UNITS 1. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 2. WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 3. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 4. REVELUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD(Unit 1) 5. SEASONS AND TIME(Unit1) 6. BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESITANCE(Unit 4) 7.IN SEARCH OF THE SOURCE OF WIND

Prepeared By JATHEESH K and Team A+ Govt Achuthan Girls HSS Kozhikode

Spandanam

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Public Administration

Significance of Public Administration

Bureaucracy

Administrative Reforms

Bureaucracy in India

All India Service

E - governance

1.

Right to Information

Central Service

Right to Service

State Service

Central village commission

Lokpal Lokayuktha

What is Public Administration ? Public administration is the effective utilization of men and materials for the implementation of existing laws, governmental policies, programmes and developmen tal projects.

2.

Significance of public administration • • • •

3.

Formulate governmental policies. Provides goods and services. Findout solutions to public issues Ensure welfare of the people.

What is Bureaucracy ? The employees who work under public administrative system and administer the country are together called bureaucracy.

4.

What are the features of Bureaucracy ? • • • • •

Hierarchical organisation. Permanance. Appointment on the basis of qualification. Political Neutrality. Professionalism.

5.

Bureaucracy in India are divided into three what are they ? • • •

Civilservice is constituted for selecting the employees required from India. This is Indian civil services The aim of Indian civil Service is to bring welfare programmes speedly to all. All the employees who work under the central and state govts. and the employees under the bublic sector undertaking are part of Indian civil Service. Indian Civil Service

All India Services

6.

State Services

Who recruits candidates in Indian Civil Service ? • •

7.

Central Services

UPSC (Union of public service commission) → Recruits candidates to all India and central service. PSC (Public Service Commission) → Recruites candidates to state civil service.

What is administrative reforms ? A number of steps taken by the government for the increasing the effi ciency of the services and to provide service to people in a time boundmanner. They are known as adminisrative reforms.

8.

What are the steps taken for administrative reforms in our coun try ? a) E - Governance

→

• It is a electronic technology. • Help to obtain government services easily in a speedy manner. b) Right to Information act → • The Act passed by Indian Govt. in 2005 to provide information to all. • This Act prevent corruption, create respon sibility, make the functioning of the govern ment transparent. → Informattion commission. • To perform the functions under the Right to information Act. • It is constituted at the nation and state level. c) Right to Service → • This is the law which ensures services to the people. • The law determines the time limit for every services given by government.

9.

What are the benefits of E - governance ? • • • •

Need not to wait in government offices for service. Can receive service with the help of information technology. Government services offered speedily and with less expense. Efficiency of the offices and quality of the services get enhanced.

10. What are the steps taken by government to make administration more efficient. a) Lokpal

→

• The institution constituted at the national level to pre vent corruption is Lokpal. b) Lokayuktha → • The institution constituted at the state level to hear corruption is Lokayuktha. c) Central village commission→ • It is the institution constituted at the national level to prevent corruption. d) Ombudsman → • It has the power to summone anyone and order en quiry and recoment actions. • A retired judge of the high court is appointed as the Ombudsman. Prepared by KADEEJA NAMI. S AYSHA ALANA. M Govt. ACHUTHAN GIRLS H.S.S.

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2. WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY World in the twentieth century

The First World War

Fascism and Nazism

The Second World War

Post -War World

↓

↓

↓

↓

Triple Alliance, Triple Entente

1.

United Nations Organisation, Cold War, Liberation of Asian and African countries, Non Aligned Move ment, New imperialism

Cheap labour Availability of raw materials Law cost involved in manufacturing and selling goods in colonies

How did imperialism affect the colonies ? • • • • • •

3.

Axis Power, Allied powers

Colonial masters started to invest capital in the colonies why ? • • •

2.

Benito Mussolini, Adolt Hitler

Destruction to the traditional economic system. Replaced administrative and judicial system. People were forced to cultivate cash crops instead of food crops. Poverty and unemployment increased. Exploitation of natural resources. Indegineous art, education and culture were destroyed.

