The prioritization of species and primary catchments for ...

Viewer
Transcript

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

%ULDQ:YDQ:LOJHQ*UHJ*)RUV\WKDQG'DYLG&/H0DLWUH

&6,51DWXUDO5HVRXUFHVDQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW 32%R[6WHOOHQERVFK6RXWK$IULFD

5HSRUWQXPEHU&6,515((&2(5&

0D\

p. i

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Executive Summary VHWWLQJ SULRULWLHV ZKHQ ERWK TXDOLWDWLYH DQG TXDQWLWDWLYH DVSHFWV RI D GHFLVLRQ QHHG WR EH FRQVLGHUHG DQG IRU DFKLHYLQJJURXSFRQVHQVXV

Introduction

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

Priorities in the fynbos biome

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

p. ii

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

7KH %HUJ DQG %UHHGH FDWFKPHQWV HPHUJHG DV WKH KLJKHVW SULRULW\ 7KH IDFWRUVWKDWFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHSULRULW\RI WKHVHFDWFKPHQWVLQFOXGHGWKHLUYDOXHDV ZDWHU FDWFKPHQWV WKH KLJK VFRUH IRU FRQVHUYDWLRQ YDOXH WKH KLJK OHYHOV RI LQYDVLRQ E\ SULRULW\ DOLHQ VSHFLHV WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU ZRUNHUV WR ILQG IXWXUH DOWHUQDWLYH HPSOR\PHQW DQG WKH YDOXH IRU KDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV IURP WKH FDWFKPHQW

Priorities in the grassland biome

7KH FULWHULD LGHQWLILHG IRU WKH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQ VSHFLHV LQ WKHJUDVVODQGELRPHLQFOXGHGLPSDFWVRQ L HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV DQG JUD]LQJ LL ELRGLYHUVLW\ LLL ILUH KD]DUGDQGHURVLRQDQGLY WKHLPSDFW RI UHPRYDO RI DOLHQ VSHFLHV WKDW FDUU\ VRPH EHQHILW (DFK FULWHULRQ ZDV ZHLJKHG LQ WHUPV RI LWV SHUFHLYHG EHQHILW DQG WKH ODUJHVW ZHLJKWV ZHUH JLYHQ WR ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV DQG ELRGLYHUVLW\

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

Priorities in the moist savanna biome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

p. iii

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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

Priorities in the arid savanna biome 7KH FULWHULD LGHQWLILHG IRU WKH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQ VSHFLHV LQ WKHDULGVDYDQQDELRPHLQFOXGHGLPSDFWV RQ L HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV DQG JUD]LQJ DQG EURZVLQJ

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

Priorities in the Nama karoo biome 7KH FULWHULD LGHQWLILHG IRU WKH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQ VSHFLHV LQ WKH1DPDNDURRELRPHLQFOXGHGLPSDFWV RQ L HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV JURXQG DQG VXUIDFH ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ULSDULDQ ]RQHV JUD]LQJ DQG VRLO VWDELOLW\ LL ELRGLYHUVLW\ LLL DJULFXOWXUDO ILQDQFLDO YLDELOLW\ DQG LY ILUH KD]DUG (DFK FULWHULRQ ZDV ZHLJKHG LQ WHUPV RI LWV SHUFHLYHG EHQHILW DQG WKH ODUJHVW ZHLJKWV ZHUH JLYHQ WR ELRGLYHUVLW\

p. iv

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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

Priorities in the succulent karoo biome 7KHVDPHSULRULWLVHGOLVWRILQYDVLYHDOLHQ VSHFLHV WKDW ZDV XVHG LQ WKH 1DPD NDURR ZDV DOVR XVHG LQ WKH VXFFXOHQW NDURRDVWKHVHWZRELRPHVDUHLQYDGHG E\WKHVDPHVHWRIVSHFLHV

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

Conclusions and recommendations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

7KDWWKHFULWHULDLGHQWLILHGKHUHE\WKH GLIIHUHQWZRUNLQJJURXSVEH FRQVROLGDWHGVRWKDWDXQLIRUP DSSURDFKWRSULRULWL]DWLRQFDQEH WDNHQ

p. v

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

7KDWDVSDWLDOGDWDEDVHEHGHYHORSHG WRXQGHUSLQHIIHFWLYHFRPSDULVRQVRI DUHDV

7KDWWKHDSSURDFKEHDSSOLHGDW GLIIHUHQWVFDOHVDSSURSULDWHWRGLIIHUHQW OHYHOVRISODQQLQJDQG

7KDWDZRUNVKRSEHKHOGLQYROYLQJ VHQLRUPDQDJHUVLQWKH:RUNLQJIRU :DWHUSURJUDPPHWRSUHVHQWWKH UHVXOWVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

7KDWWKLVZRUNEHSXEOLVKHGLQWKH SHHUUHYLHZHGOLWHUDWXUH

p. vi

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Acknowledgements :HWKDQN:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUIRUIXQGLQJWKLVZRUN0U'HUHN0DODQ'HSDUWPHQWRI:DWHU$IIDLUV DQG )RUHVWU\ 3URI 'DYH 5LFKDUGVRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6WHOOHQERVFK DQG 0U $QGUHZ :DQQHQEXUJK :RUNLQJ IRU :DWHU 3URJUDPPH PDGH YDOXDEOH LQSXWV LQ WKHLU FDSDFLW\ DV PHPEHUV RI WKLV SURMHFW¶VUHIHUHQFHJURXS 7KH IROORZLQJ H[SHUWV DUH WKDQNHG IRU WKHLU HQWKXVLDVWLF SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WZR ZRUNVKRSV DLPHG DW DVVHVVLQJSULRULWLHVLQWKHI\QERVELRPH7RQ\*RUGRQ)LRQD,PSVRQ'HUHN0DODQ5XKYHQH0LOHV $DGLHOD0RHUDW*X\3DOPHU/HLJK3RWWHU3URI'DYH5LFKDUGVRQ'U1~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

p. vii

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Contents ([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\ LL $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV YLL &RQWHQWVYLLL )LJXUHV [ 7DEOHV [L

,1752'8&7,21

0(7+2'6

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

3 3 3 3

5(68/76)257+()<1%26%,20(

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Selection of biomes Selection of invasive alien plant species within biomes Selection of priority areas within biomes Process used to prioritize species and areas

Species selected in the fynbos biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the fynbos biome Primary catchments selected in the fynbos biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the fynbos biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the fynbos biome

5 6 7 9 10 12

5(68/76)257+(*5$66/$1'%,20(

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

14 15 16 17 18 20

Species selected in the grassland biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the grassland biome Primary catchments selected in the grassland biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the grassland biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the grassland biome

5(68/76)257+(02,676$9$11$%,20(

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

22 23 24 25 26 27

Species selected in the moist savanna biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the moist savanna biome Primary catchments selected in the moist savanna biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome

5(68/76)257+($5,'6$9$11$%,20(

6.1 6.2 6.3

28 28 29

Species selected in the arid savanna biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species in the arid savanna biome

p. viii

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

6.4 6.5 6.6

Primary catchments selected in the arid savanna biome Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome

29 30 31

68&&8/(17$1'1$0$.$522%,20(6

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10

33 33 34 36 37 38 39 39 40 41

General approach Species selected in the karoo biomes Agreed criteria for the assessment of species Prioritization of species for the two karoo biomes Primary catchments selected in the succulent karoo biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome Primary catchments selected in the Nama karoo biome Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome Prioritization of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome

&21&/86,216$1'5(&200(1'$7,216

8.1 8.2 8.3

43 46 47

Current budget allocations according to identified priorities Approaches adopted Recommendations

5()(5(1&(6

p. ix

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Figures Figure 1.

The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome. __________________________________________________________9

Figure 2.

The correspondence of the fynbos biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries.___________________________________________________________10

Figure 3.

The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the fynbos biome._______________________________________________________________13

Figure 4.

The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome. ______________________________________________________17

Figure 5.

The correspondence of the grassland biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries.___________________________________________________________18

Figure 6.

The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the grassland biome. ______________________________________________________20

Figure 7.

The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome. __________________________________________________24

Figure 8.

The correspondence of the moist savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. __________________________________________________25

Figure 9.

The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. _______________________________________________________27

Figure 10.

The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the arid savanna biome. _______________________________________________________29

Figure 11.

The correspondence of the arid savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. __________________________________________________30

Figure 12.

The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. _______________________________________________________31

Figure 13.

The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes.________________________________________37

Figure 14.

The correspondence of the succulent karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. __________________________________________________38

Figure 15.

The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome.__________________________________________________________39

Figure 16.

The correspondence of the Nama karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. _________________________________________________40

Figure 17.

The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome.__________________________________________________________42

Figure 18.

Annual budgets of Working for Water in 13 primary catchments in the fynbos biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ___________________________43

Figure 19.

Annual budgets of Working for Water in nine primary catchments in the grassland biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ___________________44

Figure 20.

Annual budgets of the Working for Water in eight primary catchments in the moist savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. _______________44

Figure 21.

Annual budgets of the Working for Water in two primary catchments in the arid savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ____________________45

p. x

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Figure 22.

Annual budgets of the Working for Water in three primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. ______________45

Figure 23.

Annual budgets of the Working for Water in five primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. _________________46

Tables Table 1.

The 23 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the fynbos biome. _______5

Table 2.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of fynbos ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. ________________________________7

Table 3.

Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the fynbos biome. ________________________7

Table 4.

The 13 primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome. ______________________9

Table 5.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the fynbos biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each.___________________________________12

Table 6.

Criteria and associated basis of comparison between primary catchments used in the comparison of areas in the fynbos biome. ______________________________12

Table 7.

The 17 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the grassland biome._______________________________________________________________14

Table 8.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of grassland ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________16

Table 9.

Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome. _____________________16

Table 10.

The nine primary cachment areas used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome. _____________17

Table 11.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the grassland biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _______________________________20

Table 12.

Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the grassland biome. ______________________________________________________21

Table 13.

The 15 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the moist savanna biome._______________________________________________________________22

Table 14.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of moist savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _____________________23

Table 15.

Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the moist savanna biome. _________________24

p. xi

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 16.

The eight primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome. ____________25

Table 17.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the moist savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _____________________26

Table 18.

Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. __________________________________________________27

Table 19.

The eight invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the arid savanna biome._______________________________________________________________28

Table 20.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of arid savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________29

Table 21.

