The economic crisis : opportunity or challenge to gender equality Maria Jepsen ETUI and ULB

1. Introduction

●

Crisis has gendered impact on ○ ○ ○

●

Labour market participation Distribution between paid and unpaid work Income from work and welfare state

To what extent will the crisis be a continuation of previous stride towards gender equality?

1. Introduction

2.

Labour market developments

3.

Measuring the impact Job quality indicator 2. Gender equality index 1.

4.

3

Concluding remarks

yourname © etui (year)

titleofthepresentation

2. Economic crisis and women’s employment ●

Demand side : segmentation and structural changes ○ ○ ○

●

Reserve army Cheap substitute Sheltered

Supply side : subject or independent from demand side ○ ○ ○

Women as permanent members (substitute) Withdraw into inactivity (complement) Institutional settings determines outcome

2. Recent developments in employment and unemployment rates, EU-27 EU-27

Employment rate Males Females Unemployment rate (15-64) Males Females Long-term unemployment (12 months or more) as % of total unemployment Males Females Youth (15-24) unemployment rate Males Females Inactivity rate (15-64) as % of the total population Males Females 5

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 65,3 65,8 64,5 64,1 64,2 64,2 72,5 72,7 70,7 70 70,1 69,8 58,2 58,9 58,4 58,2 58,4 58,6 7,2 7,1 9 9,7 9,7 10,6 6,7 6,7 9,1 9,8 9,7 10,5 7,9 7,6 9 9,7 9,8 10,6

42,7 43 42,5 15,6 15,2 16

36,9 36,7 37,1 15,7 15,7 15,7

33,1 31,8 34,8 20 21,1 18,7

39,9 40,5 39,2 21 21,7 20,1

42,9 43,5 42,2 21,3 21,8 20,8

44,4 44,6 44,1 22,8 23,4 22

29,6 22,3 36,8

29,2 22,1 36,3

29,1 22,2 35,9

29 22,4 35,6

28,8 22,4 35,2

28,2 22 34,4

Source: Eurostat

2.Developments in employment rates by gender 90

women 2008Q2

80

2013Q2

70

Column2

60 50 40 30

20 10 0 GR

MT

IT

ES

HU

SK

PL

RO

IE

BE

CY

BG

PT

EU 27

SI

CZ

LU

FR

LT

LV

UK

EE

AT

DE

FI

NL

DK

SE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

80 90

men 2008Q2

2013Q2

Note: 15-64 years. Source: Eurostat (2011j).

From full-time to part-time EU-28, average net job growth per year 2 000

Full-time

Part-time

1 500

1 000 500 0 -500 -1 000

-1 500 -2 000

Men

Women 2005 - 2008

Men

Women 2008 - 2011

Men

Women 2011 - 2013

Note: Net job creation (in 1,000) for the EU-28 as a whole in the period 2005-2013, comparison of second quarters. Source: Eurostat

Agnieszka Piasna © etui (2013)

2. Employment rates for women 2001 to 2010

80,0 75,0 70,0 EU27

65,0

BE DK

60,0

DE EL

55,0

ES 50,0

IT PT

45,0

SK UK

40,0 35,0 30,0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2. % of women working part-time 1998 to 2011

50 45 40 EU27

35

BE DK

30

DE EL

25

ES 20

IT PT

15

SK UK

10 5 0 1998Q2 1999Q2 2000Q2 2001Q2 2002Q2 2003Q2 2004Q2 2005Q2 2006Q2 2007Q2 2008Q2 2010Q2 2011Q2

2. % of men working part-time 1998 to 2011

16

14

12 EU27 BE 10

DK DE EL

8

ES IT

6

PT SK

4

UK

2

0 1998Q2 1999Q2 2000Q2 2001Q2 2002Q2 2003Q2 2004Q2 2005Q2 2006Q2 2007Q2 2008Q2 2010Q2 2011Q2

2.% women working part-time because couldn’t find fulltime

60,0

50,0 EU27 40,0

BE DK

DE

30,0

EL ES IT

20,0

PT SK 10,0

UK

0,0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2.% men working part-time because couldn’t find full-time

70,0

60,0

50,0

EU27 BE DK

40,0

DE EL 30,0

ES IT PT

20,0

UK

10,0

0,0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

3. Gendered impact on distribution of paid and unpaid

work and income ●

Stimulus and austerity packages – lack of gender mainstreaming, and large impact on public sector ○

○ ○

Employment opportunities for women Decrease of wages and benefits Public services for eg. care

●

Halt on fundaments to create basis for gender equality

●

Intensity of paid and unpaid work

●

Job quality indicator – indicateur de qualité d’emploi

●

Gender equality index – index d’égalité de genre

3. The job quality index (JQI)

15



ETUI (Leschke and Watt 2008 and 2012) has developed a job quality index that allows comparisons between EU-27 countries, over time and between men and women – latest data 2010



Focus on the quality of ‘jobs themselves’ (not welfare states or quantitative labour market indicators)



JQI is based on a mixture of European data sources



For some fields no (e.g. health and safety) or limited information (collective interest representation and skills and career development) that meets the index requirements



Data constraints mean that backward-looking time comparison between 2000 and 2006 is only possible for EU-15 and there are slight definitional differences between 2006 indicator for EU-15 and EU-27

