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Loi noi d~u ....... ....::.JI!J 6 ach nay duqc bien saq,n dif,c bift danh cha nhilng guai tlj h9c chil Han . G9i la "Taan thu" kh6ng nhilm y huang dq,t d~n slj taan difn, haan hda v6n kh6ng baa gia c6 thljc, nhung vi n¢i dung cua sach baa g6m cd nhi~u tr'inh d¢ danh cha nguai h9c chil Han tit nh¢p m6n d~n nang caa, vai nhilng nhu cdu va m!fc dich c6 th~ khac nhau it nhi~u, d6ng thai ciing c6 gdng cung dip m¢t luqng ki~n thuc c6 tinh da dq,ng baa quat nhi~u lanh vljc, thu¢c nhi~u th~ laq,i van bdn khac nhau cua chil Han.
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Trang chi~u huang neu tren, ngaai PHAN MO DA U giai thifU nhilng van d~ can bdn t6ng quat lien quan d~n chil Han, sach con duqc cau tq,a bai cac ph&n chinh nhu sau:
I. N~P MON: G6m 126 bai h9c ngdn di tit d~ d~n kh6, m6i bai d~u c6 phien am, dtch nghla, gidi thich tit mai va ngil phap. Ngaai nhilng diim ngil phap gidi thich Clf th~ thea tung bai, con c6 ph&n ngil phap ca bdn duqc giai thifu d&n d&n trdi d~u thea cac bai h9c ma nguai h9c c6 th~ h9c ngay haif,c tuy tifn cai lq,i trang nhilng luc rdnh r6i. II. NANG CAO: Nguai h9c sau khi h9c ky ph&n nay (t6ng c¢ng 102 bai) c6 th~ ndm vilng them m¢t s6 tit vljng va tri thuc ngil phap c&n y~u d~ d9c duqc h&u h~t cac sach chil Han thu¢c nhi~u th~ laq,i va tr'inh d¢ khac nhau, tit nhilng tac phtlm tha, van, sit, tri~t c6 dq,i cha d~n c¢n, hi~n dq,i, k~ cd nhftng Ph¢t thu va kinh lu¢n Ph¢t giao u6n duqc vi~t Mng m¢t th~ laq,i Han ngil kha di;ic thu c6 tinh trung gian va ph6i hqp giila Van ng8n vai Bq,ch thag,i v~
v
ca phu:ang di~n tit ngil Zan ngil phap. Khi soc;r,n phdn NANG CAO nay, chung toi da co gdng tuy€n ch9n nhilng bai th(tt tieu bi€u cho tung th€ loc;zi va thai ky, m8i bai d~u c6 phdn gim thi~u tac giatac pham, giup ngu:C!i h9c c6 n~n tang d€ vita niim vilng chil Han vita c6 them ca hf)i thea doi ti~n trinh phat tri€n cua van, tri~t, sa Trung Quae mf)t each t6ng quan, vita du ma khong phai mat qua nhi~u thi gia trong khi cha c6 ca hf)i d€ di sau vao nhilng loc;zi sach khac. Doi vm ngu:C!i khong chuyen tam vcw m~fc dicli h9c chil Han, cilng c6 th€ coi day la mf)t t(tp "trich di~m" hay ''giup tri nh{f' nhilng danh tac tha, van CUa Trung Quae von chita dljng nhi~u tinh hoa cua tu: tu:(mg phu:ang Dong rat tham trdm, sau siic lien quan d~n m9i Zanh Vljc cua dai song xa hf)i, tit kinh nghi~m song, Slj chiem nghi~m ca nhan, cho d~n ngh~ thu(tt itng xu va trf mfflc... Sach nay v€ ca bdn t¢p trung cho Van ngon (but ngil hay crf ngil) nhi~u han cho Bg,ch thog,i (ngil th€ hay khdu ngil), nhu:ng mf)t phdn VAN B~CH THO~! nho cilng du:~c them vao dog,n cu6i cua ph&n NANG CAO nay, du:~c hiiu la "nang cao them mf)t bu:ac" sau khi da hc;>c Van ngon di c6 thi dc;>c du:~c cac sach tham khdo vitt biing titng Han hifn dg,i, chit khong nhiim vao dg,y titng Pho? thong di n6i nang giao dfch. EJf)c gid c6 m~fc dich h9c ti~ng Phrf thong (Bg,ch thog,i) c6 thi sil dlfng bat ky sach nao khac hifn dang du:~c phrf bi~n rat rf)ng rai.
III.THU PHAP: Ph&n nay do anh Le Anh Minh chuyen trach bien sog,n, c6 tinh chudn xac va kinh diin cd v~ ly thuytt Zan thljc hanh, di giup nhilng bg,n yeu thich thu: phap c6 luon tai li~u tham khdo chung trong mf)t bf) sach g9i la Toan thzt tlj hpc chii Han nay. Trang phdn NANG CAO, h&u h~t cac bai dfch chung toi d~u tl! dfch leiy va coy dich sat theo titng chii d€ ti~n cho vi~c h9c t(tp. Tuy nhien, thu th(tt la di vita da mat cong phdn nao, vita di cung cap cho df)c gid mf)t so ban dfch c6 gia trf cila cac b¢c tuc nho ti~n b6i, chung toi da tranh thu sa dlfng trong chitng mljc cho phep mf)t s6 ban dfch cil cua nhilng ngu:ai di tn.fflc (nhu: Nguy~n Hilu Ti~n, VI
Phan K~ Binh, Hoang Thuc Tram, Nguy~n Hi~n Le, Tr&n Tr9ng San, Phan Ng9c ...J. Trang phdn dfch tha, ngoai phdn dfch xuoi do chung toi tlj lam lay, con c6 bd.n dfch tha su:u tdm du:~c cua mf)t so dfch gia n6i ti~ng tnfflc nhu: Phan Huy Vfnh, Tan Da, Trdn Tr9ng Kim, Ng6 Tat TO, v.v ... nhiim mlfC dich cung cap cho ngu:ai h9C mf)t SO tai li~u van h9c v{Ji nhilng ban dfch nrJi ti~ng d€ thu:(mg ngog,n, tang them phdn hitng thu trong khi h9c t(tp chil Han. EJQ,c bi~t trong phdn Kinh lu(t'n Ph(d giao, d€ bcw dam it c6 sai s6t v~ giao ly giao ngh'ia, chung toi da khong tlj dfch ma su:u t&m va sa dlfng phdn Zan bdn dfch cua cac tu s'i hoQ,c nha nghien citu Ph(tt giao. Rat mong cac vf c6 bdn dfch trong sach nay hoan hi chap nh(tn di giup cho nhilng ngu:ai h(tu h9c c6 them di~u ki~n tinh tan. Ngoai nhilng nf)i dung chinh neu tren, sach con du:~c minh hQa bifi nhi€u hinh ve va anh maud[ ngU:ai hQC CO them tU: [ifU tham khdo ho(j,c xem them cho da chan. Nhan day, chung toi xin ghi nh¢n slj giup da t¢n tinh cua cac anh Le Minh Bite, Tg, Duy Chan, EJ8 Cong Minh (Nha sach EJg,i Th~ Giai) va co Thudn Chanh (Thi~n vifn Vien Chi~u) trong vi~c cung cap cho rat nhi~u tai [ifU Va hinh anh dung trong sach. MQ,c du da co gdng nhi~u, chung toi van bitt khong c6 mf)t quy€n sach duy nhat nao c6 thi du:a ngu:ai h9c dg,t d~n dinh dich cu6i c-ling. Trai lg,i, y~u to thanh cong chinh la a bdn than ngliai hQC, thi hi~n G Slj quy~t tam, kien tri, long say me Va tinh lien t/fC cua vi~c hQC t¢p. Nen tim d9C them bat ky sach nao khac c6 lien quan di khong ngitng niim vilng nhilng tri thitc ca bdn v~ tit vljng, ngil phap ... , nhat la thu:ang xuyen t¢p dc;>c, t¢p dfch, t(tp viet va tra citu tit diin ma k~t qud dg,t du:~c chile chiin se tg,o cho ngu:ai hc;>c mf)t ni~m khich l~ va slJ tu:ang thu:ang thich dang. Sau cung, chung toi mong nh¢n du:~c slj gop y cua nhilng bg,n d6ng thanh khi, nhat la tit phia nhilng ngu:ai trljc ti~p dung . sach di sau nay se brf sung, hoan chinh them khi c6 dfp tai bdn.
THAN v .AN ciiANH VII
10. HOANG BiNH TRA.CH, Trung h9c sinh C6 thi van t1:1ng df?c 70 thien !=f:l~~ilg~)(§itHit+m (D6 van ban), Son Dong My thu~t Xuat ban xa, Son Dong, 2001.
THU' Ml)C THAM KHAO ~:tt~§ 1.
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DU NGUYEN DAM, Cao trung Quo'c van Tan djch ~ ~X §i' D~i Chung Thu' Cl;IC an hfmh, Dai Loan. 1964.
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2.
VVONG UjC, C6 dt;~i Han ngil il{i:1~§1L Trung Hoa Thu ct,Ic, Bac Kinh, 1962.
3.
TU MINH, Han tl! thuong thlic ~~ ban xa, Huang Cang, 1973.
4.
HO DO THl) (chu bien), Hi¢n dt;-i Han nga :£~ {i:/~§1§, Thu'<;5ng Hai Giao dt,lc Xuat ban xa, Thu<;5ng Hai, 1999.
5.
HONG DOC NHAN, Hi¢n dt;~i Han ngil :£~{i:1~§g, H~ Mon D~i hQc Ham tht,I be) , 1963.
6.
DAI VAN BINH, TIEN QUOC LQI (chu bien), Cao trung Van ngon nha't ban thong~$)( 6 -:;;tjj D~i Lien Ly cong D~i hQc Xuat ban xa, 2001.
7.
DANG KIEN ueT (chu bien), So trung Van ngon van Tuong djch Tinh tich tJJ $ )( 6 )( 8¥ §i *~ .fJT, Van Hoi Xu at ban xa, Thu<;5ng Hai, 2002.
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8.
9.
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DANG KIEN ueT (chu bien), Cao trung Van ngon van Tuong djch Tinh tich ~'*X~ x§'f:§if~.fJT, Van Hoi Xuat ban xa, Thu'<;5ng Hai, 2000.
Co? kim Danh tac Van tuyin il~~fFX~ (khong d~ tac gia), Chinh Ngon Xuat ban xa, Dai Loan, 1970. VIII
11. L Y MQNG SINH-SV LVONG CHIEU, Co? van quan chl djch chu 6 )(_ WJt §iii (thu'<;5ng, h<;1, sach), Thuong Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu'
m
13. PHAN KE BfNH, Vi¢t Han van khao, M?c Lam xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1970. 14. NGUYEN HIEN LE, Dt;~i cuong Van h9c su Trung Quo'c (t~p I, II, Ill), NXB. Nguy~n Hien Le, SaiGon, 1964. 15. NGUYEN HIEN LE, Co? van Trung Quo'c, Van Dan, Sai Gon, 1966. 16. LANG NHAN, Han van Tinh tuy, NXB. Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 1992. 17. BO QUOC GIA GIAO Dl)C, Han Vi{:~t Tan kh6a ban (lop D~ that va D~ 1t,lc), SaiGon, 1954.
18. NGUYEN VAN BA, Nho van Giao khoa thu, Vi~t Nam Van Hien, Sai Gon, 1970. 19. TRAN TRQNG SAN, Han van, Bac D~u, SaiGon, 1963. 20. TRAN TRQNG SAN, Tho Duong (cuon I va II), Sai Gon, 1965. 21. v6 NHV NGUYeN -NGUYEN HONG GIAO,Han van Giao khoa thu(t~p Iva II), NXB. Da Nang, 1997. 22. TRVONG vAN GTOI-LE KHAC KIEU Ll)C, h9c tie'ng Hoa, NXB. Khoa hQc Xa h()i, 1998.
sJ tay
nguoi
23. HUYNH MINH DUC, Han van (quy~n 1), Minh Tri, Sai IX
Gon, 1973.
24. CHIEM BINH, Tu thu tuC!ng gidi IZ.9~§$~~' Chinh Ngon Xu at ban xa, 8ai Loan, 1964. 25. HOANG THO KY-TRUONG THI~N VAN, Chu Djch djch chu JEJ ~ §J i1, Thu<;>ng Hai c6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu'ting Hai, 2ooo. 26. DUONG THIEN VO, Lg ky djch chu t-1 ~c §J i1, Thu<;5ng Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa, Thu<;>ng Hai, 1997. 27. KIM KHAI HOA, Quo'c phong kim djch ~ }!\:~§! , Kie'n Van Thu Cl;IC, H6ng Kong, (nam ?). 28. TU KY DUONG,ThuQ'ng thu xa, Quang Chau, 2001.
r6J ~,
Quang Chau Xuat ban
29. L Y MQNG SINH, Td truy?n djch chu, ti_ 1$: §J i1, Thu<;5ng Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa,Thu<;>ng Hai, 1998 . ~y,
36. HAROLD SHADICK, A First Course in Literary Chinese (Volume I), Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1992. 37. GREGORY CHIANG, Language of the Dragon (Volume I), Cheng and Tsui Company, USA, 1998. 38. THICH HANH TR{), So ddng Phqt h9c Gido khoa thu, Thanh h(ii Phi;it giao Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh-NXB. Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 1997. 39. 80AN TRUNG CON, Chu kinh Tqp ylu, in ky dgu, Sai Gon, 1970.
40. Uing nghiem kinh (ban chu Han). 41. THICH DUY UjC (Dich va lu<;>c giai), Kinh Lang nghiem, NXB. Ton giao, 1999. , 42. D~i thifa khoi tin lu(m (ban chu Han).
Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang
43. THICH THI~N THONG (Vi~t dich),D~i thiia khoi tin !uqn ddn nghia, 1994.
31. MA NGQC DINH, Him Phi til ~t~~r, Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001.
44. LE MANH THAT, Tdng tqp Van h9c Phqt giao Vi?t Nam (Phl;l ban Han van ":Ly ho~c lui;in"), NXB. TP. H6 Chi Minh,
32. KHUAT
2001. 45. Tho van Ly Trdn, NXB. Khoa hQc Xa h()i, Ha N()i, 1978.
30. THI MINH, Mijc til Chau, 2001.
*1~
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TIEN-HO KIEN HOA, Chien quo'c sach Quang Chau Xuat ban xa, Quang Chau, 2001.
33. VUONG THE CHINH-DAM NGQC THI~N, An til Xuan thu tuyln djch ~ r~fjc~§J, Nhan Dan Van hQc Xuat ban xa, Bac Kinh, 1994. 34. TRI~U cAT HU~-QUACH HAU AN (chu bien), Trung Quo'c Nho h9c Tit diin r:j=l ~ f~ ~ §§] ~, Lieu Ninh Nhan Dan Xuat ban xa, Th~m Duong, 1989. 35. J. BRANDT, Introduction to Literary Chinese, Ederick Ungar Publishing Company, New York. X
46. THICH TRf QUANG, Sa di- Sa di ni (khong ghi noi va nam xuat ban).
47. TRAN TRQNG KIM, Phqt giao thuo xua va Phqt giao ngay nay, Tan Vi~t, Sai Gon, 1953. 48. TRAN TRQNG KIM, Duong thi, NXB. Van hoa Thong tin, 1995. 49. THICH TRI T~NH, Di?u phdp lien hoa kinh (Phien am va Dich nghia). XI
50. THICH THONG BVU, Kinh Dg.i thaa Di¢u phap lien hoa Giang lut;in, NXB. T6n Giao, 2002.
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~:E~{i:11=6"1J~~' Hoa ngu Giao hQc Xuat ban xa, B~c
Kinh, 1989.
51 . CHANH TRi, Bat nha Ba la mt;it da Tam kinh Vi~t gidi, Sai Gon, 1962.
63. TRAN VAN CHANH , Sa lur;c Ngil phap Han van (Van ng6n), NXB. Da Nang, 1997.
52.TRAN DOAN CAT-HO TRUNG HANH (chu bien), !'ht;it kir;h Van h9c Tuy bien NiH~X~f$~, ThueJng Hai C6 tich Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 1999.
64. TRAN vAN CHANH, Ta ddn Hu ta-Han ngil Hi~n dg.i, NXB. Tre, TP. HCM, 2002.
53. LA VI QUOC, Pht;it tg.ng dil Dg.o tg.ng 1~ffiW~ffi, ThuQng Hai Thu diem Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 2001. 54. NHI~M KE DO (T6ng chu bien), Pht;it giao Tiiu ta diln 1~ ~5UJ\ ~P] ~, ThuQng Hai TU' thu Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 2001. 55. TRUNG QUOC PHAT GIAO HI~P HOI, Trung Quf/c Pht;it gicio lf1 ~ 1~ ~, Dong Phuong Xuat ban Trung tam, Thu<;ing Hai, 1996. 56. CHAN NGUYEN-NGUYEN TVCJNG BACH, Ta di!n Pht;it h9c, NXB. Thu?n H6a, Hue, 1999. 57. TRUC LAM CV SI, Pht;it giao Nan tl! Ti! di!n 1~ ~iff ::f: ::f: ~, Thuong Xu an ThtJ Thu phong, Dai Loan, 1990.
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65. TRAN vAN CHANH, Tu diln Han Vi?t-Han ngil cff dg.i va Hi¢n dg.i, NXB. Tre, TP. HCM, in 1ftn thu hai, 2001. 66. UONG L~ VIEM, Han ngil Ngil phap ¥:i§B Hai D~i hQc Xuat ban xa, ThuQng Hai, 1999.
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Thu<;ing
67. TRVdNG THV NHAM-VVdNG THIET CON, Gidn h6a tl! Tdnguyen .W 1t ~ ~ ~ NgG'vanXufi'tbiinxa,BlicKinh, 1997. 68. AU DVdNG TRUNG THACH-KIM vAN xVdNG, Trung Quo'c Thu phap Sa giam lf1 ~ ~! 5: ii, Trung c()ng Trung uong Dang hi~u Xuat ban xa, 1993.
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69. TRVdNG TOAN HOI, So h9c Thu phap Ky xdo Nht;ip mon ~ $; H: J.1j A F~' Trung Quoc Thanh th! Kinh te Xa h()i Xuat ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1989.
m :e
70. LVU NGH~, Trung Hoa Thu phap Dg.i diln, Quoc te Van h6a Xuat ban C6ng ty, B~c Kinh, 1993.
58 . THICH THANH TU, Tham db hiin quye't, Thi~n vi~n Thuong Chieu-NXB. Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 1997.
71. TRVdNG CAO PHONG, Thu phap Nht;ip mon, Thi6m Tay LG' du Xuat ban xa, Thi6m Tay, 1995.
59. LVdNG VI, Tong thi Bach thuThiln thich*g~Ef§ 1~ ;f~, V~n Ly Thu diem, Huang Cang, 1965.
72. VAN THANH LAU, Ldu Cong Quy~n Khdi thu Td phap, Ngh~ thu?t D6 thu C6ng ty, Quang Chau, 1993.
60. NHLEU 1991.
D~CH GL.\, Tho Tong, NXB. Van HQc, Ha N()i,
61. KHONG DUC DINH TAN DUNG, Ta Tong, NXB. Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh: 1992. 62. Trung
Quo'c
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PHONG LAP TRUNG-TRAN VAN KHON, Trung Quo'c
Ljch dc;Ii Danh nhan EJ6 h9i $ ~ frr {i; ~A [i];jl, HQc Uytin Xuat ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1994. 3.
DVCiNG AM THAM, Trung Quo'c H9c thu(it gia Li¢t truy¢n
$~~Viti~ 1U 1$, Huang Cang Van Uyen Thu die'm Xuat ban xa, Huang Cang, nam? 4.
TRVCiNG MAU TRACH (Chinh ly), Tli thu T¢ip chu (Sap d6
ban) rz:g ~ ~ il: 5.
MA
, Tam T§n Xuat ban xa,
THV BIEN,
Trung
1999.
Quo'c Ph¢it giao
Chu thdn
$ ~ 1~ ~ §i3 t$, Dofm Ke't Xu at ban xa, B~c Kinh, 1998. 6.
HA TV TOAN (chu bien), Trung Quo'c Ljch dc;Ii Danh tang
r:p
~ Jrr {i; ~ 11W, Ha Nam Nhan Dan Xuat ban xa, Ha Nam,
1996. 7.
H.VAN PRAAG, Sagesse de laChine, Marabout Universite, 1966.
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NHUNG VAN E>:E cAN BAN A.cHa HAN: rfNH cHAT vA c.Au r~o
van phong tu bao
I. TiNH CHAT CUA CHU HAN Chu Han, thu chu cua t6 tien dan t()c Han, la mQt trong nhG'ng h~ thong chu viet OU
Mlfc Huang ky Ian D~i quoc (doi Minh)
Mlfc chu sa mau Tay Ho th~p canh thi (doi Thanh)
Tinh chat cua chu Han l~i khac. N6i thea thu phap thl m6i chula m()t hlnh th€ OQC l~p, khac voi hlnh thuc cua lo~i chu rap v ~ n ; chu Han l~i kh6ng ket h<;1p m~t thiet voi ngu am: m6i chu la m(}t dau hi~u cua am tiet, kh6ng th€ chi am d QG GY
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TRAN VAN CHANH
C6 th~ chia chG' Han ra lam hai nh6m IOn: M()t nh6m thugn tuy bi~u y , kh6ng c6 thanh phgn bi~u am; m()t nh6m chG' hlnh thanh c6 thanh phfrn bi~u am. Cac hQc gia. til xua d~u nMn ding chG' Han c6 6 nguyen de ca"u t;:to thuong gQi la Ll,lc thu.
II. L()C THU Ll,lc thu kh6ng phai la nhG'ng nguyen uk do nguoi xua d~ t ra truoc khi d~t chG' rna do nguoi doi sau din cu vao ket ca"u cua chG' viet r6i quy n;:tp thanh ly lu?n, vl v?y each giai thfch cua moi nha cung c6 vai cho chua nha"t tri. Sach Han van gidi tl! cua Hua Th?n 1da k~ ra 6 nguyen tac nhu sau: Chi stf, Tu<;1ng hlnh, Hlnh thanh, H()i y, Chuy~n chu, Gia ta. Han thz.t Ngh? van chi cua Ban C6'2 l;:ti c6 each gQi ten va thu ttf hoi khac: Tu<;1ng hlnh, Tu<;1ng stf, Tu<;1ng y, Tu<;1ng thanh, Chuy~n chu va Gia ta . Hi~n nay nguoi ta thuong dung eac thu?t ngG' cua Hua Th?n d~ gQi ten cho 6 nguyen tac ca"u t;:to chG' Han nhung xep l;:ti theo thu ttf cua Ban Co: Tu<;1ng hlnh, Chi stf, H()i y, Hlnh thanh, Chuy~n chu, Gia ta 3 .
1. Tzt(fng hinh Dung phuong ph a p ve hlnh nhG'ng v? t c6 thtfc d~ d~ t ra chG' viet gQi Ia phep tu<;1ng hlnh. Nhung chG' viet theo phuong phap nay gQi la chG' tu<;jng hlnh.
Hua Th~n (khoang 58-147) Ia ngttoi dat Nhu Nam doi Dong Han, tu Ia Thuc Trc,mg, ngoai Him \'(In Kii.ii f1! Ia m()t b() ll! di~n rat n6i tie'ng ( 14 thien) , 6 ng con Ia lac gia cua sach NKil hanh kinh dj nKhlu. 2 Ban Co (32-92) tl! Ia Mc:tnh Kien, nguoi da't An Lang doi nha Han, lac gia sach Him thu g6m 100 quy~n. 1
'Trinh Chung trong sach Chu tM', phiin chu giai lc:ti ghi Ia : Ttt<;ing hlnh , Hoi ChuytSn chu, Xt'r S\1, Gi:i ta, Hlnh than h.
y,
roA N THL1 Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
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Thf dl,l: )c. la hlnh ve m()t nguoi dang quy goi nhin theo trilc di~n , bi~u thi "nhan" la nguoi . Sau, hlnh th~ chG' viet bien a6i dgn, th~mh ra A . Vl chG' viet bien d6i , nen ngay nay khi nhln vao m()t chG' ta kh6ng con nh?n ra n6 la hlnh cua v?t gl. Trai l;:ti, (j Giap cot van, m()t lo;:ti chG' viet so khai, ta tr6ng thay rat r6 (xem hinh 1).
q ~ ~ F~ ~ 1m MON CUNG LQC TU0NG
P1
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Hinh 1 Hgu het chG' tu<;jng hlnh den nay kh6ng con giong hlnh ve nG'a, nhu cac chG' B (nh(jt: m~t troi), .f:l (nguyft: m~t trang), 4(ngz.tu: trau), .~ (ddu: chim), ... ; m()t so chG' khac da bien nghTa nen ngay nay khi nhln vao m~t chG' ta rat kh6 doan n6 von la chG' tu<;1ng hlnh, nhu chG' § (tl!) ban dgu c6 nghia la eai mui, chG' ~ (v
2. Chi S{l Hua Th?n n6i: "Tha"y rna nh?n biet, xet rna r6 y, nhu chG' thz.t(fng (__t_), chG' hq CT)'' (Chi stf gia, thi nhi kha thuc, sat nhi kien y, thu<;1ng h;:t thi da) . Qua cau "thay rna nh?n biet", ta thfry chG' chi Stf va tu<;jng hlnh cung hoi giong nhau. Doi Thanh, Vuong Quan trong Thuye't van cu gidi khi cat nghTa chG' 1J\ (difc: canh tay) da viet: "ChG' nay do tu<;1ng hlnh bien thanh chi stf". Cac nha khao cuu van ttf thuong cho ding chG' tu<;jng hlnh la do y theo hlnh th~ cua nhG'ng
II! II !I
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TRAN VAN CHANH
v~t c6 thlfc rna di;it ra, d~ chi m()t v~t Cl,l th~; con chu chi Slfla din cu theo each tlidng nghT cua con ngi1C5i, dung chi cac khai ni~m truu tlic;Jng, vi chu nay cling la m()t loi ve nhung c6 kha nang bi~u th! dlic;Jc nhung slf v~t vo hinh.
Nhi~u nguC5i dlfa vao cau "xet rna ro y" cua hQ Hua ma cho ding chu chi slf nit kh6 ph an bi~t voi chu h()i y. TM t ra, chU' h()i y la do nhi~u b9 ph~n hc;Jp thanh, con chu chi slf chi dung rieng m()t minh, nhu chu "thlic;Jng", chu "h~" Ia nhung chu dung rieng chu khong phai do chu I (c6n) va chu- (nh(tt) hc;;p l~i . Vai thi dl,l khac: - (nhcit: m()t)
=
(nhf: hai) I (c6n: tren duoi thong nhau) 0 (vi: vay quanh)
3. Hf)ij VI kha nang bi~u d~t cua chu tlic;Jng hinh va chi Slf c6 h~n nen phai nghT den vi~c rap m()t vai dau hi~u hoi;ic m()t vai hinh th~ d~ t~o ra m()t chu moi. £)6 la phep h()i y. Theo Hua Th~n, chu h()i y la chu "hc;Jp y cua eac phftn d~ t~o duc;;c nghia, nhu chu .LEt (va) , chu {§ (tin)" (H()i y gia, ti lo~i hc;;p nghi, dT kien chi vi, vo tin th! da).
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Nhu chu (thai: hai) la do chu !T\ (trdo: m6ng tay) va chu (mqc: cay) hc;Jp l~i, bi~u th! Slf vi~c "dung tay d~ hai qua tren cay"; ket hc;Jp -z (chinh la -=f.: thu, nghia Ia tay), 51 (nhf:tc: th!t) va * (k); :thftn) thanh ra chu~ (te': cling thftn ), 3 phftn \ 51 , * bi~u th! y "dung tay bung thit d~ te tlf truoc thftn ". Chu 7j5- (bq: di bang chan) bi~u th! khai ni~m "buoc" nen duc;;c rap bdi hinh ti1Qng cua chan trlioc va chan sau, viet theo Giap cot van la ~: hai chan di d()ng tung buoc, bi~u th! d()ng tac "di ". Chu 7j5- (b9) hc;Jp voi chu 1j<: (thuy) thanh chu 1~ (thi¢p) nghTa la l()i trong nuoc. D6i b() 1j<: (thuy) thanh b9 _$ (phf:t) ta c6
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roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN _:..;;---
chfi' ~& (trdc): "ph!,I" Ia go dat, di len go bi~u th! y len cao, vl "giai " Ia "len cao". Neu dem chu ti5- (b9) trong ~& (trdc) dao l~i th1 c6 chu ~il (gidng) la xuong. Trong lo~i h()i y, c6 khi cung chi m()t slf v~ t rna c6 nhi~u hlnh thai bi~u thi khac nhau. Thi du:
- Ch~ ~ d;R: thai): ::K Ia "trai cay", =- la "tay", dung tay d~ lay trai cay Ia "hai". - Chu ~ (1~: dac): w la "d6 v~t" (~: b6i), X.la "tay" (=f.: thu), d6 v~t nam trong tay c6 nghia Ia dliQC. Chu ,c, trong t;R (thai), chu --1" trong 1~ (dac) d~u bi~u th! "tay", trong each viet cua Khai thli con c6 m()t d~ng khac, nhu bQ )!... (hl;(u) trong chu ~ (chich), bQ ..3.. (k¢) trong chu (blnh) cling d~u bi~u thi "tay". Dung tay bat chim C%: diiu) Ia ~ (chich), Giap cot van viet Ia A:f:. Chu "chich" ban dftu von c6 nghia Ia "bat dlic;Jc". Dung tay dm lua (%:: hoa) thanh ra (b lnh ), Giap cot van viet"¥'\, c6 nghia "dm, nam ". C6 m()t so chu h()i y VI nghia ban dftu bi m()t nghia khac xa m chiem nen rat kh6 biet. Nhli chu ~ (ich), dien ta y nlioc tra n ra khoi ch~u (;~ Ia nuoc, Jill. la eai ch~u) c6 nghla tuong duong voi chu ~ ( dQ_t) ngay nay Ia "tran dfty". Chu !Ji: (mg_c) bi~ u thi mi;it trC5i li;in trong dam co (:*:[ ~~ ]la co mQc urn tum, B Ia mi;it trC5i), nay c6 nghia nhli chu "m9 "~ nghia la "bu6i chi~ u ". Khi n6i "huu ich ", "m~c giao chi thlic;Jng d~" (dung cho n6 gay (j tren canh), ta kh6 nh~n ra "ich" va "m~c" la nhung chu , Ql y.
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h ~.
4. Hinh thanh Tuc;;ng hlnh, Chi slf, H()i y d~u thu()c lm;ti chu bi~u y thuftn tuy . Neu chi dung 3 phep t~o tlf nay thl khong th~ dap ling dfty nhu du phat tri~n ngay cang cao cua xa h()i. Van tlf muon
au
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TRAN VAN CHANH
a
phat tri€n ta't phai lien h~ den thanh am va ngu ngon. cac nude tren the gioi, chu viet d~u phat tri€n theo huang .tu bi€u y len bi€u am. Chu Han cling khong ra ngoai I~ d6, nhung n6 khong phat tri€n thuftn tuy theo con duong bi€u am rna l<;li sinh ra mot hlnh thuc trung gian vua bi€u y vua bi€u am gQi la chu hlnh thanh. Chung ta tha'y c6 nhi~u stf v?t va y tu&ng khong th€ dung phep tu<;Jng hlnh ho~c hoi y d€ dien ta dUQC. Nhu "ngl;I'a" va "Ilia" c6 hlnh d<;lng ra't giong nhau, thl khong biet phai ve the nao d€ d~ t ra chu ljJl (lu: Ilia). Dung phep hoi y d€ bi€u thi "Ilia" cling kh6, nen phai ngh1 ra phep hlnh thanh. Theo Hua Th?n thl chu hlnh thanh la chu "lcly stf lam ten, lcly bo ph?n c6 am dQC gfrn giong d€ so sanh doi chieu rna t(;lo thanh, nhu chu giang ?I, chu ha iPJ" (Hlnh thanh gia, d1 stf vi danh, thu thi tuong thanh, giang ha thida). Nguyen rae hlnh thanh la dung mot phfrn lam dclu hi~u chi y, con mot phftn khac lam dclu hi~u chi am. Phfrn chi y d<;li khai neu len moi quan h~ giua chu d6 voi mot Slf v?t nao, phfrn con l(;li chi am d€ cho biet am OQC giong ho~c gfrn giong cua chu. Thi dl;l: - Chu *(lai) do-++- (thdo) va *(lai) t(;lo thanh. "Thao" (co) dung chi y, cho biet "Jai" thUOC V~ mot lo(;li CO, con "[ai" (*)chi am dQc. Neu d6i "lai" (*) ra "lan" (l*j), ta c6 chu Jil (lan) d€ chi ten mot loai co dQc la "lan ". - Chu ~ (ehu) chi mot loai trung c6 ten la "chu ", trong d6 £E. (trung) d€ chi nghia, (ehu) d€ chi am. Neu ta d6i bQ "trung" ra bo ~ (thuy) thl c6 chu 1*(chu) chi mot con song c6 ten dQc la "Chu ", mot nhanh cua song Tu thuoc tinh Son Dong. Dclu hi~u chi nghia va chi thanh trong chu hlnh thanh c6 vi tri khong nha't dinh, c6 th€ khai quat lam 6 truong h<;Jp :
*
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_ Tren hlnh duoi thanh, nhu ~ (lai), 1ft (nham) _ Duoi hlnh tren thanh, nhu ~ (cilu), ~ (ho(ie) _ Trai hlnh phai thanh, nhu ~ (chu), ft (br;m) _ Phai hlnh trai thanh, nhu ~U (tude), ~% (vu) - Ngoai hlnh trong thanh, nhu Ef (gioi), ~ (ly) _ Trong hlnh ngoai thanh, nhu rc.~ (mu9n), rt-Hhifn) f)oi khi moi nhln mot chu nao d6 ta tu&ng la chu hlnh thanh, nhung l<;li khong phai, nhu chu ~ (v~m), chu 1& (thifp). Neu hi€u lfrm c6 th€ dt nghia sai. Yi~c dt nghia cac dclu hi~u chi nghia cling dn c6 st,r uy€n chuytin. Thi dt,I: Dfru -++- cua chu 1fi_(thdo) phfrn nhi~u dung a€ chi cac thtfc v?t thuoc lo(;li hoa thao, nhu 1&1 (ha: sen), ~ (cue: hoa cue), ?f (mao: la tranh), ~ (edt: day leo). Nhung cling nhung ChU CO bo "thao" tren dfru d~U thUOC khong nen cho tftt v~ de loai hoa ho~c co vl nhung chu chi cac loai rau trai cling thuong viet voi bo "thao ", nhu ~ (lang: cu clu), ff (dn: rau dn) ... f)oi voi nhung loai c6 quan h~ den hoa' thao hay quan h~ den mau sac, mui vi cua hoa, thao cling c6 th€ viet voi bo "thao". Thi dt,I: ~ (hanh: cQng), 3f (nha: mfrm), J!j (phuong: thorn), if (thuong: mau xanh) ... Nhung chu dung bo "thao" lam dclu hi~u chi nghia doi khi cling bitiu thi nhung y nghia khac, nhu chu ¥-& (lg.e: roi rt,Ing), chu Jit (hoang: hoang vang). Truong h<;Jp nay th~t ra khong c6 gl mau thu~n, VI nhu chu "l(;lC" voi bo thdo con CO nghia ban dft U Ja "luc dfru khi la cay roi rt,Ing", c6 lien quan den la cay. Rieng dau hi~u chi thanh (am dQc), hi~n nay ta thuong tha'y n6 chi mot am dQc khong mcly chinh xac (nhu ?I (giang) khong dQc la "cong" I), vl c6 st,r bien d6i cua ngu am. Thi dt,I: cac chu dung 12_ (!6) dti chi thanh tuy phfrn nhi~u dQc la "lo ", nhu nt, {f!, ~. I!. (l6), nhung voi chu ~Ji (lu) l<;li khac m~c du
ca
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TRAN VAN CHANH
d€u dung chung m()t dau hi<$u d~ chi thanh ca. Chu if (rna) dung }jjij (ma) chi thanh, nhu'ng ~ Va ~ thl l(;li do.c la "mi ", ~ Va fi: thl l(;li doc la "rna", d€u kh6ng gi6ng voi am doc cua if "rna", thanh mau cua 4 chu do con tuong d6ng voi Jjjij (rna) . Nhung co tru'ong hQp thanh mau kh6ng gi6ng nhau, chi co v~n mau gi6ng, nhu' chu ~f (khiem) , 9,l (hi~m) va • (liem) d€u dung 31Jt (kiem) d~ chi thanh, v~n mau d€u la "iem ". Neu 2 chu dung cling m()t dau hi<$u chi thanh rna thanh mau (pht,I am dgu), v~n mau (vgn cai) d6i voi dau hi<$u chi thanh hoan toan khac thl vi<$c suy doan each doc kho khan kh6ng it, nhu' ~ (di?u) va {ffl] (thich). Ngoai ra, kho khan han nua la d6i voi tru'ong h<;jp tlf hlnh da bien d6i, khien ta kho nh~n ra dau hi<$u nao dung d~ chi am doc. Thi dt,I: chu :& (kim), dung ~ (kim) chi thanh, chu ~' (c!lp) dung lJz (c(lp) chi thanh, rat kho nh~n biet. Tuy nhien kh6ng vl nhung ly do tren rna noi chu hlnh thanh kh6ng co quy lu~t. Neu dlfa theo l!ch sll' am v~n cua Han ngu va phuong ng6n hi<$n d<;1i, ta thay chu hlnh thanh co quy lu~t r(;lch roi, nhu' chu K (ht) da dan khi nay, hi<$n nay dan Ci Tu Xuyen, Trung Khanh d€u doc gi6ng nhu' am cua chu J1i. (!6) 4 . Chu ~PJ (ha) dung OJ (khd) d~ chi thanh, hi<$n nay dan vung Quang Chau doc thanh mau va v~n mau cua "ha" va "kha" gi6ng nhau, chi khac chut it v€ thanh di<$u. Nghien cuu l!ch sll' am v~n cua Han ngu, nguoj ta co th~ l<;1i dt,Ing cac dau hi<$u chi thanh trong chCi' h'inh thanh d~ khao dinh SO lu'QC tlnh tr(;lng cac ~ "' am co. Trong v6n chu Han, chu hlnh thanh chiem mot ti 1<$ rat cao, co th~ len den 90 phgn tram, va ngay nay nguoi ta cling
4
Theo Tu Minh, Him t¥ thu&ng th!lc, tr.l6
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
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thu'ong dung phep hlnh thanh d~ d;;it ra nhung chu moi. Thi dt,I: f~ (cdo: lam), ~ffi (do: uranium), . ~ (nai: khi neon), 'I I (qt: SQ), {nj (qtc: rat) ... 5. Chuyin clui. Phep chuy~n chu trong Lt,Ic thu' la m()t tru'ong h<_ip r~c r6i da sinh ra nhi€u van d€ tranh lu~n, nhi€u y kien giai thich khac nhau: Phai chu hlnh chu tru'ong dlfa vao hlnh th~ cua chu, nhu' noi: Chu ~ (khdo) quanh v€ ben ta, chu ~ (lao) quanh v€ ben huu, chu LlJ (son) nhln m?t ben thanh chu !j3. (phlf), ... Thuyet nay kh6ng chinh xac. Theo phai chu am, vl m()t chu thanh di<$u kh6ng gi6ng nhau, am doc co khac nen nghia moi phan bi<$t ra, do Ia chuytin chu. Thi dt,I: chu j;, doc "thi~u" nghia la "it", doc "thieu" nghia la "tre". Thlfc ra day chi la m()t hlnh thuc phat tri~n cua tlf nghia (nghia chu). Phai chu nghia cho ding tat d. nhung chu co y nghia tuong d6ng, co th~ chu giiii Ian nhau la chuy~n chu. Cac nha khao CUll phgn IOn c6ng nh~n thuyet nay, h<;jp voi y kien giai thich cua Hua Th~n: "Chu chuy~n chula l~p nen mot dgu b(), cling m()t y nh~n nhau, b6 tuc cho nhau, nhu' chu khao ~, chu lao ~, (Chuy~n chu gia, kien lo<;1i nhat thu, d6ng y tuong tht,I, khao lao thida). Trong Thuye't w'in, chu ~ (lao) la m()t bo thu (b() thu 302), chu "khao" ~ thuoc v€ bo "lao". Chu "khao" la do chu "lao" bot di r6i them vao am phu '7, tuc la cling mot dgu bo va hai chu tu'ong d6ng co th~ chu thich Ian nhau (d6ng y tu'ong tht,I). Tu'ong tlf nhu' the, cac chu lfU (hlnh: cat, giet) va ~u (h!nh: cat c6 tlf til'),~ (dien: dinh, chop) va JJ[ (dinh: dinh, chop) d€u la
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TRAN VAN CHANH
nhung chu chuy~n chu vi hai chu "hlnh" va "hlnh" cl~u thu<)c b<) iJ (dao), hai chu "clien" va "cli'nh" cl~u thUQC bQ J[ (hift). Hai c?p chu cl~u c6 each clQc g~n giong, y nghla thl nhu' nhau, c6 th~ dung chu thich Hin nhau clu'<;fc. 6. Gia ta Nh?n thuc cua con nguoi cloi voi the' gioi khach quan ngay m<)t phong phu, so tll' vj cGng d6i dao them. Ne'u moi tll' cl~u phai t~o ra m<)t dau hi~u rieng cl~ ghi chep thl so dau hi~u se trd nen qua nhi~u, kh6ng th~ t~o ra cho xie't va c6 khi cGng kh6ng th~ t~o clu'QC. VI v?y, ngu'oi ta cla dung m<)t bi~n phap rat tht,tc te': Khi m<)t Stf v?t moi vll'a xuat hi~n ma kh6ng c6 ngay chu cl~ bi~u thj, ne'u kh6ng b~t bu<)c t~o ra chu moi thl chi dn mu'<;fn dung m<)t chu cl6ng am c6 san, c6 thanh am giong voi thanh am cua ten gQi Stf v?t moi. 86 la phep gia ta. Hua Th?n n6i gia ta la "von kh6ng c6 chu cl6, mu'<;fn thanh va gdi Stf, nhu' chu l~nh -it, chu tru'ong (Gia ta gia, ban v6 ky ttf, y thanh thac stf, l~nh tru'ong thj da). Thi dtf : - Chu -% (lfnh) trong "hi~u l~nh" clu'Qc mu'<;fn lam chG' "l~nh "trong "huy~n l~nh ". - Chu ~ (d6) c6 nghla la "con clu'ong", sau clu'<;fc mu'<;fn dung trong "cl6 cl~" (hQc tro ). - Chu 11M£ (ly) von la chu chi' ten chim, sau clu'QC dung voi nghla moi la "lla" (ly khai, ly bi~t, phan ly). NhG'ng chG' gia ta sau khi clu'QC rnu'<;jn dung lau thu'ong mat lu6n nghla ban cl~u. Thi dt;I: Chu ~(yen), theo Thuye't w'in la ten "m<)t loai chim c6 mau vang", clu'<;fc rnu'<;fn dung lam m<)t hu' tU' (xem Ngil phdp PHAN NHA.P MON, bai 110), vl mu'<;fn qua Iau, kh6ng c6 ai dung l<;ii theo nghla cO nen nghla ban cl~u bj mat eli. Chu ~ (v9n) chi ten m<)t loai rit (re't), sau cGng bj mat nghla.
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roAN THtJ TIJ HQC CHU HAN
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C6 nhi~u tru'ong h<;fp de l~m Ian khi v?n dt;Ing phep gia ta a~ aoan nghla cua tll', nhu ~if51t (phu sa) nghTa la "canh la tot tudi, sum se" de bj hi~u l~m la "canh rG la roi" vi chu "so" nghla ban cl~u la "thu'a, it". ~i~ (w;mg duang) la nguoc nhln, 5 ~ $ (w;ng duang) cGng la "nguoc nhln " de l~m la "tr6ng nhln bi~n hay "tr6ng nhln con de" vl "vQng" la "nhln ", chG' ''duong" thu nhat c6 nghTa la "bi~n ", chu duong thu hai thuong c6 nghla la "con de". T6m l<;1i, c6 th~ n6i c6 3 phep t<;1o ttf (cl? t chu) chinh: Tu<;1ng hlnh, H<)i y va Hlnh thanh. C6 th~ lu'QC bot phep Chi Stf vl n6 chi la hlnh thuc khac cua iu<;1ng hlnh va H<)i y. Chuy~n chu va Gia ta cGng kh6ng chinh thuc la phep t<;!O tl, VI muon dt ngh!a chu "lao" la "khao" tru'oc he't phai c6 "khao" ho?c ngu'QC l<;ii; con Gia ta, cla gQi Et "ta" (mu'<;fn) tat phai c6 san, chi rnu'Qn dung theo nghla moi chu kh6ng cl? t ra chu rnoi. Hi~n nay ly lu?n v~ Lt;Ic thu' c6 gia trj tht,tc tien trong nhi~u truong h<;1p. Nhu n6i ffi vie't thanh do -++- va EB la clung, ne'u vie't thanh do--- va E8 la sai, vl ffi (mieu: lua non) la h9i y cua--- va
ca"
83. Doi voi chu hlnh thanh, chung ta c6 th~ dt,ta vao dau hi~u chi' thanh va chi y, tharn bac voi ten cua cac stf v? t cla quen bie't, cl~ OQC va hi~u clu'QC nghla cua rn<)t so chu rna kh6ng phai mat c6ng tra cuu. Thi du: Ta cla bie't chu [PJ (d6ng), ne'u thay chu ~ s
'
· Ve til "v<;mg dttong" thu nhat, sach TrungTit, thien "Thu thuy" c6 diu : "Ha Ba thuy tuy€n ky di~n ffi\)C VQng dttong httong nhltQC nhi than". v€ til "vQng duong" thu hai, sach Sit ky, "Kh6ng Tii' the' gia" c6 diu : "M1,1c nhtt vQng dttong". Thien "Thich danh" sach Nhl nhu c6 n6i : "Duong Ia khi dttong, y n6i khi duong (J tren, ngttdc dfru cao len gi6ng nhu' nhln n6 v~y". 6 Dai Chan doi Thanh n6i : "Chuy€n chu, Gia ta chi Ia cai d1,1ng cua tt!''.
'!I
28
TRAN vAN CHANH
c6 b9 ~ (kim) ben tnli, thl khong dn tra til' di6n cGng c6 th6 doan chG' &rnJ OQC la "d6ng" va la ten cua m<)t thu kim lOi~i c6 ky hi~u h6a hQc la Cu. Tuang tt,r nhu the, ta c6 th6 biet chu ,~, dQc la "trung "va c6 nghia la "trung thanh" vl phfa duoi c6 b<) IL-l (tam); chu ±)£ OQC la "thanh" va c6 nghia la "th ~mh trl" vl ben trai c6 b<) (thB) ... Doi voi nhung til' oa am, nha't la song am, vi~c suy doan con d€ dang han, nhu g~p til' ~ ~, ta tha'y b<) pMn tren cua chu thu nha't la 1t (h6a) , b<) ph~n tren cua chu thu hai la ~ (t?), neu chung ta da c6 nghe qua danh til' "h6a t~" r6i thl c6 th6 doan ngay ~~ OQC la "h6a t~" va c6 nghia thong thuong la "ti€n t~" ... Ap dl,m g phuang ph a p nay' hQC thu<)c OQ 2000 chG' Han, chung ta c6 th6 OQC them OUQC 5,7 tram chG' moi rna do phai ton cong. Tuy nhien, cong dt,m g cua Lt,IC thu cGng c6 nhi€u ch6 h;;tn che. Nhu chu H* (tram) nguyen la fB- va §U (ti~n) la 1C d~t tren fB-; m~. (ph!fc) do bo fB-, thanh It ngay nay bo ph~n fB- cua 3 chG' nay o€u viet thanh F3 (nguyfl) khien ta khong th6 can eli theo LI.,IC thu a6 giai thfch 7 .
±
*;
,
,...?
?
.....
,...?
-
roAN THI.J Tl,l HOC CHO' HAN
D6n, each huy~n An Duong 5 d~m v€ phia tay b~c, thu<)c tinh Ha Nam trong nam Quang Tt,r (1875-1908) doi Thanh. Nai day la da't cG cua nha Thuong (1600-1028 truck CN.) nen c6 ra't nhi€u di tich cua thai d;;ti nay. Til' d6 Giap cot van khong ngung OUQC phat tri6n. Sau nam 1928, qua nhi€u CUQC khai qu~t Ion, so luc;fng Giap cot van dao OUQC c6 han 15 V;;tn manh trong d6 ph§n IOn C1 vao h~u ban ky cua doi Thuang (xem hinh 2). Vi~c phat hi~n Giap cot van giup ta hi~u m<)t each chinh xac Sl/ phat sinh va phat tri6n cua chG' Han. D6 la lo;;ti chG' dung dao kh~c tren mai rua va xuang thu, nen net but thuong CO duong th~ng (xem hlnh 3) ra't giong hlnh ve, c6 th6 tr6ng vao a6 doan duc;fc nghia, nhu cac chu f~ (b9c), iftJ (ngu), t$, ( quy), ~~ (ke) , l~dmii) (xem hlnh 4) c6 hlnh d;;tng ra't r6 rang. M<)t so
chu khac, nhu chu /:, (chuy: loai chim du6i ng~n) c6 hlnh chim, chG' ~ (twJc: chen uong ruc;fu) la m<)t lo;;ti a6 dung uong ruc;fu ella nguoi XUa, giong hlnh thu CUa IDQt chen uong ruc;fu; chG' ~ (xlf: ba:n) giong hlnh cay cung truang mGi ten sa:p ba:n ...
~~
,
B.Stj PHAT TRIEN CUA HINH THE CHa HAN
Am
<
Chu Han da c6 m<)t ljch sll' phat tri6n lau hon 3000 nam, theo quy lu~t tien ttl bi6u y sang bi6u am (nhu ta da a€ c~p) va di til' phuc t;;tp den don gian . St,r thay o6i trong hlnh th6 chu Han c6 th6 chia ra lam 3 giai do;;tn chfnh: Til' van tt,r c6 doi Thuang den Tri~n thu - Til' Tri~n thu den L~ thu- Tu L~ thu den Thao thu, Khai thu. Giap cot van doi nha Thuang duc;fc phat hi~n C1 thon Ti6u
29
~
,,,
-2f:Ern ~
r1, ,, ~
~CJ
Slhf Hinh2
7
Tu di~n Til hdi xep "trfrm " va "phuc " vao b<) "nguy~t'', xep "ti€n" vao b<)
"dao''.
Giap cot van giong hlnh ve, nhung VUQt qua hlnh ve m<)t b~c, vl da d;;ti bi~u cho tUng til' trong ngu ngon, con v€ hlnh thuc
TRAN VAN CHANH
30
ghi chep da c6 gQt sll'a. Nhung chu Han dang dung hi~n nay du'<;fc bien ra tli nhung co sC:J nhu' the. Doi Chu (1027-771 truck CN.), chu viet chu yeu con lc;ti tren m?t nhung cai chu6ng lam bang d6ng xanh, truck kia gQi la "Chung dinh van", nay thu'ong gQi la "Kim van ". Hlnh th€ cua Kim van nft giong Giap cot van, nhu'ng dyp han va ghi chep cung ti~n han, kh6ng bat bUQC phai ve y theo hlnh tu'<;fng CUa S\f v~t. C6 nhung chu Kim van don gian han Giap cot van, c6 nhung chu h;ti nhi~u net han, nhu'ng n6i chung thu'ong gQn han (xem hlnh 4). Den thoi Van Chu (770-545 truck CN.), chu cac nu'oc dung a€ bien chep so voi nhung chu khac tren chu6ng va v~c c6 nhi~u cho khac nhau. Nhung nu'oc Tfrn, m<)t nu'oc (J tren dat cu cua nha Tay Chu, da ke thua van tlf cua Tay Chu lam cho chu Han phat tri€n them m<)t bu'oc thanh Tri~n thu'. Giap cilt van 1700-1400 truck CN
Chu d~i
tri~n
766-250 trtfdc C N
Chu tiiu tri~n 250 trtf
·~~) ~ ~ ~ ~t ~ tt ~ ~~ ~~ ~ £1t ~
·n
i~ ~~. ~ 1:~ .~
25- 220 sau CN
Chu khai 3ll0 sau CN u.!n nay
Chu gian thi
it-;~ 1}-
~~
t
!~ .~
"' 117
Jh
BQC NGV QUY KE MA
uay td C:hinh ca rua ga ngifa Hinh 3 D?c di
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHa HAN
31
tri~n l~i phat tri€n thfmh Ti
aoi Tfrn Thuy hoang (221 tru'oc CN.), sau khi da g6m thau sau nu'oc, nha Tfrn thi hanh chinh sach thong nhat chu viet, "pham nhung each viet chu cua sau nu'oc kh6ng h<;fp voi lo~i chu tri~n cua Tftn d~u kh6ng dung", tu d6 Ti
TRAN VAN CHANH
32
33
roAN THU Tl/ HQC cHa HAN
th~ chu viet chinh thuc.
rap vgn theo mau tl,I' la tinh. Da v?y, con co nhung chu cling am
Thai Ngt,1y Ta'n, ngoai Khai thu con c6 m<)t th~ trung gian khac giua Khai thu va Thao thu gQi la Hanh thu'. Thu chu mdi nay dl,I'a theo Khai thu, r6i pha phach chut it Thao thu, du<;jc thong dt,1ng tu thai Ngt,1y Ta'n v€ sau. Tu day, neu kh6ng k~ loi chu gian th~ sau nay, chu Han kh6ng con ffiQt S\f bien d6i quan trQng nao nua. Tom l<;1i, tu thu chu c6 dai Thuong, Chu, chu Han bien thanh Tri~n thu', r6i L~ thu, Khai thu. D6 la 3 giai do(;ln ldn trong sl,I' phat tri~n cua hlnh th~ chu Han vdi thai gian di~n bien ra't dai, nhu'ng n6i chung chi thay d6i hlnh thuc, con v€ ban cha't cua van tl,I' thl kh6ng c6 gl thay d6i. Xu the phat tri~n chung cua hlnh th~ chu Han la di tu phiJc t<;1p den don gian, h
ho~c am dQc ggn giong nhau, c6 nhung chu
tt! d<;1ng ra't giong
nhau ... D6 la m<)t so nguyen nhan khach quan gay ra va'n d€ dQc lilm va viet lgm. Dudi day xin eli' ra m<)t so tru'ang h<;1p C\1 th~ :
m9: M(ban);~.~ (kim) ...
1. Nhilng chil d6ng am:
2.Nhilng chil c6 tl! hinh gdn giong nhau:
q~, q~ (6, minh);
H:, ;f5i: (ky, chi); -7, ~(hanh, huang); fw, ·1~. ~ 7], 1J (dao, ll,I'c); *fk, ~ (lt,lc, duyen); ?!f, ~ (kh6,
?J, ?g (no, thu); (v\1, hoi, mai);
.tt, lit
nhu'
(ti, thli');
fj(, fiE
(d6, ti); Jl\,
(ta'n, phiem); l)(, f)( (man, mai);
;ft (tai, th6n);
B. B
7K,
J1\. (trao, qua);
;=X:, ;=X:, 1)(: (thu, tua't, nhung); t;J,
*· * (m(;lt, vi, chu); ~. ~ (bgn, tham); C,,
(ky, dT, ti); $.
~ (b6ng, phung);ik ,
}!!!, 1~ (di~u, tr(;lo);ft:,
f-Lf
(b<;1c, b<;1);
ft( (cuu, cha);J\,
ft
*,
~ (l?t, phieu); ;~,
A. A. (bat,
nhan, nh?p);
(sung, doan); ~. ~ (tai, tai);
(thi, dai); {tJ[, tJ[, J.W (khuynh, khoanh, dinh); ~.
__!f!.,-* (tao, h<;1n);
~R, ?}1
f=¥, f=¥
W (yeu,
sQa);
r, -1- (ttl', kiet); fl&, f~ (vi, huy); {fE, ~~ (chua':n,
hoai) ... Nhung chu c6 tl,I' hlnh ggn giong, am dQC l(;li giong ho~c ggn
Hinh 4: Chung dlnh van thoi Tay Chu
C. VAN
DE VIET CHO' HAN
Qua nhung slf ki~n da trlnh bay trudc, chung ta tha'y ca'u t(;lO cua chu Han ra't phuc t(;lp, kh6ng giong vdi nhung thu chu
giong:
I;Jl, ttl (ban); ~, ~ (thli', thl,I'); 'I'~, f£ (nao); •cmo);
Mt
tich ) ...
Jlj,
WU, wU (l(;lt, thich); *il , fl (tt,lc, tich,
t~ (mo); ~. ~ (d~); ,_, Fft1 (rna);
·1~. f~ (nQa, nho ); ~. ~ (bich, phach);
¥. J;,
*''
34
TRAN VAN CHANH
D. VAN
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
DE GIAN HOA CHU HAN 8
35
tinh gian ai au'
Van a€ gian h6a chu Han bao g6m hai m~t : Bo bot chu d~ 9
C6 thS neu thanh 8 nguyen tac : (l)Giu l~i phcin khung cua chu goc : ~ (~ ), ~ (~ ), ~
thS va hai la giam bot net but. Ml,IC
(~),JJ!;t ("'" ).
dich cua vi~c gdn h6a la nham giam bot kh6 khan
(2)Bo bot bo ph?n kh6ng tieu biSu, giu l~i bo ph?n tieu biSu:
trong van a€ hoc t?p chu Han, doi voi ngu'oi Trung Quoc con
~
nham nang cao hi~u qua sll' d~.,Ing va phat huy mot bu'oc tac d~.,Ing
(3)86i thanh mot bo ph?n chi thanh (thanh bang) ho~c biSu
giao te cua chu Han.
(hlnh bang) tuong aoi gon hon:
1. Bo but clzil dj tlzi Chu d! thS la nhung nh6m chu co am va nghia giong nhau
•
Thi d1.,1:
•
ffii,ffi.L\ ... cling c6
<~). 1P
nghia la "don vj dung
:t, ~. ~~---
(4 )T~o ra mot chu hoi
do ruong gcin bang 60 tru'Qng vu6ng". - Chu "song":$,
:IE (ii),:ii (Jjf), H WID ... D6i phcin hlnh bang: it&
eD6i phftn thanh bang:
nhu'ng each viet l~i khac. - Chu "mau ": ~'
y moi
khac: ~ (~ ), 1*
(5)Khiii h6a chu thiio: Tuc la lay chu thao viet l~i theo loi khai thu: Bt (B~ ),
*
C* ), -K: (~ ), ~ (~ ), 7g (~ ), 1t C$1- )...
(6)Dung mot dau hi~u aS thay the: Phfrn nay chi d~ c~p mot each so lu'QC. Vi~c tlm hi€u chu gian th€ ciing Iii mot each tiep t1,1c theo doi stf phat tri€n hlnh th€ chu Han sau giai doc_tn Khai thu'.
lK (!@:), x~
Th~t ra, vi~c giiin h6a chu viet da c6 tu hon 1000 nam tru'oc. Theo Nhan Chi Th6i doi Ba:c T~ (500-577), thoi bily gio chu gian th6' da du'<;ic ph6 bien. Sach Can l(Jc It! thu cua Nhan Nguyen Ton da dtfa vao chu Han du'ong thoi chia each viet ra lam 3 th€ : Tuc, Thong va Chinh. Th€ tuc bao g6m phfrn !On Iii chu gian th€. Trong cac ban khi{c cua doi Tong, Nguyen (the ky X-XIV), ngttoi ta thily c6 nhi~u chu gian th€. Hoang Ton Nghi, mot hQc gia song vao cuoi Minh dfru Thanh ciing quen dung loc_ti chu nay. Ong n6i: Dung chu ti,IC d6 chep sach CO th€ 00 ton cong Ou'QC mot nlta.
thong tuc pinyin) : f[ (~ ),f§
N
(~) ...
cling c6 nghia la "cll'a s6".
Nguoi ta da dem du'<;ic 1405 nh6m chu dj thS nhu' tren va da
9
y
(~1:E),;f5Z. (ffl),
15Z ({.i ), ifX (J!fl ),
.!lft ( ~g~) ···
(7)Dung mot chu cling am aS thay the (dtfa tren am ph6
<1& )JL (~ ).~ (~ ),.fr (~ ), X
(!l:,t~ )...
(8)Dung mot thS chu c6 Xu'a:
e Dung mot chu goc c6:
£E
(n),
r:: (~),% (5}jt),
° Can ell' theoH6ng 8oc Nhiin, Hi~n cl9i Han nxu, thu'<;lng sach, Hc_t
1
Mon 8c_ti
36
TRAN VAN CHANH
M. (f;£),
~ (~),
::/if ( ~) ...
•Dun-gmqtchud!thtic6: lj(J;), ]G(~),·
J\Cm),*LO~) ... eDung mqt d<).ng chu da bo:
,Itt (ij9j)
(~i la
chu goc cua §Jf, sau kh6ng con dung), *C*J?.) <*la chu
fl,
goc cua
sau kh6ng con dung).
roAN THli Tl,l HQC CH(/ HAN
iitC~)
-'fl- ( .'lfi )
JL(~)
:ffC~)
R CllX:)
5EC~)
~
~(~)
~(\t)
[,ftC$)
_)((~)
AU.(.ffi.)
~e::~n
~(Jel)
~Cit)
Jf('ftf)
*(;;;)
~(E£)
It'7C~)
-&ctn
~eft)
Ji: C~i~J
~(Mf)
!]'G ( *~)
Neu da quen hQC chG' ph6n thti (du net), ta c6 th~ dQC chG' gian th~ bang hai each : - Otfa vao 5 nguyen tac gian h6a tren d~ suy doan. - Dung bang
C'&) ·
Clui tlziclz Nhung thien bang gian h6a c6 cua chQ.