The two primary cachments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome. ________________30

Table 22.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the arid savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________31

Table 23.

Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. ____________________________________________________32

Table 24.

The 18 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes. Some taxa include several species.____________________34

Table 25.

Criteria and nested sub-criteria used in assessing the significance of the impacts of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes on the integrity of karoo ecosystems. The relative weightings are given for each criterion and sub-criterion based on pairwise comparisons. _____________________35

Table 26.

The three primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the succulent karoo biome. ___________37

Table 27.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _____________________39

Table 28.

The five primary catchments used for prioritising areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the Nama karoo biome. _________________________40

Table 29.

Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. _________________________41

p. xii

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

1. Introduction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¶V VWUDWHJLF SODQ IRU WKH SHULRG ± VWUHVVHV VHYHUDO SRLQWV,WUHFRJQLVHVWKDWWKHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHLPSDFWVRILQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVZLOOGHSHQG RQWKHVSHFLILFORFDWLRQDQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDFDWFKPHQWDQGWKHZDWHUHFRV\VWHPVZLWKLQLW,W DOVR UHFRJQLVHV WKDW LPSDFWV GHSHQG IXUWKHU RQ WKH H[WHQW RI WKH H[SORLWDWLRQ RI ZDWHU DQG RQ SDWWHUQVRIODQGXVH*LYHQWKHVHWKHSRWHQWLDOSRVLWLYH LPSDFWRIDQLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWFRQWURO SURJUDPPHZLOOGLIIHURQDFDWFKPHQWEDVLV7KHVWUDWHJLFSODQJRHVRQWROLVWWKUHHJRDOVLQHDFK RI WKH ILHOGV RI ³QDWXUDO UHVRXUFH PDQDJHPHQW´ DQG ³VRFLRHFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW´ 7KH QDWXUDO UHVRXUFHJRDOVDUH D 3UHYHQWQHZLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWSUREOHPV E 5HGXFHWKHLPSDFWRIH[LVWLQJSULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWSUREOHPVDQG F (QKDQFHWKHFDSDFLW\DQGFRPPLWPHQWWRVROYHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWSUREOHPV 7KHVRFLRHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWJRDOVDUH D &RQWULEXWHWRDQHQDEOHGHQYLURQPHQW IRU VXVWDLQDEOHWDUJHWHGHPSOR\PHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQWKHQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWPDUNHW E )DFLOLWDWHEURDGEDVHGHFRQRPLFHPSRZHUPHQWDQG F %XLOGVRFLDOFDSLWDO 7KLV VWXG\ DGGUHVVHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PHWKRGV WR DVVLVW LQ WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI WKHVH YDULHG JRDOV 2XU DSSURDFK EXLOW RQ HDUOLHU ZRUN E\ WKH &6,5 UHJDUGLQJ SULRULWL]DWLRQ 1HO HW DO 5RXJHW HWDO0JLGL HWDOYDQ:LOJHQ HWDO ,WVHHNVWRGHYHORSDQGWHVWUREXVW PHWKRGVIRUWKHSULRULWL]DWLRQRIERWKLQYDVLYHVSHFLHVRQWKHRQHKDQGDQGLQYDGHGDUHDVRQWKH RWKHU 7KH H[LVWHQFH DQG DFFHSWDQFH RI VXFK PHWKRGV KDV EHHQ LGHQWLILHG E\ SODQQHUV LQ WKH :RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHDVDSULRULW\IRUSURJUHVV 7KLV SURMHFW ZDV JXLGHG E\ D UHIHUHQFH JURXS FRQVLVWLQJ RI H[WHUQDO DGYLVRUV DQG H[SHUWV 7KH UHIHUHQFHJURXSLQFOXGHG0U'HUHN0DODQ'HSDUWPHQWRI:DWHU$IIDLUVDQG)RUHVWU\ 3URI'DYH

p. 1

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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±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

p. 2

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

2. Methods 2.1

Selection of biomes 7KHGHFLVLRQWRXVHELRPHVDVRSSRVHGWRIRUH[DPSOHSURYLQFHV DVDEDVLVIRUSULRULWL]DWLRQZDV DORJLFDORQH%LRPHVWHQGWREHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSDUWLFXODUVHWRIHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVDQGWKH\ WHQGWREHLQYDGHGE\DSDUWLFXODUVHWRILQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWV$VVXFKWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRISULRULW\ DUHDVZLWKLQELRPHVFDQEHEDVHGRQDORJLFDOVHWRIFULWHULDDQGDOLHQVSHFLHVFDQEHSULRULWL]HGLQ WHUPVRIWKHLUSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRQWKHVHFULWHULD)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVH[HUFLVHZHVHOHFWHGWKH PDMRUWHUUHVWULDOELRPHV±I\QERVVDYDQQDJUDVVODQG1DPDNDURRDQGVXFFXOHQWNDURRELRPHV± DV GHVFULEHG E\ /RZ DQG 5HEHOR %HFDXVH RI VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WHUPV RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVZHDOVRVSOLWWKHVDYDQQDELRPHLQWRDULGDQGPRLVWVDYDQQDV

2.2

Selection of invasive alien plant species within biomes :HXVHGWKH6RXWK$IULFDQ3ODQW,QYDGHUV$WODV6$3,$ GDWDEDVH+HQGHUVRQ WRGHULYHDOLVW RI VSHFLHV WKDW RFFXUUHG LQ ! RI WKH TXDUWHU GHJUHH VTXDUHV LQ HDFK ELRPH 7KHVH DUH WKH ³SUHVHQW´SUREOHPVSHFLHV:HXVHG5RXJHW HWDO¶VHVWLPDWHVRIIXWXUHSRWHQWLDOWROLVWWKRVH VSHFLHV WKDW KDG WKH SRWHQWLDO WR LQYDGH ! RI WKH I\QERV ELRPH 7KHVH DUH WKH ³IXWXUH´ SUREOHPVSHFLHV:HXVHGDVDWKUHVKROGIRUVHOHFWLQJVSHFLHVIRULQFOXVLRQLQWKHIXWXUHOLVW DQGQRWDVLQWKHFDVHRIWKHSUHVHQWOLVWJLYHQWKHJUHDWHUGHJUHHRIXQFHUWDLQW\LQYROYHG 7KLV OLVW ZDV XVHG DV D VWDUWLQJ SRLQW IRU GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK D JURXS RI H[SHUWV DQG PRGLILHG DFFRUGLQJO\GXULQJZRUNVKRSV

2.3

Selection of priority areas within biomes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

2.4

Process used to prioritize species and areas :HXVHGWKH$QDO\WLF+LHUDUFK\3URFHVV$+3 WRIDFLOLWDWHDSURFHVVRISULRULWL]DWLRQ6DDW\ $+3 LV D PXOWLSOH FULWHULD GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ WRRO IRU VHWWLQJ SULRULWLHV ZKHQ ERWK TXDOLWDWLYH DQG TXDQWLWDWLYHDVSHFWVRIDGHFLVLRQQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGDQGIRUDFKLHYLQJJURXSFRQVHQVXV7KH WHFKQLTXHZDVGHYHORSHGLQWKH¶VE\'U7KRPDV6DDW\DPDWKHPDWLFLDQDQGHQDEOHVXVHUV WRGHDOZLWKWKHLQWXLWLYHWKHUDWLRQDODQGWKHLUUDWLRQDODQGZLWKULVNDQGXQFHUWDLQW\LQFRPSOH[ VHWWLQJV 7KH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI DOLHQ LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQWV LQYROYHV WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI TXDQWLILDEOH DQG VXEMHFWLYH FULWHULD ZKLFK DUH QRW QRUPDOO\ GLUHFWO\ FRPSDUDEOH $ ZD\ RI GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKLV

p. 3

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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

p. 4

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

3. Results for the fynbos biome 3.1

Species selected in the fynbos biome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³VSHFLHV´IRUWKHSXUSRVHV RIWKLVH[HUFLVH7KHILQDOOLVWWKHUHIRUHFRQWDLQHGDOLHQSODQWWD[DVSHFLHVRUJURXSVRIVSHFLHV 7DEOH Table 1. The 23 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the fynbos biome. 6SHFLHV

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

/LIHIRUP

&XUUHQWRU IXWXUHWKUHDW" 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 7DOOUHHG %RWK 7DOOHYHUJUHHQJUDVV 3UHVHQW 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH )XWXUH 7DOOHYHUJUHHQVKUXE %RWK 7DOOHYHUJUHHQVKUXE 3UHVHQW 7DOOHYHUJUHHQVKUXE %RWK 6KUXE 3UHVHQW 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH %RWK 3HUHQQLDOJUDVV 3UHVHQW 7DOOHYHUJUHHQFRQLIHURXV %RWK WUHHV 7XIWHGSHUHQQLDOJUDVV )XWXUH 7DOOGHFLGXRXVWUHH 3UHVHQW 7KRUQ\VKUXE %RWK 6PDOOWUHH 3UHVHQW

p. 5

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

3.2

Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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³YDOXHDGGHG´ SURGXFWV IRU H[DPSOH RUQDPHQWDO FDUYLQJV DQG IXUQLWXUH WKDW KDYH VRPH YDOXH 2YHUDOO WKH H[SHUW JURXS UDWHG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKHVH DWWULEXWHV DV RI WKH WRWDO ZHLJKW

p. 6

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 2. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of fynbos ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV

7RWDOV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG 3ROOLQDWLRQVHUYLFHV )LUHZRRG 9DOXHDGGHGSURGXFWV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

3.3

Prioritization of species in the fynbos biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOLPSDFWWKH$+3SURFHVV UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKUHJDUGWR HDFKRIWKHFULWHULD7KHEDVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQVLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH([SHUWHYDOXDWRUVZHUHDVNHG WRFRQVLGHUWKHVHFULWHULDWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHVSHFLHV¶FXUUHQWGLVWULEXWLRQDFURVVWKHELRPHDV ZHOODVLWVSRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQIXWXUH Table 3. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the fynbos biome.

&ULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV

,PSDFWRQKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG

5HPRYDORISROOLQDWLRQVHUYLFHV 5HPRYDORIDVRXUFHRIILUHZRRG

5HPRYDORIDVRXUFHRIYDOXH DGGHGSURGXFWV

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

p. 7

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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«

p. 8

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Acacia mearnsii Pinus spp. Populus canescens Acacia pycnantha Acacia longifolia Acacia saligna Paraserianthes lophantha Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus cladocalyx Solanum mauritanum Lantana camara Leptospermum lavigatum Acacia cyclops Hakea sericea Hakea gibbosa Acacia melanoxylon Arundo donax Eucalyptus lehmanii Hakea drupacea Cortaderia selloana Pennistum setaceum Rubus fruticosus Pennistum clandestinum

.089 .073 .059 .059 .058 .058 .054 .052 .047 .046 .046 .042 .042 .035 .035 .035 .032 .031 .031 .027 .023 .014 .013

Figure 1. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome.

3.4

Primary catchments selected in the fynbos biome $ WRWDO RI SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV IDOO SDUWLDOO\ ZLWKLQ WKH I\QERV ELRPH LI WKH VSOLWWLQJ RI SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW * LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW 7DEOH :H VSOLW SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW * LQWR WZR SDUWV * FRPSULVHVULYHUVIORZLQJWRWKHQRUWKDQGZHVWHVVHQWLDOO\WKH%HUJ5LYHUFDWFKPHQW DQG*WKH ULYHUVIORZLQJWRWKHVRXWKDQGHDVWVHH)LJXUH )RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHG RQO\ WKRVH TXDWHUQDU\ FDWFKPHQWV ZLWKLQ HDFK SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW WKDW IHOO FRPSOHWHO\ RU SDUWLDOO\ ZLWKLQWKHI\QERVELRPH Table 4. The 13 primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the fynbos biome.

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ ' 1 0 3 4 *±6RXWK ( )

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 2UDQJH6DN5LYHU 6XQGD\V 6ZDUWNRSVDQG3RUW(OL]DEHWK .DULHJD&RZLH *UHDW)LVK .RJHOEHUJWR$JXOKDV 2OLIDQWV'RULQJ 1DPDTXDODQG

p. 9

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

*±1RUWK + - . /

%HUJFRDVWDOSODLQ %UHHGH *RXULW] 2XWHQLTXDFRDVW *DPWRRVDQG.RXJD

N

Or an

g e Riv er Primary Catchments Fynbos Biome 100

0

100

200 Kilometers

)

Beaufort West

( 9

4

/

-

*

3

Cape Town

1

+

.

0

*

Port Elizabeth

Cape Agulhas

Figure 2. The correspondence of the fynbos biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names. Note that primary catchment G is spilt into two parts: G1= rivers flowing to the north and west and G2 =rivers flowing to the south and east.

3.5

Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the fynbos biome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

p. 10

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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ƶ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

p. 11

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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able 5. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the fynbos biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

9DOXHRIWKHODQG

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV

7KHQHHGIRUVRFLRHFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW

7RWDOV

6XEFULWHULRQ

9DOXHIRUZDWHU 9DOXHIRUKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV &RQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFH &XUUHQWLPSDFWRILQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWV 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRILQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 7KHQHHGIRUVKRUWWHUPMREFUHDWLRQ 7KHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUVWDIIH[LWLQJWKH SURJUDPPHWRILQGDOWHUQDWLYH HPSOR\PHQW

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

3.6

Prioritization of primary catchments in the fynbos biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOSULRULW\$+3UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFK DUHDEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUDUHDZLWKUHJDUGWRHDFKRIWKHFULWHULD7KHEDVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQV LVVKRZQLQ7DEOH Table 6. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between primary catchments used in the comparison of areas in the fynbos biome.

&ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHU

9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUKDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV 9DOXHRIWKHODQGLQWHUPVRI FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFH

&XUUHQWLPSDFWRILQYDVLYHDOLHQ

%DVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQ 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVZHUHFRPSDUHGE\WKHH[SHUWJURXSRQWKHEDVLVRIZDWHU VWUHVVKLJKHUZDWHUVWUHVVLQGLFDWHGDKLJKHUSULRULW\ DQGWKHSUHVHQFHRI ZDWHUVFKHPHVPDLQO\GDPVWKHSUHVHQFHRIODUJHUZDWHUVFKHPHVLQGLFDWHG DKLJKHUSULRULW\ 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVZHUHFRPSDUHGE\WKHH[SHUWJURXSRQWKHEDVLVRI LQGLYLGXDO¶VNQRZOHGJHRIWKHDUHD&DWFKPHQWVZKHUHKDUYHVWLQJDFWLYLWLHV ZHUHJUHDWHUZHUHJLYHQDKLJKHUUDQN 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVZHUHFRPSDUHGLQWHUPVRIWKHVXPRIWKHDUHDLQ KHFWDUHV WKDWIHOOLQWRSURWHFWHGDUHDVSOXVKDELWDWVKDGEHHQSODFHGLQWKH HQGDQJHUHGRUFULWLFDOO\HQGDQJHUHGFDWHJRULHVVHHVHFWLRQ &DWFKPHQWV ZLWKDODUJHUDUHDLQWKHVHFDWHJRULHVZHUHJLYHQDKLJKHUSULRULW\WKDQ FDWFKPHQWVZLWKDORZHUDUHDLQGLUHFWSURSRUWLRQWRWKHDUHDVFRQFHUQHG 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVZHUHFRPSDUHGLQWHUPVRIWKHSUHVHQFHRISULRULW\DOLHQ

p. 12

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

&ULWHULRQ SODQWV

3RWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRILQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV

7KHQHHGIRUVKRUWWHUPMRE FUHDWLRQ 7KHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUVWDIIH[LWLQJ WKHSURJUDPPHWRILQGDOWHUQDWLYH HPSOR\PHQW

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erg River H - Breede River K - Garden Route G2 - Kogelberg / Agulhas Plain L - Gamtoos River E - Olifants / Doring Rivers M - Port Elizabeth J - Gouritz River P - Alexandria / Grahamstown Q - Great Fish River N - Sundays River D - Orange River F - Namaqualand

.176 .152 .123 .086 .082 .074 .067 .061 .045 .043 .040 .026 .026

Figure 3. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the fynbos biome.

p. 13

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

4. Results for the grassland biome 4.1

Species selected in the grassland biome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¶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³VSHFLHV´ IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKLV H[HUFLVH 7KH ILQDO OLVW WKHUHIRUH FRQWDLQHG DOLHQ SODQW WD[D VSHFLHVRUJURXSVRIVSHFLHV 7DEOH Table 7. The 17 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the grassland biome.

6SHFLHV

/LIHIRUP

$FDFLDPHDUQVLLGHDOEDWDDQGGHFXUUHQV%ODFNVLOYHU

0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHHV

DQGJUHHQZDWWOH $UXQGRGRQD[*LDQWUHHG

&DPSXORFOLQLXPPDFURFHSKDOXP3RPSRPZHHG &KURPRODHQDRGRUDWD7ULIILGZHHG &RWRQHDVWHUIUDQFKHWLLDQGSDQQRVXV2UDQJHDQGVLOYHU OHDIFRWRQHDVWHUV (XFDO\SWXVFDPDOGXOHQVLV5HGULYHUJXP (XFDO\SWXVFLQHUHD)ORULVWJXP ,SRPRHDLQGLFD0RUQLQJJORU\ 3LQXVHOOLRWWLL6ODVKSLQH 3LQXVSDWXOD3DWXODSLQH 3RSXOXV[FDQHVFHQVDQGDOED*UH\DQGZKLWHSRSODUV 3\UDFDQWKDDQJXVWLIROLD
7DOOUHHG 3HUHQQLDOKHUE 6SUDZOLQJVKUXE 6KUXEV 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 3HUHQQLDOWZLQHU 7DOOHYHUJUHHQFRQLIHURXVWUHH 7DOOHYHUJUHHQFRQLIHURXVWUHH 7DOOGHFLGXRXVWUHHV (YHUJUHHQVKUXE 0HGLXPGHFLGXRXVWUHH 6SUDZOLQJVKUXE 0HGLXPGHFLGXRXVWUHH 0HGLXPGHFLGXRXVWUHH 6KUXERUVPDOOWUHH

&XUUHQWRU IXWXUHWKUHDW" %RWK %RWK %RWK 3UHVHQW 6SHFLHVZHUHDGGHGE\ H[SHUWJURXSDV³ERWK´ )XWXUH )XWXUH )XWXUH )XWXUH %RWK 3UHVHQW )XWXUH )XWXUH 3UHVHQW %RWK %RWK %RWK

p. 14

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

4.2

Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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

p. 15

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 8. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of grassland ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV

,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV 7RWDOV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQJUD]LQJDQGKDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

4.3

Prioritization of species in the grassland biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOLPSDFWWKH$+3SURFHVV UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKUHJDUGWR HDFK RI WKH FULWHULD 7KH EDVLV IRU FRPSDULVRQV LV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH 7KH H[SHUW HYDOXDWRUV ZHUH DVNHG WR FRQVLGHU WKHVH FULWHULD WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VSHFLHV¶ FXUUHQW GLVWULEXWLRQ DFURVV WKH ELRPHDVZHOODVLWVSRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQIXWXUH Table 9. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome.

&ULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQJUD]LQJUHVRXUFHVDQG KDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV

%DVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQ &RPSDULVRQVZHUHGRQHLQDVLPLODUPDQQHUWRWKHI\QERVELRPHVHH7DEOH 7KHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHDOLHQVSHFLHVLVDEOHWRGLVSODFHWKHLQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHVZKLFKDUHLPSRUWDQWIRUJUD]LQJRUIURPZKLFKSURGXFWVZHUH KDUYHVWHG 7KHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHDOLHQVSHFLHVLVDEOHWRGLVSODFHLQGLJHQRXVVSHFLHV &RPSDULVRQVZHUHGRQHLQDVLPLODUPDQQHUWRWKHI\QERVELRPHVHH7DEOH 7KHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHRIVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHRYHUDOOEHQHILWWKDWLWPD\ RIIHU6SHFLHVZLWKQRREYLRXVSRWHQWLDOZHUHUDWHGDVYHU\ORZ

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

p. 16

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

DELOLW\ WR LQYDGH SULVWLQH JUDVVODQGV LPSDFWLQJ VHYHUHO\ RQ JUD]LQJ KDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV DQG ELRGLYHUVLW\

Ac. mearnsii (dealbata / decurrens) Eucalyptus camaldulensis Pinus patula Pinus elliottii Rubus cunefolius Eucalyptus cinerea Campuloclinium macrocephalum Salix babylonica Salix fragelis Arundo donax Chromoleana odorata Populus spp. Robinia pseudoacacia Pyracantha angustifolia Cotoneaster spp. Solanum mauritianum Ipomoena indica

.132 .107 .106 .103 .083 .060 .056 .050 .050 .041 .038 .037 .033 .031 .027 .024 .022

Figure 4. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the grassland biome. Acacia mearnsii, A. dealbata and decurrens were treated as one taxon for the purposes of this study.