First World War (1914 - 1918) Causes of first world war • • • •

Formation of miltary allainces (Tripple allainces, Tripple ententeente) Aggressive nationalism ( Pan slav movement, pan German and Revenge movement) Imperialist crisis (Moroccon crisis Balkan crisis) Assassination of Francis Ferdinand

Impact of first world war • Death of 10 million people • Destruction of Europian Economy • Spread of poverty, unemployment and inflaction • Freedom movement in the Asia and Africa strengthened • Destruction of the agriculture, industry, and communication system • League of Nations was formed to maintain world peace. 4.

How treaty of versailles resulted in the formation of Nazism in Ger many? • As per this treaty German colonies were divided among the victorious powers. • Germany was forced to pay huge amount as war indemnity. • The allies occupied the rich mines of Germany. • Imposed all war guilt on Germany and disarmed. • Thus treaty of versailes imposed by victorious allies on Germany led to the formation of Nazism

5.

Common features of Fascism and Nazism • Against socialism and nationalism • Craze for war & justifying war • Adoring the purity of race • Propogate ideologies through different media • Military dictatorship • Distruction of political rivals

6.

Nazism

Fascism

↓

↓

Adolf Hitler

↓ Germany Brown shirts

Gestapo

• Projected purity of Aryan race • Aryans should be rule the world

Benito Mussolini

↓ Italy

Black shirts

•Aim is to restore Ancient Roman Civilization

7.

Causes of Second World War (1939 to 1945) •

Formation of military alliances Axis power

Allied power

å â æ

å â æ

Germany • • •

Japan

England

France

China

Failre of League of Nation to stall the attack of the axis powers Appeasement Policy of France and Britain. They considered Soviet Union as their chief enemy Germany attacked Poland. This prompted the allied nations to declare war against Germany

• • • • • •

Impact of Second World War Death of millions of people Destruction of European economy Emergence of U.S.A and U.S.S.R as global powers European dominance in world diminished Strengthened anti-imperialist movements Formation of U.N.O

•

Two atom bombs dropped in Japan by U.S.A Little boy → Hiroshima → 6th August 1945

•

Fat man

• • •

Objectives of U.N.O To save the succeeding generations from the fear of war To protect international treaties and laws To foster social and economic development of countries

8.

9.

Italy

→

Nagasaki

Liberated nations & leaders Leaders Mahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Quami Nikrumah Jomo Kenyatta Mao Zedong

→

9th August 1945

Nations India South Africa Ghana Kenya China

10.

3) What do you mean cold war ? • After the second world war two blocs are formed • Capitalist bloc under the leadership of U.S.A • Socialist bloc under the leadership U.S.S.R • These two blocs that represented contradictory ideas-continued their political and deplomatic • The ideological conflict between these block is called cold war.

11.

4) NAM After the second world war the liberated nations do not joined into two blocs that is created as the result of cold war and they formed a Allaince called Non allained movement.

12.

NAM & Leaders Jawaharlal Nehru Gamal Abdul Nasser Marshal Tito Ahamed Sugarno `

→ → → →

India Egypt Yugoslovia Indonesia

13.

Balfour Declaration After the first world war Britain conquered Turkey with the help of jews As a reward British foreign secretaryArthur Balfour declared the establishment of Jewish nation in West Asia. This is known as Balfour declaration.

14.

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) Formed to establishing a nation for palestinians under the leadership of Yasser Arafat.

15.

Oslo Pact • Agreement mediated by U.S.A between Palastinians and Jews is called Oslo Pact • According to this Israel agreed to recognize Palastine as a free nation

16.

Distintegration of Soviet Union Deviation from the basic principles of Socialism. Failre in bringing about changes in economic sector Restruction of over freedom Corruption and inefficiency of bureaucracy Negative effects of Glasnost and Peristroika by Mikhail Gorbachev

17.