"Gian h6a ttf ki~m ttf bi~u" (Tong gian
ky hi$u ·chi dli<;ic dung ben tr6i
E.C6 TONG CQNG BAO NHIEU CHO' HAN ?
So ltt<;5ng chu Han rat IOn, va hil$n van con dang tang len
th~ tra ph6n th~, tong ph6n th~ tra gian th~) thttong c6 th~ tlm
dap ling nhu du di~n d~t moi cua xa h9i hil$n d~i. Ne1J kh6ng k~ nhung chG' Gi::h ;c:ot van (c6 han 4500, nh~n biet 1lt'!C hun 1700) va Chung dinn van (c6 hem 3500, nh~n biet dltQC hoi~ 2000) thl bang lil$t ke sau day tren mot so ttf ditin ho?c tu di~n tieu bi~u se giup ta hlnh dung kha chfnh xac t6rig so ltt<;5ng chu Han dltQC ghi nh~n qua cac thai d~i:
oti
dltQ~ de dang 0 cac hil$u sach.
Bang d6i chie'u d:;mg gian th~-ph6n th~ m()t
s6
be? thii ho~c be? ph~n n~m ben ciia chii' (thien bang) .
t
37
!)1(~)
$($)
Nicndl.li
Ttf-tU di~n
-KC~)
n c~~)
*Oil~)
[XJ(Itlij)
~(~)
!IX(~)
~Ct)
MtC@.)
t .(i )
me~)
r~J(~)
~(,~)
~(~)
!}ifJ(trfj)
~(~)
(£(~)
~(,~)
~(~)
{K(JR[)
r-um)
=tz-CIJf.)
Dong Han ( 100) Nguy (230) Tan (t.k)' IV) B~c Ng1,1y(t.k)' V) Nam tri
Thuye't viin giiii ft! Thanh lo(,li Tt! Wm Tt! thlfng Ng(JC thien Thie't v(j.n DuilnK wJn Long khdm thii Kidm Quiing wJn Lo(,li hien T(j.p V(7n Tt! hlfi
~ * ( ~)
9\!.(~)
~(iE)
f . (~)
{?;-(Aff) 0:(~)
h9c Ham thu b(l, thang 9. 1963.
*
(§")
Sol_ln ho~c chu bien
Hua Th~n Ly Dang Ly Thfim Dttdng Thua Khanh C6 Da Vttdng L1,1c Phap Ng6n Ton Mi~n Thich Hanh Quan Tr~n Banh Nien TttMii Quang Dinh D(l Mai VngT(>
S6chft
9 11 12 13
353 520 824 734
!
22 726 12 150 15 000 26 430 26 194 31 319 53 525 ' 3 3____1_22_j
I
!I'
I 1
i,
!Ill
1
TRAN vAN CHANH
38
1
':II·. I"1'1
11'1'
~I
Minh (1671) Thanh (1716) Hi¢n d<).i (1915) Hi~n dai (1962) Hi¢n d~i (1988) Hi¢n d~i (1985) Hi¢n d~i (1994)
Chfnh ll! th(inx Klwn g Hi If! clif n Trun g Hou d(t i If! difn Trung win ch,ti til difn Tan hr) 1/ ' d<;ti It! (1/e'n Hcin nxit d<;ti l~t clifn Tr11ng Hou It! luii
1 Truong Tt! Li¢t
33 549 47 043 48 200 49 905 51 000 56 000 85 000
TrutJng NgQc Thu Tu Nguyen Cao Tniung Ky Quan VLtcin~? True Khc Ti:f "I rung ThLf Lanh NgQc Long
Can cu vao bang tn~n. cGng c6 th~ coi t6ng so chiT Han c6 du'Qc Ia tren 85000 chiT, nhu'ng tren thtfc te chi c6 khoang tren du'oi 12 000 chiT thu'ong dung, so con l?i phfrn IOn la chiT di th~ , nhG'ng chG' 1?, chG' c6 xu'a ho~c chG' viet nhfrm rat it khi dung den. Theo eac nha nghien cuu, so lu<;~ng chiT Han thtfc te su dt,mg chi nam trong khoang tu tren 6 000 den tren 12 000; neu khong tinh nhG'ng chiT thu<)c lo?i chuyen dung thl so chiT
""'
-
,.
'
,..?
F.CACH TRA VA DQC CHa HAN TRONG TO' DIEN Tu di~n Ia lo?i sach cong Cl;l rat dn thiet doi voi chung ta khi hQC chu Han. v~ tU di~n Van ngon, nhG'ng cuon thu'ong du'QC dung nhat la:
'I
roA N THV nJ HQC CHCI HAN
- Trung Hoa dt;zi lf! diin - Han ngrl dt;zi tf! diln - Han ngrl dt;zi tit diin - c6 dt;zi Han ngrl tit diln ( ctla Thucmg V{J An thu quan). - c6 Han ngrl thuang d{Jng lf! lf! diin (Thucmg V{J An thu / quan) - Tit vj V~ til di~n Han - Vi~t (hay Trung-Vi~t, Hoa-Vi~t), tru cuon cua Dao Duy Anh con c6 nhG'ng tac gia khac nhu': Thi~u Chuu, Nguyen Van Kh6n, Nguyen Quoc Hung, Van Tan, Nguyen Ton Nhan, Trfrn Van Chanh ... Lo?i tieng Han hi~n d?i co rat nhi~u tac gia, co th~ k~: Hfru Han Giang (chu bien), Le Van Quan (chu bien), Nguyen Kim Than, L?c Thi~n, Truong Van Gidi ... Ngoai ra con rat nhi~u tu di~n Han ngu c6 d?i ho~c hi ~n d?i khac do eac tac gia Tay phu'ong bien SO?n. Du'oi day la phftn hu'ong dan so lu'QC each tra va each dQC chG' Han trong eac tu di~n cua ngu'oi Trung Quoc SO?n 11 • I. CACH TRA TO DIEN Cac tu di~n Van ngon nhu' Tit nguyen, Tit hdi ... d~u tra theo each nh~n b<) chG'. d day xin lay Tit hdi lam thf d1,1. Muon tra m<)t chu nao d6, tru'oc het ta phai xem chu d6 thu<)c b<) gl trong so 214 b<) (til 1 net den 17 net). Xong ta l~t vao nhung trang dfru noi ch8 "Tu hai b<) thu sach dan" xem b<) d6 Ci trang thu may. Ta l~t dung trang c6 b<) do r6i do lftn theo trang sach d~ tlm chu muon tra. TU' di~n Han Vi~t c6 cuon tra theo b(> (nhu' cua Thi~u Chll'u, Tr~n Van Cha nh), c6 cuon tra theo so net chu (nhu' cua Dao Duy Anh), ho~c theo am ph6 thong (nhu cua Nguy~n Kim Than chu bien), d(>c giil c6 th~ can eli theo ph~n huang diin ho~c pham I~ cua tac gia Cl dfru sach. 11
- Khang Hi. - Tit nguyen. -Tit hdi.
39
TRAN VAN CHANH
40
Thi dt,I: Muon tra chG' ~~ . Ta biet chG' nay thUQC bQ 5E (tuc), 7 net, .xem ph~n sach d~n ta biet bQ nay() trang ... Tim den trang vua tra du'<;lc r6i do den nhung chG' trong b9 "tile" c6 phgn con l<;ti 6 net (ph~n trong chG' nay c6 6 net), ta se tlm thay chG' ~~-
.86 la tnrong h<;lp thong thuong. Neu g~p phai nhung chu kh6 nh~n ra chung thUQC bQ nao thl phai l~t den bang "Ki~m tlf bi~u", hay "Nan tra tlf bi~u", dem chu mlnh d!nh tra xem c6 bao nhieu net, r6i do theo "Ki~m tlf bi~u" cho c6 nhung chu c6 so net tu'dng du'dng muon tlm. Cac tii di~n mdi hi~n nay, ngoai bang tra theo bQ, con c6 them cac bang tra theo so net ho~c theo am (am ph6 thong neu la tu di~n cua Trung Quoc, am Han Vi~t neu la tU di~n cua Vi~t Nam), nen rat ti~n dt,Ing. Ngoai ra, con c6 each tra theo "tu giac hi~u rna quy moi g6c chG' thanh m<)t con SO, nhu'ng nay rat it dung. II
II. eAcH DOC CHU HAN 1. Cach dQc chii' Han theo am Han Vi~t Cac tU di~n Van ngon cua Trung Quoc thu'ong hudng d~n each dQC chG' Han bang phu'dng phap "phien thiet" . .D6 la phu'dng phap dung am cua 2 chG' "thiet" thanh am cua mQt chG'. Sach L~ b9 v9n luqc dt nghia tu "phien thiet" nhu sau: "Am v~n tac d<)ng hoa h<;lp nhau gQi la "phan ", cling gQi la "phien "; hai chu CQ sat nhau t<;to ra thanh gQi la "thiet", thlfc ra chi la m<)t" (Am v~n tri~n chuy~n tu'ong hi~p v! chi phan, di~c tac phien; luong tlf tuong rna di thanh thanh v! chi thiet, ky thlfc nhat da). Sach Am luqc cua Hoang Khan giai thich phu'ong phap phien thiet nhu' sau: "V~ phan thiet (tuc phien thiet), trong hai
roAN THU Tl,f HOC CHa HAN
41
chG' thl chu tren chi thanh, bat lu~n n6 thu<)c v~ v~n nao; chu dudi chi vgn, bat lu~n n6 thu<)c v~ thanh nao. N6i gQn di tuc la chG' tren chi giG' ph~n phat thanh, bo ph~n v~n, chu dudi chi giG' phfrn v~n, bo ph~n phat thanh, cho nen chu tren c6 nhi~m Vt,I xac djnh thanh, chu dudi xac d!nh v~n " . N6i m<)t each gQn han nua, phien thiet la dem hai tieng n6i l
fw
Thu ap dt,Ing phu'dng phap trend~ dQC chG' fw va chG' ~• Dudi chu fW, Tit hdi ghi la: "tuc, nhien" thiet. V~y chG' phai dQc Ia "tien ". •
Dudi chu ~'Tit hdi ghi la: "ky, yen" thiet. V~y chu
~ phai d 9 c Ia "kien ".
Thi dt,I khac : • Chu ~,Tit hdi chua Ia : "tuc, udc" thiet, duqc v~n. V~y phiii dQc Ia "tude". • ChuJ:, Khang Hi tl! diin ghi la: "thai, lu<;~ng" thiet, am thuqng V~y phai dQc la "thu<;~ng". V di phuong pha p don gian tren, ta c6 th~ dQc du'<;lc tat d nhung chu Han trong tii di~n vdi di~u ki~n da trai qua giai do<;tn d~u hQC chu Han va da thUQC long du'QC m<)t so chG'. Muon di sau vao chi tiet, c6 th~ tlm hi~u them d bai "Loi dQc chG' Han" cua Le NgQc Trt,I dang trong t~p san Dr;Ii H9c Van Khoa so 5, thang 12, 1968 (c6 in trong ph~n pht,I lt,Ic Tit diin Hdn Vift cua Tr~n Van Chanh) ho~c bai "Cach dQc chG' Han" trong pht,I lt,Ic cuon Ti! h9c, m9t nhu c6.u cua thai dr;Ii cua Nguyen Hien Le .
rss.
TRAN VAN CHANH
42
2.Cach dQc chu Han theo am phfi thong (pinyin) 1. CHO' CAl VAN TIENG HAN
:1- 7~ .t# :tL El ~-E):
(-)
I , <'P
Bang chii' cai vfin tie'ng Han il ~f; ;#f % ~ -fF
*-
Aa y
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
?it
-tit
nit
~
itC
«it
Hh
Ii
Ji
Kk
Mm
Nn
rY
I
1-Jiit
""5"it
Ll it'/]
itn
"}it
Uu X
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
c:
5
YJL
itb
-tit
Vv :.7-tr
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
XY
Ti
IY
"Pit
Oo
43
(7) C5<) en> cc> en> <-t> C:7) C'h> g
k
C«)
(""5")
zh
ch
(~)
(~)
h
J·
q
X
(T) (1-J) C<) (T) sh
r
c
s
(-t)
(b)
z
(?) (8) (11)
B
I . m6i tren
7. m6i du&i
I3. day thanh
2. rang tren
8. rang du&i
I4. khiquan
toe it ngu'oi va tie'ng dia phu'dng.
3. lqi
9. d~u luai
15.thl!c quan
Y , 7 -tr , -tit··· Ia nhung "chu am phu hieu" cua
4. ng;:tc cfrng
IO.
tie'ng Han , nay da it dung.
5. ng;:tc m~m
II . g6c Iuai
6. Jooi con
I2. hang h~J.l
Chu thich : 1. V chi dun g
2.
roAN THU n,l HQC CHO' HAN
o
phien am tie'ng ntJ'oc ngoai, tie'ng da n
m~t
Ium
I6. hang
mi~ng
I7. hang miii
2. PHl,J AM
( -==- )
3. NGUYEN AM
t;f: -E):
( -::: )
H~ th6ng ngu am Trung
b
p
m
f
Qu6c c6 21 ph1,1 am: d
n
..>ig]Ea,...,-c;-
He th6ng ngu am Trung Qu6c c6 36 nguyen am, g6m 6 nguyen am ddn, 13 nguyen am kep, 16 nguyen am mGi va 1 nguyen am u6n Iuoi.
TRAN VAN CHANH
44
• 6 nguyen am ddn:
a [a]
y
o [o]
e [5 ]
z
i [i]
· u [u]
: [y]
I
X
u
-t
• 13 nguyen am kep :
ai [ai] 1fi
ei [ei] \.
ao [au]
ou [ou]
~
X
ie [iE]
ua [ua]
uo [uo]
iou (iu) [iou]
IX
IY
: e [yE]
iao [iau] I~
U1t-
xz
xY
11!-
ia [ia]
uai [uai]
uei (ui) [uei]
x97
X\.
• 16 nguyen am miii:
an [an] en [an] in [in] u··n[yn]
17
I'-J
'-,
u··an[ycn]
U17
U'-,
117
uen (un) [uan]
ang [all]
x'-J
;t
ong [ull] iong [iull]
XL
ian [icn] uan [uan]
UL
iang [iall]
X17
eng [all] ing [ill] L IL
roAN THU Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
e
-t
a1
1fi
ua1
x97
Cl
\.
ue1
X\.
ao
~
1ao
I~
ou
X
lOU
IX
an
17
Ian
117
uan
en
'-,
m
I'-J
ang
;t
1ang
eng
L
ong
XL
x;t
11!-
u··e
U1t-
x17
u··an
U17
uen
X'-7
u··n
U'-,
l;t
uang
x;t
mg
IL
ueng
XL
iong
UL
1e
4. HVONG DAN eACH PHIEN AM HAN NGO'
uang [uall] ueng [uall]
l;t
45
(~ )
XL
it
*.m- -tr
~~
51
• 1 nguyen am u6'n h.toi: er [ar]
JL :Y; .;,.Ji.. ill
I~ 9p "11T
PHlJ AM
.:tc... E1
b
am "p" ciia ti~ng Phap trong ti~ng '"papa".
.i%0 _a. ot. 1'1~ "-7- ~
c
am "ts" ciia ti~ng Phap trong ti~ng '·tsar...
am
ch
am "tch" ciia ti~ng Phap trong ti~ng ''tcheque".
d
am "t" ciia ti~ng Vi~t.
f
am "ph" ciia ti~ng Vi~t.
g
am "dl' ciia ti~ng Vi~t trong ti~ng "ca".
h
am "h" ciia ti~ng Vi~t.
!
J
am "chi" ciia ti~ng Vi~t.
:
Bang nguyen
a
y
0
z
TUONG DUONG VOl
I
I
u
X
Ia
IY
ua
xY
uo
xz
U"
u
-
li~
111;1
'
TRAN vAN cHANH
46
k
am "kh" cua tiing Vi~t.
1
am "1" cua tiing Vi~t.
m
am "m" cua tiing Vi~t.
n
am "n" cua tiing Vi~t.
ng
am "ng&" cua tiing Vi~t.
p
am "p" cua tiing Anh trong tiing "party".
q
am "ch" cua tiing Anh trong tiing "cheer".
r
am "ru" cua tiing Vi~t, nhung hoi u6n 1u6i
s
am "x" cua tiing Vi~t.
sh
am "s" cua tiing Vi~t (gi 0ng nliJn Nam).
t
am "th" cua tiing Vi~t.
w
am "u" cua tiing Vi~t.
X
am "xi" cua tiing Vi~t.
y
am "d" cua tiing Vi~t (gi0ng mitn Nam).
z
Gfrn nhu am "chu" cua tiing Vi~t.
zh
am "tru" cua tiing Vi~t (gi0ng nliJn Nam).
NGUYEN AM
e i, yi ia, ya ian, yan
aJ
Am "ai" cua tiing Vi~t.
ao
Am "ao" cua tiing Vi~t.
an
Am "an" cua tiing Vi~t (gipng mitn Bic).
ang
Am "ang" cua tiing Vi~t.
am "e" cua ti~ng Vi~t. am "i" cua ti~ng Vi~t (khi ghep sau cac ph!f fim c. s. z. am "da" cua ti~ng Vi~t (gi0ng mitn Nam). gfrn nhu am "dan" cua ti~ng Vi~t (d giong nlitn Nam, an gipng mitn Bic).
iang, yang
am "dang" cua ti~ng Vi~t (gi0ng mitn Nan1).
iao, yao
am "dao" cua ti~ng Vi~t (gi9ng mitn Nam).
1e, ye
am "de" cua ti~ng Vi~t (gipng nlitn Nam).
m,ym
am "din" cua ti~ng Vi~t (d gi9ng nlitn Nam. in gi0ng mitn Bic).
mg, ymg
gfrn nhu am "inh" cua ti~ng Vi~t (d gipng nlitn Nam, inh gipng mitn Bic).
iong, yong m, you 0
VA VANCAI Am "a" cua tiing Vi~t. 1
am "dung" cua ti~ng Vi~t (gi0ng mitn M111l). am "deu" cua ti~ng Vi~t (gi9ng mitn N,111l). am "6" ci!a ti~ng Vi~t.
ong
am "ung" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
ou
am "au" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
u, wu
am "u" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
ua, W(!__
am "u a" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
uai, w\!i
am "u ai" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
uan, W®
am "u an" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
uang, W@g
am "u ang" cua ti~ng Vi~
ui,w~
am "u ay" cua ti~ng Vi~t.
e
Am "a" cua tiing Vi~t.
un, wen.
am "u an" cua tiing Vi~t.
e1
Am "ay" cua tiing Vi~t.
ueng, W@g
am "u ang" cua tiing Vi~t.
en
Am "an" cua tiing Vi~t (gipng nlitn Bic).
UO, WQ_
am "u o" cua tiing Vi~t.
eng
Am "ang" cua tiing Vi~t.
u··, yu
am "u" cua tiing Phap (khi ghep v6i cac ph!f fimj, q.
er
am "o" cua tiing Vi~t, nhung hoi u6n 1u&i.
47
ch, r, sh. zh thi ''i" d9c "u").
TUONG DUONG VOl
a
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHG HAN
thi c6 the' viit thea ']u, qu, xu,. bo hai chim tren aliu).
I \
X
TRAN VAN CHANH
48
lran, yuan
Am "u" (tiing Pbap) va am ''an" (tiing Vj~l) dQC
TOAN THLl Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
49
I
~c ··hao rna" . .. rna·· dQc nh<;!. hcri cao).
li~n l~i.
U..e,yue
Am ·'u" (tiing Pbap) va am "e" (tjing Vj~l) dQC
DAUCACHAM
li~n l~i .
li:!n, yun
Am "u'' (tjing Pbap) va am "an'' (tiing Vj~t) dQC li~n l~i .
ma dftu h~ng nguyen am "a, e, o" d~ dQC lfin v&i
Nhung am ti~t
am ti~t d5ng tn.r6c. do d6 ngooi ta dung dfiu each am [') d~ tach n6 ra, nhu: &:t~ (£10 da) thl vi~t [pi'ao ), ch(r kh6ng vi~t [piao] vi nhu
BON THANH
th~ se lfin v&i chfr
i!9 7T"
Ti~ng phb thong Trung Qu6c c6 b6n thanh (giQng) di phan bi~t
r---
y nghia: Q)
• Thanh thu nhfit (am U1anh) la m()t giQng "cao 9~ng", dQc len gfm nhu m()t thanh kh6ng dfiu cua ti~ng Vi~t. NguCri ta danh dfiu
thanh thfr I
CV thanh tht12
"-" tren v~n cai, nhu rna 9!!j (lam~. dQc "rna" giQng hcri cao). • Thanh thu hai (dllV11g thanh) la m()t giQng "cao bbng", dQc len tuung tl! m()t thanh c6 dfiu hoi cua ti~ng Vi~t. NguCri ta danh dfiu " " "tren v~n cai, nhu: rna~ (la day, dQc " rna" ).
cr> thanh thfr 3 ® thanh tht14
" " " tren v~n cai, nhu: mil -~ (la ngva, dQc "rna ~"). •
Thanh thu tu (khli thanh) la m()t giQng "tr~m h~n", dQc len g~n nhu m()t thanh hcri c6 am dfiu s~c cua ti~ng Vi~t. NguCri ta danh dfiu " ' " tren v~n cai, nhu: rna ~ (la m~ng, dQc " rna", nhung am ng~n gQn). Ngoai b6n thanh ca ban con c6 m()t thanh dQc nhc;: (khinh thanh), do la tnrong hqp dQC bi~n giQng Vtra nhc;: Vtra ng~n Va thtn'mg kh6ng danh dfiu, nhu: Huo rna? tlfO,~ ? (la c6 t6t kh6ng?
5 ' I
I 4 I 3
j
i
' 5
~... •'
4
'\ ......!
'
3
•
1
/f-······ i0i.,
121 "-.Gl ~
• Thanh thu ba (thuvng thanh) la m()t giQng "tr~m bbng", dQc len gi6ng m()t thanh c6 dfiu huy~n cua ti~ng Vi~t. NguCri ta danh dfiu
(ve) .
•
v
o/ ;~ t2 )4
GHI CHU Dtfa theo bang doi chieu tren, ta thay c6 m(lt so ph1,1 am va nguyen am phat am giong ho?c g~n giong cac am va v~n trong tieng Vi~t. Tuy nhien, each phat am tieng Trung Quae dung nhi~u each "b~t hoi", "gat", ngan han tieng Vi~t. ·4 ph\} am: b, p, m, f. Khi ph3.t am phai ghep voi nguyen am "o" OQC Ia: bo (pu6), po (bu6), m (mu6), fo (phu6). Neu ghep voi cac nguyen am khac, thl phat am g~n giong trong tieng Vi~t. Th£ df:i: Neu ghep voi nguyen am "a" dQc la: ba (pa), pa (ba), ma (ma), fa (pha).
50
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
M9t b9 c6 th~ c6 nhi~u hlnh thuc khac nhau. Thi d1,1 :
• 7 phl). am: d, t, n, I, g, k, h. Khi phat am phiii ghep voi nguyen am "d" OQC la : do (W), w (tho), no (no), lo (lo), go (co), ko (kho) , ho (ho) . Neu ghep voi nguyen am khac khong phiii "o", thl phat am giong nhu' tieng Vi~t.
B9 "nhan" c6 hai hlnh thuc:
.cac phl). am: j, q, x, r, khi phat am phiii ghep voi nguyen am "i" thl OQC la: ji (chuy), qi (khuy), xi (xi), ri (ri); cac phl). am z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, khi phat am phai ghep voi nguyen am "tf' tieng Vi~t va
thuc chinh),
{,,(hinh thuc chinh),
B9 "tam" c6 ba hlnh thuc:
·1· ;J~ (hlnh thuc ph1,1).
Trong bang duoi day, moi b9 c6 m()t hlnh thuc chinh mang cac so thu tl/ 1,2,3 ... Hlnh thuc ph1,1 dt1<;1c viet kern theo trong dau ngoi;ic don.
dQc la : z (tchu), c (txu), s (xu), zh (tru), ch (tsu), sh (su).
Sfl net
Neu ghep voi nhung nguyen am khac thl each phat am giong hoi;ic gfrn giong trong tieng Vi~t.
SflTT
Trong 10 ph1,1 am tren, c6 4 ph1,1 am khong c6 chu cai nao trong tieng Vi~t du'Qc phat am giong Cach phat am nhu' sau:
A (hlnh
{ ( hlnh thuc ph1,1).
Thi dl:l: Neu ghep voi nguyen am "a" OQC la: da (ta), ta (tha),
na (na), la (la). Neu ghep voi nguyen am kep "ua" OQC la: gua (qua) , kua (khoa), hua (hoa) .. .
51
Bf} tlut
Ten gpi
Y ngh'ia (hoijc co
Thi d~t
lien quan de'n ... )
1 NE1
ca.
1
-
nha't
'
m9t '
-t thlit:
so bay
r:p trung: trong .3:. chit: nglfoi chil
+ Ph1,1 am q (ban tdc-vo thanh b9-t hoi). B9 ph?n phat am la
2
I
con
ng?C cling Va giua lu'oi, luc phat am khong khi tu khe rang phat ra. + Ph1,1 am z (ban tdc-vo thanh b9-t hoi). B9 ph?n phat am la rang tren va dfru h.l'Oi, luc phat am khong khi tu khe rang phat ra.
3
'
chu
cham
4
J
phi~t
phay
5
6 J
a't
cong
fL cilu: so chin
quyet
m6c
T
nh!
hai
Jingu: so nam
d.1u
(kh6ng biet nghla)
+ Ph1,1 am c (ban tdc-vo thanh b9-t hoi). B9 ph?n phat am la rang tren dfru lu'Oi, luc phat am khong khi tit khe rang phat ra. + Khi phat am 4 phl,l am: zh, ch, sh, r, d~u phai uon lu'Oi .
G. cAc BQ CHO' HAN
6
7 8
a. Tra cac tlf di~n va tu di~n chu Han.
y nghia
;.>
so
'
jz_ cilu: la u ldu: xong
2NET
NhC:i biet cac b9 chu Han , ta c6 th~ : b. Hi~u bi~u y).
A?
cua cac chu (vl chu Han la m()t h~ thong
C6 214 b9 chu Han xep thu tlj tu 1 net den 17 net. '----
-
L.: vong:
mat di
9
A ( 1)
nhan
ngu'C:ii
~kim: nay
10
JL
nhan
ngu'C:ii
£huynh: anh
11
A. )\
nh~p
vao
pq nt)i: trong
bat
tam
~ [f:!C: so sau
12
52
TRAN VAN CHANH
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
n
fflJ sach: cuon sach
quynh
coixa
mich
trilm len
7f£quan:cain6n
'(
bang
bang gia
{~\bang: mt&
dong
JL
ki
d~i
khai
u
kham
~
ha
ghe
fLpham:
mi~ng
t:fjxui{t: ra
7J iJ 1J
dao
dao
)]- phan: chi a ra
hjc
sue m~nh
fi}J tn;: giup do
7
bao
bao b9c
mv4t: dung, cho
t-
chuy
thla, muoi
l tbdc: phu'cJng bac
phu'dng
d6 dl,l'ng
[K tLt(!ng: th<;l
h~
d6d~y
~ tha't: tam (vai)
th~p
muC:fi
~
boc
b6i
2:1 chiem:
p (~)
tiet
dau an
EP a'n: in
I
han
slion nui
JffJh4u: day
/._:,
khu'
rieng tu
:ti:kha: di
'X.
hlfu
l<;ti nua
1_xhilu: b<;tn
0
khfi'u
mi~ng
D
vi
vay quanh
± ±
th6
dar
si
h9c tro
)(
truy
den tu sau
*-phung: dat di
5z:
tuy
ch?m ch<;tp
~h[!:
;;
tich
dem, toi
c c
+
-T thien: so ngan xem b6i
3NET
30 31 32 33 34 35 36
r:!ic6: doi xua [2g tic giam giu frl{Ii:d ~±trang:khoe
mua he
)l}ngo{Ji: ngoai
53
roAN THU Tl,/ HQC CHCI HAN
d~i 37 -!;:: nii' 38 til' -=f 39 r---'--7 mien 40 ']thon 41 ti~u 42 ;j\ ( +) 43 ::tOLfr) uong thi 44 F tri~t 45 lfJ son 46 LlJ xuyen 47 JII cong 48 I ki 49 c. din 50 rtJ q:. can 51 t, yeu 52 ) nghi~m 53 d§n L 54 ft cung 55 -t di;ic 56 i=7 cung 57 ..3- .3.. ky 58 J sam 59 1 xfch 60
*
?
dan ba
1f:. hie'u : hieu thao
con l<;ip trum
9:an: yen 6n
tac
~tif:chua
nho
j)thi!u: it
kieng chan
1t vuu:
thay nguoi
Rxich:th11oc
CO moi mQC
4!. truan: gian nan
nui
~s&n:nili nho cao
nguoi th<;l
min tr
~ tuAn:tu~n tra
song I
tc_ta: ben trai
mlnh
:%t h9ng:
khan
$thi: ch<;J
xamph~m
hem
~ binh:phftng
nhobe
Y.}J a'u: be
mai nha
/lWI0:kho chua
bu& dai
9tkie'n: xay dl;mg
cat tay len
W.lfmg: dua bOn
ban ten
~ thac: phep tac
cay cung
ifdie'u:phung dieu
d~u heo
tfi.tr~:
long dai
ff5 hinh: hlnh dang
buoc ngan
4NET ----
7C thien: troi H· had: tot d~p
lOn
-
--
heo mii
f=!fdiii: cho
54
TRAN VAN CHANH
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
,iG', kY.: ghet
{.~'I' ;j~)
tam
tnii tim
Jt
qua
giao mac
p
hQ
cll'a
JJ} phong:bu6ng
thu
tay
1l bai: l~y
chi
nhanh
ion
pho'c
danh khe
x_
van
net, van
ct cai: sll'a d6i ttl ban: sac l~n 19n
*fT
d§u
(cai) dau
*{ta: nghi€mg
can
(cai) r'iu
f-F xich: duo1
1J 5E
phtio'ng
vuong,huong
~bang:
VO
khong
~~ky: da
B B
nh~t
m?t trC:fi
vie't
n6i
,1=3
nguy~t
m?t trang
*1\.
mQC
cay
tflam: rung
khie'm
ngap
BXd~:tc: muon
11:
chi
dung
.li chinh : ngay thhg
37 (j7)
ng~t
xuongtan
:9[ trl: che't
thu
m
thu (vii khl c6)
~~sat: gie't
VO
dung
fiJ:mdu: m~
1t
ti
so sanh
-=B
mao
a
long
thj
hQ
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khf
hoi, khl
~ khi: chat hoi
1N {)
thuy
nuoc
i.k v'lnh: lau dai
-=f. (1
x
)
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.X
PX. thanh:lam xong
tfN.khi: nghieng
ben
_§_dan: bu6i sam ~ thu: sach
]1)j bdng: be bqn
mlc rz:
giup do
ttcdu: qua du -
~
dan: nguC:fi dan
TOAN THUTl,l HQC CHO' HAN
86 )<( }\) hoa 87 [f\(m) trao 88 phi) )( X 89 hao X. 90 tuong ~ 91 phie'n h 92 nqa ?f 93 4-t ngu'u 94 :*0) khuyin
55
lll'a
1\\\
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m6ng, vuot
1?bvi: lam
iffr da:tieng gQi cha
cha hao (Kinh Dich)
~sang: sang
tam van
M-f: tang: de dtfc
manh
~bai : tam bi~n
rang
'!$ sanh: chong do
bo, trau
t~v(1t: v?t
ch6
j-f ngc;zn: nha ng~:~c
S NET
95 :Yz 96 I. 97 Jl\ 98 EL 99 1t 100 ~ 101 ffl 102 83 103 JE(J:E) 104 r>"'<105 8 106
Bz 107 liil 108 109 §(nu)
huy~n
den
ngQc
ngQc
qua
trai dua
Ngoa
ng6i, sanh
cam
ngQt
sinh
sinh ra
dl)ng
dung
di~n
ru<)ng
so' n~ch
bat
chan b~nh g~t
ra,
$ sua't: noi theo ~ bich: ngQc bich
~J.libdu: trai b~u
#li: bznh: cai lQ 31:t di~m: ngQt 13:m
&f. san: sinh de ffiphu:ton xttng dan 6ng !fj nam: con trai I
M:_nghi : ngC:f vtfc m~t moi
t?t
111l bz:
d~p
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len
b~ch
tdng
a bach: m<)t tram
bl
da
$$Jltruu: nhan nh6
manh
bat dia
ii;_b6n: ch?u sanh
ml)C
m3:t
!§ mi: long may
56
TRAN VAN CHANH
7
110
-;y
mau
giao
Ill
!;;;_
thi
· mui ten
112
ti
th~ch
ky
113
/]\, *
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13"5
da
~J?.nKhien:nghien ml!'c
136
94
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rliiro
thfm illlt
tlxa : d~n tho th6 dja
137
fr}
chu
thuy~n
chan thu d~p illlt
til; c&m: loai chim
138
~
ca'n
que Ca'n
N_luO'ng: hi~n lanh
sac
mau sac
l@ddm: d~p
thao
co
zchi: co chi
fJe ho': COn CQp
114
FJ
115
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hoa
(cay lua)
huy~t
hang, 16, hoc
116 117
I\ -'-
Jj_
l~p
.--
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dtlllg
134
f.L. tu: rieng
119 120 121
t'r (Irk)
true
tre
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me
g<;J.O
mjch
SQi t0 nho
phii'u
vo n.I'Qu
vong
h.toi
122 ~IJOJC
cii'u
coi gia
thi~t
lt.toi
~ctlu: c?u ~ xa: quan trQ
.vii: mua fi.JB h{Ic:thuy~n ldn
~ kh6ng:trong
~ 140 !}!~ ( -++-)
li d6ng:
141
F
ho
van v~n
142
trung
sau bQ
huye't
mau
hanh
di
ilrv?: phong giG'
y
ao
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139
tre con
~Ih6ng: mau do
145
£E .Itn fj 1X
mi cang:cai chum to
146
fH1 (j!§[§)
a
chetrum
6NET 118
57
B %
nhlju
...........
roAN THLI nJ HQC CHOHAN
'1I l(lp: cai n6n
143
~
144
tuc: th6c lua
'?f?. han: ft
~van: con much
iiiihoang: mau
~ yiu:quan trQng
7NET
123
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du'ong
(con) de
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147
Jl
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tha'y
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124
~~
vii
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1Jj tuang:
148
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sung
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125
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Hio
gia
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149
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n6i
126
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150
1§
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l6i
caicay
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151
R
d~u
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rm vein: nghe
152
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thi
heo (l<;Jn)
Ei til:
153
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m()t loai thu
154
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bo'i
vo so
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155
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do
156
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ch(;ly
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157
JE
tuc
chan
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lt.t<;Jn
128
If
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129
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130
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132
§
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133
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127
ti~m hang
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-
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§15 phong: hoi 1W hoat: r()ng rai 'Jlphong: dfiy thjnh ~
tuf!ng: con voi
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~bdn: ngheo iff!J:..
xa:
tha tQi
58
TRAN VAN CHANH
158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
~
than
than mlnh
~
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xe
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tan
cay
th§n
chi Thln
;{(}.___)
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A'
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bi~n
bi~n bi~t
ly
lang que
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ey nhf:tc: xa'u h6 '.±..
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m.toc
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vang, kim lo<:li
tntong
ctai
mon
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thai : mau rvc ro
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phv
go aa't
dai
W Nnglin: b<:iC ~ di¢t: ran GQC
I*J khai:
md
~~ [f:tc:da't 1i€n ~~ l¢: ph~:~ thu()c
chuy
ki.P chim du6i ngan
vii
mu'a
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thanh
xanh
ij¥ ti:nh: yen li;ing
phi
loi l~m
~
tQ.p: hQp l<:li
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may
kh6ng
9NET
176
1m
di~n
mi;it
177 178 179 180
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each
da
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vi
da thu()c
gt
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am
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r
181 182 183 184 185 186
w
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dftu (nguoi)
Jji dinh: dinh dftu
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bay
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<=I
each
n6i, ch6
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tO NET
8NE1
167 iTi: 168 ~ F~ 169 170 $. ( ~) 171 it 172 ~' 173 =E. F.l 174 ~~ 175
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59
toAN THli Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
hyp
187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 11 NET
195 196 197 198 199 200
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12NET
201 202
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60
i
l1~
TRAN VAN CHANH
203
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204
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206
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207
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13NET
I
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H. eAcH VIET cHa HAN
& bitt: con ba ba fm.niii:
61
roAN THLinJ HQC CHU HAN
cai V<;lC IOn 1.
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TRAN VAN CHANH
A?
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roAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
ph.iy ngang g~p ~rya'ljl)il~
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64
TRAN VAN CHANH
I. VAN NGON VA B~CH THO~I 1. Slj TACH Blr;T GIUA VAN NGON VA B~CH THO~I Van ngon va B~ch tho~i Qu6c.
Ht hai th~ van cua ngooi Trung
Bc;tch thoc;ti con gQi la Ngfr th~ hay Khftu ngfr Ut th~ van vi~t thea ti~ng n6i. Van ngon la lo~i but ngfr chi dung trong vi~c bien chep ho~c tn! thu~t.
D~n nay, nguUi Trung Qu6c phfm l&n chi dung Bc;tch tho~i nhu'ng van con s6t l;;ti it nhi~u dau vet cua Van ng6n. D6i v&i ngooi Trung Qu6c, each thl!c te d~ phan bi~t la: "H~ dung tai nghe va hi~u duqc la Bc;tch thoc;ti; h~ kh6ng dung m~t d~ xem thi khong hiiu duqc la Van ngon" . B&i vi B;;tch tho;;ti la th~ van dung d~ ghi l&i n6i: n6i sao thi ghi v~y, con Van ngon chi d~ vi~t ch(r khong d~ n6i. M
g~p m
Trung Thuvng Si ngtJ il)c rna ngay nay con tim th~y. Trang giai do~n gfm diiy, khoang cu6i th~ ky 19 dftu th~ ky 20, cac nha nho ta vi nhu d.u doc cac "tiin thu" vi~t b~ng B~ch tho;;ti cua Tau nen m&i
roAN THll Tl/ HOC CHa HAN
65
c6 nguai hoc them B;;tch tho;;ti. Ch~ng h;;tn, Cl;J Phan B
Th~ van fry da dtnh hinh trong thai ky nao ? Cach xufrt phat th~ nao? C6 nguai cho Van ngon la lo;;ti van tl! ghi chep lai n6i cua ngtr&i xua, c6 thuy~t bao n6 chi la m
d~n nay da c6 han 3000 nam. V~ m~t th~ d;;tng, phong each thi Van ng6n da trai tu cho cao siiu kh6 hi~u d~n cho gian dan binh d! nhu lo;;ti Van ngon duqc vi~t ra gftn diiy. Tren th~ gi&i, khong th~ c6 lo;;ti but ngfr nao hoan to~m khong thoat thai tlr khfru ngfr tfrc ng6n ngfr thong dl;lng trong cac tftng l&p quftn chling. Vi v~y chfic chfin Van ng6n kh6ng phai do t6 tien ngooi Trung Qu6c d~t ra l11Qt each dQC l~p hoan toan v&i khfru ngfr. Nhung m~t khac, Van ngon cling khong ghi chep khfru ngfr CUa l11Qt thai d;;ti n~lO do l11Qt each y nhu thi!C, nhu truang hqp CUa B;;tch tho;;ti dung d~ ghi chep cac th~ lo;;ti k!ch, ti~u thuy~t ttr dai T6ng tr& di. Trang cac th~ d;;tng cua Van ngon, chung ta thfry c6 m9t lo;;ti "chinh th6ng van ng6n" la th~ van doc thfry trong cac sach v& thai Tien Tftn, Luang Han cung c6 van cua Han, Li~u. Au, To dai
66
TRAN VAN CHANH
Dt.rOng T6ng. Lo~i Van ngon nay so v&i kh£iu ngfr cling thai c6 le khong each bi~t nhau xa Him, vfin con trong ffilrC dQ c6 thi nghe va hiiu dll'Q'c. Nhfrng ban dich kinh Ph?t tu Ph<;1n qua Han, nhung cu6n ngfr l~.JC cua cac thi~n su' Trung Qu6c va nhfrng ban van tiiu thuy~t B<;1ch tho<;1i tt! dai T6ng (the ky 10) cho bi~t tinh tr~ng cua kh£iu ngfr a cac thai ky do da ch(rng to Sl! khac nhau khong xa liim gifra hai thi van - tl'rc gifra Van ngon v&i lai n6i ngoai xa hQi. Nhung lai n6i v&i d<;1ng chfr vi~t cua n6 la B~ch tho~i thi bi~n d6i rfrt nhanh, ngu'Qc l<;1i Van ngon bi~n d6i ch~m hon nhi~u, vi le nhfrng ngllai dung Van ngon khong c6 each gi khac hon la phai vi~t mo phong theo kiiu each cua nhfrng b~c t&n b6i. Da v~y, tinh thftn "t~p c6" thm bfty gia rftt n~ng, nhfrng ngllai tri thl'rc "mu6n cho ra ngooi tri thl'rc" phai vi~t c6 van, con B~ch tho~i chi dung di vi~t ti~u thuyet, kich. Tm&ng hqp nay khong khac v&i ben ta liim d6i v&i vftn d~ ll!U chQn gifra chfr Nom va chfr Han cua cac nho si Nha nghien Clru van hQC H6 Hoai Sam ( l 2 ) con cho ding tm&c h~t Sl! khac nhau gifra Van ngon va Ngfr thi la do van tl! Trung Qu6c ngay tlr dftu da khong xuftt phat tlr ngfr am rna tlr tllQTig hinh, biiu y. Ngoai ra, Sl! bi~n d6i ch~rn l~i cua but ngfr con la mQt vAn d~ ky thu~t: Ngay XU'a, vi~c khiic in rfrt kh6, n~u khong ti~p t~.JC duy tri Van ngon la lo~i van "dung it chfr rna n6i dllQ'C rfrt nhi~u" thi se g~p tr& ng~i cho vi~c ph6 bi~n. D~i
roAN THV nJ HQC CHCI HAN
67
Giap c6t van: nhfrng lo~i d~n sau, dieu luy~n va tach roi v&i khfru ngfr han nhi~u la cac tfr phu, bi~n van ... Van ngon "thong t~.Jc" la lo~i CO pha phach khfru ngfr; dllQ'C ap d~.Jng trong ffiQt s6 tac phfrm tiiu thuy~t (nhll Tam qucfc cbf dj§n ngbia cua La Quan Trung), cac ban dich kinh Ph?t tu Ph<:tn ra Han, va trong cac gifty ta hanh chinh, thu' tfr giao d!chv. v. Dllang (705 - 960) v~ sau, m9t lo~i "khfru ngfr xlla" thllang dllQ'C dung trong nh&u t~p ngfr l~.JC cua cac tu s'i Ph~t giao ho~c d~o gia va m9t s6 it thll tt! khac. D~n lo~i tiiu thuy~t binh tho~i dai T6ng, Nguyen 3 ) m&i thl!c Sl! dllQ'C vi~t b5ng m9t lo~i Ngfr thi tllang tl! v&i Ngfr thi hi~n d~i. Cac kich khuc dm Nguyen, Minh (tfr 1206 d~n 1648) la m9t lo~i van pha tr9n cii hai thl'r nhung c6 phftn thien v~ Ngfr thi hon.
Tu dai
°
Lo~i van chllong ngfr thi thllang bi cac hQc gia Trung Qu6c xem thllang nen hQ chi dung nhi~u trong llnh Vl!C vi~t tiiu thuy~t, ffiQt lo~i thi van hQC bj li~t ra ngoai hang ngu cua bach gia tLr dai
Han (l 4 ). Mai d~n CUQC v~n d9ng Tan van h6a cua ngllai Trung Qu6c sau nay (nhung nam 1917-1919), dia vi cua Ngfr thi m&i dU'Q'c cong nMn. Nam Dan qu6c thl'r 9 ( 1920), B9 giao d~.Jc Trung Qu6c ban b6 m~nh l~nh dung Ngfr thi (B~ch tho~i) lam chuyin ngfr cho cac tru'ong hQc. Tu d6 B~ch tho~i m&i dftn dftn thay th~ Van ngon di dung ph6 bi~n trong mQi nganh sinh ho~t & Trung Qu6c.
khai, d6 la qua trlnh thanh l~p cua lo~i "Van ngon chinh
th6ng". Trfr "Van ngon chinh th6ng" ra, ngllai Trung Qu6c con c6 lo~i van c6 hon ghi chep tren nhfrng manh Xllong thu rna ta gQi la
86'i Tong c6 nhling nglfD'i gQi Ia "thuyet tho~i nhan" chuyen ngh~ ke chuyen
d
nhvng nai hqi he dlnh dam . HQ thlfD'ng ke nhling chuyen c6 lien quan den ljch si'r. nhling ban van hQ dung gQi Ia blnh tho~i nhlf : NgtJ Til Tlf bi nh tho<# EJ?i Tong Tuyen Hoa di slf, EJ?i EJlfong Tam T?ng thu kinh thi tho?i .. .. 14 <
2
Trung Qu6c van h9c S1i khai llfQ'C (Phon phi.! ll!C}, Thlfqng Hoi Tan van h6a thlf xa, 1935, tr. 1 - 4. Cl >
>
Llfu Ham (khoang 46 trlfO'c CN - 23 sau CN .) so~n ra That llfQ'C co n6i : "Chlf ti'r
mlfO'i nha, kha quan chi c6 chin nha". 6ng muon bao lieu thuyet gia kh6ng trQng yeu b~ng cac phai khilc.
TRAN VAN CHANH
68
roAN TH U Tlj HQC CHU HAN
2. SL/ KHAC NHAU GI(!A VAN NGON VA BACH THOAI VE MATTUV! N6i chung tu trong Van ng6n vatu trong B:;tch tho:;ti c6 nhi~u diim di d6ng. Ttr trong Van ng6n phfm 16n thUQC don am (1 tlr t6), con trong B:;tch tho:;ti phfrn 16n thUQC da am (2 tu t6 tr& len), nhi~u nhfrt Ut song am (2 tu t6). M
~~B)j
1. Tir d011 iim : Ttl
Am
A =¥JL,
nhan thu tam but ngLTU hliu
¥ 4~
NqhTa nguai tay long viet trau c6
Ttl
Am
'~
rna tm&ng doan liinh ttl nga
~ ~_§
(~
rz:g
ft
Am
NqhTa Van ng6n
Bc;tch thoc;ti
?
!!:
tau
ch;:ty
§~
thuy~t
thuy~t ph1,1c
di n6i
'i'j(
khoai g1ang co
thich chi Tnrcmg Giang blip v ~
mau I~ song v~ (trong thO')
§5Z
Ngoai ra. con c6 ITIQt s6 tlr rna ngay xua Van ng6n dung v&i nghla ph1,1. nay B;;1ch tho;;1i dung v&i nghla chinh .
1. Tu d011 iim : Ttl
th ong minh vang ve
II. Cung m9t tu nhlfl1g f nghia da thay dol
Di vao chi ti~t, chung ta c6 thi chia lam mfry trt.rOng hQ'P chinh sau day:
va tu B9ch tho;;Li gi6ng nhau
thong minh tich mjch .
~~
m
l Tu Van ng6n
69
Thi dl) : NqhTa noua o. ctai ngan l?nh b6n toi
- ftu
(rhiiu): nghia chinh ngay xua Ia "diu tha", nghla ph1,1
ngay xua Ia ''tr
- 'l'i
(m;;m): nghla chinh ngay xua Ia "khinh nh&n" (Thi d1,1: Nh pp gia bit vfn tfc mpn: Vao nha kh6ng hoi Ia khinh nh&n), nghla phtJ ngay xua Ia "tutu" (kh6ng nhanh 1~) ; nay dung v&i nghla chinh duy nhfrt Ia "tu tt1". M
2. Tir da iim : Ttl t*C.• 9!$ ~~
7:. Y:.
~*
Am tat suat h6 di~p thien van quoc gia
NghTa con d~ con bu&m thien van quoc gia
Thi dl): - ~ (chuy) , xua vi~t ~. nghla Ia "mo chim", nay dung di
chi chung mo c:ic loai d
- *I (h6ng), xua nghla Ia "mau do nh;;1t", nay dung di chi
chung mau do .
TRAN VAN CHANH
70
-*
(kf](fc) xua dung di chi Sl! kh6c len th~mh ti~ng, n~u kh6ng th~mh ti~ng thi dung ~il (khip), ngay nay dung chi chung
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
da lim trong B{lch tho{li : Bq.ch thoq.i
Am
4r r%r
tj ttl' ton ttl' b6n nhi danh nhi th~ch dfi u thi~t dfi u nhi d6a lao h6 mimao xi bang nguy~t h.rqng mao b~nh can tjnh tlfO'ng tin
"kh6c". Trai l;;ti, cling c6 nhfrng tu ma ngh'ia hi ~n nay l;;ti h~p hon .
~~
Thi dli:
-
1~ (thang),
:g~ Xtra
ngh'ia la "nooc n6ng", nay chi "canh cai
ti~J[
-5-~J[
n6ng".
s6
ngh'ia chinh cua tlr van ng6n ngay nay da dtrQ'C
If~
dung thay btng m(lt tlr khac nhtrng nghla cua tlr van ng6n vfrn giu
~Iff. !§=€:;
C6 m(lt l;;ti .
~~ .F3 :;~
Thi dli: - Ngh'ia chinh cua D (khflu) da dtrQ'C thay btng ~ (clu]y),
=f:;Wg
nhtrng "khflu" di chi chung "mi~ng" (nhfm khflu, hai khflu ... ).
~@
- Ngh'ia chinh cua [:§] (di~n) da dLrQ'C thay btng ~~ (kie;n) nghla
ta
"cai ma" trong "b(l mi;it" cua m(lt nguoi con "di~n" dung
di chi t~t
ca mi;it nhtr mi;it d~t. mi;it ban ...
2. Tir da lim :
TCr ~=n: 00
~~
D-5 m,~~,
IP-1~
WfX )j'~.tJ
Am quae ngfr s6 hQc khiu thi~t tieu tuc thai h~10 anh hi
Bq.ch thoq.i chfr qu6c ngfr tofm hQc tranh cai tin tuc thoi thuqng di~n anh
if§{~
Van nq6n
• f,%
~
:g ti -5 If
tj ton b6n danh th~ch thi~t
~
nhi h6 mt xi
.F3
nguy~t
Wg @
b~nh
~ !§
{~
2. Tir da lim trong Van ng6n m9t phdn gi6ng nhau.
Am
tjnh tin
N_ghTa miii chau caich~u
ten gQi Cl)C da cai lu6i tai con CQp long may cai canh m~t trang Ifim Ioi s~ch se tin tudng
!
va tir da lim trong B?Jch tho?Ji c6
Tn.rong hqp nay kh6ng nhi~u lAm va trong thl!C t~ c6 thi dung lfrn nhau dll'O'c.
NqhTa Van nq6n siiCh Qu6c ngtr cai hQC am duang ngon ngfr sinh di~t hao ki~t mQt thai gian bong
71
I
III. Ti't Van ngon va B{lch tho{ti co mi)t pluin giolzg nhau l. M9t rir d011 lim trong Van ng6n baa ham trong nghia m9t tir
Van ng6n
Am
~9w 9$~ 5L5fj
phu phl) ti mu
¢.§.~
88
b~ch nh~t
87(
9!'F%fu
trach manh
,~9(F
Bq.ch thoq.i ~~ 5fj£
Am
NghTa Ph an giong vq ch6ng phu the phu chj em thu mu
3. Hc;rp 2 d011 lim trong Van ng6n thimh m9t tir trong B?Jch tho{li.
TRAN VAN CHANH
72
,EB c,, ;f§ ID'-
Am than thi bl phu ne th6 ky thu~t tu tudng
7$T~
ti~m ti~m
Tv
J1K: &:Iff iJE± :ti ii!Lr
NghTa than thi da bun da't ky thu~t ttr ttrdng dfin dfin
TV ~§ ~f£j "-~ffl :R
~~~ -<- ~
f J ""
~~ ~~
NghTa Am d§u nao c!fi u phi) nfr ph~1 nfr tl!Cmg bich vach tuemg h~mh vi h ~mh vi my I ~ d~p de cG'u cG'u c~u
Nhfrng tll' ngfr lo:;1i tren day c6 m
ro AN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Bq.ch thoq.i
~:X
Am khtiU d~n ml)c tuc thu nhu kien du tung dung tung dung nghla ph1,1
1&£3:
h~u m~u
B~j_&
~~#
thang binh chung binh
~{I* ~
Van ng6n ~~51
§m f~diWi ~00 ~tt ~.. ,c:., ••d.;:..
~~ , tf
~"#
~I'!
IV. Tit Van ngon vatic B{lch thot;Li hoan toim khac nhau
Bq.ch thoq.i
~ ~
Am ml}C quan thi.JC kich
n
cta
NghTa chung mat non an danh
Van ng6n
Am
Bq.ch thoq.i
Am
NghTa chung
1t JE Jfi
cam tuc ly am
3tt
di~m
JJW
51
d~n
;tj{
*
tan
~
cu&c hai hat l;:tp l;:tt
noot 0· chan giay uong keo cay
El 7tt
.
mx
$\§
Am nhan rri;:to
PZ;
ng~t
§_N
u
~
Trang thl)'c t~, Sl)' khac bi~t cua nhfrng tlr thu<)c lo?i tren nay cilng kh6ng tuy~t d6i. DQc Van ng6n d6i khi ta van thfiy c6 nhfrng tlr dU"Q'C dung v&i nghia cua B?ch tho<;li ngay nay. 2. Tirda
am:
~!Ill~
~ 1t * ~ -T
•-r
tlU~
;fjj: 13: ~~
il9.&
Am NghTa chung khuc thi~n con gmn kim hoa thai cay m1,1c tuc n1,1y tit ngt.r&i lun ki~u tit ciii ki~u nr&c thmin chuy~t xui gil}c ph6ng nhi~m ph6ngtung can da cha nu6i van mrong m~ke' mi~n di~u nhi banh tr6i nu&c man dfiu banh chung
3. Van ngon dung m9t tirdon am, B{lch tho{li dung m9t tirda am.
1. Tirdon am:
Van ngon
73
Van nQ6n
Bq.ch thoq.i
??/.
Am g1ap tu nh?t trl oa d()c canh cap
~
d~ch
"""Fm
tt 1m
(rc
~J!~
bai
~
li~m
1j[
fA 8 z
~ ~l
Ui
fJt
~E-T
~-T
*~~
n~ EE~
;J\4flti£
H*
IfJm .t&*fs
Am NghTa chung go rna chuy ba tit h6 tit rau m~t treri thai duong chim trl da ke ~ch nhai di~n ke trau nghe tiiu ngtiU chung d~a lam ru()ng, cay muc ntr&c cta thuy danh c& h~ ky nh& ttrdng khdi bai bo thu tieu co l;:ti thu sue
Thl!C ra con m
TRAN VAN CHANH
74
- m(heft): tftm the b~ng tre (hay b~ng nga, b~ng ngQc) dung di ghi nhiing 101 chu~n m6i khi vao chftu.
bi
Uiu v&i vua rna. cac quan thu0ng dung
-~(!ham): c6 xe ba ngl!
- .!MF (phi): hai con ngl!
- ~~ ( vong lu6ng): loai yeu quai
a tren rt1ng nui.
Nguqc h;ti cling c6 m()t s6 tu thong dl;lng trong B;,tch tho;,ti rftt k.h6 tim thfty m()t tu van ng6n c6 nghi'a tuung duung. TruOng hqp nay do Sl! bi~n d6i cua khfru ngfr ngay cang t;,to them nhi~U ttl m&i di chi nhiing Sl! v~t rna ngay xua v6n kh6ng c6. Thi dt.j:
- fM ~ (h6 dol: h6 d6, kh6ng r6 rang. - '~ J]E (mii ho): nghi'a bong la "sa sai lfty c6".
- 5.&*-1
(trllV11g fa): nghi'a den la "giang ltr&i", nghi'a bong la "qua quao cho c6". - Jjjijjt *U (ma th~ng): l~n d~n, thftt nghi~p.
roA N THU Tl/ HOC CHCI HAN
nhU' tu
75
z (chi) c6 thi dung v&i 7 tu lo~i khac nhau.
1. -§-BXZ !¥i® • iilJ~D? Ng6 dl;lc chiNam Hai, ha nhtr ?: Toi djnh di Nam Hili, ong thay thi niw ? (Banh Doan Thl;lc: Vi h9c) (d()ng tu, tuung duung v&i 11 (vang) trong B;,tch tho;,ti). 2. mft*f~ ... ' W.:E~ 0 .:Ei)ll~~tz Tri~u Dalai xam ... , dfr vuung chi~n. Vuang di' linh n6 x;,t chi: Tri~u Da sang xam Juvc, d:inh v6i An DUV11g VUV11g. An DUV11g VUV11g Jiy no thin bin Da (Kham dfnh Vi~t sif thong giam cueing m/!c, quyin 1) (d;,ti tu, tuang dtrang v&i 1-t.l! (tha) trong B~ch tho~i).
3 . .:EJJ~ttfffi;g Z
rt!1 Vtrang
niii L~c Long Qufm chi tu da: Nha vua fa con ciia L?c Long Qufin (Kham dfnh Vi~t sif thong giam cueing m/!c, quyin 1) (trQ tu ket diu, tuang dtrang v&i 1¥:1 (dich) trong
B~ch tho~i).
z
4. 1~ /f' 1~ • EJ ~ ifrJ D~c chi bftt diic, vi~t hfru m~nh: D uvc va khong duvc, g9i JiJ c6 m~nh (M.anh Tii: Van ChllV11g) (lien tu, tuang dU'ang v&i :fD (hoa) trong B~ch tho~i).
z=nx
5. iilJ~D? Chi nhi trung hl!ll ha tri ?: Hai gi6ng tnlng iy /fli biit gi ?(Trang Tii:· Tieu dao du) (d~i tu chi thi, tuang duung v&i 13~ (na) trong B~ch tho~i).
z
3. Slf KHAC NHAU GIO'A VAN NGON VA Bf\CH THOf\1 VE MAT NGO' PHAP
6. /f' ~D ~ ~~ :¥: Bftt tri lao chi tuung chi: Khong hay tuo} gia sip din (Lu[in ngff: Thu[it nhi) (trq tu).
Van ng6n va B;,tch tho;,ti tuy cling la phtrang ti~n di trinh bay ng6n ngfr cua Trung Qu6c nhtrng ngfr phap l~i c6 nhi~u ditim kh6ng gi6ng nhau. N6i chung trong Van ng6n, Sl! bi~n dl;lng, dao tri va tinh ltrQ'C phong phu va phCrc t;,tp han so v&i B;,tch tho~i.
7. &:¥:~ • rz91:J*imz · ~@ZmG · ~~liZ-R • ~ f3 'l)t C~p chi tang, tfr phtrang lai q uan chi, nhan siic chi thich, kh6c khftp chi ai, di~u gia d;,ti duy~t: Din khi chon cit, ngt.r&i b6n
L Tit lo?i ciia Van ngon khong xic dfnh Kha nang kiem lo;,ti cua tu trong Van ng6n rftt phong phu,
*
phllV11g /fli xem, thiy thi tif bu6n thiim nhu thi. kh6c /6c nhu thi, nhiJng nguOi din diiu tang dtu thoa long (M.anh Tir. Dffng Van cong thur;mg) (ph6 tu, tli'Ol1g duong v&i 13~~ (na rna) trong B~ch tho~i).
76
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ngoai ra, n~u "chi" duqc dung v&i tu each la dc;ti ttr, no lc;ti co kha nang thay th~ cho nhi~u tmemg hqp khac nhau.
Thi dfl :
z
1. !i: ~~.:E.~ t$ A B rEJ j j ~f;J {~ An Dtr011g V tr011g hiiu thftn nhan vi~t Cao Thong phl;l ta chi An DllV11g VUV11g c6 tha~
nhan ;a Cao Thong gitip d6(Kham d/nh Vi~t sifthong gidm cu(Jrzg mf:iC, quyin 1) (tha xung, ttrong duong v&i "tha" 1-tf1 trong Bc;tch thoc;ti).
roAN THU' Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
77
"ng6 ~, du T, du ~, thai -EJ, ngang .rp, thftn ~ , tr~mB~ ", trong khi & B;;tch thoc;ti chi dung "nga". D;;ti tt! nhan xung dung di d6i xung, ngoai "nhfr" tJ: , ?fJ:. COn CO "nht r.iW, tlr y, nhi ffi}, nhl!Q'C ;fi, niii lJ, nhung 1)(; ... ", trong khi B;;tch tho;;ti chi dung "nl'' {f]\ .
tu,
tu,
D6i v&i nhfrng tt! loc;ti khac, nhu lien gi&i dl;lng ngfr cang phl!c t<;tp. Ch£ng hc;tn, loc;ti lien ttr binh li~t (dung di neu m6i quan h~ d5ng l~p gifra hai hay nhi~u ttr, ngfr, cau, doc;tn cau) co t&i khoang 14 tt! khac nhau : t/uJ _§_, c~p & , dtJ W, hf!U )Z, kj jt, nhi vi~t$, duy!JfE, duy*tf., vi~, chi;Z_, nlurf;o ...
