The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
The Rusheng Character Words(RCWs) Sino‐Japanese words consisting of a Single Chinese character belonging to the rusheng tone category(入声). 軸 ziku ‘shaft’ 悪 aku ‘devil, bad’ 一 ichi ‘one’ 式 shiki ‘ceremony’ 骨 kotsu ‘bone’
The Accent of rusheng in Sino-Japanese
Tatsuya HIRAKO Kyoto University
[email protected]
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The previous studies The previous studies Okumura1974, Kindaichi1980,Maeda2000 et.al (a)The Keihan type accent is more archaic than the Tokyo type accent. (b)The Tokyo type accent developed differently from the Keihan type after the Sino‐Japanese words had been imported.
CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 3
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
Research • I researched the accent pattern of the RCWs in the Tokyo type accent dialect and Keihan type accent dialect by using the accent dictionaries by Akinaga(2001) & Nakai(2002).
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The facts that table 1 tells us (1)In both the modern Tokyo type accent and the Keihan type accent, most of the RCWs appear with a HL pitch pattern. (2)In the Tokyo type accent, some RCWs appear with a LH pitch pattern. For example, 軸 /ziku/ is LH, while 悪 /aku/ is HL. (3)In the Tokyo type accent, all of the words ending in /‐ti/, like 一 /iti/ “one”, appear with a LH tonal pattern. 7
CHAPTER 2 WHAT DID THE RUSHENG IN JAPANESE SOUND LIKE? 8
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
Comparison between Old Japanese and Middle Chinese syllable structure
Two possible ways to adjust to the Old Japanese phonotactics • To add a vowel 作樂花
• In early or Late Middle Chinese, rusheng had a closed syllable structure. 作 *tsak, “to make” 一 *?jit, “one” 式 *syik, “ceremony”
/sakurabana/ “Cherry blossom” (The song no.3309 in Manyo‐shu vol.13) • To delete the coda 阿椰珥 于多娜濃芝 作沙 /ayani utatanusi sasa/ “it is extremely amusing, come on.” (The song no.33 in Nihon Shoki vol.9)
• In Old Japanese, the maximal syllable structure was a CV structure. 9
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What vowel was added? • In Modern Japanese, we select the appropriate vowel among /a, i, u, e, o/, to preserve the original pronunciation of the foreign words.
• Also in Middle Japanese, a filler vowel was likely to be selected, in order to preserve the original pronunciation or the auditory impression of rusheng. • Always, either /u/ or /i/ was added.
(4) Some foreign words in Modern Japanese マグ /magu/ ← Eng. mug [mg] ガス /gasu/ ← Eng. gas [gæs] バット/batto/ ← Eng. bat [bæt] 11
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
The pitch patterns reflect the auditory impression • A HL pitch pattern sounds closest to the auditory impression of the original pronunciation of the rusheng, at least, better than a LH pattern. (1) In both the modern Tokyo type accent and the Keihan type accent, most of the RCWs appear with a HL pitch pattern. (2) In the Tokyo type accent, some RCWs appear with a LH pitch pattern. For example, 軸 /ziku/ is LH, while 悪 /aku/ is HL. →The modern Keihan type accent would reflect the natural pronunciation or the auditory impression of rusheng.
CHAPTER 3 THE ACCENT OF THE RUSHENG 13
The accent of the RCWs in the Tokyo type.
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What kinds of words appear with a LH?
(2) In the Tokyo type accent, some RCWs appear with a LH pitch pattern.
(3) In the Tokyo type accent, all of the words ending in /‐ti/, like 一 /iti/ “one”, appear with a LH tonal pattern.
• A LH pattern would not be appropriate to preserve the auditory impression of the original pronunciation.
• For native Japanese speakers, the words ending in /‐ti/ are regarded as native Japanese words. →They are re‐categorized into the native Japanese word strata.
→The Tokyo type accent may be regarded as the innovated type, which developed differently from the Keihan type. 15
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
The re‐categorization of the Sino‐Japanese words occurred before the accent shift
(5) Re‐categorization
and the accent shift in Sino‐Japanese 一 /iti /, HL > Re‐categorization > /iti /, LH
• Some of the Sino‐Japanese words would be used so frequently that they were re‐ categorized into the native Japanese word strata. 一 /iti/ “one” 百 /hjaku/ “hundred” 式 /siki/ “ceremony”
六/roku/,HL > Re‐categorization > /roku/, LH 悪/aku/, HL > Re‐categorization >/aku/,HL(~LH) (Not completely) 式/siki/, HL > Re‐categorization > /siki/ , LH 17
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• Since the re‐categorization occurred not at once but gradually, in the Tokyo dialect, many RCWs appear with a HL tonal pattern, too. • The Keihan type accent is less innovative than the Tokyo type accent. • The accent patterns of the Sino‐Japanese are likely to have a connection with the pronunciations of the original Chinese words. 19
CHAPTER 4 THE FURTHER RESEARCH 20
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
In the other dialects According to Okumura(1974) & Kindaichi(1980), the RCWs appear with different tonal patterns in dialects.
