning plan d. Hold regular site meetings specific to commissioning and performance criteria e. Require thorough as‐built record drawings at end of construction f. Require Operations & Maintenance Manuals for all building systems including preventative maintenance schedules 6. Building Operation: a. Transfer of knowledge to facility manager b. Develop record documents including O&M manuals c. Train Facility Maintenance Team on operations d. Provide FM with regular maintenance and inspection schedule and tasks 7. Post‐Occupancy: a. Establish building performance evaluation team, b. Allocate fees for building performance evaluation,
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Sustainable Design Guideline c. Monitor building performance d. Educate staff & occupants on building operation & ‘features’ e. Encourage stewardship of and participation with the sustainable features of the building on the part of the occupants and users f. Hold performance evaluation meetings and perform walk‐thru at schedule intervals g. Incorporate lessons learned into subsequent SFPS projects h. Create a Post-Occupancy activity schedule for the above items
HVAC Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Life cycle cost analysis is a helpful tool used to understand the opportunities and challenges associated with HVAC system alternatives. A variety of factors are evaluated, which include first cost, replacement cost, useful life, maintenance costs, energy costs, architectural costs, utility cost escalation, inflation, and salvage value. Architectural costs can vary substantially among HVAC system alternatives, from heat‐pump closets to chiller yards and penthouse air‐handler rooms. A 45 year analysis of these factors will allow for an objective comparison among suitable alternatives, leaving little room for subjective preferences or bias. The following table is representative of LCCA outputs and assumptions that are required for evaluation. Water costs for all systems shall be evaluated. PVAV: packaged Variable Air Volume air handlers with refrigerated air and boiler heat VRF: Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat‐Pumps ERV: Energy Recovery Ventilators CHW‐VAV: VAV air‐handlers with chilled water and boiler loops.
TABLE 1 – Example HVAC LCCA Input Assumptions & Outputs To select the most appropriate type of HVAC system based on long‐term performance factors, qualitative factors may also apply to arrive at an optimal system. Factors such as maintainability, acoustics, indoor‐air quality potential, global‐warming potential of refrigerants, carbon emissions, and access to factory representation can be incorporated into the evaluation. These qualitative factors should be weighted among the design team, SFPS personnel, and contractors (if applicable). In the example below, each factor is weighted based on importance from, 1 to 6, with 6 being the highest (maintainability) importance to 1 being the lowest (carbon emissions), and each alternative is scored in each case. Factors are then multiplied by scores to arrive at a best‐fit system type. These scores are highly subject to varying project parameters and should be evaluated with the SFPS Project Manager.
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TABLE 2 – Example Qualitative Metrics for HVAC LCCA (for example purposes only)
1. Resource Conservation considerations shall include minimizing architectural costs for HVAC systems, eliminating superfluous controls and systems options, as well as remaining mindful of long term operations. 2. Upon considering a 45 Year Building Lifespan the engineering analyst shall take all appropriate measures to consider long‐term costs and systems replacements associated with each HVAC system alternative. These costs include incremental replacements of pumps, cooling towers, heat‐exchangers, and major overhauls of boilers/chillers/etc. 3. The objective of a Life Cycle Cost Analysis is to determine the benefit associated with a more capital intensive HVAC system type investment, weighing the 45 Year Life Cycle vs. Up-Front Cost 4. Approved software includes the free online ASHRAE Maintenance Life Database, BLCC5 by NIST/FEMP, and Trane Trace 700. Other Critical Items: a. Consider architectural costs and other SFPS considerations (matrix) b. Review ASHRAE Maintenance Costs with SFPS‐F&M c. Replacement intervals in accordance with ASHRAE O&M database averages In addition to the factors listed in TABLE 1 above, the following input assumptions must be provided with energy analysis reports, while outputs shall be compared to actual SFPS energy use: • Daily and annual schedules, including major breaks for vacations/winter/spring: o Occupancy o Lighting o Equipment o Thermostats o Infiltration • Thermostat set‐points and hours of setback • Kitchen equipment, building exhaust, and plug‐load inputs (as applicable) • Lighting power densities (building‐area method or space‐by‐space) It is important to make the right choice when selecting the HVAC system for any School facility. HVAC systems impact the quality of the indoor environment and are a significant factor in the operating cost of the facility. Since the cost imposed on the School system over the life of a building far exceeds the initial construction investment, the operating efficiency is a major criterion on which systems are selected. This selection should be made through good engineering practices and evaluation. The systems must comply with the latest PSFA HVAC System and Controls standards, and must operate efficiently, provide proper zoning of the facility, provide and control the recommended temperature and humidity within the facility, and provide the proper indoor air quality required for a healthy learning environment.
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Temperature, humidity and ventilation control directly relate to health, learning and working environments, and must always take precedence over energy issues. The evaluation process should include a detailed computer simulation using software to compare logical alternative design options that meet the functional requirements of the School facility. The simulation must consider all operating parameters including building schedules, internal and external influences on the building temperature, humidity and air quality, estimated initial construction cost, operating efficiencies, energy cost, and maintenance and replacement costs for each system type. Building schedules must be provided by the SFPS CMT and account for all School functions. These should include the normal school hours and operations after normal school hours. The HVAC system must also be designed to meet the varying annual schedules. Spaces should be identified that are only intermittently occupied, such as auditoriums, while school administration facilities may operate beyond the normal school year. It may not be the most cost efficient to operate an entire chiller plant during the summer to solely serve a media center, administrative area, or data closets. Separate HVAC systems and zoning should be evaluated as a part of the alternative options simulation. Grouping these specialty areas together is advisable to reduce the number of separate HVAC systems required. Maintenance cost should be determined using industry published, actual documented, historical data for each system type. Sources for this information include ASHRAE. The service life of each system type must be considered. Reference the ASHRAE Handbook of HVAC Applications for the service lives of the different systems. Replacement cost must be included for systems with a shorter service life than those of the comparative systems. The simulation must account for cost escalations for energy, maintenance and replacement over the life cycle period. At least three alternative system options should be compared in the computer simulation process. The selected system should be the system, determined by the simulation, to be the most cost effective by providing the best overall life cycle cost. For new schools, system types that potentially offer a superior life cycle cost are as follows, though the design team may make recommendations for another suitable alternative for consideration: • Geothermal Heat Pump system (ground source) • Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) with Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERV) and gas preheat • Variable Air Volume (VAV) (air‐cooled chiller & boiler) For small additions and small buildings where the existing building or campus system does not have sufficient capacity or is not economically feasible for expansion to serve the new space, system types that potentially offer the best overall life cycle cost are: • Air to Air Heat Pump system (split system) • High Efficiency Packaged Rooftop Units (Daikin Rebel or Aaon) System components that should be considered as offering a good life cycle cost are: • Variable volume air flow systems • Variable volume hydronic systems • High efficiency boilers • Energy reclaim equipment • Demand control ventilation
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Energy Performance Modeling
To evaluate the opportunities and challenges associated with design decisions, energy performance models shall be used during all phases of design to optimize energy performance of all systems and building design. Deliverables are expected at each of the following modeling milestones, which shall include recommendations for systems optimization: • • • • •
Schematic Design – Review massing, orientation, site considerations, and weather data Design Development – Review HVAC systems, envelope criteria, and window/wall ratios 50% Construction Documents – Review all building systems 90% Construction Documents – Review all building systems Value Engineering or 100% CDs if there is no V/E process (no recommendations are necessary)
To ensure that all major building systems are chosen considering both first‐cost and performance, energy performance modeling will be performed using integrated design principles. 1. The primary objective of performance modeling is to result in the most optimal design for the District. Resource conservation is possible through passive design strategies, materials analyses, and active systems optimization through evaluations of controls and efficiencies. 2. Building performance modeling for systems decisions is different from a 45 Year Building Life cycle cost analysis, but shares the same objective to achieve optimal energy performance. An annual energy simulation does not consider the future value of money, inflation, or utility escalation but these factors should be considered when deciding among systems performance criteria. Mitigation of carbon emissions and limiting utility costs should be evaluated using an annual simulation, and design decisions can be informed by an iterative process of analysis. 3. When high performance systems deviate from SFPS design standards Life Cycle Costs should be evaluated in comparison to the Up-Front Cost of installation, using a cost/benefit ratio. A favorable cost/benefit ratio is determined by the following formula: a. First‐Cost ÷ (Annual Energy Cost Savings x Useful Life of System) = Cost/Benefit Ratio b. If the Cost/Benefit ratio is less than 1.0 the capital investment is considered favorable 4. Approved modeling software includes eQuest, Trane Trace, and IES‐VE Other Critical Items: a. Glazing & Shading b. Insulation / Thermal Bridging c. Massing & Infiltration d. HVAC & Controls e. Daylighting Opportunities
According to the 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings, “A proper building orientation and envelope are critical to achieving at least 50% energy savings”
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Each Facility must have a comprehensive analysis performed to ensure the design of an efficiently operating facility. Many different facets of a building affect the operating efficiency and each should be carefully evaluated. These include the building orientation, building shape, envelope (walls, roof, glazing), the HVAC system, and electrical systems (lighting and power). Evaluation of the different alternatives possible should include a life cycle cost analysis of each, when included in the Owner / Architect contract as an additional service. The analysis process should be applied as early in the design process as possible and be a continuous evaluation throughout the design phase. Examples of energy control measures that should be evaluated: • Insulation and glazing values • High Efficiency control strategies • Heat‐recovery and demand‐controlled systems
FIGURE 3 ‐ Nina Otero Energy Model
While comparing alternative measures, it is important that each measure use fair and accurate data. Data, including construction cost for labor and materials, energy cost, cost of bonds or loan interest where applicable, certified energy efficiency factors, service life, and maintenance cost should be determined through the gathering of certified published data. Assumptions must be limited as much as possible. When necessary, assumptions must be made equally between alternatives using the best architectural and engineering judgment. These analyses are only as good as the data used in the calculations. To confirm that energy savings goals are met, a whole building evaluation (modeling) should be performed using computer simulation software. More detailed information about specific building aspects and systems that effect energy usage are discussed later in this document. The following assumptions must be provided with energy analysis reports: • Daily and annual schedules, including major breaks for vacations/winter/spring: o Occupancy o Lighting o Equipment o Thermostats o Infiltration
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Thermostat set‐points and hours of setback Kitchen equipment, building exhaust, and plug‐load inputs (as applicable) Lighting power densities (building‐area method or space‐by‐space)
The design team’s approach to energy modeling will encompass an integrated design process to evaluate dozens of energy optimization strategies. Starting in programming and master‐planning energy models and renewable energy strategies will be evaluated considering first cost, constructability, and operational costs. This proven process will yield substantially reduced building loads, allowing for a cost‐ effective approach to renewable energy and carbon neutrality. When using data‐driven analysis and rapid parametric modeling in design, much of the associated data can form a backbone for metering and monitoring strategies for further load reductions. Moving toward a verifiable performance is the ultimate objective, which requires integrated design, appropriate expectations, and follow‐through during construction. Creating an appropriate and efficient design will also allow for ease of maintenance; removing much of the uncertainty associated with transitioning from an idealized model to actual operation. Reaching Toward Net‐Zero Design teams shall take care to minimize loads and right‐size photovoltaic arrays, avoiding significant over‐production, and paying close attention to array placement and longevity of materials. Before renewable energy implementation, teams will evaluate the need to rely on other fuels for peak‐ heating days, and the possibility of using passive cooling (or hybrid evaporative cooling) instead of traditional air‐conditioning. Natural ventilation suitability and climate modeling studies will be performed to better understand the micro‐climate of the project site. Daylight simulations will inform the design of the natural light openings, reducing the need for artificial light during daylight hours. Energy analyses will help maximize passive solar heating, and optimize insulation and glazing selections to ensure the best life‐cycle cost.
Role of Commissioning
(https://www.wbdg.org/building‐commissioning) The commissioning plan should be outlined concurrently as the project team determines project performance requirements. The focus of commissioning efforts should be appropriate to a project's size, complexity, its housed mission, and an owner's risk management strategy. After the project delivery team has determined the essential project performance requirements, goals for project quality, efficiency, and functionality can then be established, and the commissioning plan can be developed. There are numerous ways to assemble and structure a commissioning team. For optimum project performance a single entity should lead the process from start to finish so that the overall process, principles, and objectives are constant. The Commissioning Professional (CxP) is an objective, independent advocate of the Owner. However, fulfilling the role and functions of the CxP will depend on the needs of each project and may be driven by budget and level of expertise required. If the CxP's firm has other project responsibilities, or is not under direct contract to the Owner, a conflict of interest may exist. Wherever this occurs, the CxP discloses, in writing, the nature of the conflict and the means by which the conflict shall be managed. Regardless of where the responsibility for building commissioning lies, it is important that the person or persons maintain a position of impartiality to assure there is no conflict of interest.
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M/E/P Systems Commissioning
An M/E/P commissioning agent (CxA) is an advocate to the District and should be considered an owner’s representative for the design and construction teams. The following language is provided to ensure that the major commissioning requirements are presented clearly, prior to contract negotiation with A/E teams and general contractors. CxA’s are primarily responsible for ensuring that building systems are reviewed during design, prior to installation, during start‐up, and at hand‐over for functionality, comfort, and efficiency. 1. A project’s CxA has an ability to drive Resource Conservation from avoiding rework in the field and wasted materials and labor hours associated with rework, to heading off unplanned field changes and costly change‐orders. In paying close attention to project schedules and progress, a CxA can help ensure long‐term operational savings. 2. Poor systems implementation during design and construction for a building intended to have a 45-year lifespan can be exceptionally detrimental to operations and maintenance, often discouraging maintenance personnel to perform at their best. A project’s CxA will help the design and construction teams pay close attention to design and implementation decisions to put systems in place with the ability to function and receive maintenance for 45 years. 3. M/E/P commissioning is essential to helping ensure Life Cycle projections are realized, and while the Cx process adds a layer of oversight and documentation to projects, lifecycle assurance is a common project‐team goal. Critical long‐term performance factors such as electrical peak demand, HVAC load‐matching response times, indoor environmental quality, and automated controllability should be at the top of the list for operations and management. While these factors are known to deviate from designed conditions over time, they are the early‐warning signs of high utility bills and reduced useful lives among building systems. Automation for instance should serve as an indicator for long‐term system and sensor performance, with slow recovery times and poor IEQ spurring further investigation. Many times, faulty sensors and damaged actuators go undetected without continuous or retro‐commissioning, leading to drawn‐out system failures and occupant discomfort. Monitoring these four critical factors will begin to gauge the appropriateness of commissioning and determine whether energy benchmarks and budgets are within reach. A robust system commissioning process will help achieve the ability to monitor these factors, and an integrated design approach will help deliver the lowest cost facility possible. Other Critical Items: a. Existing buildings 1. Switch‐over planning 2. Systems Reuse b. Design Reviews (Collect Signatures) c. Design & Construction Milestones 1. Schematic Design a. Owner’s Project Requirements b. Basis of Design 2. Design Development 3. 50% and 90% Construction Documents 4. Pre‐Bid and Pre‐Construction 5. Construction Observations a. Issues Log b. Field Reports
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d. Factory Approved Pre‐Functional Checklists e. Functional Testing 1. Factory representative sign‐off f. Systems Training 1. Project Manuals g. Post‐Occupancy Monitoring 1. Trend Analysis 2. Thermal Comfort Surveys 3. Retro‐Commissioning Total building commissioning is required to accomplish an efficient operating building. Commissioning of the building envelope, plumbing systems, HVAC systems and electrical systems confirms that these systems are constructed/installed in the intended manner necessary to accomplish the required efficiency levels.
Include the following when specifically included in the AIA Owner ‐ Architect agreement with SFPS. A commissioning contractor should be a registered engineering firm, experienced in the commissioning of School facilities. This contractor should be a third-party agent contracted directly with the school system. The following is a list of responsibilities that should be required of the commissioning contractor: • • • • • •
Review final construction documents for coordination among trades and completion of necessary information and accuracy. Provide a commissioning specification to be included along with the construction specifications. This document must include testing and balancing requirements for the project. Review construction contractor’s equipment submittals. Supervise and validate all final construction testing and balancing functions and review and approve all final contractor report documentation. Supervise and validate all seasonal testing and balancing functions and review and approve all final contractor report documentation. Following one year occupancy, perform all testing and data acquisition necessary to verify system and building performance. This measurement and verification process will determine how the facility is actually performing as compared to the original designer prepared analysis.
When performing RCx services BAS data is evaluated against weather‐data, design intent, energy consumption, base energy‐loads, and peak energy demands. Correlations among these datasets are drawn based upon the usage patterns of facilities, giving CxA’s the ability to recommend small operational changes and set‐points to remain within design parameters. In many cases these post‐ occupancy services lead to improved thermal comfort and reduced HVAC run‐time.