2.~-=rz*~:flt' ~PIT{~' 1§-1~M~5!z Kim tlr chi lai ki~n nga, v6 s& hi~p, ng6 do tuong tmong chi Nay nfu ong din
ffiL dil-), vu--T,
g{fp toi, du khong c6 sci trur3ng g1: toi ctlng se eft cif(Han Du: T6ng VUV11g tti tai tt/) (d6i xung, ttrong duong v&i "n1" {f]\ trong B;;tch
Trong k~t du phu djnh cua Van ng6n, tan ngfr cua d9ng ngoc;ti d9ng tht.rOng d~t tm&c d9ng trong k~t du nghi vfrn, khi dung dc;ti tt! lam tan ngfr thi tan ngfr cling di;it tnr&c d9ng tt! (xem Ngil phdp trong PHAN NHAP MON, bai 93 ).
thoc;ti).
3.~~.l-:J-~::X:1mmf1 , 7G~Dt3"#*Si*Six~z Du lien d1 tc;tp van bai trufrt, bfrt tri gia di~c phan phan giao ti~u chi Toi nhiJu Jdn vi!t t{lp van bj' truft, nhtlng ngu&i kh6ng hilu ctlng tip nhau cwi toi (Ly Tuemg: T6ng Phung D/nh tt/) (tt,r xung, tuong dtrong v&i "nga"
:fit ).
z
4.tlm 7~ ffi] ;i, ~ Uyen tham nhi ngu sinh chi V~ c6 sau thi en m6i sinh ra 6 d6 ( Sif kf) (dc;ti ttr chi thi, ttr011g duong v&i ~ • (gin if) trong B;;tch tho;;ti). Ta nh~n thfry trong 4 diu tren, van bc;tch thoc;ti d~u dung 4 ttr khac nhau.
2. D!lng ngii ciia Van ngon phong phti va phuc tf}p
Tu d6ng nghia trong st,r v~t co hon m
tu
Van ng6n rfrt phong phu: Cung chi m
Dc;ti tt! nhan xung dung di tt,r xung ngoai "nga"
:fit con
co
3. Khic nhau v§ to' chuc cifa cfiu
tu
tu ;
Khi mu6n noi "Kh6ng bi~t ta", Van ng6n kh6ng vi~t "Bfrt tri ng6 da" rna vi~t "Bfrt ngo tri da" 7f ~ ~D tJ1 (Lu~n ngtJ: Tien tifn), Bc;tch thoc;ti vi~t la "Bfrt hiiu d5c nga" 7f B~ 1~ :fit . Mu6n hoi "Khach thich gi ?" thi vi~t "Khach h'a hiio? " ~ f6J H·? (Chifn qucfc sach: rJ sach), Bc;tch tho;;ti vi~t "Khach hi hoan th~m rna?~ :g fA ft I'M!? "
4. Sf!' ti'nh ii..TQ'c trong Van ngon phong phti hOTJ trong B{lch thofli Thi dfl: - Khi dung d9ng tt! EJ ( vift noi), chu ngfr thu'ong du'Qc lu'Qc bot (xerri Ngil phdp trong PHAN NHAP MON, bai 115 ). - Trong k~t du dinh nghia, thay vi dung cac d9ng ttr "thi, nai ... " ~, lJ, ngu&i ta chi dn dung nhfrng trq biiu thj y
tu
xac
dinh.
Nhu
"Nguyen
gia ,
thi~n
chi
tm&ng
di''
TRAN VAN CHANH
78
z
~ :Bt {Q (Dich: Can Van ng6n), n~u dich ra B(:lch tho(:li phai dung d6ng d<)ng tu "th(: Nguyen thj. thi~n chi thu J-* ~ ~ Z !§f (Nguyen la dfru m6i cua di€u thi~n).
f-* f3 ,
Thl!c ra con v6 s6 tnr&ng hqp khac nfra. Nhu' trong Van ng6n c6 dC;li, c6 nhi~u each vie't d~c thu chilng nhfrng kh6ng thfty trong Han ngfr hi~n d<;1i rna con kh6ng thfry ca trong lo(:li Van ng6n duqc vi~t trong cac thai ky gfrn day. Trong C6ng Duo'ng truyfn c6 cau: "Ph<;it gia vi chu, ph<;it gia vi khach" {;It f3 ~ .3:. ' fJt f3 ~ ~ (C6ng Duo'flg truyfn:
Trang c6ng nhi thPp bit njen) (Nglf(}j dj dinh Ja khich, ngur}j bi dinh JiJ chu - chi nll'6c T§ va nU'6c Vf), kh6ng phan bi~t ai chu d
dit d~c bi~t.
Sach M~c tif quen dung ~ (yen) v&i nghia tucrng ducrng · v&i l!; (niii), "Tfit
tri
m~
lo(:ln
(U' thJ), nhu trong thien "Kiem ai" c6 cau
chi
s&
tl!
£, ~D ~L Z ?JT E! ~ ' ~ §~ 1~
kh&i,
yen
nang
tri
chi"
z (Co bjit dau li1 ngu6n gcfc cua
lo[ln, m6j c6 thl tri dU'qc), n~u ta hiiu "yen" la m
*(
*§~~A ' ~ §~ ~ ChU'a bjit thcJ ngll'cJj sao bjit thcJ quj) trong Lu~n nguthi se djch sai. Vi~c
hQc
t~p
ngfr phap van ng6n v&i nhfrng tnr&ng hqp
di;ic thu nhu' tre n se giu p ta dQC dtrQ'C cac sach
c6.
I
NHAP . MON
}- ~ i7 - - ;;.it)
• •
/'-. IV f1 J
81
roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
1 ~ § SOMl)C
[9
tam tu
nhi
Nhat
Ii ngG
__L.
/'\
llJC
-t
)\
that bat
1L cuu
+
th~p
- += + - +lz:9 +Ii +-t + th~p nhat th~p nhi th~p tam tMp tu th~p ngG th~p that
=+
+JL
-+ Ii+
1L
+ -
8
th~p cuu nhi th~p tam th~p ngG th~p cuu th~p nhat bach
-=f thien
~
{~
Jls
f_$
v<;w
uc
tri~u
ti
Cac con si{ M<'Jt, hai, ba, bo'n, nam, sdu, bay, tam, chin, nutoi, muoi mt)t, muoi hai, muoi ba, muoi lam, muoi bay, muoi chin, hai muoi, ba muoi, nam muoi, chin muoi, mt)t tram, mt)t ngim, muon (muoi ngim), uc (mt)t tram ngim), tri?u (mt)t tri?u), tl (muoi tri?u).
D [CH NGHlA
NGU PHAP
so TV ~~PJ 1.
s6 tu la tu dung d~ chi s6 l11qng ho~c thfr tl!.
Thf dl}:
- MI ±m :n
=+ ~~ ~
Tri~u d!a phoong nhi thien d11 ly.
Dft cua Tii~u vu6ng h011 hai ngim difm ( Chiin qu6c sach). 2. C6 hai lo<:J.i chinh:
TRAN VAN CHANH
82
83
roAN THlJ Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
m
(1) sci tirchlluvng:
a) Chi s6 xac dink - (nhfit), = (nhD,
a (bach) ...
2
7:.
A
b) Chi s6 bfrt dinh: ~ (s6: m()t vai), jJfj - (ltr6ng tam: vai
NHANTHIEN
ba) ...
z =(tam chi nhi: 2/3), + = - (th~p nhi
c) Chi phan s6: tam: 2,3 phftn 10) ...
(2) sci tir chi thti tt;: ~
+ )t (d~ th~p ctru: thtr 19),
;!t- (ky
nhfrt: cai thtr nhfrt) ... 3. s6
TU Mdi Nhan mi;it troi,
A
7:.
Nhan
thien
b) Di}.t tm&c danh
- l'i~-f-~_61 ·
tu don vi (xem Ngu phap, bai 3):
a ~a~
Hoang kim thien d{it, b:;tch bich bach song.
Vimg ngim d{it, ng9c tram doi (Chiin qucic sach). c) s6 tu c6 thi tl! n6, hoi}.c k~t hQP v&i nhfrng ti~p lam vi ngil cua cau:
tu khac, trl,fc
- ~tw~0ft · ff.lln+ B~c Son Ngu c6ng gia, nien tha ciiu th{ip.
nguy~t
nh?t
*
A
(2net): nguoi-Thien (4 net): troi-Nh~tB (4 net): ngay-Nguy~t fj (4 net): mi;it trang, thang.
TAP VIET
A )
A
7:.
___..
B
I
J=j
)
r
7(
n
A
B
n
fj
J=j
~
~
m
Bifc SOTJ Ngu cong, tuo] d5 gin chin muvi (Li~t tif). -
fj
tu c6 nhfrng di}.c diim ngil phap nhtr sau:
a) Thmmg d~t tnr&c danh ttr di chi s6 ltrqng cua v~t hay ngt.IDi ;
..6--
B
§'Eff
Wf~'
~
'#I; --'-
J=j f f i / ' \
H
A
Vao thi, DLJc dting thti sau (Han thu).
-tm &~aft+ n Nguy~n
qui n6ng gia th{ip ciiu. NgurJi xin v§ lam ru<)ng c6 din chin phdn murJi (Han Du).
* A ;J" * ~ .* w 3
d~ iLJc.
,...
*
.....
,...?
NHAN DAI NHAN TIEU
A A I J\ B 1t fj 8)3 nhan d~i nhan titiu thien cao thien thanh nh?t quang nguy~t minh
TRAN VAN CHANH
84
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
nJ Mdi D~i.:*:(3 net): to, Mn-Tiiu ;j\(3 net) : be, nhb-Cao ~(10
net): cao (trai wJi tha/J)- Thanh 1f (8 net): xanh, mau xanhQuang jt (6 net): sang-Minh Sjj (8 net): sang.
D!CH NGH[A NguiJi cao - nguiJi nho - triJi cao - triJi xanh - m(it triJi sang m(it trang sang.
(2) Danh tir pho? thong: chi ten chung cac Sl! v~t cling m
(gia), .~ (rna).:.
a) Danh tl.r c~:~ thi:
it?, (ngu). ~ (but) ...
b) Danh tl.r trl.ru tuqng: $ (phap), ~ (d<;1o) ... c) Danh tl.r t~p hqp: §ffi (su: don
e) Danh tl.r don vt:
TU 15~
.R (xich:
f) Danh tl.r thai gian:
1. Danh tl.r la tu dung di chi ngum hay Sl! v~t.
B
±
(th6) ...
thu6c), ~ (quyin: cucfn sach) ...
(nh~t: ngay), ~(kim: hom nay) ...
g) Danh tl.r khong gian: __t (thi.I'Q'I1g),
'"f (h<;!),
*
(dong), jZ§
(tfty) ...
Thi di!:
4. M
- A (nhan): nguai. - f!:t (th~:~): cay. - ki (tinh): hQ .
a) Tm&c danh tl.r, n6i chung, c6 thi di;it: nhling tl.r chi so
=
luqng, nhu "nhflt" "tam hr&ng" ... ; nhling tl.r dung chi thi nhu ~ (thi: nay),
(d<;1o): d<;1o, con duang.
2. Can Clr vao hlnh thuc diu tc;to, c6 hai loc;ti danh tl.r: (ngu: ca), .~ (diiu: chim) ... Phftn l&n danh tl.r trong Van ngon thUQC lo<;!i nay. (1) Danh tir don am, nhu
vi quan d9i gdm2500 nguV-1),
~ (d~ng: bon, lli) ... d) Danh tl.r v~t chfit: :Sfz:- (kim),
DANH
~
*
C6 thi chi a danh tl.r ph6 thong ra lam 7 lo<;1i nho :
NGUPHAP
-
85
Jt?,
(2) Danh [lr da am, nhll'. 'R (nong phu), chi: ng6n ap ut) ...
M15 :j:t§ (vo danh
f& LlJ
9!,_~ tj£ (Loa
(nht tUC tlr dt!C: hai
(bi son: nui kia).
*
.=:.. ~ (tam kim), ~ (tht dong) ... b) Danh tl.r di;ic hfru n6i chung khong k~t hqp di.I'Q'c v&i nhling tl.r chi s6 hoi;ic chi thi, trl.r 3 troong hqp sau day: - Tm&c mot ten n 0ouai khi c6 .
Vi~t),
JE [9 ~
Di;ic diim nay khong ap d~:~ng d6i v&i m
(1) Danh [Lr difc JuJu: dung chi ten rieng cua cac Sl! v~t:
::k ~ (D<:!i
(bi: kia) ... , nhll' noi:
chan bcfn canh),
3. Can Clr vao nQi dung, ta c6 thi chia ra:
~* ~ 1~ (Tr5.n Qu6c Tufln), Thanh) ...
fBz
Sl.l' .
so sanh v~ tai nang, tri tu~.
Thi df!: - f~ ~ ~ £Z ' ~~§= .l-:,1, .!r ff Jt ffi · · · ' Sit£ lf B ~ ' 1"J' ffiJ F~'~~ ~ ?
nr "s ~J
TRAN VAN CHANH
86
Sl'r Ng6,
TOAN THlJ nJ HQC CHU HAN
87
- DU'Q'C k~t thuc b5.ng trQ' tu -ti1 (da), biiu thi Sl! xac dinh.
Sa phlm, Th6 di thfm nhi~m ky nguy ... , tuy hGu bach
U &ng, kha d~c nhi gitm tai?
Thi dl!:
Nfu Ng6, S6 lam phan, Tho' dem than ra ch6ng d6: .. , thi du c6 m9t triim (ten sam thin nhu) Vjen Udng ctJng kh6ng thliy gjan duvc (T6 Thfrc: Tri~u Thff lut?.n).
- liWH.i\ ~ 13 ,
~ J II
-ti1
Than thi quan gia, Tri~u Xuyen dii.
Ke tv minh gjft vua Ja T!i¢u Xuyen ( C6ng DUV11g truy¢n).
- Tnr6c h9 ngurJ-j vi c6 thlc6 nhjtu nguVi cung h9. Thi di!:
TAP VFET
-*•$·-~=~·~~-~·~mmw D?i Khang trung, tam Tnrong nhj L~:~c, lu6ng Phan nhit Ta, b<)t nhi phl)c htmg.
Trang niim D{lj Khang, ba h9 TrUV11g, haj h9 Ll!c, haj h9 Phan, m9t h9 Ta, d9t ng9t n61 len k.h6j phl!c phong trao (Chung Vinh: Thj phim tt/j. - Tn.r&c ho~c sau ten sach, vi m<)t cu6n sach c6 thi g6m nhi~u quyin, ho~c m<)t quyin in lam nhi~u b6n.
*
;J\
~
;J
/ __.__.
~
1=1
3:::::
d) N6i chung, danh tu kh6ng thi trl!c ti~p lam vi ngfr. Khi lam vi ngfr, danh tu phai:
B)j
B
Jj\ __.__.
l=l
__.__ 1=1
I
~
1=1
n
___.__. p
.3::::. !=§
±
\r
\ r/
_llL
-!T -Yt
,,
H
13Jj
I
l=t
Jl=iJ
~
n
____,_
rTl
~
fJ
m
- Dtrng sau nhfrng tu dung di dinh nghia ho~c phan doan nhu: ~ (thi), 1\% (vi), l!; (nai: fa); JF (phi: kh6ng pha1), ~ (v6: kh6ng co), f@ (do: gjcfng nhtij, ff (hGu: co) ...
x
4
w
THIEN THANH
Thi di!:
- -§- JF fL Sjj Ng6 phjKh6'ng Minh. T6j kh6ng phaj Ja Kh6ng Mjnh (Tam qu6c chi dj8n nghia).
__.__.
n
~
~
\
* -=f:='
~
~
-Yt
--'-
I
rPJ
c) Danh tu kh6ng thi c6 tnr&c n6 m<)t tu chi mfrc d<) ho~c chi Sl! dtu khi~n, do d6 kh6ng thi n6i: /f 7j'( (bfrt thuy), :;& A (th~m nhan), ~ !#, (m?c ngu) ...
T
w x
a a
m
fj A ff .~ if: .~ thanh thien b~ch nh?t minh nguyc$t nhan h~mh rna tl:fu di~u phi
sJl
TRAN VAN CHANH
88
Nur5c tlwnh khiit(nu&c s;,tch).
TU M(JJ B~ch
89
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
8
(5 net): trdng-Hanh
con ngl,l'a-Tfi'u
iE
fr
b) Khi d~t sau danh tt! thi hinh dung tt! c6 thi tn,fc ti~p lam vi
(6 net): cli-Ma ,~ (10 net):
(7 net): ch(ly-Di~u ,~ (llnet): con chim-Phi
m;
ngfr:
(9 net) : bay.
- wrSJ fj ;j\ Son cao, nguy~t tieu.
D[CH NGHlA
Nui cao, triing nhb (To Thfrc: H(iu Xich Bich phu) .
Trai xanh Mijt trC!i sang Mijt trang sang Nguai eli Ngf!a ch(ly Chim bay.
Hinh dung tt! con co thi d:;it sau danh tt! di lam vj ngfr, thong qua d6ng d(>ng tt! ~ (vi): -~~ jt
NGU PHAP
Dfm viqui
HiNH DUNG TV% y ~~
Dan fa qui (M:;mh ttl) .
I. Hinh dung tirdung d{ them vao m9t difc diem, m9t phiim chit cho ngurJi hay sv v?t.
c) Phftn l&n hinh dung tt! co thi dtrQ'C b6 sung cac tlr Chl mfrc dQ, nhtx foj (Cl!C),
Thi dl):
l&
y nghia b~ng
(th~m):
- mmto:E 37
- rli :& m , ~u m-+-
Cam, qufrt qrcda.
D<:> tru&ng ki~u, chi Nam Binh.
Cam, quit rft nhitu (To Thuc).
Qua cay c:lu dai, din mii Nam Binh (Ton Gia Kim). 2. M9t slf difc die'm ngii phap ctla hinh dung tir:
TAP VIET
a) Hinh dung tt! tht.rCmg d~t tm&c danh tt! lam dinh ngu cti trl!c ti~p b6 nghia cho danh tt! do:
- .L-J§ID~l~ZZ.~$ Di cvh(,lm tai chi Ngo Trung.
Dem thuytnl6n dlch6din Ng6 Trung(Vuang S! Chinh).
8 /.-
fT
11 R1a
/'
(
/
~
Hinh dung tt! co thi d:;it tm&c danh tt! lam dinh ngu thong qua trc;1 tt! ket diu
-
z
(chi):
1~~Z.JJ<.
Thanh khi~t chithuy.
I~
I
I
{ F
/.-
/.~
/.-
1
1- fT
F
w
~
,EIS
I~
90
TRAN VAN CHANH
At J~
~
/
m
~
~
-T T
*
!E
~
Tt ~
(
(1
F f3
\.
~
~
~
~ ~~
m
m 5 1± * J:fl TA.I GIA TRUNG
A*
1£*J:fl• 4~-BJ:o fX•~)t~ TC:J.i gia trung, hieu ph1,1 mau. Nh?p hQc hi~u, kinh W~n sinh.
TU MOl T~i :(± (6 net): b-Gia *
(10 net): nha- Trung J:fl (4 net): trong, ben trong-Hieu 4 (7 net): c6 hie'u (hlt long thiJ cha thiJ mf)-Phl) ~ (4 net): cha-Mfiu £3: (5 net): m?-Nh~p A (2 net): vao-HQc hi~u ~ fX (16 net, 10 net): truiJng h9c-Kinh ~ton tr9ng, kinh tr9ng- Tien sinh 7t ~ (6 net, 5 net): thdy gido.
roAN THLI n,l HQC CHa HAN
J:fl (trung) la danh tu chi kh6ng gian, thuong d?t sau m<)t danh tu khac voi nghia la "trong, (j trong", nhu': _ :(± * J:fl (TC:J.i gia trung) CJ trong nha. _ ~ J:fl~frroi~D:f(Thu' trung huu ncr nhan nhu' ngQc) Trang sdch c6 nguiJi con gdi dfp nhu ngQc. _ t[ijtiffiJ¥, t~ti:fj~ ~J:fl(Ham th<:J.ch nhi chi, d~u th<:J.ch u' h6 trung) Ng(j_m qtc dd bay dln, nem dd vao trong V(li nuoc (Bai 120). _ [t -=f i::Y :fj~ tlJ J:fl (Trang Ttl' hanh u' son trung) Trang tzl dang di trong nui (Trang Tzl: Son mqc).
TAP VIET
fr
~
'
* 9=J
I
4 )(
~
/
r 1 t= ~
1::::!:::7
n
t==J
9=I
-+
_±__..
/"
')"
J
•
D!CH NGH!A iJ trong nha (J trong nha, c6 hie'u voi chd mf. Vao truiJng hQC, kinh trQng thdy.
a
L [J
NGU PHAP
A
/
+ Cach dzl.ng chil
J:fl (trung)
91
A
7
tF 1£ ?
~
~
~
=¥
~
Y2
a a
-EfJ: '
*
92
TRAN VAN CHANH
m
*
rx
.....
X
-
/@~
r
7t
I
±_
-x
X
r~
X
><
t' f-L.
t t t rr
-f.-f-.
f-
I
f-
4-f-
7
If-
fJ
1±:.
4-f-
1IJ
t:~l
1~
1@7
,m
*
tx /@~
~ 7t ±_
+
f-
~=~
tJJ
8~ ,
t:!
~ ~'
fr
BW.
r
7'o
r
\ t
.:LL.
~
§
ljl
.±.
.±.
..::±::.
..::±::.
..::±::.
'..::±::.
?F-
'..::±::. '?R
t.-
t.-f]
-eft]
eft]
eft]
eft]
I
n
E3
)
tJ
*1J
_L.
~
I
1=1
__L.
tot
Troi ch(ip to'i, dnh trang sang to. Truac ella s6, trong ra xa,
..:>._L-
?R
-!?
'T
•
til
..:>...L-
ljlj
~
}ff
' ..:±::..
~
..::E.
*
m 7
wg
-r-
~
LVoNG YEN
tt • Tri1i c/zijp
m 1¥1
\
Sd tJJ (7 net): bdt ddu, mai- Va n 8~ ( 11 net) : mu(}n, bu6i chiiu-Song ($16 net): nla s8-Ti~n JW (9 net): tnt6c, phia tnt6c- Vi~n ~ (14 net): xa- VQng ~ (11 net): trong ra xa-Dong (8 net): huang dong-Phtidng jj (4 net): huang.
D!CH NGHiA
r4
..:>...L-
TU MOl
*
fJ rJJ
B/ B_,., BA Bfli Bt6 Bfo Bffc
B
.::E.
jj o
f
;----!---?
e ft]
Song ti€n vien VQng, nguy~t t<;li dong phuong.
~
t
$ '..:±::..
*
7
*JJ
~
7C
,F:j
I
6
S)j o Thien so van, nguy~t quang minh .
$JW
TAP VIET
m x
93
a huang dong.
mtjt trt'ing
ljlj
tJJ 8~ THIEN SO VAN
x
roAN THU n,l HOC CHU HAN
)'} , wg
~ -r-
Tru c liem ngo<;li, luang yen tll';
TV
f&-7fZ*•f&-7fZ~o hot phi Iai, hot phi khu.
94
TRAN VAN CHANH
nJ Mdi True
t'r (6
net): diy tre-Liem
.BI
(19 net): hac mimh, tfirn rem-Ngo~i ::$'}(5 net): ngoai, ben ngoai-Ltlo'ng jJfg (8 net): haiYe'n ttl'~ r(16 net, 3 net): chim en-H6t ZJ.. (8 net): b6ng, chc;t, thinh llnh-Lai (8 net) : h~i, cle'n-Khu :;t (5 net): eli.
*
D[CH NGHiA Hai con chim en Ngoai hac manh tre, (c6) hai con chim en, chc;t bay din, chc;t bay di.
tt
r:p
0 ::$'} (ngo~i) cling thu'ong cli;i t sau danh tu nhu' chu (trung) clt3 chi "ngoai, () ngoai, phia ngoai"; nhu': _ "f'J .BI ::$'} (True liem ngo{li) N goai hac manh tre. _$:$'}(Song ngo{li) Ngoai ella so'. _ ~ ::$'} ( Quoc ngo{li) 0 ngoai nu:oc.
r
ZJ..
(hO't) la m()t ph6 tu thu'ong lam tr<;lng ngu cl~ b6 nghia cho cl()ng tu, voi nghia la" b6ng, chc;it, V~:It, thlnh llnh ...", nhu':
_%!lit* , tellt::tCHot phi
lai
95
r .t
I
)7}
r
/\A-
/
'J
'J
-
-
~
f6t
-I+
-=f
7
I
-f::f-"
J \ \ \
o/J
I
ID'
*
1;;
TA.P VIET
J[
I
--=±::.
152f
--±:1--
J
~
0
h
!7;0
-r
7f f
±-
~
!7;0
*
o/J
JLJ
o/J
ID
*
m 8
* LO ~~
hot chi) Gi6 h,mh chc;t tho'i dln
DAI
7\ ~~ J: •A
J:
THV<)NG
11 *'~
•
j}
J
~
F
::lot J
hot phi khu) Chc;t bay den
(Li¢t tTl: Thang vfln). _ ;f§ 1$llt 1J%! J[ 17~ ll:t (Tuong truy~n thll' th<;1ch hot kie'n u' thll') Tu:ong truy~n hem dd nay b6ng nhien xut{t hi¢n Cl ch6 nay (Tay du:ong tc;Ip trCI: N(ic cao kY thu:c;ng).
~
n m m ffi m r r ::1~ ::I~L
chc;t bay di. _ ~g)®.%! :::zt (Luong phong
t/ t;- tt
- •M• I
ffi
NG0PHAP
@
roAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHV HAN
* ]j[•~
7J7 f=fo
D<;ii 19 thu'c;ing, nhan vang lai, hoi;ic thua xa, hoi;ic b9 hanh
::1~1:
.I\\\
m
ID'
96
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU n,J HQC CHa HAN
97
rAPVIET
Tl) Md!
n(
L() 13 net): con duong- Thu'qn·g __t (3 net): tren, ben trenVang 1i (8 net): di-Ho~c ~ (8 net): c6 nguoi, nguoi thl, hoij.cThua (1 0 net): cuiii xe, di xe-Xa lf[ (7 net): chile xe-B() ti7 (8 net): di chan, bu(Jc.
~~
?
~
~
_t
I
r-
_t
D!CH NGH[A Tren dttdng cai Tren duong cdi, nguoi di lt;zi, hoij.c cuiii xe, hoij.c di bi).
1i
/
~
*
NG0PHAP
WG
0 __t (thu'Q'ng) cling thtt
_*
* ~
!};
o
Tu nhan Ngo nguoi thl cht;zy tro'n, nguoi thi dang lt;zi (Td truy¢n: Chieu cong nhj th(jp tam nien).
_ ~~'E~~tJ..-:1.1\%~ '
~~t:W:J..-:1.1\%~* (H oijc dau ke di vi 1<:tc,
hoijc a6 bac di vi ngu) Ke thl ch9i ga di lam thich, ke thi danh bt;zc eli lam vui (Tdn Quae Tm1n: D~ chu ti tuong hjch win).
/.'
/..2...
p
-
9t
~
WG
I
;1f ~ ~
I
n
EJ
_L
..LL
~
-
~
I
~
~)(_
~~I
Jl:::.
1~
•* ~
*
1=F 1i
*
*
ti7
9
(Hoijc thua xa lz oijc b9 hanh) Nguoi thi
Z.W.A~*~Jl. (Ng6 chi tQi nhan lzoijc bon lzoijc chi)
f 1
1-
S ~~
D~.j.:
f!fA
DIEU THU
cuiii xe, nguoi thl di b().
_*
/.'
r:1
-
~7
I
w
6 ~ ... ~ ( ho~c ...h o~c): Nguoi thl... nguoi thl..., ke thLke thL:
_~*-* ' ~ti7fr
~
~/
~
m
.% ~ ~ ~ , i55z: §g o ~X ~ !Z:9 JE , ~5z: ~ IE o Di € u huu lttong dtfc, co nang phi. Thu huu tu tuc, co thi~n tffu. T(J MOl
Huu ff (6 net) : co-Dtfc ~ ( 17 net): cdnh chim-C6 ~5z: (9 net): vi vt;ly, cho nen-Na n g §g ( 1o net): co thi dur;c- Thu iX (19 net): loai thu , loai muong- Tuc JE (7 net) : chan- Thi ~ n ~ (12 net):
TRAN vAN CHANH
98
-
gioi, kheo. D!CH NGHlA Chim muong Chim co hai cdnh, nen bay dut;~c. Muong c6 bo'n chan, nen gioi chg_y. NCO PHAP
+ Cach di'tng chil
00}\ m.. p
t:lt:l
t:l OP
m.. 1=1 D
JE ~
i!O( (co)
99
TOAN THL1 n,l HQC CHU HAN
~
pp
n
I
OP
OPt EEl
1=1
1=1
ru-
.....:.....L-
~
1=1
EEl
00~ EEl
1=1
1=1
~ 3=1~
w. _,. -
~
~~
r ~
~5<:
+
t
.L>.l:J
.L
L
§~:::.
r- fJ ~
~t .[_,
§
pp
EE
EE
~
~
~
1=.1
10
w m
~~ KHATDDCO ,',12.
EB Pm ,~, [.\. '
&ln 83 1=.1 L ,~,
~ ~
83;: ':f
:. 12.. {141
Pm /.\:: &ln tP;: [.\. Jf, ' 1=.1 L 1-j>:f
0
~
g!;=;
~::!))(. Khat tu' §m, cci tu' thtfc. Khat thai §m tra, cd thai thtfc ph~n. {w
-&..
0
TU MOl Khat 1~ (12 net):khdt nu'(Jc, muo'n uifng nu(!c-Tti ~. (9 net): nghi-Am JV;: (13 net): uting-Cd (11 net): d6i-Thljc ~ (9 net):
m
'*
(10 net):tra, che-Ph~n
i&
(13
net): cum.
~
w w w _..,
~J
~5<:
.L>.L.,
.L>.tJ
§
£
==¥=:
an-Thai ~ (10 net): /uc-Tra
TAP VIET
pp
FFt.
m
m
co
llll
Jf JE
!!&
(co) la mQt lien tu rat thong dl;lng thu'ong du'Qc dung (j m~nh d~ sau cua mQt cau phuc d~ chi ket qua, voi nghla la" nen, cho nen". Thi dl;l: _ .~1:f~W , ?I)(§~ (Di~u huu luang dtfc, co' nang phi) Chim co hai cdnh, nen bie't bay. _ lEI 1:f{§{,' ' ?&:If' Nil ( Nhan huu tin tam, bat uy nan) VI co long tin tuang, cho nen khong ngg_i kh6 khan. _ §2.MAU8t~;$: ' ?iJ~~~9Jy~ (Thftn van binh dl ke vi b?tn, co' da toan thang thi~u toan) Thdn nghe vi¢c binh chu ye'u Ia (J Sl/ tfnh ke~ cho nen tfnh todn nhiJu se hay han tinh todn it (Han thu: Tri¢u Sung Quo'c truy¢n).
Ft
00*
9-
T
llll
llll
§
~~
~
D!CH NGHlA Kluit va doi Khat, nghl c1e'n uo'nf?. £1lli. nghl de'n an. Luc khat u/fng tra, !uc
(16i an com.
TAP VT~T .L>.tJ
§L..
.L>.l:J
§!:::.
[ ¥1£
I ; 11 11s
\¥71
11~ 11~ I ¥1£ I I
TRAN vAN CHANH
100
n
B3
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R
Ffl
/'
M
/'
/-:>
~
~
/
/"--..
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83 j
,6;., ~A
B~
83
A
A 3
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8± 8± ./' /-:>
X ~
.b
e e
A 3
.b
~
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EE
;{_;
A
B3
I~
Ah
~
~
A
~
fr
net): cay cdu-H~ T (3 net): du'Cii, ben du6i- Thuy~n JiYd ( 11 net):
B3
,~,
.
chie'c thuy~n .
,6;., ~A
--..
A 3
);\._
~
.b
.b
f
e
5-f ~
M
nf!,Ltili eli, du·oi cdu cr5 thuy€n di.
jt
~
NCO PHAP
+ TntiJng lujp dqng til vj ngil dijt tnt(/c clulngil Thong thucmg. chu ngfr d~t tm&c vj ngfr. Trang bai hoc tren, cau "ki€u thlit}ng hanh nhan, ki€u h<;l hanh thuy€n" c6 th ti dliQc viet l<;1i thanh "ki€u thlic;1ng nhan hanh, ki€u h<;t thu y€n hanh". Nh1111g trong m()t s6 twang hqp sau day, vj ngfr
_R
/K
w~
th u&ng & tm&c chu ngu. -
w
*
11
jJ;fg Fs, LUONG NGAN GIAN
*
Fs, , ~ tR -tt o tt
_t fS: A,ttT Luong ngan gian, gia b?m ki€u. Kieu thlic_1ng hanh nhan, kieu h~ ~
ff
JiYd
Giila hai biJ song D[CH NGH!A Giila hai biJ sonx. co bdc qua cay cdu vein. Tren cdu c6
w
8=3= B~ R
101
roAN THU Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
•
I. Trang cfiu cdm thin:
-
fJ&~~+-!
Vi tai ng6n h6!
M3u nhifm tlwy Jc}i n6i fy.' (Mai dinh m9ng kj ti!) .
- a! ,
?1!'ic~~
,
JfG~z;; -ill
Hi, di~c thai th~m hi, tien sinh chi ng6n da!
6i, Jc}j tien sinh n6i ctlng qui Jim tlwy.' ( Chitn qu6c sich).
0
hanh thuyen.
2. Trang thi ca. vi kji tlw~t hiwh viin, de' cha cic v3n hc;p
nhau, ngt.rcJi ta c6 the'd9t vi ngif ra trt.r6c chtl ngif: TU Mdl
*
(8 net): biJ (song)-G ian Fs, (12 net): khadng-Gia ~ (9 net): gdc len, bdc qua-Ban t&: (8 net): ta'm vdn-Ki~u tft (16 Ng~n
-
13Z:*@.~
Dc;1 Jai phong vu than h.
Dem din tiing gi6 mt.ra (Mc;1nh H<,1o Nhien: Xuan hiiu).
TRAN vAN CHANH
102
-
±±"'f3.-::l
'I
~~-~~
.
l'i\'9 L...:@: ~ litl!'3 t:. •
roAN TH V
Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
103
3=:-l:(!ll~--'--'-=li::D::F==J !=§ 'l~l-'1~f.llj Br:d~'~, 7L
D6 quyen dl tn,1c hoang ly lao ; thanh li~u lau ti~n ·ngtJ y nhi.
Nay quyen cia gh!c oanh giil: f nhi i{Ji giy tnr6c nhil Jiu lo ( Chinh ph f.! ngam khtic). tJ~z7272, ~9~9~*; z-r-r&~, :§:~:¥:* Dao chi yeu yeu , chu6c chooc ky hoa; chi tt! vu qui, nghi ky thilt gia.
-
Cay c!ilo c!?p de, hoa n6 t6t woi; co kia v~ nhil clu5ng, nen hqp v6i gia c!inb nbil cb6ng (Thi Kinh: Qu6c phong: Dilo yeu).
m
NGU PHA.P
• Vi trf Clt(l
12
Trong bai hqc trcn, cau "ti~u di~u nhat quftn" cGng c6 th€
1M_ iW t!:t DINH TIEN THl)
/M_ §U t~J
viet l<:ti thanh "nhat quan ti~u di~u" .
m
'
~ ,~ ~ 0 I h ,~ ~, t~1 Fs~ Dlnh ti~n th1,1, hG'u di~u sao. Ti~u di~u nhat quftn, th1,1 gian phi ~~
so' ttl trong kit edit so' ltt(lng
1. v~ mi;it d.u true ngfr phap, vi tri tuang quan gifra cac bQ
ph~n dung trong k~t du chi s6 ll1Q11.g duqc sip x~p theo nhi~u each kh ac nhau:
0
(1) s6 tt.fc!~ltnr6c danh tir(tbuimg Jj danb tirc!on vj):
min h.
- ~1~ffiT-!2l Tu~ a:ic b;;tch Lhien thfrt.
Tl) MOl
Dlnh 1M_ (10 net): san-ThQ ~J (16 net): cay co'i-Sao ~ (11 net): td chim-Qm1n ~ ( 13 net): bdy, dan-Minh ~~ (14 net): (chim) keu. D[CH NGH[A
Cay tnt{/c sa il
(Tren) cay tru6c san, c6 vita keu giila cdc cay.
td chim. M9t bdy chim nho, viia bay
Moi niim du~rc ng.iln tim ]f!a (To ThCrc: Phuong San Til Tru y¢n). (2) s6 tird~t s:.w danb tirchl ngur3i lwz v~t:
- @l~tF~-=-+f-f ~ Tri a5'u m6n tam LPp bt,m ]f!C. D~t ba mL!V'i siu cih ( Kham djnb Vi~t sii}.
104
TRAN VAN CHANH
(3) s6 tir d.at tnr6c danh ttl: thea ki ca"'u: S6 ttl -i- danh ttl don vj + danh ttl (ten Sl! V~t).
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
105
thQ.
- ~ 9. if m- -1~H;t
PhUV77g Ba dem b6n chijc lur;mg vizng xin chuc th9 mr rh.iy (Phuang Ton Thanh: Kf LU11 M.nnh D6 tien sinh d~t st/) (tinh ltrgc
Nhi chi binh thtremg nh~t chich ke.
chi!~
(luvng).
m
Mi chi JiJ m9t con gil binh thur3ng (H6 Chi Minh: Ngijc !rung Thinh ke minh).
nh~t kf,
13
2. N~u s6 llfQ11g chi la "m
-Wf~J[''* ' ~~ ( )::>t~
.~
)\ [2l MA BATTHAT
Ttr tu chuyin d~i, to~i tm&ng (
) tmgng d u. B6ng ch6c biin thiznh m9t ngwi to 16n, cao h011 (m9t) trur;mg (Ng[f Jam) (= nha"'t tmgng du).
- -g~ (
'
{LP
) *~ HitZ.~*
Ngo hfru (
. ) dflu tLru, tang chi dru hi.
' T6i con m9t dJu ruvu. ca"'t gi[f dJ Mu r6i (To Thfrc: lfau Xich Bich phu} (= nha"'tdi.u tLru). 3. C6 tmemg hQp le ra phai dung m
- Jt~BIZ:91i (
Ky s6 tu ngii (
OJkffiJ~ra'i ), t£10 nhi tn,Jc mieu.
)
Chim nho b6n nam (con), izo t6i la het, ruvt duo] mea (Ti~t Phuc Thanh: Mieu b9 rhii) (tinh llrQ'c chi!~ (chich)).
+( )
- ~bl.J~J}~ ' .q:. _§_JL B~c son ngu cong gia, nien tha ciiu th~p ( ). Bic S011 ngu c6ng. tuol" dJ g.in chin muoi (Li~t tii: Ngu c6ng di s011) (tinh ltrgc chfr ~ (tu~)).
-~mu~~~+c
>
Phuong Ba di b~ch kim
tu th~p (
• ~ ~~ ' .~ )\ [2l 0 QiG ~ ' QiG fL ' QiG {Iff ' QiG HQa nhf1t buc, rna bat that. Ho~c ngoa, ho~c l~p, ho~c phu, ho~c
·~m~~m• ), thi'nh v.i tien sinh mfru
o
ngttong. TU MOl HQa
:m: (12 net): ve,
tranh ve, blic tranh-Buc ~@ (12 net): khff r9ng cua vdi, blic (tranh)- Tha't [2l (4 net): con (ti:t dung di de'm ng(ia) -Ngc;>a ~ (8 net): ndm-L~p fL (5 net): dling-Phu {Jff (1 0 net) : cui xuong-Nguong {fP (6 net): nga'ng len. D[CH NGHiA Tam con ng~ta (Day Ia) m9t buc h9a, c6 hinh tam con ng(ia. Hoijc nlim, hoijc dung, hoijc cui xuo'ng, hot;ic nga?ng len. NG(/ PHAP
+ Caclz di'tng mi)t sf{ danh til ddn vt Danh tt! don vj (con gQi la Iuc;1ng tu) dung di goi ten cac d6 v~t trong khi do ltr&ng ho~c tinh tofm.
Tuy theo m6n d6 v~t, ngu&i ta dung nhfrng danh tt! don vj khac nhau, nhu .:g (danh : chi s6 ngu&i). ~ (vien : chi s6 vi en
106
TRAN VAN CHANH
chCrc, quan l<;li). [J (kh:{u: chi s6 sue v~t lo<;li nho, nhtr heo ga). 1¥. (vi: chi s6 con ca). h (p!nln : chi s6 d6 v~t c6 d<;lng mong nl1Lr van, ng6i). f* (c/w: chi s6 ciiy l&n), ¥ (can: chi s6 ciiy nho), jj (phong chi nhfrng d6 v~t c6 hinh g6i), IE, [2.!:=. ( th:ft. chi s6 vai l1,1a), !Jt (chich: chi s6 con v~t nhu gL.), ~ (song chi s6 v~t thanh d6i). fflJ ' if (s:ich. bdn. quye'n: chi s6 cu6n sach), msti (suv: chi s6 thuy~n be). g[ (ron: chi nhfrng v~t to l&n, nhtr nha, nui ... ), @. (6c: chi s6 ng6i nha). ~~ ' tJ[ (btic. khodnh: chi s6 ru(>ng), ffi ' fT (/lfQ77g. ct!.n: chi s6 vang b<;1c ). [2.!:=. (th:ft. chi s6 ngt.ra), (chi chi s6 ciiy viii).
*'
tt
vai thi dtj:
- :X.*il,~f~-f~~[Z!:=. HL!U dp
rna s6 thien dtr thk
L;Ji c:fp cho ngf!- : 1:¥.: Ji -;:r; ~ 11Ifh 8U: ·,m: : ~ - ~n"T JJ J.l'..X.. ' t-''J § .~.?fl:. ' JLil>~=thlmi t=1 ~J\PJ>t ' eJL1JxtS
107
roAN THV Tlj HQC CHG HAN
m 14
ti
ti ?
1I ti
* •#
+
:t~
* .,
HUU THU
TA
:t~
ti 1i
o
• ti 1i :t~ o fJE
IfX
¥!J '
Ta huu thu, c(>ng th~p chi. Ta ngu chi, huu ngO chl.Nang thu v~t, §~
11= $
0
nang tac slf.
TU MCJI
*
Ta ti_ (5 net): hen trdi-Hii'u tJ (5 net): hen phdi-Thu (4 net): tay-C(>ng # (6 net): chung, cunf? nhau, c()nf? lCJi, t!fng c()nf?Chl :t~ (9 net): ng6n tay- Thu If~ (8 net): My- V~t tVJ (8 net): c16 v(lt-Tac
11= (7
net): lam-Srf
$
0~
net): vi?c.
.L-o
rm 1®- _a il ma_t w
D!CH NGHlA
Tham tu&ng Phoong Chinh, N(>i quan Ma Ky, tien dp h<;1m ngu bach du suu, ky d(> hili nhi do thii h6n phi phach tang.
Tay trdi, tay phdi g6m muC!i ng(5n. Tay trdi nam ng6n, tay phdi nam ng6n. C6 thi la~v d6 vt;Zt, c6 rhi lam c6ng l'i?c.
Tay trai va tay plziii
w
Mfi Ky. PhllV71g Chinh, cap cho h011 nlim trim chiic thuy§n. ra t6i bie;z con chlKl thoi trbng ngvc (Binh Ng6 dc;Ii cdo).
15
-*~~+tt ' Y¥Jff.j;1i+,(E
El.
-?)"
T6ng d'm th~p cJn: Nam sa ngu th~p thk Gtfm nha Tbng muvi cn"y. the ta nlim c/Jf!C t:fm (Khn"m djnb Dai nam hoi . . dien Slf . /e) . .
-Wit~- a!T · a~lisffi Hoang l<;1p tam bach can, b<;1ch kim ngu bach lur;mg. Sap vang bn tram cn"n. b;Jc nlim trfim Juvng (Khn"m djnh D!li nam hoi . dien Slf . /e). .
.fill!!! §'5'.
THAN THE
z
.§t G: f'f = g5 5} o §ffi ~ ~f: W 1Z9 ij~ o §J~: Nhan chi than thE huu tam b6 phan.Ddu, khu,can, du tu chi.Dfru ?± _t ' ~ ~f: 13 $ ,. ffi. 5E tE T • ~ tE ffi t~i thu'<;ing,khu can elf trung,luong tuc tai h~,h.tong thu t~i Iuong
A
*
5§Zo bang.
108
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THV TV HOC CHU HAN
109
z
TU MCJI Chi Z (3 net): trr; tit ke't d{u (xem Ngil phdp bfli 16)-Than thi ~ R (7 net, 22 net): than thl-B() ph~n g~ )j- (10 net, 6 net): b9 phi}n, phdn-Dfiu §j (16 net): cdi ddu-Khu can I'Uf: (18 net, 13 net): than rnlnh-Dfi W (13 net): va-Tu chi rz:g §3Z (5 net, 8 net): bifn chi, tay chan-Cu Ji5 (8 net): a-Bang 'J!j (10 net): ben.
D!CHNGHlA Than thl Than thl ( cua) nguai ta c6 3 phdn: ddu rnlnh va chan tay. Ddu iJ tren, mlnh ogiila, hai chan iJ duoi, hai tay o hai ben. NGU PHAP
+ Cach dilng chil W (dfi) W (dfi) }a lien tU dung d€ n6i ket hai hay nhi€u tu, Cl;lffi tu, c6 nghTa Et cung, va Thi dl;l: II
II
_I *W• va nang nghi~p.
*
TU MCJI Di~n [§] (9 net): rn¢'t- Vi
la- Tang ~ (19 net): cdi trdn-Crfc 1~ (12 net): cung, hon he't-H~m aJ:i (16 net): cdrn-Ti J! (14 net): rnui- Trung liong $ -5R: (4net, 5 net): o giila- Thi~t % (6 net): cdi ht8'i-M1;1c § (5 net): con mdt-Mi }§ (9 net): long mayNhi 1} (6 net): tai-Bien 5I (19 net): ben, ria.
,A
(12 net) :
D[CH NGHlA Mijt ngztdi Phdn tren cua rnijt nguai ta La trdn, duoi cung la dim; rnui iJ chinh gia"a, duoi mui c6 mi~ng, trong mi~ng c6 luO'i; tren mui c6 hai con mdt, tren rndt c6 long may; hai tai 0 ben trdi va ben phdi cua mijt.
0
_ §.J:i, ~~f:W!Z9 §3Z (D~u, khu can dil tu chi) Ddu, rninh va tTl chi.
__t ~ }§ ; ~ 1} :(£ ffij 1I iJ 5I 0 thu<;5ng huu mi; luang nhT t<~i di~n chi ta huu bien.
(Cong nghi~p dil nong nghi~p) Cong nghi~p
_ ~rZatiW5'(~(Phu ttl' chi ngon tinh dil thien d<;1o) Phu til n6i vi tinh va dc;to trai (Lu(jn ngil).
m
NGU PHAP
I
I
0 ~ (vi) la m<)t dbng d9ng tit (xem Ngil phdp bai 30, mtJc3 [3] ) thuong dung trong ca u dinh nghla, c6 nghla la la" Thi dl;l: _ AIID.-t€f~m~' {PjT_Aa~ (Nhan di~n thu<;5ng b9 vi tang, qtc h? vi h<;1m) Phdn tren cua mijt nguai ta la trdn, duoi cung la II
0
clim. ~r¥Ji!i5<::E"mi9X:1i$(Vi~t Nam c6 quan vi Ham Nghi de)
Vua cu cua
16
A Nfi
Vi~t
Narn la vua Ham Nghi (Phan B<)i Chau:
Vi~t
Nam
vong quo'c sa).
NHANDI~N
- ~r~~El : -Tm~? El : ,A 19" EB (Ki~t Nich viet: Ttl' vi thuy?
m
A IID _t g~ -A ~ , ~ T -A aJ:i , • 9J :R:, • Nhan di~n thu<;5ng bQ vi tang, eve h<;1 vi h<;1m, ti cu trung uong·, ti T~D·D $ ~%·41: ~~ §•§ h<;1 hliu kh~u, kh~u trung hii'u thi~t,ti thu<;5ng hliu luang IDtJC,mtJc
Viet: Vi TrQng Do) Ki~t Njch hc3i: Ngai la ai? Trd lai: (Toi) La
Trr;ng Do (Lu(m ngil: Vi til).
110
TRAN VAN CHANH
f}
Z (chi) tntdc day du'QC cac nha
TOAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
17 miti
ngu phap xep vao l0<;1i giOi
tit, nay thu'ong du'QC coi la m9t trr; tit ke't diu rat thong dt,mg trong
NAO
Van ngon, dung d~ noi ket th~mh phfrn djnh ngil (xem Ngil phap bai 98)
voi til' ho?c ngu trung tam. Trong m9t so tru'ong h<;p, chu
z (chi )nay c6 th~ du'QC dich la "cU. a". Thi dl,l: - [§j Z~F11 (Di~n chi
ta
m(it ( [§j la dinh ngu, b6 nghia cho c1,1m til' trung tam~ F1fthong qua slj noi ket cua;Z).
AZ. ~e (Nhan chi than th~) Than thi (cua) con nguC!i. _ .E r zy:_ (Quan tll' chi giao) Sf! giao du cua nguui quan til). _¥_01~zf,t(Sa m<;lC chi chau) Con thuy~n cua sa 111flC (am chl
con l9c cla).
_ ~ ' rtL ' 5R-J-Z -T--tg (Til'
Nhien, Til' Kh6ng, Tong til'
chi til' da) Til Nhien, Til Kh6ng la con cua Tffng til (Ta truyfn: Tuctng cong thqp cilu nien).
r,·
_ r=pfj( z ~ (Trung thu chi d<;i) Dem trung thu. _ YfJ@-
-
z §(Hoang duong chi ngon) Ufi n6i hoang du(Jrzg.
*
z
§fisj 0 §fisj 3::. it fJ ; 5E j}\ §fisj Diiu trung huu nao. Nao chu truy€n l~nh; thu tuc thll'a nao chi ~J[
r=p
~
r, r ;;-~+, rw< .L.t:; t.::¢:. =n r-1': ~ err- .L.t:; iJ .V_A IJ !3!-!) 0 fjBJ §t:, J>C jj,C., ~~ ~ ' ~J' §t::. m~nh l~nh d1 hanh d<)ng. Nao nang tiep nh~n cam giac, di~c nang _6-.
hliu bien) Ben trai va ben phai cua
111
D[J
A
±.
}Sl, ;tg 0 phat sinh tu' tu'Cing. ~
TU MOl Nao §fisj (13 net): 6c-Chu j::_ (5 net): giil vai tro, chuyerz vd, lam chu -Truy~n l~nh 1$ fJ (13 net, 5 net): truydn /fnh-Thua 7}\ (8 net): dam nhqn, nh(in -M~nh I~nh ti[J -fJ (8 net, 5 net): m¢nh lfnh-Di .1-) (4 net): di, thea -Hanh d()ng iT ib (6 net, 11 net): lam vifc, hanh d9ng- Tiep nh~n -t~ 'IF2 (net): nh(in ta:v. tie}J nh(inCam giac ® :W; ( 13 net, 20 net): cam giac-D i~c # (6 net): ciJngPhat sinh ~ ±. (13 net, 5 net): phat sinh. lflo ra, gay nen- Tti
ttidng -~· ;tg (9 net, 13 net): tu tu!Jng.
1'J~Z.A (Hanh ac chi nhan) N guui lam VifC ac.
_ ;j<.)Hz~f(VInh Chau chi da) Canh d6ng Vlnh Chau.
_ ~ZB '
~Z~
' a~zf&'
i~JJt!t}(H<:i chi nh?t, dong
chi d<;i, bach tue chi h?u, quy vu ky cu') Ngay hfl, dem dong, sau m9t tram nam, tr!J v~ voi phdn m9 cua mlnh (Thi Kinh: Du(Jrzg phong, Cat sinh).
m
6c D[CH NGHlA Trang ddu c6 1ic. Oc giil vi¢c truydn l¢nh; tay chan vang thea
112
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
TRAN VAN CHANH
{,- P] ~
ij~ ~ ;j \ §~ tSj Tam ty phat huye't, phe chu ho hap; can, tl, vi, tieu tnCt'-ing quiln
m~nh l¢nh cua 6c di hanh d()ng (lam vi¢c). 6c c6 thi tie'p nh(m
z
0 _l:_) (di) la lien tlr chi ffil;IC dich, dich la "de":
_ -¥ JE.ll\N~Z.$15- 1..-)Jrfb (Thu tuc thua nao chi m~nh l~nh di hanh d()ng) Tay chan vang thea m¢nh l¢nh cua 6c di hanh d()ng.
nJ MOI Tam {,' (4 net): tim- Ty P] (5 net): cai, giil, phf! trdch v~ Huye't jJn (6 net): mau-Phe' ij$ (9 net): ph6'i-Ho hap Of D,& (8 net, 6 net): thi! ra hft \'aa, ho ha]J-Can ~T (7 net): gan-Tl ij' ( 12 net): ti, La loch-Vi~ (9 net): baa til, dc;z day-Tiiu tniong 1]\§~ (3 net, 13 net): ru()t nan-Quan tSj (7 net): eMu- Thu()c ~ (21 net): thu()c vJ-Tieu hoa m1t (10 net, 4 net): tieu h(3a-Co quan t~'§ (16 net, 8 net): co quan, b() m6y-D~i tniong *§~ (3 net, 13 net): ru()t gia-Th~n ~ (12 net): trdi cQ_t, thQ_n-Bang quang 1m §7\: (14 net, 10 net): bang quang, b9ng ddi-Giai ~ (10 net): dJu-Nhi~m 1-:f: (6 net): gi(J nhi¢m Wj, phl;l trdch, dam nhi¢m-Bai tie't ~F {tl:t ( 11 net, 7net): bai tilt, thai ra-Dich fjt (6 net): vi¢c.
_ 11;J*~J.itJ,~~~ (Cau m()c vi sao diti qu~n h~i) Ghep gay hc;zi cua cdc laai thu ri:tng (Han
_ ~AfX*J..-jj~)':~(Sd nhan ph~t Tong di cuu Trinh) ddnh To'ng di cliu Trinh (Ta truy¢n: Hi cong nhi thQ_p nhj nien). @
1.]\
Sa
(di~c) la ph6 tu lam tr~ng ngu , c6 nghia la "cling,
dlng la" : N-ao nang . "" n h~~n tlep d.m giac, difc nang phat sinh tu' tu'dng) Oc c6 thi tie'p nhQ_n dur;tc cam gidc, ciing c6 thi phdt sinh dur;tc tu tuang. _
fj(((.4t:;
t.ti:"'V
r=t>; ~
w
~ 1~ 1t z@ '§; §~' ~ 1m .~W: ~ thu()c tieu h6a chi co quan; d~i tnr0ng, th~n du bang quang giai ff ~F ntt f~ o nhi~m bai tiet chi dich.
NG0PHAP
Sf!
J1n ' ij$ 3:. Of o,& ; ~T
*
duc;c cam gidc; cilng c6 thi tr,w ra dur;tc tu tuang.
nhdnh cay lam t6 di trdnh Phi Til: Ngii do). .
113
±""'1::5?;¥..!+- 83 ;;f§ (
o[1g!k. r~ii'c.' ~~JR., ~J\§t:.'Y.;[.::t.,~''D'
_ :a-1.0~~A$ z- (LQ
difc vu trung trung chi nhat) Co ciing La m()t trang nhilng laai c6 long vii (Tho Nguy~n Cong Trli) . _ ~ji1.f\?f ' ~1.]\?f (Thi tien di~c uu, thoai difc uu) The thi tie'n ciing lo, thodi ciing lo (Ph~m TrQng Yem: Nhc;zc Ducmg lau ky).
w
~
18
!li
HIM
TANG PHU D[CH NGHlA
Tcpzg phzl
114
TRAN vAN CHANH
Tim giil vi¢c phdt huye't, pho?i chuyen "2 ho hajJ (thO' ra hit vao); ·gan, tl (ld lach), bao tit, ru()t non ct2u thu()c vP ca quan tieu h6a; ru()t gia, qua cQ.t (thQ.n) va b9ng cldi ct2u dam nhifm giil vi¢c bai tie't. NG0PHAP 0 :!$) (quan) Ia ph6 tu lam trang ngO', c6 nghTa "d~u, d~u Ia, cling":
_
~f~'~ ;j\§~ :t~J?jmftz ~'§ (Can, tl, vi, ti~u tn.rong
quan thu<)c tieu h6a chi eel quan) La Ldch, baa tit, ru()t non d2u
thu()c vi co quan tieu h6a.
_ /]j~f3:t~ff~?*fi (Xuat tjch gia qufm huu bi~u quyet quy~n) Nhilng nguai d{n dl! ct2u c6 quyin bdu quye't. _ ~J;)1i! ' fff1z..t~J~ ~ffi] -~ (Thj dT S0, Tri~u chi dan quan bftn nhi qua phu) VI the' dan hai mMc Sd, Trifu d2u ngheo ma it c6 nguai giau (Diem thie't luqn: Thong hilu). 6 ~ (giai) cGng c6 nghTa "d~u, d~u Ia ",each dung nhu' chO' :t~ (quan) 0 tren:
7J~ ' ~ Wlm§Yt~{:E~I=nttz f~ ( D~i truC1ng, th~n dO' bang quang giai nhi~m bai tiet chi djch) Ru()t gia, thQ.n va bang
_
quang diu dam nhifm Fife hili tilt. _A ~~OZ. (Nhan giai tri chi) M9i nguai diu hilt vi¢c d6 .
_?.~~lift~~~ (Chieu kien ngG ufi'n giai kh6ng) Soi tha:v nam wi'n ct2u khong (Bat nha Ba La mQ.t da Tam kinh).
m 19 ~ ~ BIEU LY ~?
'
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHC! HAN
115
z )'} ·
~ R rm ff J5Z ~ , 12 ~ ff Rll ~ , ~ Than th~ chi ngo<;~i di~n hO'u bl mao, bl hc;1 hO'u co nh1,1c, nh1,1c $ ff ~15 ~ o :j(f 1?b ~ ~ Z J:. o :j(f $ ff ~ trung hO'u din c6t. Tich vi qufrn cot chi chu. Tich trung hut! tuy . . :filf r!& A r .t... t:. --':fi1f ,_~ ) r .t...t::. m a;+, 0 "" Fl ' I' lk. J1.. 0 " " flJJ \ ' I' f3t:: ~ "i!IJ V6 cot nhan bat nang l~p. V6 can nhil.n bat nang cu d(>ng.
TlJ MCJI Bi J5Z (5 net): da-Mao ~ (4 net): 1/Jng-Cd Rll (6 net): bdp thjt, ur-Nhl)c ~ (6 net): thit-Can ~15 (7 net.): gan-C6t ~ (10 net): xuong-Tich ~ (10 net): xuong so'ng-Vi 1?b (12 net): La-Tuy ~ (23 net): tuy- Vo fW; (12 net): khonf< c6-Ba't /f (4 net): khong, chdng-Cli dc)ng ~ ib (17 net, llnet): cit' d()ng. D!CH NGHiA Ngoai vii trong M(it ngoai ciia than thi c6 da, Lonf?, duoi (lOp) da c6 thit, trong thjt c6 gan, xuong. Xuong so'ng La xuong chinh cua ta't ca cdc xuong. Trang xuong so'ng c6 tiiy. Khong c6 xuung. nguai ta khong thi dung dur;c. Khong c6 gan, nguai ta khong thi cit d()ng dur;c. NGO PHAP
+ Cach dilng /f§g
(ba't nang) /f§g (ba't nang) Ia m(>t Cl,lm tlf quen dung, ke't hc;Jp giG'a ph6 tu phu dinh /f (bat) voi trQ d(lng tu §E(nang), djch nghia Ia "kh6ng th~": _ ~~A/f§g.ll_ o ~1f15A/f§E~ib (Yo c6t nhan bat nii.ng l~p. V6 can nhan bat niing cu d(lng) Khong c6 xuong nguai
ta khong th~' dung dur;c. Khong c6 gan nguai ta kh6ng thi ell
TRAN vAN CHANH
116
cl<'}ng dLtQ'c.
. _ /f'f:JE~ti (Bat niing h6t thD Khong thi xem thuifnf<. _ m.X:ff:\: /f'f:JEFte (Uy vG bat niing khuatJ Uy ,.a khong lam
TOAN THV TV HQC CHCI HAN
117
(ne'm), tay la co quan .nlc Ride ( r&, chg.m). Ke khong nghe dLt(!C lei (nguiJi) die'c, ke khong tha~\' duQ'c Ia (nguiJi) mu, ke khong nc5i dliQ'C La (nguiJi) cam.
cho khulft ph~:~c duQ'c.
E
m
NCO PHAP
20
Chu :f3" (gia) truck day duc_jc coi la mot d~i tu, hi~n duc_jc cac nha ngu phap xep van lo~i trc_j tu, thuong dung sau dong tu, hlnh dung tu, s6 tu d~ chi v~ nguoi hay slf v?t, c6 nghia la"cai, nguoi, ke .. . ". Thi dt,~: _ /f'f:JE~~~V, /f'f:lEtJ?.~~~ (Bat nang thinh gia vi lung, bat nang thj gia vi manh) NguiJi (ke) khong nghe duQ'c Ia nguiJi die'c, ngli(li ( ke) kh/Jng tha~V d!iQ'C fa ngLtiJi 111U. _ 9(0=!Jt~ (Tri nga gia) Ke bie't ta. _ JL)C~~=r' ::*:~~~, ;J\~]j_~(Kh6ng Van Cll' huu nhj tlt, d~i gia lt,~c tue, ti~u gia ngG tue) Kho?ng Van Crl' c6
'§ NGU QUAN
If ~ ~ '§ ' § ~ tJ?. '§ ' 4 ~ o~ '§ ' -§§- ~ o;t: Nhi vi thinh 4uan, mt,~c vi thi quan, tj vi khuu quan, thi~t vi vj . '§•=J= W&:~ ~ '§o quan, thu du bl vi xuc quan. /f' f:JE ~ ~ ~ j@ , /f' f:JE ti :f3 ~ ~ , /f' f:JE Bat nang thinh gia vi lung, bat nang thj gia vi manh, bat nang ~
:f3
~
02
0
ng6n gia vi a.