(6) The accent pattern of Japanese dialects Tokyo Keihan Kagoshima* a. LH‐H HH melody‐A HL~LH‐L ex. 額 gaku ‘frame’ b. LH‐L HL melody‐B LH~LL‐H ex. 一 ichi ‘one’ b’. HL‐L HL melody‐B LH~LL‐H ex. 業 gō (<*gop) ‘karma’ (According to Kindaichi1980) * In the Kagoshima dialect, there are two types of word tone. As for the two syllable words with no particle, melody‐A appear with a HL, while melody‐B with a LH. In adding a particle が/‐ga/, melody‐A with a LH‐L, and melody‐B with a LL‐H.
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(6’) Tokyo a. LH‐H b. LH‐L b’. HL‐L
Keihan Kagoshima HH melody‐A HL~LH‐L HL melody‐B LH~LL‐H HL melody‐B LH~LL‐H (According to Kindaichi1980)
• Type‐b’ is the exceptional correspondence, from the viewpoint of the Ruibetsu Goi (類別 語彙), or the categorized vocabulary of the native Japanese words. 23
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• Melody‐B in the Kagoshima dialects is less natural for the RCWs.
Correspondence between Keihan & Kagoshima Keihan HL → Kagoshima Melody‐B Keihan HH → Kagoshima Melody‐A • In the Kagoshima dialects, which melody type the word belongs to is crucial, while, in the Tokyo type dialects, the locus is crucial. 24
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
A relic form of the RCWs. • In type‐b’, a HL pattern in the Tokyo type would be a relic form of the RCWs.
The Tokyo type ↓ The place of the pitch lowering is so crucial. ↓ It has higher tendency to retain the place of the pitch lowering.
The Kagoshima type ↓ The place of the pitch lowering is not crucial. ↓ The HL tonal pattern of the RCWs is not preserved.
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To sum up the discussion • The Keihan type dialects have higher tendency to retain old tonal patterns than the Tokyo type dialects. • The Keihan type accent is more archaic than the Tokyo type accent. • After the 11th century, when a part of the Sino‐ Japanese words had been re‐categorized into the native Japanese strata, the Tokyo type accent developed differently from the Keihan type. 27
• The Tokyo type dialects are likely to have a higher tendency to retain the locus of a HL than the Kagoshima type dialects.
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
• The accent correspondences are so systematic. • We tend to reorder various type dialects in the historical order. • We should note that there is the possibility that relic forms would be found in different dialects.
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND REMAINING PROBLEMS 29
Conclusion
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Further direction of this study
(a)Considering the accent of the RCWs, the Keihan type accent is more archaic than the Tokyo type accent.
• A further direction of this study will be to research the accent patterns of other types of the Sino‐Japanese words, the foreign words, and research them in other dialects.
(b)A part of the Sino‐Japanese words was re‐ categorized into the native Japanese strata before the accent shift.
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The Accent of rusheng in Sino‐Japanese(HRJA09)
2009/09/03
(7)The accent pattern of some foreign words and native Japanese words Keihan Native Japanese word 兜 /kabuto/‘helmet’ Foreign words テレビ /terebi/ ‘television’ ラジオ/razio/ ‘radio’
‘The foreign words would have been imported before the differences of the accent between dialects arose.’
Tokyo
LHL
HLL
LHL~HLL LHL~HLL
HLL HLL
More detailed and extensive research on dialect accents or tones will be needed to clarify this point.
(According to Kindaichi1974, Akinaga2001 & Nakai2002) 33
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References Akinaga, Kazue (ed.) 2001 Baxter, Wiiliam 2000
Kindaichi, Haruhiko 1974 _______________ 1980 Maeda, Hiroyuki
2000
Nakai, Yukihiko Okumura, Mitsuo
2002 1974
Shinmēkai Nihongo akusento jiten, Tokyo,Sansēdō An Etymological Dictionary of Chinese Characters, in Bill Baxter’s Home page (http://www‐personal.umich.edu/~wbaxter/) Kokugo akusento no shiteki kenkyū ‐Genri to hōhō‐, Tokyo, Hanawa shobō. ‘Miso yori wa atarasiku cha yori wa furui –akusento kara mita Nihonsogo to jiongo‐ ’, Gengo; 9‐4, 88‐98 ‘Gokē henka kara mita ichiji kango no akusento to ruibetsu goi’, Joshidai bungaku –kokubunhen‐; 51, 1‐15 Kēhan kē akusento jiten, Tokyo, Bensei shuppan, ‘Shohogen akusento bunpa no jiki –kango akusento no kenkyu’, Hōgen kenkyu sōsho 3 (Fujihara Y. ed.), Tokyo, Miyai syoten, 1‐38
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