Landscape and Urban Planning 68 (2004) 289–303

The Alto Douro Wine Region greenway Teresa Andresen a,∗ , Fernando Bianchi de Aguiar b , Maria José Curado c a

Departamento de Botˆanica,Faculdade de Ciˆencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, no. 1191, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal b Departamento de Fitotecnia e Engenharia Rural, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal c Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-173 Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract The Douro Demarcated Region is located in the interior of Northern Portugal and is considered the oldest controlled winemaking region in the world. This aspect together with the unique character of the landscape were the departure steps for Portugal to initiate in 1998 the studies to inscribe it in the list of UNESCO Word Heritage Sites as an ‘evolved continuing cultural landscape’. This paper presents in a summarized way the designation process emphasizing the methodology and the interpretation of the character of the landscape. The studies led to the selection of the most representative area within the Douro Demarcated Region of about 10% of the total area later entitled Alto Douro Wine Region. This selected area can also be considered a greenway both for its content in terms of the presence of natural and cultural values as well as being a river corridor along the Douro River. The greenway concept when applied to the whole Douro Demarcated Region becomes a strong and very effective landscape planning tool. © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. Keywords: Cultural Landscape; Alto Douro Wine Region; Methodology

1. Introduction In December 2001 the Alto Douro Wine Region (hereinafter designated Alto Douro) was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List as an ‘evolved continuing cultural landscape’. It is here that the world famous port wine is produced. It is the oldest demarcated and controlled winemaking region in the world. The first demarcations date back to 1757 and 1761 (Fig. 1). The Douro Demarcated Region in Portugal is divided into three regions: Lower Corgo, Upper Corgo and Upper Douro (Fig. 2) with an area of approximately 250.000 ha. From the very beginning, when ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (T. Andresen), [email protected] (F.B. de Aguiar), [email protected] (M.J. Curado).

0169-2046/$20.00 © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00156-7

the preparatory studies for the designation were being made, it was decided to submit a smaller area that was representative of the Douro Demarcated Region landscape and in a well-preserved state. The idea of extending the World Heritage Site to the whole of the Douro Demarcated Region will depend on the success of the management model to be implemented in the Alto Douro, although it was immediately assumed that the area not proposed would be considered as a buffer zone of the Alto Douro (FRAH, 2000). The area delineated for inclusion in the list has an area of 24.600 ha, i.e. about 10% of the total area. Registering an asset in the World Heritage List implies that it must meet a number of criteria to show that it is of soutstanding universal value”. Its authenticity must be proved and legal mechanisms to ensure its conservation must be shown to exist. It was generally acknowledged that the Douro Demarcated Region had a dispersed number of values at differentiated

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Fig. 1. Location map.

levels, and that the state of conservation was not always the best. On the other hand, the back-bone of the Douro Demarcated Region is formed by the valley of the River Douro, one of the main rivers of the Iberian Peninsula that is born in Spain and flows into the Atlantic in Oporto. Today, the river has been regulated by a succession of dams, some in Spain, others in Portugal, but it was the major means of transportation and communication between the coast and inland Portugal until the advent of the railway at the end of the 19th century. The objective of this article is to describe the principles, methodology and conclusions of the candidacy process and discuss the application of the greenway concept to the Alto Douro cultural landscape. The greenway concept is explored as a potential tool to be applied to the whole Douro Demarcated Region. Cultural landscapes and greenways have since the 1980’s acquired their own specific statute in the agen-

das of international debate (Fabos, 1995; Phillips, 1998; Jongman, 2001; Delbaere, 2001). They are, therefore, recent concepts that have nevertheless found a home in scientific investigation and professional practice, and even in politics and everyday language. As editors, Julius Fabos and Jack Ahern entitled the special issue of ‘Landscape and Urban Planning’ (Fabos and Ahern, 1996) “Greenways—The Beginning of an International Movement”. Both concepts arose as the result of growing awareness concerning the threats menacing landscapes. Cultural landscapes and greenways also share the fact that both are multifunctional entities (Brandt et al., 2000; Zube, 1995). The criteria to be used in designating cultural landscapes were elaborated based on the UNESCO conference of October 1992. In December 1993, during the 17th meeting of the World Heritage Commission in Colombia, the Tongartro National Park in New Zealand, one of the sacred places of the Maoris,