TU MCJI Thfnh quan ~ '§(21 net, 8 net): co quan thinh gidc (di nghe)Th! quanti'§ (12 net, 8 net): co quan thi gidc (di nhin)-Khuu quan a~ '§ ( 13 net,8 net): co quan khuu gidc (di ngrli)- V! quan o;t: '§ (8 net,8 net): co quan vi gidc ( di nem)-Xuc quan ~3!) '§ (20 net,8 net): crf quan xuc gidc (eli riJ, chg.m)-Gia ~ (8net): cdi, ke, nguiJi-Lung V (22net): diic-Manh ~ (7 net): dui, mu-Ngon ~ (7 net): noi- A. o2 <11 net): cam . D!CH NGH[A Niim gidc quan Tai lei uJ quan thinh gidc (nghe), mdt la co quan thi gidc (tha~\'), mui Ia co quan khuu gidc (ngrli), lu8i la co quan vj gidc
+ Cdch dt'mg chil :f3 (gia)
hai con trai, dua !Cin sdu tudi, clua nho niim tuo?i (Thi thuyit tan nga: Ngon nga).
m 21
i* m
MQC D{)C
&: Pi ~ JL , fi!TJ;J ~~
ntt
~f ~
ill o ;g:
~ ~ ±Fo fi!T
Bl phu hG'u kh6ng, sd di bai tiet han djch da. NhliQC vi tr~n cau sd ~.!3. , ~ IJ ?t nJt /f' ~ , (JJ: 1i o trd, tac han tiet bat sliong, c6 IDOC dt,~c nghi dn. ¥1t /f' ~~ ~~ ±Fo , f:JE g}J l1n ~ ?liE ;m o Moe dt,~c bat d?c tru cau, hlfu nang trc_j huyet djch chi llill thong.
?*
i*
x
m
Jn
z
TRAN VAN CHANH
118
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
119
_ fifu:;$:~j:f~ • pJTJ--)/GJl(Du
ban phi le, sll di bat bai) Du v(/n val~. nen khtmg 1{1.\' (The' thuye't tan ngfl: Ngfl nf?on).
TUM6I
m phu ~ J1 (5 net,l5 net): da,
da de-Kh6ng fL (4 net): 16-S(J di pfT l--) (8 net, 5 net): nen, cho nen; cai dunf? eli- Han cijch ?f Wl (6 net, 11 net): m6 hoi-Da -ill, (3 net): v(ly (tr(J tu')-NhttQ'c :;§f (8 net): ne'u (lien tU')-Vi ~ (12 net): bj (xem phdn Ngfl phap (; du6'i)-Tr~n
Ia lien tu bi€'u thj giii thiet, dich Ia "neu, neu nhli". Trong h~li tren, :;g: ... ~lj (nhLWC ... tic ... ) Ia mot each thl"rc co @ :;§f (nhtiQ'c)
ca'u ~ ±}6(15 net, 9 net): b~i do, b~i b(im-Trd ~.§. (7 net): ngan tro,
djnh, c6 nghla la"neu ... thl...": _ :;§f ~ ~±JS pfT~.§. • ~IJ?fitJ+/G~ (Nhu'(JC vi trdn cau st1 trff, tiic han tiet bat sudng) Nlu bj b~i do ngan tro thi m6 hoi tilt ra
ngan can-T~c ~lj (net): thi (lien ti'A')-Sttong $~ (14 net): thong suo't-
khong thong suiJ't.
M(>c dt.Jc ~* tB (7 net, 10 net): tdm n}a, tdm g9i-Nghi :.§: (8 net): nen (ph6 ti'A')-C~n f1J (13 net): cham, sieng-Ba't d~c /Gt:f (4 net, 10
fin ky v6 t()i nhi ttfu tu dja, tdc nguu dLiclng ha tr<:~ch yen?) Niu
net): khong chl, ch!lng nhflng- Tru ~~ (1 0 net): trit ho-HtfU
nha vua t9i nghi~p cho con v(lt
3Z (2
net): lfli, l9i con (ph6 tit)-Huye't cijch lfn.Wl (6 net, 11 net): mau-Lttu (1 0 net): chay.
im
D[CH NGHlA Tiim gQi Da c6 !6, nen hai tie't dut;~c m6 hoi. Nlu bj b~i do ngan tra thi m6 hoi tilt ra khong thong suift, cho nen vifc tdm g9i nen cham. Tiim g9i ch!lng nhflng triA' du(Jc du, rna ciJn c6 thi giup cho sf:( htu thOng cua huyet djch (mciu).
NGUPHAP
_
.:E;§fi\~)3;M,#ffi]~}LJE±il?,
•
w)
~lj!:j=-$fiJ}j~~? (Vuong
nlut(lc
t9i rna eli din ch6 chit thi ch9n
lam gi gifla b() l'a de? ( M9nh til: Luong Huf vuong thu(Jng). €)
ff.S ... pfT (vi...sd)
dung d~ bi~u thj y bi dong, theo cong
thuc: Chu ngu +~(vi)+ St! v~t chu dong+ Thf
pfT( sCi)+ dong tCr.
d~1:
_ :;§f~~±§ pfT~.§. ( Nhlic;5c vi tr~n cau sll trd) Niu bj b~i h(im
ngan tro.
0 .Pfft)(sd di) Ia m9t lien tu dung d~ chi ket qua, co nghTa Ia "vi the, nen, cho nen, v?y nen":
_ 8 ~;;;pfT~& (Nh~t vi van sll te) M(it trai hi may che. _ t~P~~=Jj(JJ[pJTJ)( (Lieu Thang vi nga quan sll c6ng) Ldu
_ ~Je lftL ' .P!T,1;) :f91=ilit?fWl-tQ ( B1 phu hG'u kh6ng, sll di bai
Thiin g bj quanta ta'n cang (Ngu_v~n Triii: Blnh Ngo dCJi ccio).
tiet han djch da) Da c6 !6 nen hai tilt elu'(JC m6 hOi.
-~itt£*~
• i!V3ff.S~;!t~ • .PfftJ,f.tBM'
tt~~~iW"fi.(Xtr
the nhlic;5c d;:ti mong, h6 vi lao ky sinh, sll di chung nh?t tuy, d6i nhien ngQa ti~n doanh) () dai nhu' gia(: chiem bao, lam chi rna phai lao dao cho doi, vl).y-rr€rrsay-suo't hom mai, ben cay c9t tru6'c nlim dai khinh chan ( Ly B9ch: Xuan nh(lt tuy khai ngon chi).
0
/f!f-B: ... ~ ... ( ba't
d~c ... hlfu ... )
Ia Cl;lm tu quen dung,
nghla Ia "khong nhCrng ... ma con ... ", "kh6ng chi... l;:ti con ... ". CGng dung /Gt'¥ ... #
... (bat dac ... di~c ... ): _?t¥-8-/Gt:f~~±Fo, ::x.§g.§.JJlfn.Wlz?mJr (Moe
dl,lc
bar
a{ic
120
TRAN VAN CHANH
tnl' cau, h{tu nang tr
nhilng trit dur;c do, ma C()n cd thi Rhip cho St! htu hanh cila mdu.
-~AZx·~~-~Z~~~~~·-~Z$#~~~ (C6 nhan chi van, bii't dijc nhat thien chi trung v6 nhung phuc da, nhat t?p chi trung difC v6 nhung phlic) Van chuang cua nguoi
xua, khong chl trong m9t bai kh6nR c6 chJ trung ldp du thita, ma cd trong m9t t(jp cilng khong cr) chJ trung ldp du thita (Nh(it tri l~:~c: c 6' nhan t(ip trung v6 nhilng phtic).
22
t*
z
G: ,
t%;
ffE ~ ,
x
§~
ttiJ ~ G:
t*
z
~ ~
_ ifij.g .L-~t~Mt1171f
(Nhi ng6 di b8 xa d()c t6n) Ma toi nhr'! c6 ngh~ bdt rdn m(/i rieng dur;c C()n (Lieu Ton Nguyen: B6' X(l gia thuyit).
_ :t:~U*IJ)t '
§R.Urtlt~~ ( Phu sif di m?t thanh, ngu di tiet
b<:ti) Vi?c lam nho kin ddo ma thanh cong, loi n6i vi tilt l(iu md tha't br;~i (Han Phi Tit: Thui ~an).
o
can cot, hifu nang trQ toan th
TU MOl
V~n d()ng ~ lb ( 13 net, I 1 net): v(in d9ng-Nhi ffi] (6 net): ma (lien tit)-Ki~n 1}! (1 1 net): m9nh khoe-ich ~(net): them-M~c nhti ~ YO (1 0 net, 6 net): khong l{l being- Th~ thao (22 net, 16
net): thi thao-Ho~t
NG0PHAP 0 .[:) (di) trong bai dliQc dung nhli m()t gioi tu a
Cong Can di that kfnh ly t9i) Luu Cong Can vi tha't kinh md mdc tf}i (The' thuyit tan ngil).
t) ~ Jb ffiJ B 1lt o ~ lb ~ Nhan chi than th
Z .§t
I)[CH NGHlA Tlzithao Than thi con ngur'!i nho \'Qn df}ng ma ngay cang mflnh khoe. V(in df}ng c6 ich, khang gi bitng thi th(JO. Thi thao ldm hoqt df}ng cdc mr;~ch mdu, lam mr;~nh gan co't, lai CrJ thi giup vao Sl/ phdt dl;-lC cua IOCl/1 than thl
_ ~U0~U~~!z·li# ( Lt.tu
THE THAO
A
121
_ AZ.§t~' .L-~~IbffiJBl}t(Nhan chi than th~. di v?n cl()ng nhi nh?t ki~n) Than thi con nguoi nho v(in df}ng ma ngay cang mr;~nh khoe.
m G:
TOAN THLI Tl)' HQC CHV HAN
mH*
~5 (9 net): lam cho hor;a d9ng (dung nhu df}ng
tit)-Huyet m~ch rtrrff@ (6 net, 10 net): mr;~ch mdu-Ctiong j$ (10 net): lam cho mr;~nh (dung nhu df}ng tit)- Toan ~ (6 net): tat cdPhat d~;Jc ~~ (12 net, 8 net): phat dw:. d(iy thi, truang thanh.
6 B (nh~t) trong bai nay att
_ m~z $
' ?ffb1 8 tli (Phong oc chi trung 6 ue nlzijt
tfch)Trong nha, nhilng d6 do bri'n ngay m9t cha't chua ( Bai 62). _ 11Jxz{,'8 :@:~~ (D()c phu chi tam nhijt fch kieu co) Long cua ten vua VrJ df]O ngay cang them kieu cang ngoan ca' (D6 M1,1c : A Phong cung phu ).
122
TRAN VAN CHANH
123
TOAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
24 bang, ch~ng bang, ch~ng tha, chi bang": ~~b Z i'f;f;it 13 ' ~~omU~ (Y~n d<)ng chi huu fch gia, nlut th€, thao) Vi?c v(in d9ng c6 ich, kh6ng gi bdng thl thao.
_
lll(lC
~~DJ§m~(D6 cltu vien gia, 11l{lC n/ut tay quy) Muon tinh chuy?n lau dai, kh6ng gi bh.ng v~ mi~n tay (Han Du: Tl
_iiJ7_ji13 '
Thf)p nhf lang win).
w ~ ME
* :g,
/~
D0
~/ BO
ffl 4 £ o ~ ~ ~£• JfJ R ;_ o Me da thi€,u, d1,1ng dfru lu'Qng. Bo tru'ong doan, d1,1ng xfch lu'Qng.
*+
Y•
ft•~-4 o ~+'f•~-
w, -
,
~ A , t~ tt ~ , A $ r:fl , ~ ~ $ Huu Hio nhan, d~ true lam,nh~p thi trung, mai ngu' nhat vi, b9
1=f
*0
~ hanh hoan gia.
f=r
TU Mdi Lao~ (6 net): gia-D~ t~ (12 net): cdm, ndm ta:v-Lam ~ (20 net): cai giu-Thi $ (5 net): ch(Y-Mai ~(12 net): mua-Ngtf W,
23 ill
w,
~ A ~· LAO NHAN MAl NGU
€)~~0 (m::tc nhu), c~,~m til quen dung, nghia la "khong gl
R_ o
Me th~p thang, vi nhat dfru. Bo th~p thon, vi nhat xfch.
. ( 11 net): con ca- Vi ~ (7 net): cai du6i, con (a day lc1 lu(Yng tit dung dl chi sr'{ con ca)-BQ hanh 7)5-fj (7 net, 6 net): di bc)-Hoan ~ ( 17 net): tro v~ .
D[CH NGHiA Ong gia mua cti C6 m9t 6ng gia xach cai gio tre, di vao trong ch(Y, mua m9t con ca, (r6i) di b9 v~ nha.
w
TU Md!
M~ (6 net): gt;Io-Da (6 net): nhi~u- Thiiu (4 net): it-Dt,mg (5
25
net): dung-Diiu (4 net): cai d(tu-LtfQ'ng (12 net): dong, do-B6 (5
ffi,,
net): vdi-Truong (12 net): dai-Doan ( 12 net): ngdn-Xich (4 net):
cai thu6'c- Thang (4 net): cai thung- Thon (3 net): trJc. D[CH NGHlA
G{lo va vai
G9o nhidu it, dung da'u dong. Vai dai ngdn, dung thu6'c do. Muoi thung gt;Io la m9t da'u. Muoi ta'c vai la m9t thu6'c.
w
NGU
t~ t~
mr
r:p , ~
ffi_
w
~ DU MIEU
m~
o
;J\ ~;
*,
fi'X.
1m w,
o
Pha ly cang trung, kim ngu' luang vi Ti€,u mieu lai, d1,1c bQ ngu'. ft A'¥>~ ~ti;o Nga nh~p that, mieu dao khu. TU Mdl Pha ly I,& I~ (9 net, 15 net): kinh, thuy tinh, pha le-Cang
ml (9
124
TRAN VAN CHANH
net): cdi chgu /6'n-Kim
m(
D!CH NGHiA Cava meo Trang ch¢iu pha le, (co) hai con cd vang. Con meo nho de'n, muon hdt cd. Toi vao nha, meo tron di: NGO PHA.P
flAI
ly
TlJ {i; ~
Trang hai 6ng, ai JiJ Ng9a Long tien sinh? (Tam qu6c chi diJn nghia). Gi6ng nht.r danh
tu.
Ngil phdp, bai 39, do<;1n 3 [31 ) cti lam vi ngfr. Trang nhi~u tm&ng hqp, mot s6 d<;li tlr nht.r J;i (an), ~ (nhien) ... chi c6 thi lam tan ngfr, djnh ngfr (xem Ngil phdp, hai 93 va 98 ), chCr kh6ng thi lam chu ngfr nht.r danh tu.
y dt.rQ'C di~n
Thi df!:
- gl=f*fj,
tu (lo<;1i tu rna n6 tht.r&ng thay th~ ), d<;1i tu c6
thi lam chu ngfr, tan ngfr, k~t hqp v&i ct6ng d()ng tu ~(vi) (xem
1. D:;ti tlr dung cti thay th~ cho ten gQi trt)'C ti~p cua c:ic S!! v~t, do kh6ng ti~n li].p l:;ti hoi].c kh6ng thi n6i ra.
D:;ti tlr c6 thi thay th~ cho mot tlr hay cho cii mot d:;tt b~ng nhi~u
125
-=0m£~~n7t±.? Nhi c6ng thuy thi NgQa Long tien sinh?
:&
(8 net): vang-Mieu %Eti (16 net): con nu?o-DQc· $}:: (11 net): muon-B(> (bci'Hmoo net): hdt-Nga :fj(; (7 net): ta, toi- That ~ (9 net): nha 3-Dao 10 net): tron di.
vi
TOAN THU n,l HQC CHCI HAN
~~Pf!H~
3. C6 thi chia d:;ti
tu thanh 3 lo<;1i l&n:
(1) Dt;Ji tir nhfin XU77g:
(2) Dt;Ji tir chj thi: Jl:t(tht!: cai nay. ngu&i nay), ngur}i kia), {ifL (tha: cai klzac), ~ (m<;lC: kh6ng aJ) ... (3) Dt;Ji tir nghi vfn:
--~,*~ffl o~ B:~~~-$?
Uyen, Quy Lo").
6ng
m£ (thuy:
m), ~ (h~:
flR (bi:
6 dfiu)...
cai kia. .
26 ~ ~ KHACH CHI
tu
Nhan Uyen, Quy L9 dung hdu. Kh6ng tJ hoi: Sao mOi nguVi kh6ng n6i chi minh (Lut;Jn ngtJ>) ("cac" va "nh1" thay cho "Nhan
{/Z (bi:
m
Dich g6m c6 thai qrc, tir d6 (= thai eve) sinh ra hai nghi (dich) ("Thi'' thay cho "thai C!!c").
Tu vi~t: H:;tp cacng6n nhichi?
t61). i~ (nhfr: anh),
dy) ...
Dich hfru thai C!!C, thi sinh ltr6ng nghi.
Nhan Uyen, Quy Lo thi.
:fit (nga:
1'f ~ ~'~ Huu khach chi, khan )( ~ ~ ' Fo~ Ph1,1 kien khach, van
)(o:f\t J!}1 ~' A~ P'Jo nga ph1,1. Nga nghenh khach, nh?p that n<)i. ~1 ~ 0 ) ( ~ {5 ' ~ ~ li 0 tinh danh. Ph1,1 tQa huu, khach tQa tiL :fj(;
2. V~ di]_c diim, noi Chung, d<;li tlr kh6ng thi dt.rQ'C tfi!C ti~p b6 ngh1a b~ng m<)t lo<;1i tu nao khac. Kh6ng thi n6i: - :fj(; (tam nga),
*
~ cci:;ti ngo ), ~ llt (tMm thu) .. .. tru mot s6 tnr&ng hqp di?.c bi~t:
TU Md! Khach ~ (9 net): nguili khdch-Chi ~ (6 net): dln-Khan
;g
TRAN VAN CHANH
126
(9 net): vie'ng, tham-Nghenh (nghinh)
w
Jill (8
net): don, tie/J, ntocKie'n J! (7 net): trong thl/v- Vfin Fo~ (11 net): hoi- Tinh fti (8 net): h9-Danh 1; (6 net): ten- TQa ~ (7 net): ngbi. Khacli den nha D[CH NGHiA Co khach de'n, tham cha toi. Toi ntoc khach, w1o trong nha. Cha trong tha:v khach, hoi hQ ten. Cha ngbi ben phdi, khach ngbi ben trai.
*1T
~
am,
I~
h~u
{1,71
f.jtj:
9
T
Bfr
$. ~ o
TU M(JJ Tan *1T ( 13 net): moi- Thu' ~ (5 net): sach-Sach
Bfr
(5 net):
cw5'n, quyln (luc;ng tit dung di dim sach)-Giang ~ (17 net): ~
(22 net): nghe-D()c ~~ (22 net): dQc-Trf
(6 net): chit-Am 1§- (9 net): am, tie'ng-H~u ~lt.
1&
::f:
(9 net): sau-Giai
(13 net): gidng cho ro, gidi thich-Ngh1a ~ ( 13 net):
D[CH NGHiA
rP;:
l-j'J
'
~
-t:T
J.Ll o :;!=!:
Ky
*~
~
T
/ I'
-
o
thanh bat nhat.
Tu'ong ~~ (11 net): se, sap-Xufl! 1±\ (5 net): ra-Trimg ~ (18 net): loai sau bo, con trung-Thanh ~ (17 net): tieng-KhO'i ~ (10 net): n6i d~y-De 1fr (7 net): thap-C~n J1i (8 net): gftn-Ky ;!t (8 net): cua n6 (d~i til, c1 day thay cho "trung"). D[CH NGHiA Triing sang sifp m()c Trang sang sdp mQc, tie'ng con trung n6'i len bo'n phia. Luc cao luc thap, luc xa luc gdn. Tie'ng cua no khong gio'ng nhau.
giai tli nghTa.
gidng gidi-Thinh
~.±.
~
-TU M(JJ
~- fflJo Jt ~ ~' ~ ~ ~o)t ~~::f: Tan thu' nhat sach. Tien sinh giang, hQc sinh thin h. Tien d<)c ttf :(~
rP;:
l-j'J
27
*JT
E3 '
S)j ,Ej ~~ tJj , ~ ~ [!] ~ o ~ rE] ~ 11J: ' Minh nguy~t tu'ong xuat, trung thanh tu khC:Ii . Thai cao thai de,
m TAN THlf NHAT sAcH
Iz:..
28 S)j ,Ej ~~ 1±\ MINH NGUYI;:T TUdNG XUAT
thai vien thai c~n.
-
127
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
y ngh'la.
MQt cuon sach nuJi
(Day Ia) mf)t cuo'n sach moi. Thdy gidng, tro nghe. Truoc dQc am chit, sau gidi thich ngh'la chit.
NGU PHAP 0 ~ (tu'ong) la ph6 til dung lam tr;,tng ngu, d~t truoc d<)ng
til d~ bi~u thi "sap, sap slia, gftn": _ S)j ,Ej ~~tB (Minh nguy~t tzto'ug xuat) Trang sang sdp mQC. _ r±~~~A~(Trang nhi tztdng nh~p hQc) Be Trang sdp vao
hQc ( Bai 61). _ 1.}~~"_x (C6ng tztdng chien) Trang cong sdp danh (Td truyfn: Trang cong th4p nien). 6 [9 (tu) trong bai duc;rc dung nhu ph6 til, d~t tru'oc d<)ng
TI~AN VAN CHANH
128
tu, voi nghia la "b6n ben, tu phia, kh~p noi": AV!Z:9~ (Trung thanh tu khdi) Tie'ng con triing nfli d(jy bon ben. @ ~-·· ~ (th
nghia la "hie thl... hie thl ": _ ~r'@J~f~ (Thdi cao thdi de) Luc cao luc thflp. _ ~_¥ ~"* (Thdi chi thdi khu) Luc de'n luc di.
0 ;t:t (ky) la d~i tu chi thi dung a sd huu each, di;it tnroc danh tU d~ bi~u thi "cua n6, cua 6ng a'y ... ": - ;t:t V/f'- (KJ thanh ba't nha't)Tieng cua n6 khong giong nhau (trong bai h9c tren, chil ky du(fc dung thay cho chil trung). _ D~~~~ o ~;(:Ej} • ;!t-§,$ o ~;(:Er*J • Jt-§,8 (Khftu huu th~n huu xi. Th~n t~i ngm;ti, ky s~c xich. Xi t~i n()i, ky s~c b~ch) Mi~ng c6 moi c6 riing. Moi a ngoai, mau cua n6 do.Riing a trong, mau cua n6 trdng. _ )}Ig:.fifl • ;!t~m'~ (Dlnh trung chung que', ky di~p thuong h,Ic) Trong san tr6ng que: La cua n6 thuong mau l~c.
m
u
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
129
net): chim nhqn-Nam r¥J (9 net): huang nam-Khong ~ (8 net): khodng khon,~?-Nhtf ~0 (6 net): gio'ng nhu.
Nh:~m
Hi (11
Bay nlu;n
D[CH NGHlA
Ngay thu tri1i l'ita quang tg_nh, nhilng con nhg_n ttl" phuonR nam dln. (Chung) bay cao tren b6u troi, ho(ic Ri/InR chil nha't (-),hor;ic giong chil nhiin (A.). NCO PHAP
HiNH DUNG
TU DUNG NHLJ PHO TU
Hinh dung tt1 dung nhu ph6 tt1, lu6n lu6n
d~t
tm&c d()ng tt1:
- rm n JJ ;g= *IT ~ 11~ liJfiJ Nhi dao nhfrn nhl!Q'c
tan phat u hinh.
Miz dao nhLr mrfj duvc mizj xong (Trang Tti: Duiing sinh chu ). I ' I )ita ;i;-[2 -$"B - .V.A r,c:;; 'fill. ,L:.,
'
IEf t{j:; ;::t;:; ~ CJ; /)!!!- IIIJ {-q- .=E.
1¥
Dl dtrc biio oan. h?u thl nhi b:;c VQng.
Liy dtic bio oin. cho nhj§u miz mong it (Sti kj Du hj~p li~t truy~n) .
29
w
Hi
QUANNHAN
30 ~ •U Hi r¥J *or'@Jm 7( ~· ~ Thu nh~t tan tlnh, qu~n nh~n nam lai. Cao phi thien kh6ng, hoi;ic
f)c
~o
B $JT
-
~
·~
~o
A
~
o
nhu' nha't tl,l', hoi;ic nhu' nhan tl,l'. TU Md! Thu fj( (9 net): mua thu- Tinh ~ (12 net): troi quang tt;mh-
~
'*
1E
VIEN TRUNG HOA
*
a,
~ J:f:l 1E , 7t: 1~ 1*1 o tJt 1E ~I , :ft tl Vien trung hoa, tien h?u khai. Dao hoa h6ng, ly hoa b~ch, que 1t, j!{o Wj ff ~ ff• @@:If' rPJo hoa hoan g. Cue huu da chung, nhan sac bat o6ng.
130
TRAN vAN CHANH
TOAN THU TV HQC CHU HAN
131
TlJ M(JJ
Surmg tan (tr<_1ng thai, bi~n hoa).
Vien ~ (13 net): VU'(fn-Hoa 1t. (8 net): bong hoa-Khai 00 (12 net): (hoa) no-Dao :fj~ ( 10 net): cay dao-H6ng ~J (9 net): mau do-Ly (7 net): cay mijn, trdi mqn-Que ff ( 10 net): cay qulHoang ~ (12 net): mau vang-Cuc ~ ( 12 net): cay cue, hoa cucChung fj (14 net): gio'ng, loai (lo9i)-Nhan ~Ji (18 net): dang m(lt-Silc '§. (6 net): mau mo-D6ng [PJ (6 net): gi/J'ng nhau.
- :ftrffl
*
Hoa khai. Hoa nd· (vi~c xiiy ra). 2. M<)t
a) D('>ng tt! c6 th~ dLYQ'C b6 nghla b~ng nhfrng tt! chi trinh d('>, thai gian. y ki~n v.v. Thi d1,1:
D!CH NGHlA Hoa trong vttifn Hoa trong VU'On, no trur'lc no sau. Hoa dclo mau do, hoa m
- *'lyt D~i duy~t.
Ci nnrng.
-
NGU PHA.P
Nhlfl1g chi nhfrng d<)ng tt! di~n 6 nhfrng d<)ng tac tam
Thi d1,1: "~-!' ..±. - WJ\ I£
tau.
Mu6ngch~y(hanh
d<)ng).
ly,
=f=
A
• A
' •
'
A?
ly.
nhu A?
b) Moi c!('>ng tt! d~u c6 th~ k~t hqp v&i m('>t tt! chi s6 xac dinh d~t & tm&c n6 d~ chi s6 lftn di~n ra cua d('>ng tic, hinh vi, bi~n hoi. Thi d1,1: -
-:Z§::
--:r
--:r- X..
.:7_
=
-T -
Efl rtn j .
•l.:,•
Qui Van tu tam tu nhi
±±f-r
;t§ 1'3)(.
Suong tiin.
83
-§(hi: mung), ·~' (no: p~n). - ~ · ( tu: suy nghi) mm co the dLYQ'C bo nghla b5.ng nhfrng tLr chi trinh dQ. con hftu h~t nhfrng d('>ng tlr khac thi kh6ng, nhu kh6ng th~ vi~t "Chitfiu" (rdt ch~J'?), "Th~m ki~n" (rdt tlw)i?) ...
Ng6 th~m min yen. • Ta rit dau long (Dpi Vift Stf k.f toim thif; (cam xuc). -
t;x._
o
?
- -§-It: '1'00 ~
~
5t
Kh6ng tidy.
tu
D<)ng tu dung d~ di~n ta m<)t hanh d<)ng, m<)t xuc cam tam m<)t vi~c xay ra, hay m<)t tr<;tng thai cua nguai hay Sl! V~t.
Thu
~
Bit ki~n.
8QNG TLJ itJ ~ J.D(5ng
s6 d~c di~m ngfr phap cua d('>ng ttr
Qui Vin ngtf) .
=-J
h~u
hanh.
llr suy di nghi Jpi ha J.in r6i m6i himh d(5ng (Lu~n
132
TRAN VAN CHANH
c) Hfru h~t d<)ng tt1 c6 the' trt!C ti~p lam vj ngfr trong cftu (xem Ngil phdp bai X9)
121~
133
b) D<)ng tt1 n<)i d<)ng khong hoan
to~m.
Thi df!:
- }'jf - I§ :13 {!
Thf df!:
-
roAN THlf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
'
fj [IT}(
Phffn nhfrt cai giii vang.
Hoa tim. nguy~t khuyit.
Gi3 Jilm m9t ngt.r&i iin xin mil J:;Ji (Ngl;ly Tufrn: Bien thimh).
Hoa tim. uiing khuyit.
(2) D9ng tir ngo:;Ji d¢ng: dung dien til m<)t d<)ng tac rna th~ lt,rc
3. C6 thlchia c!9ng tir ra lam 41o{li: (I J D9ng tir m;5i d¢ng: de' chi nhfrng hoc;1t d<)ng khong tac d<)ng d~n m<)t st,r v~t khac. nghla la khong dn phiii c6 tan ngfr.
CO thi d<;lt d~n cac Sl! V~t khac, ngh!a la CO thi ho~c cfrn phai CO mQt tan ngfr. Thi df!:
-fltfj
-~~7t~~~ Huy~n An tien sinh thjthu.
Nguy~t xufft.
HuyJn An tien sinh thich (d9C) sach (B{lch Or DJ).
Trfing m9c.
C6 thi chia lam 3 loc;1i nho:
Tuy nhien. n6 c6 the' c6 b6 ngfr chi trc;1ng thai, dja diim. thOi
a) D<)ng tt1 ngoc;1i d<)ng ph6 thong:
Thf df!:
gwn:
- fl & n~
*wz _c
Nguy~t xufrt u Dong 5071 chi thur;mg. Trling 1119c tren nui Dong 5071( To Thtir:: Tiin Xfch Bfch
Phu) .
-
~IX ~IH.f
+~ £
T~c lifttr~n
·
tMp duly.
Giifc dim qufm dai ra tren mt.r&i difm ( VU071g Nguyen).
b) D<)ng tt1 ngoc;1i d<)ng khong hoan toan: 1~ (su), '% (ljnh) ...
~(vi),
.1-.:J, (dT),
C6 2 loc;1i nho:
- ~s fit t.:J, ?tc ~ ~ A :r~ ?
a) D<)ng tt1 n<)i d<)ng ph6 thong.
Thuy nga dinhfr vi thanh nhan da !
Thf df!:
Ban c!du ta cho nguui JiJ b[lc thanh nhan ! (Trang Tif>) .
-
c) D<)ng tu ngoc;1i d<)ng c6 hai tan ngfr: G6m nhfrng d<)ng tt1
@lf:ffi.~i~
Phong vu
s~u
chi.
Mw gi6 Vf!t din (Au DU071g Tu: Thu thanh phu).
bii u thi Sl! ban t~ng nhu ~ (tfr),
-
-T (du), W(dfr). ~ (thl;J), 1=-f (bai) ...
-T~~"9:~~~z~
Du tunhfr Mc;1nh Chu chi mi .
134
TRAN VAN CHANH
135
roAN THV Tlj HQC CHU HAN
Ta cho ngurri con nai ciJa M.anh Chli( Ti truyfn).
d) Bi~u thi bj d(lng: ~(ki~n). fJY(bj). ~(vi) .. .
(3) D6ng d9ng tLr: GQi la "d6ng dong ttY' vi n6 khong bi~u thi
e) Bi~u thi Sl! thong thi
BFl (h<;l).
j! (hoang) .. .
mot dong tac Ct1 th~, nhung trong cftu, no CO vi tri va vai tro ngfr phap nhu m
- Trq d(lng tu khong th~ dung doc l~p, n6 lu6n lu6n dUng
31
tg
tm&c hay sau d(lng tlr chinh; - Trq dong tt! kh6ng th~ c6 ttin ngil;
tfOJ
~
f.*
NGO DONG LUONG CHU
- Trong nhi~u tm&ng hqp, chCrc nang ngil phap cua trq dong tt! tuong tl! nhu ph6 tt1, nhung khac v&i ph6 tu &cho n6 khong dung bcS nghia cho hinh dung tu. Ta c6 th~ vi~t "tuc uu" (dang Ia), ''nang hanh" (co the' Jilm). nhung kh6ng th~ vi~t "tuc my: (dting d(::p? ),"
tfOJ
~
f.* ' tt ~
*
;ffi ~~ 1& ' j€ Ngo d6ng luong cl1U, chi cao di~p d(li. Suong giang h~u, di~p 0 i~Jf j!!j 1£ P7c ~ j€ i~ W§ 0 tiem hoang. Tay phong xuy lai, 19-c di~p man giai.
tg
w
j€
*'
0
nang thanh ( c6 the'xanh ?). Cin cCr vao
y nghia,
ta c6 th~ chia trq dong tu ra lam 6 nh6m
chinh sau day: a)
Bi~u
thi
nang
nguy~n:
PJ
fk
-
)
nang,
~J:[ (tu) ...
b) Bi~u thi kha nang xay ra (SL! vi~c sip
fJ (h(li). &' (duang) ... c) Bi~u thj y chi:
(kha),
.L.f:: (
xay
ra):
N:ft (tuang).
$)\ (dt1c: mu6n), ,~ (nhftn: nO), ~ (ninh:
tg f["Q]
(II net, I 0 net): cav ngo dbng, cay vong-Chu
so' cay )-Chi t5z (8 net): cimh cay-D i~p j€ (13 net): Ia cay-Stidng ;ffi (17 net): hgt suang-
f.*
)E. (tuc ) ... , f!!! (ung). :§: (nghi),
th'a) ...
TU Mdl Ngo d6ng
(1 0 net): cay ( htr;ng tli, dung
cti de'm
Giang ~~ (9 net): sa, rrJi xuo'ng-Ti~m ~jf (14 net): ddn ddn-Tay ].7_§ (6 net): hudng tG_v-Phong [£ (9 net): gic5-Xuy PJ\ (7 net): thbi-
L~c ~ (13 net): rai r~:Jng-Man 1~ (14 net): ddy-Giai ~~ (12 net): bf!c th~m.
DfCH NGHiA
Hai ciiy ngo d6ng
136
TRAN VAN CHANH
(C6) hai cay ngo d6ng, cimh cao ld to. Sau mua suong xuo'ng, ld d{m ddn wing. Gi6 tay th6'i de'n, ld Tf!-ng ddy th~m. NCO PHA.P
8QNG TlJ DUNG NHU HINH DUNG
TU
D<)ng tt! dung nhu hinh dung tt!, khi d~t tm&c danh tt!, n6 thtremg cung danh tlr t~O th~mh mQt tlr da am :
do
- ~~P~:¥:
TOAN THLI n,l HQC CHU HAN
137
D!CH NGHlA Xuan, h(l, thu, dl5ng, d6 Ia bt/n mua. Xuan di, h
_
(Vua) dich than din ngv 6 nhil giang (Han tht.l}.
-
~~ f:k~
'
~mfl:i.J
~~ ~
*(
Xuan h~ thu dong, thi vi tu quy) Xuan, h(l, thu, dong, d6 La bon mua.
Than ngl! giang du(mg.
B rmff '
~~*:IJ (Kim nhT huang nh~t nhi hanh,
-~~'*'~m~
thi vi dong phu'ong) Nay chdu huang v~ phia m(it trai ma di d6 Ia
L~ Sinh thu(mg vi thuyit khach.
phuong dong (Bai 79).
L~ Sinh tht.rOng liJm thuyit khtich (Sti kj) .
m 32
~
*
TUQUY
~ ~ f:k ~· ~~~* 0 ~ 7i ~*· ~ ::Jif:k*•
6 ~ (cac) cGng la dai tu chi thi bitiu thi sl,l' trl;Jc chi (chi tung cai), c6 nghia "moi thu, moi cai, moi ngu'oi ... ": _ 7(~~~ (Thien khf cdc dj ) Tie't trai mbi mua mbi khdc. _ ~ :f:f~c~Z{,' ( Cdc huu an l~c chi tam) Mbi nguifi d~u c6 long an vui ( Bili 106). _~~A 51' ( Cdc an ky ph?n ) Mbi nguai d~u yen v6i ph(tn min h.
Xu an h~ thu dong, th~ vi tu quy. Xuan khu ha lai, h~ khu thu lai,
m
thu khu dong lai, thien khi cac d~.
33
f;k::Ji~
*'*
~19-~ o
If! ~ NONG PHU
TU MOl Xuan ~ (9net): mua xuan -H::) ~ (10 net): mua h
*
(8 net): mua-Khf ~ (10 net): khi trai-Cac Dj ~ (12 net): .k hdc, khdc nhau.
19- (6 net): mbi cdi-
1=f If!
~
' f:E Ll.J T
o
~
"*
~~
,
~
tt
~ ~~
o
B tJJ
Huu nong phu, tru son h~. Bien mao vi oc, bien true vi ly. Nh?t 7t ' jjj o B ~~ Yi- ' Wfj}j o thang, h~ su xuat. Nh?t tu'ong l~c, h~ su quy.
w
te
&*
S(1
138
TRAN vAN CHANH
TU MOl Nong
#! ( 13
net): ll[?Uifi lam ruqng-Phu
6ng- Tru {1 (7 net): d-So'n
L1J
X (4 net): n[?U(fi dim
NGU PHAP
PHOTLJ~U~
(3 net l: m.ii-Bien ~ ( 15 net): b~n.
m(
dan-Mao ~ (9 net): cd tranh- Vi 12 net): !am-Oc ~ (9 net): nha- Ly ~i (25 net): hang rao. bu gi(lu-Thang ft- (4 net): len, len cao- H:;t f#iJ ( 11 net): vdc (tren mi}-Su i}J ( 15 net): ccii bua-Quy ~~ ( 18 net): tuJ ,.2_
139
roAN THV TlJ HQC CHO' HAN
!. Ph6 tir:
y nghia
Pho tu la tu dung di b6 sung dung tu. - 7j(
~j(~
*z :rr '
cho d<)ng tu va hlnh
OJ ~ 13 :@ ~
Thuy ll;IC thao ll1QC chi hoa, kha ai gia th~m ph6n.
Hoa cua de Joai ciiy co scfng tren c:;m va durii mr6c. nlulng thifdfmg yeu c6 rit nhi~u (Chu Don Di: - fJfi'i§ -!-- I J:_. , /\..I..
Ai lien
thuyit ).
¥J\. ~t rC_ -7 J.h I'' p -~ I
Nguy~n d;;ti vl.l'O'ng thl!c k~ chi da . Xin d{li vuung tinh kj VifC d6 ( Chiin qucfc sach). 2. Cac lo
Zl:
(du).
-A (thai).~ (ct,rc) ...
(2} Biiu th! tlnh thai:
(3) ---- =-~~~~--c-:-~-=::._~
o/J
'l'f:E (duy) , X (hl!U) . -'§f (giai).
~(chan) . ~ (thanh), U!!] (c6 )...
Biiu tht thai gian:
8 (dl), 1J (phucrng).
__§_ (tha).
'
·t> (hot) ... ~"}- .c::::::--~-. ., -...._~---L""-~
-- -::-=----:,.-~~:-:~ ...__....._~
- ·- - ___, · ~ ..r;~ ~Q__,c_::._,..,~~~~~
Nang phu C6 bdc nang phu, o duai nrAi. B~n co tranh lam nha, dan tre lam giqu. M(it trui mai 1119C. \'clC buo di ra. Mijt trui sdp !(in. vdc bua fro vl D[CH NGHlA
/f (btlt), m(v~t) ... khuyb Jinh: :1't (ky). Dl (duy), r6J (thUQ'ng) .. .
(4} Biiu tht phu dtnh:
(5) Biiu thj
(6) Biiu th! klnh nhUQ'llg:
~ (hu~).
m
¥
(h;;tnh). ~ (thi~t) .. .
140
TRAN VAN CHANH
34
A
*-
t~
:t~·
W~ 1ZY 'Nf. oA
Yt
141
TU M(JJ Vii ffi
liV
~
NHAN ANH
~
TOAN THU n,f HQC CHV HAN
1£ :t~
)§<·
Thu hoa nhien chile, quang chieu til' bfch. Nhan t<:ti chile bang,
'M_ _t 1lf ~ o A ~·~ # ~oA fr·~ bfch thuc;5ng hii'u anh. Nhan tqa, anh di~c tQa. Nhan hanh, anh # fj 0 di~c hanh.
TU M(JJ Thu Jf)(
(8 net): la~v-Hoa )< (4 net): /U'a-Nhien t~ (16 net): do't-Chuc ;!:~ ( 17 net): duo'c·-Quang Jt (6 net): dnh sdng-Chie'u ~~ (13 net): chie'u n;i, soi sdng-Bich 'Nf_ (15 net): tUiJng, vdch? Anh ~ (15 net): bong, hlnh bong.
(8 net): mua-Ha iPJ (8 net): song- Thuy 1j<. (4 net): nuJc-Thanh 1~ (II net): trong treo-Ngti ~, (14 net): ddnh cdOng ~ (10 net): ong (tie'ng ton xung nguifi gia)-Tu ~ (22 net): rau-Mi !§ (9 net): may-Phi :j:,&: (8 net): khodc do- Thoa it (14 net): do wi- Y t( (6 net): cdi do-Dai ~ (16 net): d(Ji-Nhti(jc ~ (15 net): tre-M~o rJf@ (12 net): cdi n6n-Trtidng ~R (11 net): giang ra- Vong *~ (14 net): ta'm fuJi. D!CH NGHlA Hai ong chai Mua sdp t(Jnh, nuJc song trong. Hai ong chai, rau may d~u b{lc. khodc do Wi, d(Ji n6n tre. Cung ng6i tren bif song, giiing fuJi bdt cd. NCO PHAP
+ Cach diing chiliP]
D!CH NGHlA Bong ngliiJi La~v lila do't duo'c, dnh sang chie'u len bon vdch. Nguoi ben duo'c, tren vdch c6 b6ng. Nguifi ng6i, b6ng cung ng6i. Nguifi di, b6ng cung di.
a
m 35 ~
~
/..a..
3.3'8
( d6ng) IP.] ( d6ng) la ph6 tu thuong lam tr<:J.ng ngii', d?t truck d<)ng tu, c6 nghla "cung, cung nhau": _ 111] ~/¥_t ( D6ng tQa ng<;1n thuc;5ng) Cung ng6i tren biJ song. _111J1i:t*~ (D6ng vang thai lang) Cung di hdi a'u (Bai 56). _ 5(J?5$ ' 111]~¥£ ~*(Huynh chieu d~. d6ng tQa 6n kh6a) Anh vdy em l{li. cung ng6i on bai (Bai 68).
m
LVONG NGV ONG
ffi M~
~ , iPJ
*:
36
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VG tuong tlnh, ha thuy thanh. Luong ngt1 6ng, tu mi giai b<;1ch, phi ~ ·~ ~ rJf@ , l1lJ ~ J¥ _c , ~R *~ :tm ~, o thoa y, dai nhucJc m<:J.o, d6ng tQa ng<;1n thucJng, truong vong b<) ngu.
t<.
4-
~ ~ , ~ !§ W 8 , :t.&:
NGVU
*- , §g
§g ~ .1¥ o;tt ~ Nguu ltfc dai, nang canh di€n, nang van xa. Ky nhl,lc
4- tJ
*# EE '
OJ it '=!t
kha
thtfc, ky
142
TRAN VAN CHANH
143
roAN THU TV HOC C HG HAN
~ 'A fiE! W Bz , ~ OJ ~ ~ o nhU kha
:JL OJ
TU Md! Ngu'u
4-
(4 net): con b()-Lljc
(10 net): cay-Di~n
1J
(2 net): sue m~nh-Canh #j:
EE (5 net): ru9nJ?-Van ~ (10 net): keo-Nht;IC
~ (6 net): thit-Kha
OJ
(5 net): co thi (trr; d()ng tU')-Nhii
:JL
(8
net): sii'a-Giac fo=:! (7 net): sU'ng-Dii' W04 net): va, cung (lien
tU')-Bi
Bz
(5 net): da-Che' ~ (14 net): chi tc;Io, lam ra-Khi ~ (16
net): db dung.
.
w D!CH NGH[A
37 ~
Bo ( c6) sue m[,mh, c6 thi cay ru()ng, c6 thi keo xe. Thjt ho an
6c
dur;c, sfla n6 uo'ng dur;c. SU'nJ? va da n6 ddu c6 thi chi tqiO db dung.
oo
i! $ ~ ~ ,[9 ~If Mt , ~ r¥J I*J r~ o H<;1 ng trung huu oc, tu di~n doan tuong, huang nam khai m6n. ~ ¥ 1£ §I] ' ~ ~ 1£ )§' ' ~ :¥: 1£ 1& 0 Kh ach auong t<;1i ti€n, thu trai t~i bang, ngQa that t<;1i h~u.
NCO PHAP
+ Cac tr(l dqng tic§~ (nang), DJ (kha) §~ (nang) va
DJ (kha)
a€u Ia nhung tr<;J d<)ng tu rat thong dt,mg,
oat tntoc d<)ng tu khac, va a€u c6 nghia Ia "co th€, dt1<;1c":
_ 4-tJ* '
§~#tEE ' §~ ~ ]j[ (Nguu llfc d<;1i, niing
canh
ai€n, niing van xa) Bo c6 sllc m~nh, c6 thi (bie't) cay ru()ng, c6 thl
(bitt) keo xe.
- Jt~DJ~ 'A :JLOJ~ •JtfiEJW Bz '~OJ~~
(Ky nhl;lc kha thlfc, ky nhG kha ftm, ky giac du bl, giai kha che khi ) Thjt n6
an dU(Jc, sfla n6 u6ng dur;c. Sung va da n6 ddu c6 thi chi tc;Io db diuw
TU Md! H~n g i! (8 net): ngi5, hem- T u'ong Ml (17 net): bU'c vdchHu6'ng ~ (6 net): quay vd, huang vd, vd phia-Mon F~ (8 net): cii'a-Dtio ng ¥ (11 net): nha chinh- Trai ~ (17 net): phong dQC
sd ch, nha hQc. Nha 11 Trang hem c6 nha, bo'n mtjt c6 tuong ngdn, mJ cU'a ,.d huang nam. Nha khdch phia truoc, phong h9c J ben c~nh, nha ngu J
D!CH NGH[A
a
phia sau.
TI~AN VAN CHANH
144
145
roAN THLI TV HQC CHU HAN
NGU PHAP NGU PHAP
GIOI TVfr~
+ Ctich dz'tng chil rtJ (htfong)
1. Gi&i tl.r dung d
rtJ
(htfong) la gidi tu dung d€ neu hu'dng nham tdi cua d<)ng tac, hanh vi, c6 th€ d!ch la "quay v~, hudng v~, v~ phia": _ (.:Df¥ilmF~ (Hztdng nam khai m6n) Ma ella vi huc!ng nam. _ 4-fi'(.:D 8 Yffiff ' ~.f.%*)] (Kim nhT hztdng nh~t nhi hfmh, th! vi dong phu'ong) Nay chau huc!ng vi phia mijt trai ma di, d6 La phuO'ng dong (Bai 79 ).
th~mh phfrn c6 nhi~m VIJ b6 tuc cho nhau.
d~
Gi&i tl.r c6 th~ n6i thanh phfrn ph1,1 v&i d(lng tl.r, hinh dung tl.r
Thi dl}:
38 ~:g:
thai gian, nai ch6n,
nguyen nhfm, phll'ang ph:ip v.v.
m )(
v~ m~t
b6 nghia cho d(lng ttr. hinh dung
~
PHl) BCH KHACH
gg _t ~' ~ JJ *o)( ~.g ~' ~ q:. Toa thu
D!CH NGH!A Cha tiip khtich Khach tren cho ng6i, dln til phuong xa. Cha ng6i ben khach, iin cC!m trua. Sau bila cC!m ra ella, cr:.tng khdch thong thd ngdm trong. Phia truc!c c6 nui xanh, ben qznh c6 nuc!c chdy.
zn
-+AB·~n~.f.%~M~·~~~~~ Th~p bat nh~t. Li~u Thang ky vi nga s& c6ng. k~ trl.)y u Chi
Lang chi dii. Ngay muVi tam. Lieu Thang bi quan tn t[{n cong, ke' tha't bt;Ii a di Chi Uing (Binh ng6 d;;i cao) ("ll" n6i thanh ph~J ''Chi Lang chi da" v&i d(lng ttr ''tr1,1y" di cho bi~t v~ nai ch6n) .
3. Nhi~u ttr kh6ng c6 ranh gi&i r6 r~t gili'a d(lng
tu v&i gi&i ttr.
N6i each kh:ic, nhli'ng ttr thu(lc lo<;~.i nay tr6ng gi6ng nhll d(lng ttr, nhll'l1g l<;~.i gili' vai tro ngli' ph:ip nhll' gi&i ttr.
Thi du: .
'
l
- ~~*·~~_tf5t~£ Thi~p dan xa khu thUQ71g M~u Lang.
Thifp m9t minh len xe ruoi t6i M{w Lang (Han tlul).
-t~~'* , !l!~n Phu chi sang. dam li~t ttr.
D6ain giu&ng thi m4t v6 rn chit(Phllang Hi~u Nh1,1). Trong 2 thi d1,1 tren. "thllqng", "chi" dong vai tro cua gi&i ttr.
146
TRAN VAN CHANH
vi .. thuqng" dung lien h~ "khu" v&i "M~u Liing", "chi" c6 nghla Ia "d~n", d~u chi hanh d(lng, nen cling c6 thi coi Ia d(lng tt!. Vi v~y c6 y ki~n cho nhfrng tt! nhu tren Ia m(lt tiiu lo:;ti cua d(lng tt!, va gQi Ia
roAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
147
Gi6 hdc (bile) n6'i len, tuye't bay r({t nhi2u. Len ldu tr6ng ra. xa, (thl(v) m9t deli mau trdng. Tuye't ng~(ng. m(it tn!i mQc, nuoc tren mdi hien chdy xuo'ng thanh biinJ?. hinh gi/JnR chie'c diia.
"ph6 d(lng tt!'' hay 'tht! d(lng tt!" .
D~c diim ca ban giup ta phan bi~t gi&i tt! thuftn tuy v&i d(lng
NCO PHAP
tt! b: D(lng tt! c6 the' dung d(lc l~p, gi&i tt! thuftn tuy kh6ng thi dung d(lc l~p.
m 39
§
oo.
~
,
*
§
m
o
~
m tt
do:;tn cau, do:;tn van v&i nhau.
Thf dl):
- N6i kit tir v6i tir:
- it!L t!Lz 1§- ?~ t) ~J ~
~
, -
Jt
B~c phong khdi, cl<:1i tuyet phi. Bang !au vien vqng, nhat phien @o § Jl te , ~ rrg JJX: <1.k o ~ 7f; ~o b~ch s~c. Tuyet chi nh~t xuat, thi~m llfu th~mh bang. Ky hlnh nhu'
a
1. Lien ttr dung di n6i k~t c:ic tlr. ngCr, thanh phftn cua cau ho~c
TUYET PHI
~t
LIEN TV :1J!! ~
a
Lo:;tn th~ chi am o£m d1 n(l.
.Am tlwnh doi !o~?n thi nghe nlur ai oin va han gi~n (Li kj) .
~0
- N6i kit ngtJ v6i ngtJ:
tr<;:i.
- 'I~ ?I _t Z
¥~ 00. ' W LlJ Fs9 Z Bfl f-3 Duy giang thuqng chi thanh phong. dii san gian chi minh
TU MCJI
nguy~t.
B~c ~t (5 net): phu'(fng bdc, phfa bdc-Tuyet § (11 net): tuye't (do hoi nuoc d9ng l(ti)-Dang ~ (12 net): len-Lau ft (16 net): /6u-Phien Jt (4 net): mdnh, ddi-Chi lt (4 net): thai, ngungThi~m ~ ( 17 net): mdi nha gie ra tren th~m nha, mdi hien-Ltfu ~ (13 net): nude nura t~r tren nu.ii hien chdy xuo'ng-Thanh FJ)t (6 net): triJ thanh. trif nen-Bang (6 net): bang, giLi-ffi nh lf~ (7 net): hinh dang- TrQ' ~ ( 1S net): chie'c dua.
<*
D!CH NGHiA
Ch/ c6 gi6 mit tJtn song va trfing sing gitJa kho!mg m)i (To Thuc: Xich Bich phu ).
- N6i kit de thanh ph!m cua cfw:
- 1& ~IJ A A rJT ftiJ
•
Hau rife vi nhan s& ch~.
Sau ift bj nguvi tic chi (SJ kj). - Ncfi kit hai do{ln c5u:
Tuyit bay
- u ,_f~, ~ w ' t51:
*
.L-). Ilt hl:
u ill
148
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Nga tAt hliu tQi, c6thien dl thtr bai nga da.
a) Biiu thi st,r chuyin
Ta fr c6 r(Ji nen rnJi vi d6mil bora (L5 rhj Xudn rhu).
¥)t, (hu6ng) ... b) Biiu thi thm gian:
- Ncfi k!r hai do{ln van:
€~~·~-~~Mz·~~-E~~~·~~~·~ /. B ---'? 1+1 flil h.. f'E L- ;;A. m _fr T1. -f--A d7 81-r ~ =:m Q.:f;: -.s5'..>[ l'D' ;<___ • ~ ; , 7F .~ _L.. ollll m" , ' ;x. r::l , JJ.X.. Yv'<. ' 1::::1 of3- 1-J'f
Dtr ·t<:J.i Ky Son, ki~n Phuung Son tt! tong luang ky, hi~p nhi thL du Tay Scm. Thtr&c kh&i tr ti~n, st! ky tn:~c nhi X<:J. chi. BAt ho<:J.ch. Phtrang San tt! n<), ma d<)c xufrt, nhAt phat d:ic chi. Nhdn dfr dtr ma thtrQTig lu~n dt,mg binh, c~p c6 kim th~mh b<:J.i. tt,r vi nhfrt thai hao si
H6i ra Cf mJi Ky. c6 g{fp PhLr071g S011 rucung lwi nguiri ky m5, deo hai mtii ren, rang cho'i vung Tay S011. Chr;rr c6 nu)r con chim kh5ch bay qua phia rrur5c, Phlf071g S011 tti sai hai nguiri ky m5 duo} bin. Khong trung. Phlf071g S011 rti gi[in. tv minh duo) ngva rhea . bin nu)r ph5r rhi rrung ngay. Nhan d6 cung t,? ng6i t1-en ngva bim vi~c dijng bin/7. ctJng nhtJng c/wy~n thilnh b{li XUil nay. fa tv cho ong Jil hila si m(Jr rhcfi (f6 Thfrc: Phuong Son ttl truyfn).
Biiu thj m& quan h~ lien hqp: Dung n6i hai hay nhi~u be) cung li~t chung ra trong mC)t cau. ( 1)
ph~n
a) Biiu thi st,r cC)ng gop:
W (dfr). & (c~p),
A
b) Biiu thi st,r !t,ra chon: ~ (ho~c ), ... ;!t (ky ... ky ). :j:!p (frc), M~ (ttrang) ... {2)
Biiu rhj m6i quan h~ qua i[li:
nhtr),
WI (hC)i), 1lt (dll'O'Og) ...
% (linh), fB ~ (dan su) ... f) Biiu thi nhliQ'Og b<): §ll (tuy), *iif (tung) ... g) Biiu thi so sanh: ~0 (nhtr), ::5 (nhtrQ'C ), w... /f ~0
(dfr... b~t
nhtr... )... (3) Bilu thi svdE tiip:
Lo;;1i lien tl.r nay con gQi la phat ngii tir, thtr&ng dung & dftu diu hay dftu do(,ln van nghi lu~n. Thtr&ng dung: (phu), __§_ (tha), i! (cai), 13_ :;K (tha phu), :i! :;K (cai phu):
::K
- ::K '
[Ii] f.l fffi /f ~ [Ii] f.l ' ?Jj\ 1-:1. 2 ~ ! Phu, d6ng chung nhi bfrt ai d6ng chung, di~c di nh~n hi! NgLJt]i cung m(Jt gicfng mil khong biit thlf071g nhau, cling qua Jifm thay! (Phan B<)i Chau: Vi~t Nam vong qucfc su). - __§_
::K ' l.k z
fl f3 ~ ~ ' ~ lJ ~
*
f;t 111 M-:tJ
Tha phU, thuy chi tich gia bfrt h?u, t~c ph1,1 d<,1i chau da v6 lt,rc. Nur5c chiia khong sau thi mang thuyEn J6n khong du stir: (Trang Til) .
-i!::K·~zm~-t11·~@~~·~m~~ Cii phil, thu chi vi tr<:J.ng da, ky s~c tham d;;1m, yen phi van
ffij (nhi), __§_ (tha).
Y... (ht,rU) ...
¥: ~0 (chi
e) Biiu thi di~u ki~n:
y nghla va nhi~m Vl,l, ta c6 thi chia lien tl.r lam
mfry lo<:J.i sau day:
~ (nhien),
d) Biiu thi gia thi~t: 1Sj (diu), ~9: (thi~t) ...
*
±
y:
c) Biiu thi nguyen nhfm va k~t qua: 1-:1. (dl), (i)c (c6) ...
-*~~~·~E~~~rn•·~=~·~~~·•
2. Cin Clr vao
149
li~m.
;g: (nhtrQ'C ).
~0 (nhtr),
Kia, mua thu ph6 bily hinh trf}ng, sic th~ thiim d{l117, kh6i toa may thau (Au DU'O'Og Tu: Thu thanh phu ).
150
TRAN VAN CHANH
151
roAN THli TLj HQC CHU HAN
m
41
DIEU NGU
KHAU D
ff Iff ff ~
o "
~ -r~ iOJ 7§'
?± )'} ' Jt
'@ $
o
~ {Er*.) , Jt
~
~,
,* B:
Tl) M(JJ
D!CH NGH[A Mifng Mi?ng (m6m) c6 moi, c6 rang. Moi ngoai, mau do. Rang trong, mau trcing. D6 an uong til (do) mi?ng vao, loi n6i nang til (do) mi?ng ra.
o
NGUPHA.P
+ Cach dung chz1 1:£ (tong) 1:£
(tong) la gioi til dung d€ chi dia di
m
t~
~
;j\
'
~ ~E}
i'J ~'
0
Jj(
~f} o w'J *ff -
tb , $: ~ 1~ ~,
o
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D6ng til'~ 12 net, 3 net): du·a tre- Trl t~ (9 net): C(im-Can ~ (9 net): sdo, cdn tre, cdn cau-H~ ~ (19 net): hu()c, c()t-Nm ~E} (15 net): m6i (c1i cau)-Dieu i'J (11 net): cau ca-Thon i§: (7 net): nu/ft- Ti *ff ( 13 net): .w;i nho, w-D<)ng ib (11 net): cl()ng, chuyln d()ng-Cif $: ( 17 net): cf/t, nhdc len-Diic 1~ ( 11 net): du(jc. D!CH NGHlA Ciiu ca M()t dua tre ng6i hen song. TaY cdm cdn tre nh(), hu()c m6i cau eel. Con ca trong nu:ac cMp m6i. Day cau m6i !drz lay d()ng, nhdc
cdn tre len
_ fjtff£~4-~¥** (Nga
=t
trung ngLi, lai thon nhl. Dieu ti nhat d<)ng, cu can dac ngu.
Thfin ~ (11 net): moi (ciing viit la !§., h()D )-XI~ (15 net): rang-Xich $ (7 net): mau do- Tong (tung) ftf (11 net): do, tilNgon § (7 net): n6i, loi n6i-Ngii' §Pi (14 net): n6i, loi n6i.
o
0
Nhat dong nJ' tQa ha bang. Thu tr! ti€;u can, h~ nhl dieu ngu'. Thuy
Khffu huu th§n hfi'u xi. Th§n t<;ti ngo<;ti, ky sac xich. Xi t<;ti n<)i, ky '@ 8o~ it ftf D A'§ §Pi ftf D tf1o sac b<;tch. Am thtfc tong kh£u nh?p, ngon ngu tong kh£u xuat. TU M(JJ
l!lll
~'
i'J
40 D
dU:(/C CQ.
NGO PHAP
+ Cach di'tng chz1
- (nha't)
- (nha't) trong bai hQc tren Ia m<)t s6 tu dung nhu ph6 tu, thu'ong c6 nghla la "m<)t cai, m<)t lfrn, moi ]§n, lfrn thu nhat":
_ i'J*ff -Jb ' $:~1~~, (Dieu
ty nhiit d<)ng, cu can dac ngu') M6i !dn day cau lay d()ng, nhdc cdn tre len c1U:(/C ca. _ 1i 8 -IE. ' 8 -ffi (Ngu nh?t nhiit phong, th?p nh?t nhiit vu) Nam ngay m()t ldn gi6, mu:C!i ngay m()t ldn mu:a ( Lu(in
+
hoanh: Thj ung).
m
TI~AN VAN CHANH
152
42 fa!j 1IDt MIEU D0THU
w
*
fa!j I J\ , fa3 tt I J\ 0 1IDt ~ fa3 , ~ A Thti ti mieu ti~u, mieu ti khuytin titiu. Thif kien mieu, n~c huy~t !=f::1 , fa3 /f §E A o fa3 ~ 7:. , ~ @. JJJ , trung, mieu bat nang nh~p. Mieu kien khuytin, dang 6c dfnh,
FEt tt
7\.