4.4

Primary catchments selected in the grassland biome $ WRWDO RI SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV IDOO SDUWLDOO\ ZLWKLQ WKH JUDVVODQG ELRPH )LJXUH 3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV $ 1 4 DQG 5 ZHUH H[FOXGHG EHFDXVH JUDVVODQGV RQO\ RFFXS\ D VPDOO SURSRUWLRQ RI WKHVH SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV OHDYLQJ QLQH SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV LQ RXU DQDO\VLV 7DEOH )RU WKH SXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHGRQO\WKRVHTXDWHUQDU\FDWFKPHQWVZLWKLQHDFKRIWKHVHQLQH SULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVWKDWIHOOFRPSOHWHO\RUSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHJUDVVODQGELRPH)LJXUH Table 10. The nine primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the grassland biome.

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ % & ' 6 7 8 9 : ;

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 2OLIDQWV 9DDO 2UDQJH *UHDW.HL 8P]LPYXEX 8PJHQL 7XJHOD 3RQJROR ,QNRPDWL

p. 17

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

% $ ;

Johannesburg 9

& :

Bethlehem

9

9

Bloemfontein 9

8

9

Durban ' 7

N

9

Primary Catchments Grassland Biome

100

0

100

4

200 Kilometers

1

6

Mhtata

5

Figure 5. The correspondence of the grassland biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 10).

4.5

Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the grassland biome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±±±±±±± ± ± DQG ± OLYHVWRFN XQLWV SHU NP :H WRRN WKH PLGSRLQW RI HDFK FODVV DQG PXOWLSOLHG LW E\ WKH DUHD ZLWK WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ WR HVWLPDWH WKH QXPEHU RI

p. 18

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

OLYHVWRFNXQLWVWKDWFRXOGEHVXSSRUWHG:HDVVXPHGWKDWRQO\XQWUDQVIRUPHGQDWXUDO YHJHWDWLRQ ZRXOGVXSSRUWOLYHVWRFNDQGGHGXFWHGWKHDUHDRIWUDQVIRUPHGYHJHWDWLRQ7KRPSVRQ IURP WKHYHJHWDWLRQFRYHUOD\HULQHDFKFDWFKPHQWEHIRUHWKHDERYHFDOFXODWLRQZDVPDGH$VFRUHZDV WKHQFDOFXODWHGIRUHDFKFDWFKPHQWDV 6 ƶ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

p. 19

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 11. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the grassland biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

9DOXHRIWKHODQGDVDZDWHU FDWFKPHQW 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUOLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\SRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQVUHDOLVHG DIWHULQLWLDOFOHDULQJRIDOLHQSODQWV 7RWDOV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

5HODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHDVDZDWHU SURGXFWLRQDUHD 5HODWLYHGHJUHHRIZDWHUVWUHVV 1RQH 1RQH

1RQH

1RQH 1RQH

4.6

Prioritization of primary catchments in the grassland biome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aal B - Olifants X = Nkomati U = Umgeni T = Umzimvubu D - Orange V = Tugela W = Pongolo S = Gt Kei

.205 .142 .141 .134 .104 .086 .085 .075 .028

Figure 6. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the grassland biome.

p. 20

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 12. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the grassland biome. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±UXQRII YROXPHVPLOOLRQVRIP\U 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ± UDQNLQJRIUHODWLYHZDWHUVWUHVV $UHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFHNP 9DOXHRIODQGIRUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQ HVWLPDWHGOLYHVWRFNXQLWV[ 6FRUHIRUSUHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWVSHFLHV 1XPEHURIUXUDOSRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQV

%

&

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQW ' 6 7 8 9 : ;

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

p. 21

"

"

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

5. Results for the moist savanna biome 5.1

Species selected in the moist savanna biome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¶V ZDWWOH $JDYH DPHULFDQD $PHULFDQ DJDYH &XVFXWD FDPSHVWULV FRPPRQ GRGGHU (FKLQRSVLV VSDFKLDQD WRUFK FDFWXV ,SRPRHD LQGLFD PRUQLQJ JORU\ 0DFIDG\HQD XQJXLVFDWL FDW¶V FODZ FUHHSHU 1LFRWLDQD JODXFD ZLOG WREDFFR 3UXQXV SHUVLFDSHDFK 6RODQXPPDXULWLDQXPEXJZHHG 6RODQXPVHDIRUWKLDQXP3RWDWRFUHHSHU DQG ;DQWKLXP VWUXPDULXP ODUJH FRFNOHEXU ,Q DGGLWLRQ WZR RWKHU LQYDGHUV 3URVRSLV JODQGXORVD PHVTXLWH DQG 5RELQLD SVHXGRDFDFLD EODFN ORFXVW ZHUH UHPRYHG EXW LQFOXGHG DV LPSRUWDQW LQYDGHUVLQWKHDULGVDYDQQD7KHH[SHUWJURXSDOVRDGGHGIRXUWD[DWRWKHOLVW &HUHXVMDPDFDUX 4XHHQ RI WKH QLJKW 3DUWKHQLXP K\VWHURSKRUXV 3DUWKHQLXP 3HUHVNLD DFXOHDWD %DUEDGRV JRRVHEHUU\ DQG 6FKLQXV WHUHELQWKLIROLXV %UD]LOLDQ SHSSHU WUHH ,W ZDV DOVR GHFLGHG WR FRPELQH WKHWZRSLQHVDQGWZR 6HQQDVSHFLHVDQGWRWUHDWWKHPDVDVLQJOHWD[RQ7KHILQDOOLVWWKHUHIRUH FRQWDLQHGDOLHQSODQWWD[DVSHFLHVRUJURXSVRIVSHFLHV 7DEOH Table 13. The 15 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the moist savanna biome.

6SHFLHV

/LIH)RUP

$FDFLDPHDUQVLL%ODFNZDWWOH $UXQGRGRQD[*LDQWUHHG &DHVDOSLQLDGHFDSHWDOD0DXULWLXVWKRUQ &HUHXVMDPDFDUX4XHHQRIWKHQLJKW &HVWUXPODHYLJDWXP,QNEHUU\ &KURPRODHQDRGRUDWD7ULIILGZHHG -DFDUDQGDPLPRVLIROLD-DFDUDQGD /DQWDQDFDPDUD/DQWDQD 0HOLDD]HGDUDFK3HUVLDQOLODF 3DUWKHQLXPK\VWHURSKRUXV3DUWKHQLXP 3HUHVNLDDFXOHDWD%DUEDGRVJRRVHEHUU\ 3LQXVVSSHOOLRWWLLDQGSDWXOD

0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH 7DOOUHHG 7KRUQ\HYHUJUHHQVKUXE 6SLQ\VXFFXOHQWWUHH (YHUJUHHQVKUXERUVPDOOWUHH 6FUDPEOLQJVKUXE 'HFLGXRXVWUHH &RPSDFWVKUXE 'HFLGXRXVWDOOWUHH $QQXDOKHUE 6SLQ\VKUXEE\YLQH 7DOOHYHUJUHHQFRQLIHURXVWUHHV

&XUUHQWRU IXWXUHWKUHDW" %RWK 3UHVHQW 3UHVHQW $GGHG )XWXUH 3UHVHQW %RWK %RWK %RWK $GGHG $GGHG %RWK

p. 22

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

3VLGLXPJXDMDYD*XDYD 6HQQDVSS3HDQXWEXWWHUFDVVLDDQGRWKHUV 6FKLQXVWHUHELQWKLIROLXV%UD]LOLDQSHSSHUWUHH

6PDOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 6RIWO\ZRRGHGVKUXEV 0HGLXPHYHUJUHHQWUHH

%RWK %RWK $GGHG

5.2

Agreed criteria for the assessment of species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±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able 14. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of moist savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each.

&ULWHULRQ

,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\

,PSDFWRQTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RI ZDWHUUHVRXUFHV /RVVRIJUD]LQJEURZVLQJDQG KDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV 1RQH

/DFNRIEHQHILWV ,QFUHDVHGILUHKD]DUG 7RWDOV

1RQH 1RQH

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

p. 23

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

5.3

Prioritization of species in the moist savanna biome ,QRUGHUWRUDQNWKHLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOOLPSDFWWKH$+3SURFHVV UHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHVEHFRPSDUHGWRHDFKRWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKUHJDUGWR HDFKRIWKHFULWHULD7KHEDVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQVLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHH[SHUWHYDOXDWRUVZHUH DVNHG WR FRQVLGHU WKHVH FULWHULD WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH VSHFLHV¶ FXUUHQW GLVWULEXWLRQ DFURVV WKH ELRPHDVZHOODVLWVSRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQLQIXWXUH Table 15. Criteria and associated basis of comparison between species used in the comparison of invasive alien plants in the moist savanna biome. &ULWHULRQ ,PSDFWRQTXDOLW\DQGTXDQWLW\RI ZDWHUUHVRXUFHV /RVVRIJUD]LQJEURZVLQJDQG KDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\ ,PSDFWRQILUHKD]DUG /DFNRIEHQHILWV

%DVLVIRUFRPSDULVRQ &RPSDULVRQVZHUHGRQHLQDVLPLODUPDQQHUWRWKHI\QERVELRPHVHH 7DEOH 7KHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHDOLHQVSHFLHVLVDEOHWRGLVSODFHWKHLQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHVZKLFKDUHLPSRUWDQWIRUJUD]LQJRUEURZVLQJRUIURPZKLFK SURGXFWVZHUHKDUYHVWHG 7KHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWKHDOLHQVSHFLHVLVDEOHWRGLVSODFHLQGLJHQRXV VSHFLHV &RPSDULVRQVZHUHGRQHLQDVLPLODUPDQQHUWRWKHI\QERVELRPHVHH 7DEOH 7KHUHODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHRIVSHFLHVLQWHUPVRIWKHRYHUDOOEHQHILWWKDWLW PD\RIIHU6SHFLHVZLWKQRREYLRXVSRWHQWLDOZHUHUDWHGDVYHU\ORZ

,Q WKH PRLVW VDYDQQD ELRPH &KURPRODHQD RGRUDWD DQG /DQWDQD FDPDUD HPHUJHG DV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQWLQYDVLYHVSHFLHV7KHVHVSHFLHVDUHERWKZLGHVSUHDGGLIILFXOWWRFRQWURODQGZLOOLPSDFW VLJQLILFDQWO\RQJUD]LQJDQGELRGLYHUVLW\)LJXUH 7ZRWUHHVSHFLHVJXDYDV3VLGLXPJXDMDYDDQG V\ULQJDV 0HOLD D]HGDUDFK ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG DV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW 3DUWKHQLXP ZHHG 3DUWKHQLXP K\VWHURSKRUXV ZDVDOVRUHJDUGHGDVDVLJQLILFDQWWKUHDWE\WKHH[SHUWJURXS

Chromoleana odorata Lantana camara

.162 .150

Psidium gaujava Parthenium hysterophorus Melia azedarach Cereus jamacaru Schinus terebinthifolius Jacaranda mimosifolia Pinus spp.