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Envelope Commissioning
Commissioning can be thought of as the step that bridges the gap between a sustainable school on paper and the fully functional, energy efficient, sustainable school in practice. Sustainable Design Guidelines, Poudre School District Districts can use this proven, systematic approach to reduce change orders and liability exposure, and to ensure that they receive buildings that function according to their original project requirements and design intent. CHPS Best Practices Manual Commissioning is required to accomplish an efficiently operating building, in particular, the building envelope is often overlooked as a contributor to occupant comfort, efficiency of HVAC equipment and indoor air quality. The commissioning process provides additional oversight throughout design and construction toward the goal of constructing a durable and robust building envelope according to the construction documents. It is important to note that commissioning is a process and the outcome is best served by beginning the commissioning effort early in the design / pre‐design phases. Secondly, success requires engagement of the entire team, all of whom should be made aware that commissioning will occur, that their participation will be required, and what their roles & responsibilities will be. The commissioning intention should be articulated in the procurement of the design team and in the construction bid documents. Collaboration and coordination among the team is required. The building envelope commissioning agent should be an independent third‐party, unrelated to either the design or construction firms, with documented experience in the commissioning of School facilities, and should be contracted directly with the school system. Engaging the commissioning process on a project may entail additional up-front costs, for the commissioning process and for a more thorough and engaged design process (refer to section on Project Delivery Methods). However, these up-front costs are typically recouped over the life of the building in the form of increased longevity of systems, fewer warranty issues, improved indoor air quality and occupant comfort, and fewer moisture intrusion (i.e. leaks) issues. 1. The following is a list of responsibilities that should be required of the commissioning contractor: a. Owner’s Requirements and Basis of Design – review for design intent & performance criteria b. Building Envelope Commissioning Plan – develop plan including systems and assemblies to be commissioned, field performance testing, management strategy, and outline of team. Examples of envelope systems that may be included: insulation, wall framing (thermal bridging), air leakage, glazing solar and thermal characteristics, fenestration framing & installations, exterior finish systems and installations, etc. c. Envelope Design – review at specified points during construction process to verify that the design adheres to the performance criteria as outlined in OPR & BOD. d. Envelope Commissioning specifications – develop for integration into construction documents, including testing requirements and procedures. e. Submittals and Shop Drawings – review for compliance with construction documents; participate in relevant pre‐construction conferences f. Construction Observation Checklists – develop checklists for each material and assembly included within scope of envelope commissioning plan; verify implementation of
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checklists or provide field observations; verify correction of all deficiencies. g. Field Performance Testing – develop protocol; perform or witness testing, verify correction of deficiencies. h. Commissioning Report – complete a report for each identified component, system, material, etc., including results of checklists, installation observation, performance testing and performance criteria verification. i. Operation and Maintenance Manuals – review O&M manuals for completeness, including instructions for installations, maintenance schedules and procedures, replacement, parts (materials) lists, special tools, warranty details. j. Post‐Occupancy Report – complete a commissioning report at close of warranty period verifying that the identified systems and features are preforming as intended through heating, cooling and swing seasons. Identify any issues with recommended resolutions. 2. Additional thoughts a. Scope of the commissioning effort may vary depending upon project budget, exterior finishes, etc. b. Recommend that the envelope design review be included in all projects as a basic component of the QA/QC process. c. Recommend mock‐ups, including field performance testing, where cost‐feasible. 3. Selecting the Building Envelope Commissioning Agent / Team a. Whether by competitive bid or direct selection, Owner’s team should consider the following areas of competency as outlined in the two primary BECx guidelines. b. ASTM E2813 lists general areas with specific items of demonstrated knowledge that are considered requisite core competencies of the BECx Agent / Team. Consult the standard for more information. These competencies include not only to building science and materials knowledge, but also project delivery and administration. i. Knowledge of building and materials science ii. Procurement and project delivery iii. Contract Documents and Construction Administration iv. Performance test standards and methodology c. NIBS Guideline 3 outlines requirements for the overarching commission entity, the Authority, and the direct participant in the process, the Specialist. i. BECx Authority (Agent): Entity that is trained and knowledgeable in BECx process and architectural and building science knowledge related to the building enclosure. ii. BE Specialist: Expert in the building envelope systems anticipated to be used on the proposed building, with experience and technical qualifications to support the team in the development and construction validation of the project.
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ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS Envelope Design Longevity of a building significantly depends on the durability of the building envelope, which is intended to last the life of the building. To achieve the proposed, minimum 45-year life‐ span of SFPS facilities, the envelope must be designed with intention and correctly constructed. These guidelines provide the design team with performance goals to encourage careful consideration of the durability and energy efficiency in the selection and detailing of the thermal barrier, air barrier and water / vapor barrier. Selection of exterior cladding material should be informed by material life‐cycle cost analysis, considering ‘cradle to grave’ life of materials. Refer to sections elsewhere in this document regarding life cycle cost analysis. Detail requirements for specific cladding materials are not included; it is anticipated that all proposed envelope assemblies will be reviewed by an envelope consultant during the design phases to ensure correct detailing prior to installation. QA/QC requirements during construction for specific materials and assemblies are included in each section. Design Team should incorporate these requirements in the Specifications to ensure implementation by the Contractor. Resources listed below provide straight‐forward explanations of key principles. Further explanation is beyond the scope of this guide. 1. Energy efficient envelope design guidelines a. Avoid reliance on sealant for waterproofing. It requires regular maintenance, may be subject to premature failure, and while it may constitute an important component of a system, it should not be the sole barrier. b. Detail for water management; provide incidental moisture that may penetrate the envelope a path to exit the assembly. Barrier systems (i.e. face-sealed) are prone to failure and not typically recommended. A system with redundant layers that allows for drainage of incidental moisture is recommended. Jaynes feedback c. Reduce thermal bridging and conductive heat transfer (employ continuous insulation). d. Minimize infiltration & exfiltration; design & construct a continuous air barrier. e. Control solar gain to reduce loads on HVAC equipment and take advantage of daylighting. f. Control humidity; provide appropriate ventilation and design envelope assemblies to reduce movement of water vapor. g. Use building energy modeling to evaluate insulation values and fenestration location & thermal values in the selection and design. 2. Continuous air barrier a. Providing a continuous air barrier enhances the performance of the building in several ways: It reduces unintended infiltration and exfiltration (air leakage in and out) through the building envelope, in turn reduces the load on the HVAC
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equipment, reduces potential infiltration of polluted air (from crawlspaces, attached garages or shops), reduces drafts and increases occupant comfort, and reduces potential for moisture accumulation in the envelope assemblies (vapor loves to piggy back on air). b. Air barrier should separate interior conditioned space from exterior space and any semi‐ conditioned space from fully conditioned space. To provide the most benefit, the air barrier should be continuous over all surfaces of the envelope. The air barrier may be installed on the interior face of construction (e.g. sealed and taped drywall), at the exterior of the assembly or somewhere in between. i. Advantages of air barrier at the interior: Reduce potential movement of moisture‐laden interior air into the wall cavity ii. Advantages of air barrier at the exterior: Ease of installation (few joints, etc.); reduces potential for wind‐washing of batt insulation. iii. The air barrier material may also provide a weather resistive barrier if located at the exterior. Various materials within the envelope may provide all or part of the air barrier. i. Some air barrier materials (polyethylene sheets) may also be vapor retarders; this should be carefully considered when selecting the air barrier materials and their location. (It should be noted that using polyethylene sheets at the interior of a wall assembly is generally not recommended.) Key components of a successful air barrier are continuous, this includes at all joints, intersections, penetrations, such as: i. Foundation to walls, ii. Walls at doors and windows iii. Transitions between structural systems, and between exterior finish materials, iv. Wall to roof, v. Wall to roof at unconditioned areas, vi. Walls, floor, roof across construction, control and expansion joints, vii. Walls, floors and roof to utility, duct and pipe penetrations. Air barrier system (this includes transition and flashing materials, etc.) should be able to withstand loads and forces that may act on it during and after construction. System and materials should allow for movement of adjacent materials due to temperature and humidity fluctuations, creep and structural deflections. System should be durable for the proposed 45-year life span of the building or should be maintainable (accessible). Material recommendations i. Air barrier may be provided at the interior face of construction (e.g. sealed and taped drywall), at the exterior of the assembly or somewhere in between. A few common approaches are: 1. Drywall at interior of wall construction: all joints, edges and penetrations taped and/or sealed. 2. Sheathing at exterior face of framing: a. Sheet material such as building wrap with all joints and seams taped, penetrations sealed, attached with manuf. recommended fasteners with plastic washer heads (not staples); b. A liquid applied air and weather barrier material, applied at required thickness with all joints, holes and penetration treated according to manuf. recommendations;
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c. Building paper (Grade D, 60 min.) does not function as an air barrier. 3. Concrete systems (precast or cast in place) or painted CMU may be part of the air barrier system provided all joints, penetrations, etc. are sealed. ii. Selection of the air barrier material should depend on the proposed substrate, the proposed exterior finish material, intended performance characteristics, whether or not rigid insulation is included and where it is to be located in relation to the air / water resistive barrier, etc. iii. Consider that the selected wall air barrier system will have to connect to the roof / ceiling air barrier. iv. Depending on the roof construction, the air barrier may again be taped and sealed interior dry wall or it may be adjacent to the metal deck or it may be the roof membrane itself. v. Plenum – ceiling as return air plenum 1. This approach is not recommended for several reasons: proximity to the exterior and the depressurization of the plenum may drive infiltration bringing outside (potentially unclean) air into the system; and any pollutants in the plenum area (exposed fiberglass insulation, etc.) will contribute to air quality in the mechanical system. However, it is currently allowed by Code and is understood to be cost‐ effective and typical. Therefore, consider the following. a. Treat the plenum as a part of the duct system and comply with Code requirements for insulation and sealing regarding all duct work (refer to IECC 2009 Section 503.2.7.1 and IMC 2009 Section 603.9 / UMC 2009 Section 602.4 Joints & Seams and 605.0 Insulation). b. Ensure that plenum areas are insulated from the roof and are thoroughly air sealed from both the roof and the ceiling. 2. Provide signage (stenciling within the plenum or other) indicating that the area is a Plenum, and that all current and future penetrations into it are to be repaired and properly sealed. All materials, current and future, utilized within the plenum must comply with Code requirements. QA/QC Method of verification (e.g. inspections and / or testing) i. If envelope commissioning is part of the project, the air barrier will be a central component of the commissioning process, and will be verified through field observations & verification of checklists. The Architect should provide plans and section diagrams indicating location of continuous air barrier. If testing of the air barrier will occur, the Architect is to provide exterior envelope square footage calculations, including all six sides of the envelope. ii. Performance testing is recommended. Such testing may be qualitative (to assist the contractor in finding & repairing breaches in the air barrier) or it may be quantitative (to measure actual air leakage to gauge compliance with specified allowable leakage) iii. Air barrier performance requirements are typically as follows: 1. Material: 0.004 cfm/ft2 @ 75 Pascals, tested per ASTM E2178 2. Assembly: 0.04 cfm/ft2 @ 75 Pascals tested per ASTM E283 3. Enclosure: 0.4 cfm/ft2 @ 75 Pascals tested per ASTM E779 (per IECC 2012) iv. If a mock‐up is constructed, this may be tested to evaluate the success of the air
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barrier installation. Infrared imaging (especially in conjunction with air leakage testing) is a useful tool for identifying locations of air leakage.
3. Continuous insulation Insulation in the building envelope is important to overall comfort and energy efficiency of the School. Attention should be given to thermal bridging in buildings that have outside walls framed with steel studs, providing a parallel path for heat flow between the insulation batts. According to Table A3.3 in ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐2007, a six‐inch metal stud wall with R‐19 insulation can have an effective overall R‐value of only R‐7.1 In general, insulation has a positive effect on air conditioning and heating loads and results in energy savings up to a certain point, but additional insulation beyond required levels have strong diminishing returns. The most effective place to apply additional insulation is in the roof assembly, where a larger proportion of heat gain or loss occurs. Attention should be given to sealing the building envelope to prevent unwanted air infiltration and moisture intrusion. Control of air and moisture is an essential element of (properly functioning) HVAC systems and indoor air quality. Radiant barriers, as part of building envelope assemblies, may help reduce heat gain if properly installed with air spaces and should be subject to cost benefit analysis. Thermal mass can help minimize temperature swings and should be considered when comparing construction types. Light colored exterior walls can help reduce solar gain. a. Recommend following the IECC 2012 and ASHRAE 90.1 2013 prescriptive R‐values per envelope component, at a minimum. These minimums assume a continuous air barrier which may be equally if not more important to the performance of the wall. b. The listed continuous insulation (ci) values not only reduce thermal bridging, but also improve condensation control (meaning that the sheathing is kept above dew point). c. Refer to currently adopted IECC for construction type and climate zone. In Climate Zone 5B all exterior wall systems require continuous insulation for improved performance. As mentioned above, this is particularly evident with metal framing. Wood framing performs better than steel, but does not eliminate thermal bridging. Although trade‐offs may be made with energy modeling to allow the designer to avoid continuous insulation, this is not recommended. d. Recommended minimum insulation values for walls in Climate Zone 5 (based on ASHRAE 90.1 2013): i. Metal framed: R‐13 + R‐10ci (2”) ii. Wood framed: 2x4 – R‐13 + R‐7.5ci (1.5”) / 2x6 – R‐19 + R‐5.0ci (1”) iii. Mass: R‐11.4 ci e. Material recommendations i. Rigid insulation material selection should consider the environmental impact of the material (blowing agents), the long term stability of the R‐value, the stability of the R‐value over temperature fluctuations, where the rigid insulation is also intended to provide the air and weather barrier, the dimensional stability of the material should be considered and the joints treated accordingly (Polyiso insulation may shrink 2% in each direction, on a 4’x8’ sheet this is 1‐2” putting extreme stress on any taped joints.) f. Continuity of thermal barrier i. Providing continuous insulation at the wall assembly is one aspect of a continuous air barrier. Continuity should be considered at all junctions and transitions: from wall to roof (parapet treatment, or raised heel trusses if
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pitched roof), wall to foundation or below grade walls, wall to fenestration, etc. g. Insulation Installation / QA/QC i. For best performance, all insulation should be installed per manufacturer’s instructions. ii. Batt insulation is susceptible to poor installations which may significantly reduce the effective R‐value. 1. Insulation should be encapsulated on six sides and should be in contact with all sides. 2. At attics or floors, it should be in direct contact with the warm side and should be properly supported. 3. No voids are acceptable, nor should insulation be excessively compressed. 4. Refer to RESNET guidelines on grades of installation. Although directed to a residential audience, no less applicable for commercial. 4. Bulk Water Management a. Select the water resistive barrier. Determine the extent of its function i.e. also air barrier or vapor barrier. Determine where it will be located within the assembly. Identify how continuity will be maintained at all transitions, including window, door and other penetration flashings. The common adage is to draw a line, in section, around the entire envelope. Where the pencil must be lifted, there is potential for a breach in continuity and hence leakage. b. Window, door & penetration flashing, base of wall i. When rigid insulation (continuous insulation) is included in the wall assembly, careful consideration of the bulk water management is necessary. ii. Barrier systems, which rely on the face of the exterior finish to reject all bulk water are typically not reliable and are not recommended. iii. Drainage plane is recommended and may be located at the sheathing (recommended) or at the face of the insulation (requires careful detailing and execution). iv. Detailing of the drainage plane requires provision for drainage, e.g. weep screeds, weep holes, through wall flashing, etc. at the base of wall, at window heads, at some transitions, at soffits. v. Architect should be prepared to provide detailed drawings of all flashings. Simply noting in the drawings that all penetrations must be sealed is not adequate. Performance intent (including continuity and durability) must be adequately conveyed. c. Stucco: Current Code (IBC 2009) requires two layers of building paper where stucco is installed over wood‐based sheathing. This is because stucco will bond to the layer it is applied directly against. A sacrificial, slip sheet layer of building paper (Grade D 60 minute works well) should be installed directly behind stucco, between the stucco and the water resistive barrier. This applies to both building wrap and liquid-applied air and moisture barriers. Rigid insulation on the exterior of the sheathing over the water resistive barrier may act as this slip sheet, however a drainage gap should be maintained between the insulation and the WRB. d. Consider site issues – don’t irrigate the building, drain subsurface moisture where necessary, have a Geotechnical Engineer provide a soil report and follow the recommendations.
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5. Vapor Management a. Control interior relative humidity – at the source and with appropriate ventilation b. Where occupancy has high interior moisture loads (gymnasium locker rooms, kitchens), envelope design and HVAC strategies should be closely coordinated. Consider modeling of the temperature and vapor profile of the design (WUFI). c. Design building envelope to allow for drying (to the interior or the exterior or both), and consider the moisture storage capacity of proposed materials, e.g. wood studs versus metal studs) d. Remember that significantly more moisture will be transported through holes in the air barrier than will migrate through materials (vapor drive). e. Typically, in Climate Zone 5, a Class III vapor retarder on the interior is typically adequate if continuous insulation is provided on the exterior. 6. Roof Design a. Roof construction can have a significant impact on energy usage. Roof slope, insulation type and thickness, and color of the finished surface should all be carefully considered and analyzed to ensure the roof system is as efficient as is economically feasible. b. Material: Consider use of roof when selecting roofing system, such as modified‐bituminous membrane roofing at areas with equipment that anticipate significant traffic. Steep slope metal roof systems are not only long‐lasting but are recyclable at end of service life and should be considered. c. Recommended minimum insulation values (based on ASHRAE 90.1 – 2013) i. R‐30 above deck (continuous) ii. R‐49 d. Cool roofs are typically recommended to improve longevity of roof materials and reduce solar gain. Follow IECC for minimum solar reflectance and thermal emittance (emissivity) values: i. SRI: initial (solar reflectance index) of 82, three years aged at 64; ii. Emissivity: initial and three‐year aged 0.75. The ASHRAE 50% AEDG recommends the following more rigorous values: iii. White thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO): Reflectance: 0.77, Emissivity 0.87, SRI 95 iv. Metal Panels w/ factory‐coated white finish: Reflectance: 0.90, Emissivity 0.87, SRI 113 Energy modeling should include this information. Circumstances may exist in which a cool roof is not recommended. e. Low slope roof design typical of Santa Fe is generally an unvented assembly. Recommend a Class III or greater (meaning more vapor permeable) at the interior to allow for drying toward the inside. All low slope, single ply membrane roof systems, require walk pads at high traffic and service areas. (Jaynes) f. Where insulation is continuous above the deck, a minimum of two layers of insulation are recommended with joints staggered horizontally and vertically to minimize air & vapor movement. g. QA/QC: Initial installation is critical to the long‐term performance of the roof system. The most cost‐effective approach to verifying correct installation is to require frequent construction observations with material & project specific checklists. These may be implemented by a third‐party roof observer contracted to the Owner or by a qualified member of the General Contractor’s QA/QC program.