3. Components of the job quality index (JQI)

The JQI is an unweighted average of the following six sub-indices that each consist of a number of weighted indicators  Wages  Non-standard forms of employment (involuntarily exercised)  Working time and work-life balance  Working conditions and job security  Skills and career development  Collective interest representation

Example: indicators of ‘working time and work-life balance’ sub-index  excessive working hours (LFS) (25%) (inverted)  atypical working time (LFS) (25%) (inverted)  voluntary part-time work (LFS and EU-SILC) (25%)  working hours fit with family/social commitment (EWCS) (25%)

16

3. The final job quality index by gender (2010)

17

3. Job quality sub-indices by gender, EU-27, 2010

18 Source: ELNEP (2008).

3. JQI changes from 2005 to 2010, Males

0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 Série1 2010 Série2 2005

0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 EL RO LT BG SK LV HU PL EE PT ES CZ IT EU27 DE FR CY IE EU15 SI MT UK AU SE LU BE SF NL DK

0

3. JQI changes from 2005 to 2010, Females

0,9 0,8 0,7

0,6 0,5

2005 2010

0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 LT EL ES PT HU BG RO LV IT PL EE SK CZ DE CY FR EU27 EU15 IE SI AU UK MT SE SF LU NL BE DK

0

3. JQI changes from 2005 to 2010 per country 2005

2010

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

PL

21

RO

GR

LT

BG

HU

SK

Source: Leschke and Watt 2012

LV

ES

CZ

EE

PT

IT

DE

EU 27

CY

EU 15

SI

FR

MT

AT

IE

BE

LU

UK

FI

NL

SE

DK

3. JQI changes from 2005 to 2010 2005

2010

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

wages

22

invol. nonstandard (inverse)

Source: Leschke and Watt 2012

working time + WLB

working conditions + job sec.

skills and career dev.

collective interest repr.

JQI total (adj.)

3. JQI changes from 2005 to 2010 by country and subindice

wages

23

involuntary working collective skills and nonworking-time conditions interest career standard and WLB and job representati development (inverted) security on

improvement

IE

PL, BE, LT

RO, PL, LV, SK, HU, BG

CZ, PT, PL, DE, FI

LU, PL, CY, EE, BE

deterioration

RO, DE

IE, IT, UK

FR

IE, LU, FR, SE

FR, SE

Source: Leschke and Watt 2012

JQI total

PL, CZ, BE, DK

SK, PT, EE

IE, FR, UK, SE

3. Correlation between JQI changes from 2005 to 2010 and unemployment 0,15 PL

Change in overall JQI, 05-10

y = -0,0046x + 0,0076 R² = 0,212

BE

CZ

MT

SI

NL

AT

LV

HU EL

ES 0

CY

SK DE

0,05

DK

FI RO BG LU

0,1

EE PT

IT

LT

-0,05

SE UK FR

-0,1

IE

-0,15 -10

24

-5

Source: Leschke and Watt 2012

0 5 Change in unemployment rate, 05-10

10

15

3. Impact on paid/unpaid, money and decision making Gender equality Index (Platenga et al. 2009) Equal sharing of paid work ●

gender employment and unemployment gaps

Equal sharing of income ●

Gender pay gap, gender poverty gaps (single HH)

Equal sharing of decision-making power ●

Gender gaps in parliament, gender gaps among legislators, senior officials and managers

Equal sharing of time : ●

Gender gap in time spent on caring, cooking and cleaning

3. Gender Equality Index 2005 and 2010

0,900

0,800 0,700

0,600

0,500 2005 0,400

2010

0,300

0,200

0,100

0,000

Source : Author based on Eurostat and Eurofound data

3. Change in sub-indexes between 2005 and 2010 0,40

0,30

0,20

0,10

Paid work Money Decision-making

0,00

Unpaid work EU27

BE

DK

DE

EL

ES

IT

PT

SF

SE

-0,10

-0,20

-0,30

Source : Author based on Eurostat and Eurofound data

UK

3. Impact on paid/unpaid, money and decision making

Crisis versus more general trends ●

Some dimensions not captured adequately ● Improvement in gender equality mostly due to worsening labour market situation of men. ● Little or no improvement on unpaid work dimension (intensity)

4. Women should be prepared to cut down on paid work for sake of family 80

70

60

50

Série1

40

Série2 30

20

10

0 DK

SE

SF

NO

NL

BE

UK

SI

ES

FR

DE

CZ

BG

Source : ESS 2008 and 2010

IS

EE

HU

PT

PL

CH RUSS

4. Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce 60

50

40

2008

30

2010

20

10

0 DK

SE

NO

SF

NL

DE

ES

UK

SI

BE

CH

FR

EE

Source: ESS 2008 and 2010

PT

CZ

IS

PL

BG RUSS HU

4. Concluding remarks ●

Loss of employment, increase of unemployment and from fulltime to part-time

●

De- or re-regulation of labour markets and welfare states under permanent austerity

●

Overall JQ has decreased slightly during the crisis, however large variations across sub-indices and countries

●

Quid loss of bargaining power and bleak economic situation!

●

Get a better grip on changes in working conditions.

31

4. Concluding remarks ●

Varied picture across the EU – but clear focus on increasing labour supply

●

Sequencing of crisis make conclusions yet difficult to draw

●

Case studies show concern for increasing labour market participation but without concern for conditions that allow equal participation. Changing institutions and changing norm set

●

Spain shows clear signs of women as permanent but question remains as to possibility of equal participation.

●

Equalising towards the bottom or polarisation?