.100 .084 .075 .057 .055 .049 .045

Acacia mearnsii Pereskia aculeata Caesalpinia decapeta Cestrum laevigatum Arundo donax Senna spp.

.042 .041 .040 .040 .030 .028

Figure 7. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome.

p. 24

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

5.4

Primary catchments selected in the moist savanna biome $WRWDORISULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVIDOOSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHPRLVWVDYDQQDELRPH)LJXUH 3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV 3 4 5 6 DQG 7 ZHUH H[FOXGHG EHFDXVH PRLVW VDYDQQDV RQO\ RFFXS\ D VPDOO SURSRUWLRQRIWKHVHSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWV3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQW;ZDVLQDGYHUWHQWO\RPLWWHGOHDYLQJ SULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVLQRXUDQDO\VLV7DEOH )RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHGRQO\ WKRVHTXDWHUQDU\FDWFKPHQWVZLWKLQHDFKRIWKHILQDOVHWRISULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVWKDWIHOOFRPSOHWHO\ RUSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHPRLVWVDYDQQDELRPH7DEOH Table 16. The eight primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the moist savanna biome.

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ $ % 3 5 6 8 9 :

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH /LPSRSR 2OLIDQWV .DULHJD&RZLH .HLVNDPPD%XIIDOR *UHDW.HL 8PJHQL 7XJHOD 3RQJROR

Polokwane $

$

9

%

%

Pretoria

9

Nelspruit ;

9

;

&

:

9

9

9

Bloemfontein

:

Empangeni

9

8

9

8

Durban '

N

7

7 9

3ULPDU\&DWFKPHQWV 6DYDQQD%LRPH0RLVW

100

0

100

4

6

Mhtata

6

4

200 Kilometers

5

9

East London

Figure 8. The correspondence of the moist savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 16).

p. 25

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

5.5

Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome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able 17. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the moist savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each.

&ULWHULRQ

9DOXHRIWKHODQGDVDZDWHUFDWFKPHQW

9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUOLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\SRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQVUHDOLVHG DIWHULQLWLDOFOHDULQJ 7RWDOV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

5HODWLYHLPSRUWDQFHDVDZDWHU SURGXFWLRQDUHD 5HODWLYHGHJUHHRIZDWHUVWUHVV 1RQH 1RQH

1RQH 1RQH 1RQH

p. 26

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

5.6

Prioritization of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome 7KH 8PJHQL DQG 2OLIDQWV FDWFKPHQWV HPHUJHG DV WKH KLJKHVW SULRULWLHV IROORZLQJ WKH DVVHVVPHQW SURFHVV)LJXUH 7KHIDFWRUVWKDWFRQWULEXWHGVWURQJO\WRWKHSULRULW\RIWKH8PJHQLLQFOXGHGD UHODWLYHO\KLJKZDWHUUXQRIIDKLJKGHJUHHRILQYDVLRQE\SULRULW\DOLHQVSHFLHVDQGDKLJKFDSDFLW\ WRKROGRQWRJDLQVPDGHE\FOHDULQJRSHUDWLRQV7DEOH ,QWKHFDVHRIWKH2OLIDQWVFDWFKPHQW DQXQXVXDOO\KLJKDUHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQYDOXHFRPELQHGZLWKDKLJKGHJUHHRILQYDVLRQE\ SULRULW\DOLHQVSHFLHVFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHKLJKUDQNLQJRIWKLVFDWFKPHQWDUHD U - Umgeni B - Olifants W - Pongolo A - Limpopo S - Great Kei R - Keiskamma - Buffalo V - Tugela P - Kariega - Cowie

.216 .207 .162 .138 .090 .078 .072 .038

Figure 9. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. Table 18. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the moist savanna biome. &ULWHULRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±UXQRIIYROXPHV PLOOLRQVRIP\U 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±VWUHVV $UHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFHNP 9DOXHRIODQGIRUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQHVWLPDWHGOLYHVWRFN XQLWV[ 6FRUHIRUSUHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVSHFLHV 1XPEHURIUXUDOSRYHUW\QRGHV (VWLPDWHGFDSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQV

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQW $ % 3 5 6 8 9 : " "

"

"

"

"

"

"

p. 27

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

6. Results for the arid savanna biome 6.1

Species selected in the arid savanna biome $GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUDWLRQDOIRUGLYLGLQJWKHVDYDQQDELRPHLQWRDULGDQGPRLVWVDYDQQDVLVJLYHQLQ VHFWLRQ 7KH HLJKW VSHFLHV VHOHFWHG E\ WKH H[SHUW JURXS DV LPSRUWDQW DOLHQ LQYDVLYH SODQWV LQ WKHDULGVDYDQQDELRPH7DEOH ZHUHDVXEVHWRI VSHFLHVLGHQWLILHGDVLPSRUWDQWLQWKHHQWLUH VDYDQQDELRPH7KH\LQFOXGHGILYHWUHHVSHFLHVWZRVXFFXOHQWVSHFLHVDQGRQHJUDVVVSHFLHV Table 19. The eight invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the arid savanna biome. 6SHFLHV

$UXQGRGRQD[*LDQWUHHG &HUHXVMDPDFDUX4XHHQRIWKHQLJKW 0HOLDD]HGDUDFK3HUVLDQOLODF 2SXQWLDVSS 3RSXOXV[FDQHVFHQV*UH\SRSODUV 3URVRSLV[JODQGXORVD0HVTXLWH 5RELQLDSVHXGRDFDFLD%ODFNORFXVW 6FKLQXVPROOH3HSSHUWUHH

/LIHIRUP 7DOOJUDVV 6XFFXOHQW 7UHH 6XFFXOHQW 7UHH 7UHH 7UHH 7UHH

6.2

Agreed criteria for the assessment of species 7KUHHPDMRUJURXSVRILPSDFWRUEHQHILWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVZHUHLGHQWLILHG7KH LPSDFWVZHUHWKRVHRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVDQGRQELRGLYHUVLW\DVZHOODVWKHLPSDFWRIUHPRYDORI LQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVLQWHUPVRID ODFN RIEHQHILWVLQFDVHVZKHUHWKHLQYDVLYHSODQWKDVVRPHXVH 7DEOH 7KHLPSDFWRILQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVZDVFRQVLGHUHGE\WKHJURXSRIH[SHUWV WR EH WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW RI WKH LPSDFWV DQG ZDV DVVLJQHG D ZHLJKWLQJ RI 7KH ODUJHVW SURSRUWLRQRIWKLVZHLJKWLQJ ZHQWWRWKHLPSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV7KLVLVEHFDXVHRI WKH SRWHQWLDO LPSDFWV RI LQYDVLYH DOLHQ WUHHV DQG QRWLFHDEO\ 3URVRSLV VSHFLHV RQ JURXQGZDWHU UHVRXUFHV*UD]LQJEURZVLQJDQGKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWVZHUHDVVLJQHGDULVLQJPDLQO\IURP WKHLQYDVLRQRIGU\ULSDULDQDUHDVZKLFKKDYHWKHEHVWJUD]LQJLQWKHVHUHJLRQV 7KHLPSDFWRILQYDVLRQVRQELRGLYHUVLW\ZDVDVVLJQHGRIWKHZHLJKW:KLOHDULGVDYDQQDLV QRWJHQHUDOO\UHJDUGHGEHLQJDVLPSRUWDQWDVWKHI\QERVJUDVVODQGRUVXFFXOHQWNDURRELRPHVZLWK UHJDUGWRELRGLYHUVLW\WKH\GRQRQHWKHOHVVGHOLYHUVLJQLILFDQWELRGLYHUVLW\UHODWHGEHQHILWV $OLHQSODQWLQYDVLRQVFDQDOVRKDYHVRPHEHQHILWV7KHH[SHUWJURXSLGHQWLILHGWKHEHQHILWVDULVLQJ IURP 3URVRSLVSRGVDVDVRXUFHRIIRGGHUDQGILUHZRRG DQG $UXQGR DVEXLOGLQJPDWHULDO DVWKH PRVWLPSRUWDQWRIWKHVHEHQHILWV2YHUDOOWKHH[SHUWJURXSUDWHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVHDWWULEXWHV DVRIWKHWRWDOZHLJKW

p. 28

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 20. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome with regard to their impact on the integrity of arid savanna ecosystems. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV

,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\

/DFNRIEHQHILWV 7RWDOV

6XEFULWHULRQ

,PSDFWRQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV ,PSDFWRQJUD]LQJDQGKDUYHVWHG SURGXFWV ,PSDFWRQELRGLYHUVLW\

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

/DFNRIEHQHILWV

6.3

Prioritization of species in the arid savanna biome ,Q DULG VDYDQQD DUHDV WKH H[SHUW JURXS LGHQWLILHG PHVTXLWH 3URVRSLV JODQGXORVD DV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQYDVLYH VSHFLHV E\ D FRQVLGHUDEOH PDUJLQ )LJXUH 7KLV ZDV EHFDXVH RI WKH ZLGHVSUHDGGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHVSHFLHVDORQJGU\ULYHUFRXUVHVZKHUHLWKDVDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQ ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ELRGLYHUVLW\ DQG JUD]LQJ UHVRXUFHV 7KH UHPDLQLQJ VSHFLHV ZHUH DVVLJQHG D URXJKO\HTXDOEXWOHVVHUGHJUHHRILPSRUWDQFH

Prosposis glandulosa Populus x canescens Schinus molle Cereus jamacaru Melia azedarach Cacti without bio-control Robinia pseudacacia Arundo donax

.286 .123 .122 .100 .096 .096 .094 .083

Figure 10. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plants in the arid savanna biome.