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SFPS may require a roof observer at the discretion of the CMT. 7. Fenestration a. Evaluate SHGC and thermal properties based on orientation and purpose (daylighting versus view) b. Verify that window thermal properties used are NOT center of glass but are NFRC rated and include frame performance. c. Include requirements for air leakage performance in specifications, tested per NFRC 400 or AAMA/ WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 or ASTM E283 and labeled by the manufacturer. i. Storefront glazing and curtain wall: 0.06 CFM/FT2 @ 75 Pascals ii. Windows, skylights and sliding doors: 0.20 CFM/FT2 @ 75 Pascals iii. Commercial glazed swinging entrance doors: 1.0 CFM/FT2 @ 75 Pascals d. Refer to Daylighting & Orientation discussions elsewhere in this document. e. QA/QC: i. Require water testing of installed window assemblies. Test mock‐ups or first installations as applicable. ii. Design Team should include testing requirements in the specifications, including frequency, protocol and test pressure (if using ASTM E1105), and requirements should failure occur. Typically, additional units will be tested at a rate of two per failure. All failures should be repaired and retested after cure time. 1. At a minimum, require hose testing per AAMA 501.2. 2. More rigorous chamber testing per ASTM E1105 may be specified. 8. Concrete a. Refer to current code for minimum insulation requirements to be included in energy modeling. b. Where vapor retarders are included below the slab (e.g. at moisture sensitive flooring locations), ensure no sand blotter layer between vapor retarder and concrete. c. Soils reports are recommended for all new construction and additions. Follow geotechnical engineer’s recommendations for moisture control of slabs and below grade concrete or other construction. d. QA/QC: i. Include requirements for concrete moisture testing prior to installation of any moisture sensitive flooring materials. Recommended moisture testing according to ASTM F2170 using in‐situ probes to determine relative humidity within slab. 9. Sealants a. As noted above, avoid reliance on sealant for waterproofing. Avoid designs that rely on sealant joints as the primary and sole barrier from water intrusion. b. ‘Sky‐facing’ primary sealant joints will not be allowed. c. Two primary issues will drive sealant selection: durability and compatibility. These should be weighed for each proposed sealant joint considering substrate, anticipated movement, exposure, etc. i. Silicone will be more expensive at first installation, but a high‐quality properly installed silicone can have a functional life span of 20 years. ii. Polyurethanes, exposed, may last five to ten years (at the outside). If the required replacement is considered, the lower first‐install cost may be overshadowed by maintenance costs. d. Silicone: High quality, properly installed silicone sealants will provide long‐lasting,
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flexible and stable service in our high desert, high UV environment. A one‐part, low‐ modulus, neutral‐cure silicone is recommended at all exposed joints with metal, glass, masonry, concrete, tile, EIFS, and stucco. e. Compatibility: Silicone is not compatible with petroleum based materials. Polyurethane is often the material of choice with these components. At sealant joints in contact with self‐adhered membrane flashings, liquid applied air barriers, water resistive barriers, single‐ply roof membranes, etc., specify sealants specifically approved by the substrate component manufacturer. i. Specify one‐part urethane sealants as recommended by component manufacturers, and / or in compliance with TTS‐00230. ii. Verify compliance with manufacturer’s installation and maintenance requirements. f. Joint Design: Proper sealant joint design will go a long way toward ensuring functional joints. Consider the movement that will be required of the joint and size it appropriately. Consider installation and maintenance requirements when designing sealant joints (accessibility). i. Refer to General Guide to Joint Sealants for Architects available from ASC and SWR Institute g. Installation: Longevity of sealant joints will depend upon correct installation; preparation of joints (including primer where required and cleaning of substrates), use of backer rod as recommended by the sealant manufacturer, and correct tooling. Installation and curing temperature and weather requirements should be noted and verified. h. Maintenance: Sealant joints will require maintenance. Design Team should provide Owner with schedule for visual inspection and replacement of sealant joints, and data on specific sealant types used at each application. i. Retrofits: In retrofit applications, it is generally advised to use the same type of sealant as originally installed to avoid compatibility issues. Silicone may not be appropriate for retrofit applications where polyurethanes were used previously. Requirements for cleaning the substrates to remove all urethane residue may be cost prohibitive. j. QA/QC: i. Require verification of primer requirements for all substrate joints. Manufacturer’s literature may suffice. For more rigorous verification, require on‐site mock‐ups including primers. ii. Verify sealant is used within shelf‐life. iii. Require sealant adhesion pull tests of mock‐ups if constructed and at first installation. Design Team should specify frequency of testing (for example: 5 tests per first 1000 linear feet of each sealant & substrate type, and 1 per 1000 linear feet thereafter, with 3 additional tests for each failed test). Reference ASTM C1193 Field‐Applied Sealant Joint Hand Pull Tab (Sealant Pull Test) and ASTM C794 Adhesion‐in‐Peel Testing of Elastomeric Joint Sealants. Include requirement for testing in specifications. This test may be self‐ performed by the trades with third party observations, or may be performed by a third party. In all cases, the Design Team or Commissioning Agent should select the test locations. 10. Envelope Design Review (refer also to Commissioning section) a. The design review is foundational to the QA/QC process. All projects, regardless of if
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full commissioning is undertaken, should pursue a comprehensive design review at a minimum at 95% construction documents with adequate time in the schedule to allow the Design Team to respond to comments. b. Recommend engaging an envelope specialist to review the construction documents for continuity of air barrier, bulk water and vapor management details, and continuity of the thermal barrier. c. If Commissioning is included within the scope of the project, design review will be a central component and will measure envelope design against the Owner’s stated requirements.
Materials, Durability and Recycling
Designing for maintainability integrates downstream experience and knowledge regarding cost‐ effective building operation and maintenance into project design with the goal of decreasing the costs to operate the facility for its expected life (45 years).
Designing for reduced O&M provides for a sustainable building because it reduces waste associated with replacing worn or broken equipment, interior finishes, fixtures, etc. Furthermore, it increases the likelihood that expected energy and water savings are achieved long into the building’s life, not just after initial commissioning. In addition to environmental benefits, design for O&M is a primary strategy for reducing total building life cycle costs. Life cycle costs include first costs, operating costs, maintenance costs, equipment replacement costs and ultimately cost to demolish or disassemble the building. Paying close attention to each of these subsequent life cycle stages during design can produce significant cost benefits throughout the life of the school. For example, labor cost associated with operating and maintaining a school can be reduced using the strategies listed in this section. For maximum benefit, involve the people that will maintain and occupy the building by consulting facility O&M personnel early in the design process and educating occupants as part of the construction process. Indoor air quality should be considered in selecting materials and systems because it can affect occupants’ health, comfort, and productivity. The following examples illustrate Design for Maintainability strategies to consider during design:
1. Select materials, products, and equipment for their durability and maintenance 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
characteristics. Pay attention to components that will be subject to high wear and tear or exposure to elements, such as roofing systems, wall surfaces, flooring, and sealants. Avoid products with short expected life spans or products that require frequent maintenance procedures. Designing and selecting systems inherently intuitive to operate and maintain. This typically involves a simple design with fewer components instead of complex systems. Make provision for systems that are controllable and adjustable by the user without burdensome reliance on outside contractors. Design for longevity from all perspectives: component, system, and building. Longevity includes designing for expandability, flexibility, disassembly, recyclability, and durability. Consider equipment accessibility, making sure there are adequate clearances for maintenance staff to perform maintenance tasks on equipment. Leave room for staff to visually inspect systems, such as ductwork and filters. Standardize, document, and label equipment. Standardized components ease purchases, reduce inventory, improve reliability and maintainability, and minimize vehicle trips for
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maintenance staff. 8. Plan for ongoing education of building occupants. Why was the building designed as it is? How do they use it? How do they support the motivations for the building design intent? 9. Product Selection should consider the following facts: a) Natural Materials: Typically are less polluting to produce and are less energy intensive b) Local Materials: Help reduce transportation costs and air pollution. They also help the local economy when utilized. c) Durable Material: Materials designed to last in a school environment help save on replacement costs over the life of the building. Abuse resistant and cleanable surfaces in high traffic areas can reduce maintenance costs. d) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. Understanding and controlling common pollutants indoors can help reduce your risk of indoor health concerns. e) Standardized Dimensions: Design building dimensions to correspond with standard material sizes, especially lumber. This will reduce material wasted. 10. Consider the composition of recycled products since toxins may still be present. Specify aluminum from recycled material; it uses 80 percent less energy to produce over initial production. Keep alert for new developments about new recycled goods, discuss with the district if they would like to integrate them into the project. SFPS would like to pursue the highest amount of recycled material content possible in the new products installed into the project, while considering items 9a‐e above. Demo ‐ Recycle The use of construction methods that minimize waste generation is critical. Construction projects are well known for producing immense amounts of waste. The construction and demolition industry is responsible for creating more waste than any other industry per year in the United States. Construction professionals have a multitude of actions available to them that can help construction sites reduce waste and become more environmentally conscious. These actions can also help save money. During the pre‐construction phase, SFPS CMT, design team, and construction managers can follow some of the guidelines below to help reduce and better manage waste:
1. Specify waste reduction goals, targets, and documentation procedures within
contracting documents. 2. Identify materials that can be recycled or reused, and how those materials can be transported for such purposes. 3. The following are all common materials found on construction sites that can be recycled: a. Metal (Both ferrous and non‐ferrous) b. Cardboard c. Paper
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d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.
Plastics Wood (Be careful that it is not painted or stained!) Concrete Gravel and other aggregates Drywall Asphalt roofing Window glass Carpeting Use waste reduction techniques during construction. Specify the contractor to reuse construction waste material as much as possible on the construction site. A good example is to grind up existing concrete or asphalt and use as base course Salvage construction and demolition waste material from the construction site for resale or reuse by others. The owner has first right of refusal. Return unused construction material to vendors for credit.
7. 8. Recycle construction and demolition waste for remanufacturing into new products.
Acoustics
(Within spaces, between spaces, from outside sources) The goal of SFPS is to provide the optimum learning environment for each student. A critical design feature often overlooked is design of acoustics within and between spaces. Provide reverberation control for the core learning areas to reduce unwanted background noise and distorted speech. Below are additional best practice recommendations to reduce noise distractions from surrounding spaces. a) Recommended STC levels between core learning spaces: i. Core learning area to Corridor partitions should have a minimum STC rating of 45. Full height wall to deck with one layer of 5/8” gypsum board on either side of the studs at a minimum of 24 o.c. filled with sound batts. Seal partition with acoustic sealant completely around the partition and all penetrations. ii. Core learning area to Core Learning area partitions (classroom to classroom) should have a minimum STC rating of 50. Full height wall to deck with typically two layers of 5/8” gypsum board on one side and one layer of 5/8” gypsum board on the other side of the studs. Studs should be a minimum of 24” o.c. and filled with sound batts. Seal partition with acoustic sealant completely around the partition and all penetrations. iii. Core Learning area to Multi‐Fixture Restrooms should have a minimum STC rating of 53. Full height wall to deck with typically two layers of 5/8” gypsum board on one side and one layer of 5/8” gypsum board on the other side of the studs. Studs should be a minimum of 24” o.c. and filled with sound batts. Seal partition with acoustic sealant completely around the partition and all penetrations. If wall tile is used in the restroom use cementitious backer certified by the tile manufacturer. iv.Core learning area to Mechanical room partitions should have a minimum STC rating of 60. Full height wall to deck with typically two layers of 5/8” gypsum board on both sides the studs. Studs should be a minimum of 24” o.c. and filled with sound batts. Seal partition with acoustic sealant completely around the partition and all penetrations.
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v.Core learning area to outdoors partitions should have a minimum STC rating of 50. Exterior Glazing is required to have a minimum STC rating of 35. vi.Administrative space separations are recommended to have an STC rating of 50. These spaces include office to office, nurse’s office/exam and conference rooms to adjoining spaces a) Reverberation control in core learning spaces should be designed with a minimum ceiling tile performance of NRC 0.70 – Ceiling Attenuation Class (CAC) greater than 40. Recommended ceiling heights for classrooms are between 9 and 12 feet. If a ceiling is higher than 11 feet, acoustic panels may be needed on the walls. b) Additional acoustic recommendations i. Core Learning area doors shall be 1 ¾” solid core wood with double smoke seal stripping ii. Grout Hollow metal door frames solid with gypsum grout at Core Learning Areas. iii. Coordinate with an electrical engineer to have a general note to the electrical contractor to avoid back to back electrical outlets in classrooms. It is recommended to use acoustical putty pads at electrical outlets. At exterior walls, putty pads improve air-tightness. iv. Avoid mechanical system contact with studs or gypsum board of a partition v. HVAC system design for background noise should be limited to a maximum of 45 dBA (NC‐35) an NC‐30 is preferred.
WATER SYSTEMS Water Use
New and existing school facilities should include water saving efforts wherever possible. Water saved equates to energy saved, from transport and treatment of water (and waste water) to reduced energy required for water heating. Mechanical engineers should select the most practical, robust, and maintainable fixtures possible, while considering water conservation, and should fully consider all reasonable aspects related to drainage and venting for waste systems. 1. General Guidelines: a. Specify low‐water‐flow fixtures. b. Use metered lavatory faucets with one temperature mixing valve for all student‐use restrooms and hand washing sinks. c. Require review of plumbing layout and fixtures by Facility Maintenance at all collaborative design review milestones, d. SFPS may consider establishing specific facility‐wide fixture‐type requirements, e. Consider various water uses, and evaluate those that may be performed with untreated water (e.g. flushing toilets, irrigation, etc.), f. Select WaterSense labeled fixtures or refer to the following water use targets for specific fixtures: i. Filling Sink Faucets (e.g. break rooms, kitchens, art sinks) 1. 2.2 gpm at 60 psi, no aerators ii. Lavatories and hand‐washing sinks (e.g. classrooms) 1. 0.5 gallons per minute (gpm) at 60 psi 2. Metered faucets with mixing valve for set maintenance, adjustable,
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temperature 3. Provide drinking bubblers at classroom sinks iii. Water‐Closets – 1.28 gallons per flush (gpf) 1. Consider dual flush units, provide educational placards & discuss with students 2. Consult with Facility Maintenance as to preferred toilet and flush valve types iv. Urinals – 0.5 gpf 1. Urinals with pint flow may be considered where part of new construction and in close coordination with the plumbing engineer to ensure adequate slope and flow. v. Showerheads – 2.0 gpm at 80 psi vi. Miscellaneous Fixtures 1. Clothes washers (residential type) – Energy Star 2. Clothes washers (commercial type) – CEE Tier 3A vii. Drinking Fountains 1. Provide bottle‐filling stations in addition to required drinking fountains at all drinking fountain locations. ADA compliant is recommended. a. Include energy savings features coordinated with occupancy to shut off refrigeration during times of non‐use b. Include touch‐less sensor activation, filtration with easily accessible filter, energy‐efficient refrigeration. c. The District standard for bottler filling stations is manufactured by Elkay, model EZH2O (below) g. Provide detailed information on faucet and sanitary fixture types in O&M Manuals
FIGURE 4 ‐ District Standard Bottle Filler
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Site Design
Landscape / Storm‐water Goals/Objectives: The primary goal for SFPS in site design is to maintain after the construction of a school, as nearly as possible, the predevelopment runoff characteristics. Designers must ensure that these plans are designed to: 1. Prevent soil erosion from development projects. 2. Prevent increases in nonpoint pollution. 3. Minimize pollutants in storm water runoff from both new development and redevelopment. 4. Maintain 100% of the average annual predevelopment groundwater recharge volume. 5. Capture storm water runoff to remove pollutants. 6. Implement a channel protection strategy to protect receiving streams. 7. Prevent increases in the frequency and magnitude of out‐of‐bank flooding from large, less frequent storms. 8. Protect public safety through the proper design and operation of storm water management facilities. 9. Conserve habitats for threatened and endangered species and respect for the surrounding ecosystem. Sub‐Topics: a) Complete plan for storm‐water management i. Slope away from the building. A soils report should be obtained and recommendations for drainage away from the building should be requested of the geotechnical engineer. b) Landscape plan (engage Landscape Architect) i. Lay out site to protect/preserve natural areas and drainage patterns ii. Develop storm water control plan to take advantage of vegetated areas for infiltration. iii. Implement at least one or more runoff reduction measure(s). 1. Disperse runoff to landscaping 2. Use permeable pavement 3. Direct runoff to cisterns from rooftop only for reuse. iv. Irrigation (recommended >10’ proximity to building, avoid spray at building) v. Trees & plants (recommended clearance from building)
FIGURE 5 – Cistern at Atalaya Elementary School
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Daylight is also affected by obstructions on the site, such as trees. Landscaping can serve an important shading and sun control function if it is strategically placed or incorporated into a trellis device. Deciduous trees positioned to the south of a window are extremely useful for providing shade during overheated summer months while admitting more sun in areas with cold or overcast winters. Evergreen trees are useful for blocking low east and west sun. c)
d)
Preserve i. Reduce runoff and mimic a site’s predevelopment hydrology. Onsite management of storm‐water. 1. Minimize disturbed areas and impervious surfaces 2. Use infiltration, evapotranspiration, or rainwater harvesting to retain and treat storm water runoff 3. Use biotreatment where these methods are infeasible I. Topsoil – Preserve healthy soils and appropriate vegetation. II. Existing vegetation – conserve and use native plants An Environmental site analysis is recommended for construction on new sites.