What are the strategies adopted by America to establish its dominance over the world ? • America provided finacial and military aids to countries of the world • Extended military allainces • Used medias to promote America’s vested interest

19.

Concept of new imperialism 1.

Liberalisation

2.

Privatisation

3.

Globalisation

→ → → → →

20.

Adoption of liberal reguations and taxation system Privatisation is an attempt to promote private sector Economic system of the country linked to global economy. The Interest and motives of the multinational com panies protected Transborder flow of product, services raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated

How did new imperialism (Globalisation) effect the nations ? • • • • • •

The intervention of multinational companies challenged concept of nation state Destrucion of indigenous culture Price of agricultural products plunged Destruction of public sector Withdraw of Government from social service sectors Natural resources were looted

Prepared by Anjana. C Nima Bindu. J X.C

Spandanam

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3. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 1.

What is Human resource development ? Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, health care and training.

2.

What are the different levels of Human resource development ? • Individuals take efforts to develop their own skills. • Family creates an environment for the development of the potential of individuals. • Various institutions and agencies provide facilities for education and training. • Nation provides the necessary facilities for it’s people to develop their skills.

3.

The features of Human Resource ? There are two types of features. 1. Quantitative features. 2. Qualitative features. 1. Quantitative features :•• Size of population

→

••

→

Population density

••

Growth of population •Birth date •Death rate •Migration •• Population structure

2. Qualitative features :•• Education •

•• •

→

→

→

Literacy rate

→

Health care

→

Life expectancy

→

It refers the total numbers of people residing in a country at a perticular time. It refers to the number of people per square kilometer area. It refers to the increase in the number of people in an area with in a specific period of time It is about age structure of the people in our country and the ratio of the age structure.

Education helps in the development of a country. It refers to the percentage of popula tion that can read and write compre hension. Health is a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing. Life expectancy is the average num ber of years that a person lives.

4.

What do you mean by demography ? The branch of social science that Analyses the population, the changes in it’s size, it’s structural aspects, etc. is known as demography.

5.

What do you mean by population census ? Every country collects information on the number of people in the country, their age, sex, socio economic status etc. and analyses these at specific intervals of time. This activity is known as population census.

6.

Why are population studies conducted ? Population studies help the government to quantitatively assess the different needs of the people and to plan activities and programmes ac cordingly.

7.

Write a not on Birth rate and Death rate. • Birthrate is the number of live births per1000 • Deathrate is the number of deaths per 1000

8.

What are the advantages in developing human resource of acountry • Productivity of the workers increases • Economic inequality is reduced • Enterpreneurship improves • Natural resource is utilized effectively • Social welfare is ensured • Makes possible the development and use of advanced technology

9.

How education help in the development of a country. Education

↓ Improves the skills of individuals

↓ Betters the technological know-how

↓ Helps to secure better job and income

↓ Improves the standard of living

10.

Projects impemented in India to develop education and skills. Projects Integrated child development scheme (ICDC)

Goals • To ensure integrated development of children upto 6 years. • To provide health care for preg nant and lactating women

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA)

• To ensure universsal primary edu cation • To improve educational facilities

Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan(RMSA)

• To ensure access to secondary education • To improve educational facilities

Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan(RUSA)

• To increase the access to higher education • To improve the quality of higher education

National skill development and monetary Reward Scheme

• To improve the working skills of the youth • To ensure the availibility of people with employable skills

11.

Which are the problems still exists in educations sector ? • Certain sections drop out from schools without completing primary education. • There is a lack of availibility of basic facilities in the education sector. • Quality of education has to be improved

12.

How a healthy man can make progress in a country ? Health is the state of physical, mental and social well being. • Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days. • Natural resources can be utilised properly. • Medical expense can be reduced, there by reducing the government’s expenditure. • Economic development is possible through increase in production.

13.

14.