/f §E
J:.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHV HAN
153
_~~fj(~tt.A~ (Ti~u khan thu gia tl nhan tru&ng) Ct.rOi tr6ng cay Jua mua thu con dai h011 than ngu&i (Luu Luan: Tay giao van tinh thi ). - .&tt.~~~ (Luong tl dung my hi) Sv hitn dju t6t h011 tho b~o.
_ 11A~ ftt'Jtt!=f::l~~n!!l (Phi en nhan t(;lo thuy€n tl Trung Quoc canh co) Nguoi nuoc ngoai dong tau chile hrtn nguoi Trung Qu{/c.
0
khuytin bat nang thu'ong.
m
-
43 Tf) Mdl
~\
Thll' .@t (13 net): con chu(Jt- Tl tt (5 net): so sdnh, so voi-Mieu fa3 (16 net): con meo-Khuyin 4 net): con Ch(5-Kien ~ (7 net): trong th(iv-N~c ~ ( 11 net): gi[{u kin-Huy~t A (5 net): 16, hang-I>inh dlnh JJJ (1 1 net): ch6 · cao nh([t, dlnh- ThtiO'ng (thtiQ'ng) J:. (3 net): len (dung nhu d(}ng tit, dr;c Ia thuong).
*(
D[CH NGHlA
Meo va c/u) Chu(Jt so voi mea thi nho, mea so voi ch6 thi nh6. Chu9t trong tha:\' meo, na/J vao trong hang, mea khong vao dU'(Jc. Mea trong tha:,. cho. treo len n6c nha, ch6 kh6ng len dur;c. NGU PHAP
+ Chic tt ( tl ) trong ke't edit so sdnlz Dung tt ( ti ). theo k~t du: chu ngli' (v~t duqc so s£mh) + tt ( ti) + danh tl.r, ho~c ngli' danh tl.r (v~t lam chufrn di so s£mh) + hlnh dung tl.r:
_ FEtttfa3;J,, fa3 tt-J\. 1j'(Thtl' tl mieu titiu, mieu tl khuy€'n titiu) Chu9t so voi mea thi nho. mea so voi chc5 thi nh6 (Chu(Jt nhd h® mea, mea nho hrtn chd ).
~&
~
~U~D~~ lj\ ~& ~ ' ~ ~ J.k 7~ , ~ ~ JJ' 1~ 0 ~ Titiu trl dttong, xuan thoi thuy tham, dong thoi thuy thitin. Luong fr: 1± ~& !IF¥ , L-:,J. fffi ?& 1J' , L-:,J. 1X o nuttl', t(;li trlb(;ln, didung capthuy,dichtl' daoy.
:r ,
*t ta
Tl) Mdl Trl ~& (6 net): ao-Dtiong ~ (13 net): ao hinh vuong-Tham 7~ (11 net): sau- Thiin 1~ (11 net): nang, qzn-Nii' !;J:: (3 net): nguoi con gai-B~n !IF¥ (10 net): bo-Di J,) (5 net): dung (gioi tu)-Diing fffi (11 net): thung gb tron-Cap ?l!J. (7 net): muc len-Chil' ff (8 net) : cai chay-Dao tlf(l6 net): gia, d(lp bdng chay.
D[CH NGHlA Ao nho (Trang) ao nho, mua xuan nuoc sau, mua dong nuoc cr;zn. C6 . _ hai co gdi, i'J ben bo ao. Dung thung muc nuoc, dung chay d(lp do. NGU PHAP
+ Cach dzl.ng chz7 PJ (di)
154
TRAN VAN CHANH
t) (di) la gioi tu dung biiu th! phu'ong ti~n cua cl<)ng tac ho?c hanh vi, c6 thi d!ch la "H(y, dung, bang": _ .1.-~{ifj?Eu.k' .L-~.ftt31X (Di dung dip thuy, dl chll' clao y) Dung thung muc nuac, dung chay dljp do (muc nuac bdng thung, dtJ.p do bdng chay). _ .l-~.=_F:f1Ez (Dfthu th6i chi) Dung tay ddy n6 (Bai 69). _ .1.-~~i~~JJ[ (Di linh h~ mieu h?ng) Dung chuang bu()c vao co?mea (Bai 83).
m 44 ..fr "'
"" 1iei
TU MOl
c6 tl
(5 I1et): xua, d(Ji xu·a- Binh A (7 net): db cua quan dung, VrJ khi, khi giai-Qua X (4 net) : qua, kfch (111(Jt thu binh khi
thoi xua gii'J'ng nhu cdi kich mel d6.u bc7ng)-Mau f (5 net): mau, gido (m()t tlni' hinh khi c1Lri xua)-Dao ]J (2 net) : dao (m()t thu binh khi gio'ng ciiY guam)-Kiem ~IJ (15 net) : cay gu·um-Cung I=] (3 net): cay cung (db binh khi dung cti bdn ten)-Ti~n ffij (15 net): miii ten (di hdn cung)-D1;1ng !=H (5 net): dung-Thtio'ng ~ (14 net): khiiu sung ( ciing d9c lc1 sang)-Bac !J~ (21 net): sung h'!nC~p 7Jz.. (4 net): de'n, dq_t de'n-Cong J)( (7 net): danh, ta'n congKien ~ ( 11 net): vii'ng b&n, cluJ l'ii'ng chdc.
BINH KHf
x
,
~ A ~ , :ff T , :ff 7J ~u :ff i=J f,J o c6 thoi binh khi, huu qua rna u, huu clao kiem ' huu cung ti~n. JLi ~ A ~ , ~ ffl ~ t!~ o §g & ~ , §g C?n thoi binh khi, cla dt,mg thttong bac. Nang c?p vi~n, nang c6ng
tl
rx
~0
Vii khi D[CH NGHlA Vii khi thoi xua c6 qua, mau. dao, kie'm, cung, ten. Vii khi thoi nay, ph&n nhi&u dung sung o'ng. C6 th i hdn dln nui xa, c6 thi
danh ch6 vii'ng chdc. NGU PHAP
kien.
r·~l,
~ ~1
~ 8
~-
~8
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etC>
~
~~ ro~
~ ~--,,.. 18
... ~ ~~ ~14
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~~ u
~ 26~ <::1:::>
29
Z7
20---=*=" .
155
TOAN THL1 Tl/ HQC CH(/ HAN
=-
.:,2~1
IT 22
+ Cdch d1lng chiC~
(da)
~ (da) trong bai hQC tren OU(_iC dung nhu' m<)t ph6 til Vdt nghia la "phfrn !On, phfin nhi~u" , cl?t trttoc cl<)ng til: _ Jli!BA~ ' :§7m1:&;~~( Can thai binh khi, da dt,ll1g thttong bac) Binh khi thai nay, phdn nhi&u dung sung o'ng. _#JUi£13:1@ :§7~7J,·I1 (Tfin hili dan cu da ti,lp thuy tinh) Dan
cud hiin phdn nhi&u quen tinh J nuac (Bai 91).
m 45
t'i
~
£
NGA TRUdNG HUYNH
TRAN VAN CHANH
156
:JJ(
~
5t. tE filL
~ftf> ·'
if- if- f!=
~
' 7-..
*
157
TOAN THU n,f HQC CHU HAN
_ *9;DCiJ~ ? (Vi tri kha phil?) Chua bie't c6 du:c;c (hay)
~$
khong?
m
Nga tnriing huynh t?i tha huang, nien nien tac khach, cll'u vi quy '7ii': 0 W E2. ~ rh , EB 0 fHf: aLJ 0 """ ~ _ ±;+ , 13El ~'-:f.X. JC::J ~ ~, .JL ~ s :t'J IOJ -"J'-
...
11"
gia. Nga eli gia trung, tl1 huynh va dl. Ta thl1 nhat phong, van
£
5:
~
46
lj\ ~ ~ TIEU VIEN TRUNG
0
A?
huynh an phil.
Huynh
£
(5 net): anh-Tha
filL
*
(5 net): khac-Htidng ~ftf, (13
net): hlnf? que-NU~n if- (6 net): nam-CU'u 7-,. (3 net): !au- Vi (5 net) : chua-Cti ~ (8 net): iJ (d()ng tic)-Vo #V; (12 net): khong-Di
8
(3 net): thai, ngat- Ta
M; ( 15 net) : vie't-Phong j;j
(9 net):
phonf? hi dc5nf? kin, phong, bac (thu)-Phu ~ (7 net): khong (phd tit). D!CH NGH[A Anh cd toi Anh cd tcJi <1 tha huO'ng, nclm nam lam khach, /au chua v~ nha. Toi 6 trong nha, ngh! de'n anh khong ngat. Viit m(Jt hac thu, hoi anh C(J binh yen hay khong.
NGU PHAP
+ Cach dil.ng clu1
~ (phil)
~ (phil) la lo?i ph6 tu phil dinh-nghi van thu'ong d?t cuoi
diu d~ neu thac mac ho;:ic d~ hoi voi nghTa la "khang, hay khang":
_~
:rr
~ -!;J
•
F~=~ln;~:~ (Ta thl1 nhat phong, van huynh an
phii) Vi it m()t bac thu hoi anh c6 binh yen (hay) khong. _ lf~'Eif~? (Thl1ong ky chi phii?) Ne'm xem c6 ngon (hay) kh6nf??
m
~ ~ , fij !*l o :Jj( :rnft ·till 1fli Ti~u vien trung, mai hoa khai. Nga chiet Iuong chi, sap blnh ~~~~_t o tfJi ~ :{t ~~ B~ ~A J!o trung, tri an thl1<;1ng. Blnh trung hoa hl1ong, thai thai nh~p ti.
;J\
Tl) MOl
A
rU MOI Mai fij (11 net): cay mai, hoa mai-Chie't :j:Jf (7 net): be-Chi
fi
till (12
net): cdm vao-Binh tfli (10 net): cdi binh, cai LQ-Tri ~ (13 net): diJt, di-An ~ (10 net): cai ban-
(8 net): canh cay-Sap
Hudng
~
(9 net): mui thO'm .
D[CH NGHlA Trong vztifn nho Trang vu:on nho, hoa mai niJ. Toi be hai canh, cdm vao trong LQ, d(Jt tren ban. Mui thmn ( cua hoa) trong LQ luon luon dua vao mui.
NGU PHAP • Caclz di'tng ~ ~ ( thai thai ) ~ ~ (thoi thoi) Ia ph6 tu chi S\f thu'ang xuyen, dung tru'OC
dQng tu, voi nghTa "thu'ang, Juan, Juan luan": _ tfli~ :ft~ • ~~ A.4 (B'inh trung hoa huang, thifi thifi nh~p ty) Mui thO'm ( cua hoa) trong h; luon luon du:a vao mui.
J
TRAN VAN CHANH
158
_ B~~~~ (Thdi thdi tnJ' thu) Thuitng vie't sdch (Sit ky: Tu Mil TurJng Nhu li?t truy?n).
m
159
TOAN THUTI/ HQC CHU HAN
*
_ ~QJ r=j::1 ffi -fB- , - .:Ji: (Ha trung luang chu, nhiit khu nhiit lai) Hai con thuy~n trong song, mqt di mqt lr;zi. _ -0/§ -;f-0 (Nhiit xuong nhiit hQa) Ke xuC!ng nguai h9a.
m
47 ~QJ
$
48
-fit
~
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HA TRUNG LVONG CHU ~QJ
r=p
-fit , -
~
.:Ji: -
*
TIEU o
.:Ji: -fit 00,
*
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,
Ha trung luang chu, nhat khu nhat lai. Khu chu phong thu~n, tffi ..t tt~ ~fl . ~ ~ o -At 00, ~ , nguy thuQng quai pham, ky hanh toe. Lai chu phong nghich, dT ~ t~~ 1J' . ~ o t11ong bat thuy, ky hanh hoan.
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Jm
@lo
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..t•
1;J
~
iJ'
t.ftjoii
9=J
thong phong. Nga lai cac thu<;:lng, d()c tQa song ti~n. Lung trung !ll!i3
r;:,Oj
-71'§_ ,
j!l,~
1;1:;+ w ;x:-'J "f)(.
m -r
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anh vG, doi nga hqc ngu.
TU MOl Chu -fit (6 net): chile thuyJn- Thu~n II~ (12 net): thuQ.n, xuoi Nguy fm (10 net): CQt bu6m-Quai tt~ (II net): treo-Pham ~JL (6 net): Cdnh bu6m-Toc ~ (11 net): nhanh-Ngh!ch ~ (10 net): nghjch, ngu'Q'c- Ttiong ~ (15 net): mdi cheo-Bat }~~ (15 net): cQ.y, da~v-Hoan 15 net): chQ.m chr;zp.
*i (
D[CH NGHlA Hai chie'c thuy~n tren song Hai chie'c thuy~n tren song, mqt di mqt lr;zi. Thuy~n di gi6 thuQ.n, tren cqt bu6m c6 treo cdnh bu6m, thuy~n di nhanh. Thuy~n h;i gi6 nguQ'c, dung cheo da?y nuC!c, thuy~n eli chQ.m. NGO PHAP
TU MOl Cac 00 (14 net): gdc, idu-Song $ (12 net): cita so?-Thau ~ (11 net): tha'u qua, suo't qua-Thong;® (11 net): thong qua, suo't qua-D()c 1;J (16 net): mqt mlnh-Lung ii (22 net): cdi h5ng-Anh vii ~~~ (28 net, 29 net): con Vfl-Doi ft (14 net): xoay v~. huC!ng
vl D[CH NGHlA Gac n/zo Mqt gian gdc nho, bon ben d~u c6 cita so'. C6 thi tha'u dnh sang, c6 thi thong gi6. Toi de'n tren gdc, mqt mlnh ng6i truC!c cita s6. Con l'fl trong !6ng, huC!ng vJ toi h9c n6i.
+ Cach dz'tng -
... - ... ( nhat ... nhat. .. ) - ... - ... (nhat ... nhat) la m()t ct,~m pho tu dung d~ chi hai nguoi ho~c v~t cung thtfc hi~n nhG'ng hanh cl()ng song song tliong ~ .. mqt... ~ " h O?C - "ng uri' un g nh au, d'~c h 1'a " mqt. vi... k? e... " :
NGO PHAP
0 OJ tJ (kha di) H1 trQ d()ng tu bi
160
TRAN VAN CHANH
_OJ J.-J_ ~ft , OJ J.-J_J.mOO, (Khii di thau quang, khii di thong c; thi thong dnh sang, c6 thi thong gi6. _ /GOJ J.-J_ /G15<: ( Bat khii di bat cuu ) Khong thi khong cuu
phong)
roAN THU Tlj HQC CHV HAN
161
(trong bai dung nhu ph6 tu)-Lang Jfr5 (13 net): chai nha~-Thi t~ ( 12 net): tr6n?,. nhin-Phu If. (10 net): nbi-Van ~ (12 net): mayTan '/if!l:_ (12 net): tan ra.
(Td truyfn: Ai cong lf.:lc nien).
6 Jj- (d6i) la gidi tu,
_ ~~r:p~~l~ ' 1tfft*§£ (Lung trung anh va, doz nga hQc ngu) Con Vf'? t trong L6ng hu'Unf? vi toi h9c n6i. _1ft~'§~=~ (Doz chung tuyen ng6n) N6i ro truuc m9i nguai.
Trili sang l)[CH NGHlA Tr(fi u;n?, sdnf?, mt;lt trai m9c, trong nhcl sdnf? nfc. C6 nguai dQY sdm, ng(Ji m(>t minh duc!i chdi nha, ng6'n?, len nhln triJi. Dam may n6'i de'n r!Ji di, mt;lt trai mau do len cao ddn. May tan trai xanh. NCO PHAP
+ Cach diing chic i$f (ti4$m)
~ 1lj (d()c) Ia ph6 tu lam tr~ng ngu, d~t tru'dc d()ng tu, vdi
_~~A ' j:~:f1:1®fr (Huu lao nhan, phu trtt<;Jng d~c hanh) C6 Cf:l gia, chong ggy di m9t minh ( Bai 77 ).
iiff (ti4$m) Ia ph6 tu lam tr~ng ngu, c6 nghia "dfrn, dfrn dft n" , d~ t tntdc cl(mg tu: _ ~J B ~JT r%] (H6ng nh~t lifm cao) M(lt tu!i mclu dd len cao d6n. _ J(~~JT
m
w
nghTa la "rieng, m()t mlnh": _ 1®~$§U (D~c tQ·a song ti~n) Ng6i m9t minh truuc crla so. ~?
49
7(
50
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a:ao
~
~
CAN CHI
THIEN HIEU
*-
B~ B ili ' ~ r:f=l SJJ o ~ A If!- ~ ' Thien hi~u nh?t xuat, that trung d~i minh. Huu nhan tao khdi,
7:.
1® J.I Jfr5 T ' {LP
ti 7:.
~
o
If. ~
* : }; '
~I
d()c l?p lang h~, ngttong thi thien kh6ng. Phu van lai khu, h6ng B ~JT rWIJo~ ~ 7( ~o nh?t ti~m cao. Van tan thien thanh.
TU MOl Hiiu B~ (15 net): sang sum, tdng sang-Tao
EtJ G 01
(6 net): sum
IX
c
Ky
~
* :f: tr * c:p
~ ~z+
Canh Tan Nham Quy vi chi th?p
e
T- o -=r It ]![ l) p JV: @ FX: ~ ~ can. Ty SLru Dfin Mao Thin Ty Ngq Mui Than D~u Twit H\ii vi
z +
.=.
x
o
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+
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§
o
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+
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x
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chi th~p nhi chi. Giap vi th~p can chi thu. Ty vi th~p nhi chi chi
-=f 5t if§
@C. -E;- .L-) §c if. ' }=j ' B ' B~ -ill o thu. Can chi tu'(ing phoi h\iP di ky nien, nguy~t, nh~t, thai da.
§
If!-
T
Giap At Bfnh Dinh M~u
o
TRAN vAN cHANH
162
163
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
(1(/u cua nnrai hai chi. Can 1·a chi ph/{i lu;p nhau (1i ghi niim,
TU M(JI Can -=f- (3 net) : thien can (Giap, lt, ... )-Chi 3Z:: C4 net): dia chiAt 6 (1 net) : can thu hai tronR nuio i thien can-Binh pg (5 net) : can thu ba trong m!l(fi thien can-Dinh T (2 ne t) : can thu· tu trong muai thien can-M~u IX (5 net) : can thu niim trong muai thien can-Ky
thdng, ngay. gio.
m 51
c (3 net) : can thu sau trong mu·ai thien can-Canh ~ (7
net): can thu bch' trong muai th.ien can-Tan $ (7 net) : can thu
tam trong muai thierz can-Nham nntai thien can-Quy
~ (9
::f
(4 net): can thu chin trong
net): can sau ch6t trong m!l(fi thien
1~
t
~
:ff
TRACH HA U HUU VIEN
1~ ~ ~ ' :i:
't
ti ~ tlJ
0
tlJ J:
?{£ ¥ '
tlJ
Tr~lch h~u huu vien, ui~p th~ch vi Slin . Sdn thu'Qng true dlnh, son
r:
fl
~j o~$ ~$ '
9*- 9*- ti 'f- fPJ 3Ji 9*0
~ tlJ '
can-Ty -=f- (3 net) : chi d6u trong mu(/i hai dia chi-SU'u n (4 net) :
ha chung thl;J . T1 tl, mu(>i mu()i hu~ thu d6ng du. Mu()i dang son,
chi thu hai trong muai hai dja chi-D:1n ~ ( 11 net): chi thu ba
5L ¥
trong muai hai dja chi-Mao
(m~o) ~p
(5 net): chi thu tu trong
muai hai dja chi-Thin /Ek (7 net): chi thu niim trong muai hai dia chi-TY.
8
*
(3 net): chi thu sau trong muai hai dja chi-NgQ
net) : chi thu hay trong muai hai dja chi-Vj (mui)
thU: tam trong mu'(/i hai dja chi-Than
cp
q=.
(4
(5 net) : chi
(5 net) : chi thu chin
trong muai hai dia
chi-D~u
@ (7 net): chi thu m.uai trong muai
hai dja chi-Tm1t F)(
(6 net):
chi thu muai mi)t trong muai hai dia
chi-HQ'i Y<, (6 net) : chi cuo'i cung trong muai hai dja chi-Thu § (9 net): d6u-Ph6i @[. ( 10 net): ke't h(;!p, phl/i h(;!p-Ky ~c (10 net):
ghi chep. D[CH NGH[A
_t '
~ ~1¥ ~$
*
0
l~p dlnh thu'cjng, dao h6 ti lai.
TU M(JJ
Tr~ch t (6 net): nha O'-Di¢p ~ (22 net): chbng chftt- True~ ( 16 net): xay ccl't-Dlnh ¥ (9 net): cai nha nho, nha mat, dinhThQ 1~1 ( 16 net): ccly-~ Tl (7 net): chi-Mu<)i 9*- (8 net): em gaiHu~ ti (21 net): ddt-Du 3Ji (13 net): di choi-Dao ~ (14 net): xa, tu xa -Ho 0¥ (8 net) : g9i to.
Sau nha co v1tiJn D[CH NGH!A Sau nha cr5 1•U:an, ch{{t dd lam thdnh nui. Tren nui ctb dinh, du'c'ti nui tu1ng cay. Chi chi, em em ddt tay nhau cung di ch(!i. Em len rzui, dung tren dinh, tu xa gqi chi (1e'n.
Thien can dja chi
Giap, lr. Birzh. f)inh, Ml)u,
K.v.
Canh, Tan, Nham, Qu.v g9i fa
muai can. Tv, Silu, D6n, Mao, Thin, Ty, NgQ , Mui, Than, DQ_u, Tua't, H(ti gqi Ia mu(/i hai chi. Giap la d6u cua muai can. TV fa
NG(/ PHAP 0 ffi£ (vi) du'Qc dung nhu' tn.i tu, diit sau m(>t ket diu dongtan (d<)ng tu + tan nglt) ho~c m(>t ket cau chu-vi va dung truck m()t danh tu khac, co thti dich Ia "lam thanh" hoac . . "thanh":
TRAN VAN CHANH
164
_ !i:ti,ALlJ (Di~p thc;tch vi son) Clul't dd lam thanh nui. _ ~1g,'r~.AaEB (Bien sa mac vi ILrcJng ai~n) Bie'n sa
mr;Ic
thanh ru()ng t(ft.
6 ~ ( dao) Ia pho tu c6 nghTa "xa, tu xa", du<;Jc a~ t truck d(\ng tu a~ chi khoang each v€ kh6ng gian, thoi gian: _ ~Off,($* (Dao bo tllai) Til xa g9i chi den. _ ~tJL.:if-5.= (Dao chuc blnh an) ht xa xin chuc binh an. _ ~5'l!. (Dao kien) Trang thc(v til xa.
w 52
roAN THlf nJ HQC CHU HAN
165
Chuqt D!CH NGHlA Con chu()t (c6) tai !on, duoi dai, mom nh(m. Rang dlt sdc, u5 thi cdn d6 \'{J t. Thur!ng 6 trong hang, ngay 6'n dem ra. Da s(J' nguoi, dmg Sl/ meo h(J/1. Nuoi meo bdt chu()t, thi m{/i h9i v& chu()t c6 thi trdnh kh(Ji.
NGU PHAP 0 ~ ( th~m) Ia ph6 tu a~ t truck hlnh dung tu a~ chi muc a(\ rat cao: _~If~ (Xi thqm nhu~ ) Rang rrlt .wic (nh9n). _ ft*Z.A If~ (Nga gia chi nhan tlzqm a a) Nguoi nha toi reb dong ( Ba i I 08 ).
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, If
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Thli, nhT d<;ti, vi truong, chuy tiem. XI th~m nhu~, nang khiet v~t.
m
r:p , •
1:k :& l±l
M~
* OJ
~f ~ A , 1t ~ ThLfC1ng CLT huy~t trung, tru phl,IC dc;t xuat. Ky uy nhan, vuu uy
~10
o
15 1\
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fEB
rffi
, M~
6 'm' (thu'O'ng) Ia ph6 tu lam trang ngu, nghia la "thuong, lu6n"' c6 th~ a~ t trudc d(\ng tu ho~c hlnh dung tu: 151\$ (ThttiJng cu huy~t trung) Thuong J trong hang. _ )}Ir:f:lflti ' ;!t~m~ (Dlnh trung chung que, ky di~p thttiJng li:IC) Trang san tr6ng que: ld n6 luon mau ll:IC (Bai 59).
_m
o
~
o
mieu. Sue mieu b() thli, thli hai kha mien .
~ ~_t ... :fL; (ky ... vliu) Ia m()t each thlic co ajnh, bi~u thj hai st;t vi~c phat sinh cung luc, hoc)c hai tlnh huang a6ng thai t6n tc;ti, c6 th~ djch la "aa ... con ... han": ~f~A ' :;t~fEH (Ky uy nhan,
vztu uy mieu) Dii S(/ nguoi, conS(/ meo h(J/1.
m
Tl) M(JJ Chuy ~ ( 16 net) : cdi mo, cdi mom (loai v£;]t)-Tiem ~ (6 net): nh9n d6u- Th~m
If
53 ffi,,
(9 net): rib (ph6 tu')-Nhu~ ~ ( 15 net): sdc,
ben nh9n-Khie't o~ (18 net) : cdn (bdng rang)-Thliang
m(11
NGV
net): nclng, thuang, luon (ph6 til)- Tru ~ (II net): han ngayPhi:Ic f:k (6 net): iln nci/J-D~ :& (8 net): ban dem-Ky ~f ( 11 net): da- Vliu 1t (4 net): cang h(fl1 (ph6 tii)-Suc ~ (I 0 net): nuoi-H~i
* (l () net) : SL! h~zi, di&u h9i (trdi voi l(J'i)-Mi~n 5£:, kh(Ji. rhoat khoi.
(7 net): trdnh
;J..h
f~
rh 'I
~
:N
1£
, "
0
-
!==t -'7L Jj_
,'1-h m!l!
f~ lilT
0
1£"
,
s n..
A
!?-?
',fP
&'v ' {JJf
Trl trung dttong ngtt. Nhat nhi l~p trl b~n. Ngtt kien nhan anh, du A. 1J' ~ o 5t t~ &t , tJt 1J' illi o ~ ffi,, ~ ili , nh~p thuy a~. Nhi trl binh, dgu thuy di~n. Quiin ngu giai xua't,
TRAN VAN CHANH
166
~
~
TOAN THU Tl,1 HQC CHO' HAN
m
/['E, o
. tranh thtfc bat dl.
54
TU MOl
~~ """'
Duong ( 15 net): nuoi-Nhi (8 net): dtia he-Du (12 net): hoi lr)i-
Di
(8 net): dd.'·-Bfnh ( 15 net): hanh lcun b!ing br)t-D~u (7 net):
quang, nem- Tranh (8 net): tranh gicmh, tranh nhau, gianh nhau . D/CH NGHiA
167
ca
Trang ao cr) nu/Ji ca. Mr)t dtia he dting ben ba ao. Ca thC(v b6ng nguai, hoi l'(/o day nuoc. Dtia be cdm banh, nem xuo'ng mc;it
~ s
DOC THV
* *
~ ~ A f~ o 7t g:_ El : rri V. 1PJ ? .n o~ ~ Hqc sinh nh~ p hi~u. Tien sinh viet: Nhii'lai ha stf ? Hqc sinh El : rr~ )( £l Z ffrJ ' lit §J ~ .D o7t_ El : viet: Pht,mg phl,l ma u chi m~nh, lai thll' d(>c thu'. Tien sinh viet: n- ~ o A l' §J ~ , l' §g fJX. A .o 0 Thi~n. Nhan bat d()c thu', bat nang thanh nhan.
*
±
mtoc. Nhilng con cd d~u hoi ra, tranh nhau an khong ngr!t. NGO PHAP 0
M
(qu~n) Ia hlnh dung tu thu'ong d~t truck danh tu d~
bi~u thj so nhi~u, c6 th~ djch Ia "b~y" ho~c "nhii'ng":
-
Mffi,~te (Quiin ngu' giai xuat) Nhilng con ca d~u brJi ra.
_ Mffil¥J*
(Qulin nh<:~n nam lai) Nhilng con nhC;Jn tit phuong nam hay de'n ( Bai 29).
-
M~~-,'E~ '~nl'~ (Qulin nghT giai phan dau, chi
ttl' bat thoai) Nhilng con kiln d~u rang stic chien dc{u, den che't
khong lui ( Bai 65).
6
~ (tranh) Ia ph6 tu lam tn~ng ngu, cl~t tru'oc dong tu,
voi nghTa "tranh nhau, dua nhau":
_
Mffi, ~te, ~~l'8CQu~n ngu giai xuat, tranh thttc
bat dT) Nhilng con ca d~u boi ra, tranh nhau an khong ngot. _ ~B~~*~Ili~;f(Thi thai phu hao tranlz n~c tai) Luc d6 nhilng nha giau dua nhau gia'u cua (Han thu).
TU MOl Vie't El (7 net, be) EJ): n6i r!ing-Nhii' iV. (6 net, be) f ): mdy, nguoi ( dC;Ii tit nhan xung ngoi thti hai)-Ha 1PJ (7 net, be) { ): gl (dC;Ii tit nghi Vlfn)-Phl)ng ~ (8 net, bQ *): \'ang chju-Chi (4 net, be) ) lphi~t]): cua (trr; tit ke't Cti'u)-ME;nh (m~ng) ff[J (8 net, be) 0): 1ai sai khien, m~nh l?nh-Thtl' lit (6 net, bQ .il:J: nay, chrfn
z
nay.
168
TRAN VAN CHANH
HtJc ti)p
D[CH NGHiA
169
TOAN THV Tl/ HOC CHO HAN
§ ):
s~( hilu hie't-Chung
*:.f (])
net, he) !fd: cuo'i cLlllt{, ro't CU(Jc.
H9c tn) I'(Jo tntong. Thd_v hoi r(Inf?,: "Tro den c6 1•i¢c Ri?". H9c tro thua ninf?: "(Con) wing /¢nh ch{l m~ de'n day h9c". Thdv n6i rdng: "T//t liim. Nguoi khonf? h9c tqp, khong thl thanh nguoi".
-
~
I
I\
.
I
NCO PHAP
+ D{li tt'tnglzi viilz fOJ (ha) fOJ (ha) co th~ lam djnh ngcr, d~t tnroc danh ttr, vdi nghla la "gl, nao" , dung u~ hoi: _ i~*1PJ~ ? ( NhO' lai lza stf? ) Trr) de'n c6 vi¢c gi? _ 1PJ~1PJB~? ( Ha xu ha thai ? ) Noi nao luc mlo'!
m
D!CH NGH[A Clzimmuong Loai chim /11U(Jng (khi) d6i bie't {in , (khi) khat bie't uo'ng. L(ll bie't lam td d~' trdnh Ki6 mua. Nhii'nf!. con k:'.· l(l hie't bdt churJc tie'nf!. nf?LtOi noi. Chi khong bie't d()C sach, nen sv hi~'u hie't cua chung r/It cu()c khong hdng nguoi.
55
~
W\
CAMTHU
z
tJi; FiX Jlj , M 9m ~ , 1~ ~o ~ o 'X §g § ~ , U Cftm thu chi thuC)c, co tri thtfc, khat tri
=tt ,
,
TU MOl
C~m fJi; (13 net, be) ~): loai chim-Thu(>c ~ (21 net, be) F): lor;Ii, loai-Tri ~0 (8 net, be)~): bie't-Htfu
'X
(2 net, be) 'X_): lr;Ii, lr;Ii
them-Doanh (dinh) ;g(l7 net, be)'}(): lam-Tj ~ (16 net, be) i_): trdnh di-Ky ~ (8 net, be) -}::.): /9 lung, di~u lr;I-Gia
=tf
(9 net, be)
~): di~u. cdi, con (trt;J tif)-Hi~u ~ (10 net, be) ~ ): bdt chu6'c-Duy 'It (11 net, be) ·1· ): chl (ph6 tit)-Tri thuc ~0 ~ (8 net, 19 net, be)
NGU PHAP 0 )( (htfu) la pho ttr, c6 nghla "lai, lai them" : _ 'X_§g·,g ~ (H{tll nang doanh sao) L«i bie't lam td.
11J=t3§7?ft0J'
_
Jj(~.¥~11)
:X.1=f;J\~
6
z!l (chi thu()c) thu'ong d~t sau danh tu d~ chi chung v~
(Thuy hO'u thanh trqc. Tn;c gia da 6 v?t, h{lll hG'u ti~u trCmg) Nu6'c c6 trong, d~:~c. Nu6'c d~:~c c6 nhi~u v(lt do btln. lr;Ii cd nhii'nf? con trung nho ( Bai o
70).
"cac loai .. trong cung mC)t lo(,li: _ fJi;wXZ~ (Cgm thu chi tlwf)c) Cdc loai c6m thu.
-
rm~=fjJHJXZ.Ji0
'
Yli:n~~$ (Nhi kim ngQC m6i thiet
chi tlz uf)c, htfu san u' ky trung) Ma nhii'ng /oqi nhu vang, ng(,JC,
than, sdt lr;Ii sinh ra iJ trong d6 ( Bai 90).
_ ~1-UI~L%1.!.-):tm~,~~Z~ (Truong vong la dl b6 llzuf)c) Giang lur!i di bdt cdc /oai ca tom (Bai 115).
ngu ha chi
170
TRAN VAN CHANH
~'liE (duy) la ph6 tu, nghTa la "chf, chi c6":
_ ·1~ ~8Em=~ ,
~5<: =13;~0~ , ¥t- /f~~DA (Duy bat nang dOc thLr, c6 ky tri th(tc, chung bat nhLt nhan) Chi khl5ng hie't d9c sdch, nen
Sf/
hi(/ u bie't cua chung r(/t CU(Jc khlJng hc7n!i ngulti.
_ fj :ft ~~{g ' 'l'f:Bi~j~@ (Bach hoa linh l(,lc, duy cue cl()c
thinh) Cdc locli lwa khdc d~u lu!o r!:fng, chi rienfi cue Ia C(Jn tu(fi t/J'r (Ba i 67).
*1
0 (chung) la ph6 tu cl)t tnrdc cl(lng tu ho~c ngO' dOng tu, vdi nghTa la "cut)i cC1ng, ket c~1c, r6t cu()c": _~X -A ~D 5~ ' ff,J. /f~DA (C6 ky tri thuc , clumg bat nhu nhan) Nen Sl/ hili'u bie't cua chunfi rf/t CUQC khl5ng being nguiJi. _ ~mJ./GriJ.l.-)J'eJ'i1) (Ng6 clumg bat kha dT kien Doan c6ng) Cu//i cung tr)i khlJnfi tid R(ip du(lc Docln u)ng(Lieu T6n Nguyen: f)ocln Thai uy d(it Sf/ tr~mg).
m ~
*i +
lj\ tt %' ' ~ ~ ~ ' Jj[ ffi!z ' ~ Ti~u thon bang, hO'u lang duong, quang udc th~p mau, duong 7j' ~ ¥~ 0 ~ f!j 7j' iii ' ~ ~ ~ ~J 0 thuy th~m thanh. Uing phu thuy di~n, ho~c thanh ho~c h6ng ._ tt r::p -tJ: jlJX 1-* , !J\ fPJ 11 Thon trung nO' ttl', yeu Ian b<;1n, hoa titiu thuy~n, d6ng vilng thai ~ 0
lang. TU Md!
xu
t*
Thai (II net, b(l 1 ): hcii-Uing ~ ( 12 net, bt) -H-): diy cl'uThon tt (7 net, be) * ): X(Jm-Quang J.8i (14 net, b() ) ): r(Jnglfoc ¥;-; (9 net, be) * ): £7<5 chU'ng-M§u fiR (10 net, bO 133): m/fu (60 fr/(rlng \'UcJnR)- Yeu JJ1X ( 17 !let, b(l ).._ ): nu/i-Lan (15 net, be) ~ l: hang xdm-B:;m f'F- (7 net, b() { ): chung b~m-Hoa kiJ (6 net, b(l lj ): dd:v thuw1n-Thuy~n liJ'd (II net, b() -fit): chie'c thur2n.
m
1)/CH NGHiA Hai iitt Hen C(lnh x6m nhi5, u5 m9t ao cl'u, rc)ng chang mulJi mftu. mlr'lc ao rli't trong.lu ndi tren m(it nude, hoiJc mau xanh, ho(ic mau dd. Cr> gdi trong xdm, m(/i cdc IH!n lang gi~ng, dd\· chie'c thuy2n con, cung eli hdi ([u.
NCO PHAP
TRQ TlJ _§}] ~ Trc;i tli la lo~i tt! biiu thi tinh thai. v6n kh6ng c6 y nghla C'-:J thi ma chi dung trQ' giup cho tlr ho~c ciiu di cho bi~t r6 them v~ tinh th~n, thai clO, phong each bao ham trong cau van ho~c leri n6i.
~
THAI LANG
-r- , m
171
f. Trq tir:
56 -t"' Pt~
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
ra ,
t*
Thi dl}: _:li .-6-.hC ~! p
I
/' L / '-
·
Ng6 kim tu hi!
Nay ta phlii chit! ( Thi tlwyit tlinngt?}. Trong Han van, trQ' tlr rfrt phong phu va da d~ng: vi~c Slr di,ll1g cling rfrt phCrc t~p va t~ nhj, doi hoi ngueri dQc van, vi~t van phai trili nhi~u kinh nghi~m m&i c6 thi hiiu va Slr dt,mg chung mOt each thu~n nha. Trong thl!c t~, vi~c phan djnh tic dl;lng C'-:J thi v&i nhling
172
TRAN vAN CHANH
khia C<;lnh rfrt tinh vi cth nhling tt! thuoc lo<;~i nay Ia mot chuy~n kh6ng &. 2. Cac lo{li trd ll't:
Can lo;;1i l&n:
cu vao tac dt,~ng ngQ- phap, ta c6 thi chia trq tt! ra Eun 3
nhi~m
b) Biiu thj keu goi:
t<;lO ra mot
a (vi~t), ~
Sl!
hoa hqp n~lO do V~ am thanh ch(r kh6ng CO
~ (quy~t),
i:fl" (y).
-z;: (vfm),
Thi d1,1:
- ~~ f&: r¥:i L.lJ ' ~
-ill ( da), *(hi), -L- (van) .. . 3K (lai). -ill ( da). '15' (h~ ).. .
e) Biiu thi dm than:* (h1),
y
~ (vien),
·11£ (duy).
(ng6n) ...
* lt
~
Tdc bi Nam Son, ngon thai ky quy~t.
Len ntii Nam Son kia, (ta) hai rau quyit (Thi Kinh).
c) Biiu thj nghi vfin: f(h6), ~(tai), !f~(da), ~(dtr) ...
-
~ (tai) .. .
~~9J~
,
1'±1~Z
""f
Vien hG-u han tuy~n, t~i Tuin chi h~.
(2) Trq tir ng[J j:
C6 dong surfi J:;mh. (; fp Tufn nu6c V¢ (Thi Kinh).
a) Biiu thi h~n ch~:
*
VI)
ngh1a tt! vi c~ thi. Nhling phat ngcr ttr thmrng dung trong cac sach c6 la: 15'2- (6 ).
(1) Tn;r tir ng[J kh!-
a) Biiu thi hoan tfit:
173
r o AN THU Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
£r (nh1), ffij 8 (nhi d1) ... b) Biiu thj xac djnh: -ill (da), * (h1), ~ (nhien), 1% (yen) ... c) Biiu thj d~ thi (ngtrng ng~t di neu ra a do<;~n sau): 13 (gia), (h1), -m 13 (da gia) ... d) Biiu thj so sanh ho~c ttrang ttrqng: ~ (nhien), ~0 -ill (nhtr
d) Biiu thi sin am (Sin
fl.:
d~m them, phl,l gop them):
lt (ky). ~ (thi) ... Thi d1,1:
- 1t 00. ~ 15?: B~c phong kf ltrcmg.
da) ...
Ng9n gi6 bic mat me (Thi Kinh).
(3) Trq tir ng[J 5m:
3. Vi tri dia tr(l til:
N6i chung, lo<;~i nay thtreng dtrqc dung trong thi cava cac lo<;~i van bi~n ngau khac. Cling c6 4 lo<;~i nho: a) Biiu thi dinh d6n (cMm l~i): /~ (h~),
1% (yen) ...
b) Biiu thi thiem ti~p (dung lam ngcr v1 cho tu khac): ~ (nhien), m' (nh1). 1% (yen), :;fi (nhtrqc ), Sf- (h6 ) ... c) Biiu thi khm phat. Thtreng chi thfiy trong cac sach c6 nhtr Th1~ Thu: .. Ngt.r&i ta cling goi nhling trq tt! nay la phat ng[J tirhay phat thanh tirvi n6 thtreng dung dftu ciiu (hay do~n cau) va chi c6
a
La tu trq giup cho tu. cho cac bo ph~n cua ciiu, ho~c cho d ciiu, trq tlr thtreng dt1ng sau tlr ho:;ic bo ph~n rna n6 trq giup. - Trong tnr&ng hqp trq giup cho ttr ho~c cho mot bo ph~n cua cau, trq tu thueng dt1ng sau tu ho:;ic bo pMn rna n6 trq giup. - Trong tmcmg hqp trq giup cho d ciiu. trq ttr c6 thi dt1ng dftu,
agiG-a hay acu6i ciiu. (I) Trq gitip cho m9t b9 ph4n ctla c5u:
a
174
TRAN VAN CHANH
- ~~ -ill ,
~8 OJ W ~
gif EA~
-
175
roAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
m
Tu d5, thuy kha dii ng6n Thi d1 hi.
57
Ch/ c6 anh Ttf m6i c6 the' cung ban bpc vt# Thi (Lupn ngtl) (trq giup cho chu ngii) .
- Jt ~¥ ~ tzo -ill
~
Van tt! xfm nhudii.
Van [Lr lh4l FrY rang (Sii kj) (trq giup vi ngii). : -;:~:: f*
- ~ IIJ
J I \ \
T
r-Ei I. ~ ~ ~~
, mn
-ill o ±. 11~ !lf! 1M
'*
z
±ill o JN 1&
~
K. o
Huynh, phi trung da. Sinh 11 ti thap chi oja. Phuc h~u hfru quang. B~ Fs~ ' !it 1Jz ~ ~ _t ' f)!& ;'t F,(J Van gian, thuong kien thuy bien thao thli0ng, vi quang thi6m
·r~·::};;
*
~ !E •fnl
if
>t -& o
thu'oc, khu lai v6 oinh, tU'c huynh quang da.
Bai nhien h<;1 vu.
sdm s4p d6?mtfa (M.anh rt}J (trq giup cho trang ngii). (2) TrQ' giup cho d cfiu:
~
.
, 7\. W! 1t~ ~?f.
Duy th~p hiiu tam nien xufm,
d~i
h(>i u M<;1nh Tan.
Mua xufin n.im thtf mwi ba, vua h9i cac chu h!Ju d M.anh Tfin ( Thuc;ng thtlj. b) D~t & giiia cfw (ngii trung trq tu):
- ~~f:k~ Tu~ van thu hi
Tn}i dii vao lhu (Ti
nJ M(JI Huynh ~ (16 net, b(> :E_): condom dc5m-Da
a) D~t &dftu cau (ngii thu trq tu):
- ·l'i + ~ -=- 4
~
HUYNH
truy~n).
c) D~t & cu6i cftu (ngii m~t trq tu):
- DJ/f·I~W? Kha bfrt th~n du?
C6 rhe'kh6ng th4n tr9ng duvc u? (Sii ky).
-ill (3
net, b(> 0 ): l'QY (tr(/ tu)-l.J 15~ (8 net, b(> jj): iJ (giui tu)-Ti _Elf! (8 net, b(> +) : tha]J-Tha'p 1M (13 net, be) ~ ): dm uut-Dia ±ill (6 net, b(> ±): a(ft. khu v(fc-Phuc IN (13 net, bQ jj): bz,tng-Bien ~ (19 net, bQ }__ ): ho song- Thao ~ (I 0 net, b(> -++-): co- Vi f)!& (13 net, b(> 1 ): nh(;lf, nho nhen- Thiim F,(J (I() net, bQ F~): (anh sang) nha]J nhay, la/J lanh- Thu'oc ~ ( 19 net, b(> ')\J: la]J lanh-D inh ;E (8 net, b(> ,_.,_. ): yen li;ing, dung yen- Tuc E!D (7 net, b(> p ): chinh la. D!CH NGH[A Dom dom Dom d6m Ia con trung bie't hay. Sinh ra iJ nui tha/J va tfm uut. Sau bz,tng c6 cha't sdnfr Bubi to'i, thuong tren nhilng clam co ben bo nuuc, anh sang nh(,lf nhap nhay di lf,li kh6ng yen, ( d6) chinh Ia
cha't sang cua dom d6m vqy. NG{J PHA.P 0
-t!1
(da) Ht tr0 tu cuoi diu dung d6 dinh ngh1a
ho~c d6
176
TRAN VAN CHANH
bi~u thj ngG' khi xac djnh, c6 th~ djch Ia "v~y", ho~c kh6ng djch:
_
!i/f • ]ff ~-t!1 (Huynh, phi trung dii) Dom d6m Ia con
trung hilt bay.
- ~~$
TOAN THU n,J HQC CHU HAN
177
u
song, ho(ic Ia\· gie'ng ( Bai 70). _ ~fltm15~±ili (S6 cam h;tc ti uja) Vai trdi cam wi xuo'ng da't (Bai 73).
w
1?:9~ •J:J.N~~w' ~~.L-j_oq~m (fat suat hG'u tu si, chan si phat thanh, phi dT kh
1i
58
"'*
~6
_ tiA WJ~~- hz: • NDf'~t'rmm (C6
nhan xung tue han tam hG'u, tuc tung, true, mai dii) Ngui/i xua gQi ba nguifi bc;m khi trifi !t:;mh, chinh La tung, true, mai vqy (Bai 75).
_ 1~~~-~ • OJ~~t-t!1
(SU' cac t~p nhat ngh~, kha vi phap dii) Cho m6i nguifi h9c m9t ngh~, (vi¢c d6) dang lam khuon mdu vt;ly (Bai 76). _ rll5ctiBZ.ili?~ • OJUfJ¥1?:9}J-t!1(Co thj nh~t chi xuat m()t, kha d) bi~n tu phu'dng dii) Vl the' nhin m{jt trifi mQC va /(in, CO thi phan bi¢t du(Jc bo'n phuong (Bai 79).
_ llt?9: .§} Z~-t!1 (Thll' nhG' than
chi a nh dii) D6 La bong cua
than nguifi em (Bai 80).
_ 1ft~±ililll Z.§~-t!1 (Thll' giai dia vien chi chung dii) D6 d2u La b!ing chang v~ trdi da't trim ( Bai 84).
- ~tEJi5¥F!f~ztj! ' mH>*'§/f~~m (Tuy Cu' thanh bfrn chi canh, nhi tam vj thuong bat an l<;tc dii) Tuy song trong' cdnh thanh bdn ma long chua tung chdng an 1•ui vqy ( Bai 113). 6 ho~c
1t: (ti)
m;t: l:;-
TATSUAT
t:k ~ • 1i ~ ~$ u,~ 15~ Mli T o ~ Fo~ 1L$ El : u-~ ~$ Thud
hoi hr!i-Si ~ ( 10 net, b0 ~~): cdnh (loai chim)-Chan j:J.N (10 net, be) :f ): rung di)ng-Phat ~ ( 12 net, b0 9 "'- ): n6?i dqy, phdt ra-Phi ~~ (8 net, b0 ~~): chdng phai, khong phai.
Ia gidi tu dung d~ neu len b6 ngG' chi noi chon
thai gian:
_ ~15~ *~AAZ±ili (Sinh ti ti thap chi dja) Sinh ra ;; noi tha]J l'(f (im uot. _ ~'T15~#1i$
(TrG' zi blnh trung) Chaa (j trong binh (Bai 59).
_ W::~Z.1J~ • ~Jf'X15~i"PJ • ~Jf'X15~# (Am thl!c chi thuy, ho~c thu zt ha, ho~c thu zi tinh) Nuoc dung cti an u6ng, hoijc la:v I'!
D!CH NGHiA Con de' Dem thu, c6 dl keu duoi bile tu/mg. Em Jrai hoi chj rling: "Mi¢ng con de' nhd, (the' mel) tieng keu kha ldn, tC;Ji sao the'?" Chi
u
TRAN VAN CHANH
178
trd 1/ti rdng: "Con de' c6 bo'n cdnh, rung cdnhphdt ra tie'ng, (chu) kh6ng phai keu bling mi~ng".
NGU PHAP o ~W (pha) la ph6 tu
_ tJN ~~~ ' JF 1-:.ZDU.~t!L
(Chan si phat thanh, phi dl khfiu minh da) Rung cdnh phdt ra tie'ng, ( chu) khong phdi keu
bling nzi~ng.
_ r~F~, , ~~O~,Z~? (Ttl' phi ngu, an tri ngu chi l<:1c?) Ong khong phdi Ia cd, lam sao biei dutJc ni~m vui ciia cd? (Trang ttl: Thu thiiy).
'*
Ctiy qui D!CH NGHlA Trong san trbng que: fa n6 /uon mau ll:f.C. Mua thu no hoa, hoijc vang thdm, ho(ic l'ang nhqt. M6i khi g(ip con gi6 nhf, huang nbng dtjp vao mii.i, m9i nguiJi d~u yeu thich. Hoa rf.:lng, lfi~v cti tr¢n v6'i ctu·ong, chua trong l9, tuy lau ngay ma huang vdn con nbng.
59
nghla "moi lfrn, moi khi", d~t truck d()ng tu (so sanh voi each
fi QUE
dung chu m6i ci de bai 62, 67 va 69): _ fjj~ft;!z@l ' 1/l~tl4 (M6i ng() vi phong, nung huang phac ti) M6i khi gijp con gi6 nhf, huang nbng d()p vao mii.i.
z
r.u
TU MOl Que' fi (b() *): cav qul-LQC ~ (b() *): mau ll:f.C (mau do xanh P6'i Pang htJp thanh)-D~m 1~ (b() ~ ): lqt, nhqt-Ngf) ~ (b() }___): gijp gu-Ni:mg 1/1 (b() ~ ): nbng, dtjm (trdi v6'i d~vn)-Phac tl (b() t ): ddnh khe-Ham (b() xJ: d~u (ph6 tt.l)-A.i ~ (b0 ,~,): yeu-Hoa :fO (b() 0): tr(Jn !6.n 1'6'i-Dtiong mf (b() *): cha't ngQt, du(/ng-Tru ~r(b() ~): chua ca't-Tuy !Rff (b() 'ft): du (lien ti:t)Lich Jf1 (b0 r): trdi qua-Nhi ffi] (b() ffi]): the' ma (lien tu)-Do 1~· (b() 1 ): hiiy con, l'dn con-Li~t 7.!~ (b() , .. .): mqnh, nbng.
NGU PHAP 0 (mfii) trong bai hQC tren OUQC dung nhu ph6 tu, voi
'*
rm
179
w
w
:rr '
]}! ~ fl fi ' ;!=t ~ *~ 0 fj( ffiJ l}fJ Dlnh trung chLing que', ky di~p thuong ll,lc. Thu thai khai hoa, nt'; '7:(: nt'; '* ~ -tr "'= 'Ell '!!Jir [;1';1 '111l 21'5: B"t !:'.)(. ?* ' .9)(, 'f:x. o fB: .i0I f1~;. 1!\ ' 'ffffi. s r~ ho~c tham , hoac dam hoang. Moi ng() vi phong, nung huang phac 4 ,A JC&. ~ o :tt ¥% , JfX J;J :to tm , ~J n~ fl=li r:? , ti, nhan ham ai chi. Hoa l<;lC, thu dl hoa duong, tru u blnh trung,
1EtE ~rr 7-.. ~ 1~ tuy ljch ctl'u nhi hudng do
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
o
li~t.
_ fB: ~'if
e 1~ ~ ' £' Jt ~ ;l=t ~ (Ma u ke m6i dac thtfc, tat
tien hoan ky s6) Ga mr; m6i khi kieln dutJc thuc an, tru6'c hit ta't
g9i ga con (Bai 66).
6 frt. (ham) Ia ph6 tu, nghla Ia "d~u": (Nhan hizm ai chi) M9i nguiJi d~u yeu thich n6.
_ A.roX~Z
TRAN VAN CHANH
178
trd lai rling: "Con de' c6 bo'n cdnh, rung cdnh phdt ra tie'ng, (chu)
ruM6I Q ue'
kh6ng phd i ke u bling mif ng ".
179
roAN THU Tlj HQC CHU HAN
t!
(bQ *): cdv que'-LQc
*fl<. (b(> fTd: milU
l~c (mau do
xanh vai vang hQ'p thanh)-D~m ¥~ (b<) { ): lc;zt, nhqt-NgC, ~ (bQ
m
NGO PHAP 0 ~~ (pha) Ia ph6 tu cH,it trvdc hlnh dung tu, co th~ dich
]___): gi;ip gu-Nimg 1~ (b(> { ): n6ng, clqm (trdi vai dc;zm)-Phac (b(> 1 ): dcinh khe-Ham ~ (b(> j(J: d~u (ph6 tU')-Ai ~ (b<) {,,):
"kha, tVting do\ rat" : _ u,~ry£~~* (Minh thanh plui dl,li) Tie'ng keu kha fan. _ *JT M~~ ~ (Tan van pha da) Tin tuc khd nhi~u. _ ~~~ (Pha cuu) Khd ldu (tu®g do'i ldu).
reu-Hoa ;fO (b(> D): tr(m ldn l'(Ji-Du'ong ~ (b<) *): chd't ngQt, ctu(/ng- Tru ~T (b(> ~): chua ca't- Tuy SltE (b<) it): du (lien tU'JLjch Iff (b<) }): trdi qua-Nhi 7fij (b<) [fij): the' ma (lien tU')-Do 1f1· (bQ
6 ~F (phi) Ia ph6 tu phu d!nh, c6 nghia "khong phai Ia, ch~ng phai Ia ":
_ tffi ~~ry£ ' ~F .[..)DU.~ill (Chan sf phat thanh, phi di khftu minh da) Rung cdnh phdt ra tilng, ( chu) kh6ng phdi keu bdng mifng.
_ r~FJP, '
~~DJP,L~? (Tu phi ngv, an tri ngv chi l?c?) Ong khong phdi Ia cd, lam sao bier du(/c ni~m vui cua ca? (Trang
til: Thu thuy).
m 59
t! QUE &I
$
f!
t!, ~ ~
m
*fl<. of:k 1B i7fJ 1t,
£Yinh trung chung que', ky di~p thVong ll;lc. Thu thai khai hoa, Q)G i* , QX: ¥JR. ~ o £J ~ ftJ 1114 ~ ho~c tham, ho?c d<;1m hoang. Moi ng(> vi phong, nung hVong phac
*
m,
4 ,A Jt&.
~
Z o 1t
m: ,Jf~
1) ;fO
~ , ~r 15~
ttli
$ ,
tj, nhan ham ai chi. Hoa l<;lC, thu di hoa dVong, trG' v blnh trung, !Ett ~ :A ~ 1~ o tuy l!ch cliu nhi hVong do li~t.
rm
r.u
1 ): hiiy con,
l•dn con-Li~t ?.~~ (bQ ""): mc;znh, n6ng.
Oiy qui D!CH NGHiA Trang san tr6ng que: Ia m5 lu6n mau l~c. Mua thu nil hoa, hoi;ic vang thdm, hoi;i.c I'Gng nh(Jt. M6i khi gi;i.p C(}/1 gi6 nhf, huang n6ng c1qp viw miii, mQi nguifi d~u veu thich. Hoa r~ng, la~v eli tr9n vai ctu·ifng, chua trong lQ, tu_v ldu ngay ma hu®g win con n6ng .
NG O PHAP 0 fjj (m6i) trong bai hQc tren dV<;5c dung nhv ph6 tu, vdi nghia "moi lftn, moi khi", d~t trVck d<)ng tu (so sanh vdi each dun g chG' m6i ci de bai 62, 67 va 69): _ ~~f]\'J@l ' 1~~m4 (M6i ng<) vi phong, nung hvong ph ac ti) M6i khi gi;i.p cun gi6 nhf, huang n6ng clqp vao miii. _ iE:*l ~fll} ~ ' £'7t~~W (Mau ke m6i d~c thtfc, tat ti e n hoan ky s6) Ga mf m6i khi kilm duQ'c thuc an, truc!c hit td't g9 i ga con (Bai 66).
6 M. (ham) Ia ph6 tu, nghla Ht - A!9X.~Z (Nhan hiun ai chi)
"d~u":
MQi nguifi d~u yeu thich m5.
TRAN VAN CHANH
180
_ ~~J;Jgl(:~ (Uio thieu ham t~p) Tctt eel gill tre ct~u lf:l t
H
(tuy) Ia lien tu bitiu thj nhLr(jng b(), djch Ia "du, cho
du, tuy": _ ~f:E~~iffi;g=1®?.~{ (Tuy ljch cli'u nhi hLrdng do li~t) Tuy /au ngay nul huang win con nrJng.
_ ~f£~1~~Z.t.l ' iffi{,'*~7f 37:~ -ti2 (Tuy cu thanh bdn chi canh, nhi tam vj thut'1ng bat an lac da) Tuy so'ng trong cdnh thanh bc1n ma long chua ti:lng chdng an
1•ui 1'(lY
ngtly mc'r hurJng vdn con ndng.
- 7f*'Jiffi[P] (Bat L(OC nhi c16ng) Kh/Jng h(/n ma nen. _ ~~iffi1'f ~ (V6 kh nlzi hG'u h<,ti) Kh6ng l(!i ma con c6 hgi. f:f~iJiffi~~-
(HG'u ky danh nhi vt) ky thtfc) Cr5 danh
ma kh6ng c6 thi/C ( c6 tiing nhung khong cr5 mie'ng).
m 60
•
LIEM ~
z F.S m,
OJ .L-J.
~~
v.J
71- ,
~.§.
tJ<
~
o
~
s~
Liem chi vi dt,~ng, kha dT each n<)i ngo<:J.i, tr() h6i tr~n. H<:J. thai ~ tJ ~ o ~ s~ ~ ~ viem nhi~t, dt,~ng liem dT te nh~t. D6ng thc'1i nghiem han, dt,~ng ~ ~ o rl15( r~ .P , r11 , iii , -'E§- OJ o liem dT ngtf phong. Co mon, he), song, du, giai kha dt,mg liem.
* ,m
• u
•
a
,
181
Tl) MOl Liem ~· (bQ kk ): hue mclnh nu1nh bling tre, brJc rem; ttfm remeach jj~ (b<) ~ ): ngan ro-TrO' 13.§. (b() ~ ): can tro, ngan lgi, chdnHoi 17<. (b() )\J: tro- Triin ~ (b() ±>: hf:li b(im- Viem ~ (b<) }(): m5ng-Nhi«%t ~(be) ,,. ,): mlng-Te m5c (b0 ++-) : che Ui/J di-Nghiem ffi (b() 0): ng(ft, huo't-Han ~ (b() ,_.,_,.): lgnh, ret-Ngtj ~ (b<) /J\): ngtin lqi, cho'ng /gi-HQ p (bQ p): cU:a m9t ccinh, ctia ccii-Dii fti (b() }=t): ctia so?.
(Hcli 113).
0 rffi (nhi) trong bai Ia lien tu utmg u0 bitiu thj y nghjch lai, thuong c6 thti djch Ia "nhung, ma ": _ ~f:E~~iffiW1®?.U (Tuy ljch cli'u nhi hLrdng do li~t) Tuy 1/iu
_
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CH(/ HAN
,m m•
Bti:c rem D!CH NGHiA Rue rem ctur;c dLing, cr5 thi ngcln trong ngoai, chdn tro bf;li. Mua h« m5ng m!c, dung rem af che m('it trai. Mua dong lgnh bu//t, dung rem eli ngan girl. VI the' ctia ccii 1·a ctia so' d~u c6 thi dung rem. NGU PHAP
+ Cdch di'tng lrfl tic z
(chi) Z (chi) Ia m()t hu tu rat th6ng dt,mg cua Van ngon. ChG' (chi) trong bai h<)C tren OUQC dung nhu tr<.;i tu uti noi ket chu ngG' voi vj ngG', thu tieu tinh d<)c l~p cua cau, bien ct,~m chu vj thanh m()t thanh phfrn cua cau phl"tc. Thi dt,~: _ 1Jt Z FSJ=H ' OJ .1-)r~ VJJ~ , 13.§. M~ (Liem chi vi dt,~ng, kha dT each n<)i ngo;,ti, tr
z
ngan trong ngoai. chdn tro bf;li (trong diu na.r, "liem chi l'i df;lng" tro thanh thanh ph!m chu ngii). - W.x fB:Z.~-1-~ ~ (DG' phu mau chi ai tlr YO di) Khong khcic gl cha mf! thuang con ( Bai 66 ). _ ~i~tJt 8 zte?9: ' OJ .l-)fJ¥1Z.9:1J-ti2 (Co thi nh~t chi xuat m<)t, kha di bi~n tu phuong da) VI thi nhln m(it trai nU?C va I(in, cr5 thi phan bi~ t du(!c bo'n phurJng (Bel i 79 ).
w
-
182
TRAN VAN CHANH
61
1X
183
~
ac hiw hb'?) Con hav con mijc do don, khong bie't lt;mh sao? g $-tf.~;fi ( D~ nien tlut(fng tri) Em trai tulfi con nho ( Bai 1
y
68).