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Fig. 2. The sub-regions of the Douro Demarcated Region.

was the first cultural landscape designation using the UNESCO’s criteria. Adrian Philips, Chairman of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas at the World Conservation Union (IUCN), sees this recent and growing interest as follows: “landscape has not received as much attention from environmental policy makers, and environmental lawyers, as has nature conservation, pollution control and abatement, and land use. Certainly until recently it has not been the subject of much international debate. But that is changing. Inclusion of ‘cultural landscapes’ within the scope of the World Heritage Convention a few years ago (Rossler, 1995), the treatment of landscapes as a separate issue in the Dobris assessment (Stanners and Bordeau, editors, 1995), the identification of the landscapes as an action theme in the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity (Council of Europe, 1996) and now the possibility of a European convention on landscape are specific important developments. They suggest that landscape, as a focus for public policy, is moving on to the international agenda”. (Phillips, 2000, p. 18). The authors’ understanding of greenways derives from research work from various authors, namely Julius Gy. Fabos and Jack Ahern. Fabos has defined

them as “corridors of various widths, linked together in a network in much the same way as our networks of highways and railroads have been linked. The major difference is that nature’s super infrastructure— the greenway corridor networks—is pre-existent” (Fabos, 1995, p. 5). The same author has identified three types of greenways although recognizing that they are increasingly overlapping in comprehensive greenway systems or networks: “greenways of ecologically significant corridors and natural systems; recreational greenways and greenways with historical heritage and cultural values.” (Fabos, 1995, p. 5). Ahern’s (2002) more recent research on this topic has emphasized the spatial configuration associated with corridors, the linking and multifunctional character of greenway systems, the proximity with the concept of sustainable development and the role of greenways as a complement to comprehensive landscape planning.

2. Methodology The methodology is shown in Fig. 3. It is divided into two levels, the first covers Douro Demarcated Region and the second the Alto Douro. The analysis at the

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Fig. 3. Methodology.

first level comprised biophysical and cultural factors, including rainfall, slope, hydrography, geological formations, biological diversity, lands use, road network, socio-economics and history. Based on a composite assessment of these factors the character of the Douro Demarcated Region landscape was defined. The inter-

pretation of the UNESCO criteria for designation of cultural landscapes was then introduced together with the identification of the limits of Alto Douro. At a second level, the character of the Alto Douro landscape was further explored to confirm the presence of significant and representative values of the

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Douro Demarcated Region as well as their level of conservation. At this level the key factors of analysis were soils, biological diversity, land use, existence of terraces and vernacular heritage. The Alto Douro is then interpreted as a greenway taking into consideration the factors under analysis, the assessment of the values and the corridor configuration of Alto Douro.

3. Application 3.1. Landscape character of the Douro Demarcated Region The identification of landscape character of Douro Demarcated Region was based on the study and interpretation of the biophysical and cultural factors. The climate in Douro Demarcated Region is chiefly Mediterranean. Rainfall ranges from 1000 mm per annum in the more Atlantic regions of the west to 400 mm, or less, as one travels eastwards (Fig. 4). At first sight this may not appear as little rainfall as

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a whole, but rain is scarce for long periods of time, particularly in the summer, from May to September. Relief in Douro Demarcated Region is formed by steep hills and boxed in valleys that flatten out into plateaus above 400 m. The valley of the River Douro forms the back-bone of this landscape. The reservoirs of the dams act as immense mirrors that continuously reflect the hills and the ever-changing sky. The tributaries of the Douro flow through even narrower valleys whose steeply rising riverbanks make one feel as if one were perched on the brink of an abyss (Fig. 5). The very ancient dominant geological formations date back to the Pre-Cambrian era and consist of schist-greywacke with a few outcrops of granites. This means a hardness that does not invite human settlement. Soil is almost non-existent, and is practically all man-made. The pattern of the landscape includes important areas of natural habitats where the dominant Mediterranean flora consists of Quercetum pyrenaicae and the Quercetum rotundifoliae. When associated with other species, Quercus pyrenaica denotes the Atlantic

Fig. 4. Rainfall in the Alto Douro.