Building Structure Considerations Sustainable planning and design must recognize the essential value of nature and encourage the identification and preservation of high‐quality habitats that can reconnect students and nature, as well as the preservation and restoration of natural processes. Sustainable planning and design must recognize the need to eliminate waste, the evaluation of the full life cycle of materials, and the financial viability of a project. Planning and design must recognize the impact of design decisions on human well‐being, the responsibility to create relevant designs, and to provide for all communities. This, in turn, encourages the protection of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as promoting green space conservation. a)
b)
Goals/Objectives: i. To assess the site prior to initial layout of the building to maximize the natural use of the sites existing conditions. (wind, sun, water, topography, and acoustics) ii. Consider orientation opportunities and massing of the building to use passive design strategies for passive heating, cooling and daylighting. iii. Reduce energy consumption with proper placement and orientation of windows and shading devices. Sub‐Topics: i. The orientation of building: facing a building to maximize certain aspects of its surroundings, to capture a scenic view, for drainage considerations, etc. With rising energy costs, it’s becoming increasingly important to orient buildings to capitalize on the Sun’s free energy. Orienting a new building or addition to take advantage of the warmth of the Sun will increase the indoor comfort and reduce energy bills. Thus, building orientation, along with daylighting and thermal mass, are crucial considerations of passive solar construction that need to be incorporated. ii. Fenestration distribution (e.g. ASHRAE 90.1 fenestration requirements weighted for orientation) Academic Performance ‐Studies indicate that well‐designed daylighting is associated with enhanced student performance, evidenced by 13% to 26% higher scores on standardized tests, while poor daylighting design has been shown to correlate with reduced student performance. It makes sense that students and teachers perform better in stimulating, well‐lit environments. Daylighting can provide high‐quality light, stimulating views, and an important communication link between the classroom and
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adjacent spaces. Additional benefits to proper daylighting are: 1. Energy Savings 2. Better light 3. Connection to Nature 4. Improved Health 5. Environmental Education Follow the following 6 principals of daylighting design: 1. Prevent direct sunlight penetration into space 2. Provide gentle, uniform light throughout space 3. Avoid creating sources of glare 4. Allow teachers to control the daylight with operable louvers or blinds. 5. Design the electric lighting system to complement the daylighting design, and encourage maximum energy savings using lighting controls. 6. Plan the layout of interior spaces to take advantage of daylight conditions. iii.
Shading/overhangs at windows (orientation appropriate) Shading devices for side lighting strategies minimize solar gains and glare, and can also be designed to increase illumination levels. Shading devices — both overhangs and fins — can be either opaque or translucent, and solid or louvered. It is best to place shading devices outside the glazing to stop solar gains before they hit the window and to reduce potential glare from bright window views. Exterior overhangs should be deep enough to minimize direct sun on the window for the hottest hours of the day during the cooling season. For south‐facing windows in sunny (clear sky) climates with very high air conditioning loads, a good rule of thumb is to design the overhang with a shading cutoff angle about equal to 90° minus the site latitude. This provides full shading between March 21 and September 21. Overhangs or fins for windows facing east or west do not lend themselves to simple rules of thumb and should be carefully designed for the specific space. North‐facing windows usually do not need exterior overhangs or fins, but may occasionally require interior blinds or louvers to control glare.
iv.
Use building massing to optimize heat gains or cooling. For instance: i. Roofs angled for optimal solar heating. ii. Reveals and overhangs to shade parts of a building with other parts of the same building. iii. Aerodynamic curves designed to reduce heat loss from infiltration. iv. Interior buffer zones to be placed in a building's west side to protect classroom areas from the hot afternoon sun (for example stairs, restrooms, entry corridors, etc.)
Water Harvesting
The following water harvesting provisions are stated to ensure that District preferences are clearly stated prior to site design and adequate provisions for catchment and irrigation lines are accounted for during design development. Additionally, both civil and electrical engineers should understand interconnection requirements during design, to avoid costly change‐orders and missed opportunities.
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The District relies on third‐party contractors for turn‐key design and installation, and should be procured through the District upon the design development phase of all applicable design projects. 1. Potable water is one of Santa Fe’s most valuable resources and efforts toward conservation have both short‐term and long‐term benefits for the District and the arid city. 2. Designing a low maintenance water harvesting system for a 45 Year Building Lifespan requires significant consideration of water flows across both natural and architectural surfaces. Landscape debris, drive‐paths, and maintenance access can become complicating factors if not properly addressed during design development. 3. While the Up-Front Cost of a water‐harvesting system can be significant, is a proportionately small investment for long‐term benefits. The life cycle cost and payback of water‐harvesting is less important to the District than the benefit of conservation, though City water rates are among some of the nation’s highest, and projections suggest a continued rise. Design teams will approach water use on each site with great concern and an eye for creating a long term sustainable solution. Teams will design roof storm water catchment systems to eliminate the need for using potable water for irrigation. Cisterns for storing the rainwater should be located either underground or away from the facility to reduce the visual impact and harvest water year-round. The primary goal is to reduce the impact to the site and reliance upon the potable water supply, while avoiding energy and expenses associated with operations. The storm water system choice and design will be integrated into this conversation. Upon prior approval, and for select facilities, concepts such as composting toilets and lavatory‐water recycling will be presented to further reduce consumption of potable water.
FIGURE 6 ‐ Example Cistern Diagram Critical Items Include: • Conveyance from roof to downspout / cistern o Fewest connection points is best ‐ internal roof drains to one large 12" pipe – this approach is cost effective and a 2% slope is ideal for piping to the cistern to minimize bends o Screening on roof is unnecessary (small screens are ok before drains) o Filters later downstream of catchment (keep >1/8" sediment out)
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Tanks:
Sustainable Design Guideline 1/8" screen on filter ‐ flow could be 1,000 gpm 2,000 gpm filters are expensive and possibly unnecessary Basis of design shall include Orenco Systems ‐ residential up to 275 gpm (custom designed filters can be arranged with Orenco) Graf has a filter that is tighter but not recommended due to clay issues
<5,000 gallons = plastic and concrete, >5k fiberglass is best long‐term and best where larger (Concrete is not recommended as it can leak if not coated and plastic can deform) Plastic can go 30" deep ‐‐ fiberglass can go 8+ ft. Deeper if structurally made from the factory Containment Solutions and Xerxes tank manufactures are recommended Diameter of tank is important for transport through City streets (a 10' tank may require a police escort), some tanks can get 50 to 60' long A tank does not need to be drained for winter, and room for snowmelt is ideal Below grade tanks are required as above ground bladders freeze and need to be winterized Tanks need a downhill overflow adjacent to the tank, and are not to be higher than the low point of the school to prevent back pressure back to the drain‐pipe Pumps for pressure are typically required ‐ installers shall work with landscape designer for distribution sizing and needs to fulfill year 1 plant growth Care should be given to not oversize the pump for the entire year An on‐demand system is desired ‐ only pump when irrigation timer is on ‐ to avoid pumping when pipes burst as in a pressure system Faucets for cisterns shall not be specified Make Up water cross‐piping lets potable switch over automatically and monitored through water sub‐meters Potable lines shall have RP valves (reduced pressure), to act like back flow preventers to avoid drinking cistern water Monitoring with the use of 2 flow meters is desired (one for potable and other for irrigation) and level on cistern
o
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The following site and water demand issues shall be explored by the project team prior to implementing a cistern into a project design: o
Rules of thumb for incorporating a cistern (where/where not to install) Can passive water diversion to landscaping be accomplished? A balance with potential civil issues, to get water away from the building is necessary and should involve the project’s civil engineer 20-year average rainfall calculations should be coordinated with the project’s landscape architect and a landscaping water budget shall be used to determine the size of the cistern and piping Parking lot water cannot be stored in cisterns by law but can divert to retention pond or swales Landscape architects shall be involved during design development for cistern applicability and to locate system components. The land scape consultant’s efforts shall align with site design and plant selection standards, as well as reviewing the possibilities of xeriscape vs. need for cistern Exploratory excavation shall be performed by the District’s on‐call cistern consultant to
o
o
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look for bad soil and rock; a geotechnical report may help but site investigation is highly recommended May need concrete anchors if sandy soil Fiberglass needs gravel around exterior Field safety for shoring shall be investigated in addition to adjacencies to the property line and building footing A 45° line to over‐excavation to building footing is recommended to avoid crushing tank and causing the building to move – this shall be confirmed with the project’s civil engineer and geotechnical report Compaction around the tank should be considered Gray water reclaimed water system is more effective than cisterns and onsite treatment is cheaper long‐term Purple pipe water is considered non‐potable water, and can be used for all sub‐ surface irrigation with specialized tubing These systems are typically long lasting and should not be relocated
Domestic Hot Water
Domestic hot water (DHW) systems shall be designed to ensure that all rooms receive adequately heated water where required by code, to prevent water waste due to “warming” the flow. While recirculation pumps and piping should be sized for proper circulation, decentralized DHW locations should be evaluated against the costs associated with pumping and piping infrastructure. Because DHW systems are replaced infrequently these criteria are meant to ensure that domestic water systems are robust and maintainable; systems shall be designed for simplicity and reliability. 1. Resource Conservation can be achieved through proper fuel selection and location of equipment relative to the hot water demands. Electric hot water heaters are not preferable. 2. Many older buildings typically have original DHW equipment, due to the simplicity of system components, and should be considered when designing for a 45 Year Building Lifespan. 3. Higher cost systems such as heat‐pump water heaters and solar‐thermal preheated systems have Life Cycle Cost implications and should be weighed against Up Front Cost. Instantaneous (point of use) electric water heaters for remote fixtures should be considered where the cost of the piping/insulation and energy loss offset the cost of the instantaneous heater. This should be determined through Life cycle cost analysis, and special permission from the SFPS CMT. Use Energy Star gas‐fired water heaters for kitchens, locker areas with showers and areas where large demands are congregated. Electronic ignition systems should be used. Specify water heaters and storage tanks that provide energy efficiency and stand by performance. Insulate all domestic hot water distribution piping as required by New Mexico State Building Code. The minimum combustion efficiency shall be 95% for centralized storage tank systems. The building automation system should be used to control water heater and recirculation pump schedules. This will provide savings in pump energy and reduced system losses. A local aquastat should be used to cycle the recirculation pump during scheduled periods.
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Other Critical Items: a. Solar thermal preheat applications b. Scale / water quality / treatment c. Separate system for kitchen temperatures d. Specialty Areas: nurses / art / shop / science
POWER + AIR SYSTEMS Kitchen Equipment
In order to maintain uniform efficiency standards among all District kitchen facilities, industry best‐practices should be incorporated for energy management and efficient operation of all air and refrigeration systems. Additionally, it is important to consider access and maintainability of equipment, for which working clearances shall be made available. 1. Resource Conservation is possible with kitchen HVAC‐R equipment through careful consideration and coordination of cooking stations, warming equipment, ovens, and washing areas. Kitchen offices shall be conditioned using the same HVAC system as storage, prep, and food sales, which cannot be fed from a central air‐handler, chiller, boiler, or ground‐loop system. Supplemental HVAC systems must be provided for kitchen areas to avoid cycling large central systems for off‐hour kitchen activities. 2. While kitchen HVAC‐R systems are not designed for the full 45 Year Building Lifespan, measures to ensure ease of maintenance and replacement should be considered. 3. Most leading‐edge kitchen technologies are available with a cost premium over traditional systems, but are both Life Cycle and fiscally responsible. Because kitchen systems operate under large heating and cooling loads, optimization measures offer considerably lower paybacks than other systems optimization measures. Other Critical Items: i. Water (WaterSense / Pre‐Rise) ii. Walk‐In Coolers iii. Hoods & Make‐Up Air iv. Ancillary Conditioning (Offices/Dry‐Storage) v. Loading Area (air‐curtain)
For all new construction and renovation projects, kitchen cooking and food process equipment shall be “owner designed and approved” to ensure that efficiency and longevity standards are strictly adhered to. Critical items associated with effective kitchen design include but are not limited to the following; deviations from these strategies shall be presented to SFPS Student Nutrition Dept. (SN): 1) 2) 3) 4)
Where multiple hoods are necessary for large kitchens, a single variable‐speed hood should be considered with interlocked make‐up air. Cooling in kitchen areas shall be evaporative only, while heating shall be delivered via furnaces or combination evaporative‐cooler/furnace units only. Integrated exhaust‐hood lighting shall be LED with on/off switch control, aftermarket lighting provided by any other entity than the hood manufacturer is not acceptable. Rooftop equipment layouts that prevent pigeon roosting
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9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19)
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Fully insulated walk‐in, reach‐in, and food warming cabinets are required a. All walls, roofs, and floors of all walk‐in coolers shall be insulated per SN requirements b. Walk‐In coolers shall have strip curtains and sensor‐operated self‐ closing doors Ice makers are expressly prohibited outside of the school nurse and athletic offices, and shall be air‐cooled machines (in lieu of water cooled) All appliances shall be Energy Star and WaterSense labeled/certified DeltaControls temperature monitoring sensors shall be configured to the facility’s automation systems to aide kitchen staff with health inspector reporting and remotely accessible alarming a. Temperature tolerances for walk‐in coolers shall be coordinated with SN or the District’s on‐call kitchen consultant All gas valves, fittings, and piping shall be indicated on drawings and shall be coordinated with the District’s on‐call kitchen consultant for proper sizing Both SN personnel and the District’s on‐call kitchen consultant shall be present for design reviews at 50% and 95% progress meetings for all new and major renovation projects with kitchen equipment The District’s on‐call kitchen consultant shall be present before field utility rough‐in, for final coordination among sub‐contractors Kitchens shall have a dedicated hot‐water heater sized to supply water for safe‐cleaning and energy efficient operation of washing equipment (low temperature water requires unnecessary equipment cycling and water waste) High temperature dishwashers are required to reduce the amount of chemicals required for cleaning Gas fired equipment shall be used to reduce operating costs when feasible Kitchen hoods shall not be temperature controlled, as condensed steam can present a food safety issue should condensate drip back into the hood before the temperature control is activated Dishwasher exhaust shall be interlocked with the dishwasher‐area exhaust fan a. Where feasible, dishwashers with condensate reuse cycles shall be specified to save water and negate dishwasher‐area exhaust systems Food scrappers are desired in lieu of garbage disposals in order to save water All walk‐in coolers shall be provided with LED lighting, and pre‐approved lighting layouts indicating foot‐candle levels at the desk plane for lighting adequacy verification Kitchen Water Flow Rate Requirements are as follows: a. Faucets – 2.2 gpm at 60 psi (except dedicated filling spouts) b. Pre‐rinse spray valves –
Kitchen Envelope Considerations: • Potential kitchen moisture / condensation issues may be placed in two categories: Ventilation and Walk‐In Refrigerator & Freezer placement and design. • Ventilation: Verify appropriate ventilation is provided. Refer to HVAC / Ventilation requirements elsewhere. Ensure that ventilation design adequately accounts for make‐up air without disrupting ventilation at adjacent spaces. o Kitchens should be treated as ‘high‐moisture load’ areas. Modeling may be required. • Walk‐in Coolers & Freezers: o Provide a continuous air barrier and Class I Vapor Retarder on the warm side, with all joints, seams, and penetrations sealed. o Provide adequate continuous insulation to control condensation.
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Ensure continuous insulation and vapor retarder are continuous around all six sides of the unit assembly. Points of discontinuity (wall to roof, wall to floor, doors) are primary locations of leakage allowing condensation, accumulation of moisture, and potential mold growth. Ensure provision is made for cleaning – provide drains as required. Ensure floor assembly is appropriately designed for proposed cleaning method (if it is to be mopped, verify water‐tight construction).
Kitchen Floor: o Provide drains o Recommend liquid applied, seamless flooring material (epoxy‐type), integrated into the drain body and as wall base.
HVAC Systems
Careful consideration should be made to HVAC system type selection and evaluation of controls, components, and distribution infrastructure. Because HVAC costs represent some of the Districts largest operations and maintenance expenses, it is important to ensure that systems are efficient, controllable, maintainable, and dependable. Design teams shall also provide a framework for selecting specialty systems while balancing energy consumption (mechanical rooms, kitchens, cafeterias, gyms, etc.). The District has a great deal of institutional knowledge regarding nearly all applicable HVAC system types and desire ground‐source heat‐pumps (GSHP) for new facilities and major renovations when possible. While centralized systems such as VAV air‐handlers (or fan‐walls) offer benefits for programming and maintenance, the associated life cycle cost is typically greater than GSHP. An HVAC life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) will help the design team present the most beneficial system type, prior to design and engineering. 1. HVAC Resource Conservation begins with careful system selection and optimization of distribution and control networks. Energy modeling will assist with equipment control decisions, but it is the mechanical engineer’s responsibility to ensure that systems are engineered with attention to efficiency. 2. Designing an HVAC system for a 45 Year Building Lifespan can be challenging within a major renovation project, or constrained project site. a. Locating air‐handlers and applicable central plant equipment indoors is required when feasible. b. When possible, condensing units should be located in a penthouse or louvered mechanical room, with proper air‐discharge venting to the outdoors. c. While cooling towers are not desirable, careful analysis may allow for their use on a limited basis, upon approval by the District’s Maintenance Director. d. Air‐cooled chillers are preferable to water‐cooled machines, which require careful placement and protection from premature environmental depreciation. e. Water treatment is required for all water-side equipment (chillers/boilers/pumps), and shall be coordinated with District Personnel. f. O&M closeout documentation and maintenance schedule g. Electrical rooms shall utilize de‐centralized split‐systems or exhaust fans with thermostatic controls. 3. The project’s energy modeler and commissioning agents will assist with equipment evaluation and all major systems are subject to a 45 year LCCA to ensure that a premium Up-Front Cost will be recuperated within the useful life of the building. Often, premium HVAC systems will
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create substantial energy and maintenance costs savings to justify a higher first cost. Criteria for energy modeling and LCCAs is included herein. Other Critical Items: a. Controls Communication Review (see attached checklist) b. Sequence of Operations c. System Preferences/Exclusions d. Ventilation e. Preventative Maintenance & Clearances f. Unplanned sacrificed IEQ for energy savings or comfort g. ASHRAE Standard 55 Thermal Comfort Criteria h. Acoustics
Fresh‐Air Ventilation
Adequate fresh air must be provided to avoid indoor air quality problems. Refer to the latest adopted State of New Mexico Mechanical Code for minimum requirements. Overventilation or “dilution ventilation” is not recommended. Refer to United States Environmental Protection Agency, “IAQ Design Tools for Schools” for recommendations on indoor air quality. Fresh air may be introduced into the occupied space by ducting the fresh air and introducing it into the return air of the air handling unit or it may be delivered directly into the space by a separate ducted system and air‐handling unit. Fresh air systems that deliver the fresh air directly to the classrooms must always be cooled and heated to occupied set‐point. Either system may be able to use exhaust air to temper the fresh air (and save energy) with an air‐to‐air heat exchanger or energy recovery ventilator (ERV). When incorporating an ERV, it is important to consider the following attributes when making the equipment selection: • • •
Furnace Pre‐Heat Section Type of Energy Recovery (Wheel/Plate/etc.) and maintenance/useful‐life Economizer bypass shall be incorporated
FIGURE 7 – Economizer Bypass
(Example from RenewAire Energy Recovery Ventilation)
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Filtration Good filtration (Standard = MERV 8) must be provided to remove airborne contaminants and reduce the need for dilution effects of high ventilation rates. Maintaining clean filters will result in reduced fan horse power and improved air flow, both of which will save energy and prolong equipment life. HVAC specifications shall include permanent ceiling indicators to be located on ceiling grids for immediate identification of filter boxes and/or terminal units with filters.