Facilities to be ensured for health care • Availability of nutritious food. • Availability of clean water. • Preventive measures. • Cleanliness • Medical facilities. • Ensuring of leisure and entertainment • Healthy environment. Which are the missions did government started to make available quality health service ? • National Rural Health mission in rural sectors and National Urban Health Mission in urban slums and towns.

Prepared By KADEEJA NAMI. S AYSHA ALANA. M

Spandanam

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4. REVELUTIONS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD 1.

Enlightenment. • • •

It was an intellectual and cultural movement The thinkers of this movement gave importance to reasoning and opined that society is always progressing. The thinkers of this movement propagated the ideas like freedom, democracy,equality and nationalism.

American war of independence 1.

Which are the thirteen colonies in North America established by Britain And where they established ? •

•

2.

How the British treated the American colonies ? • •

3.

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New york, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Mary Land, North carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. These colonies are established in the Eastern coast of North America

The British treated the colonies as a centres for collecting raw materials for their industry. They considered the colonies as market for selling their products.

What is Mercantilism ? The policy implemented by the British merchants with help of their mother land in the American colonies is known as mercantilism.

4.

Which were the laws implimented in the British colonies as a part of Mercantilism? • • • • •

The goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships. The products of the colonies like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco, etc. could only be exported to England. British stamp must be affixed on all the legal documents, news papers, license etc. The colonies must provide food and quarters for the British troops which were maintained in the colonies. Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass, paper etc.

5.

List out the different stages of American Revolution ? Year 1774 1775

1776

1781 1783

Stages • First continental congress to protest against the policies and the rules imposed by the British • Second continental congress • Elected George Washington as commander-inChief of the continental army. • Third continental congress • Declaration of Independence (All are equal, everyone has certain rights) prepared by Benjamin Franklin & Thomas Jefferson. • War between colonies and Britain ended. • According to Treaty of Paris England ratified the freedom of thirteen colonies. • Framed American constitution under the leader ship of James Madison

French Revolution Estate ­ First Estate

Section of people Clergy

Characteristics ­ Held vast land ­ Collected the tax called

‘Title’ from farmers. ­ Exempted from all taxes ­ Controlled higher positions in administrative military service. ­ Second Estate Nobility ­ Engaged in military service. Collected various taxes from farmers. ­ Made farmers work without wages. ­ Exempted from taxes ­ Led luxurious life ­ Held vast lands ­ Third Estate Middle class ­ NO role in adminisration including farmers, ­Paid land tax namely ‘Taille’ craftman, lawyers, to the govt. teachers etc. ­ Low social status ­ Paid taxes to Clergy and Nobles

2.

Explain Tennis Court Oath ? ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

­ ­

3.

Louis XVI summoned the states general in 1789. The States General is divided into three estate similar to the French society. The first two estate argued for Estate wise single voting system. The third estate demanded individual vote for each member. While the arguments went on, the members of the third estate declared themselves as the national assembly. They assembled nearest Tennis Court They swore not no leave until the rules had framed a constitution for France This incidents known as Tennis Court Oath

The important years and its speciality of French Revolution Year 14 July 1789

Importants ­ Revolutionaries stormed with slogan ‘liberty, equalilty and fraternity. ­ They demolished Bastille prison the symbol of bourbon monarchy.

12 Aug 1789

­ The National Assembly passed the

declaration of Rights of man. oct 1789

­ Thousands of woman marched from

paris to the palace of versailles with the slogan ‘Give us bread’. Sep 1792

­ The National convention formed as per

the new constitution and declared France as a republic.

4.

What are the Reforms of Nepolian ? ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

Farmers were made the owners of land. formed ‘Sinking Fund’ with the aim to avoid public dept. Constructed several roads for transportation. Exercised state’s control over the clergy. Established Banks for france to centralize finance. Prepared a new code of law by codyfying the existing laws.

Latin American Revolution 1.

What are the problems faced by Latin American peoples ? ­ ­ ­

The Europeans took away the gold, silver etc. from the Latin American mines. Never allowed the people to engage the tradeother than spain The things produced in Spain were not permitted to be produced in the colony.