6.4

Primary catchments selected in the arid savanna biome 7KHUH DUH RQO\ WZR SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV WKDW IDOO ZLWKLQ WKH DULG VDYDQQD ELRPH LQ 6RXWK $IULFD 7DEOH )RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZHVHOHFWHGRQO\WKRVHTXDWHUQDU\FDWFKPHQWVZLWKLQ HDFKSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWWKDWIHOOFRPSOHWHO\RUSDUWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHDULGVDYDQQDELRPH)LJXUH

p. 29

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 21. The two primary cachments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the arid savanna biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ & '

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 9DDO 2UDQJH

Botswana $

$ Mafikeng 9

Namibia 9

Vryburg

Kuruman 9

&

& ' 9

Upington

9

N

Kimberley

Primary Catchments Savanna Biome - Dry '

100

0

100

200 Kilometers

Figure 11. The correspondence of the arid savanna biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 19).

6.5

Agreed criteria for assessment of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome 6L[PDMRUFULWHULDZHUHLGHQWLILHGDVDEDVLVIRUWKHSULRULWL]DWLRQRISULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVLQWKHDULG VDYDQQD ELRPH 7DEOH 2I WKHVH WKH FULWHULRQ UHODWLQJ WR WKH YDOXH RI WKH ODQG DV D ZDWHU FDWFKPHQWZDVVXEGLYLGHG 7KH YDOXH RI WKH ODQG IRU ZDWHU SURGXFWLRQ ZDV UDQNHG E\ D JURXS RI WKH H[SHUWV EDVHG RQ WKH UHODWLYHPHDQDQQXDOUDLQIDOOLQWKHSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW:DWHUVWUHVVZDVGHILQHGDVWKHGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\ DQGUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH\HDUYDQ:LOJHQ HWDO 3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWVZLWKDKLJKHUGHJUHHRIZDWHUVWUHVVZHUHJLYHQDKLJKHUSULRULW\

p. 30

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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able 22. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the arid savanna biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ 9DOXHRIWKHODQGLQWHUPVRI FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFH 9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUOLYHVWRFN SURGXFWLRQ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\SRYHUW\QRGHV &DSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQVUHDOLVHG DIWHULQLWLDOFOHDULQJ 7RWDOV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

:DWHUSURGXFWLRQDUHD :DWHUVWUHVVHGDUHD 1RQH

1RQH

1RQH

1RQH 1RQH

6.6

Prioritization of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome 2QO\ WZR SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV RFFXUUHG LQ WKH DULG VDYDQQD ELRPH DQG RXU DSSURDFK GLG QRW LGHQWLI\DQ\VLJQLILFDQWIDFWRUVWKDWZRXOGVHSDUDWHWKHVHFDWFKPHQWV7DEOH $VDUHVXOWERWK SULPDU\FDWFKPHQWVDUHDSSUR[LPDWHO\HTXDOLQSULRULW\)LJXUH C - Vaal D - Orange

.502 .498

Figure 12. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome.

p. 31

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 23. Values used for different criteria in the comparison of primary catchments in the arid savanna biome. &ULWHULRQ

9DOXHRIWKHODQGIRUZDWHUSURGXFWLRQ±UXQRIIYROXPHVPLOOLRQVRIP\U 9DOXHRIZDWHU±UHODWLYHGHJUHHRIVWUHVV $UHDRISULRULW\FRQVHUYDWLRQLPSRUWDQFHNP 9DOXHRIODQGIRUOLYHVWRFNSURGXFWLRQHVWLPDWHGOLYHVWRFNXQLWV[ 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\VSHFLHVOXPSHGSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUH±PDNHQRWHLQUHSRUW 1XPEHURIUXUDOSRYHUW\QRGHV 5HODWLYHFDSDFLW\WRKROGRQWRJDLQV

3ULPDU\ FDWFKPHQW & '

p. 32

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

7. Succulent and Nama karoo biomes 7.1

General approach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

7.2

Species selected in the karoo biomes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

,QHIIHFWLYH ELRFRQWURO 2 KXPLIXVD ZLWK WKH LQFRUUHFW DJHQW ELRW\SH 7KLV FRPELQDWLRQ ZDV LQFOXGHGLQWKHJURXSZLWKQRFRQWURO

1R ELRFRQWURO 2SXQWLD PDFURGDV\V (FKLQRSVLV VSDFKLDQD 2 OHSWRFDXOLV 2 UREXVWD [ OLQGKHLPHULL K\EULG 2SXQWLD VS SRVVLEO\ KXPLIXVD [ HQJHOPDQQLL 7HSKURFDFWXV DUWLFXODULV +\ORFHUHXVVS&\OLQGURSXQWLDVS

2WKHUVSHFLHVWKDWZHUHDGGHGLQFOXGHG&DHVDOSLQLDJLOOLHVLLDQQXDOJUDVVHVHJ%URPXV+RUGHXP DQG 6WLSD VSHFLHV 3HQQLVHWXP VHWDFHXP ;DQWKXP VSLQRVXP DQG WKH DTXDWLF VSHFLHV 0\ULRSK\OOXPVSLFDWXP 7KH&DHVDOSLQLDDQG0\ULRSK\OOXPVSHFLHVKDYHUHFHQWO\EHHQLGHQWLILHGDV

p. 33

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

HPHUJLQJ LQYDGHUV WKH ODWWHU SUREDEO\ EHLQJ ZLGHVSUHDG EXW ODUJHO\ XQQRWLFHG XQWLO UHFHQWO\ 'HEELH6KDUSSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ Table 24. The 18 invasive alien plant taxa selected for prioritization in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes. Some taxa include several species. 6SHFLHV

/LIH)RUP

$UXQGRGRQD[JLDQWUHHG

7DOOUHHG $QQXDOJUDVV (UHFWPXOWLVWHPPHGVKUXE 6SLQ\DQGXQDUPHG VXFFXOHQWVKUXEV 6SLQ\DQGXQDUPHG VXFFXOHQWVKUXEV /DUJHVKUXE 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 7DOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 5RRWHGVXEPHUJHGZDWHU SODQW 0XOWLVWHPPHGHYHUJUHHQ VKUXE 7XIWHGSHUHQQLDOJUDVV 7DOOHYHUJUHHQFRQLIHURXV WUHH 7DOOGHFLGXRXVWUHH 0XOWLVWHPPHGVPDOOWUHH (YHUJUHHQWUHH +HUEDFHRXVVKUXEOHWZLWK DQQXDOVWHPVDQG SHUHQQLDOURRWV 6PDOOHYHUJUHHQWUHH 0XFKEUDQFKHGDQQXDO

$QQXDOJUDVVHV

$WULSOH[QXPPXODULDROGPDQVDOWEXVK &DFWLZLWKHIIHFWLYHELRFRQWURODJHQWV &DFWLZLWKRXWHIIHFWLYHELRFRQWURODJHQWV

&DHVDOSLQLDJLOOLHVLLELUGRISDUDGLVHEXVK &DVXDULQDHTXLVHWLIROLDEHHIZRRG (XFDO\SWXVFDPDOGXOHQVLVUHGULYHUJXP 0\ULRSK\OOXPVSLFDWXPVSLNHGZDWHUPLOIRLO 1HULXPROHDQGHUROHDQGHU 3HQQLVHWXPVHWDFHXPIRXQWDLQJUDVV 3LQXVKDOHSHQVLV$OHSSRSLQH 3RSXOXV[FDQHVFHQVJUH\SRSODU 3URVRSLV[JODQGXORVDPHVTXLWH 6FKLQXVPROOHSHSSHUWUHH 6RODQXPHODHDJQLIROLXP6DWDQ¶VEXVK

7DPDUL[UDPRVLVVLPDSLQNWDPDULVN ;DQWKLXPVSLQRVXPERHWHERV

1DPDRUVXFFXOHQW NDURR )\QERVWUDQVLWLRQ %RWK
&XUUHQW RUIXWXUH WKUHDW" %RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK

%RWK

%RWK

1DPD %RWK
)XWXUH %RWK %RWK %RWK

6XFFXOHQW
%RWK

%RWK
)XWXUH )XWXUH

%RWK
%RWK %RWK %RWK %RWK

%RWK
%RWK %RWK

7.3

Agreed criteria for the assessment of species )RXU PDMRU JURXSV RI LPSDFWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQWV ZHUH LGHQWLILHG HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHVVSHFLHVULFKQHVVVXUURJDWHIRUELRGLYHUVLW\ DJULFXOWXUDOILQDQFLDOYLDELOLW\DQGILUHKD]DUG ,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVZHUHJURXSHGLQWRIRXUFDWHJRULHVJURXQGZDWHUDQGVXUIDFHZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ULSDULDQ ]RQHV QDWXUDO SDVWXUH EURZVLQJ DQG JUD]LQJ DQG VRLO VWDELOLW\ 7KH IRXUWK FULWHULRQDGGUHVVHGWKHLPSDFWRIUHPRYDORILQYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVLQWHUPVRID ODFNRIEHQHILWVLQ FDVHVZKHUHWKHLQYDVLYHSODQWKDVVRPHXVH7DEOH :HGLGWKLVEHFDXVHWKHVLPSOHVWZD\WR GHDOZLWKNQRZQEHQHILWVHJQHFWDUIURP (XFDO\SWXV ZDVWRWUHDWWKHVHEHQHILFLDODWWULEXWHVDV RIIVHWV DJDLQVW WKH LPSDFWV )RU H[DPSOH LI WZR VSHFLHV KDG WKH VDPH VFRUHV IRU DOO WKH RWKHU LPSDFWVEXWRQHVSHFLHVKDGYDOXHIRUIRGGHUWKHQWKHVSHFLHVZKLFKSURGXFHGIRGGHUZRXOGEH JLYHQDORZHUVFRUHEHFDXVHLWVQHWLPSDFWLVOHVVWKDQWKHVSHFLHVZLWKQRIRGGHUYDOXH

p. 34

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 25. Criteria and nested sub-criteria used in assessing the significance of the impacts of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes on the integrity of karoo ecosystems. The relative weightings are given for each criterion and sub-criterion based on pairwise comparisons.