HVAC General Guidelines o o o o o
Verify that the mechanical systems serving each area of the school have been zoned by orientation and use patterns. Avoid over sizing heating and cooling equipment. Install a high‐efficiency air filtration system to remove particles of airborne dust. This will also help in maintaining good indoor air quality. Design HVAC system installations to ensure adequate access for inspections, regular housekeeping, service and maintenance. Design ventilation/exhaust systems such that the overall building will operate under an acceptable level of positive pressure.
Provide proper air distribution to deliver conditioned air to all occupied areas. The selection and location of diffusers are important to space comfort, saving energy and operation of the HVAC system. Select diffusers with high induction ratios, low pressure drop, and good partial‐flow performance. The location of diffusers should be determined based on proper airflows, rather than the purpose of a simplistic or symmetrical pattern. o o o
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Ductwork shall no longer be located on the roof or outside of the insulated envelope of the building. Specify sealing of ductwork seams, joints, and connections with permanently pliable water‐ based mastics or sealants. Refer to ASHRAE Standard 90.1 for guidance. Minimize long duct runs and unnecessary turns to limit static pressure losses. Duct work fittings should follow SMACNA design and construction recommendations to ensure the highest in airflow efficiency. Incorporate variable‐speed, high‐efficiency motors for pumps and fans, where feasible. This should be a part of the initial HVAC system simulation.
Power Systems Careful consideration must be given to the design of the electrical distribution system. Proper selection of voltages and distribution methods are important in limiting system voltage drop and a detailed evaluation of electrical loads must be made in the process of sizing dry type transformers. Transformers must be properly sized for normal operation, determined by load and over‐current protection per code. The specification of high efficiency transformers, as described in the U.S. Department of Energy standard for energy efficient transformers, shall be evaluated using a life cycle cost analysis to be performed by the transformer manufacturer. Engineers should be doing voltage drop calculations on large loads (panelboards etc.) with long runs, and adjust feeder sizes as needed. Industry standards are to keep the voltage drop to 3% or less for efficient operation of equipment. Energy efficient motors should be used on all new equipment and when existing motors are replaced. Efficient motors, especially large motors, can provide significant savings.
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Sub‐panel configuration shall be discussed with the District’s Project Manager prior to panel sizing and layout to ensure proper infrastructure for sub‐metering and demand‐limiting. When applicable, emergency power locations shall also be coordinated with the District’s PM. All panels shall have a local maintenance disconnect to ensure proper maintenance and shut‐down capabilities.
Utility Sub‐Metering Infrastructure
To ensure that utility consumption is tracked and data is available for storage and analysis, a robust web‐enabled sub‐metering infrastructure shall be designed by the mechanical and electrical engineers. Meters shall be installed by respective trades (below), and integrated into the DeltaControls front‐end DDC system by the controls vendor. • The electrical sub‐contractor shall install all electrical sub‐meters and provide power to all other sub‐meters • The plumbing sub‐contractor shall install all water and gas sub‐meters • The communications systems contractor shall provide data connections for all sub‐meters • The controls contractor shall ensure that all meters are powered and have access to the local data network for data archival. Data shall be stored offsite for a period to be determined by the District’s Sustainability Manager Careful coordination among disciplines shall be performed at all levels of project delivery to ensure that design engineers understand metering requirements, and contractors avoid costly change‐orders. The project team shall incorporate a metering diagram and coordination language into construction documents similar to the language stated herein.
Solar Photovoltaics
The following section is provided to ensure that electrical engineers understand interconnection requirements during design, to avoid costly change‐orders. Additionally, this section is intended to ensure that civil, structural, and architectural consultants consider the impact of onsite renewable energy generation and associated underground utilities. These guidelines shall be applied to New Construction, Remodels, and other installs on SFPS projects. PV ARRAY GOALS • Maximize onsite renewable energy generation based on available space, targeting roughly 60% of project’s annual electrical energy use or the daytime energy use. • Ground‐mounted grid‐tied systems are preferred (versus roof‐mounted) to minimize vandalism, reduce first costs, and allow for ease of maintenance. Traditional battery storage systems are not recommended due to maintenance and disposal of batteries, unless approved as an exception to compliment solar systems by reducing demand or for load balancing or other reasons. • Monitoring shall include irradiance as well as inverter level power and energy output. • PV systems shall be designed to minimize maintenance for the functional life of the equipment. Other Critical Items: • Underground Site Conduit • Net‐Zero Objective (or +/‐60% Solar Fraction) • Multiple arrays on one‐site = review master‐plan • One system per meter • Distance to disconnect • Signage for disconnect and generation meter
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Indoor inverter heat‐load OSHA fall protection Inverter balancing
The primary objective is to provide a complete, turn‐key, solar photovoltaic energy system, with inverter monitoring connected to the local utility power grid, approved for operation by the local utility, and connected to the SFPS energy monitoring dashboard. Features include all equipment, web‐linked energy‐monitoring system, system life‐cycle calculation(s), demonstration and training, plus integration with computer and display monitor installed at project site. When feasible, solar PV systems should be considered as integral components of the building architecture for ease of installation and ability to shade facades or showcase the technology. The Design Professional shall provide a preliminary drawing showing the proposed location and layout for both PV panels and inverter(s). The drawing shall include a one line electrical diagram for the PV system and its interface to the local electrical utility, and shall incorporate the Sheet Notes that are referenced in this Guideline. The drawing shall also identify the target percentage of anticipated project electrical energy use to be offset by the PV system. One useful resource for determination of the electricity generated by the PV array is the PVWatts application http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/ KEY ATTRIBUTES: The following attributes shall be used to plan new PV systems, including panel layout and Basis of Design criteria. A supporting document with Sheet Notes for construction drawings, attached below, is integral to this Guideline. The Sheet Notes must be included in all Construction Documents, outlining the requirements for equipment selection, installation, maintenance, and other considerations. •
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Panels (Modules) o Minimum Panel Efficiency: 17% (Year 1 – see degradation requirements below) o Basis of Design: Canadian Solar, REC, SunPower, or approved equal Panel Performance Degradation o Minimum 90% original capacity at Year 10 o Minimum 82.5% original capacity at Year 25 Tilting Requirements o For systems <= 100 kW Fixed Tilt o For systems > 100 kW Single‐Axis Tracking may be considered, but only allowed upon review and approval by the Owner o Shading by objects (structure, trees, etc.) shall be managed so that shade on modules is eliminated during the hours of 9:00 am and 3:00 pm all days of the calendar year Inverters – Based upon system size o Minimum Inverter Efficiency: CEC 97% (year 1). See degradation requirements below. o Inverter placement is preferable in proximity to the PNM net‐meter and REC meters; do not place exterior‐rated inverters on sun‐exposed south or west facades o Inverter capacity must be >= 85% of array DC Standard Test Conditions (STC) Wattage o Consider string inverters where possible, to reduce need for combiner boxes. o Quantities and sizes: o < 50 kW capacity: 2‐3 inverters (if possible given roof layout and interconnection voltage) o Between 50 and 100 kW capacity: 3‐5 inverters (if possible given roof layout and interconnection voltage) o 100 kW capacity: approx. one inverter per 20‐50 kW capacity, equally sized o No single inverter to exceed 50 kW.
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Basis of Design: Solaredge, SMA, or approved equal. Systems installed shall take into consideration the NEC rapid shutdown requirements that may apply at the time of design. These requirements can have a direct impact on the inverter placement.
NOTE: Central inverters appear to be becoming obsolete for designs with power output under 800kW. String inverters allow for greater efficiency and less downtime in case of inverter fault. These inverters may also be installed on the roof since they are much lighter than central inverters. MINIMUM COMPONENT WARRANTIES • PV Panel Performance – 25 Years • PV Panel Components – 10 Years • Inverter(s) – 10 Years with +10 year extended warranty (as available) • Racking – 20 Years • Workmanship – 5 Years Any deviations from these Guideline criteria shall meet Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) requirements. Should proposed deviations incur additional cost, LCOE calculations must be provided including itemized assumptions for panel degradation, utility escalation, and inflation. The LCOE of proposed deviations must be less than or equal to the LCOE of original requirements. DOE/NREL Calculator: http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_lcoe.html PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS • Provide a system capable of delivering the percentage, indicated in the preliminary solar PV drawings, of the project’s target anticipated electrical energy usage. • Design and install a complete turn‐key system that is fully operational, and integrated into the SFPS energy monitoring dashboard, at Substantial Completion. SUBMITTALS • Product Data: Submit manufacturer’s product data and installation instructions on each component of the PV system. • Shop Drawings: Submit shop drawings showing panel layout and installation details, with structural load data indicated. • Wiring Diagrams: Submit wiring diagrams showing connections to PV panels, collector boxes, grid‐tie inverter, electrical power panels, disconnect switches and feeders. Indicate wiring which is manufacturer‐installed and wiring which is field‐installed.
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QUALITY ASSURANCE • PV Contractor must be certified as a North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) Solar Installer. • Contractor must hold a current NM EE‐98 electrical license. • PV Contractor must have successfully installed and commissioned at least three (3) commercial PV systems within the past three (3) years, each system being at least 100kW in capacity and interconnected to three‐phase electric service. • Applicable Codes: o National Electric Code, edition adopted by Authority Having Jurisdiction. o New Mexico Electric Code o Underwriters Laboratory (UL) Standard 1703, Standards for Safety for Flat‐Plate Photovoltaic Modules. o Underwriters Laboratory (UL) Standard 1741, The Standard for Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for Use with Distributed Energy Resources • All electrical components must have NRTL or equivalent (as acceptable to the Authority Having Jurisdiction) listing, and appropriate voltage, current and temperature ratings for the intended application. • PV system will be included in commissioning process for project. MAINTENANCE • During the installation warranty period (first year following installation), include monitoring and any required maintenance to ensure the performance and quality of the PV system. • Provide at least two (2) site visits, including spot cleaning of solar panels, inspection of electrical components and equipment, preventive maintenance, and analysis of anticipated power versus actual power produced. EXAMINATION • Installer shall examine areas and conditions under which the Solar PV system is to be installed. Notify construction general contractor and Owner in writing of conditions detrimental to proper completion of the Work. Do not proceed with Work until unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected in a manner acceptable to Installer. • Interface with Other Work: o When components of the Solar PV system are installed on or in other construction, coordinate and cooperate with the general contractor of other construction regarding structural or roof penetrations, electrical tie‐ins, and access to spaces under control of the general contractor. Protect work of general and other contractors during Solar PV system installation and start‐up. DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING • Upon completion of installation of the Solar PV system, and associated electrical supply circuitry, energize system to demonstrate capability and compliance with requirements. Where possible, correct malfunctioning units at site, then retest to demonstrate compliance; otherwise, remove and replace malfunctioning units with new units, and proceed with retesting. • Prepare and deliver to Owner one electronic and two hardcopy sets of Operations and Maintenance Manuals for the Solar PV system and major equipment installed. Include catalog
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data, shop drawings, wiring diagrams, performance curves and rating data where applicable, spare parts lists, and manufacturer’s operating and maintenance data. Provide videotaped demonstration and training sessions for Owner’s maintenance and energy conservation staff (separate sessions); explain emergency shutdown procedures and monitoring of power production from a remote computer, in addition to general maintenance and operation procedures.
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SPECIFICATIONS • All material and labor for the installation of the roof‐mounted photovoltaic array and associated monitoring system shall be included as a turn‐key package. • Shop drawings shall be submitted and approved prior to the installation of any equipment. Shop drawings shall include general configuration of the system, wire and fuse sizes, proposed monitoring system, all necessary structural calculations, and cut‐sheets for related equipment furnished by the Electrical Contractor. • Contractor shall provide a detailed system performance and life‐cycle summary with their bid (including all soft‐costs such as metering, monitoring, etc.), to demonstrate expected payback schedule. • Photovoltaics shall be an included system for overall project commissioning. PV Contractor shall coordinate their commissioning/startup activities with Owner’s commissioning agent. • Prior to installation, each module (panel) shall be confirmed to have a production tolerance within -3% to +5% of the module’s nameplate rating (to reduce “module mismatch”). • All electrical components including overcurrent protection, disconnects, conduit, wiring and terminals must have UL or equivalent listing, and have appropriate voltage, current and temperature ratings for the application. All wire management materials (cable ties, etc.) utilized outdoors must be of U/V‐resistant material. • Wiring shall be sized to minimize voltage drop to less than 2% from the PV modules to the inverter, and less than 1.5% from the inverters to Main Switch Board (MSB). • All wiring shall be listed for a minimum operation of 1,000 volts and 90o C temperature rating. Minimum conductor size is #12 AWG. All current‐carrying conductors must be enclosed in conduit, except for module interconnections protected underneath panels within the same grouping. • Where system voltage exceeds 5,000 Volts, the PV contractor shall hold an EL‐01 License or provide proof of a subcontractor with an EL‐01 License. • Exposed conduit outside building shall be routed to minimize visibility and painted to match surrounding structure. Conduit shall be routed parallel and perpendicular to structural elements. • Equipment shall be labeled to indicate usage, voltage, and all safety/hazard warnings as required by National Electric Code (NEC) section #690, and per local utility company and Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) directives. • All framing members, boxes, metal enclosures, panel boards, inverters, and conduit must be properly grounded and terminated at appropriate grounding rod connection point. Modules shall be bonded to support racks using stainless steel hardware (nuts, lock washers, and threaded bolts or other UL listed clamps). • For flat roof‐top applications, provide UNIRAC® RM roof‐mount racking system or approved equal. Racking system shall be ballasted type without roof penetrations. Provide all necessary
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mounting accessories for installation upon the designed building structure. Rapid shutdown compliance will be required. For ground Mounted applications, provide Schletter FS ground‐mount racking system or approved equal. Racking system shall be driven pile type where possible. Provide all necessary mounting accessories for installation, including security fence around the array location. Rapid shutdown compliance will be required as described in the NEC. If the PV system is to be part of a larger construction project, the PV contractor shall be a subcontractor to the general contractor unless they are the same entity. If the work is not part of a larger construction project, the PV contractor shall have a NM GB‐98 license. PV Contractor is responsible for processing interconnect agreement with PNM, as well as providing all information required to pursue Renewable Energy Credits (RECS) for the Owner. Coordinate with Owner to obtain required signatures on application(s). Provide necessary data connections and equipment for web‐based monitoring of inverter output. Owner will provide open internet access for PV monitoring system. Owner will provide data drop (jack) in agreed‐upon location. PV system shall be provided with solar radiation/insolation, ambient temperature, and solar cell temperature sensors. These devices shall be integrated with monitoring system to analyze PV system output. Comprehensive training on PV system by the installer and/or manufacturer’s rep, including PV components, maintenance, monitoring and trouble‐shooting, shall be provided to the SFPS staff and verified by the Owner’s commissioning agent.
FIGURE 8 ‐ Example One-Line Solar PV Diagram One‐Line Diagram Notes: • If inverter is not equipped with integral fused string combiner, provide switched combiner box(es) with integral DC disconnect, surge suppression device, and NEMA 3R enclosure (Eaton® #ESC series or approved equal). Provide fused inputs as indicated (Littelfuse® SPF series or approved equal). Fuses shall be sized based on final solar panel selection in accordance with the NEC. • All circuit breakers in electrical panel shall be rated as suitable for backfeed. Circuit breakers shall be sized based on final inverter selection and total PV output in accordance with the NEC.