­ ­

People had to work in critical environment in mines without any safety measures Enslaved the natives to work in plantations.

Russian Revolution 1.

What are the problems faced by the Russian people? ­ ­ ­

2.

Farmers and factory workers in Russia led a tragic life under the Tsarist emperors in Russia. The Landless farmers had to pay huge tax Though Russia was rich in natural resources The Industrial production become meagre by the over Exploitation of foreigners

Social democratic workers party ? ­ Social democratic workers party is the party formed by marxist ideologies to find a remedies for the plight of workers. SDWP

Mensheviks (Minority)

Alexander Kerensky

Bolsheviks (Majority)

Lenin

Trotsky

3.

‘Bloody Sunday’ ­ The workers of Russia organized a huge march at petrograd on 9 January 1905 demanding political rights & economic reforms. ­ The March was fired by the soldiers & hundreds of demonstrators were massacred

4

February Revolution ­ The workers organized protest march in petrograd in 1917 ­ Nicholas II was thrown out of power, a provinsional govt was formed under Alexander Kerensky ­ This was takes place in march came in to be known as February Revolution. October Revolution ­ The Soviet and Bolsheviks did not approve of the provisional govt of Russia.

5.

­ ­ ­

In Oct 1917, the Bolsheviks organized an armed rebellion against the provisional govt. Kerenskey fled and a Bolsheviks attained the power. Then Lenin become the head of the cabinet. This is known as october Revolution

Chinese Revolution 1.

Opium Trade ­ ­ ­ ­

2.

Open door policy ­ ­ ­ ­

3.

Chinese export silk, earthern ware etc. to European countries and did not allow nothing to import from Europe. This made a great loss of Europe and export opium an intoxicant to China. By using intoxicant, the people of China economically imbalanced. This is known as opium trade.

Most of the European countries acquired trade privilage in China. To acquire the privilage John Hay, the secretary of America formed an ‘open door policy’. According to this all country have equal rights and oppertunities in Chinese market. This is known as open door policy.

What is Boxer Rebellion ? A secret organization against the foreign interference. ­ ­

4.

The emblem of this organizations is Boxeres fist. This is known as Boxer Rebellion.

The stages of Chinese Revolution ? 1900 1911 1934 1949 -

5.

Boxer Rebellion Revolution of Dr. Sun yat - Sen against the Kuomintang party. The Mao Zedong become leader of communist party. China become republic.

Long March ­ In 1934, under the leadership of Mao zedong a Journey start. ­ During the long march, they seized out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed them among the farmers.

­

This journey is started from Kiangsi in south of the China and ended at Yanan in North Western China. This Journey is known as ‘Long March’.

6.

The thinkers of different Revolution & their ideologies.

­

Thinkers AMERICAN REVOLUTION John Locke -

Thomas Paine

-

FRENCH REVOLUTION Voltaire

Spandanam

Ideologies. Every one has some fundamental rights. No govt has the right to suspend them. He declared that it was wise for the American to brake the ties with Britain ‘common sense’ (pamphlet)

-

Promoted Rational thinking, Ide als of equality and humanism

Rousseau

-

Declared that the people are the sovereign

Montesquieu

-

• Encourage democracy and the Republic. • Suggest division of power of the govt into legislature, execu tive, and judiciary.

Physiocrats

-

• The economists who advo cated for the freedom of ev eryone to own & manage property. • Promoted the interests of the middle class.

Philosophes

-

• The thinkers, scientists and writers who gave primacy to reasoning. • Compiled encyclopedia and made scientific thought popu lar

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5. SEASONS AND TIME 1.

Which are the factors responsible for the occurrence of seasons. ­ Rotation of the earth ­ Revolution of the earth ­ Inclination of the earth axis ­ Parallelism of the earth’s axis

2.