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Fig. 5. The River Douro and the terraces.

influence and Quercus rotundifolia the Mediterranean influence. The steep hills, the tough schist and the scarcity of water do not appear to have created obstacles to create a cultural landscape. The prevailing crops are grapes, olives, almonds, figs and oranges, which are truly indicative of a Mediterranean landscape. They are also indicative of the transition from the Atlantic environment to the Mediterranean. Vines predominate in the Lower and the Upper Corgo, while almond and olive trees prevail in the Upper Douro, but also in the Upper Corgo, even though climatic conditions are harder. Olive, almond and other fruit trees, such as cherry, play an important part in partitioning the landscape in the Lower and the Upper Corgo. Vines are well suited to climatic and geomorphologic adversity but at the expense of enormous human effort, expertise and tenacity. The landscape is a monumental sculpture of wired terraces, where vineyards prevail next to olive and almond groves, amongst a mosaic of plots of Mediterranean coppices. In order for it to be possible for people to cultivate vines on the steep, rocky banks of the River Douro and its trib-

utaries, soil had to be created and terraces built row upon row with retaining walls—the so-called socalcos. Recently new methods for planting vineyards have been developed based on new techniques concurrently with the more traditional practices, thus contributing to a prosperous and sustainable economy. This landscape, however, is a whole and it is in constant evolution. It is a diverse mosaic of crops, groves, watercourses, settlements and agricultural buildings, arranged as quintas (large estates) and casais (small landholdings). The oldest terraces are known as the pre-phylloxera terraces that is they were built up to 1860s before the devastation of the Douro vineyards by the phylloxera, a kind of a very destructive lice that killed a large majority of vineyards in Europe. Many of these were abandoned and today form mortórios—or mortuaries of dead vines—that have become overrun with wild flora. Many pre-phylloxera terraces have been recuperated and replanted and still keep their old schist retaining walls. Some bear traces of even more primitive forms of planting such as that of creating pilheiros— holes in the walls where vines were planted, thus

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Fig. 6. The various types of terraces in the Douro valley.

leaving the surface free for other crops, namely cereals (Fig. 6). Other terraces have tall, straight solid walls that support wide surfaces planted with four, five or more rows of vines. These are the post-phylloxera terraces, the majority having been built between the

end of the 19th century and the mid-1930s, when most of the vineyards in the region underwent reconstruction. Most of the hundreds of kilometers of walls that cover the riverbanks today date from that period in the evolution of the Douro landscape.

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Construction of a new technique of terraces—the so-called patamares—began in the 1970s on land occupied by mortórios and pre-phylloxera terraces and, occasionally, on land that had not previously been planted with vines. This operation involved great scarifying of land and the destruction of old walls. This heralded the appearance of large plots of slightly sloping, earth-banked land usually planted with two rows of vines, laid out to facilitate the mechanization of the vineyard. Of the several new planting systems that have been attempted in the Douro, that of vertical planting has gained some acceptance although it is only feasible up to 15–20% inclination of the land. These vineyards are more widely seen in the Upper Corgo and the Upper Douro. Trials of other systems are continuing with a view to finding alternatives to the patamares and to minimize the impact of the new methods on the landscape. Villages and the small landholdings are usually located quite high up in the hills where one particularly notes the white walls of the houses. Few settlements are to be found near the river as the river signified disease, such as paludism. There are notable examples of vernacular architecture within the settlements although recent building has occasionally tarnished the appearance of some of the latter. This state of affairs must be rectified very urgently. The outstanding characteristics of the Alto Douro as a cultural landscape offer a strong potential for sustained productivity. Both in terms of production of wine and in terms of cultural and leisure tourism, the cultural landscape of the terraced vineyards is not irrevocably condemned to perish under the threat of technological or entrepreneurial changes. The conditions exist in the Douro for managing innovatively and produce in a sustainable manner a product of reputation. 3.2. The UNESCO criteria for the designation of cultural landscapes The World Heritage Convention derives from the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which was held in Stockholm in 1972. It arose when the world started to develop an attitude towards the inestimable and irreplaceable value of the assets not only belonging to each nation but to all mankind