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PV system circuit breaker at point of interconnection to be provided by PV Contractor. Confirm sizing of breaker at Main Switch Board (MSB) with final configuration of PV system. If MSB cannot accommodate PV on load side, consider line (supply) side connection. Coordinate with project Electrical Engineer. PV system to be monitored, capturing irradiance as well as power output. For large systems (over 250kW), provide monitoring at combiner level (or inverter level if multiple inverters are used without external combiners) to monitor sub‐system performance. Any associated sub‐meter(s) shall be Ethernet capable and measure kW, kWh, and power factor. Tie all sub‐ meters into central PV monitoring system. System interconnection shall require a customer generation disconnect and REC Meter. These devices shall be placed at the same location as the customer meter or as close as possible. Three phase systems shall also require a Three-line diagram
FIGURE 9 – Example Sub-Metering One-Line Network Diagram
1. A reliable and accessible sub‐metering network will contribute to Resource Conservation 2. While metering hardware technology is rapidly changing, with the proliferation of wireless communications and analytics‐driven product delivery, a modern and open‐protocol metering system is desired to monitor utility consumption for the 45 Year Building Lifespan 3. Due to the varying degrees of capabilities among equipment manufacturers, it is important to consider the Life Cycle of sub‐metering networks in comparison to the Up-Front Cost. Circuit level monitoring is not a priority for the District and is very costly, therefore deviations from the granularity of metering points shall be discussed with District personnel prior to design and specification. 4. Basis of design includes Varis, Onicon, and other BACnet equipment approved for integration by the District’s controls contractor. Proprietary software is not recommended and shall be verified with the District’s Project Manager and/or Sustainability Coordinator.
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Other Critical Items: a. Water flow meters shall be specified for total water usage and when any one of the following end‐uses are present: cisterns, irrigation, main line, and make‐up water for chilled or hot water loops 1. Cistern water meter specifications can be found in the water use section b. Separate electricity sub‐meters shall be provided for plug‐ loads, lighting loads, HVAC loads, and solar energy production 1. Solar energy metering can be found in the solar photovoltaic section c. Meters shall be listed by ANSI C12.1 for +/‐ 1% accuracy d. All meters shall be BACnet addressable for integration through DeltaControls. e. Educational Dashboards shall be implemented at the discretion of the District’s Sustainability Coordinator, and all sub‐meter recommendations shall be provided during 50% construction documents to justify the applicability of added costs Following construction completion of the facility, proper maintenance and continuous monitoring of all building systems that impact energy and water usage must be reviewed by the project’s commissioning agent. Energy sources must be monitored for verification of actual energy and water usage for operation of the school facility, and will also be verified by the project’s commissioning agent. Electrical energy should be monitored 24 hours a day 365 days a year. The building automation system should be used to constantly monitor, archive data and totalize energy usage. To achieve proper educational interaction and monitoring by students and faculty, each sub‐ metering network shall incorporate a building performance dashboard. The District has standardized dashboard displays with Lucid, for cloud‐based building performance monitoring. Dashboards shall be located with the direction of the District’s Sustainability Manager and shall incorporate the following minimum attributes: • • • • •
Electricity Consumption Natural Gas Consumption Water Consumption and Harvesting Solar Photovoltaic Energy Generation Weather Forecast and Current Temperature/Humidity/Precipitation
FIGURE 7 – Energy Monitoring Dashboard (Image obtained from Lucid)
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Lighting & Lighting Controls
To ensure that all spaces are given appropriate consideration for light‐levels, color temperature, maintainability, and sensor technology the design team shall use an integrated design approach. Lighting should be in alignment with current IESNA and PSFA foot‐candle standards on a space‐by‐space basis, using readily available fixtures without custom casings or mounting hardware. Because school facilities house a variety of space types, it is the electrical engineer’s responsibility to provide a framework for selecting specialty lighting while balancing energy consumption (libraries, kitchen, cafeteria, etc.). LED lighting fixtures are required, as this will help energy usage and maintenance costs. Typical warranty on LED is 5 years and LED fixtures have a 70,000-hour operating life. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Resource Conservation 45 Year Building Lifespan Life Cycle vs. Up-Front Cost Basis of design includes Other Critical Items: a. Classrooms, Offices, Meeting & Work Spaces b. Exterior Lighting Design 1. Bollards 2. Full Cutoff & Night‐Sky c. Gymnasium Lighting d. Cafeteria Lighting e. Daylight Harvesting Photocells
Lighting and electrical systems have a major impact on energy usage for any school facility. The design team must work together to provide an efficient lighting system while ensuring proper lighting levels that provide a good visual environment. As a part of the design, special consideration should be given where persons with visual or emotional exceptionalities, that are sensitive to light intensity and glare, will occupy a space. See SFPS design guidelines for medically fragile and other special needs suites. Providing adequate lighting must always remain a top priority when considering innovative lighting systems, since the quality and quantity of light directly impacts the comfort and productivity of the students and instructors. Lighting Systems As previously discussed in this document, modified daylighting must be considered for all applicable areas. This should be accomplished through cooperation between the Architect and the lighting engineer to take full advantage of natural lighting. Artificial lighting should be designed as a supplement to natural lighting and shall include photocell control and night Fc. Lighting systems must be the result of careful consideration of all types of lighting equipment and components including energy efficient LED fixtures and controls. Careful selection of the fixture type, including the proper application of the lens type, is important. The designer should strive to achieve the highest lumen output per watt input, or efficacy, for the fixture as a unit. Hard‐wired task lighting should be considered where the application can reduce the level of general lighting power that is required. This should be evaluated by life cycle cost analysis to determine if the cost and operation of the task lighting system will be offset by the cost savings in reducing the
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general lighting system cost. All lighting other than LEDs are not approved by the SFPS CMT. Different areas of the facility with different usages, lighting level requirements and ceiling arrangements must be evaluated separately. The final selection for each lighting system should be determined through a life cycle cost analysis. Controls for Lighting Controls and how they are used are important to limiting the energy used for lighting systems. Lights should be turned off whenever the space is not occupied or levels reduced when the function of the space will allow. Current IECC standards for controllability on a space‐by‐space basis shall be followed. Manual controlled systems are controlled with on/off switches or dimmer switches. Multiple switching is required by SFPS CMT for all classroom and other selected spaces. This arrangement allows for switching two or more levels of lighting. Multiple switching should be incorporated in all areas when the space functions will allow. Different levels of lighting a space can be accomplished by switching banks of fixtures or dimming control for an entire room. Automatically controlled systems are controlled with photocell sensors, vacancy sensors and/or automatic timing equipment. Vacancy sensors should also be installed in restrooms, utility rooms and all sporadically used spaces to turn off the lights automatically when the space is unoccupied. The vacancy sensor shall be installed in the center of the ceiling and must be wired in series with the wall switch and shall interlock with exhaust when applicable.
FIGURE 5 – Vacancy Sensor with Dimmer Switch
Exit Signs Fixture types must be selected that offer low energy consumption and minimal maintenance. LED exit signs offer large savings with little maintenance. The final selection for the type of exit sign to be used should be determined in consultation with SFPS CMT and the Design Professional.
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Exterior Lighting LED Parking Lot and building exterior lighting shall be approved by SFPS CMT. Provisions for timers, dimmers and motion detectors shall be a requirement of exterior lighting design. Parking lot lighting and wall packs shall be on dedicated circuits for ease of control, and shall incorporate a web‐ enabled time clock (basis of design shall be Intermatic). The district’s parking‐lot pole fixture and wall‐mounted façade wall‐pack are as follows, and have been selected based on energy efficient operations and reliability:
DISTRICT STANDARD WALL‐PACK Include the following Options: • FSIR‐100 Wireless Configuration Tool for Occupancy Sensor o Required to adjust parameters including high and low modes, sensitivity, time delay, cutoff, and more. • Factory set to 50% power reduction after 15‐minutes of inactivity. • Dimming driver • Integral photo sensor
Lumen Maintenance In some spaces, a lumens maintenance system has the potential to save energy over the life of the lighting system. The output of certain types of lamps decreases over its life due to internal degradation, as well as dust and pollutant buildup on its surface. Designers shall use the assumed light output of a partially‐aged LED fixture, assuming 93% of the output of a new fixture (maintenance factor = 0.93). The strategy of lumen maintenance is to create a desired end condition of consistent and proper light levels at the work‐plane. For this reason, interior and exterior photometric plans shall be provided
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during the 95% construction documents review and shall include input assumptions for interior and exterior surface reflectance (respectively). The project architect shall provide reflectance values to the lighting designer prior to this analysis, these values will be compared to final construction upon which foot‐candle measurements will be performed. Photocell controls adjust power output to provide a constant light level, reducing power to new fixtures, and increasing power later in the lifespan of the fixture. This results in lower overall power levels and corresponding energy savings over much of the life of the fixture.
DESIGN FOR BUILDING OCCUPANTS Occupancy – Maintenance & Operations
Achieving the stated performance goals and ensuring the intended longevity of buildings and systems requires proactive and informed maintenance. Operational efficiency depends not only on the occupants but also on the maintenance. The Owner should be provided with comprehensive information for preventive and periodic maintenance activities and operations of the new building. Operation and maintenance is paramount in maintaining the efficient performance of the facility. Each School facility must provide skilled staff to operate the building systems, controlling and maintaining them to perform as originally intended throughout the life of the facility (Poudre School District). Proper training of School facility maintenance staff and SFPS M & O must be performed following completion of construction. This training must include operational, service and repair training for all equipment and building control systems in the facility. The cost of all training should be a part of the construction project. SFPS may also consider establishing a district‐wide Maintenance Training Program. Facility maintenance staff will require training appropriate to the systems and building requirements, while maintenance and operations should be a consideration throughout the design process. a) Maintenance & Operations a. Consider maintenance requirements during design phases: i. Select materials and finishes for low maintenance requirements and durability, especially at areas of high exposure (roofs) or high traffic (corridors), ii. Select systems that are within the Facility Maintenance capacity to maintain (reduce reliance on outside contractors), iii. Standardize equipment, finishes, systems where possible iv. Document and label, v. Include facility maintenance personnel in design process taps into their considerable insight and knowledge about what works and what does not, vi. Provide adequate access to equipment and systems that require maintenance. b. Provide adequate direction in the Contract Documents for the production O&M information include clear procurement specifications as to timing of receipt, required format, etc., i. Allow for adequate budget for these activities, ii. Refer to guidelines for required systems and schedule information
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Sustainable Design Guideline (e.g. material information, maintenance or inspection schedule, etc.) such as ASHRAE Guideline 4‐2008, Track and verify warranties and warranty requirements Clarify responsibilities: i. Design Team and Owner should review as‐built documents provided by Contractor, ii. Design Team should review O&M manuals, Determine systems that require training, coordinate and/or provide training, A comprehensive approach to O&M (Maintenance Plan) to be implemented across SFPS facilities is recommended. Refer to Closeout Requirements & Specifications below. Provide training to Facility Maintenance personnel as necessary to service or to coordinate with building systems and requirements. i. Identify equipment and systems that require outside maintenance. Include information in Maintenance Plan. ii. Provide maintenance training on new technologies when a new building or system is installed. Reduce / eliminate harmful effects on humans and environment i. Ensure indoor air quality is maintained (e.g. changing filters). ii. Use environmentally safe cleaning products. 11‐month walk‐through: i. Design team – Include Post‐Occupancy Evaluations to assess success of design intentions, ii. Commissioning team – review warranties, iii. Facility Maintenance & Commissioning Team – revisit occupancy schedules and HVAC set‐points Consider education of occupants (and role of occupants in energy use): i. Design team and owner’s advocate host seminar for new building occupants to explain features, design intentions and operations.
b) Closeout Requirements to be included in Specifications a. Closeout Procedures in Division 01, 01 77 00. i. Include requirement for eleven‐month inspection to be attended by the General Contractor, Architect, and Commissioning Agents as applicable, prior to the one‐year anniversary date established by the Certificate of Substantial Completion. b. Closeout Submittals in Division 01, 01 78 00, to include at a minimum the following: i. Project Record Document requirements including Contract Documents and As‐built Documents 1. Documents and drawings PDFs on a flash drive or other durable, transferable medium 2. Provide Construction Documents as DWG files or per current SFPS requirements 3. Provide O&M manuals as PDFs and as hardcopy binder ii. Provide Operations and Maintenance Data for Mechanical Equipment Systems & Controls, Electrical Equipment Systems Controls, Automated Building System, Building Envelope Materials and Systems, Landscape and Irrigation Systems, Food Service Equipment,
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Sustainable Design Guideline and Other Equipment as necessary or requested. iii. Indicate format and specific information to be included in O&M Manuals iv. Require that GC provide Maintenance Tools and Extra Materials
Human Centric Design for Good Environments
School facilities are often programmed and designed to function solely as educational institutions, with little thought paid towards its’ capacity and necessity for nurturing. Whether there is budget or not, school buildings are home for many of their students and teachers, with much of the year spent growing within the windows and walls. Human centric design is a necessary element to ensure diurnal, seasonal, and weather related teaching opportunities are possible during school days. Good environments should be an overlay on top of programmatic requirements, to ensure that students are afforded the opportunity to connect with the natural environment in a matter that is not distracting. Engaging all senses to the school’s micro‐climate gives perspective on the birds, flora and fauna, daylight, natural ventilation, precipitation, views for creativity and purposefully designed community space(s) for social connections and growth. 1. While engaging environments are not always models for Resource Conservation, access to daylight and healthy indoor air‐quality are good for the District’s number one resource: its student/staff body. In a classroom, the student body is able to appreciate the natural environment, with the intention to enrich the learning process and highlight opportunities for resource conservation and environmental education. 2. Human centric design has been a guiding principle for many years and can be a foundation for a 45 Year Building Lifespan. Examples of exceptional environments have endured the ages, and should be a focus during design, as per ISO 9241‐210:2010(E): Human‐centered design is a creative approach to interactive systems development that aims to make systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, designing around their needs and requirements at all stages, and by applying human factors/ergonomics, usability knowledge, and techniques. This approach enhances effectiveness and efficiency, improves human well‐being, user satisfaction, accessibility and sustainability; and counteracts possible adverse effects of use on human health, safety and performance.
3. The Life Cycle cost of an engaging environment is one of the least quantifiable investments in this standard, and is measured against highly subjective criteria. Improved test‐scores and absenteeism are typical metrics, but are often difficult to compare to Up Front Costs. Other Critical Items: a. Solar heat‐gain balance b. Energy‐waste, infiltration, and natural ventilation balance c. Inspiring classroom settings d. Embedded natural algorithms (Fibonacci / Fractals) e. Room/school/circulation/commons/site scale
VERSION 1 - 2017
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Santa Fe Public Schools
Sustainable Design Guideline
Summary of References
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Handbook of HVAC Applications, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Standard 90.1, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide for K‐12 School Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers Energy‐Smart Schools, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy IAQ Design Tools for Schools, United States Environmental Protection Agency Rainwater Harvesting: Supply from the Sky, 1995 City of Albuquerque Publication Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency, USDOE, 2010 ASHRAE Guideline 4: Preparation of Operating and Maintenance Documentation for Building Systems PSFA Construction Project Closeout requirements Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, Busby Perkins + Will for BC Green Building Roundtable, 2007 Integration at its Finest: Success in High‐Performance Building Design and Project Delivery in the Federal Sector, Renee Cheng et al, 2015 NIBS Guideline 3‐2012, Building Enclosure Commissioning Process, National Institute of Building Science, 2012 ASHRAE Guideline 0, The Commissioning Process, ASHRAE ASTM E2813, Standard Practice for Building Enclosure Commissioning ASTM E2947, Standard Guide for Building Enclosure Commissioning Sustainable Design Guide, Los Alamos National Laboratory Best Practices Manual Volume V; Commissioning, Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) ASHRAE 189.1 – 2014, Standard for the Design of High‐Performance Green Buildings High Performance Enclosures, John Straube, 2012 Understanding Air Barriers, Building Science Digest 104, Joe Lstiburek WaterSense at Work: Best Management Practices for Commercial and Institutional Facilities, EPA, 2012 IDP Roadmap – Roadmap for the Integrated Design Process, Busby Perkins + Will for BC Green Building Roundtable, 2007 Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide, National and California Councils of the AIA, 2007 Sustainable Design Guidelines, Poudre School District, 2005 General Guide to Joint Sealants for Architects, Adhesive and Sealant Council (ASC) and Sealants, Waterproofing and Restoration Institute (SWR Institute) Sustainable Design Guidelines, 2005, Poudre School District, Colorado CHPS Best Practices Manual ‐DAYLIGHTING Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency, USDOE, 2010 Indoor Air Quality Guide, Best Practices for Design, Construction, and Commissioning, ECO Vision Sustainable Learning Center. www.econvisionslc.org Poudre School District, Sustainable Design Guidelines
VERSION 1 - 2017
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Santa Fe Public Schools
Sustainable Design Guideline
IN CLOSING We hope the spirit of efficiency, conservation, systems thinking, and longevity has come through in this Guide. Whether it be facility use of energy and water, lessening waste to landfill and redirecting more to the recycling stream, generating as much energy as we consume, ease of maintenance, engaging our students in the operational technologies of the schools in which they learn, or ensuring that the air quality and interior lighting is appropriate and inviting - we ask for your professional commitment and creativity in helping us provide learning centers which support our vision of environmental and fiscal responsibility.