What do you mean by revolution ? The movement of the earth around the sun in an elliptical orbit. This motion is known as revolution.

3.

What do you mean by the parallelism of the earth’s axis ? ­ The axis of the earth is tilted at an angle of 66½o from the orbital plane. ­ This would be 23½ from the vertical plane ­ Earth maintains this tilt through out its Revolution.

4.

What is the apparent movement of the sun ? The sun shifts apparently between Tropic of cancer ( 23½oN) and tropic of capricorn (23½os). This is Known as the apparent move ment of the sun.

5.

Write down the difference between summer solstice and winter solstice Summer solstice ­The sun will be vertically above Tropic of cancer on June 21 ­Longest day in northern hemisphere ­Longest night in southern hemisphere

6.

Winter solstice ­The sun wil be vertically above Tropic of capricorn on Dec 22 ­Longest day in southern hemisphere ­Longest night in Northern hemisphere

What do you mean by equinoxes ? ­ The apparent position of the sun during the earth’s revolution will be over the equator on March 21 and September 23. ­ The length of day & night will be equal on both hemisphere ­ These days are called equinoxes.

7.

Write the difference betweenn Spring & Autumn season. Spring ­The season of Transition from winter to summer ­Sprouting, blooming, bearing are the main pecularities ­March & April are months in Northern hemisphere

8.

Months

Autumn ­The season of Transition from the summer to winter ­Shedding of leaves of trees were the main peculiarities ­Atmospheric temperature decreases considerably ­Shortening of day and lengthen ing of night ­October & November are the months in Northern hemisphere

The apparent movement of the sun

From March 21 to June 21

Seasons Northen Southern hemisphere hemisphere From the equator to the Spring Autumn Tropic of cancer

From June 21 to September 23

From the Tropic of cancer to the equator

Summer

Winter

From September From the equator to the Autumn 23 to December Tropic of capricorn 22

Spring

From December 22 to March 21

summer

From the Tropic of Winter Capricorn to the equator

9.

The time required for the earth to complete 1o rotation is............... 4 minutes.

10.

What do you mean by Greenwich time ? ­ The zero degree longitude is known as the Greenwich meridian. ­ It aquires its name from Greenwich, the place where the Royal British observatory is situated. ­ The time is calculated based on the Greenwich Meridian. ­ This line is also known as prime Meridian

11.

What do you mean by standard time ? ­ The local time would be different at each longitude. ­ The longitude that pass through the middle of a country is the standard Meridian. ­ The local time at this standard Meridian is the standard time of that country.

12.

The standared Meridian of India is.................... 821/2o E logitude.

13.

Find the difference between the Indian Standard Time and the Green wich Mean Time. 5.30 hour

14.

International Date line. ­ The 180o logitude is known as international date line. ­ There is a difference of 24 hours on both sides of this line. ­ So the same place records two different times with 24 hours dif ference. ­ To solve this problem this line avoid the land area and Islands. ­ This line passes through the south of the Bering strait in the Pacific Ocean.

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6. BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESITANCE BRITISH EXPLOITATION AND RESISTANCE

Land revenue system

Decline of Textile Industry

↓

↓ Permanent Settlement

Decline of Village industries

The revolt of 1857

↓ Causes

Earlier national leaders, drain theory

↓

Swadeshi movement

↓ Ryotwari system Mahalwari system

↓ Indigo revolt Mappila rebellion

↓

↓

Poverty of Industrial Labourers

Emergence of Nationalism

Santhal rebellion Kurichya rebellion

1.

Which are the hand Revenue system implemented by the British ? ­ Permanent Land Revenue Settlement (In Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions) : Tax was collected by zamindar’s. : He was the owner of the entire land. : The actual farmers become tenants. : Tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield. : Tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut off date.

­ Ryoteware system ( In South Indian Region)

: : : :

Tax was collected directly from farmers. Exessive tax rate. The tax rate were were frequently increased. Ownership of the land vested upon farmers.