and that their loss through degradation or disappearance would impoverish the world heritage as a whole (UNESCO, 1972). This attitude was mainly confirmed during the first half of the 20th century following the devastations of the second world war. On the initiative of the League of Nations the Athens Conference met in 1937 proclaiming the need to safeguard the world’s cultural heritage. The symbolic highlight of this movement was the reaction to the flooding of the Abu Simbel temples as a result of the construction of the Aswan dam in the Nile valley. In 1959, UNESCO launched an international campaign to save the temples, which were taken down and re-assembled out of reach of the water. Half the funds collected for this campaign came from approximately 50 countries, which clearly shows the worldwide feeling of shared responsibility to safe exceptional assets (Audrerie et al., 1998). The Convention is a reference text but it is mainly an instrument designed to create actions to protect our cultural heritage. It does of course act also in conjunction with other international conventions, such as the 1954 Hague Convention on the protection of cultural assets in the case of armed conflict. UNESCO’s World Heritage Commission approved the category of cultural landscape during the 16th meeting in Santa Fe, USA, in 1992 although the process had begun during the Eighth meeting of the Commission in 1984. A working group made up of representatives of the World Conservation Union, the International Council of Monuments and Sites and the International Federation of Landscape Architects, was then set up (Andresen, 1999). Paragraph 36 of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, (1999) states that “ cultural landscapes represent the ‘combined works of nature and of man’ designated in Article 1 of the Convention. They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time, under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment and of successive social, economic and cultural forces, both external and internal. They should be selected on the basis both of their outstanding universal value and of their representativity in terms of a clearly defined geo-cultural region and also for their capacity to illustrate the essential and distinct cultural elements of such regions.”

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Cultural landscapes are classified into three main categories: the landscapes designed and created intentionally by man (gardens and parkland landscapes); the organically evolved landscape (relict or fossil and continuing) and the associative cultural landscapes. The ‘evolved continuing cultural landscape’ is understood as the result of social, economic, administrative or religious imperative, which has achieved its present form by association and in response to the natural environment. The evolutive process is reflected both in the form and in the component features of the landscape. ‘Evolved cultural landscapes’ are subdivided into two categories: (a) a fossil landscape—one which has undergone an evolutive process but has stopped, either abruptly or over a period, and (b) a continuing landscape—which retains an active social role in contemporary society and closely associated to traditional way of life, where the evolutive process is ongoing. It simultaneously presents manifest proof of its evolution through the ages. The concept of a cultural landscape is recent and has been the subject of in-depth discussion from various points of view (Rossler, 2000). Nevertheless people are gradually accepting the fact that cultural landscapes must be seen as reference models or, in the words of Audrerie: “more than anything it is the idea that World Heritage Sites are not only a list of “exceptional” reserves that must be preserved in the midst of a world given over to arbitrariness but rather a model on which we must be inspired to conserve the harmony and balance of the planet that which make it pleasant or simply viable” (Audrerie et al., 1998, p. 101). The criteria for classification of a cultural landscape are the same as those applied to the inscription of other assets (UNESCO, 1999). In other words, it must: (i) represent a masterpiece of human creative genius, or (ii) exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design or, (iii) bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; or (iv) be an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural, or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; or (v) be an outstanding

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example of a traditional human settlement or land use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; or (vi) be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance (. . . ); and meet the test of authenticity in design, material, workmanship or setting and in the case of cultural landscapes their distinctive character and components (. . . ) and have adequate legal and/or contractual and/or traditional protection and management mechanisms to ensure the conservation of the nominated cultural properties or cultural landscapes. The last two criteria—(1) authenticity of the asset and (2) demonstrating legal protection and management mechanisms—are decisive. Note that in terms of cultural landscape authenticity is determined based on the character of the landscape or its distinguishing components. The character of the landscape is clearly an integrative parameter, directly meeting the very meaning of landscape as a physical manifestation of a meaningful relationship between human beings and nature throughout generations. In the proposal for the designation of the Alto Douro these two mandatory criteria were applied to the authenticity/integrity and the statute of protection and also criteria (iii)–(v) were phrased as follows: The Alto Douro Region has been producing wine for nearly 2000 years and its landscape has been molded by human activities; the components of the Alto Douro landscape are representative of the full range of activities in association with winemaking—terraces, quintas (wine-producing farm complexes), villages, chapels and roads; and the cultural landscape of the Alto Douro is an outstanding example of a traditional European wine-producing region reflecting the evolution of this human activity over time. The authenticity/integrity of the cultural landscape of the Alto Douro were presented from the standpoint of the features that mark its unique nature, followed by a more detailed presentation of the most distinctive of these features: the antiquity of the demarcated region; the terraces; the cultural crossroads. The nature of the landscape is determined by wise management of limited land and water resources on