Appendices
Appendix A - Responsibility matrix
Appendix B - SFPS Controls Standards
Appendix C - Team Roles IDP Roadmap
VERSION 1 - 2017
Page 64
APPENDIX A Responsibility Matrix
Project Name _____________________________
Project # ___________________
SFPS SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STANDARDS MATRIX SECTION A: PROJECT INFORMATION Project Owner:
Project Name:
Project Address: Brief Project Description: Project Number: SFPS Project Manager: Architect/ Project Manager:
SECTION B: CONSULTANTS INFO AND CONTACTS Structural Consultant: MEP Consultant: Contact: Contact: Address: Address: Phone: Phone: Emails: Emails:
Architect Consultant: Contact: Address: Phone: Emails:
Civil Consultant: Contact: Address: Phone: Emails:
Other Consultant(s): Contact: Address: Phone: Emails:
Other Consultant(s): Contact: Address: Phone: Emails:
1
Project Name _____________________________
Project # ___________________
SECTION C: COLLABORATIVE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS The intent of this matrix is to help achieve an optimally performing facility, one that is completed on time and within budget. The design phase of any project is critical. It is the design phase where reliable systems and infrastructure are put in place. They need to be both maintainable and able to withstand a 45 year life. 1. Collaboration Strategy Each phase of design is included in the matrix and is accompanied by a sign‐off for both SFPS and A/E‐Team personnel. Because there are many team members involved in a design and construction project, the matrix shall serve as accountability on behalf of all parties for the betterment of capital projects. The goal of the matrix is to provide the SFPS CMT, design professionals, and facility managers with comprehensive guidelines for new construction projects, remodels and renovations. 2. How to Use the Matrix The matrix is setup with the following four purposes and is illustrated in the graphic below: 1) 2) 3) 4)
To follow the Sustainable Design Guideline’s table of contents Identify whether or not the section is applicable to the project Assign responsibility to one of the project team-members Identify why a project is taking an alternative compliance route for the section or why sections are not applicable
2
Project Name _____________________________
Project # ___________________
SECTION D: SUSTAINABLE INDEX ASSIGNMENT & MEETING ATTENDANCE SECTION IN GUIDELINE Analysis & Energy Modeling Review Results of the HVAC Life Cycle Cost Analysis Review Design Development Energy Modeling Results Review 50% Construction Document Energy Modeling Results Review 95% Construction Document Energy Modeling Results PNM & Gas Company Rebates Using “Bid Energy” Plan for Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Energy Model Results Kitchen Equipment Review Design Development with Kitchen Consultant & F+N* Review 50% CDs with Kitchen Consultant & FN* Review 95% CDs with Kitchen Consultant & FN* Solar Photovoltaics Review Design Development with Solar PV Integrator Obtain 50% CDs Layout from Solar PV Integrator Coordinate PV Design with Electrical & Civil Sheets Obtain 95% CDs Layout from Solar PV Integrator Lighting & Lighting Controls Review Lighting Requirements with Electrical Engineer Photometric Plan to SFPS CMT and Commissioning Agent Provide Lighting Cut-Sheets & Sequence of Operations Provide Light Fixture and Controls Locations Power Systems Identify Meter and Transformer Locations Develop Demand Response Plan with PNM or Others Utility Sub-Metering Review Sub-Meter Requirements with SFPS CMT Incorporate Sub-Meter One-Line Diagrams & Integration Meet with SFPS HVAC Controls Contractor for Integration
IN USE YES
NO
DESIGN PHASE RESPONSIBILITIES SD DD 50% 75% 95% A E O A E O A E O A E O A E O X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X X
X
X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X
X X X
COMMENTS
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X *FN – Santa Fe Public Schools Student Food and Nutrition Department 3
Project Name _____________________________
SECTION IN GUIDELINE HVAC Systems Verify Concepts and Strategies from Controls Standard Present HVAC System Components & Cut-Sheets to CMT Cost Estimate / Estimate of Probable Cost for HVAC Systems Meet with SFPS HVAC Controls Contractor for Integration M/E/P Commissioning Commissioning Kick-Off Meeting (Roles/Scope Definition) Respond to Commissioning Design Review Incorporate Commissioning Specifications Water Harvesting Develop Landscape Water Budget with Landscape Architect Locate Cisterns/Piping/Pumps with On-Call Contractor Incorporate Cistern Elements into Construction Documents Indoor Water Use Identify Water Fixture Flow-Rate Requirements Present Water Fixture Cut-Sheets to CMT Include Water Fixture Schedule in Construction Documents Envelope Design & Commissioning Commissioning Kick-Off Meeting (Roles/Scope Definition) Respond to Commissioning Design Review Incorporate Commissioning Specifications Materials, Durability, and Recycling Identify Material Content & Sourcing Requirements Present Material Selections/Samples to CMT Include Content & Sourcing in Construction Documents Site Design Identify Retention and Detention Requirements Locate Storm Drainage and Pond Locations Review Site Paving Materials Requirements Present Site Design and Paving Materials/Samples to CMT
Project # ___________________ IN USE YES
NO
DESIGN PHASE RESPONSIBILITIES SD DD 50% 75% 95% A E O A E O A E O A E O A E O X X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X X X X
X X X
X
X X
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X
X
X X X
COMMENTS
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
4
Project Name _____________________________
SECTION IN GUIDELINE Acoustics Identify Acoustic Req’s for Classroom & Core Learning Determine Materials and Products Needed to Achieve Req’s Incorporate Materials and Products into Drawings & Specs Identify HVAC Noise Sources & Obtain Manufacturer Levels Incorporate Noise Reduction Measures into HVAC Design Maintenance & Operations Identify Materials and Systems Warranty Requirements Explore Extended Warranty & 3rd Party Maintenance Options Incorporate Materials and Systems Warranties into Specs Review Water Treatment Requirements Incorporate Water Treatment Requirements into CDs Setup with SFPS Document Storage and Access Retrieval Create Training Plan for Maintenance Staff Create Closeout Plan for Punch-List and Project Handoff Human Centric Design Identify Daylighting Design Requirements Incorporate Daylighting Design Criteria into Construction Docs Identify Access to Views and Prioritize with CMT Identify Locations for Respite and Social Spaces with CMT Incorporate View Corridors and Respite/Social Spaces in CDs
Project # ___________________ IN USE YES
NO
DESIGN PHASE RESPONSIBILITIES SD DD 50% 75% 95% A E O A E O A E O A E O A E O X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X
X X
X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
COMMENTS
X X X X X X X
5
Project Name _____________________________
Project # ___________________
SECTION E: SIGNATURES The project architect is responsible for gathering signatures at each interval. By signing, each representative is stating that their team has completed their due diligence regarding the sustainability design responsibilities, as identified in the matrix, for this phase of the project.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW SFPS PM: Print/Sign
ARCHITECT: Print/Sign
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE:_____________________________________
MEP ENGINEER: Print/Sign
SFPS MAINTENANCE: Marissa Bonifer
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE: ____________________________________
EXEC. DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS: Kristy Wagner
SFPS SUSTAINABILITY COORDINATOR: Lisa Randall
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE: ____________________________________
6
Project Name _____________________________
Project # ___________________
50% CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS REVIEW SFPS PM: Print/Sign
ARCHITECT: Print/Sign
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE:_____________________________________
MEP ENGINEER: Print/Sign
SFPS MAINTENANCE: Marissa Bonifer
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE: ____________________________________
EXEC. DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS: Kristy Wagner
SFPS SUSTAINABILITY COORDINATOR: Lisa Randall
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE: ____________________________________
7
Project Name _____________________________
Project # ___________________
95% CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS REVIEW SFPS PM: Print/Sign
ARCHITECT: Print/Sign
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE:_____________________________________
MEP ENGINEER: Print/Sign
SFPS MAINTENANCE: Marissa Bonifer
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE: ____________________________________
EXEC. DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS: Kristy Wagner
SFPS SUSTAINABILITY COORDINATOR: Lisa Randall
DATE: ______________________________________
DATE: ____________________________________
8
APPENDIX B SFPS Controls Standard
Santa Fe Public Schools
Districtwide HVAC Controls Standards Version 1
6-8-2017
SFPS Districtwide HVAC Controls Standards
6/8/2017
Digital HVAC Controls The Santa Fe Public School District has established a policy to efficiently control all aspects of HVAC systems by requiring Building Automation Systems (BAS) be installed for all new and major remodel projects, using Delta Controls hardware, software, algorithms, and front-end graphics. The BAS is a microprocessor based control system with LAN and web-based internet access allowing authorized personnel to view graphics that providing real-time status via floor plans or system diagrams of all control devices within the system. Utility sub-metering for electricity, natural gas and water consumption shall be provided, and a sustainability dash board shall be included to track and display defined energy and water consumption information, and with the ability to request other data trends with spreadsheet or graphical presentation. The BAS control features must implement the current New Mexico Energy Conservation Codes requirements related to the HVAC equipment controls and individual space controls are desired for all classrooms, and as many zones as practical for other spaces. All of the following should be incorporated by the HVAC and controls engineers and it is the intent of this document to provide guidance, realizing that some of the controls requirements may not be applicable in certain circumstances. Where projects look to deviate from this standard, a dedicated HVAC-controls conversation with the owner and commissioning agent is necessary to understand why. BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSIDERATIONS Optimal start saves energy by reducing the system operation to the minimum time necessary to provide comfort conditions. Optimal start should be used such that at the beginning of the day, the BAS determines the time at which the cooling or heating system should be activated to bring the building to comfort conditions by the time it is occupied. The time that chillers, boilers and fans are activated is based on a calculation within the BAS based on outside and inside temperatures and historic data to determine the best time to activate the HVAC systems. The location of control thermostats should be given careful consideration. In general, the devices should be located on interior walls away from direct air movement from diffusers or direct sunlight. Electronic temperature sensors should be provided with an override button on the face plate that allows the occupant to signal the BAS that a space is occupied and needs conditioning during periods when the space is normally unoccupied for a programmed period of time. Consideration should be given to the use of carbon dioxide sensors to reduce ventilation rate below the code required minimum when a space is unoccupied. Economizers should be included in all air handling systems. Control of the economizer should be by a dry bulb sensor and the same economizer dampers/actuators should close all outside air intake during unoccupied periods. Economizers will not operate for a 5 minute (Adjustable) period on startup to allow the system to equalize. Simultaneous heating and cooling is often necessary, especially with VAV systems, which requires both heating and cooling plants to energize during much of the year simultaneously. When systems allow for separate heating and cooling plant operation, controls sequences shall be in place to ensure that simultaneous heating and cooling does not occur. Limiting simultaneous heating and cooling in VAV systems shall be accomplished through reset schedules and other restrictive measures.
1|Page
SFPS Districtwide HVAC Controls Standards
6/8/2017
HVAC Control Features 1. Thermostats to sense heating and cooling space temperatures, to be programmed to 72° F. for heating and cooling set-points, with dead- band overlap restrictions, ON/OFF control based on scheduled occupancy and optimal start feature to compensate for weather conditions, and setback temperature features during unoccupied times. Two hour override capabilities shall be included for unscheduled occupancy. 2. Ventilation controls will assure proper outside air, and depending on the system provided shutoff control during morning optimal-start operation. Ventilation systems and outside-air dampers shall remain off/closed during vacancy. 3. Variable air volume system controls the fan speed based on duct static pressure and reset discharge temperatures depending on building demands. 4. Boiler (hot water) and Chiller (chilled water) systems shall be optimally controlled to meet building demands by adjustment of supply water temperatures and optimal step control or staging of multiple unit systems including variable speed pumping systems. 5. Equipment monitoring to generate alarms, facilitate trouble shooting, or identify service requirements such as motor status, air flow status, equipment discharge temperature, etc. shall be incorporated in the controls system capabilities. Instrumentation and Control for HVAC 1. Plant water-loop temperatures shall be reset based upon OA temperature and zone demand 2. Discharge air temperature shall be reset based upon reheat zone demand 3. When system is Variable Air Volume system, discharge air static set-point shall be reset to maintain highest damper position at 90% +/- 5%. 4. Minimum OA (Outside Air) intake positions shall be balanced based upon ASHRAE 62.1, determined by the design engineer on a unit-by-unit basis and the start-up contractor will set minimum damper positions accordingly. 5. An unoccupied/occupied building schedule shall be provided, and shall be coordinated for consistency with optimal-start logic. 6. Building occupancy over-ride shall be provided at room temperature sensor when vacancy sensors are not present. 7. Thermostat locations shall be specified to ensure even temperature distribution in the conditioned space. 8. Thermostat set-points shall be established in accordance with District’s Energy Management Policy – 72 ° F. is the prevailing set-point for both cooling and heating seasons. a. Set-back temperatures shall be 10° F. from set-point i. Heating setback shall be 62° F. ii. Cooling setback shall be 82° F. b. Deadband temperatures are based on a 3° F. margin i. Heating deadband shall be 69° F. ii. Cooling deadband shall be 75° F. 9. Duct smoke detectors shall stop the fans directly through the VFD via hardwire connection (not through fire alarm system). An extra set of contacts shall be provided for notification to the BAS. 10. Show location of O.A. temperature, differential pressure, and duct static sensors on drawings. 11. Freezestat shall be located immediately downstream of the first coil in every air handler. Set point to be 38F. The freezestat shall turn off the supply and return fan, close the outside air damper, open the return air damper 100%, open the HW coil 100% and the CHW coil 50%. 2|Page
SFPS Districtwide HVAC Controls Standards
6/8/2017
Freezestat shall be auto resetting. Two sets of contacts shall be required: one directly to the VFD (if present) or Motor Starter and one for the DDC system. Instrumentation and Control Devices for HVAC 1. All points included in the HVAC system shall be labeled in accordance with the DeltaControls and Haystack naming conventions. 2. This applies to all components of the HVAC system that are integrated with the control system including but not limited to air handlers, heat exchangers, fans, terminal units, dampers, thermostats, pumps and valves. 3. This naming convention shall be reflected in all drawings, control sequences, programming, graphics and field labels. Sensors & Transmitters 1. All water temperature sensors shall be installed in wells. 2. Air Duct or thermal well Temperature Sensors shall be installed within 10 feet of the controlled device 3. All sensors shall have the capability to be calibrated through the Delta Controls System. Control Valves & Dampers 1. Control dampers shall be low leakage type with an AMCA Leakage Class 1A Rating 2. Control valves shall be BELIMO or equivalent (pressure independent valves are desired if they are not cost-prohibitive) DDC Controls Systems Specifications 1. General Logic Requirements a. All DDC input and output points shall have trending capability, but actual trends shall follow the commissioning agent’s requirements based on system type. b. Long-term historical data archival and storage shall be made available for strategically identified points, not all points are required to have long-term storage capability. The use of CopperTree’s “Copper Cube” shall be the basis for long-term storage through Delta Controls. c. Modulating control output available for VFD control. 2. Air Side Requirements a. Discharge air temperatures reset on space demand. b. Where appropriate and approved, use Demand Controlled Ventilation: CO2 shall be read from the space and be used to override and reset the zone flowrate set-point to maintain proper levels. If a zone has reached its maximum airflow set-point and the level is still high, then the minimum OSA shall be reset to allow more OSA. In the occupied zones over 500 SF where occupant density is routinely greater than one person per 30sf provide space return air CO2 sensor to notify PPD when CO2 space levels exceed 700 ppm above the ambient level. c. Where CO2 sensors and Demand Controlled Ventilation is not feasible, duty cycling of systems providing outdoor air shall be implemented as follows: i. Energy Recovery Ventilators: Continuously ventilate during occupied hours ii. Packaged Rooftop Units: Consider cycling based on an occupancy sensor in the space, but shall be reviewed on a case-by-case basis iii. VAV Air-Handlers (serving multiple zones): Continuously ventilate during occupied hours 3|Page
SFPS Districtwide HVAC Controls Standards
6/8/2017
iv. VAV Air-Handlers (serving one zone): Consider cycling based on an occupancy sensor in the space, but shall be reviewed on a case-by-case basis v. All other equipment will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis for duty cycling d. When vacancy sensors are not installed or are not practical for HVAC-system interlock, provide hours for unoccupied schedules at the zone or terminal unit level. e. Unless otherwise noted, all air handler controllers shall be the primary network controller for VAV systems and large packaged rooftop units for gyms, cafeterias, auditoriums and other big-box spaces. f. VAV boxes shall include discharge air temperature sensors and airflow sensors. g. Duct Static will be reset based on max VAV box to maintain one box at 90% open. h. Building pressure sensors shall be provided and monitored in the BAS 3. Water Side Requirements a. Heating water temperature shall reset upon OA or space demand. b. Secondary heating water pumps shall be equipped with VFDs, primary/secondary pumping is desired where practical c. Differential water pressure sensor shall be installed in distribution piping 2/3 of the distance from the pumps to the most remote point in the distribution system. 4. DDC Hardware a. All flexible conduit shall be of the weatherproof type no longer that 5’ in length. b. All CAT-5, 5e or 6 cable runs shall not exceed 300’. c. All relays used shall have a lighted indicator as to when they are energized. d. All control cabinets shall be labeled on the outside as to what equipment they control. e. All DC valve and damper actuators listed below shall be spring loaded and on a loss of power shall fail to the following positions: i. Outside air fail closed ii. Return air fail open iii. Relief fail closed iv. All AHU Heating water fail open, or to coil on 3-way valves v. AHU Chilled water fail open, or to coil on 3-way valves f. Limit switches shall be provided for critical control actuators. g. 110volt AC outlet shall be installed outside and near each control cabinets and a service switch shall be mounted inside the cabinet. h. Capability of change of program, add sensors, and tune system shall be made available to District by means of a small spare capacity in system controllers. i. All network system wiring shall have installed manufacturer specified surge protection located in the network as recommended by the manufacturer. j. The following standard shall be used for the local area network (LAN): i. Wiring product shall conform to standards written by the controls manufacturer and follow their recommended guidelines and not to exceed maximum lengths. ii. Terminators, repeaters, and grounding shall be installed according to manufacturers’ specifications. iii. All LAN wiring shall not be exposed, but shall be installed in cable tray, raceway, ceiling plenum, or conduit (EMT). iv. All LAN wiring shall not be in the same conduit as other power sources and never near panel breakers, contactors, etc. v. No more than two wires shall terminate on a single terminal point vi. All control wiring to be copper. 5. Communications & Graphics 4|Page
SFPS Districtwide HVAC Controls Standards
6/8/2017
a. Direct Digital Control, BACnet communication integration shall be compatible to interface with DeltaControls. All necessary equipment for functional integration shall be provided. b. All graphics shall be linked to allow easy mobility from page to page. c. Each DDC building system controller will be completely stand-alone and all settings and trend data contained within a building computer with complete access by District’s maintenance personnel. Routers and servers for DDC building systems shall be installed in mechanical rooms or closets accessible by District’s Maintenance personnel. DDC routers, servers and controllers shall be installed in locked cabinets or enclosures, accessible only by District personnel. The system shall not rely on a computer outside the building envelope to contain a database for its operation. each site does not require a laptop/desktop onsite as graphical user interface is web based and can be accessed by any device with internet access. d. All PTAC, RTUs and stand-alone HVAC equipment shall be compatible with and integrated with the DDC systems. With the exception of refrigeration and gas safeties, all control and monitoring points shall be controlled by the DDC system. Certain exceptions to this may be allowed per owner direction. i. Manufacturers must provide integration support to DDC contractor. ii. See attached equipment integration checklists. e. The minimum graphics requirements shall include: i. Building summary page ii. Floor plan for each floor with animation for each room’s controls iii. Complete graphics for each terminal unit iv. Complete graphics for each air handler v. Complete graphics for Hydronic systems vi. Complete graphics showing lab control systems 6. Documentation a. All sequence of operation submittals shall be in the verbal format b. All submittals sizes shall not exceed 11 x 17 and shall become the property of the District c. All points of entry shall be defined on a system architecture logic diagram, even if DeltaControls will not provide automation, to ensure programming is documented. d. All files and data created in the DDC installation shall be the property of District. e. Three copies of all equipment manuals for controllers, end devices, sensors, and sequence of operation diagrams shall be provided to District at the end of each system installation, after the commissioning completion and acceptance by District. Each manual shall be in a standard size three ring binder labeled on the front cover and edge. Electronic file versions (CD) shall also accompany each copy submitted. The following controls communication plan and checklist shall be incorporated for all new construction, major renovations, and additions where DDC systems are to be installed. The checklist requires sign-off by many project team-members and is the responsibility of the A/E project manager.