­ Mahalwari System (In North west regions)

: : 2.

Tax was collected by village Headman Exessive tax rate.

How the Land Revenue System effected the farmers ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

Exploitation High tax rate Poverty Importing of British materials. Cheep rate for the cash crops.

3.

What is the circumstances that led to indigorevolt ? ­ Heavy tax rate ­ Severe exploitation of British ­ Endless miseries of Indigo farmers ­ Invention of artificial coluors, Indigo became obsolete.

4.

Mappila Rebellion. ­ Exploitation & Suppression of the landlords & the British led to the revolt in malabar. ­ The British treated the Janmis as owners of the land. ­ The revolt was against atrocities of the landlords and eviction of tenants. ­ Most of these tenants were Mappilas- so this Rebellion is known as Mappila Rebellion

5.

What are the situations that led the santhals to fight against the British? ­ Santhal is a tribe inhabiting the vallyes of Rajmahal Hills. ­ They lived closely with nature and earned a living by farming and collecting forest produce. ­ The forest act imposed by British made their life miserable. ­ They were prohibited to enter forest when British declared forest as protected. ­ When their life became unbearable, they decided to take up arms against the British rule under the leadership of sido & kanhu.

6.

What are the reasons for Kurichya revolt ? ­ Impose Exessive tax ­ Compulssion for paying tax in cash. ­ Seizing of agricultural land for nonpayment of tax. ­ Leader was Rama Nambi

7.

What are the reasons fro the dacline of the Indian textile? ­ High tax on Indian goods ­ Export of raw materials ­ Low wage ­ Import of British products ­ Improvement of transportation enabled British goods to reach everycorner of India.

Village Industries • Pottery • Tanning • Carpentry

Causes of decline • Import of Aluminum Vessel • Export of raw leather to Europe • Use of machines made of metals

8.

What are the major problems faced by the workers in India during British period? ­ Prolonged working hours ­ Meagre wages ­ Unhealthy accomodation

9.

Causes of 1st war of Indian Independence ? ­ Miseries of sepoy’s → Poor salary → Abuse by the British officers → The rumour that the cartridge in newly supplied Enfield rifles were greased with the fats of cows and pigs provoked them. → It wounded the religious sentiments of Hindu and Muslims soldiers ­ Miseries of farmers ­ Poverty of craftman ­ Dissatisfaction of kings.

10.

What were the features & results of first war of Indian Independence in 1857 ? ­ The rebellion was completely suppressed ­ It was marked as the foremost massive resistance of the Indian against the British. ­ It brought about several changes in the policies and administration of the Btitish. ­ The British parlament took over India from the British East India Company.

11.

Drain theory ? ­ Drain theory is included in the work of Dadabai Naoroji’s ‘Poverty and un British rule in India’ ­ Through this Theory Dadabai Naoroji proved that the drain of wealth was the root cause of poverty and starvation in India.

12.

How did the Indian wealth flow to British as per Drain Theory? It is in the forms of ... ­ Export of raw materials. ­ Salary & Pension to the British officers in India. ­ Profit gained through the sales of the British products in India. ­ Tax from India.

13.

Economic Nationalism ? ­ The common people realized that the peverty and exploitation they faced had been the creation of the British. ­ It reinforced their anti-British attitude. ­ The nationalism, grown out of such awareness, is termed by some historieans an ‘Economic Nationalism’.

14.

What is Nationalism ? Nationalism is the sense of unity among the people of a country irrespective of caste, creed, religion, & region.

15.

Swadeshi Movement ­ It acted as a powerful weapon in the anti-British movement. ­ Beycott of foreign goods and consumption of Indigenous goods ­ Foreign goods were collected and burnt publically. ­ As a result Indian Industries were restarted.

16.

Prepare a table showing the major centres of the Revolt in 1857 and the leaders.

Centres of Revolt • Delhi • Jhansi • Lucknow • Kanpur • Faizabad

18.