JB:
~ M~
A. ~ , HJ B : u- ~
r6J
~
¥
~ ,~
Trang nhi tuong nh;1ip hQc, mau viet:"Nhi thu<._'in g truck don y, bat
:W ~ -¥ ? A
z 1X ~~ '
!EJ ~ ~ fffi ~ ,~ B 7:.
giac han h6? Nhan chi y phl)c, nhan han thlr nhi dj , kim nh?t thien ¥*, OJ~ 31<: 1X_.n ~ B: u-~if.n o ~ ~ ?xfffi t±l o Iuong, kha djch giap y". Nhi viet: "N~c". To<,J.i dich y nhi xuat.
@
3f (h6)
Ia trQ tu cuoi cau dung d~ ho i, thuong c6 th~ djch
Ia "chang?, sao?, kh6ng?", ho~c d6i
_
khi kh6ng djch: ~~ ~-* :;& '/f:W~-¥? (Nhi thuc;lng truoc dan y, bat
giac hiw hb'?) Con hiiy con mijc do don , khong bitt lg_nh sao? _ t§.B : r,m9;o:1Jrt=D-¥? CT6 viet: Nhi tri phuong huang h6'?) Ong n9i n6i: Chdu c6 bie't phuong hut'!ng khong ? (Bai 79).
TU MOl
Trang jfr (b() -H-): h9 Trang- Thu'Q'ng fSj (b() ~/ ): hay conTru'oc ~ (b() -H-): mijc do-Dan (don)¥ (b() 0): dun, chie'c-Giac :W (bQ ~): bie't, cdm thay-H6 -¥ (b() ) ): tr(f tu, dtjt cu(/i m9t ciiu nghi van-Ph1;1c ~~ (bQ ~ ): qudn do-Nhan IE] (bQ 0): do, tuy theoThti ~ (b() B): ndng-Kim ~ (b() A): nay, hom nay -Lu'dng ~g (bQ ~ ): mdt-Djch ~ (b() B): thay do'i-Giap 31<: (bQ -}IJ: hai LOp, kep-N~c ~if (b() ~): vang-To:;.i ~ (b() L 12net): r6i, ben (ph6 ru). Chile ao Be Trang sdp vao h9c. Mf n6i: "Con hay con mijc do don, khong hilt lr;mh sao? Qudn do cua con nguifi tuy thea lr,mh n6ng ma khdc nhau. Hom nay trifi mat, con nen thay do kep". Be ddp: "Vang". Ben thay do ma di ra. D!CH NGHlA
NCO PHAP
0 [6j (thu'Q'ng) Ia ph6 tu, dich nghia "con, van con, hay con" :
_ ~rED~¥ 1X
>/fit~-¥? (Nhi thzt(fng truoc dan y, bfrt
~
!2SJ (nhan) Ia
gioi tu c6 nghia "do, tuy theo": AZ.?x~~ , IE]~~fffi~ (Nhan chi y phl)c, nhiin han thlr nhi di) Qu&n do ciia con nguifi do (tuy thea) lg_nh n6ng ma khdc nhau. 0 ffij (nhi) Ia lien tu bi~u thj slf thua tiep, cho biet phuong thU'c, ly do cua d(mg t<'ic ho~c hanh vi, thu'ong c6 th~ djch la "rna ,
r6i":
_!El~*~-rm~
(Nhan han thlr nhi dj) Do (tuy thea) lg_nh
n6ng ma khdc nhau. _ ~~tx_ffi]t]j (To<,J.i djch y nhi xuat) Bfm thay do ma (rbi) di ra. - t~ ffij ~~z (Trich nhi chli thlfc chi) Hdi rbi na'u va an no (Bai 63). _ {t~~ffij ~ (Khuynh h6 nhi tuy) DfJc b&u ru(fu ma uo'ng say. 0 ~ (to~i) thuong duoc coi la ph6 tu dung d~ bi~u thj ket qua, c6 th~ dich "the r6i, do~n. ben": - ~~:t(ffijt]j (To(li dich y nhi xuat) Ben thay do ma di ra. - ~~B~±g:f{ (To(li an thai b6i du'ong) Ben thea thai ma
184
~
\'Un bbi nuoi duang (Bai 63).
_ -BjB~fi3~ • 5Ltfj~ • ll'lJ~~?liiU~UM6i van gian, huynh chieu <1~. a6ng (C)a on kh6a) M/Ji hu6'i tffi, anh vJy em lc;Ii, cung
m
nf,?(1i on he/ i ( !Jd i ()8 ).
62
~ 1ffl SAI TAO
a !f. (tao) Ia
+
@. Z 9=' • ?f Wl B fl • 1i fi5 A o ~)?: ffi 8 Phong oc chi trung, 6 ue nh?t tfch, bat nghi cu nhan. Co moi nhat
m
¥ ~ . £,
m
w 1ffl
±m 1ffl a~ , 7t o
tao khc1i, tat dt,mg tniu tao clja. Tao th<'1i, 13< ~ /f :t~ 0 hoi trftn bat duong.
W~n
L-:J 1J<:
7£1
z .~'i
(b()
S(fm.
? ):
w
@ £\(t at)
:m
D!CH NGHiA Ray mtuc quet dpn Trang nha, nhflng db do ba?n nu5i ngay m9t chat chua, khiJnf? hc;p vai nguoi iJ. VI the' mJi ngay d(IY sam, phdi dung ch6'i quit m(it da't. Khi quer, tntac he't la:v nur!c rdy, thi tro b~i khong bar len. NGO PHAP
ph6 tu bi€u thj
Slf tat nhien, djch nghTa "at, at
m{it d(It. _ -l]:r;t£l1~:ft, ·£~7t~~W (Mau ke moi clac tht.fc, tat tien hmi n ky sc'\) Ga mt: mr3i khi kiem dU'(IC thUc an, tntrfc h{t t({t phai g9 i ga con ( Bai o6).
cl?t truck danh tu, c6 th€ djch Ia "moi, moi m()t, tUng, mQi" (so sanh voi chu ffj (moi] Ia ph6 tu c1 bai 59):
7t (tie n) Ia
ph6 tu lam tr~ng ngu, c6 nghTa "truck, truoc het" , cl i;i t tnJoc cl()ng tu:
0
_ fffi=
8~
thuy sa i chi,
• Jtl-J 1j<: 7~Z • ~lj;l)<~/f
m(Tao
thoi, tien
dT
rae hoi tran bat duc1ng) Khi quit, truac he't ta:v nuac
ray, th i f ro b~i khr'5ng hay len.
_ BJ:r;t£J1~:ft • ,£,7t~~W (Mau ke moi dac thlfc, tat hoa n ky s6) Ga m~ m6i khi kiem duc;c thuc an, tntac he't ta't
tien phdi g9 i ga con ( Bai 66).
0 ffj (m6i) Ia cl~i tu bi€u thj Slf tn,Ic chi a€ chi tung cai m() t,
_ ffj 8 Ef!.~ (M6i nh?t tao khdi) M6i ngay dgy sam.
Ia
phai , at se, tat": _ ~)l:fij El _If!-~ • ,£,R=l wtm±ill Co moi nh~t tao khc1i, tat dt,mg tni u tao clia) VI the' m6i ngay dgy S(fm, phdi dung ch6'i quet
rdy nuac- Tao 1ffl (bQ :J ): quet-Phong JJj (b<) p): bubng-0 ?f (b() ? ): da, nhap nhua, bt/n thlu-Ue f~ (b() 51(): nhap nhua- Tfch fl (b() ~): ch(ft chua, dbn l9i-Nghi :§: (b() ~): thlch nghi, thich hc;p- Tniu (be) rtJ ): cay chdi-Du'o'ng (bQ :J ): dgy len, ca't len, bay len.
7£1
danh tu dung nhu ph6 tu lam tr~.tng ngu, cGng
voi ng hTa Ia "sdm": £l8Ef!.~ (Moi nh~t tao khc1i) MJi ngay d(iy
dT thuy sai chi, tile
T£) MOl Sai
185
y()AN THli TV HQC CH U HAN
0 ~U (t:i c) Ia lien tu, thuong dich Ia "thl", c1€ bi€u thi ket
qua :
- :tffi= ~ ')tJ;J 1J<:
7£1z • ~ljt3(~/fr~(Tao
thoi, tien
dl
thuy sa i chi , tile h6i tdn bat duc1ng) Khi quet, tru(/c he't ta:v nuac
186
TRAN VAN CHANH
rdy, thi tro bl-{i kh6nt? bay len.
_ ~ ~ Fo~ '
z(
!'l!J ~f ~ Kh
_ ·Jt
nu:~c
i.Y ¥~ ~!J ::IF~ (Duy sa m(,lc tdc bat nhien) Chl c6 sa thi khang nhu the' (Bai 92).
m D
--'-L-
CHUNG DAU
*
TU M(JJ D~u R (b<) _II): cay dQ.u, ht?t clQ.u-Ky ~ (b<) t, ): bao lau-Nha ?f (bQ -++-): mdm cay-An ft (b<) :f ): can eli, cb;ta theo-B6i ±g: (b<)
l5z (b<) J ): ma:v,
~
(b() }__ ): vLf(Jt qua, vur;t hon.
DJCH NGHiA Trdng dt].u Be Hoimt? tr6ng cay dQ.u trong vuiln. Chdng bao lau, (d(iu) ndv nuim. (Be) mung !dm. Ben theo tlu!i mil vun bJi nuai du·iJng. Ml(v thcing sau, (cay d(lu) no hoa, ke't trdi. (Be Hoang) hdi r6i mfu cln. N6i rling: "f)6 Ia nhilng trai tai c6 clu(Jc nlu! stlc kh6 nhqc, nen (tai) cam thifv ngon h(Jn blnh thuilng ". NCO PHAP 0 (chi) trong nhG'ng tnrong h<;1p sau day du'Qc dung nhu' mot d<:li tu chi thi d~ thay the va chi' l<:li nhG'ng ngu'oi ho~c su' v~t da neu ra d truck (so sanh voi !chi] a bai 60), va thu'ong c6 th~ dich Ia "n6, c.16, c.1i~u do, di~u ay, cai ay ... ": _ j[ii!jffi];W ~z Trich nhi chU' thtfc chi) Hdi r6i na'u va iin n6.
z
Ji ~ fj R II] r:j:J o *~•§It ~ o :l\ ~o~ Hoang nhi chung d~u vien trung. Vi ky, phat nha. D<:1i hi. To<:ti tt ~ ±g: It 0 l5z J=j 1& ' 1m 1t *5 ~ 0 jiliij ffiJ 1t an thoi b6i du'ong. S6 nguy~t h?u, khai hoa ket giap. Trich nhi chU' ~ Z. o B : qJ:t -i§1J ?JT 1~ 13 ' jlj5z Jt ot ~ ~ thtfc chi. Viet: "ThU' ng6 lao ltfc sd d5c gia, co giac vi my du ~ {i1Jo thuong da ".
t5
vai-Ket (b<) *): h6a thanh trdi, ke't thanh-Gia p ~ (b<) -++-): qua clQ.u- Trfch :tliiii (b<) t ): hdi, be, ngdt lay-Chti ;W (be),,.,): na'u-Ngo -i§- (b<) 0): tai, ta-Lao ±): la:v cla't vun cay-Sd
Du
187
z
63
f!
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
*(be) 1J): kh6 nh9c-Sd pfj- (b<) p): tr(J tit ke't ca'u (xem Ngil phap, bai 77)- Vj ot (be) D): vj (do /u(/i ne'rn bie't)-My ~ (be) $): ngon-
(
_a ~t £J 1~~ , ~,7to~ ;!t ~ ;(5 ~m-::k ' ~1J 61Z
(Mau ke moi dac thtfc, tat tien hm1n ky s6. Nhu'QC ng0 mieu khuytin, t~n ltfc h<) chi) Gil m~ m6i khi kie'm clu(Jc thtlc an, truac he't ta't g9i ga con. Ne'u gijp meo, ch6 thl he't stlc che chiJ cho con ( Bai 66) (trong cau nay, chi chllt? i va tha\' the' cho ky s6 ). o
z
_7J'~ i~ 1~
o
tii 13~ ?f tvJ '
:X.~ ;j\~
o
~
Z
·~
¥3Z W]
(Thuy hG'u thanh trQc. TrQc gia da 6 v?t, htfu hG'u titiu trung. Am chi, di tri b~nh) Nu(Jc c6 trong, dl-(c. Nu(Jc d~:tc c6 nhi~u I'Qt do b!ln, lc;~i c6 nhilng con trung nho. Uo'ng n6 vao, dJ sinh ra b?nh ( Bai 70). - T ±. ~ ~ ' ft~ (Dinh sinh hG'u d~, th~m ai chi) T!'O Dinh c6 cltia em trai, tro ra't veu n6 (Bai 81 ). ~~~A, ~~~__t~, 21±Tt1zJ.g:z
z
188
TRAN VAN CHANH
khach nh~p. thlnh khach thu'(_ing tQa, ky t<,J.i h<:t vj b6i chi) /Je mai khach 1•ao. nu!i khach nf?bi ch/f tren, con minh thl d ch6 duoi tie/;
khach ( Bai 82) (trong diu nclv, khachJ. 6
Jl:t ( (thU')
z
(chi) chi l~1i
l'a
thay the' cho
Ia d<;1i tu chi thj, trong bai h9c tren c6 nghTa
"d61a": Jltg*:1JrJT1~~(T/ulng61ao llfc sd dac gia)D6la nhiinR thti toi c6 clu'(Jc nha sti·c kh6 nlu;c.
w 64
t
fftl
THAT DI$U NHAT
t Btl 8 1tf'El B Btl'El J=1 Btl•El ')( That di~u nh~t gia, viet nh~t di~u, viet nguy~t di~u. viet hoa Btl•El
JJ<. Btl• El
*
fftl•El
iz Btl• El ±
B~·
di~u, viet thuy di~u, viet m(>c di~u. viet kim di~u, viet th6 di~u,
~z-~ofl
~ B
vi chi nhat chu. Pham ng(> nh~t
B~z B·~
fX~
di~u chi nh~t, h9c hi~u giai
n!x
ph6ng H~
}.__): twin /J-Pham fL (b(> Jl): n6i chung, pham (di to .v rffng qudt)-Ph6ng 1J'X. (b(> :R ): huang tha rd-H~ 8~1 (b(> 8 ): thonf? thd, nhan h<'·
D!CH NGHiA Bay di?unhqt (bay ngay trong twin) Bay di~u nhf)t Ia: chu nhi)t (nhf)t difu), thu hai (nguyft difu) , thti ha (hoa di¢u), thU fL( (thuy di~u), thU nam (m()c difU), thtJ SUU (kim difu), thti bay (tho? difu), R9i Ia m9t twin. Pham g(ip ngay chil nh(lt, cdc truang h9c d~u dLt(JC nghl. NGO PHAP
B
189
roAN THLI n.J HOC CHU HAN
+ Cach dil.ng clu1 fL
(pham) fL (pham) Ia ph6 tu dung d~ bi~u thj slf t6ng quat, thuong c6 th~ dich Ia "pham, pham Ia, he , dc;ti khai, n6i chung": _ fl~ B~ZB '·~Hx~1Jj(B~(Pham ng(> nh~t di~u chi nh?t, hQc hi~u giai ph6ng h<;l) Pham RQP ngay chii nh(it, cdc
tntilnR h9c d~u dur;c nghl. _}L~ $.Ifn. ' ~/f~*J?. (Pham huu khi huyet, m~c bat ton than) Pham c6 cung dong mdu, khong ai La khong ton tr(mg nguai than ( Ba i 106).
w
o
ha.
65
Tl] MCJ/ Di~u B~ (b0
8 ):
*
anh sang m(it tn!i (a day "tha't difu" chl m(it trai, m(it trang va nam vl sao hda, thuy, m9c, kim, tho}M()c (b(> *): cay g6 (a day la ten m()t himh tinh, tuc M()c tinh hay sao Mqc)-Kim iz (b(> iz): vimg (a day La ten mqt hanh tinh, tuc Kim tinh hay sao Kim)- Th6 ± (b<) ±): cta't (a day La ten mqt hanh tinh, ttic Tluf tinh hay sao Tho)- Vj ~ (b(> § ): gQi la-Chu ~ (b(>
~ ~~ NGHlDAU
~ @
J=\
$ ,
tt ftr
I~
o -
B ,
Ji .
~ ~
NghT eli huy~t trung, tinh hieu dau. Nhat nh?t, hoang nghi hac
~
/JX
M
rm
tB o :§IJ ~!f! n~ !Y'~ iW , ~ ~
nghT thanh qufrn nhi xuat. Li~t tr~n u' giai tien, cac cu nhat
TRAN VAN CHANH
190
15•
~
3:.
$z o U
Pi~ll ~·~JE::f
phu'ong, ngh1 vu'ong suat chi. Quan ngh1 giai phan dau; chi
nr bat
~ 0
cac th~mh ph~n d6. Thi dl}:
- a!
thoai.
1
-B- w-=r- rPJ W3 w
Hi!Ng6 dfr tu d6ng b~nh nhi! Oif T6i v6i 6ng Jj hai nguiri d6ng b~nhf ( Phan B<)i Chau:
ru Mal
Nghi ~ (bQ ,:R): con kie'n-Dau ~~~ (bQ !10, ) : danh nhau-Tinh '1:1 (bQ '!' ): tinh (ban ch(it cua nf?U(fi hoijc v(it)-Hie'u ~T (bQ 'f;r:): ham
thich-Hiic ~ (bQ ~): mcLU den-Li~t ~lj (bQ iJ ): bay ra, dim- Tr~n ~!![ (b0 ~ ): tr4n (hinh the' qudn d()i khi danh nhau)-Giai W~ (b9 ~ ): bt!c th~m-Cu ~ (bQ t ): chie'm giu-Vu'dng 3:_ (bQ _:[): vuaSwl't $ (b9 :Q;): ddn, chl huy, cai qudn-Phan Jl (bQ --};:.): rang sac- Thoai
191
roAN THV Tl! HQC CHU HAN
~
(b9 L): lui .
Vier Nam vong qu6c sif). 2. Thfm tir c6 the': (1) Bi~u thi SlJ cam d<)ng, thli'011g x6t:
(2) Bi~u thi dau d&n: O!, §!,0~, '1'~- ~~-§*(hi), Oi:O!(y hi),
0,[%0-f (6 h6), -TO,& (vu ta) ... (3) (4)
Kiin ddnh nhau Kie'n iJ trong hang, tinh thich danh nhau. M()t hom, kiln vang, kiln den h9p thanh dan eli ra. Dan tr4n iJ tru(Jc bt!c th~m, m6i dan chilm gia m()t phucYng. Vua kiln chl huy dan kiln. Nhung con kiln d~u rang sac chiln da'u, dln che't khong lui.
D[CH NGHlA
at (y), OJ (hi), a& (ta) ...
Bi~u
thi n6ng
gii;tn:,~, 15'~, ~'
(6), PtQ&(sfrt ta) ...
Bi~u thi kinh ng(,lc, hoai nghi: O-f (h6), Of (hu) ...
•
(5) Bi~u thi tan t1:1ng: §!(hi,) 0,[%0-f (6 h6) ... (6) Bi~u thi oan hi;in ho~c ti~c nu6i: 0~ (hi),
at (ho<,1ch) ...
(7) Bi~u thi ph an d6i: OOJ (ha) ... (8) Bi~u thi keu goi: Of (hu),
a& (ta), §!(hi), : 6 : (tu) ...
(9) Bi~u thi tan thanh (dung trong diu d6i dap): ~(nhien),
Oi (duy), ~ (ni_ic), fm(d6), lfu (du) ...
NGO PHAP
m
THAN Tlf ll_i ~
66
£1:
~t MAUKE
1. Thfm tir: Than til cling la m9t lo<,1i tu bi~u thi tinh thai, dung d~ keu goi hay d~ b<)c 19 mQt tinh cam dQt ngQt phat ra tlr trong long. Than tu v6n kh6ng c6
y nghia Cl:l
th~, cling kh6ng c6 mQt SlJ
lien M tac d1:1ng nao v~ mi_it ngfr phap d6i v&i cac thanh ph~n khac trong diu va thtremg dtrQ'C Slr d1:1ng dQC li;ip (v~ m~t ngfr phap) v&i
a ~t ~~ ~P . ~ a
PX:
M au ke phu noan, s6 nh~t th~mh
~
~ WI o fJ: ~t ~ 1~
thuong vien ly. Mau ke moi dac
m ~ a t±l 1:r . o
*
s6. Tuy mau xuat h~mh, vj ~ • 'JC, 7t a~ ;!t W o :g: thl,l'c, tat tien hoan ky s6. Nhll'QC
TRAN VAN CHANH
192
~
Wi
7:. • ~ 1J ~~
z oW X
-ffJ:
z ~r
ngQ mieu khuy~n, t{Jn h.fc h0 chi. Du phl,l m~u chi ai
tit
1w. ~ o
chua ti!ng cr5 ai kh.6ng co be h~m matt! rninh. iam nen (Bai Ill).
vo di.
!Ji!(dt1) Ia gioi til, co nghTa "voi", trong bai dung d~ neu
@
H~n
TU M(JJ Ke ~t (b9
r ):
it): con ga-Phu Wf (bQ a/J trung-Noan ~D (b(l p ): trung-S6 ~ (b0 'ft): chim con- Tuy j)j (b0 ~ ): di theoThu'ong '§ (b0 0): ti!ng, c6 ldn-Ly ~ (bQ it): rai, lia-Hoan ~
doi
W. xffiz
slj so sanh, dung nhu 15~ (u) Cau ~ r~ ~ (Dil phl,l mau chi ai tit v6 dD co th~ viet
tU\5ng
gi cha mf thuong con. NGOPHAP 0 ~ (tuy) Ia gioi til co nghTa "thea, di theo, cung theo": _ f\i -ffJ: tb ff (Tily m~u xuat hanh) Theo mf di ra. _ ?~~-fitz-~ • f\i?_&:{f:~?/1E(Phiem thien chu chi nhat di~p, IllY ba nhi~m khu luu) Thd lenh denh mqt chi& thuy~n con, tuy (theo) song m(ic cho tr6i di hay a (Bai 115). _ 'l) ~ §. ~ • i)i !!\ ¥U llt (Tam nhuQc phu van, IllY phong dao thtt) Long nhu may n6?i, theo gi6 din day (Trfrn Thai tong: Thi~n tong chi nam tl/).
6
7K l'fi (v!
thu'ong) Ia ph6 til, dich nghTa "chua h~, chua
tung": _ *li~~(Vi 1/utdng vien ly) Chua tung rai xa. _ -§-A~ tit • 7K 1i 1W; ,El,Ej 1X ffiJ §g EJ JJX.13 (Ngo nhan xU' the, vi tlllldng YO bang huu nhi nang tlf thanh gia) Chung ta a diJi
cua
l~i
thanh 15~ XBZ ~ -Tfflr; ~ ho~c 1W; ~ 15~)(-ffJ:Z ~ nghTa Ia: kh.ang kh.dc gi cha mr;: thu'(fng con.
-T,
w
(bQ 0): gQi-HQ ~~ (bQ ;5): che cha. Gam~ D[CH NGHlA Ga m~ a/J trung, 1·ai ngay thanh ga con. (Ga con) theo mf di ra, chua tung rai xa. Ga mf m6i khi kie'm dur;c thuc an, tru(Jc he't ta't g9i ga con. Niu g(i_Jj meo, ch6 thi hit sue che cha, kh6ng khdc
193
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
67
~
cue ~
~ • & f;k i7fJ 7t " ~ trung chung cue, c~p thu khai hoa. Ky
** •
¥JI\¥ ~D ~D Vien bi~n nhu ty, nhu !1\ 0 ~ §, ~ j'i' ~ 8 ' 9)( ;fj{i' ~ ~J 0 fi triio. Ky sac ho~c hoang, hoi;ic b~ch, ho~c gia, ho~c h6ng. Chung ~ ® §7 ° '11 f!ijg 9} ; f®_ ;ffi ~st ~% ' 8 7t ~ l o~i toi da. Tfnh n~i han; nghiem suong ky giang, bach hoa linh 'l'i *1 ~ g 0 l<,tc, duy cue UQC th!nh.
n: '
~
fi
TRAN vAN CHANH
194
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
195
Tl) M6I
J]J: canh hoa- Trao JT\ (b<) 11\): nu)nf.? chan lodi ctim thu-Gia Mi (b(l $): mdu dd son-Lo~i ~ (bt) J:=["): loLii-N~i jlijt \b0 ,t): chju duQ'c-Linh ~ (bQ ffi): heo r~ng-Th!nh ~ (b<)
~ ~l(ky) Ia ph6 tu dung bitiu thi su' vi~c da xay ra . thu'ong
Bi~n ¥1Jl¥ (b<)
djch "da, r6i" : del roi xuffng.
w~ ~~J~ (Nghiem
ky
giang) Suang lt;mh
w
illl.): cd nhi~u. tuai t({t.
Ctic D[CH NGH!A Tr011f.? 1'L(i/ntr6ng cue, din mua thu nd hoa. NhiinJ.? cdnh hoa cua n6 J.?if{nJ? nhu trJ, nhu mr5ng. Sdc hoa ho(lc wing, ho(ic trdnf.?, hoijc dd , ho(ic hcJng. Chung loqi rdt nhiJu. Tinh cua cue chju cluQ'c lqnh ; khi su·ang da xu/{ng r6i thi trc7m hoa nri r~nf.? , chf cr5 hoa cue Iii rihiJ? l'(In tf/t tuui.
su'ting
68 ~~ ~ GIAO D~
5I
~ ~~ ~ '~ if-
r6J
ffE ' H ~ ltx o HJ B~ Fr3~ '
Hu ynh d~ d<)c thu', c:l~ nien thL(t.i ng trT, hieu du hi. Moi van gian, 5I tel ~ ' [P] ~ iEli §* 0 ~ ~ /f ~0 13 ' 5I {~\ huynh chieu c:l~, d6ng tQa on khoa. D~ huu bat tri gia, huynh tat
**
!;,_ ·~ # §I ~0 f}J tu'on g vj giai thich. Cuu chi, d~ di~c ttf tri din hQc hT.
khi":
TU M6I
_
~r:j:lfi*J
' JSH.kOO 1t (Vien trung ch{mg cue, cqp thu
khai hoa) Trang vuon tr6ng cue, cle'n mua thu nJ hoa. _&*-,®: '~'58 (C(tp t~t dG, thuy dT) Din khi kh6i h?nh, mdi thai ( Bili 81 ). _ &i:f.f~:&, 'X..f~A.*( Cqp nien sao trudng, huu su nh~p hQc) Din khi tu6'i hoi lrJn, lgi cho di h9c (Bdi 98).
6
fi
la
ph6 tu thu'ong d?t tru'oc hlnh dung tu o€ chi muc c:l(l rat cao v~ tinh chat, c6 th€ djch Ia "rat, nha't, htin d": _ fl ~ ~ :g, (Chung lo<:ti tol da) Gio'nf.? /ocli rc1't nhi~u. _ §I J;) ~ ®: ~ (Tt! dT vi tol hi~n) Tt! cho til gii)i han cd (TranJ? til: Thien ht;~). _ ®: (Tol c:l<:ti) Lan nhitt. (toi)
*
§T- ~ ~* f~
z
NGU PHAP 0 :& (c~p) Ia gidi tu, thu'ong dung d€ neu thoi gian th~(C hi~n d(lng tac ho?c xay ra tlnh huong, c6 nghTa "c:len luc , den
0
Giao ~~ (bQ ~ ): dqy db- Tri
ffE (b<)
0
:;f ): tre con-Chieu
tel
(b(l 1 ): vdy lgi-On ¥Eli (b<) { ): nhdc lt;~i, on lt;~i, xem lt;~i-Kh6a ~* (b(l §): hcli h()c-Ttfong §$ (b(l ~ ): ro rilng-V! ~ (b(l JT\): vi, cho (J.?irii tu)-Giai Wt (b<) f:I'3): Ri(inJ? cho ro-Thich t~ (b(l -*) : gidnJ.? cho ro-C§n f}j (b<) 1J ): nh9c /c)nf.? hit sue, cham, sieng nang-Hi ~ (bQ *): tr(f tL't (Xem Ngii phdp if chtai).
D{ly em J)[CH NGHlA Anh, em h9c tQp. Em tuifi con nht'), thich chrJi clua. Mbi buifi t/h, an.h v6y em l~ti, cung ng6i on bai. Ne'u em c6 cli~u gi khonf.? hi&'u, anh tc1't vi em J.?idi thfch rii rang. Lc1u ngay, em cunJ? It! hilt cham hqc.
TRAN VAN CHANH
196
NGU ?HAP 0 ~ (gia) trong bai hQc tren du<}c dung nhu m
- 5fH~f1'~D :13 ' ££,~¥ a~ltf~ ( D~ hffu bat tri giii, huynh tat tLfong vj giiii thich) Ne'u (h~) em c6 di2u gl khong hilu, thi anh tilt 1'1 em gidi thich ro rang (thi anh {(ft giai thich ro rang cho em). _ ~·M.:E-J-:13 , WT1.%lf~Wf? ( vo quan ttl' gia, tu yen thu tu? ) Nlu mtO'c L(J khong c6 nguoi quan tii, thi nguui Ia\· dau duc;c cai due quan ttl a:v? (Lu4n ngil).
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
197
0* (hi) Ia m(>t trQ tl! thuong dung cuoi cau d~ bi~u thj ngli khf kh~ ng djnh: _7._Z.·~?F§~Dib*-*(Ctiuchi.d~di~c tlf tri dn hQc hi) Ldu ngay, em cling fl/ biit cham hQc. _ ft BX 1= ' WT 1= ~ * (Nga d1,1c nhan, tu nhan chi hi) Ta muo'n due nhan, thi due nhan din v4y (Lu4n ngil: Thu4t nhi).
w
Lo
Ia gioi tu d~ neu len doi tt1\1ng thl,l nh~n 111Qt d(>ng tac ho~c h~mh vi do chu ngu thlfc hi~n, co th~ dich Ia "vi, cho". D6i tliQng th1,1 nh~n neu ra trong tan ngu cua ~ (vj) co th~ du<}c neu r6 ho~c tlnh ltiQC: _ ~~/f~Dft' ££,~f~~ltt'~ (D~ huu bat tri giii, huynh tat tuong vj giai thfch) Nlu (h~) em c6 di~u gi khong hiiu, th/ anh tii't l'i em gidi thich ro rang (thi anh tilt giai thich r6 rang cho em) (trong cau nay, nen hi~u sau chu vj c6 chu df : huynh tat tuong vj df giai thich; so sanh voi diu thi dl,l duoi). _~~~(.])($(Vi d~ giang co slf) K2' chuy~n cho em nghe (l'i em kl chuy~n) (Bai 81). _ ~ :13 ~ 15~ [2] it ftlj , ~ fr A §~dt ~ (Boc gia tQa u tu d<:tt chi cu, vj hanh nhan ngu httu cuu) C6 ong th6v b6i ng6i ch6 ngii tu duong, m)i chuv~n h9a phuc cho nhilng nguoi qua lc;zi (Bai .
/f
~
BATDAOONG
@ ~ (vD
z
69 {i~
*,
/f ft~ ~ , ~* {JJ 1t A o ft~ .§t ~£ , fA ft: · Bat dao 6ng, tr(;lng ttf lao nhan. Dfiu d<:ti, than doan, tu truong,
!!£ 3'to £f• § ' 0 ··~ :i:o _t '~ T £o phat ngoc. Nhl, m1,1c, khffu, tj giai toan. ThttQng khinh h<;1 trQng. 1--~ -¥ tl IIi {t~ IIi ~ 0 DT thu th6i chi, tuy dao tuy khCii.
z'
TlJ MCJI Dao {t~ (bQ 1 ): ngii xuo'ng- Tr~ng ~;\ (bQ ~ ): hinh dang- Ttf {JJ (b(> 1 ): gio'ng nhu-Dftu ~;'[ (b9 J[): d&u (ph6n tren hlt cua than hinh)-Than .§t (bQ .§f): minh, than-Doan ~£ (bQ ~): ngdn-Phat
3t (bQ 5K): trl;li, h6i-Khinh '~ (bQ lj[): TrQng £ (b9 liL): n¢ng-Thoi ti (bQ ;j= ): d(/v. ~ (bQ ~)): t6c-Ng6c
nh~
121 ). ~
z (chi) trong bai tren la m
d1,1ng ve mi:it ngu am: 7-..z ·~?F§~DfJJ* *
D!CH NGH[A Con lijt dijt Con l4t d4t (ong khong do?) (c6) hlnh dang gio'ng nhuong gia. D&u to, mlnh ngdn, rau dai, t6c trl;li. Tai, mdt, mi~ng, mlii d~u nguyen v~n. Phdn tren nh~, phdn du(Ji n(lng. Dung tay ddy n6, d6' r6i l{li d4y.
198
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU nJ HQC cHa HAN
199
w
NGUPHAP
+ Ccich dt'uzg ~ ... ~ ... ( tuy ... tuy ... )
71
c6 djnh dung d~ dien ta hai d()ng t
- 1\j {f~ ~~ (Tzly uao tzly khoi) VU'a n~li xulJ'ng I'll([ dung len.
_ ~ ~5?: 1\j§[, (Ttly thuyet ttly ky)
VU'a n6i vU'a ghi.
)'(
HOA ~ Z Duong sinh chi
fi
Slf,
bat kha nhat nh~t
*
t~ W ·~ , ~I= hoa. Dang du chuc, phi
8 1W; :)( o
vo
:)( /f Sfl o ~ W '~F :)( /f ¥A o J( ~ Z 8 ' hoa bat minh. Ph~n du thai, phi hoa bat th~IC. Thien han chi nh~t, r~ 11! ~~J , OJ ffl tJ ~ ~ o thi h1 than lo trung, hlfu kha t(,l dT nglf han.
w
w
70
*
.$ ,:;;r OJ -
x.
THUY
z
TU MCJI
*
~ ~ Jj' ' ~ ~)( ;fj~ iiJI 'BJG ~)( h~ # 1j 1~ Am thlfc chi thuy, ho~c thu u ha, ho~c thu u tin h. Thuy huu thanh rll o 1; 1:t ~ ?t to/J , 1j !J\ ~ ,~ ¥3z m trQC . Trqc gia ua 6 v~t, hlfu huu ti~u trung. Am chi, dj tri b~nh. ?J)( 7., ;ft m&' 1I 1~ Jj<. o Co phanh tra chti ph(,ln, nghi dt,~ng thanh thuy. 0
no
-x
"*
z
o
m
TU MCJI Tinh # (bQ =): cdi ~ie'ng- TrQc ill (bQ ? ): d~c. vtin-Di ~ (bQ 8 ): d~ dang- Tri i.!z: (b() "¥ ): dem l~1i, clua de'n, sinh ra-B~nh ffi] (b<) .("): dau o'm-Phanh ;7., (b<) ""): mtu chin-Nghi 1I (b(),...,...) nen. D[CH NGH!A
Nzt(/c Nuoc dung trong an uo'ng, hoijc lc(v iJ song, hoijc la:v iJ gie'ng. Nuoc c6 trong, d~c. Nuoc d~c c6 nhdu v
Dang j]: (b<) )'(): ccii den-Thai* (b<) -H-): rau-Thl;lc ~A (b()
""): (rul'u) chfn-Thieu 1~ (b() :}(): c76't-Than W (b() j'(): than-Lo ·)7! (b<) :}(): Ia /ua-T~ ffl (bQ -H-): trong c(iy vao, nhif vao. D[CH NGHiA Lila Vi~c nuai s(J'n~ khan~ thi nu)t nga.v khang c6 lua. Den va duo'c khan g c6 lila khong sdng. CO"m. va rau, ne'u khong c6 lila tht khang chin. Nhiing ngay trifi lfinh, d{/t than trong lo, IQi c6 thi
nhif c16 ct2' ch(J'n~ dut;~c {finh. NGU PHAP
+ Ccich dtlng ~F··· /f ...
(phi. .. baL.) ~~=··· /f (phi...ba't) la m()t each tht.Ic co djnh g6m hai ph6 tu phu djnhphi va bi{t, c6 th~ djch Ia "neu kh6ng ... th1 kh6ng ... ": _ m&W* '~!=:)( /fJlA (Ph?n du thai, phi hoa bflt tht,~c) CO"m. \'(l rau, ne'u khc)n~ c6 lila th/ khang chin. _ ~F Fo5 /f '@(Phi thu'ong bi{t phli) Niu khong buon bdn th£
TRAN VAN CHANH
200
khong lam giau dur;c.
_ .§:;~~7J<1
thuy ht)a biit sinh ho<;lt)Dan ne'u khong c6 nuoc va /U'a thi khong sinh so'ng dur;c (Mgnh ttl: TQn tam thur;ng).
m
201
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
NGU PHAP 0 ~ (thOi) Ia ph6 ttf, vdi nghia"thuong, thu'ong xuyen": _~*A; (Tiz(Ji hqc nhan ng6n) Thuilng h9c tie'ng nguui. _ §~{S B~tt~m)'~~ (Thinh quan tlzdi lie quan ngoa1 khach) Xin anh thulJng nh('! de'n nguui khach ngodi quan ai (Sftm Tham: Helm Co'c quan ca to'ng Luu Blnh 51! su· Quan Tay) .
72 ~.~ ll® ANHVO E.g _...,,
1...L.
!!!!13 ;11-'IS_ ' y:,"'J lt\.B
r'-1 Q
~-c;
Y,T iEL
@
B.:!;: 'T lli q:c
fllt.lo ' "1"3
=
" /\.
0
1=1
Gia thu'Qng anh vil, b<;tch mao h6ng chuy, thai hQc nhan ng6n.
~ ~
~
U: iffi
J: · $ J1\
*' *
~?f
tl
z
o
~.~
l1®
~, (ca'p) du'Qc dt111g nhu' ph6 tu Jam trang ngil', cl~t tru'dc
d()ng tu, nghia Ia "gap, v()i": _ ~ffi ,'e, ~ 1i, (Mieu cii}J d(>n khu) Con meo \'(!i tro'n di. _ ~, }[ !fi ~ d:; (Ciip dien y cli~u tr!) V<)i mui th!iy thuo'c
(1iJu tri (Bcli 107).
m
Hil'u mieu duyen trl;l nhi thu'ong, ell' trao tu'ong qu?c chi. Anh vil
• O'f EJ :
u-
~
~
.n
o
~
-=f ~
5f ~ :?t
o
73
kinh h6 viet: "Mieu lai, mieu lai". D6ng tll' van thanh xu chi. Z!± 43 ~E& +_ 0 -gl±:f ,l.!.l, JLE! A
IDiX
Gia ~ (b(>*): cai gia (d ~ ): long (d<)ng VQt)-Duyen ~ (b(> *):men thea, noi theo-Tn) :ff. (b(> *): cay c<)t cdi-Qui;ic tl (b(> :f ): v6 la~y-Xu ~ (b(> Jt:): chgy mauChi :?t (b(> :?t): de'n, toi-DQn ~ (b(> }.___): len tro'n di.
• m -t3 tf.i w: -r 1± 1~ ~ z , ~,
M<:ti cam gd clam khu6ng
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:A m, ~ m m11~ tm o £ nh~p tht, s6 cam l~c 11 dta. Nhat cl6ng :tiS tJ ~ • ffi o •
m tU' t<,ti h~u kie'n chi, cap th~p cam di hoan m~i cam giii. M<;ti cam :'!3 El : £ -=f ~ • ' OJ ~ {g.n olf~ m ¥~ z H"
m
m
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Con v~t D!CH NGHlA Con Vfl tren cdi gid, ( c6) long trdng, mo do, thuung hQC tie'ng nguui n6i. C6 con mea tr~o men len c<)t, gia m6ng djnh v6 ldy Vfl. Vft sr; hiii keu to rdng: "Mea toi, mea toi". Chu be nghe tie'ng, chr;Iy mau de'n. Mea v
~
THANH THVC DONG Tlf
Mieu cap d(>n khu.
TU MCJI
•
-=f /G ;y:_
0
D6ng tll' bat 'thlJ.
TU MCJI
~ Jf (b(> §, be) ,_.,_.): thanh thQt, thQt tha-M~i ft (b(> ~): ban-Cam f13" (b() :;t:): cay cam, trai cam-Dam tf.i (b(> :f ): vac tren vai, gdnh-Khuong g (b(> ~r~r): cdi gio tre-Th~p :J:Ei (b(> Thanh thtfc
202
TRAN VAN CHANH
1 ):
nh(it /c/:,·-Gia ~ (b() 0 ): khen ng(fi-Bao ¥~ (b() ±): dap, trd /qi-Tht;l ~ (ht} X): nhqn Ia:\'. D/CH NGHi/ 1 cq_u be th«.t tha Ngur!i bun cam \'clC gi() di l'clO ch(!. Mli:v trcii cam rrfi xu//nf!. (lctt . M()t c(iu he a phra sau tr/)ng thi(v. 1•(Ji nhnR nh
w QUA ~
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~
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Ng6 gia huu vien, bien chung
if-
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f§J ±g: 0
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khdp noi-Ung ~ ~ (b() *): chi chit-Man jjijfj (bQ ? ):
dch-Giao '~ (b<) .$:):so sdnh-Tien D!CH NGHiA
~ (u' )d~ bi~u thj noi
1X TAM HUU
a
'
&! M'
~ ~1 1*.1 1t , t~ t'J ]E o 5G Fo, :X Dlnh ti~n mai th1.,1 khai hoa, tung, true tjnh m~u. Nhi van ph1.,1 E1 : 0" ;ffi ~ ~ 1111 ~J ~ ;fr!J ~ ·1PJ l) :f3 ~ viet: "Su'ong tuyet chi thai, tha th1.,1 da kh6 l~c, ha dT tam gia d()c
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:;§ ? J ) ( E1 : o-!t '11 ~ ffiJt ~ ' 1111 ~ /f [P] 0 Bhii ?" Ph1,1 viet: "Ky tinh giai n~i han, du tha th1.,1 bat d6ng.
(b() *): trdi cay-Bien 1~ (b()
fk
Ia gidi til, dung nhu
f.i~~J (Bien
w
.
TU Mdl (b<) ±): vun x6i-Luy liiy
ffi (chu')
-
thu. C~p thuc, trfch nhi thlfc chi, giao mai chlf thj trung gia, vi ~ j L_,_ ,(B'i: ...+ 7-::. o
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1,m
75 0
lJU~i,
vlfu tien my.
dlf<;fc dung nhlf ph6 til lam
tr~ng ngu, vdi nghia Ia "kh~p, kh~p mii": chung qua th1.,1) Tr6ng khiip cdc log,i cay an trdi.
1t
nien chi gian, tien h~u
f§t
1,m {bien) (cling viet Ia ~)
th1.,1. B6i ung th~m dn. Nhat
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NGO PHAP
chon: t1~§~$$t3 •Dt}L ffa¥=- ~ (Giiio mai clui thj trung gia, vj vlfu tien my) So voi nhilng trdi ban iJ ch(l, vj ngon han.
~ VIEN
~
fj
203
Nha toi c6 vuifn, tr6nR khiip cdc log,i cay an trai. Vun xai ra't cham. Trang khodng m9t nam, (nhilng cay d6) trU(Jc sau (!tin lur;t) no hoa. Hoa n,mg, ke't thanh trai, chi chit ddy cay. De'n khi chin, hdi an, so wJi nhilng trdi mua iJ chr;, vj ngon han.
6
74 ~
roAN THV nJ HQC CHU HAN
ffAf (bQ
Vu{ffz trai
ciiy
1 ):
~J: ngon.
A
ffi
~
~
:=-
1X , ~D fj} , t'J ,
~
-ti1 J
-25 c6
o
nhan xung tue han tam huu, tuc tung, true, maida.
TU Md! Hii'u 1ff... (bQ )(.): nguifi bt;zn- Tung t~ (bQ *): cay tung, cay thong-Tinh ]E (bQ -): cung ngang nhau, d~u-M~u (b9 ....... ):
a
204
TRAN VAN CHANH
t(J't tuai- Tha f-ti1(b9 { ): khdc-Kho (b9 71(): g9i La.
1i!i" (b9 *):
kh6 heo-Xdng ffij.
roAN THll n,f HQC CHa HAN
cau d
fPJ .1--J =. :t3~~? (Ha
diu
0 ~p (tt1c) Ia ph6 tu, c6 nghla "Ia, tuc Ia , chfnh la",cuoi thu'ong c6 trc;1 tu {Q (da):
il"AfR~ 9J -tJ.. ·~D1~ • tt • ffij{Q(C6 nhan xung tue han tam huu, t1cc tung, true, mai da) Nguoi dtii xua gQi ba nguoi b(,m khi tr(Ji lqnh, chfnh Ia tung, cue, mai vt;ly.
m 76
~
fl • tt jft fY.. (Tung
la
ph6
tu,
dich
nghla
"d~u,
cung":
true tjnh m~u) Cay tung, cay true d~u tuai
t6't. 6 ftl!. (tha) la d~i tu bi
khdc phdn nhdu d~u heo rf:tng. ~
* *
CHUC NGHI~P
NGOPHAP jft (tjnh)
dl tam gdt O.ocphi't ?) TCJi sao ba
tor;~i diy de) rieng ICJi kh6ng nhu thi?
D!CH NGHlA Ba ngzldi b(m Truoc san, cay mai no hoa, cay tung, cay true d~u tuai t6't. Con hoi cha rdng: "(Trang) mua suang tuye't, nhilng cay khdc phdn nhdu heo rf:tng. Tr;~i sao ba lor;~i cay d6 rieng lr;~i kh6ng nhu the'?". Cha trd loi rdng: "Tinh chung d~u chju dur;tc lr;~nh, kh6ng gi6ng nhilng cay khdc. Nguoi doi xua gQi ba nguoi br;~n khi troi lr;~nh, chinh la tung, true, mai vt;ly".
0
205
fOJ J;) (ha di) nghia la
~
~
~
o
~ ~ ~
~
•
ff ~
r- +
TU Md1 "vl sao, vlle gl, t~i sao, sao l~i, la'y
J;) - f3~~ ? (Ha di tam gia cay d6 rieng lr;~i kh6ng nhu the'?
O.oc phil?)
Tr;~i sao ba lor;~i
_ fiiJ .1--}~ ~ ? (Ha di kich nha?) Vl sao ddnh con
qur;~ ?( Bai
119).
_ :fit16J .1--J ~~~¥~?
± n~ t!t ·
·
gl, lam sao ":
_ fiiJ
A
Nhan sinh l1 the, duong huu chuc nghi~p. Huu vi n6ng gia, huu vi I ~·ff~ ~ ~·~ ~ '§ ~~o§" ~~ ~ c6ng gia, huu vi thu'ong gia, huu vi quan l~i gia. Tlch E>~ng Vii ff A• f~:fr ~- ~·OJ~ ~t {Q o hilu tu tam th~p nhan, su cac t?p nhat ngh~, kha vi phap da.
(Nga ha di giai ng6 khat ?)Ta lam sao
gidi dur;tc can khdt?(Bai 120). 0 ~ (phu) la ph6 tu bi
lfl (bQ
*
If): chile vj (vifc lam v~ phbn minh)-Nghi~p (b9 *): ngh~ lam an, c6ng vifc lam- The' t!t (b9 - ): doi-Dudng (dang) ~ (b<) E8): nen, phdi-Cong I (b9 I): thr;t-Thudng ~ (b() D): nf?u"/ti bu6n bdn-Quan '§ (bQ ,...>-,.): quan (nguifi lam vifc cho nha nU'(fc)-L~i ~ (b() 0). quan (quan lqi)-Tich §- (bQ E3 ): xua, ngay xua-D:} ng Vii ~~ ~ (bQ ~ , b9 ~): m()t turing J?idi doi D6nf? Hdn-Sli f~ (bQ { ): sai khie'n- T~ p ~ (b0 ~~): h9c tt;lpNgh~ ~ (b() -++-): tai nang, k_v nanJ?-Phap ~t (b9 { ): khuon mdu, phep tdc, hdt chuoc.
Chuc
TRAN vAN CHANH
206
1)/CH NGH!A Clucc nghifp NguiJi ta so'nf!. (f diJi, cdn phai c6 chuc nghi~p (ngh~ nghi?p). Cd nguiJi lam ru(}ng, c6 nf!.u/Ji lam th(Y, c6 nguiJi lam ngh~ bu6n bdn, c6 nguii !elm quem lc;zi. Ngay xua D(ing Vu c6 ha ch~:~c nguiJi con, cho nu3i nguai hqc nu) t ngh~. (vifc d6) dang lam khu6n mdu v(l y.
m
D[CH NGHlA Kinh trQng ngttm gic'i cd Tuye't bdt c1du ngilng, tren du·ang bun ldy tnm tn;t. C6 6ng gici cho'ng gt;ly di m(}t minh, lit chan ngii xua'ng deb. M(}t ct;lu be chqy mau de'n do 6ng dt;ly. ( Khi lJng gia) dii dung d<1Y r6i, (ct;lu) f{(v khan /au chui do va gicl.,· cho /Jng. (C<1u) h()i noi l5ng dua lJnf!.
u.
vJ nha.
NGU PHAP
77 ij~
+ Cach dt'tng chic
~
KINH LAO
m
~~ r:p ?~ o 1'f ~ A , 1* H: 1® 19 trung ne ho<;tt. Huu lao nhan, phu tru'cJng d()c ~ ~~ 1~ o 1t lffi o ~~ ~ , lf~ hanh, that tuc pho uja. Nhat dc'~ng tU' xu nhi phu chi. Ky khoi, thu rtJ 1~ hi: 1Z ,Hi o Fo~ =13.; f5JT 13 , j§ m~ o can dai thuc y, IY, Van ky scJ cu, t6ng chi quy gia.
§: 1JJ
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tm
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TU Mdl Ne ?~ (be) { ): da't bun-Ho~t
1 ):
m(bQ
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roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
{ ): tron tr(Jt-Phu
j:J:2
(be)
pfT (sd) du'QC de nha ngu phap hi~n nay xep vao Jo<:~i hu' tu, Ia tieng d~t truck uc}ng tu d~ chi dC)i tu'c_jng ciia hanh d()ng, va cung VOi d{)ng tlt ay t<:~O thanh rnQt
jJ: liJ, s6_v. sai !dm-Ph6
(be)
rtJ):
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cdi khiin-D~i {-\ (be) { ): thay the' cho- Thuc
!au chui-Ly
Hi
hi:
(be)
C'-:Jll1
danh tlt, CO th~ dich
1a "di~u rna, cai rna, ngu'<'fi rna ... ": _ Fo~=13.; pJT 13 ( van ky sli cu) Hdi noi mel l5ng a:v u. _ :& pJT 1m (Nhi sli van) Nhllng di~u ma tai ta nghe thc'(r. _ § pJT ~ (Ml;lc sd kien) Nhllng ccii ma milt :a tr6ng tha\·.
_ $=ltf5JT11Wiffi :W.::!tPff~
(8o<:~t ky sli tang nhi du ky sli ai) Doc;zt la:v cdi ma 6ng ta ghet va cho cdi ma lJng ta yeu (Chie'n
quo'c sdch).
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(be)
pJT (sO')
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ti~n bi~t.
~ 5-e, {j ~~ $ ' ~
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~~~ o7t
~~ifu·
~~
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~ff
zo7t
19 bang. Tien sinh huu m~nh, nhi kinh thinh chi. Tien sinh huu
Fo~
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:j:;, '
ft-
1&
fj
0
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van, hlfu kinh dap chi. Sl tien sinh khu, nhien h~u hanh. Nhan
TRAN VAN CHANH
208 .J;;e.
a
w::· 6:· ~r=o 7!!11 rfl}Rl'TR
giai xu'ng vi tri
209
TOAN THV Tl.)' HQC CHO' HAN
m
0
le.
79
1.J
rPJ
PHlfdNG HUONG
1~
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tl=\ ~~
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tl=\ r~
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Thanh th~n tC) hu~ ton xuat m6n. T6 viet: "Nhl tri phu'dng hu'ong
T£1 MOl Du' ~ (b<) A.): h9 Du-Cuc ~ (b(> :$): cui xuo'ng-Cung ~iJ (b0
.§r ): than thi, minh-L~ t~ (b0 t ): di~u l~ (each bay to ·'I kinh tr~mg)-Chinh 1E (b(> Jl::.): ngay thdng-L~p JL (b0 JI): dting-Dap ~ (b0 *A-): trd loi lt;Ii-Si {~ (b0
1 ):
chif, dQ'i-Nhien h~u (b0 , ... , b0 :::f): r6i sau mai (xem Ngtl phdp duai).
?!,; 1&
NGU PHAP
+ Cach di'tng ~1& (nhien h~u) ~1& (nhien h~u) Ia lien tu c6 nghla Ia "r6i sau, sau c.16, r6i
moi, thl moi, r6i":
DQ'i thdy di, r6i mai eli.
_ ?!,; 1& :J!J\
(SI tien sinh khu, nlzien htJ_u hanh)
z ~ $ (Nizien htJ_u xuy chi phu trung) R6i mai
nilu no trong n6i ( Bai 103 ).
o
~ m'
lol
B 7ffi fr ,
~ 1?1
*
1.J o
~~ 1& 1?1 ® , k:i .f: H r¥J , 1I -=¥- 1?1 ~ t
thi vi c.16ng phu'(ing. Boi h? u vi tay, huu thu vi nam, ta thu vi
Me t~ 8
z
tl=\
i~ , OJ .L-~ fJ¥
Co thi nh~ t chi xu at m(>t, kha dl
[!]
o
b~c .
1.J ill "
bi~n tu phu'dng da.
o
D!CH NGHiA Giila drtiJng g(ip thii'y Be Du di gitla duong, gt;ip thdy, cui minh xuo'ng chao, (r6i) dang thdng ben duong. (Khi) thdy c6 (di~u gi) dt;Iy bdo, be cung kinh nghe. (Khi) thdy c6 hoi (di~u gi), lt;Ii cung kinh trd loi. (Be) dQ'i thdy di, r6i mai di. M9i nguifi d~u khen fa bie't ll
_ 1*7t ~:E. ' ?!,; 1&1=r
* ' ?9: ~~ ®
h6? Nh~t xuat L( c.16ng, m<)t u' tay. Kim nhl hLf(1ng nh~t nhi hanh,
TU MOl Thanh thfin 1~ ~ (b(> {, b0 8 ): sang sr!m. hudi mai-T6 tfi (b(l t ): ()ng nc)i, ong-Ton I;% (bQ ch.du goi being 6ng-Nh'i (b(> :)(): mcly, nguoi ... (dt;Ii tu nh.an xung ng/)i thU' hai)-M()t ?9: (bQ { ): chlm ma't, l(ln-Boi ~~ (b(> Jj ): /Ling-Bi~n fJ¥ (b0 *): ph.an
m
r ):
bi?t. D!CH NGHlA Plutdng lutong Scing sam, ong ddt chdu ra cua. Ong n6i: "Chdu c6 bie't ph~({fng hLMng khong? MQ.t trifi m9c hu"r!ng dtmg, /(in huang tc/y. Nay chou huang v~ phia m(it troi ma di. (thl) d6 la huang cUJng. Sau tu·ng Ia huang tay, tay phdi la hur!ng nam, tav trdi !a huang hdc. VI the', nhln m(it troi m9c l'a l(ln, cr5 thi phan bi?t
o
clu~1c
b/{n huang.
m
o
TRAN vAN CHANH
210
A
JJ'v
_ -j( '1'1 (D(li Cl,l) 5(! !dm. _ r=(: -j( t~t (Quan thll' d(li duy~t)B9n chuqt cd mung ( Bai
~ fr 1M T , :€ ~ A Jbl .:it Minh nh~t t<:ti thien. Nhi hanh lan g h<:t , nhu'c_ic huu nhiln nhiep ky 1& o 7::. ·1:1 , ~ 15 ~ ~$ o ~$ E1 : qJt i-17. ~ ~ ili o h~u. £)~i Cl,l, bon cao ky ti. Ti viet: "Thll' nhO' than chi anh da . i-17. fL iW , ff B T , ~ ~ ~~ , :R ~ Nhu l~p dang tien, h~mh nh~t ha, giai hO'u anh, khdi vong chi -¥ ? .n o 5-G ·leg o h6?". Nhi nai ng() .
B ?± ::;(
o
ml
83).
_ -j( ~ (D(li hoi,ic) Qua ngo
z
ri!
z
n
bucJc-C~
l't!C ( Bai
96).
~
:R ...Sf (kho"i... h6?) Ia m()t each thU'c c6 d~nh g6m c6 nghi van :R (kh ci i) va tr~i tu -¥(he\) a cu6i ci:lu, dung d~
ph6 tu bi
_ :R~Z-¥? (KhiJi vong chi Jz6?)Le nao quen st! d6 u? - ~ r 9:13 ' R OJ~~,~, Sf ? (Vi tll' nu gia, khiJi
kha vong ky an ho'?) Nhiin[!. n[!.u&i him con ha c6 thi quen on cha mf
TU M(JJ Nhl.iQ"c
(d~i) Ia hlnh dung tu dung nhu ph6 tu lam trC;lng ngu,
thu'(ing co th~ d~ch Ia "d, dit, Him, het sue":
fil.?
NHAN ANH
13JJ
-j(
f}
80
211
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
:i5
·11
(b<) -++-): nhu, gio'ng nhu-Nhiep ]bl (b() ;'E): u5n
(be)
'I' ):
S(1-Bon ~ (b() -};): chqv-Cao
15
duoc sao? (Bdi 98)
m
(be) [1 ):
bdo, ru5i cho bie't-Khdi :E_ (b<) _R): ha, le nao, sao lqi (xem Ngii phap i! dudi)- Vong ~ (b<) ~l)): quen- NgQ
81
'IR: hiiu ro.
~~
D[CH NGHlA Bong ngrtifi M(it trai soi scing tren bdu trai. C(iu be di dur!i chai nhd, (th(/\) hinh nhll cc5 11f?U'i1i rr5n hucJc phia sau. (C
ArDe T
~ ~~'!& ~zo-
'*
B'~*'I?A
/f
Dinh sinh hO'u d~ , th~m ai chi. Nhat nh~t, d~ t~t, ng9a sang bat §g ~o T B~j B~ ' • ~ iW o ~ ~ ~ t5( nang khdi. Dinh sinh hi! thai, triep t9a sang ti~n. Vi d~ giang c6
'*
±.
~
, o~
~x
HE ,
t~ ~*
1t
S~(, xu'ong ca khuc, dT giai ky
\.c.~
o
111UQ!1.
& ffi2 ~ , M3 8
o
C~p t~t du, thuy dT.
NGU PHAP
:i5 (nhtiqc) la ph6 tu c6 nghTa "nhu', dL(c'ing 5-Gf::Y}]fBT' :i5~A!hli~1& (Nhi hanh lang h~,
0
nhu, gi6ng
nhu": nlut(lc hO'u nhiln nhiep ky h~u) C(iu be eli duc!i chai nhci, du(/ng nhu(tha:Y) cr5 nguoi r6n bu6c phia sau.
T(/ MCJI Dinh T: ht.J Dinh-Trie'p.: luon luon c1&u (tit biiu thj )' quyit djnh, tlft nhien)-Xtiong 0~: hat, hat len-Ca ~)Z: hclt-Khuc HE: bai hat-Mu<)n \.c.~ : hufm ba-Du @_: khoi b~nh, tanh b~nh-Thuy ~f:j: Nit c16u, nu'!i.
TRAN vAN CHANH
212
Yeu em D!CH NGHiA Tu) Dinh c6 (1L/a em trai, ra~t _veu (em). M(Jt hom, em cr) b¢nh, nlim r1 giuong. khong d(iy dut;Jc. Luc nhan r6i, tu) Dinh fw)n c1~u ngbi tru'r!c giuilng. ki chuy¢n cho em nghe, hdt nhilng bai ca, di khw1y m3i bu(5n cua em. De'n khi em khoi b¢nh, mr!i th/Ji.
213
TOAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHO HAN
nJ MOl
m:
Nii'u hQ Nilu-Phong §jj: hoi thLl//1~ Yeu ~: nu'!i-Ky mtnh (dt;ti tu nhan XW1J<)-V! f:lz:: nw3i tlur-Cfin gf: kinh ca?n.
G:
D!CH NGHiA Tiip kluich Be Nilu nhd. Cd nguoi khach hoi tlulm cha n6. Cha vita nufi c1i ncJi khac. Be nu!i khcich vao, mili khach ngbi ch6 tren, con mlnh rhl if duoi rie/J khach . Khach c6 hoi, rhi kinh cdn tra lili; (khi) khach di, be ti2n ra c1e'n ngoai eLla. De'n khi cha v~. (be) dem nhilng /(Ji khdch m)i trlnh l(,li voi cha.
a
0.
NGU PHAP
(triep) clu<;jc dung nhu ph6 tu ,bi€u thi tinh tat nhien, c6 th€ dich Ia "cGng van, van eli, Juan lu6n d~u, thl d~u" : T ~B~l!B • ~ iW (Dinh sinh h~ thoi, trie'p t<_)a sang ti~n) Tro f)inh luc n3i, luon dJu ngbi trur!c giuung.
m:
*
NGU PHAP
6 ~{5 (thiiy) Ia ph6 tu, c6 nghTa "bat clfru, mdi": _ & f:R.Z! • ~{58 (C~p t~t dG, thzly dl) De'n khi khoi b¢nh, mr!i thr5i. _ Jrr~~f;.k- B~ • ~{51~~ (Ljch xuan, ha, thu tam thoi, tluly d~k tlic) Trai qua ba mua xu{m, ht;~. thu, mr!i clu'(Jc tMc ( /3(/i 103 ).
6 ttl! {tha) Ia d~i tu, dung clti chi "cai khac, nguoi khac, ncli kh<:'ic": )(3@1-tQ1i (Phu thich tha vang) Cha vua moi di noi khac.