5|Page
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION PLAN & CHECKLIST
PROJECT NAME: ____________________
INTRODUCTION This document is intended to provide all contractors, equipment manufacturers, designers, and the District’s representative with a process for evaluating systems integration requirements prior to field coordination. All parties at the end of this document agree that all control points, controllers, and associated protocols have been reviewed for interoperability. Controls diagrams and sequence of operations in stamped construction documents shall be reviewed for consistency and completeness, including whether “on-board” factory controllers will drive ANY portion of the sequence of operation. RESPONSIBILITY General Contractor Mechanical Sub Electrical Sub Plumbing Sub Controls Sub EQUIPMENT ID FROM SCHEDULE
EQUIPMENT ID
COMPANY
SEQUENCE REVIEWED
EQ INSTALLER
REPRESENTATIVE
ALL POINTS IN POINTS LIST
ON-BOARD FACTORY CONTROLS AVAILABLE
MANUFACTURER REP
EMAIL
IN CONTROL OF OTHER EQ
PHONE
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION:
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION PLAN & CHECKLIST EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
PROJECT NAME: ____________________
MANUFACTURER REP
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
OEM OR 3RD PARTY SENSORS
RELAY NEEDED?
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION: EQUIPMENT ID
EQ INSTALLER
MANUFACTURER REP
DESCRIPTION OF CONTROLS & SENSOR INTEGRATION:
EQUIPMENT SEQUENCE Optimal Start Primary Weekly Schedule Exhaust Schedule Demand Limiting Night Setback Air-Side Economizer Limit Unoccupied Ventilation Lead/Lag Rotation Water-Side Economizer Chilled Water Plant Reset Hot Water Plant Reset Differential Pressure Reset Duct-Static Reset Demand Controlled Ventilation Demand Limiting Chiller Part-Load Modulation Boiler Part-Load Modulation Primary/Secondary Pumping Variable Speed HW Pumps Variable Speed CHW Pumps Variable Speed Compressors VAV / Occ. Sensor Integration Filter Maintenance Alarms Motor Maintenance Alarms Strainer Maintenance Alarms
IN SEQUENCE
EQUIPMENT CAPABLE
FACTORY OR DDC CONTRACTOR
SYSTEMS INTEGRATION PLAN & CHECKLIST
PROJECT NAME: ____________________
The following parties shall sign and date the following cells, respectively, indicating review and acceptance of all system components and device integration. This document will become part of the project record and shall be a precursor to accepting all systems submittals. RESPONSIBILITY General Contractor Mechanical Sub-Contractor Electrical Sub-Contractor Plumbing Sub-Contractor Controls Sub-Contractor Owner’s Representative Mechanical Engineer Commissioning Agent EQ. REP: EQ. REP: EQ. REP: EQ. REP: EQ. REP:
PRINTED NAME
SIGNATURE / DATE
APPENDIX C Example Team Roles (IDP Roadmap)
EXAMPLE ROLES OF TEAM MEMBERS BY DESIGN PHASE Phase 1: Pre-Design
Phase 2: Schematic Design
Phase 3: Design Development
Phase 4: Construction Documentation
Phase 5: Bidding, Construction, Commissioning
Phase 6: Building Operation
Phase 7: Post-Occupancy
•
Hire motivated & experienced team
•
Work with team in decisionmaking processes.
•
•
•
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Coordinate operations staff and user training.
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Communicate project vision & goals.
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Assist with external funding requests
Help team make decisions that confirm goals & reflect lifecycle thinking.
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Work with the client to kickstart the project and coordinate the team
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Ensure effective communication between team
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Help the team stay on schedule • and on budget.
Help the team stay on schedule • and on budget.
Ensure a seamless handover to the client
N/A
•
Ensure new team members have necessary information.
•
Ensure new team members have necessary information.
Help the team stay on schedule • and on budget. Ensure new team members have necessary information
Ensure that other consultants are part of early consultations, especially on building form & programming.
•
Work with the design facilitator to schedule charrettes early to gain maximum benefit.
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Coordinate strategies and help to present cohesive information on pros and cons of design solutions
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Ensure all sustainable design features are well documented n specs & drawings so contractors can easily follow requirements.
Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ technologies.
Participate in user and operations staff training to ensure proper handover.
•
Perform or participate in BPE.
•
Work to spread information on results within industry.
Work with PM and architect to set up initial goal setting workshops.
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Facilitate workshops.
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Ensure that adequate documentation is provided so the team can remember their deliverables & goals.
Continue to facilitate workshops N/A – evolve the format to reflect the progress of the design process
N/A
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Continue to facilitate workshops • – evolve the format to reflect the progress of the design process
Work with BPE team to help them understand how IDP goals were set, what they were, etc.
Consider impact of structural choices on form & massing.
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Consider the impact of structural choices on daylighting potential, materials’ environmental impacts (i.e.: fly ash content), etc.
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Provide input into life-cycle and • durability discussions.
Ensure that durability requirements, materials selections, and construction methods reflect sustainable goals.
•
Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ technologies.
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Participate in user and operations staff training to ensure proper handover.
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Perform or participate in BPE.
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Work to spread information on results within industry.
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Provide feedback on impact of massing & orientation on mechanical systems and energy performance.
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Provide input into or perform life-cycle calculations and energy use calculations & discussions.
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Work with design team to refine system choices to stay within the established energy targets.
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Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ technologies.
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Work with design team to refine system choices to stay within the established energy targets.
Design and coordinate the construction and monitoring of experimental mock-ups before full-scale construction
Engage in BPE studies including evaluating differences between simulation model and built environment.
Work with the design team to find climate-specific opportunities & features that could assist the building operation.
Perform simulations to examine • thermal comfort and daylighting performance.
Participate in commissioning & user and operations staff training to ensure proper handover
•
Provide input into the discussions on envelope performance, energy targets, and other building components that will impact mechanical systems
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Work with operations staff to understand energy optimization options.
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Perform simulations to examine thermal comfort and daylighting performance.
CORE TEAM MEMBERS Client or Owner’s Representative
Project Manager (PM)
Architect
DP Facilitator / Champion
Structural Engineer
Mechanical Engineer with expertise in energy analysis and simulation (may need to be more than one person)
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•
•
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Help the team consider new options.
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Help the team to understand how the local micro-climate can help to reduce the energy impacts of the building. Assist with setting an energy benchmark for the building through simulations.
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Help the team ensure that decisions made in previous stages are not lost with value engineering process.
Ensure that equipment selections, adhesive choices, materials selections, and construction methods reflect sustainable goals.
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Update energy model to reflect latest design.
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Aid in value engineering process
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Ensure that the owner & users become involved & excited about progress of project.
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Prepare and submit compliance model as required.
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Quantify energy impact of changes during construction.
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Work with owner to execute monitoring and Building Performance Evaluation (BPE)
Work with the team to understand differences between Modeled & actual data •
Work to spread information on results within industry.
EXAMPLE ROLES OF TEAM MEMBERS BY DESIGN
Electrical Engineer
Phase 1: Pre-Design
Phase 2: Schematic Design
Phase 3: Design Development
Phase 4: Construction Documentation
Phase 5: Bidding, Construction, Commissioning
Phase 6: Building Operation
Phase 7: Post-Occupancy
•
Provide feedback on impact of massing & orientation on electrical systems & lighting /daylighting options.
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Provide input into the discussions on glazing performance, energy targets, and other building components that will impact electrical systems
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Provide input into life-cycle calculations and energy use calculations & discussions.
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Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ technologies.
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Perform or participate in monitoring and BPE.
•
•
Ensure that interior color choices enhance daylighting.
Ensure that equipment selections, materials selections, and construction methods reflect sustainable goals.
Work to spread information on results within industry.
Participate in commissioning & training of user and operations staff to ensure proper handover
Green Design Specialist
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Bring broad knowledge of green design strategies to the table
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Help team identify potential green design strategies.
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Direct team to green design
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Review specifications to ensure design intent still met.
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Deliver or participate in contractor and sub-training on green design and certification
N/A
•
Participate in BPE. Work to spread information on results within industry.
Civil Engineer (with expertise in water and wastewater systems)
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Provide input into site-specific opportunities regarding water conservation, reuse and treatment
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Work with the team to integrate water treatment options & landscape choices into building design.
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Help the team to ensure that the building design complements the water management plan and vice
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Ensure that sustainable design features are well documented in specs & drawings so contractors can easily follow requirements.
•
Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ technologies.
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Participate in user and operations staff training for any unusual features to ensure proper care
•
Participate in BPE.
•
Work to spread information on results within industry.
Facilities Manager or Operations and Building Maintenance Staff Representative
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Work with design team to note all building requirements and wishes as soon as possible.
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Participate fully in design workshops. Use these opportunities to express opinions on the building and lessons learned from operating other buildings.
•
Continue to participate in design workshops. Review design documents as needed.
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Continue to provide reviews as needed.
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Visit site to observe building taking shape.
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•
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Help the team to work within facility standards but allow them to still meet the project goals.
Participate in training of other facilities personnel to ensure that they understand how their issues were represented during design.
Work with BPE team to help them understand how the building is working – both the good & bad.
•
Assist team with life-cycle-cost analysis.
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Assist team with updated cost estimates
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Review final bid documents with the design team
N/A
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Ensure that both costs and credits for green features are accounted for •
Ensure that all sustainable design features are well documented in specs & drawings so contractors can easily follow requirements.
•
Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ technologies.
•
Cost Consultant (with green design expertise)
Landscape Architect
General Contractor or Construction Manager
Green Design Specialist
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Listen to the team’s expertise.
Assist team to set realistic budget, bearing in mind current market conditions
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Help the team to understand what choices may help keep costs under control
Provide input into site-specific opportunities relating to habitat preservation or restoration, indigenous plantings, green roofs etc.
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Depending on procurement process, engage in the project as early as possible to provide a perspective and discussion around how to get things done as well as what will be done.
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Help design team to understand constructability issues associated with site & specific program requirements.
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Bring broad knowledge of green design strategies to the table
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Participate in user and operations staff training for any unusual features to ensure proper care
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Participate in BPE.
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Work to spread information on results within industry.
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Work with the design team to ensure that a smooth handover to facilities staff is possible.
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Work with BPE team to show them special construction methods used, etc.
Help coordinate on-site education with the design team
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Help with education of users and facilities staff
Deliver or participate in contractor and sub-training on green design and certification
N/A
•
Participate in BPE. Work to spread information on results within industry.
Work with the team to integrate • landscape choices into building design.
Help the team ensure that the building design complements landscape features and vice
Help the design team to understand how goals can be met most easily with construction technologies available.
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Work with the design team to • accurately cost differences n construction methods, materials, etc. based on current market conditions
Help the team with specification language to ensure that green requirements are easily understood & implemented.
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Take charge to ensure that green strategies are executed & documented by all sub-trades.
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Help team identify potential green design strategies.
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Direct team to green design
Review specifications to ensure design intent still met.
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•
N/A
EXAMPLE ROLES OF TEAM MEMBERS BY DESIGN Phase 1: Pre-Design
Phase 2: Schematic Design
Phase 3: Design Development
Phase 4: Construction Documentation
Phase 5: Bidding, Construction, Commissioning
Phase 6: Building Operation
Phase 7: Post-Occupancy
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Work with the team to help them answer any questions regarding the impacts of site conditions on the building.
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Ensure that input from schematic design charrettes are incorporated into the final design.
N/A
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Work with the design team • to help them work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ materials
Work with the operations • team to help them ensure compliance with long-term onsite ecosystems.
Involved in BPE studies including evaluating differences between ecosystems before and after construction
Participate fully in design workshops. Use the opportunities to express opinions on building.
•
Continue to participate in design workshops.
N/A
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Visit site to observe building taking shape.
Participate in training of other users to ensure that they understand how their needs were represented during design.
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Work with the BPE team to help them understand how the building is working – both the good & bad.
ADDITIONAL TEAM MEMBERS Ecologist
Occupants’ or Users’ Representatives
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Work with the design team to find natural opportunities & features that could impact or be impacted by the building.
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Help the team consider new options: for example, even dense urban contexts have roofs, atria and ground plane connections that would benefit from an ecologist.
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Work with the design team to • note all building requirements and wishes as soon as possible. •
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Listen to the team’s expertise.
Building Program Representative
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Work with the design team to • note all building requirements and wishes as soon as possible.
Participate fully in design workshops. Use the opportunities to express opinions on programming needs
•
Continue to participate in design workshops.
N/A
N/A
N/A
•
Work with BPE team to help them understand how the building is working – both the good & bad
Planning / Regulatory Approvals Agencies Representatives
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Work with the design team to help them meet the intent of the codes while working to decrease the project’s impact on local infrastructure
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Keep working with the team to meet the project & municipal goals.
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Keep working with the team to meet the project & municipal goals.
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Keep working with the team to meet the project & municipal goals.
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Keep working with the team to meet the project & municipal goals.
N/A
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Lessons learned from BPE inform code revisions
Interior Designer / Materials Consultants
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Consider the impact of the program & project goals on material & finish choices
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Work with rest of team to meet goals around daylighting & material selection as well as goals for the look & feel of spaces
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Help with life-cycle cost analysis to determine impact of durability choices, material sources, etc.
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Ensure that sustainable design • features are well documented n the specifications & drawings so contractors can easily follow requirements.
Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ materials.
•
Participate in commissioning & user and operations staff training to ensure proper handover
•
Participate in BPE. Work to spread information on results within industry.
Lighting or Daylighting Specialist
•
Help the team to understand • impact of orientation & massing choices on daylight & lighting design.
Start working with daylight modeling or analysis to help team understand impacts of choices
•
Complete full daylighting analysis to ensure that glazing choices & sizes, etc. will allow the team to meet energy & performance goals.
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Ensure that sustainable design features are well documented n specs & drawings so contractors can easily follow requirements.
Work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ materials.
•
Participate in commissioning & user and operations staff training to ensure proper handover
•
Participate in BPE.
•
Work to spread information on results within the industry.
Soils or Geotechnical Engineer
•
Provide input into site-specific opportunities or concerns with systems and technologies that the design team may consider.
Work with the team to help them answer any questions regarding the impacts of the site’s conditions on the building.
N/A
•
N/A
•
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N/A Work with the design team to help them work with the contractor to ensure compliance with new strategies/ materials
N/A
EXAMPLE ROLES OF TEAM MEMBERS BY DESIGN
Commissioning Agent / Authority
Phase 1: Pre-Design
Phase 2: Schematic Design
N/A
•
Phase 3: Design Development
Work with the design team & • owner to ensure that the project goals are being incorporated into the design documentation.
Provide review functions as required to ensure proper integration of needs & requirements. (Typically, at 50%, 90% of CDs.)
Phase 4: Construction Documentation
Phase 5: Bidding, Construction, Commissioning
Phase 6: Building Operation
Phase 7: Post-Occupancy
•
•
•
•
Participate in BPE.
•
Work to spread information on results within industry.
Continue to provide review functions as required to ensure proper integration of needs & requirements.
•
Review select contractor submittals. Keep communication lines open between owner, contractor and design team.
Ensure that sufficient time is allowed for hand-over training & commissioning activities.
Marketing Expert
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Work with the design team to help them understand local market conditions
•
Ensure that the project’s marketing team understands the green features and the benefits of them being incorporated.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Surveyor
•
Provide input into site-specific opportunities or concerns with systems and technologies that the design team may consider.
•
Work with the team to help them answer any questions regarding the impacts of site conditions on the building.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Valuation / Appraisal Professional
N/A
•
Seek discounted insurance premiums based on sustainable design features.
•
Help the team understand and extract the value of various green design features.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Controls Specialist
N/A
•
Provide input on implications of • different control strategies.
Work with design team to maximize building efficiency through effective controls.
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N/A Ensure control systems are working according to the design intent
N/A
Members of the Community
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Participate in planning workshops & public hearings to voice opinions.
Work with the design team to ensure that concerns & opportunities are heard.
N/A
Ensure controls specifications meet design intent.
N/A
N/A
N/A
•
Become occupants of the building and community spaces