Leaders • Bhahadur Shah II • Rani Lakshmi Bai • Begam Hazrat Mahal • Thantia Thopi and Nana Saheb • Maulavi Ahamadullah

Match column A with B A Santhal Rebellion Mappila rebellion Kurichya Rebellion Drain Theory

B Malabar Dadabhai Naoroji Rajmahal Hills Wayanad

A Santhal Rebellion Mappila rebellion Kurichya Rebellion Drain Theory

B Rajmahal Hills Malabar Wayanad Dadabhai Naoroji

Prepared By Avani. T Anupama. M X.C

7.IN SEARCH OF THE SOURCE OF WIND 1.

What are the factors that influence the Atmospheric Pressure ?

Altitude

Atmospheric Pressure

Humidity

Temperature • All these factors are inversely Proportional to the atmospheric Pressure 2.

Global Pressure belts and features Global Pressure belts

Longitudinal extent & features

Equatorial low pressure • 0o - 5o North and South belt • Suns rays fall vertically through out the year • It is also known as ‘Doldrum’ which means the zone with no wind

3.

Subtropical high pressure belt

• 30o - North and South • Due to the rotation of the Earth, hot air ascending from Equatorial low pressure belt and subsides at subtropical high pressure belt. • Thus, Experience high pressure here

Subpolar low Pressure belt

• 60o - North and South. • This zone is very close to the polier. • The colder air remains close to the Earth. • Due to the rotation of the Earth the air is thrown up and low pressure experienced here

Polier high Pressure belt

• Experiences severe cold through out the year • chilled air contributes to the study high pressure.

What is wind ? The horizontal movement of air from high pressure zone to low pressure zone is wind.

4. Pressure gradient force when the pressure gradient force is more the speed of wind decreases and versevisa

Coriolis force Freely moving bodies get deflected to right of its direction on Northern hemisphere and to left in Southern hemisphere it effected the wind

5.

Factors influence the speed & direction of wind

Friction Friction and Speed of wind is inversely propotional

Ferrels Law

Due to coriolis Effect winds in the northern hemisphere deflected to right and the Southern hemisphere to left of its direction. WIND Planetary wind The wind developed between global pressure belts are known as planetary winds

Trade winds

Westerlies

Polar Easterlies

• The steady winds that blow from subtropical high pressure belt to equatorial low pressure belt. • The wind blow from the north east in the northern hemisphere is called north east trade wind in Southern hemisphere it is called South east trade wind. • The zone where the trade winds from both the hemisphere converge is known as Inter trapical convergence zone (ITCZ) • The wind blow from sub tropical high pressure to sub polar low pressure belt. • Blow from west in both hemi sphere so these are known as Westerlies. • The wind blow from polar high pressure belt to sub polar low pressure belt.

Periodic winds Mansoon winds • Winds that are confined to a small locality is known as peri odic winds.

Land breeze Sea breeze

Valley breeze

Mountain breeze

Local winds • Local winds Chinook are winds whose effects are limited to a comparatively smaller locality. Formed as a result of local pressure Foehn differences, these winds are weak.

Harmattan

Loo

• The term monsoon means “wind that change direction in accordance with seasons. • Factors responsible for the formation of monsoon winds are →apparent movement of the sun →differences in heating →coriolisis force. • The wind that blow from land to sea during night. • The wind that blow from sea to land during day time. • The wind that blow from valleys to mountain top during the day time. • During night wind blow from moun tain to valley is known as mountain breeze • The local wind which blows down the eastern slope of Rockie mountains in North America. • Also known as snow eater • Helps the wheat cultivation in Ca nadian low lands. • The warm wind blows towards the Southern valleys of Alps. • Reduces the severity of cold in that region. • A dry wind which blows from the sahara desert towards the West Africa. •On the arrival of these winds, the humid and sultry condition of S.Africa is improved significantly • Hot wind blowing in the North Indian Plains • Rise Summer temperature of the north Indian plains

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