&ULWHULRQ

,PSDFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV

,PSDFWRQVSHFLHVULFKQHVV ,PSDFWRQDJULFXOWXUDOILQDQFLDO YLDELOLW\

,QFUHDVHGILUHKD]DUG 7RWDOV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

6XEFULWHULRQ

,PSDFWRQJURXQGZDWHU ,PSDFWRQVXUIDFHZDWHU ,PSDFWRQULSDULDQ]RQHV 'LVSODFHPHQWRIQDWXUDOSDVWXUH ,PSDFWRQVRLOVWDELOLW\ /DFNRIIRGGHUILUHZRRGDQGRWKHU SURGXFWV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

1HJDWLYHLPSDFWRQOLYHVWRFNDQG JDPH

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

p. 35

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

HIIHFWLYHO\ LW UHSODFHV QDWLYH VSHFLHV WUDQVIRUPV WKH KDELWDW KLQGHUV UHFRYHU\ HJ VDOW EXVK VDOLQL]HVVRLOVDQGVORZVUHFRYHU\ DQGZKHWKHURUQRWWKHVSHFLHVWHQGVWRJURZLQPRUHVSHFLHV ULFKKDELWDWVRUYHJHWDWLRQW\SHVZLWKLQWKHELRPHV,WLVOLNHO\WKDW $UXQGRKDVVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWV RQDTXDWLFV\VWHPVLQFOXGLQJUHGXFLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\DQGGLVSODFLQJDPSKLELDQVDQGLQYHUWHEUDWHV ,QGLJHQRXVELUGVWKDWXVH3KUDJPLWHVWHQGQRWWRXVH$UXQGR1HULXPUHGXFHVULYHULQHELRGLYHUVLW\ ERWKRQWKHULYHUEDQNVDQGLQWKHDTXDWLFHQYLURQPHQW5HFRYHU\DIWHUFOHDULQJLVDOVRYHU\SRRU RQFH 1HULXP KDV IRUPHG GHQVH VWDQGV 0\ULRSK\OOXP LQYDGHV DOO ZDWHU ERGLHV LQFOXGLQJ ROLJRWURSKLFZDWHUDQGYOHLVDQGLVGLVSHUVHGE\ZDWHUELUGV,WVKDGHVRXWDOORWKHUDTXDWLFOLIHDQG H[FOXGHVILVKVSHFLHVE\IRUPLQJDSK\VLFDOEDUULHU ,PSDFWVRQWKHILQDQFLDOYLDELOLW\RIDJULFXOWXUHZHUHFRQVLGHUHGWKHQH[WPRVWLPSRUWDQWDQGZHUH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR JURXSV LPSDFWV RQ IRGGHU DQG LPSDFWV RQ OLYHVWRFN DQG JDPH 7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW ZDV WKH ORVV RI IRGGHU IURP QDWXUDO SDVWXUH 7KLV LV D IXQFWLRQ RI ERWK WKH H[WHQW RI LQYDVLRQV DQG WKH GHQVLW\ RI WKH VWDQGV LQ LQYDGHG DUHDV DQG WKXV WKH KLQGUDQFH WR DFFHVV E\ OLYHVWRFN $ QXPEHU RI VSHFLHV KDYH DGGLWLRQDO QHJDWLYH LPSDFWV RQ OLYHVWRFN DQG JDPH DQLPDOV EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH SRLVRQRXV SURGXFH VHHGV ZKLFK IRUP WDQJOHV LQ ZRRO RU KDYH WKRUQV ZKLFK LPSHGH DQLPDO PRYHPHQW DQG GDPDJH WKHLU KLGHV 6SHFLHV ZKLFK IURP GHQVH VWDQGV RU KLQGHU DFFHVVDOVRUHGXFHWKHYDOXHRIWKHDUHDIRUFRPPHUFLDOPHDWDQGWURSK\KXQWLQJ7KHEHQHILWVRI VSHFLHVDVZKLFKSURYLGHIRGGHUHJ 3URVRSLV RURWKHUSURGXFWVZHUHRIIVHWDJDLQVWWKHQHJDWLYH HIIHFWVLQWKHSDLUZLVHFRPSDULVRQV 7KH ILQDO IDFWRU ZDV WKH LPSDFW RI LQYDVLRQV RQ ILUH UHJLPHV 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI ILUHV LV OLNHO\ WR LQFUHDVH IROORZLQJ LQYDVLRQV RI JUDVVHV ERWK DQQXDOV DQG SHUHQQLDO VSHFLHV VXFK DV 3HQQLVHWXP 7KHVH VSHFLHV DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ SUREOHPDWLF LQ WKH VXFFXOHQW NDURR EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH KLJKO\ IODPPDEOHDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJILUHVFDQKDYHDGHYDVWDWLQJLPSDFWRQWKHVXFFXOHQWIORUD)RUUHVWHU 5LFKDUGVRQ HW DO 0LOWRQ 6LPLODU LQYDVLRQV RI DULG HQYLURQPHQWV E\ %URPXV VSHFLHV KDYH WUDQVIRUPHG PLOOLRQV RI KHFWDUHV RI GHVHUW VKUXEODQGV LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD '¶$QWRQLR DQG 9LWRXVHN $UXQGR GRQD[ LV DOVR KLJKO\ IODPPDEOH DQG LWV KLJK ELRPDVV FDQ OHDG WR LQWHQVH ILUHV ZKLFK NLOO QDWLYH VSHFLHV JURZLQJ LQ RU QHDU WR $UXQGR VWDQGV DQG FDQ IDFLOLWDWH VRLO DQGULYHUEDQNHURVLRQ

7.4

Prioritization of species for the two karoo biomes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

p. 36

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Prosopis glanulosa Eucalyptus camaldulensis Populus x canescens Arundo donax Nerium oleander Tamarix ramosissima Schinus molle Myriophyllum spicatum Cacti without biocontrol Casuarina equisetifolia Annual grasses Caesalpina gilliesii Pinus halepensis Cacti with biocontrol Atriplex mummularia Pennisetum setaceum Xanthuim spinosum Solanum elaeagnitolium

.114 .097 .089 .087 .074 .063 .060 .055 .046 .046 .046 .042 .039 .037 .030 .026 .025 .024

Figure 13. The relative importance and final ranking of invasive alien plant species in the Nama and succulent karoo biomes

7.5

Primary catchments selected in the succulent karoo biome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able 26. The three primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the succulent karoo biome.

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ ( ) -

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 1DPDTXDODQG 2OLIDQWVDQG'RULQJ *RXULW]

p. 37

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Namibia

9

Port Nolloth

Springbok 9

)

'

Calvinia Van Rhynsdorp

9

9

(

Beaufort West 9

N

-

* Primary Catchments Succulent Karoo Biome 80

0

80 Kilometers

Worcester

Oudtshoorn 9

9

+

Figure 14. . The correspondence of the succulent karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 26).

7.6

Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome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

p. 38

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 27. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into sub-criteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

5HWDLQLQWHJULW\RIWKHZDWHUUHVRXUFH

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 0D[LPLVHVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV

7RWDOV

6XEFULWHULRQ

5HWDLQIUHVKVXUIDFHZDWHUV\VWHPV 5HWDLQEUDNZDWHUV\VWHPV 5HWDLQJURXQGZDWHUV\VWHPV 3URWHFWELRGLYHUVLW\ &XUUHQWLPSDFW 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFW 6KRUWWHUPMREFUHDWLRQ 2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIXWXUHMREV

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

7.7

Prioritization of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome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ouritz E - Olifants/Doring (Succulent) F - Namaqualand (Succulent)

.387 .348 .264

Figure 15. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome.

7.8

Primary catchments selected in the Nama karoo biome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

p. 39

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Table 28. The five primary catchments used as a basis for the prioritization of areas for the control of invasive alien plant species in the Nama karoo biome. 3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWGHVLJQDWLRQ ' ' - / 1

3ULPDU\FDWFKPHQWQDPH 2UDQJH2QJHUV%UDNDQG6HHNRHLULYHUV 2UDQJH6DNDQG+DUWHEHHVULYHUV *RXULW] *DPWRRV 6XQGD\V

Namibia

&

Upington

Kimberley

9

9

9

9

Prieska

Trompsburg

Springbok 9

'

)

De Aar 9

Carnarvon

9

( 9

Cradock

9

9

Beaufort West N

9

Prince Albert Primary Catchments Nama Karoo Biome 100

/

-

0

4 Graaff Reinet 1

9

3

Willowmore

100 Kilometers

Figure 16. The correspondence of the Nama karoo biome (shaded) with primary catchment boundaries. Letters indicate primary catchment names (see Table 28).

7.9

Agreed criteria for the assessment of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome 7KH UHDFKHV RI WKH 2UDQJH 5LYHU LWVHOI ZHUH JURXSHG ZLWK WKH WULEXWDULHV ' IURP .DNDPDV WR DERXW%HWKXOLHLQWKHVRXWKHUQ)UHH6WDWHDQG'IURP.DNDPDVWRWKHULYHUPRXWK7KHHDVWHUQ VHFWLRQ' LQFOXGHVWKH8SLQJWRQDUHDZLWKLWVH[WHQVLYHDUHDVRILUULJDWHGDJULFXOWXUH7KHDUHD DOVRKDVWKHKLJKHVWSRWHQWLDOIRUMREVZKLFKLQIOXHQFHGWKHZHLJKWLQJJLYHQWRWKLVVXEFDWFKPHQW IRUVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV7DEOH 7KHJUHDWHVWZHLJKWZDVJLYHQWRWKHSURWHFWLRQRIZDWHU UHVRXUFHV ZLWK JURXQGZDWHU JHWWLQJ PRUH WKDQ KDOI WKH ZHLJKW RI WKH VXEFULWHULD 7KLV LV EHFDXVH JURXQGZDWHU LV FULWLFDO IRU WKH JUD]LQJ LQGXVWU\ ZKLFK LV WKH PDLQ DJULFXOWXUDO SUDFWLFH LQ WHUPV RI WKH DUHD WKDW LV IDUPHG *URXQGZDWHU LV DOVR YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IRU PRVW WRZQV DQG WKH RQO\ ZDWHU VRXUFH IRU PDQ\ RI WKHP 7KH KLJK LPSDFW LQYDVLYH DOLHQ SODQWV

p. 40

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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able 29. Nested criteria identified as significant for the purposes of prioritizing primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome with regard to focusing scarce resources so as to obtain maximum benefit. Higher-level criteria are divided into subcriteria, and the relative weightings are given for each. &ULWHULRQ

5HWDLQLQWHJULW\RIWKHZDWHUUHVRXUFH DQGELRGLYHUVLW\

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

0DLQWDLQDJULFXOWXUDOSRWHQWLDOLQ GU\ODQGV 3UHVHQFHRISULRULW\LQYDVLYHDOLHQ SODQWV 0D[LPLVHVRFLRHFRQRPLFEHQHILWV

7RWDOV

6XEFULWHULRQ

5HWDLQSHUPDQHQWDQGVHDVRQDO VXUIDFHZDWHU 5HWDLQJURXQGZDWHUV\VWHPV 3URWHFWELRGLYHUVLW\ 1RQH

:HLJKWLQJ DVVLJQHG

&XUUHQWLPSDFW 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFW 6KRUWWHUPMREFUHDWLRQ 2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRUIXWXUHMREV

7.10 Prioritization of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome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

p. 41

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

D2 - Ongers / Brak / Seekoei D1 - Sakrivier / Hartebees (Nama) N - Sundays (Nama) L - Gamtoos (Nama) J - Gouritz

.341 .223 .199 .139 .099

Figure 17. The relative importance and final ranking of primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome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

p. 42

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

8. Conclusions and recommendations 8.1

Current budget allocations according to identified priorities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

Figure 18. Annual budgets of Working for Water in 13 primary catchments in the fynbos biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. Note that primary catchment G is spilt into two parts: G1= rivers flowing to the north and west and G2 =rivers flowing to the south and east (see Figure 2).