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Fig. 7. The designated area of Alto Douro.

extremely steep slopes. It is the outcome of permanent and intense observation, of local testing, of the profound knowledge of how to adapt the culture of the vine to such extremely unfavorable conditions. It is an expression of man’s courage and determination. 3.3. Boundaries of Alto Douro Identifying the boundaries of Alto Douro required a vast amount of fieldwork and research, supported on maps and aerial photographs identifying the physical and visual limits. The boundaries were adjusted to roads, ridges and streams easily identified on a map as well as on the field and also took into consideration major viewsheds. The area within these boundaries and corresponding to the Alto Douro is representative of the diversity of the pattern of the landscape and gathers a significant quantity of well-preserved values (Fig. 7). 3.4. The landscape character of the Alto Douro Level two of the methodology implied a finer definition of the landscape character of Alto Douro and an in-depth analysis was carried out. The Alto Douro is significantly homogenous from a geomorphologic and social standpoint, hence the determinant variables

were linked to the soils, biological diversity, land use terracing and the vernacular heritage (UTAD, 2001). The tilled soil of the Alto Douro is the result of intensive human efforts to conciliate the hardness of the schist and the steeply inclined terrain with centuries-old in-depth knowledge of the climatic conditions. This gave rise to what are called anthroposoils that is soils where the anthropic action had a decisive influence on its characteristics by profound movements and breaking up of the rock. To make the soil, however, man had to build sustaining walls, fertilize and provide efficient drainage. Generally speaking one can say that there are two types of soil: anthroposoils and leptosoils depending upon the degree of human intervention (Fig. 8). Biological diversity is strongly marked by the degree of humanization of the landscape, namely where terraces were once cultivated and then abandoned. In spite of the homogeneity, the fragmentation of the landscape is very significant and five areas of differing biodiversity value were identified (Fig. 9). The definition of the classes of land use required an accurate source of information. Aerial photographs on a scale of 1/2000 were used for the vine-growing area. The distribution of the main classes of land use is the following: vineyards, 38%; olive groves, 13%; scrub, 20%, and reservoirs, 7% (Fig. 10). More important

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Fig. 8. Soils.

than this map, however, was the assessment of the terraced land. Half the vines are planted on terrraces, approximately one-third on patamares and the remainder corresponds to other forms, namely vertical planting (Fig. 11). Olive groves are also important as they represent about one-third. One-quarter of the scrub area is also terraced, corresponding mainly to the so-called mortórios or abandoned vineyards. In addition to being an important element in the landscape and the vernacular heritage, the mortórios are extremely important from the standpoint of biological diversity. A separate survey was made of the vernacular heritage of large estates and religious places. The Douro estates are major landmarks in the property representing a continuum of buildings from where the vineyards rise majestically up the hillsides (Fig. 12). They are easily identified by the groups of farm buildings and wineries that crowd around the main house.

There are no churches or shrines of any significant value although the landscape is dotted with small chapels located high on the hills or next to manor houses (Fig. 13).

4. Discussion—the application of the Greenway concept to a cultural landscape The Alto Douro encompasses the three types of greenways as identified by Julius Fabos and mentioned earlier: it is of distinctive ecological importance, combines a number of significant heritage assets, is structured by a natural element—the navigable part of the River Douro and its network of tributaries—is traversed by a railway line of historic significance and is a well-known tourist destination whose emblem is the internationally renowned port wine. Additionally,

Fig. 9. Biological Diversity.

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Fig. 10. Land use.

Fig. 11. The terraced landscape.

Fig. 12. The Quintas.

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Fig. 13. Religious structures.