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82 ~g:
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QUANTHV
BCH KHACH
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~ §15 ~ )( o ~ 1111 11 o NCru nhi t<:ti gia, huu khach phong ky pht,I. Pht,I thich tha vang. ~ ~ ~ A • §! ~ ...t ~ , :(f 'T f:lz: ~g: o Nhi yeu khach nh~p, thlnh khach thu<;5ng tQa, ky t~i ha vj b6i chi. ~ 1=f Fo~ • ~IJ §i ~ ~ 1i • ~ ~ ~ F~ Khach huu van, U}c ciln dap chi; khach khu, nhi t6ng chi m6n 7} o & )( ~~ · tJ ~ ?JT § • 5 15'2 o ngo~i. C~p pht,I quy, dT khach Sd ng6n, cao chi 11 phu.
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TRAN VAN CHANH
214
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roAN THU TV HQC CHU HAN
215
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(Quan tuc bach tueh~u, tlu'ty kha d;;ti quan gid?) Nlu nha vua chit r6i, thi ui co thi thav cho l'ua? (Sif" h': Tieu Tuang qwJ'c the' gia).
gian". ~ ~ (m~c) Ia d~1i tu co th~ chi nguoi ho~c vat, thu'ong djch
TU MOl T~ ~: nh6m h9p l(li-Sach
bucJc tai-Linh ~%: cai g: tai, ta-Boi :11: phe, tntC!c, phong bj-Duy4%t \'£l'n)-M~c ~}\: im LQ_ng,
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ke' sach, ke' ho«ch-Tien ~: chuang-H~_mg Jffi!: phdn sau ct/, gay-Ngo b9n ("Nga ba'i" fa chung ta)-Bj flffi: phong 'I~: vui, df!p long- Thuy gtf: ai ( clqi tit nghi lcJng le-Gian 9ffi.: kh6 khan-Duy *fl: La.
D!CH NGHiA Bii'y chuqt Bdy chu()t nh6m h9p trong hanJ?, ban ke' how:h ch/Ing meo. M()t con chu()t tiln len n6i: "Dung chuang bu()c vao c6 meo, (hl) meo di thi chuang keu, chung ta sum ph<>ng bj n6 cluc;c". B9n chu()t cd mitng, khang con niw khang khen hay. Con lam chu t9a cu()c h9p hoi: "Ai c6 the' dung chuanJ? bu()c vao ci/ meo? ". Tt!it cd d~u im l(ing khang con nao dam tra fiJi. Vi the; n6i rdng: "N6i khang kh6, lam mC!i La kh6 ".
"khong ai, khong c6 gl": ~~*~~~it (Giai m~c nhien m{lc dm u6i) Tc{t cd a~u im l(lng khang con nao dam trcl lr1i. 0
§
*i (duy) co thti dLf(ic coi Ia moth~ tu, t<;~m djch Ia "Ia":
Z~~ 9ffi.
' f=r Z *liN
(Ng6n chi phi gian, hanh chi duy gian) N6i khtmJ? khr5, li11n nu'li !a kh6.
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l ~p cao scJn chi dien, vien vQng hai trung lai thuy~n, tien kien
NGO PHAP 0 1m /f (vo ba't) Ia mot Cl;lill tu quen dung, c6 nghTa "kh6ng g1 kh6ng, kh6ng ai khong, khong cai nao kh6ng": fflii /f f¥1}~ (Vo biit xung thi~n) Khang con nao khang khen hay.
mt ...fp
*_ gtf§g @
(thuy ... gia?) Ia mot ket cau g6m d<:ti tu nghi
(thuy) ket hQp voi trQ tu :t3 (gia) d~ hoi ai lam vi~c g1 : i) ~% ~fs!jJ~ 13? (Tiu'ty nang dT linh h~ mieu hang gid ?) Ai c6 thi dung chuang bu()c vao c6' meo? van
me
me
A 1i: ~ , me .§r Ky khu thai, thuy~n than ii ~ ±m ft :t- , ~o rtJ
~ ~ o thuy~n nguy, h~u kien thuy~n than.
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7t ~.x fffi 1& ?.X o ti en m(>t, thuy~n nguy h~u mot. Hoan du dja du gia, nhli huang
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~ o 1ft ~ till liJ o xu. ThU' giai dja \·ien chi chung da.
TRAN vAN cHANH
216
217
TOAN THV TV HQC CHV HAN
ct Cl,lffi clinh ngG': _ ~i~ pff 13 i!.
.
z .till (Ngo sai sl! cti chi uia) Dtft cua chung ta
_ ~~PJT~~ ;Z_ ,~ (Mong C6 sl! ky chi rna) Ngf!a cua nf?uoi
M/Jng Cd ciii.
- 1$ r FJT 13 z '£ (Trqng
tlt sl!
CL(
chi that) Nha cua TrQng
tit r!. Tl) Mdl
C:iu l:jt ,·tjt hinh cdu. qua du, dja cdu, qua dcl't-Sai f~: b
6 Sift (ltiQ'c) Ia ph6 tu lam trc,tng ngC(, u~t trtioc hlnh dung tu, co nghla Ia "h(ii, hcii chut, h(ii h(ii" : [!1]ffi]IDgm (Vien nhi ltt(fc
~: ch6. nai-Chung §~: hang chunf?.
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D[CH NGHlA Dja cdu Da't chung tau hinh tron va hoi df!t, vi the' gQi la dja du (trcii
da't). Nguoi ta dung tren dlnh nui cao, xa trong nhilng chie'c thuvJn di tai trong bd'n. truac tha~v c()t hu6m thuyJn, sau tha:v than thuyJn. Khi thuv&n di, than thuyJn chlm xuo'ng tru(fc, d)t bu6m thuyJn chim xuo'ng sau. Nguoi di vt)ng quanh dja cdu, ne'u huang vJ phia dtJrzg ma di, phuang huanf? khong thay ddi, thl ml)t thai gian !au sau dt phdi tru lq_i ch6 ban ddu. Nhilrzg di&u d6 dJu La bang chung vJ trdi d!lt hinh tran.
bi
)t (tien) va 1& (h~U) O~U dung nhL(. ph6 tU lam tr<,tng d~t trtioc u(>ng tu, co nghla Ia "trtidc, sau":
@
~~~~· ~~~~0~~~·~~7t~·~~~~ (Tihz kien thuy~n nguy, hij.u kien thuy~n than.
khu thai, thuy~n than tien m(>t, thuy~n nguy hij.u m(>t) Truac tha:v c()t butJm thuyJn, sau tha\· than thuyJn. Khi thuy~n di, than thuyJn chlm xu6ng truac, c()t bu6m thuyJn chim xuo'ng sew.
o :tm
(nhu) Ia lien tu bi
3m [l:l]~ ffi] f=f • 1J (ri] /f ~ • !;z Z • £'@] iJf: ~
z + danh tu: c6 tht
(Nlut htidng
dong nhi hanh, phticing htiong bat bien, cltu chi ' tat h6i nguyen xu) Niu huang vJ phia dong ma di, khtmJ? thay ddi phu:ong huang. thi it !au sau ta't tri'J /q_i ch6 ban ddu.
NG(/ PHAP 0 pJT + d()ng tu +
Ky
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218
TRAN VAN CHANH
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cao, gr;i la cao nguyen. Nai cr5 cat, da, kh
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till OJ U Ji5- A ,
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NCO PHAP
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L!Jc dja kha JT eli nhan, d<;1i gia viet chau, tiEu gia co l~p hai El ~ c iHi fr 7j( ' [@ ;@ ~~ 13 'El trung, viet dao. Tam di~n t<;1i thuy, nhat di~n lien d~i I!Jc giJ, viet -=F ~ 0 L1.J ~ ~ D~ till ' I J\ 13 El $. ' El M ' ban dao. Scin, d()t kh(Ji Lf blnh dia, tiEu gia viet ph!J, viet khLru, ~~ o §~ ili :A 13 , El :A L1.J o Jffi: 13 , till lang. Nang xuat h6a gd, viet h6a son. Blnh nguyen giii, dia chi
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rB':J 13 , rB':J o i0 Ky dja the cao gia, viet cao nguyen. Sa th~ch
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chi dja, YO thLiy thao gia, viet sa
219
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
• Caclz dzlng f3 ... ill (gia ... da)
f3 ... 1:11
(gia ... da) c6 thE du'c;ic coila m()t each thuc co dinh, thu'on g dung trong diu djnh nghTa, tam hiEu la "la ... v~y":
_+lffi: 13 ' tillz +±B 13
(Binh nguyen gia, dja chi blnh than gia dii) Blnh nguyen lei l'ung da't ri)ng rai bling phdng (\'C).\').
_
~~~13
'
~-ill. (Kim minh gia, nha da) Nay con chim
keu lei con quq (Bai I 19).
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Khu'u .M: g() d(l't cao- Than ±B: r(Jng riii bling phdng-Sa i0: hc;a h{ii cat.
D[CH NGHlA
Diit lie'n ·
D!it lidn nguiii c6 tid iJ duc;c, khoang !C!n g9i la chau, khodng nho dang m(Jt mlnh t rong biln g9i la dao. Khodng ( cr)) ba mi;it iJ nui nude, m(3t m(it !idn vai clr;zi lf!c g9i Ia ban ctdo. NU.i nh6 len iJ vung deft bling, nui nhi5 t?9i la d6i, g9i Ia go, cltJng. Nui c6 thi phun ra ltla, gr;i hi nui ltla. Blnh nguyen hi 1•ung d({t r(Jng riii bling phdng. Nui c6 dia the'
z
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D~A DI~N CHI THUY
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cat-M~c 1~:
im
till
Tl] MCJI
till im z
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i$ ' ~ /r_ El
13 El
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Dia di~n chi thuy, dai giii viet dliong, ky thu viet hai. Hai thuy ril :A ~_i till , OJ 1-J ?a 7it 13 , til , # loan nh~p !1,1c dja, kha dT b~c chu gia, viet hai loan, di~c viet
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till ~ 1J' 13 ,
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TRAN VAN CHANH
TU M(JJ
Tl) M(JJ
Duong ~$: biln Lon- Thu )J\.: hue duai (~ )]\ Ia "rhri de'n, duai nii'a ")-Loan
tJl':
nuac chdy vong, ch/J nur!c char V()ng vao d([r
("hdi loan" \'a ''fnh)-B~c ?8: (thuy~n) ghe hen, (thuy~n) dQ_u; cai h6-Cang cifa bdn, cdng-De fit: tha/J-Trti ~:cluJ nuac dr;ng, vung nuac; nur!c dt;mg l~i-Khe i~: khe nlf(JC if dur!i nui-Gian fa~: khe nlfac if giii'a hai nui-Khuynh M.: nghieng, cld-Ta ~~: (nuac) ct6' xut/ng ph fa duai-Huy~n ~: treo len, chai vai giii'a chitng-BC)c bo' iJ {j]: thcic nlfac.
m:
D/CH NGHlA N1tilc tre n m{it diit Nur!c tren mijt da'r, khodng lrfn g9i Ia ch((Jng, thri de'n (nho han) gqi Ia hdi (biin). ChrJ nlf(JC biln chdy \'(J ng vao cU{r li~n. co rhl d(w thuy~n dur;c gqi hi vjnh, cung g9i Ia cdng. Tren mijt dc;1i 1!!-c (da'r li~n), co ch6 da't tha/J d9ng nuac, g9i Ia h6, la bg.c. Ch6 nho g9i Ia tri ( ao). Dong nuoc luu thong tren mijt cta't la giang ha (song). Dong nuoc (chdy) if trong nui Ia khe gidn (khe suo'i). Dong nuac tit ch6 cao chdy dd xuong phia duoi, tu xa nhin no giong nhu ta'm vdi treo giii'a khodng khong, do la thdc.
m 87
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NGO DAI CHAU .till Ill ~o f* Tf~ o '$: -=F f* ~ rzg ~HI , B :2. *-ffl2 Dja vien nht1 du hlnh. D6ng ban du huu tu chau, viet: A-te-a,
liD\
TOAN THLI TV HQC CHO' HAN
m~ ,pilJ ~ f'J no , r~
* f'J 2.
o
~
zw
Au-la-ba, A-phi-lQi-gia, Uc-d~i-IQi-a. Vj chi
-=F f* :ff -
i1+1 ' B
ClfU
tit
w
o
~
the gioi. Tay
2 ~ fiJ :fJD o ~ - z ;fff tit W o
ban du huu nhat chau viet: A-my-l(ji-gia. Vj chi tan the gioi.
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221
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*
D/CH NGHlA Niim chiiulan Dlit tron nhu hinh c6u (hinh qud bong). Naa trai da't v~ phia clang (Dong ban cdu) co bon chau, g9i la: Chau A, Chau Au, Chau Phi, Chau Uc. G9i do La the' giai cu. NU:a trcii da't ,.~ phia ray (Tay b£1n cdu) co m9t chau, Ia Chau My. G9i do Ia the' girJi mai.
TRAN VAN CHANH
222
kha
NGO PHAP
ru- th~p du.
cAuvAcACTHANHPHANc0AcAu
Rio dan Tjnh Tdxucfng thtm nghenh don (Lf Sjnh). mirj vao
1DW1DB"llft5J-
ngcJj ng,?ng mift. (Tj11h Tri)
1 . Cau Ia dan vj l&n nhfrt cua ng6n ngfr dung di di~n d!,lt m(>t y tron
v~n
223
TOAN THlJ Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
tuol" chimg
bcfn mUV'j (Tttdng Phong:
Hofc Tj{u Ng9c truy~n).
Lo(,li cftu kh6ng neu chu ngfr goi Ia cftu chu - vi kh6ng hoan
. to an.
Thi dl}:
- ~ f~ ~t31J'2 ~ ~~ 71E ' ~ ~~ ¥5 WT~
z 3 ±.~ 81\ + ~ ~~ 4-11'2
Ng6 sai ham Lr bfrt nang tlr, bilt nang ho(,lt chi kh6' ciinh di lt,Ic th~p hfru du nien u tu hi (Phan B(>i Chau: Thjen h6 Di hcJ) (Chung t6j bj 175m vao c:inh scfng deY chir dd
Nhfrng cau do m<)t nhom tu t!,lO thanh ngoai k~t du chu - vj goi la cau kh6ng chu - vi hay cau co cbu - vi khai quat. Tnrcmg hqp nay chung ta thu&ng thfry trong thi ca ho;:ic & nhfrng cftu thanh ngfr, tt,Ic ngfr.
rY day d5 17011 sau mllV'j n5m
Thi dl}:
nay r6j).
- :fJR!Ml:it ~ ·
2. Moi diu co hai thanh phfm chinh Ia cluJ ngtJ va vj ngtl: Cau "Nga tri chi hi" (Ta bi~t di~u do r6i) ( n-ung dung), co "nga" Ia
Da kh&i hoang oanh nhi. M!,lc giao chi thuqng d~.
chu ngfr, "tri chi hi" Ia vi ngfr. Co hai tmcmg hqp cau kh6ng co chu ngfr:
Du61 dum thjip co11 oa11h, dimg cho 116 h6r tre11 dmh (Cap
Gia
( 1) Hoan c:inh Cl} rhl cua Joi n6j (hay dot;Jn v5n) kh6ng dn
~~til::~
v~n:
Y chau ca).
-JI\EB/fmfJ~, *T/f~M Qua di~n bilt n<;1p ly, ly h!,l bfrt chinh quan. Dj qua ruf)11g dua thi dimg xo gJily. dj dur5i c5y m~11 thi dimg
neu n5 chu ngtl: Thf dl}:
sib 17017 (co'tin).
-/f~~§~? a: ~z Bfrt thuc hfru chu? Vi~t: hfru chi.
Vi ngfr co khi chi g6m m(>t d(>ng tu. m(>t hlnh dung tu, co khi l!,li co them m(>t ti11 11gil; m(>t thu9c 11gt1: B6 sung cho cac thanh phfm trong cftu con co thi co dj11h 11gtJ: b6,11gil; trc;mg 11gt1: Tan ngfr, thu(>c ngfr, tr(,lng ngiJ, djnh ngiJ, b6' ngiJ Ia die thanh phfrn pht,I cua diu. Ngoai ra, cftu con co thi co nhfrng thanh phfrn phlf khac nhu
(Mc;mh TtJ ho1): - Kh6ng bjit c6 vj~c fy kh6ng? (Tuyen v/f01zg) dap: Co (Mt;Jnh Trl). (2) Chu ngif d3 neu ra
6 dot;Jn tren hoifc sfp dllf)r: neu ado:;m dur5i
Thi dl}:
- ~§ 5 I ~~ t~ T ~~ tEl Jill
, g A tt
* · 4- OJ
[9
+ ti
Bao dan TinhTrl h<:1 b~ tuang nghenh. dien nh~p d6i toa. Nien
dcJ11g vj 11glr. pht.fc chl11gil; h611gifv.v.
3. Tuy theo k~t du ngiJ phap va n(>i dung cfrn di~n d!,lt, cilu co thi rfrt ngtin gon va cling co thi rfrt dai.
TRAN VAN CHANH
224
225
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
- Cau dan Ia diu chi c6 m()t k~t du chu vt.
Thf dl):
Thf dl):
-/9.Jimmtz Nguy~n v~t ti~t chi!
- ft9(DZ.*
Xin dimg tJlt 19 vi~c d6.' ( Yen Dan til).
Nga tri chi hi ( Trung dung) (Ta biit di€u d6 r61). - Cau phfrc Ia cilu do nh&u cau dan (hay nhi~u k~t du chuvD hqp th~mh.
(4) Cfiu
cam than: Dung d~ b()c
ho~c vi~t.
Thf dl):
Thf dl):
- ~JU~JE -TEl : Di 0
-1~1(T~lit* , ~tit~~JE* Su thien h~ vo nong phu, ct1 th~ giai ng~ tt1 hl. Niu trong thien h[l kh6ng c6 ngwi film rur}ng thi m9i ngwi se chit d6i (Trinh Ti~p: Phr;rm huy¢n tht! trung ky d¢ M("ic).
Nhan Uyen tt1.
Nhan Uyen chit. Kh6ng ttJ than: 6i. tr&i h[li ta.' (Lu~n ngfi).
m 88
E
cftu lam 4 lo~i chinh: ( 1) Cfiu trdn thu~t: Dung d~ neu len m()t Sl! thl!c, m()t
- Fl tfj 15~
* tlJ z ...c
Triing m9c d t1-en ntii Dong S011 (To Tht1c: Xich Rich phu). (2) Cfw nghi vfn: Dung d~ hoi ho~c neu len m()t v~n d~. Thf dl):
- 7t±.M~iPJZ? Tien sinh ttrang ha chi?
*
~*
NGO DA.I DUONG
y ki~n.
Nguy~t xu~t tr Dong San chi thtrQTig.
! 1(~-T !
Tu vi~t: Y! Thien tang dtr!
4. Can Clr vao n()i dung va ml,IC dich di~n d~t, ta c6 th~ chia
Thf dl):
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A chau dong chi My, huu Thai Blnh Duong. Ttf
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o
=
chi Dong, huu AnD() Du<.ing. Ctfc Nam. ctfc Bac, huu nhi bang ~$
0
duong.
Tien sinh djnh di dfiu? (M.anh til). (3) Cfiu du kluln: Dung di neu len m()t yeu cftu, m()t m~nh l~nh, m()t Jeri d~ nghi hay thtrang ltrQTig, khuyen bao, mm moe.
T(/ MOl Sd tl,;l pff~: ch3 t~ lr;ri-TtfuJ?,t: uiY rheo (giai tu)-Thai Binh
TRAN VAN CHANH
226
Duong -j::_
+ ~$ : Thai Blnh Duong-D~i Tay Duong *[§~$: DC:li
T(h Duong- An De) Duong
dtfo'ng
=
EP F:l ~$: ln D9 Duang-Nhi bang
(~\ ~$: Hai hifn bang.
Niim biin l{Jn D!CH NGHiA Ngoai niim chou lcfn d~u la nai t~ l(,li cua mMc. Theo nhilng biin lcfn (nguui ta) chia ra lam niim d(,li duang. Tit phia Dong chfiu A din chdu My c6 Thai Blnh Duong. Tu chliu Au, chdu Phi din chdu M.v c6 D(,li Toy Duong. Phia Nam chdu A, phia toy chdu Uc coln D9 Du(Jng. Cung qtc v~ phia Nam va phia Bdc c6 hai biin biinf?. NGU PHAP
DAU cAu ~~~1-J5J)E Cac sach c6 thll'ang kh6ng chfrm ciiu m(>t each r6 rang, n~u co thi chi co dfru chiim va dfru khuyen, con gQi la "d~u" va "eli". "D~u" la dfru chiim ngLI'ng hai cho ciiu sach , dung di ngftt tLI'ng do:;tn m(>t. hai chfr, tll'ang dll'cmg v&i dfru ph5'y (d~u hi~u); "Cu" la dfru chiim dCrt nghia ciiu sach, dung di ng~t nhGng do<;~n tlr 3 chfr tra len, tfrc Ja dfru khuyen, tll'cmg tv v&i dfru chiim ngay nay (eli hi~u). DQC nhGng sach kh6ng bo ctiiu (gQi la"b:;tch thu'"), cac trQ' tlr dung riit nhi~u trong Van ng6n se giup chung ta phfrn nao bi~t dll'Q'C nhGng cho ngLI'ng ng~t cua tac gii Mai v~ sau, tll' nam 1919, ngll'ai ta da guy djnh 12 dfru m&i; d~n nam 1949 l<;~i guy djnh them 3 dfru nfra, tilt h~ th6ng g6m 15 dfru. NhGng dfru nay thll'ang dll'Q'C cac nha in Slr dt,mg khi in l:;ti cac van ban c6, vi th~ cling cfrn gi&i thi~u sa lll'Q'C: 1. Cti hj~u: Diiu chfrm (.). 2. DPu JJj~u: Diiu ph5'y (,).
ca
TOAN THV TlJ HQC CHU HAN
227
3. D6n hj~u ( , ): Dung nhLr dfru ( . ), nhLrng d~c bi~t chi dung nhGng do:;tn li~t ke (co sach gQi dfru nay la d~u hi~u, nhll' dfru ph5'y). Chu thich: Co sach gQi ''d~u hi~u" va "d6n hi~u" !a "diim
a
hi~u".
4. Phfin }Jj~u: Diiu chiim ph5'y ( ; ). 5 M?Jo hj~u: Diiu hai chiim ( : ). 6. vin JJj~u: Diiu hoi ( ? ). 7 Than JJj~u: Diiu than ( ! ). 8. D3n JJj~u ( r J . li J ho~c { } ): Dung di dong khung bQ ph~n trich dfrn. 9. Quat JJj~u ( ( ) ho~c [ ]. ho~c - ): Con gQi la "giap chu hi~u". tll'cmg dmmg v&i dfru ngo~c dcm. 10. Pha cinlt f1j¢u ( - ): Dung biiu thj Sl! chuyin d(>t ng(>t tll' y nay sang y khac. 11. Ti'nh 1uvc f1j¢u ( ... ): Con gQi Ia "s~m ti~t hi~u", tll'ang dl.l'ang v&i dfru chiim ll1ng. 12. D;Jc danh JJj~u ( _ ): Con gQi Ja "tll' danh hi~u", dung di g<;~ch dU'&i ten ngll'ai. ten dfrt v.v. 13. Tru6c tr9ng lJj~u ( .. ): D~t ben phai chfr (n~u chfr in dQc) ho~c phia dU'&i chfr (n~u. chfr in ngang) a nhGng do<;~n d~c bi~t cftn chu y. 14. Thlf danh JJj~u ( ~ ~ ~ ): Dung g<;~ch dLr&i ten sac h. 15. Am gj6i ( . ): D~t gilia nhGng iim ti~t trong m(>t tll' phien ~ ·.: nll'O'C - ngoa1. · · 1-rzJJJ-d lj: '>'-r::. I.J ~ · ) (' ). am t1eng ¥ cv .r. L~e-nm
w 111
Ve
ten gQi va each dung cac dau ciiu . chung toi can eli chu yeu vao cu6n Hifjn d?i Him ngtJ(Thllang Vl! an thll quan . Biic Kinh . 1963): ngoai ra con tham khao them m(lt s6 sach 8ai Loan . Hong Kong .
a
TRAN VAN CHANH
228
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HO 1Z:9 cm ~i ±ill , 1J( ~ Jt l=jJ o 1J\ tt El Hg •-T:. 13 El Tu di~n h,IC d!a, thiiy tnr ky trung. Titiu giii viet trl, d~i giii viet 0 $fJ o$fj 7j( 1W ~ ' § flt OJ J;) fi 7j( l=jJ ~ h6. H6 thiiy tham quang, cJ.! chu kha dl vang lai. Thiiy trung huu f!?. '~~ ' ~ ~ ' ~ ' iffi 1fl EE Jt ff o (15;( m1 1~ Z ngu, ha, da lang, ngau, nhi quan di~n vuu ti~n. Co h6 tan chi
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di~n, thu ho~ch h~ng phong.
nJ M(JJ H6 mJ: hb (nhu cdi ao nhLtng !an hrm)-Clf §: fan-Ha
~:
con
sen-Quan1-f: dan nuac tuai, tuai, rot vao-Ti~n ff: ti¢n, ti¢n l(fi-Tan ¥~: bo-Thu ho~ch ~~fi: thu ho{lch-H~ng tff: thuong-Phong ~: ct&y, thjnh, du'(fc mua.
HiJ D!CH NGHlA Da't !dn bo'n ben, nuac cl9ng l{li iJ ben trong, ch6 nho g9i la ao, chb fan g9i fa hb. Nuac hb sau, rl)ng, thuy~n fan c6 thi eli lgi clu(fc. Trang nuac c6 cd, tom, nhdu cu a'u, ng6 sen, vi¢c dan nuac vao tuai rul)ng lgi cang ti¢n hrm. VI the' rul)ng ben bo hb thu hogch thuong du'(JC mua.
CHU NGCJVA V! NGCJ I. Chu ngU' va vi ngU'
Chu ngfr dung d~ neu len st.,r v~t rna ngtr&i ta mu6n n6i d~n, chi ngtr&i hay v~t lam chu mot hanh d(>ng hay m(>t tr<,lng thai. Chu ngfr trii l&i diu hoi: Aj? Cai gi? Vi ngfr dung d~ n6i v~ chu ngfr, cho bi~t hanh d(>ng hay tr<,1ng thfti cua Sl,l' V~t neu ra chu ngfr. Vi trii l&i cau hoi: Lam gi? Bj (duvc) Jilm gi? Nlur thi niw? La ni?. La cai gi?
a
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tom-Ng~u ~: ng6
NG0PHAP
229
I . Chu ngfr va vi ngfr Ia hai th~mh phfm chinh cua cau.
89
EB·~~
roAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
Duy nga D<:1i Vi~t chi qu6c. tht.,rc vi van hi~n chi bang. Nwc D;;i Vi~t tn. rlwc fa m9t nwc c6 viin hiin (Binh Ng6 dpi cao) ("Duy nga D<,1i Vi~t chi qu6c" la chu ngfr, "tht.,rC vi van hi~n chi bang" la vi ngfr). 2. Chu ngfr c6 th~ dung chi st.,r v~t dong vai tro chu dong ho~c bi d(>ng v&i nhfrng st.,r v~t neu ra & vi ngfr. Thi dl):
- Chu ngfr chu d(>ng: L,,~ p;fi :@: c ~ - 7F ff,tmQ-::N:J~\~
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rh "]j:;+Jm.tt '11X.1ff.';
DLI'thtr&ng liim san vong tht.,rc, trung d<,1 phu chfrm.
Tn thur3ng t6i blfa quen iin, nib dem vo g6i (Tr~n Quoc Tuan: Hjch tur5ng si viin). - Chu ngfr bi dong:
- flr:*-T~ ?Ixfitr~ V~
thai tifvi Giang Sung s& b~i. Thai tif nwc V~ bj Giang Sung danh b;;i (Han thti). Chu ngfr c6 khi kh6ng chu d(>ng, cilng kh6ng bi d(>ng:
TRAN VAN CHANH
230
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TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN
231
Thqt la mo'i h;i w5 cung.
Khfu tham hi! NCO PHAP
Giifc dong qua! ( T:i lruy~n).
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E>ia di~n huu son, ho~c nhat phong d<)c l~p, tung nh~p van te, ~ W1<: ru! t§ ~ , lit 1' *B o :ff3 , ho~c s6 phong tli(1ng lien, thien ly bat tuy~t. Son chi d<,1i gia, ~ ~ ~ 13 o ~ ilil thao, m<)c sinh chi, dm thti eli chi. Nhi kim, ngQc, moi, thiet chi ~ ' Y... ;¥_ fj~ ~ 0 IDJX 1W; ~ f-lj ill 0 thu<)c, hlfu san li ky trung.Thanh v6 cung chi IQi da.
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Phong ru!: cham nui, dinh nui, ng9n nui-Tung 3i: cao thilng len-Tt ~~: khodng- Ttiong t§: cung nhau-Lien ~: li~n vui nhauThien ly -=flit: ngan dc;im (duong)-Tuy~t if.§: edt dlit, dlit-Thao ~: co-NgQc =[: thu da qu.v, ng9c-Moi t_t: than da-Thitt ilil: sdtSan ;¥_: sinh de, sinh ra-Cung ~: cung he't, cuo'i he't-Lqi f-lj: mo'i lr;i, lr;i ich.
huu do~n tuc da. Ky c~n ng<,1n xu giao thitin, ti~m vien ti~m ~w o @l :JE ~&: s~ 1m ~o &l ~ tham. Phong djnh ba blnh chi thai, hai di~n nhli kinh nhi hai dti ~lj Qfl [2) ;If' ~ ~0 ~.i ±ill fr ; fb 1m ~ ~ ufc ao d<)t bat d£ng nhli ll}c dja chi son co'c; d<)ng thlfc cac v~t
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J)\ D!CH NGHlA Nz'ti Tren mc;it da't c6 nui, ho(ic m9t ng9n dung rieng m9t mlnh, cao thdng vao trong may, hoc;ic ma:v ng9n tie]J li~n nhau ngan d4m kh6ng dut. (0) nhilng nui !Un, (c6) co cay so'ng 0 d6, chim muong 6 n(fi d6. Nhilng loqi vang, ng9c, than, sdt lqi sinh ra trong t/6.
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Tiin hai dan eli da t~p thuy tinh, thliong tr<_~.o titiu chau b6 ngli
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ha, thai thuy tao, ho~c h~ th~ng yeu gian truy nMp hai
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232
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Ifffi mJ '~$ Et Ji0 .1.-J. tW: ~ ;riJ o ~ ® ~ A san ho, b~ng chau chi thuoc dT bac h~u lQi. Cai hai t§n chi nhan A t~ ® ill ~ ~ 15~ JJl t~ B3 o ky th! hai da v6 d! 11 n6ng phu chi th! di~n.
x z
TU M(JJ Qmin thong ]i :@: li~n suo't, thong li~n-Do~n tQc iff t,J: dut no'i-Xu ~: nai-Giao t~: khd, tuang c16'i- Thi~n 1~: nlJng, cr,mTi~m if: ddn ddn-Djnh )E: yen-Ba ~,&: : s6ng-Ao [g): !om xuo'ngD()t~ : l6i len- T~p ~: nhdu, xen ke, ldn l9n- Tfin ~: k~, gdn, ba-Dan cu' ..§:~:dan cu-T~p ~: quen-Tr~o f~: cheo-Tao /ffk: rong-H~ ~: bul)c, CQ!- Th~ng ~: day- Truy M;: thong xuo'ng, tha xu6ng-San h6 (san ho) ffffi m.J: san h6-B~ng chau ~f J)K: ngQc trai-Bac tW:: r9ng, mo r9ng, lam cho r9ng-H~u lqi ~ fiJ: m6n lt;Ji
Lan-Cai
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TOAN THli Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
(phi)
la
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z
233
d!nh, dung nhu' 1' (bat): ~iir*:llli (Phi nlut(lc h,1c chi huu do~n tt;~c da) Khanf? ph6
tu
phi.'!
nhu cllit li~n c6 chb dut chb no'i. 6 ~ (giao) Ia ph6 tu lam tr<;tng ngu, d~t truck hlnh dung tu trong mot ket cau so sanh, c6 thti d!ch "kha , tu'ong doi, ... hon": A Jl[f$~~1~ (Ky c~n ng~n xu giao thitin) Nai g6n ba cua m5 thi cg_n han. @
J! (cai)
vi~c,
Ia lien tu dung d~ giiii thich nguyen nhan cua slf d!ch la "bC1i vi":
x
~ ® ~ ZAA1~ ®lli~~n~~ Z t~ B3 (Cai hai tgn chi nhan ky th! hai da v6 d! 11 n6ng phu chi th! di~n) Boi vi nguai oven biln ho xem biin khong khdc ngul-ti nang phu xem ru9ng.
vi (xem Ngil phap o duai).
D!CH NGH[A Biin Biin (J tren mijt dja cdu, bo'n mijt thong li~n nhau, kh6ng nhu cta't ldn c6 chb dut no'i. Nai gdn ba cua n6 thi ct;~n han, cang xa ba cang sau. Luc gi6 l(fng song yen, m(it biln nhu guang, ma day biln thi l6i lorn chdng d~u nhau, gio'ng nhu hang nui tren l~:tc dja; cdc loai d9ng v(1t, thl!c v(1t cilng sinh san ldn l9n trong d6. Dan cu o gdn biin, phdn nhi~u quen tinh o m,cac, thuang cheo thuy~n nho bdt cd tom, hdi rong biin, ho(ic bu9c day ngang lUrlg thong xuo'ng day biin la~v cdc thu san h6, ngQc trai di thu nhi~u m6n lt;Ji ian. Boi l'l nguoi o ven biin, xem biln kh6ng khac nguai nang phu xem ru9ng. NG0PHAP 0 ~FE (phi nhu'qc) nghTa la "kh6ng nhu'", trong d6 ~F'
0 ~ ... ~-·· (ti~m ... ti~m ... ) Ia mot each thuc co d!nh c6 th
m 92
i::JJ i~ SA MAC
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TRAN VAN CHANH
234
z
]j[ o ~ Fr3~ ~ 11~ iX: ~ Po ~, A. & ph<:tP thtiy thao. Tni gian khl h~u viem nhi~t nhLf ph~n, nh~p d<:t fl!J {i J:t (~ {)itl 0 _§_ X. ~ Jim !1R ' :t~ 1j,' uk ctfc ky Him Ii~t. Tha htfu thuong khoi c1.,1 phong, quy~n sa· ~ ~ ~ ~~ .~t fl!J t~ t~JJ. A i'if , ~ hi~p th<:tch phi vu kh6ng te, s~u l(;lc Uic y~m mai nhan sue, mac "6J ~ il o 35!: /f' i® 15~ !@ A o kha dao d<')n. Co bat thfch u cu nhan.
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roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
235
NCO PHAP
0 fj;!t: (ctfc ky) duc;ic dung nhu ph6 tu lam tqng ngG', d~t truck hlnh dung tu, c6 ngr.Ta la "het s(tc": fj(C{tc ky Him li~t) Hit sue lgnh leo. 6 _§_X (tha htfu) du~k di:mg nhLf lien tu, bi~u thj stf tang c6 th€ djch Ia "va l(;li, va l(;li, hon nG'a" _ax.'*'~ ill!@, (Thd h{tu thuong khoi c1.,1 phong) Vd lgi thuCinf? ndi len nhi?ng trqn gi6 lo'c. tien,
T£) MCJI
Sa m~c 10'1~: sa mgc-Buc vien : di¢n tfch, liinh th!f. drit daiQuang d~i JJi diii din-Ph~p
*: r9ng /O'n-Mien *m: keo dai-C~ng Ji: surJ't, chqy z: thiiu, khong c6- Khi h~u ~ 11~: khf hqu-Phftn
~ ~ (s~u) Ia ph6 tu lam tr<,tng ngG' bi~u thi Stf xay ra d()t
}t: hit suc-L~m li~t (1* {)itl: lgnh leo- Tha htfu _§_X.: vd lqi, va lgi, han ntla-CQ. phong !!\!~;@, : gi6
ng<')t, d~ t truoc d()n:g tu, c6 th~ d!ch "chc;it, thlnh llnh, dOt ng()t": .~t ~IJtttt t!.A ~ C ·Squ l<,tc de y~m mai nhan sue) D9t ng9t rai xwJ'ng thi chon vui 111guoi VQ sue VQI.
IO'c, gi6 hiio-Quyin t~: cuo'n di-Hi~p ~: tung, xo'c- Vii ~: mua-
w
~: thieu. clo't-Ctfc ky t~
m
Te' ~~ : Rii?a-S~u .~l: ehc;t, thinh llnh-Yim mai jij t!_: vui la/JDao d()_n
~
ii:
93
tro'n tranh.
00* !IT n
D[CH NGH!A
Sa m{lc
Tren mt;it dja cdu, da't b!ing, nui, nude d~u c6 sinh vQ_t, chl c6 sa 1ngc thi khong nhu tht Di¢n tich sa mgc r9ng Lan, hot;ic dai suo't din nghin dt;im; noi a~v thiiu m!cfc, co cay. Ban ngay khi hQ-u n6ng nhu do't, vao ban
ctf!m thi hit sue lgnh leo. Va lgi thuong ndi len nhtlng trQ-n gi6 LO'c, cuo'n cat xo'c da hay mua tren khong, niu c19t ng9t roi xuo'ng thi vui la/J nguoi va sue vqt, khong ai hay con vQ_t nao c6 thi tro'n tranh dli(fC. Cho nen (sa mgc) khong thich hc;p vai nguoi J.
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Thu hG'u nhj chung, ky cu scin da gian gia, viet da thu; ky vi nhan pfT %Z :R ~' El ~ 0 ~ ti .~)II ' Q} {f: so hoan duong gia, viet gia sue. Gia sue tfnh tu~n, kha nhi~m M -h , i:f± ~ q ElF' ffi.-1" I;>(! .!#., , .f...l:'. e;; A ~ 0 :h JJ f/, .P< IJD 0 :±:T nA .7L ~ P.lt:. J;-;-0 /\. = lao ltfc, cung thtfc phffm. Da thu hung b(;lo, nang vi nhan h<,ti. ~ j j ~ tii -<::_ ' ~ ;!t: ~ ' :r$G lf'X ;!t: J3Z> ~ ' ~ ' Nhien l(;lp gia b0 chi, thtfc ky nhuc, ho~c thu ky bl, mao, cot, fiEI•.!-Ja~ m~-<::_ ffl o giac, d1 vi khl ph1.,1c chi dt,mg.
* *
TRAN VAN CHANH
236
TU MCJI Da !f:
w:
(t(Jng n9i ( "s(ffi dii" nghla la riing nui)-Ho~n nuoi (sue vqt)-Tm1n .~JI!: thudn-Cung f~: cd/J cho, cung cd/J-Hung !7'2,: hung dil, de (ciing vie't Ia ~)-B~o ~: dtitc;n, tan h~w. hung dcL~p (li~p) jjt: .win thu.
Loai tlul D!CH NGHlA Thu c6 hai gio'ng, giifng thu iJ noi nui riing g9i Ia dii thu; gio'ng thu duc;c nguoi nu/Ji dU'(Jng gr;i Ia gia sue. Gia sue tinh thudn, c6 thl ehju dl:(ng dU'(/e Slf nhr;e sac, (va) cung ea/J thvc phdm. Dii thu hung dil, c6 thllam hQi nguoi. Nhung ngu(Ji di san bdt dii thu, an thft, hay la:y da, long, xuong, sung di dung lam vqt (htng, do qudn.
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
mQt d(?ng
-
237
tu, hinh dung tu, s6 tu n~u chung dt.rQ'c dung nhtr danh tu:
ftt9=t~~~
Ke Trung Tan thi ci.m. Ke Trung Tin t.ra diin cdm (B:;1ch Ctr DD (danh tu).
-
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, fPJ (15( ?
Tl'r h<;1 nga, ha c6? Bic mimg t6i. JiJ vi sao?(QwJc ngil) (d<,li ttr).
-
~D~~i¥l= _._
Tri ti~n thoai t6n vong ... Biitauvc Je tJln thoii, t6n vong. .. (Trang TJ>; (d(?ng tu).
- t)~~* DI qua dtch chung. Liy it dinh nhiJu (Binh Ng6 df)i cia) (hinh dung tu).
NGOPHAP
TAN NGV~~
1. Tan ngv D(?ng tu ngo:;1i d(?ng thtr&ng dt.rQ'c b6 tuc bai m(?t tan ngfr. Tan ngfr dung di chi d6i ttrQTig ct!a hanh d(?ng do d(?ng tu ngo:;1i d(?ng neu ra. Tan ngfr tht.rCmg di sau d(?ng tu va tra l&i cau hoi: Ai?, Cii gi? Thi dl}:
2. Tan ngfr la mQt ngfr: -~B::Z~:tf·B::?J\~Jt~ L<;lC dan chi /fJC gia, dan di~c l(,lC ky l<;lC.
Niu vui niJm vui ciia dan thi dan cilng vui niJm vui ciia minh (M.anh TJ>;.
-~~)t±.pt~
Huy~n An tien sinh thi thu.
HuyJn An tien sinh thich sich (B:;1ch Ctr DD.
II. Cau t~o cua tan ngv 1. Tan ngfr tht.rCmg la danh
- ~~- --D<;lO sinh nhit. .. Df)o sinh ra mr)t... (Liio tif; (s6 tu).
3. Tan ngfr c6 thi la m(?t k~t du chu vt. Tmcmg hqp nay, d(?ng tu trong cftu thoong la nhfrng d(?ng tu biiu thi Sl! nh~n thCrc, y chi, nguy~n VQng, nhtr ~D (tri), M (nghi), /j[ (nguy~n), J~t (ho:;1n) ...
-
tu, d<;1i tu. Tan ngfr cling c6 thi la
l'~D:t:Z~~:¥
Bftt tri !5o chi tu011g chi Kh6ng hay tu6l gill sip din (Lu4n ngli').
TRAN VAN CHANH
238
Chua timg c6 vi~c d6 (Mpnh Tii).
t21l!!JM:*:.:f.Z/f~gm-& Th~n c6 nghi d.ai vurmg chi bit mJng dt,mg d5.
-
(2)Trong k~t du nghi viin c6 d~i tu lam tan ngfr:
Thdn vcfn ng& dpi vurmg kh6ng dung ki ctla thdn (Chiin qucfc
- .:E. Sli: :tt'r ? 0 iJtf:._,y, •
s!Jch).
Ngo thuykhi?
- t2m:*:xffl:~r=Ft2zifEl~-& Th~n nguy~n dpi vurmg v6 thinh qudn thdn chi turmg !Jc d5. Thdn mong dpi vurmg dimg nghe thea JOi huy bang J3n nhau
Ta dcfi ai?(Lu4n ngt1).
-
7t~M~1PJZ? Tien sinh tll'O'Ilg ha Ghi?
ctla b9n bJ t6i ( Chiin qucfc s!Jch).
Tien sinh djnh di dau? (Mpnh Tii).
- /fJ~tAZ./fc~D Biit ho~m nhfm chi bit kj tri.
(3) Tan ngfr d~t tnr&c dong tu qua each dung cua
. ,
" "
(4) Tan ngfr d~t tru&c dong tu qua each dung cua: ~ (thi),
-
~, VU!l
(Dt;Ji Vi~t sif
kj)("chi" va "quan" d~u la tan ngfr cua dong ttr "tac").
Vl tri cua tfm ngv Thong thtr&ng, tan ngfr d~t sau dong ttr. Nhung trong mot s6
tnr&ng hqp sau day, tan ngfr thtr&ng d~t tnr&c dong tu: ( 1) Trong k~t du phu dtnh c6 d~i tu lam tfm ngfr:
-fZWfi•ff/f.:g.W Nga thAng nhuc;rc, nhuc;rc biit ng6 thAng.
Ta thifng ngUV'i, ngUV'i kh6ng thing ta (Trang Tii).
-*z:ff-& Vi chihfru da.
.:E. It::.''"' J.H t=J PII B"A.~
C!J Jil Joili ta mu6n fin (Mpnh Tii).
3 [2]c ): 7:~B::mHtz~ Thien sinh dfm nhi Uic chi quan. Tr&i sinh ra dan va tt;JO cho h9 m9t 6ng
'
pfT (so'):
Ngu: ng6 s& d1,1c da.
4. Mot dong tu c6 th~ c6 hai tfm ngfr (xem Ngfl phdp bai 30,
Ill.
fa
-
Kh6ng Jo ngu&i ta kh6ng biit minh (Lu4n ngt1).
ml,IC
239
roAN THlf TV HQC CHO' HAN
1f (tht,rC). WI (tu), 1.% (yen),* (lai), -:z:;;-(van); z (chi): .:E. ttr:: -7 .:±::..J... t::. 1 =
-
t=J
:R/1 ,<__ 71' F.l 1::. I i5
Ng6 tulcln!Vi nang tin.
Ta chua the' tin vi~c fy (Lu4n ngtJJ ~A 13M~j@J~~fl~ Quan nhan gill tucmg h9althjh1,1 khu.
-
Ding quan nhan chj ccft tn} h9a cho dan. *:f$~FA1f~ , t1H~~1~ Qu.V thfln phi nhiinlthvcAhan, duy dticlthjly.
-
Qu)· thdn kh6ng than v6i nguVi, chj than v6i dtic ( Ta truy~n:
Hi c6ng ngfl nien).
-TW:Wlf~ .- Vu kinhltu/y ...
-
TRAN VAN CHANH
240
truyfn).
NU011g dva noi kinh d6 ( Thi Kinh: Df!i nha, C6ng ll111).
-.~.Z*~ ' ~~~1R
- ~~J;Jfl\ , &~/f~'fiJT'I'ti , 'l'i5[J~~1R
sa
N ga chi dong thien, Tfn. Trinhlyenly. Nha Chu ta d&i v~ phia dong, thea h9 Tin; h9 Trinh ( Ta · truy~n: -
tl)Zl
An c6ng ll!c nien). T/1"'/1'-=±:..
- ~::fl-J1&A~
Bfit ni~m tich gia, y dU' llai /ky. Chang kh6ng nghi din tinh XU'a mil gi{ln ta (Thi Kinh: B9i
Nga bfrt eli h{lu nhfm me. Ta kh6ng me hope nguiri d&i sau (Thur,tng thu: Qu{Jn thich) (=
phong, c6c phong).
- ~ ~__t
*'
ftrmi-:z:.-1~ ?
me
HGu ho~mg thU'QTig d~. y thuylvanA.fmg ? Ding thur;mg di to 1677. niw c6 ghet ai? (Thi Kinh: Tilu nha, Chinh nguy~t). (5) Tfm ngfr di;it tnr&c d(>ng tl.r qua each dung cua
Oi
z (duy ... chi), Ol ... ~ (duy ... thi):
-/f~~-.ZER·::fM~~z~·m~~~~
Bfit tri gia s~c chi gian nan, bit van tiiu dan chi lao, duy dam h;tc thi tong. Khong nghi d~n Sl,l' gian nan kho nhQC CUa vi~c cay dy, khong nghe bi~t noi kh6n kh6 cua nhan dan, chi bi~t ch~y theo nhfrng di~u ham me, khoai l~c (Thur;tng thu: V6 d{lt).
-)(-BJ:Ol~*.Z~ Ph1,1 m~u duyky t~t chiuu. Cha mt; chilo cho con dau 6m (Lu{ln ngiJ).
- ~~BZ~,
Ngo thi~u co. c~p tnr&ng bfrt tinh ho. duyhuynh t~u thiy. Ta m6 c6i tir nho, 1611 len kh6ng dur;rc thfy mift clw. chi nllVTlg thea anh va chi dau (H~m Dil: Ti Th{lp nhi lang van). (6) Tfm ngfr d~t tnr&c d(>ng tl.r qua tac d(>ng cua gi&i tl.r .[;) (dl):
T ~±I::# , fCH~;tx~
" I',D,8 13
241
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHO HAN
t1E:tJ~tJl Trl.rquan chi 6, duyh,rc thjthi. Mu6n trir dur;rc ke thu ciia vua, chi c6 the' c[ly vao stic mflllh (Ta
h~u
nhfm).
- ~-Tg~~J.-Jfr~ Kim du thl tlfOTlg dl nhifthien. Nay ta thif dem c!Jc nguui d&i doi (Thur..rng thu: Ban Canh) (= tlfOTlg thien nhil'). (7) Tfm ngil' d~t tru&c d(>ng tl.r qua tac d(>ng cua gi&i tl.r jj~(u)
ho?c trQ tu ket d(u
z (chi):
- ru~~¥1fP , ~IJ::f~~m Nga u tir mfnh, t~c bfrt nang da. Ta v6n kh6ng gioi v~ khoa an n6i (M.anh Tif: C6ng Ton Siiu thur;mg) (= nga bit nang tl.r m~nh da).
-
~~JJ&m~
, m~f3J)::fJffi8~
Dil thi~u bi d(>n, U' thOi svdo bfrt thong hiiu. Dil thuif nho rft que mua din d9n. kh6ng hilu chut gi v~ thOi sv ( H?m Dtf: Thur;mg Lj thi lang thU') (=do bfrt thong hiiu thai sl,l'). (8) Tan ngfr c6 thi
d~t tru&c d(>ng tl.r trong m(>t k~t du kh&ng
dinh thuang, khong cftn CO Sl,l' trung gian cua lllQt l0;;1i tlr d~C bi~t nao:
TRAN vAN CHANH
242
- ~:K~~*/f§gtrfn ' il&&±'¥:? Uio phu ky qu6c gia bfrt nang tu5.t, cam c~p Vll'O'Tlg thfrt?
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
243
di§u c6 thltheo dur;rc (Hin thlf). - ,'Rj s ' nlro::Et.L..t:.~ p"J\ /, §t:.JI~
Lfio phu day. ddt nu6c minh con kh6ng Jo nghi din. sao dim nghi din vua ?(= bfrt nang tu5.t ky qu6c gia). (9) Do ky thu~t h~mh van, nhfrt Ia trong thi ca, di cho ciic vfrn hqp nhau, ngum ta dao tim ngfr ra tnr&c d()ng tl.r:
Dieu, ng6 tri kj nang phi. Loai chim, ta biit n6 bift bay (StJ kjJ.
w 94 1'<:~ YTHljC
- ~Fo~~1± , PJ~~r ; :r\~:r\c , m;J \AJil Phfrn v5.n phfrt Sl, v~t vong qufm tu, thfrc di thfrc di, v6 lieu nhan dai.
Niu (nhilng ke bit tai d6) kh6ng thuimg hoi han, xem xet. thi nhan dan se khinh nhim, d6i gpt nha vua. (Nguvi) hZiy chin ch/nh /pi, truit bo nhilng ke Jd16ng xting ding d6 di, dimg dl cho vuvng thir bi nguy hpi vi ke lieu nhfin (Thi Kinh: Tieu nhfi, Tift nam son) (=vo aai tiiu nhfm)m. (10) Ngoai ra, tan ngfr con c6 thi neu tnr&c d()ng tl.r r6i duqc nh~c l;;ti trong do;;tn cau k~ ti~p b~ng nhfrng d;;ti tl.r nhu (chi). ~(ky). ~(yen) ... , theo k~t du: Tan ngu + (Chu ngfr) + D()ng tl.r + (Chi) (ho~c ~ky,
z
z
~yen):
- ~*ill , ?IWJZA '*'*~z Thi t4tda, Giang Nam chi nhan thuerng thu&ng hfru chi. B1i1h d6. ngwi ddt Giang Nam thuimg hay mic (Han Du: Te' Th(jp nhj lanf? van).
- 1f':KZ ~ ' BJ.J.:tt'1% Cu6ng phu chi ng6n. minh chua tr;;tch yen. L&i n6i ctla ke ngu deft. b+lc minh chua bift Iva ch9n nhilng 121
Ojch doan nay. chung t6i c6 tham khao ban djch cua Couvreur (sdd ..tr.202). va tham bao i; kien cua mot so nha chu giai co thll. nhll Vl10'ng Dan Chi , Chu Hi . Ouang Thl,l EJat.
A
z
.§r
R ,_L-J-1'<:51
z ,_L-:J_
Jf
~
z
o
1X
~
7f ;r:E,
Nhan chi than th~, dT y hQ chi, JT thtfc uu'ong chi. Y thtfc bat tuc,
~D ~
'*
~
~
!;i o
z
~
o
~
~
Bi ~ ~ , ~ JE ~J
tuc hO'u dong noi chi ngu. Nhien qua noan qua bao, giai tuc tri m o ~ ~ fl-* rm ~ t<: , :IE [P.J t-u rm ~ t41 , ~ u b ~nh. Tuy khi h~u nhi dich y, dinh thai kha:c nhi thtfc v?t, ta:c
.§r
G
than th~ tu' an . TrJ MOl D ong /*: lc;mh Ldm-N6 i ~: d6i Ldm-Ngu ~: /o Ldng-Qmi ~: qua. !dm, vur;t hon-Noan Bi: (tm-Bao ~§: no-Khi h~u ~ fl-*: khi thai gia-T{t ti! nhien hiju (tinh trc;mg cua khong kh[)-Khl'ic (ph6 ru).
t-U:
E3 :
Ao va t/u[c iin Than thl nguC!i ta, dunf? ao di che cho, dung thiic an di nuoi. ( Khi) do va thiic an khong du, thi c6 n6i lo d6i ret. Nhung am qua, no qua d~u c6 thl dua de'n b¢nh t(lf. (Ntu) tuy thea khi h(ju ma thay d(/i do, djnh thai khdc mit an thiic an, thi than thl li! nhierz yen lanh. D[CH NGHlA
TRAN vAN cHANH
244
NCO PHAP
TRANG NGa~~ • MPO
roAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
Thmthanh trung duy bat clru thien nhiin. Biy gi& trong thanh chl con c6 tam, chin ngan ngLr&i (H~u Han thu).
-
~if.f~:K-T
, /f&llt
I. Tr:;m g ngii' Tr<;tng ngii la thanh phfm phl:l d?t d phia tntoc di them chi ti~t Cl;l thi cho ho:;tt d()ng ho~c tinh tr:;tng neu ra & d()ng tu, hinh dung tlr. kh6ng ki dQng tlr hay hinh dung tlr nay lam nhi~m Vl;l gi
Ng6 tiio tong phu tt!, bfrt c~p tht!. Niu ta s6m nghe J&i cha thi diiu din nOi nay (Quo'c ngil). 2. Trgng ngil chl noi chon:
trong diu.
Nga d()c nam hanh. M9t minh ta di vi nam (Thi Kinh: B9i phong, Kich co}
- :ft ~f¥jfj
Thi d1,1:
-
-~WP'lm~ll!~ Huy~n gi6i n9ih6' tai lu kh&i.
=ft1W~z
N ga thiim ai chi. T6i rft yeu n6 (Tiit Ditu) ("thiim" b6 sung cho d()ng tu "ai")
Trang huy~n. tai hQa vt CQP lien tiip xay ra (Tt hili kj). J.Trgng ngtJchiphurmg thtic himh d9ng:
~i'i@r'IL? .... I ~y_A.,t~.i"T •
-
-
Bfrt dJcfrp h6? Ching v¢i Iifm sao? (M[Jnh Til) ("dl" b6' sung cho hinh dung
4. Trgng ngtJ chl mtic d¢, s6 lur;mg:
- rr~+i:t
-
II. Cac loC;li tr~ng ngli
Can Clr vao
5. Trgng ngtJ chi sv phil djnh:
y nghia, chuc nang, ta c6 thi chia tr(;lng ngii lam 7
-
~lBXffl:C
• /fOJ1~-tt1
Tuy dl;lc v6 vong, bfrt kha d~c da. Du c6 mu6n kh6ng bj mit nur5c, ctlng kh6ng thl duvc (Sti
1. Trgng ngtJchi th&i gian: ~±P.X$'11£;\:TL -T A
~~Dlltt~AA ~
Thimh tri tht! h~n nhan nhiin hiiu. Th~t biit rling m& h~n iy ngu&i ngu&i dtu c6 (Nguyen Chfrn).
lo:;ti chinh:
-
x1JJ~~-¥~
Vuong b9t nhien bi~n h6 s~c. Nha vua d9t ng9t do] sic mift (M.anh Tti).
tu "cfrp"). Tr<;tng ngii cling c6 thi b6' nghia cho s6 tu: Hanh co-th~p nien. Di gdn muVi niim (Han thu).
245
kf) .
TRAN vAN CHANH
246
phdp bai 126,
*
6. Trt;zng ngil chl mt:tc dich, nguyen nhan: ~=!;: 6:::r:: :f5( ~Jt. t<:.__ -7 Q~ J7;7!J .I.
li?t truy?n). 7.Trt;zng ng{f chi sv nghi vfn:
III): Is -t:A-
;t:;; ~
/=;r JJ@ IIIJ '1-.:r
t:F.J
.=E.
DT due bao oan, lu],ll thi nhi b{lc VQng,
La:v due bdo odn, cho nhidu ma mong it (Sit kv: Du hi?p fi?t truy?n), ~j (dT) a€ chi phu'ong thuc h~mh d9ng ho~c doi xu:
cham sinh thtr?
Hai ch{f "uyen U011g" Jilm sao viit?(Au Duang Tu).
Ill. Cau tq.o cua tr~ng ngv 1. Tn;mg ngfr thuemg nhftt la m9t ph6 tlt-: t~-§-%r6J:f:E/f?
Thi ng6 thi~t thur;mg t~i phu?
Xem Ju6i ta van con d6 kh6ng? (Su kj). 2. Tr(;lng ngfr la danh tlt- dung nhtr ph6 ttr
'
247
5. Tr<:J,ng ngG' la danh tu hay ngG' Janh tu ket h<;lp voi
-;li~~*~~~?
-
m~:~c
' I ,'(ii'o ~[2 )'B J;:A ,,e;; =fl)( ,~.:,,
Thinh vi d{li Vlldng sat chi Xin Vl dt;zi vuong ma gie't ong ta (Sa kj: Truong Nhl Trdn Du
Uyen 11011g lt.r6ng til
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
cti chi phuang thCrc
- ~SB:~-ffi~fiR·ffi~fiR~*A~~· ~ ?J5z:~J*A¥~z ; ~o1s~J~ ±~~ ~ ?J5z:~J~±¥1ilz Di! Nhuqng vi~t: Thfm Sl! Ph;;tm Trong Hanh thj, Ph;;tm Trong Hanh thi di c!uJng nh5n ng9 thfm. thfm c6 dl chung nhfm bao chi; Tri Ba dl qu6c sing9 thfm, thfrn c6 dl qu6c sl bao chi_
,
Dv Nhuvng n6i: T6i thea plu;ng sf/ h9 Ph:;m Tr9ng Himh. h9 Ph:;m Tr9ng Himh dem J6i Clf xu cua chung nhan mil d6i xu v6i t6i, nen t6i cling d:ip J:;i y thea J6i Clf xti cua c!uJng nhan: Tri B:i dem J6i Clf xu cua bPc qu6c si mil d6i xu v6i t6i. nen t6i cling d:ip J:;i thea J6i Clf xucua bPc qu6c si (C!nln qu6c s:ich).
hanh d9ng (xem Ngil phap bai 125):
~A.lrrm~ Thi nhfin l~p nhi d~. Con heo dilng len nhu ngu&i mil keu (Tii truy~n: Trang cong
-
6. Tr<;tng ngfr la m9t ket cau gioi-tan, c6 th€ d6 la mQt
danh ttr, d;;ti tu ho~c ngfr danh ttr, k~t h<;rp v&i m9t gi&i ttr khac d tru'oc
thu: Ly Quang truy?n). 4. Tr(;lng ngu la hlnh dung tu dung nhu' ph6 tu (xem Ngil
chi th&i gian, nai ch6n ... Nhfrng gi&i ttr thu&ng dung la
11\ (y), :(£ (t<;li),
-8
bat nien). 3. Tr<;1ng ngu la d9ng tu dung nhu' ph6 tu (xem Ngil phap bai 126): u~JJf~ , ~ 1~~ Pha Quang quan, sinh dac Quang. Danh tan quan cua Quang va bdt so'ng dur;Jc Quang (Han
ai
~j
(dT):
811\LlJ~
B;;tch nMt ysan t~n-
M!ft troi chim thea nui (VtrO'ng Chi Hoan; Dang Qudn Tuoc lau).
-
~1±7:.HI~tf=r Du tf)i Dt;~i Ch5u bile hanh. •
Ta tir D:;i Ch5u di vt huring bifc (Ttr Kh6ng
D6 ),
248
lien tl.r rm (nhi) di chi phurmg tht!c cua hanh dong. dong tac:
-#d-J*=O~~*
/fMrm~ Bftt ky nhi ngo.
-
Du di vj thai ho~tn gia. Ta tra , ,~ nha vao giiJ Mui ( Vien Mai: Tl mu(}i van). 7. Tr~ng ngfr la d(fi tl.r. hinh dung tl.r, s6 tl.r dung nhu ph6 tl.r (xem Nga phdp d cac bai 125, 126). Ngoai ra, tr<;tng ngfr c6 thi la ph6 tl.r, dong tl.r
k~t hqp
249
roAN THV n,l HQC CHU HAN
TRAN VAN CHANH
v&i mot trq tl.r lam ngfr vi cho chtmg di chi
Khong h~n mil gifp.
- /f~rm't~ Bftt h~m nhi l~t. Khong /+Jnh mil run (Trang Tif).
phtr011g tht!c cua hanh dong, dong tac. Nhfrng trq tl.r thtrong dung cho tnimg hqp nay la ~(nhien) . .s:f(h6), fi'(nhl), ~(nhuqc),
9. Tr;;tng ngfr c6 thi chi la mot danh tl.r, d~t C1 dfru diu :
~(yen):
- tJJ' £-~~
- ~gft~ ~H*~&ni, ~~~*
SO', c6ng true dai.