&XUUHQWH[SHQGLWXUHRIWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHLQWKHJUDVVODQGELRPHLQGLFDWHWKDWWKH DPRXQWVEXGJHWHGIRUHDFKSULPDU\FDWFKPHQWDUHLQOLQHZLWKWKHSULRULWLHVLGHQWLILHGKHUH)LJXUH ZLWKWZRH[FHSWLRQV7KH8P]LPYXEXFDWFKPHQWSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW7 UHFHLYHVDEXGJHWRI 5 PLOOLRQ DQG KDV D SULRULW\ RI LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WRR PXFK IXQGLQJ LV JRLQJ LQWR WKLV SDUWLFXODUFDWFKPHQW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH,QNRPDWLFDWFKPHQWSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW; UHFHLYHV RQO\5PLOOLRQGHVSLWHDSULRULW\RILQGLFDWLQJWKDWPRUHIXQGLQJZRXOGEHDSSURSULDWHLQ WKLVDUHD

p. 43

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

Figure 19. Annual budgets of Working for Water in nine primary catchments in the grassland biome in relation to priorities identified in this study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

Figure 20. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in eight primary catchments in the moist savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study.

p. 44

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

7KH RQO\ WZR SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWV LQ WKH DULG VDYDQQD ELRPH ZHUH DOORFDWHG WKH VDPH OHYHO RI SULRULW\ 7KHVH WZR FDWFKPHQWV DOVR UHFHLYH VLPLODU DQQXDO EXGJHWV )LJXUH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW EXGJHWDOORFDWLRQVDUHDSSURSULDWH

Figure 21. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in two primary catchments in the arid savanna biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. &XUUHQWO\ WKH :RUNLQJ IRU :DWHU SURJUDPPH RQO\ DOORFDWHV IXQGLQJ WR RQH RI WKH WKUHH SULPDU\ FDWFKPHQWVLQWKHVXFFXOHQWNDURRELRPH)LJXUH 7KHIDFWWKDWWKHSURJUDPPHDSSHDUVWREH WRWDOO\LQDFWLYHLQWKHKLJKHVWSULRULW\FDWFKPHQWSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW-*RXULW] VXJJHVWVWKDWDQG DSSURSULDWHSRUWLRQRIWKHDYDLODEOHIXQGVVKRXOGEHUHDOORFDWHGWRWKDWFDWFKPHQW

Figure 22. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in three primary catchments in the succulent karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study.

p. 45

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

&XUUHQWH[SHQGLWXUHRIWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHLQWKH1DPDNDURRLVHVVHQWLDOO\LQOLQH ZLWKWKHSULRULWLHVLGHQWLILHGKHUH)LJXUH +RZHYHULWGRHVDSSHDUWKDWIXQGVPD\KDYHEHHQ RYHUDOORFDWHGWRSULPDU\FDWFKPHQW-WKH*RXULW] ZKLFKKDVDQDQQXDOEXGJHWRIPLOOLRQEXW KDVWKHORZHVWSULRULW\

Figure 23. Annual budgets of the Working for Water in five primary catchments in the Nama karoo biome in relation to priorities identified in this study. Note that primary catchment D is spilt into two parts: D1= Ongers, Brak and Seekoei rivers and D2 = Sak and Hartebees rivers (see Section 7.8).

8.2

Approaches adopted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¶VDFWLYLWLHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\IRUWKHPRUHHIIHFWLYHDQG HIILFLHQWLQYHVWPHQWRILWVIXQGVDQGWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRILWVRYHUDOOJRDOV

p. 46

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

8.3

Recommendations 7KLV VWXG\ KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXO LQ GHYHORSLQJ D SUHOLPLQDU\ DSSURDFK WR WKH SULRULWL]DWLRQ RI ERWK VSHFLHVDQGDUHDVIRUFRQWURORSHUDWLRQV+RZHYHUDQXPEHURIIROORZXSDFWLRQVZLOOEHQHHGHGLI WKLVDSSURDFKLVWRGHOLYHULWVIXOOSRWHQWLDOLQWHUPVRIKHOSLQJWKH:RUNLQJIRU:DWHUSURJUDPPHWR LPSURYHLWVRSHUDWLRQVDQGLWVLPSDFW:LWKWKLVLQPLQGZHUHFRPPHQGWKHIROORZLQJ 7KDWWKHXVHRI$+3EHDGRSWHGE\:RUNLQJIRU:DWHU¶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

p. 47

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

9. References $QRQ\PRXV ([SHUWFKRLFH4XLFNVWDUWJXLGHDQGWXWRULDOV([SHUW&KRLFH,QF3LWWVEXUJK 3$8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD '¶$QWRQLR &0 DQG 9LWRXVHN 30 %LRORJLFDO LQYDVLRQV E\ H[RWLF JUDVVHV WKH JUDVV ILUH F\FOHDQGJOREDOFKDQJH$QQXDO5HYLHZRI(FRORJ\DQG6\VWHPDWLFV±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

)RUUHVWHU- )LUHLQWKH.DURR1%*)ORUDO5HVHUYH9HOGDQG)ORUD

+DUGLQJ *% DQG %DWH *& 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI LQYDVLYH 3URVRSLV VSHFLHV LQ WKH QRUWK ZHVWHUQ&DSH6RXWK$IULFD6RXWK$IULFDQ-RXUQDORI6FLHQFH +HQGHUVRQ/ ,QYDVLYHZRRG\SODQWVRIWKHQRUWKHUQ&DSH%RWKDOLD +HQGHUVRQ/ 6RXWKHUQ$IULFDQ3ODQW,QYDGHUV$WODV6$3,$ $SSOLHG3ODQW6FLHQFH +HQGHUVRQ/ ,QYDVLYHQDWXUDOLVHGDQGFDVXDODOLHQSODQWVLQVRXWKHUQ$IULFDDVXPPDU\ EDVHGRQWKHVRXWKHUQ$IULFDQ3ODQW,QYDGHUV$WODV6$3,$ %RWKDOLD± +LJJLQV6,7XUSLH-.&RVWDQ]D5&RZOLQJ50/H0DLWUH'&0DUDLV&DQG0LGJOH\*) $QHFRORJLFDOHFRQRPLFVLPXODWLRQPRGHORIPRXQWDLQI\QERVHFRV\VWHPV'\QDPLFV YDOXDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQW(FRORJLFDO(FRQRPLFV

p. 48

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

-RKDQQVPHLHU0)DQG$-10RVWHUW6RXWK$IULFDQQHFWDUDQGSROOHQIORUD,Q%HHNHHSLQJ LQ6RXWK$IULFD UGHGLWLRQHG0)-RKDQQHVPHLHUSS±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± 0JLGL7/H0DLWUH'&6FKRQHJHYHO/1HO-/5RXJHW0DQG5LFKDUGVRQ'0 $OLHQ SODQW LQYDVLRQV ±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± 2 &RQQRU 7* DQG %UHGHQNDPS *- *UDVVODQG ,Q 9HJHWDWLRQ RI 6RXWKHUQ $IULFD (GV 50&RZOLQJ'05LFKDUGVRQDQG603LHUFH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV8. 2OVRQ '0 DQG 'LQHUVWHLQ ( 7KH *OREDO 3ULRULW\ HFR UHJLRQV IRU JOREDO FRQVHUYDWLRQ$QQDOVRIWKH0LVVRXUL%RWDQLFDO*DUGHQ 3R\QWRQ 5- 7KH JHQXV 3URVRSLV LQ 6RXWK $IULFD 8QSXEOLVKHG SDSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH )RUHVWU\5HVHDUFKµ&RQIHUHQFH&6,53UHWRULD

p. 49

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

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± 6DDW\7/ +RZWRPDNHDGHFLVLRQ7KHDQDO\WLFKLHUDUFK\SURFHVV (XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI 2SHUDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK±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±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

p. 50

The prioritization of species and primary catchments for the purposes of guiding invasive alien plant control operations in the terrestrial biomes of South Africa

SHUVSHFWLYHV (GV %: YDQ :LOJHQ 02 $QGUHDH -$ /LQGHVD\ DQG -* *ROGDPPHU SS :LWZDWHUVUDQG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV6RXWK$IULFD 9DQ:LOJHQ%:1HO-/DQG5RXJHW0 ,QYDVLYHDOLHQSODQWVDQG6RXWK$IULFDQULYHUV $SURSRVHGDSSURDFKWRWKHSULRULWL]DWLRQRIFRQWURORSHUDWLRQV )UHVKZDWHU%LRORJ\± 9DQ:\N'% 7KHHIIHFWVRIFDWFKPHQWPDQDJHPHQWRQVHGLPHQWDQGQXWULHQWH[SRUWVLQ WKH 1DWDO 'UDNHQVEHUJ SS 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH QG 6RXWK $IULFDQ 1DWLRQDO +\GURORJLFDO6\PSRVLXP(G5(6FKXO]H 3S8QLYHUVLW\RI1DWDO3LHWHUPDULW]EXUJ

p. 51

Prioritising quaternary catchments for invasive alien - Department of ...