UNESCO has recognized its world value as a continuously evolving cultural landscape. The study of a vast cultural landscape and the selection of a smaller area profoundly marked by the presence of a river, within a boxed in valley and thousands of years of human occupation resulted in a greenway of ecological and cultural significance, which is also a most important tourist and recreation destination.

Under the concept of a greenway system, the designated area could have benefited from a more ecological application. The whole tributaries within the Douro Demarcated Region would have been included as a way to establish a link with the Portuguese network of parks as well as the NATURA 2000 sites under EU directives (Fig. 14). However, this could become a proposal for a first stage in a future process of expansion of the designated area to the whole

Fig. 14. A Greenway for Douro Demarcated Region.

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Douro Demarcated Region. One must remember that the area of Douro Demarcated Region not proposed to be designated was however considered a buffer zone. One must remember that the application of the concept of cultural landscape as defined by the UNESCO still calls for wider experience and results. This study has addressed a rather large area, of very unique natural and cultural characteristics, requiring a significant database and a thorough methodology. The authors believe that the methodology used for the inscription of Alto Douro in the world list has a rather broad and flexible nature to incorporate other concepts such as greenways and other variables that can be of use to the process of inscription of other cultural landscapes in the world list.

the necessary connectivity with the involving landscape and providing a framework for the best practices in terms of landscape planning and sustainable management. In a landscape where private ownership largely prevails, the participation of the resident population and the economic and cultural agents has to be conducted very carefully and the concepts and principles from the greenway idea should find an appropriate opportunity to be discussed and adopted.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the teams who worked for 4 years on the Alto Douro studies and the Fundação Rei Afonso Henriques, which promoted the studies.

5. Conclusions The fact that today the Alto Douro is an asset part of the World Heritage List justly acknowledges the value of a collective work of art that was fashioned by successive generations, while simultaneously being a factor for the feasibility of conserving and enhancing this cultural landscape. Cultural landscapes are indeed fragile and threatened systems calling for a sustainable management model. The case of the Douro Demarcated Region Alto Douro has in favor the production of port wine, an economically viable product associated to an extremely strong historic and symbolic significance. The preservation and enhancement of this cultural landscape calls for a management model that incorporates the greenway concept as part of a comprehensive landscape planning strategy. Only about 10% of the Douro Demarcated Region was inscribed in the list and named Alto Douro Wine Region. This was considered to be the most representative and well-preserved area of the Douro Demarcated Region while the remaining region figures as a buffer zone. It is indeed a very large buffer zone— almost 10 times bigger—and it may tend to isolate the Alto Douro biophysically and socially. The delineation of an extended network of greenways seems to be a well-suited strategy creating a hierarchy of spaces and a possibility to decide action priorities. The proposed greenways for the buffer zone coincide with the tributaries of the Douro River assuring

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T. Andresen et al. / Landscape and Urban Planning 68 (2004) 289–303 Phillips, A., 2000. Practical considerations for the implementation of a European Landscape Convention. In: IUCN (Ed.), Landscape Conservation Law. Paris, pp. 17–25. Rossler, M., 2000. The implementation of the World Heritage cultural landscapes categories. In: Rössler, M., Saouma-Forero, G. (Eds.), The World Heritage Convention and Cultural Landscapes in Africa. Report of the Expert Meeting. Tiwi, Kenya, pp. 7–15. UNESCO, 1972. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris. UNESCO, 1999. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Paris. UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 2001. Plano Intermunicipal de Ordenamento do Território do Alto Douro Vinhateiro, Vila Real (non published document), vols. 1 and 2. p. 199. Zube, E.H., 1995. Greenways and US National Park System. Landsc. Urban Plan. 33, 17–25.

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Further reading Council of Europe, 2000. European Landscape Convention and Explanatory Report. Strasbourg. Teresa Andresen, landscape architect, has been an associate professor in the School of Sciences at the Oporto University in the Landscape Architecture program since March 2002. Co-author of the Duoro inscription in the World Heritage List. Fernando Bianchi de Aguiar, agronomist, professor in the Department of Agronomic Sciences at the University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Duoro. Coordinator and principal author of the Duoro inscription in the World Heritage List. Maria José Curado, landscape architect, PhD candidate at the University of Aveiro. Research assistant for the Duoro inscription in the World Heritage List.