Hiiu ng;;t gia m6ng du~ t~p lti. m{iu m{iu nhien lai.
Ban dbu c6ng xay dai (Ta truy~n).
C6 m9t ngtr&i d6i d9i tay ao che mift. Jfp vip trong doi giily
10. Tr;;tng ngfr c6 thi la mot ngfr va thucmg la ngfr c6 danh tl.r thai gian lam trung tam, d~t
JiYdiYdi t6i (Ll kj). -=t-~~$~rm~t Tu Lo suit nhinhi d6i. Tif L9 br)p ch9p trd J&i (Lu{in ngii).
-
-
gB~ Al-J?9: ' ~ 8 1J'1~~ Tich thOi nhftn dl mot, kim nh{itthuy do han. Ngily Xtra ngwi da mit, hom nay nt.r6c v3n con i{lnh (L;;tc Tan
-
~~M.A
Ytr011g : Djch thuy to'ng hi~t ).
17Lltz~ , ~~1£? Phtr011g thu chi thm, Nghieu an t;;ti? Dang Juc biy giO; vua nghieu Cf dau? (Han Phi Tti).
-
T;ch nhivo nhftn. Vifng ]ifng khong m9t bong ngwi (Van khe JuJu nghj). -
r.F.J-j:::;- ~ .;.!;§lj7.c-++- 1. :p:;: ~ ' F3 A§. " 7C ::t5 /'... ,'iffl
Qu6c hfru d;;to de d9t nhUQ'C nh~p yen.
Khi nu6c c6 d+Jo (duvc yen on). thi chqt di vilo (D+Ji D6i
Jl:
Tang Tifchi ngon). - f~~ 1±1 ~513 San yen xufrt th~. Ddm dia rD'i /~ (Thi Kinh: Tie'u nhii. D+Ji dong). 8.
a dfiu diu:
Tr~ng ngfr la ngfr dong tl.r hay ngfr hinh dung tl.r k~t hqp v&i
m 95 "" H ~ "'
KHIC()
)\ J5 :¥ ~' ~' ~' ~' ,€> ~ $ ~ Nhan ell' that trung, §'m, thlfc, ngQa, khCJi, giai nhu khi
~o'l'ft Cl;l.
Duy
TRAN VAN CHANH
250
!K
A~~,~{,- JJ'Jt ~
8, ~n>t
/f ~
0
tu'Qng nhan t(;lo khi, lao tam ltfc, phi thai nh~t, ky th~mh ba't di.
m~z
A , ~ 9;o ~ t~ o 7f
or
f:f ~ fE~ 1~ mo y huy thu'ong da.
Dl;lng khi chi nhan, u'ng tri ai tich, ba't kha nhi~m
TU MOl
Nhu ~: cdn dung-Duy '1'1£.: nhLtng ma (lien tit) -Tti(fng [K :
nguili th(!-T~o ~: chi ra, lam ra-Phi Jt: hao phi, hao to'n-u'ng ~: nen, cdn phdi (tr(f d9ng tu)-Tich 'I'~: tile (khong niJ bo)-Y ~ : y (di~u suy nghT trong long)-Huy fE§i:: phd hu-Thtidng f~: tffn ht;~-i.
TOAN THV Tl)' HQC CHO' HAN
251
Gift ngu&i bffng g{ly va bffng dao, c6 gi khac nhau kh6ng
?
(Mc;mh Ttl'). 2. Bo'ngtJchj no'i clufn:
7tH~l5f-7(±tl2Z.Fa, Phi tuemg h6 thien dia chi gian. Btzy Jur;m khfip trong clufn tnYi dft (Chifn qu6c sich).
-
- im3f-?Ioo Du h6 giang hili.
L9i cho'i tJin song bien (Chifn qu6c sich). 3. Bff ngil chf thai gian :
D6 dz'tng
D[CH NGHiA
Nguili ta o trong nha, uo'ng, an, nlim, dl)y, d~u cdn din d6 dung. NhLtng nguili th(f chi tt;~-o d6 dung. nhqc long sue, phi nga y giil, Sf! lam nen cua hq kh6ng dl Nguili dung d6 vl)t nen bie't thuang tile, khong du(!C tuy y gay hu ht;~-i vl)y.
~?
-
BO NGUfff]~
Bo ngu B6
ngfr la thanh ph~n phl;l d~t sau d<)ng tu ho~c hlnh dung
tu d~ b6 sung y ngh!a, cho bi~t t'inh h'inh, ket qua, s6 lu'<;jng cua d<)ng tac tien hanh ho~c muc dQ cua tinh cha't, tr(;lng thai .
II Cac loQi
Tien si chi khoa sang u Tuy.
Khoa thi tie'n Sl bdt ctdu c6 vao clili Tuy ( Le tri~u ljch khoa
tie'n s! d~ danh bi ky ). 4. Bff ngil chl muc dq: -s~ .:Em!£
NGO PHAP
I.
- ~±zt4 ~u15~~
bo ngu
Chieu vuong b~nh th{j..m.
Vua Chieu ''uang bfnh nr;lng ldm (Sa ky: So the' gia).
5. Bff ngil chl mf!C dicb:
- ~A 1x7Kl-J:f)Z~ sa nhfm ph<_lt T6ng di Cllv Trjnh. Sd-dinh T6ng de'ctiv Trinh (Tii. rruy~n). 6. Bfi ngil chl kit qua:
1. Bo'ngtJchj phuung thtir: hanh dc)ng ho!fc d6i xif:
- =t~~ti
- ~~Al:J~WJJ, ~l-J~3f-?
NgQC bien vi th{LCh.
Sat nhfm di dinh dtJ nh{ln, hfru d! di h6?
Ngqc biin thanh dd (Lul)n hoanh: L~y ht;~-i).
TI~AN VAN CHANH
252
- ~~~Jj(~ fJ]pt,l£
253
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
Lila s(J hiii ldm ( Bai 97) (thay vl/u qtc hiii thl qtc la tr<;1ng ngil').
w
Yen tuong c6ng hc,t Li~u thimh. Tuifng nuifc Yen danh ht;z thcmh Ldu (Sa Icy : LJ Tr9ng Lien
96
Trau Duong li?t truy?n). 7. Bd ngil chi xu huifng:
&l KINH
-!f~lft_t7(
Da ke phi thu(lng thien. Ga ri:tng bay len trai (Nht;zc phu thi: Til luu mii ca tit).
8. BJ ngil chi so' [U(!ng:
-frm+ifH~mh cd thqp
nien (Han thu). Di gdn muai nam.
Ill. Vi tri cua bo ngU'
z
*·
'*
z
5l ii &J! iW • Yl &l l=f:l ff A o ~ Nhi l~p kinh ti~n, kien kinh trung huu nhat nhan . Huang chi tieu, 1&: 1.0 o t) =F • 1~ 1.0 t) =F o ii &J! 1& • ~ u bi di~c tieu. Chieu dT thu, bi di~c chieu dT thu. L~p kinh h~u, Hie /f' 1~ ~ o ~ ;t: .L-:J, E B o B El : r A /f' bat ph1,1c kien . D<;1i ho~c, t§'u dT cao mau. Mau viet: "Nhan bat §g E3 Yl ;!t i!i5c ~ t) &l w~ o &J! nang tlf kien ky di~n, c6 duong dT kinh chieu chi. Kinh trung chi
*
m
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A • ND dx.
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B6 ngfr dfrng sau d<)ng ttr, hinh dung ttr (xem cac thi d1,1 da d~n). Rieng m<)t s6 ph6 tu lam trc,tng ngfr dung truoc va b6 nghia cho d<)ng til, hinh dung tu thi thtr&ng c6 th~ chuy~n thanh b6 ngil'
nhan, tuc nhil' anh da".
b~ng each d~t sau d<)ng til hay hinh dung ttr d6 :
Kinh £J!: cai guang-Bi f~: n6, ong ay, nguai kia (dt;zi tit nhan xung ngoi tha ba)-Ho~c ~: ngiJ Vl/C, nghi ngiJ.
-
~~~
TU M6I
Qufmmjth~.
Anh d~p Jim (Chiin qucfc sach: TJ sach) (thay vl qzwn thljm my thl thljm la trc,tng ngil') . ~~~€J l-1..1 ',tf-;1M~
- llm,,.,J-U{'J.n-iN:.1:'i-
Du ngtr xufrt du thung dung.
Ca dura choi thong tha (Trang Tu: Thu thiiy) (thay vl thung dung xzwt du thl thung dung la trc,tng ngil' ). -®!~~ Lu hai elfc.
D!CH NGHiA Cai gtidng Daa tre dang truoc guong, trong thay trong guong c6 m9t nguai. Huong vi phia nguai d6 cuai, thi nguai d6 ding cuai. Vdy tay, thi nguC!i d6 cilng vdy tay. (Niu) dang sau guong, thi khong trong thay nila. (Daa tre) qua ngiJ vl/c, chCJ-Y di n6i chuy?n d6 viii mf. M? trd lai rling : "Nguai ta khong the' tl/ trong thay mi;it minh du(Jc, vi the' c&n phdi dung guong soi. Nguai trong guong, chinh Ia bong cua con da~v ".
TRAN VAN CHANH
254
NGOPHAP
THUQC NGVJM~
255
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHa HAN
Thl'r phi thin chi sif niing tri da. D6 ch:ing phiii Jil diJu t6i c6 the' biit dl.JQ'c (Chiin qu6c sach) (ngfr).
m
I. Thuqc ngli Thu()c ngfr la m()t lo~i b6 ngfr d~c bi~t chi dung b6 sung y nghia cho m()t d6ng d()ng tu hay cho m()t d()ng tu n()i d()ng kh6ng hoan toan (xem Ngil phdp bai 30). Thu()c ngfr (tll'01lg tl! attribut trong ti~ng Phap) c6 nhi~m VIJ n6i r6 v~ chu ngfr thong qua m()t ct6ng d()ng tu hay qua m()t d()ng tu n()i d()ng kh6ng hoan to~m .
Thi dl): ~Jb~3~ ~ 1~ -tiL Thfm /thi I TrU011g Dl)'C Dlfc da. T6i JiJ TrU011g Dvc Dtic (Tam qu6c chi). - Nhfrng ct6ng d()ng tu thuUng dung la: ~ (vi), ~ (thi),
-
~ (v6), 3-1= (phi),~ (hfru), 1® (do) (xem Ngil phdp bai 30). - Nhfrng d()ng tu n()i d()ng kh6ng hoan toan thucmg dung la: ~(vi),
8
(vi~t) (xem Ngil phdp bai 30) .
II. Cau t~o cua thuqc ngli Thu()c ngfr la danh tu, d~i tu, ho~c m()t ngfr:
-=f:J-1=~, ' ~~O~,Z.~? Tl'r phi ngu, an tri ngtr chi l~c? Qng kh6ng phai Jii ca, sao bift dl.JQ'C niJm vui cua ca? (Trang
97 ~~}jt
LV NGQ
msz , m
HO
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~ ~ ~A ~ ~ iEI ~ o .~ E1 % 1~ gt , Lu' m6ng h6 bl, qugn thu uy chi, v6 cam c~n gia. Lu tlf' hi dac ke', ffiJ s~ te .L-J ~ !A o ~ o tJ ~ thai thai xuat hanh, dl uy qugn thu. Nhat nh~t, ng() h6. H6 di vi IPJ ~ -ti1 ' :§lyt W o ~ ~ taj ' o.~ ' ~ Bz ~ d6ng lo~i da, tlf'u nhi du du . Lu hiii clf'c, d~i minh, khi bl nhi d()n,
m
rr ,
rm
l!zm ::f
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,~,
wt
a,
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mm rm
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0
s6 ly bat cam tuc. TU Mdl Lu ~: con LU'a-H6 }jt: con cQp, con hd-Mong ~: khodc, d9i-
Uy ~: ra oai-Hai~: kinh SQ"-Khf ~: nghl.
bo di , nem di-Tuc
,~, :thai,
-
tif:Thu thuy)(danh tu). -T~*? Tl'r vi thuy ? 6ng Jil ai? (Lu[w ngtJ) (d~i tu).
-
-
ut:J-I=~zr!f§g~om
D[CH NGH[A Lila gijp cQp Con lr.la d9i da CQp, cdc thu khdc diu sQ' n6, kh6ng con new dam din gdn. LU'a tf:{ mr.lng rling ke' hog,ch nhu the' Ia duc;c liim, thuang di ra ngoai cti ra oai voi nhilng con thu khdc. M9t hom, ( LU'a) gijp CQp. CQp cho la d6ng log,i, din ci:tng choi voi n6. LU'a SQ' hiii !tim, keu Lon, nem bo ti{m da ma chg,y tro'n, (xa din) may dijm
khong dam dr.lng.
TRAN VAN CHANH
256
b~nh. khdm-Tri {i:]: chiia b~nh-Sao ~': kha. chut it.
NGO PHAP 0 ~ (vo) la d<;li tu, c6 nghia "khong ai, khong v~t gl":
1W; f&Jlilt 6 Jli
(Vo dm c~n gia) Kh6ng con niw dam de'n gdn. (c~n) v6n la hlnh dung tu, nhung trong bai l<;li du'Qc
dung nhu' d<)ng tu voi nghia "de'n gftn": ~
f&Jlilt
(Vo dm c{jn
gia) Kh6ng con niw dam de'n gdn. ~EJ (tQ') laph6 tu d€ chi "tl! mlnh" : ~EJ :g 1~ ~t (Lu t{t hi d~k ke') Lila tl/ mitng rling ke' hogch -nhu the' Ia du(Jc !tim.
m m
~ ~ , M /f §g E1 ~ , ~ /f §g E11R o)( -BJ: Nhan so sinh thai, co ba't nang tlf tlf, han ba't nang tlf y. Ph1.,1 m~u
A :fJJ
z , ·~
:t§
z
o
:ff ~ , ~IJ g B W {E:J o &
4
nhu b<) chi, hoai bao chi. Huu t~t, tac dien y ch~n tri. C~p nien
ffi
*'
'X. 1~ A
*
o
NGO PHAP
D!NH NGO' ~~ Dinh ngfr Ia thanh phfrn ph1,1 cua cftu dung b6 sung y nghia cho danh tt! (ho~c cho dong tt!. hinh dung tt!. s6 tt! dung nhu danh tt!) v~ m~t tinh chih, hinh tn;mg. s6 luqng, phU'OTig vi v.v.
.~,
THAN AN
om
D!CH NGH[A On cha m~ N~uc!i ta luc nu'li sinh ra, d6i khong bie't f1! cho an, ret kh6ng biit It! m(lc do. Cham~ cho bu nuim I'd am li/J trong long. Khi c6 b~nh , thl miJi tluiy thur'/c khdm chiia. Din khi tu6?i hoi !On, lqi cho di h~Jc. Cha mf kh6 nh(Jc l'flt vd nha the~ Nhilng ke Ia con, hd c6 thi quen cJn cha mf du(fc sao?
I. D !nh ngli
98
:JL
257
TOAN THlf Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
~ ~ ?If ~D lit o ~ -=f ~ 13 '
II. Cac loc,1i d!nh ngli Can Clr vao y nghia va nhi~m VI,!, ta co thi ki 5 lo:;ti dinh ngfr chinh: 1. Dinh ngfr chi tinh chfrt. hinh tr:;tng; 2. chi s& thuoc; 3. chi s6 ltrQ'ng; 4. dung chi thi: 5. dung di hoi.
sao tru'ong, hlfu su nh~p hQC. Ky lao kh6 nhu' thu. Vi nl' nu gia, :R OJ :0 ~ .~, .sf ? khoi kha vong ky an h6?
-
TU MCJI
Gia phu /Lr011g ma. Trang nhil c6 nhi~u ngva
Than
m: cha m?-An .~,:
cJn
TQ' ~: cho an (khi dung nhu d(}ng
tit thi d9c La "tl!")- Y1RmtJc do (khi dung nhu d(}ng tit thi d9c La , y' ") - B Q n~ ' H oa1 ' • 'lo!:9! B - t.¢;-J D• ~;t: ~ffi: mom1-K: om vao ong- ao J~: om- 1en .)(.!!::: miJi ru(Jc- Y !fi: thdy thu6'c-Chfi'n W: tham xet, chJn dodn, chdn A
A
'
/
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A
A
Thi dtj:
*~~.~
-
rl!tt~J~
[(!L l i-iuili Nam tll? (chi tinh chfrt).
, ~ r¥J :if
Do trt.rOng ki~u, chi Nam Binh.
Qua cay du dili. din nui Nam Binh (Ton Gia Kim) (chi hinh tr:;tng).
TRAN vAN CHANH
258
ilrA-T~?IJt:fiJT~!l V¢ thai tu vi Giang Sung b<;ti. Thai tif nwc V¢ bi Giang Sung danh bpi (Han thti) (chi
-
sa
rrJ MCJI
sa
thu<)c).
-
(chi s6 Iuong). {!)({!)(~t±:&!;:/~
'"'""'' 1JA. Ia
*:
TtiQ'ng con l'oi-Trang ~±: lcJn, nu:~nh me. CLtong trdngKi~n '(§!: mgnh me, khoe mt;7nh-H~u ~: dLiy-Nha ;f: ngcl \'OiThan f$: duiJi ra -Ha'p D,&: hut \'ao-N~p *~: thu l'do-Quy~n t~: cu/{n l(li.
~ fl~if:)'}+:h)f~
Tfrn hftu t<;ti ngo<;ti th~p cifu nien hi. Tfn hfw ]lfU vong (f ngoai d5 mu&i chin niim r6i ( Td truy¢n) -
259
TOAN THli Tl)' HOC CHU HAN
J5
Du du blthuong h~ ... Thiim rhdm rrOi xanh kia ... ( Chinh phi! nglim khuc) (dung chi thi).
Con voi D!CH NGHlA Con l'Oi (C15) thc/n thllr!n vel mgnh, do b~n chdc 1•a dcly. Mi¢ng c6 hoi nga, nh/) ro ngocli moi. Miii (\'('Ji) nc5 r{/t dai, c6 th~' hut mtoc, thu viw mi~ng mel u(fng. Lqi bie't cu/fn lf(v (1(3 an, gio'ng nhu nguoi ta dung toy. NGU PHAP
- il-tfPJ!if-1:!1? Thu ha thanh da? D6 JiJ {Jing gi(Au Duong Tu: Thu thanh phu) (dung d~ hoi).
m 99
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rm
bfty nhieu lo<;ti d6ng vj ngii. Dooi day, ta chi xem m<)t s6 tm&ng hQ'P
rm
m
1§! , BZ. ~ ~o o ~ ?F , Ttt<;Jng, th€ tning nhi ki~n, bl kien nhi h~u. Khffu huu lttong nha, f$ /:B !§)7} o Jt • ~ :& , §g D,& 7j( , *~ ~~ than xua't thfrn ngo~i. Ky tj th~m trttong, nang hftp thuy, n~p 11
o
rm
m
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z
I. D6ng vj ngii hay th?nh phin cling lo;;Ji Ia nhiing thanh phftn d~t song song ho~c lien ti~p nhau. cung giii m<)t nhi~m Vl,l trong ciiu, nhLr cung lam ChU ngiJ, Cung Jam Vj ngiJ. b6 ngiJ V.V. Tfrt cii cac thanh phftn trong diu d~u c6 th~ c6 d6ng vj ngii. 2. N6i chung. c6 bao nhieu lo<;J.i th~mh phftn trong diu Ia c6
TV<}NG
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BONG V! NGO' IPJ f}L~
z
thucmg thfry: (1) D6ng cinl ngir:
-
~ o x. §g t~ Ifx ~ t~J , ~o A khffu nhi fi'm chi. Htju nang quy€n thu thtjc v~t, nhu' nhan chi ct\,mg rhu.
o
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,
~=rg
,
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, 0®1Wt*
TiT LQ, Tiing Tich, Nhitm HUv, Cong Tay Hoa thi t<;>a. Tif L9. Tiing Tich. Nhitm Htlv. C6ng Tliy Ho,? ng6i hdu (Lu~n
ngif). (2} DcJng vi ngii:
TRAN VAN CHANH
260
-~-=f?lili·~?f~ Quan tu tm d{lo, bit t.n1 bftn. Ngt.r&i qulin tifchi' Jo cho d;w 1;'. kh6ng Jo ngheo ( LuQ.n ngtl).
261
roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHU HAN
Phia nam bien Tay, nO'i bin Luv Sa, sau Xich Thtly, truric Hfc Thtly. c6 m<)t nui 1611 (S071 h3i kinh: D:;i hoang tay kinh). .
m 100
(3) D6ng tlin ngtJ:
- tL -=f ~
~*
-T* , 18-=f
THUCTV
KhcSng tu ki~n Tii Tang, Bfi til:
tlJ ~
(4) D6ng dinh ngii:
Son huu lang, l<;lp nhan mu'U b9 chi, thiet tinh son h<;l. D<;li thu Ml _t EJ : ~ jN 1:r A .lt .n o ~ tuong thu<;ng viet: "H<:1 hii'u lang t!nh, h~mh nhan chi b9". HG'u
- ~~ ~ ~~)Cff:\:IJXWLZ.~* , fiiJ~~ ~z.~~ tJJ , rm f:;J x -r .L-:J. ~ -=r ~ iJ z ill m
, ?f{,'Z
Nghieu, Thuin, Vil, Thang, Van, V6, Thimh, Khang chi t~. ha ky ii dan chi tham. uu dan chi thi~t. nhi dai thien h:;1 di quan tu. tn.rOng gia chi d:;1o da.
Theri Gic vua Nghieu. Thufn. Vil. Tlwng. V5n. V6, Thimh. Klwng sao mil yeu dan. Jo dan th{un thiit. vii Jfy d:;o ctltz ngt.r&i quan til: b/ic truung gi3 mil a6i dZii v6i dan nhu v~iy? (To Thli'c: Hinh thurmg trung h{w chi chi Ju~in). (5} D6ng tlw<)c ngii:
- 15 Affi~~ -17.. , RDtt:t'Jtat!L c6 nhan
xung tu~ h~tn tam hli'u. tuc tung, true, maida.
~ ~
A~
m tlJ
Kh6ng tJ tiip Tif Tang. Bfi ui (Tiwyit uyen).
j&,1i.
*
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u-r
m,
1§- , ~~ ~
z. , m ~# ,
ro:* ~
*
* * m Ky Qlf-
o
bat thuc tl,f gia, ng9 xuc chi, dQa t!nh, d<;li h6 du vi~n.
A 1~ Mil
_t
::f: ~
z
o
JJ fA EJ : r .:g.
~%
w,
xuat,
ki5 ~
nhan chi tuong thu<;ng tl,f cao chi. Nai than viet: "Ng6 diu thuc ::f=•:ft ¥ ll"t ~?.no tl;l', khdi chi thll' tai?".
rU M(JJ
Lang jN: ch6 s6i-Mu'u ~: lo li~u, muu tinh- Thie't g9:: dijt raTinh ho: cc;tm, bdy (dijt ra di san thu)-Xuc ~: gidm len-Cftu -s:R: xin, mong moi-Vi~n Ji: giup do-Than fA: tho than-Cifu ki]:
m:
ne'u (lien tt1)-Tai ~: trc; tit cuo'i diu (biiu thi phdn va'n).
Ngt.r&i ra n6i ba ngt.r&i b:;m trong miw l:;nh chinh Jil tung. true vii mai (Tan qu6c van). (6) D6ng tr:;ng ngii: - g§ t~ r¥i , ?rrUY
z
z ~l , wuJ<: z 1& , ~ 1J<: z iW , ~
:*tl.J Tay hili chi nam, Lt.rU Sa chi tan, Xich Thtly chi hPu, Hie Thtly chi titn, hliu d;;ti san.
D!CH NGHlA Biit clzz1 (Trang) nui c6 ch6 s6i. Nguoi di san bay muu bdt n6, dijt bdy achtoi chan nui. Vie't chil!On tren tuong rling: "Phia duoi c6 bdy ch6 s6i, nguoi eli duong hiiy ditng buoc". C6 nguoi khong bie't chtl, liJ gidm len bdy, roi xuo'ng ho: keu !On xin cau giup. ( Khi nguoi cl6) dii ra khoi r6i, nguoi ta tro vao nhtlng chtl vie't tren
TRAN vAN CHANH
262
roAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
263
*'*
tuang ma bdo cho bie't. (Nguifi d6) ben than rling: "Nlu ta bit t chil, thi Le nao de'n nbi nay u?". ·
~ M. 7\. ;J, , ~ /f' A t) § i~f o - _§_ @ ¥ , Quoc v6 d~i ti€u, m~c bat luy~n binh di tlf v~. Nhat dan d!ch chi, l-L! _fr ~!!1 --'7 0 # 6· :7.17 _fr , # 6· n;t,: ..fi:. , # 6• e: 1--W / " "73': t(__ ~ J;;;tJ ~ / " ~ m WJ"' ,.,. " ~~ /Ji7JJ ~~
NGU PHAP
xuat binh ngtf chi. Ho~c vi bo binh, ho~c vi phao binh, ho~c vi rna _rr_ , # 6· I _rr_ , # ~ ;t;<« ~ _rr_ , ..1::1::: ch- 1, 1 ~!!1 , " !7
0 J!; (nai) 1a lie n tu, c6 th€ d!ch "ben, moi" : _ J!; ftEJ ... (Niii than vie't. ..) Ben than rling .. . )(m~~ ?¥7GJ!J*~~~~cvi ky, phl;l b~nh thuyen du, Ly nhi niii tl;IC ky hQc nghi~p) Khong bao Lliu, b?nh cua cha khoi hdn, be Ly ben (moi) tie'p t~c vi?c h9c cua n6 (Bai
_*m ,
,
107).
_ ~1~~
o
Je.I\Jt$~7J':ff' nl:iX~Z.CNha khat th~m .
kie'n vi~n trung huu thuy h6, niii dl;lc ft'm chi) Con quc;z khat nuoc !tim. Trang thliy trong san c6 cdi nQ_m d«ng nuoc, bim djnh uong (Bai 120). 6 1r1j (c§'u) la lien tu bi€u thi gia thie't, djch 1a "ne'u" : ~lij~ :::f: ' .E.¥ll:t~? (Ng6 cilu thuc tlf, khoi chi thll' tai?) Ne'u ta bie't chil thi Le nao de'n nJi nAy u?.
li-·· ~ Ckhdi... tai?) 1a mot each thuc co dinh t~o thanh h' ~' A 1' ... li., ? sao 1~1. . .. ?" p an van, co, th e-:1 d"~c h 1'a "h,a ... .u:, e nao . : ~lij~ :::f: , .E.¥ll:t~? (Ng6 cft'u thuc tlf, khlti chi thlr tai?) Ne'u ta bie't chil thi Le nao cle'n nbi nAy u?.
ho~c
vi c6ng binh,
ho~c
vi truy trQng binh, giai so di nglf
@ {Q o d!ch da .
TU MOl Quo'c ~: nuoc-M~c ~: dc;zi tit, if day djch La "khong nuoc nao"-Luyf$n tQ-p Luy?n-Vc$ giil gin-Dan _§_: butfi som (- _§_ : m9t som, m9t khi)-Djch @ : qulin thu- Truy f~: xe cho cl6 ("truy trQng binh" La linh trong coi v~ qulin nhu, vQ_n tdi).
r'*:
mr:
D[CH NGH[A Qulin linh Nuoc khong ki LOn hay nho, khong nuoc nao khong Luy?n tQ_p qulin linh eli fl! v?. M9t khi qulin cljch de'n, dem qulin linh ra chong Cl/. HoQ.c La b9 binh, hoQ.c La phdo binh, hoQ.c La kY. binh (mii binh), hoQ.c Ia cong binh, hoQ.c La truy trQng binh (qulin vQ_n tdi, Linh tdi), cl~u La nhilng thrl qulin eli chong c« qulin thu.
@
~ cau
m 101
NGU PHA.P 0 1m (vo) du'<;jc dung nhuM. ~ffil (v6 lu~n) 1a mot gioi tu, c6 th€ d!ch la "bat eli, bat k€, bat 1u~n, bat ky, kh6ng k€, kh6ng phan bi~t..." : ~M- -j(;J, (Quae vo d~i ti€u) Nuoc khong ki LOn hay nho.
_fr /
...
BINH
6 ~ ::f (m~c bat) la cl;Jm tu quen dung, c6 nghia "kh6ng
TRAN VAN CHANH
264
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHO HAN
265
cai nao kh6ng, kh6ng g1 kh6ng, kh6ng ai kh6ng":~M, */j\,
rUMOI
~7f*'*AtJ§ 1lr(Qu6c v6 cl<;1i ti~u, nzlJc bflt luy~n binh di tt,r v~) Nuac khong ki ian hay nho, khong nuac nao khong luyfn t~p
khu[[t phl!c du(Jc, thiinR-Co ~: w'J'n La (ph6 tu')- Vi
Bi~n buc ~~:con dai-Hong 1~: ddnh nhau, (1m 1-Thiing ij~:
ky* ~ : chua
bao !au, chdnR bao !au- T()c ~*: h(J, loai-Nghi ~.jt: him hr;1c-Xich f-f::: du6'i ra.
quan linh di t¥ Vf. ~ - ..§. (nha't dan) Ia ph6 tu bi~u th! gia thiet, d!ch Ia "m9t
khi" : 0
g
~ ¥_ (Nhiit dan a!ch chi) M
p!f .[;) (sd
dung a~": _ ~p!f .[;)~~ill (Giai siidingt,t d!ch da)D~u La nhilng tha
_* • •
binh dung di cho'ng quan thu. ~ p!f 1-j_ 7C M ~ill (M~, m<;1ch, sii di sung co gia da) Gr;w, Lua mi La nhilng tha dung dian cho khoi c16i v~y (Bai
Con ddi D!CH NGHlA Chim va mulJng ddnh nhau, con dC!i thur'tng trung l~p ((1U'ng giLi'a). ( Khi) chim thdng. thi dai hay vao dam chim, m5i rling: "Toi c6 hai cdnh, w5'n Ia /()(/i chim ". ( Khi) mulJng thanE?. thi dai cht;y \'ao dan muong, m5i r!ing: "Toi cr5 bffn ch(/n, w5'n Iii loai mur5ng". Chang bao lau hai loai nghi hoa, (tha:v) dai if hen, hen cun& nhau rur3ng duo?i dai.
m
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tu tlic,
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c6 thu
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da ". V! ky, nh! t9c nghi hoa, bi~n buc t<;1i tdc, to<;1i 0
c<)ng xich chi.
f§·-=f. 1:E iJJ ~ 0 ~
fl
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Nang phu chung d<_to, thu tlic din lao. Ljch xuan, h<;1, thu tam
J... s R* §lj J1. 0 ,'fffj fJ'jj ' /' Di~u du thli ho'ng, bi~n buc thuong trung l~p. Di~u thang, tac
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0
ho~c vi chuc. Tht,rc gia au'cing tri ky bilt dj da.
TUMOI D<;to f@: lua ne/J huong-Tuc ~: !u)t lua-Lung U: co'i xay-Xac ~: w3 cang-Cilu 8: cdi dfi &iii gt;o-Khang ff: cdm-Xuy t!X
266
TRAN VAN CHANH
nllu chin-Phil
-*::
cai n6i-Chuc i]f~: chao.
TOAN THli Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
J:in lopn. d6 uy qu~n Nam H:ii JiJ Trit;u DiJ no? binh dLinh Jfy c:ic qu/in qu6c ( Le Ttlc :An nam chi Juvc).
G(lo D/CH NGH!A Nrwui nang phu tr6ng lua ne/J humzg, tay chan chlim lam. Trdi qua ba mila xucln, ht;~, thu, nuJi dU'(!c th(Jc. L~1i dung dfi xay lot;~i bo v6, dung co'i gia lot;~i b() cam di, nuJi thanh gt;~o trdng. Sau d(5 nuJi nctu gqo trong n6i, hoijc lam c(fm, ho(ic him chao. NgU'(Ji cln nen bie't riing nhilng vi¢c c1c5 Ia kh/Jng dl cliing.
2. l:inngiJ trung g1~1: -
;r,G- p,'
n=1 .om; tf- 0
{:¥;:.
lp'f<. J t:J-LQ.Ja~~;t_. , tt
L
c6 nhm;rng ky huynh
3. Bo 'ng[i lrung gia: -
TRUNG GIA NGCr ~1JD~'a
ca
Trung gia ngfr lu6n lu6n Ia danh bai 3, do<:In 3 11 ]).
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Thu&ng dil' ky plw Xa ng6n binh Slf.
1. Danh tu (hoi;ic d:;1i tu) c6 th~ cung m
Thur3ng cu11g clw JiJ Xa bimlu~n vi~c bi17h (Sif kj).
4. Thuc)c ngiJ trung gia:
tu
- W:'x@;t~ ~~r~~ Luang ph!J tl'rc S& tu&ng Hf/ng Yen.
tu di;ic hfru (xem Ngil phap
Cha cun Luung 1/z turing 11u6c Sif (ten) Hp11g Ye11 (Su
~*t§~~:L}~ti
104
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Nay thira turing Ky ChU071g C6ng thich de loili eta (B:;1ch Cu
Di) ("Ky Chuang C6ng" va "thua tu&ng" cung chi m
DIEU
bfry nhieu lo:;1i trung gia ngfr. Ta thu&ng thfry nhfrng tnr&ng hQ'P sau d5.y: I. Chu ngiJ trung gia:
, f¥j$}g,1ft~1#z lo:;1n. Nam Hili uy Da kich tinh chi.
~~L
Tfrn
*lJ ft..- ,
+lr ,L..t=_ ~ 'nx. lk rEJ Ditiu lo<;1i chi thti , bien sinh mao vG. Ti~n chi vi du'c, co nang cao 1ft o ~ ~.J.: Ff3~ ~ E~ , §~ i!ff. ilk ?j( 9=t ~ ·~ 1J( phi. Ky chi gian huu phoc, nang du vtnh thuy trung gia, vj chi thuy .~ 0 .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fif ftJ Jt 0 1W; ~ '~j(: clitiu. Ditiu lo<;1i chi chuy, vi kien ng<:1nh chi giac chat. V6 xi, co :&: ~J ;If 0~ 0 ~ ~ & =§ :g 9=t ~ ffij fm 1ti ' thlfc v~t bat tude . Ky cot c~p mao quan trung kh6ng nhi v6 tuy, S
2. N6i chung, diu c6 bao nhieu lo:;1i thanh phfrn th'i cilng c6
kv ).
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Kim thtra tll'6ng Ky Chll011g C6ngthi th:;1ch.
-
Nghi.
L9c T1,1c c6 nhuimg ng6i cho anh JiJ Nghi (Khim di11h Vit;t sii thong gicim curing m~:~c. quyin nhctl).
NGU PHA.P
-
267
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268
TRAN VAN CHANH
~ ~ o ~}\ ~ §E! 1: , .~ ~IJ ~D c6 chat khinh nhi thi~n phi . Thu giai thai sinh, dieu de noan ~ o ·lif .% ~D , £, Wf iffi 1~ 5X: W o sinh. Duy dieu noan, tat phu chi nhi h~u thanh s6.
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TUTHAN
A
TU MCJI Chi ~~: chan va fay , chi-Ch) Wll: ng(J/1 chan-Ph6c W-*: mang chan (mie'ng da m'J'i li&n cdc ng(5n chan nla locli \'ft , ngr5ng ... )Vinh ?7}:.: hoi trong nu6'c-Ng~nh fif: cung-Cha't ffi[: \'(;'if chii't, ch(ftTtioc o~: nhai (h!ing nlng)-Quan ~: t/ng tron- Tuy fj: tiiy (mqt chcft h5ng trong x uang)-Thai §E!: cdi thai.
269
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
ti~
fL :§t , £, 7t
11~ .§t
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t~
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Nhan dl;lc l~p than, ta't tien tu than. Due dl;lc dT luy~n tinh h<~mh. ~ t) ~ ~ ~ 0 1m ~ J-j_ ~± .§} 1m 0 f3 Tri dl;lc dT qm1ng kien thuc. The dl;lc dT tning than the. Tam gia
w
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ffiR:
-
0
ba't kha khuyet nha't.
TU MCJI Chim D/CH NGHiA Than thi ciia locli chim , m(JC long khdp ch6. Cdc chi trLf(Jc Ia cdnh, nen cr5 thi hay cao. Khodng giila cdc ngdn cMin cua chung c6 mang chan, nhilng loai hie't lwi l()i trong nur!c, g(Ji hi chim nu6'c. M6 ciia loc/i chim Ia ch(Jt sung cling. (Vl) khang c6 rang, nen iin cdc v¢11 khong nhai. Xu·ong \'a /fng l/5ng ciia chung rr5ng iJ Riila va khong cc5 tiiy, nen ( c6) cha't nhf l'a hay gioi. Lolli thu d~u sinh being thai, loai chim thi sinh hling trung. Nhung trung chim, cdn phai a}J, r6i sau m6'i thanh chim con.
Tu 11~: sU'a-Duc 1,~: due, due hg.nh-Dvc Tri ~: tri, tri khon-Khuyet flj~: thiiu.
W:
dg.y d6, giao df:lc-
Si'ta minh D[CHNGHiA Nguoi ta muon ltJ_p than, tru6'c hit phdi sU'a mlnh. Due df:lc di luyfn tinh nit. Tri df:lc di miJ rqng kien thuc. Thi df:lc di lam cho than thi dur;c khoe mg.nh. Ba di~u ay khong thi thiiu mqt dur;c. NG0PHAP
NCO PHAP
PHVC CHi NGU 7l :fl§ BR
0 ~ (thi~n) Ia tfnh tu dung nhti ph6 tu lam trang ngu, d~t truck dong tu, c6 nghTa "kheo, gi()i": ~~ (Thifn phi) Bay gioi. @
fffi 1& (nhi
h~u) Ia lien tu c6 nghTa Ia "r6i sau moi, r6i
moi": ·lif.%~ D' £,~rlfZ.iffi1&5X:W (Duy dieu noan, tat phu chi nhi hij.u thanh s6) Nhunf!, trung chim t/it phdi a/J, r6i sau m6'i thimh chim con.
rn
I. Pht1c chi ngli Phtrc chi ngfr hay thiwh ngtJ My l:;Ji dung di chi l(,li mot Sl! v~t da neu ra
a tnroc nhflm ml,IC dich nhfrn m(,lnh ho~C b6 sung y nghia
cho mot thanh phlin nao do trong cau. Phtrc chi ngfr va thanh phlin dtrQ'C no b6 sung cung chi mot Sl! V~t Va cung CO Chung mot chtrc Vl;l ngfr phap.
TRAN VAN CHANH
270
II.Cau tc;to cua phll'c chi ngli
ngfr. 1. Chi l<,1i b5ng m(>t d<,1i tu phfrc xtmg, nhtr § (tl!),
Jr (than) ...
~I.!!rFo~Z.
Tfm vuong than vfin chi. Vua Tdn W minh di hoi ngu&i d6 (Chiin qucfc sach). 2. Chi l<.1i b5ng m(>t tu chi thi: ~ (thi),
- :K OJ tJJ,~ JJ)t
,
llt (thu) ... JtJ5 , ut , JJ ?JT 1\% ~
it w
271
giii, d! vi S& trung uy.
Trong cau H£m van, c6 nhi~u phuong thfrc t<,10 nen ph(rc chi
-
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
·'
Han Tin vJ tCii kinh do. cho g9i ngu&i thiiu nien Jilm nhf!c minh. (nguoi lru6c kia) r[mg bit minh chui du6i hang. cho Jilm chtic Scr rrung tiy (Sif kf).
-
g~~A]j[~~±±
Thinh ich ky xa ky tr£mg Sl. khii di vi rue ht;J phi! dvc gia Xin cho them nhtlng rrfing si xa ky, (nluJng rrting si) c6 the? tiip gitip cho ttic ht;J (Sif kY ).
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Phu kha d!l<,lC th~mh, nan dfr ll! thuy, thii; nai chung th(r chis& vi nhi C6 thlcung vui khi thimh cong, nhU11g kh6 c6 thlcung Jo JUc ban ddu, ctii d6, chinh fa th6i clwng cua phin dong ngu&i dOi (Han thu).
, OJ 1-:.tf.%,~ Tm~:tt
106 fL~ CVU TQC ~
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3. Chi l<,1i b5ng d<,1i tu phfrc di~p ~ (gia) d?t sau b(> ph~n phfrc
Cao, tang, t6, ph1,1, ky than, chi ttl', ton, tang, huy~n, thi vi ctl'u 15~ 0 ~5 tii El • tii '~ t-% El ~ t-% 0 fL 1'f $. Ill t(>c. Thuy t6 viet ti t6, vien ton viet nhi ton. Pham huu khi huyet
-
?£1~~fi~?JTL:[Z]+~AA~ L<,1i d~c t~n thtr&ng ky s& vong tti thPp vt;~n h9c gia.
m~c
Ke it;Ji duvc dJn buddy du nhtlng cai bj mit JiJ bcfn chf!C V{ln
TU MCJI
chi :
h9c (H~m DG). 1~WJm~~' /fOJ/m~ Tha ti~u cu, phi son thong dt;~o giii, bfrt kha thiing ng6n.
- 1-tlYJ\*,
vJ nhtlng lt;~ch nho, (nhtlng ft;~ch) mer duang ben nui thi khong thlklxiit (Sif kf: Ngu de' ban kj). -f~¥~,Beaz.~~,%~~T~,~l\%~~
Jff-1 Tin chi qu6c, tri~u nht,~c ky chi thi~u nien, Jjnh xuift kh6a ht;J
~
/f~
l~o
bat ton than.
Cii'u t()c fL~: chin h9-Cao ~: ong so-T~ ng ~: ong co'-T6 tii: ong n9i-Thiiy t6 ~5 tfl: 6ng td ddu tien, thuy td-Tj t6 4 tii: 6ng t6? ddu tien, ti t6'-Nhi tOn ~ H~: chdu xa dai, nhi t6n-Khi huyet $.Itn.: dong mau, khi hu_w?'t- Ton~: t6n tr9ng. D[CH NGHiA
Clzin lzf) Ong sa, 6ng ca: 6ng nt)i, cha, ban than mlnh, de'n con, chdu, chdt, chit, d6 Ia chin h9. Ong thiiy t6' g9i La tj t6', chau xa dai gQi
TRAN VAN CHANH
272
TOAN THU Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
273
h6. ngCJ d;;to nhfrt dl quan chi.
Ia nhl ton.Pham c6 cung dong mdu, khong ai Ia khc)ng ton tr9ng
Sftm
nguifi than.
S:im o'i. dpo ra do m(jr Je mj th6ng su6r Jufr dr ch rLu{in ngif).
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NGU PHAP
107
HO NGO'u¥~ 1.
Ho ngli H6 ngli', thtr&ng Ia danh tt!. dung keu ten di goi hol:lc di:in do .
H6 ngli' dCmg dQC l~p v&i cac thanh phfm khac trong cftu, co thi di:it
adflu diu hoi:ic cu6i cau. ~i£! ~S~AzJ~~~X:-¥7 Phu Sai.' Nhi vong V i~t nhan chi sat nhi ph1,1 h6?
-
P/u) Sai .' nguui d:i quen nguiri nu&c Vi~t giir cha nguui r6i
sao ?( T:i rruyfn).
II. Cau t~o cua ho ngli I. Dung ten rieng hoi:ic ten chfrc v~,~, dja vi di goi (xem l;;ti thi
d1,1 tren):
- rtM~ ' TII'XR~ ' Nhii tu!H<:t thu Iy! Nily rhffng be con. xu6ng Jfy gi!Jycho ra.' (Sifkj).
-
~~ill
ill (da), -Sf (h6) di:it sau ten goi: ' $!= ~pff & ill
Tu diL phi nhl sa c~p da.
Nily anh TU: d6 Jj ditu anh kh6ng the' dpt din duvc (Lu{ln ngif). -
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+
LY HIEU TV
*Ly
~
'/1 ¥
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!1£
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t~
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0
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[X £\ nhi tinh chi hi cu. Ttfu ht}c u' hLfc!ng hi¢u, xw1t tat do, phiin tat ;;r;:; 0 ::Et /v' ·r;:l:; 'i1f , ~ ~=! till .& , JD' .@3 7,[ lEl: ~fEI .j.f_, , lHJ _.. . ._ ./"-... 1P:~ /1"1"9 -j7L :J~ l-..!:!:: g._~ oJI-!J 10 ---:j--
di~n.
~
Thi dLJ:
2. Dung
:zt:: -:r-
*Ky
Ly nhi chuyet hqc, cap dicn y uieu trj , • 8 & '/if f± )( f~IJ o m• )( ~
*
phl1 benh u6c,
i~ ~
tflm thu'c du phc, nh~t d~t duy t<:~i ph~t trifc . Vj
1flff ' ~ 52- l'J *~ ::13; ~ Ly nhi nai tl]c ky hqc
ii:
thuyen du,
*
ky,
phu bt;nh
0
nghi~p.
Tl) Md!
Chi ¥ : r(tt-Ttfu J1It di de'n-Htio'ng hi~u ~Ef,t~: tntc'ing langPhan [X: tn! ,·t-Di~n [Hj: trinh difn (dung nhud(Jng ILI')-B~nh (p3: dau (JJn, hf nh ho~111-Doc ~: n(lng, 1r(1m 1r(mg-Chuye't jtlJ: l'f.:l ng l't-Di~u tri ~mJ d:;: trf hfnh, ditu trf- T§m ~: nJ?ti-Cau Hl dtu- Vi ky m: chLfa hao !au, kh6ng ban lilu-Thuyen du iff~: hit
*
hfnh , k/u)i h~nh, h~nh khdi-HQc nghi~p ~ l'ifc h(JC.
I)[CH NGHiA Be
,.2
"*:
Dri."a con c6 hie'u h(J
L_v tfnh rt/t hie'u thao.
.''?( nghifp h(JC \'(tn,
Ly
fJe/1 h(JC (J trllifng Icing, {1i
ta't phdi trinh. Cha nr5 dau n(lng.
he L_v
tttt phai thlla,
nghf hec l'r)i nu!i thdy
thut/c ditu trf, b() cd dn ngu. ngity {1em chl (1 ben cha. Cluing bao /{iu, bfnh cua cha khvi hdn. be
L_v hen tie/J lf.:IC \'ifc h(JC cua minh.
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TRAN VAN CHANH
274
*
Ill
275
ngay ": )( B 1±\JH~Pd:i (Phi.} nh~t xu at ngoc,ti kinh thlfong) Cha m6i ngcly di ra ngoai bu6n ban.
108 1}1
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
~
GIA DINH DOAN TV
*z
*
x
ft A & ~ o Bl ~ 1}1 rffi! $ o B t:Jj Nga gia chi nhan th~m cla. Mau ly gia olnh t6a SLL Phi.} nh?t xuat 7} *~ ~ o :tt W ~ 97K ~ ~ Fr:1~ 1i t~ ~f ngo<;ti kinh thLfong. Nga dG' o~ mu<)i cldng thftn gian vang hi~u dj & B~ w~ lll ~ ~ T o Bl lJ ~~ MJ • )( nghi~p; c?p van nhi quy, vi tqa
*;
*
·i~ ~X CA
DE
ff~o - i.J-- W f6J OJ fio Nhat xfch bo thlfc;5ng kha phung. Nhat ailu tuc thlfc;5ng kha thung. £ ~ Po -=¥- 1'E o 5i. /f §~ tEl ~ ? ~ $ Huynh d~ nhlf thu tuc. Khdi bat nang tuong dung? D~ cung 5t '& fD o ~ f'F R ~ ~ ±f8J o ~ 7( T huynh huu nhat gia hoa. M9-c tac d~u phu nhl}c oa. Vi thien h<;1
R 1'fJ roJ
lq~i,
tl! t(ip ("docln tl!" lei sum hqp)-Ly fll[: lo
1·i~c)-Toa
fffi!:
''l!n \'Qt-Kinh thtio'ng *~~:huon ban, kinh doanh-D~ng ~: h(m, Iii, cdc (tr(f til hi2'u zhi sf/ nhi&u)Di ~f: h9c, tqp ("di nghifp" fa h9c tqp)-St! ~: !elm, lo lifu-
Phung
109
z
Doan[l]: tqp h(!p
f.v (d5ng
w
•
rm
TU MOl li~u, xil'
6 Ill (vi) la cl()ng tu dung nhu ph6 tu lam tr9-ng ngu, d?t u·udc
ff~: may, khliu-Nh~n
*IJJ: xo kim,
khau vci.
D/CH NGHiA Gia dinh sum h(Jp Ngu(Ji nha toi rtr't dtmg. M~ lo cdc 1'ifc vl!n I'Qt trong nha. Cha m6i ngay di ra ngoai huon hcin. Toi cung cdc em trai em gcii scing sJm de'n truC!ng fa h(JC tqp; de'n chidu nu!i I'd, ngcJi \'elY quanh du'Ji den. Mr; lo may vci, cha k2' chuy~n xua; nuJi ngu(fi ct&u cd h)ng an 1·ui.
NGU PHAP 0 B (nh~t) Ia danh tu dung nhu ph6 tu, vdi nghia"moi
OJ
*
1& t!t ;;~ o&
0
h~u the tu ta.
TU MOl D~
'!'$: kfnh nhu&ng arzh, kinh thu(in (1'Ji nguoi !Jn han minh)Thung fi: giii (gq~o)-Dung ~:dung thu, tha thu-Cung $: cung kinh-HG'u 1;i_: than cii, h()a thuqn-Phu ~: cai n6i, cai cho-Oa ±f8J: cai n6i-Ttita ;;~Q&: than tho.
Bai ca v~ d~ D[CH NGHiA Ml)t thuoc wli con C(J thi may du(Jc. Ml)t cUtu th6c con c6 thi giii duC!c. Anh em nhu taY . . chan. Ha khong tid dung thu cho nhau dU(Jc u? Em kinh, anh thuqn, ml)t nha hod h(Jp. ChJ lam cho dqu
TRAN VAN CHANH
276
n6i thft.
Dl cho thien
h~1 l1(/i sau ta than.
277
roAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
. _u:l't-Ki~m ~: R6m cd, co cd-Tie't thao ~Pi*:
.w giii Rln khi tie't.
·rie't thdo-Thu ~: cudi-Phu the~~: ch(1nJ< l'(t-Hu'ong Ian ~Ef, ~S:
NGU PHAP
hclng x(5m Icing gi~ng- Tan
my
~~ ~: khen ng(ti. co ng(Ji.
0 ~ (thu'
R .:tfJ f<';j OJ~~
ma Ct)Jl": -
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(Nhat xich b6 tlut(lng kha pb.tmg. Nhat dil u tile tlut(lng kha thung) M()f thu(Jc 1·di cr)n ('()tid mar l1Lf{tc. M(Jt d{{u th()c cc)n co thl gia du'(fC. 0
6 ~ (m~c) la ph() tu biEu thi S~( cam chi ho~c ngan dn, dich "cho, dung" : ~
1'F _rrJ~i:~ ±f.!D. (M{lc
tac d~u phti nhl;Jc oa)
D!CH NGHiA Cu'di hoi Ngu(fi con gdi h(J H(Jng dunf? nu;w xt/u nul dLi'c (thi) hi~n. Qud ha muoi (tu6'i) khl5ng chju U(v ch6ng. C() chclnf? hq Truong lei ngu'(/i u5 phd'm h~mh tift during thai. h9c r()ng nhi~u tcli, g(Jm cd tie't tluio, nghe (1·i~c i(r) mcl curJi ndng 1'2. \l(t chcJng kfnh yeu nhou. Hclng xdm ldng gi~ng d~u khen ng(fi h(J.
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Huu Tn.fling sinh giJ, vi dtfong thai giai sl, bac hqc c.1a tai, kiem
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0
Ian giai tan my yen .
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TU MOl
H6ng ~T hq H6ng-Nfi tii' frr: con gdi-Xu ~: xii'u-DU'c 1,~: d{lo l1Ll"c-Hi~n ~: cd tdi dLi'c, c6 du·c hqnh, hi8n-Gia 1,@: Iii\' ch6ng- Truong ~K hq Truong-Giai si 1! ±: ngudi c6 phdm h~mh
• Cach diing ~ (yen) ~ (yen) Ia d<:ti tu dung dE chi ngtfoi hay v~t ua neu ra d tntoc, giong each dung cua (chi), co thE dich la "no, hQ, di~u d6 ... ": ~fif,~~~~~~ (Hlf(jng Ian giai tan my yhz) X6m gi~ng d8u khen ngr;i hq I'Qy.
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278
NGO PHAP
111
1i
17..
t~
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0 ~ (nhien) Ia lien tu bi~u thj slf chuyEn
A ~ ill
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M- Ym
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Nhien giao huu bat kha bftt th~n. Ng~n ngu van: "C~n m~c giii
~ ' ili:
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13
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hik, c~n dang gia minh". C6 nhan huu ng6n: "Oil thi~n nhan ell'
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6 ~155( (th! co) Ia Cl,lffi tu quen dung d~ chi ket qua, thu'ong djeh Ia "vi v~y, VI the, VI le d6, cho nen": ~~~iit~~;X (Tizj c{/ nghi tr~ch ich huu) VI v(ly, nen ch9n bgn c6 ich.
m
A 5 ~o A ff® fi.lil,
nhu' nh~p chi Ian chi that. Du ba't thi~n nhan cu' nhu' nh~p b~w ngu
112
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ZUJ o ~~di~ 1I t~ ~ /Y..o chi tu".
Thj co nghi tr~ch ich huu.
~ + * Di~u nang true sao, thli nang doanh qu~t. Nhan duong tht1<;1ng cfl i3
TU MCJI Tr:;.ch t~: cht;m- Th~n·i~: cfln th(ln, th(ln tr(mg-Ngo nhan.g )\: chung ta-Xii' the'~ ill : xit the', do'i xif vi?c doi, so'ng (J dai-Ng:;.n
ngu~§pj: ngc;m ngil, t~c ngi1-M~c ~: mJ!c (ell vie't)-Chi lanzM: co chi va co !an ( hai thli co thmn)-Bao ff@: cd uap, cd mdm- Tu
U:
qudn hang.
D!CH NGHlA ChQn htJ.n nen thij.n trQng . Chung ta so'ng iJ dai chua tung c6 ai khong c6 be bc,m ma tJ! m!nh lam nen. Song vi?c ke't giao vai bc;zn khong thl khong dln th(ln. Ngc;zn ngil c6 cau: "Gdn mJ!c th! den, gdn den th! sang". Nguai xua c6 n6i: "Cung iJ vai nguai to't nhu vao nha co chi co ian. Cung iJ vai nguai khong to't nhu vao qudn cd mdm ". VI v(ly nen ch(Jn bc;zn c6 ich.
l<;li,
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Ng6 nhan xU' the, vj thuong v6 bang huu nhi nang tlf thanh giii.
~
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dich "song, nhung": ~:X. ft?fDJ/ft~ (Nhiert giao huu bat kha bat th~n) Song l'ifc ke't giao l'ffi bc;m k/u)ng thl khong cdn th(ln.
TRACH HUU NGHI THAN
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TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
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Qu~t @:
han,R-Diii j:5: cte'n (xem Ngfl phdp iJ duC!i)-Xao :r-'5:
kheo teo-Sung ~~: cao-Nguy nga ~~: cao nga't, c16 si), nguy nga-L~ ~: dfp-Cung di~n '§ ~: cung di?n-Dieu p.,jjt: chc;zm
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280
khdc-Lrldng t~: xa, rdm, keo (nha)-Dong
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TOAN THV
nJ HQC CHU HAN 113
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!=;=! • ....... ·= ~;fe Y.'*'T I!£ ·1t: ~ ~ '>l!rt: 1'1± -tf- ~lj ' I j\ '{tf<: S(in h<;t huu nhftl mao 6c; hoa vicn trang ky ti~n, ti~u khe nhieu 1& o - Wr 1£ llt Fs~ , fJ A ~~ ~ tt 5F. ky h~u. Nhat lac l<;ti thi.i' gian, linh nhan d6n khdi Him tuy~n chi ~ o ~ _:t A ~ §if ? JJ - ~ f~ -ill o ~fE ~ ni~m. Oc chi chl'1 nhan thj thuy? Nai nhat han nho da. Tuy elf 11!f ~ ±ft ' ffij I~\ ~ /f 'ti ~ -ill 0 thanh bfrn chi dnh, nhi tam vj thu<'ing bat an l<;tc da.
NGO PHAP
TU M(Jf
II LU
T
I
D/CH NGHiA
Nlzi1 ciia
!/, thu hie't diw hang. Loai ngu'i'ri l'i1o thai thU"(fng Crj', mua hq tf !/, mua dong if hang, curzg chim t/zu khong Chim hie't him
khdc (khlJnf? khdc l'rfi loai chim thu). Kip de'n ngu'(/i d(/i sau, sv hi2'u bie't ngay m(Jt them, l'ifC xay dl/11?, rzgav m(}t kheo, dodd m/ti
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Trang tl±: trong di~'m, trong trf-Nhi~u 0 ~ (dai) Ia gioi tu, c6 nghla "den, den khi, ~jp khi " :itl1~A
. .. (Diii h~u
nhan ... ) Kip cte'n ngur'ri dai sou ...
6 ~ ~ (rl thD Ia lien tu bi~u thi m6i quan h~ d v~ thai gian ian nhan qua, thuong c6 th~ djch "sau clo , do clo, ttl' cl6, do v~y,
vi
v~y ... ":
:itl1~A · ~~8±~ , 7t~8f5 ·11'?-~ ~~¥:, ~*t&c Dai Mu nhan, trf thuc nh~t tang, kien true nh~t xao, ,, thi huu cao clu'ong,
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quanh-L~c {g::
d l(}i, dirnJ? l~1i-Don ~~: li2n, ngay I
.I. A:
ngar'ri
chu-Han nho ~ f~: nha nho ngheo, h9c trv ngheo.
D/CH NGHiA
Nha trallh
Dudi chrln nui cd m9t mcii nhcl tranh; l'u'On hoa trang tri phfa tru'dc, sut/i nhd l'rmg quanh phia sou. M()t khi (hrng lqi d mri ncly, thi khie'n ngur!i ta li~n nghi din cht/n lam tuy2n. Ngu(/i chu cuo nha a\" Ia ai? f)d fa m9t nha nho ngheo. ( Ngu'(fl d(J) fU\' S(J'ng tron g cdnh ngheo thanh b~tch nul /c}nf.? clnra tL'rng chdng an 1•ui vt;ly.
huu sung !au) Kip de'rz nguai dr!i sau, Sl/ hifu bie't ngay m()t them, kie'n true ngay m()t kheo, dodd mdi cd nha cao, cr5 Lc1u Mn.
_ ~ Bjj fj~ ~fl.~ 1[ ~ ffl)Oj (De Minh 1t thj I~ p De N ghi vi tt!) Cho nen De'Minh lt;lp De' Nghi lam nguai nlfi doi (Bai 122).
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NGO PHAP
KET CAU LIEN DQNG I. K~t du lien d<)ng dung di biiu d~t nhling hanh d<)ng ho~c d<)ng tac xay ra d6ng thai ho~c n6i ti~p nhau. K~t
du
lien d<)ng
TRAN vAN cHANH
282
t~1t § rmt~z Dti011g kj ml}c nhi thj chi. DII071g mft ma nhin (Le kj).
-
thu&ng dm;rc t;;to nen do hai. ba d9ng til di;it lien ti~p nhau.
Thi dl}:
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T~ Ttrong cong sCr Bi:mh Sinh tuy l?Jp sat L6 Hoan cong.
Tt Tti071g c6ng sai Bimh Sinh cho L3 Hoim c6ng ucfng rur;u say rbi 16i ra va giit di (Sif kj). 2. K~t du lien d9ng thuang dung di chi ml;lc dich: {~/I"'
s
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Dao t~c phi thdo nhi tQa, khuynh h6 nhi tuy.
Vtb din nD'i thi v;zch co ma ng6i, dcfc bfw ma tha h6 say (Li~u Ton Nguyen: Thuy tac Tay Son yen du ky). 5. D9ng til tm&c v&i tan ngfr cua n6 chi phtrong thfrc, each
.~..f-,./ft~'::li
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Nhfr laj tinh ngo. Ch:iu din thiim ta (Han Dtf: Tl Thgp nhj lang van) (= d~n di tham).
ti~n hanh cua Slf vi~c neu ra C5 d9ng til sau: d9ng til sau chi nwc dich cua h~mh d9ng neu ra & d9ng til tnr&c. Doi khi gifra hai d9ng til con CO gi&i tlr j__j_ (dl) di biiu thj ffil;IC dich mQt each fO rang han, theo k~t diu sau:
:gf9~WJ · tg011Fo,Z Quan Trong hfru b~nh. Hoan cong vfing vfn chi.
Chu ngfr + d
Quan Tivng dau, Hoim c6ng din thiim (LZi thi XuJin thu).
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3. Hai d9ng til trong k~t du lien d9ng thuang ducrc n6i ket
s& vuong d;;ti nQ, hung
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Thi dl}: Slf t~p T~n. Vua Su cd gj[m, dem binh dfmh up Tim (Chiin qucfc s:ich).
b~ng lien til ffiJ (nhi):
Thuy
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TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
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Giac nhikh&i, khm nhi qui.
D;;ti vuang tftt khm binh/ dif cong T6ng.
T/nh r6i dung len. dting len rbi mJ vt nh'a (Li~u Ton Nguyen;
D;zi vuvng tft phdi khui binh de' d{mh Tcfng (Chiin qu6c sach).
u1c Tay Son yen du k:y).
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Quan van nhj h&n chi.
114 7,, ~~ PHANHNHAM
Nha vua nghe n6i va khen 6ng fy Jj ngwi hitn (Han Phi til). 4. D9ng til tm&c v&i tan ngfr cua n6 dung di biiu thj phuong thtrc cua hanh d9ng neu ra & d9ng tlr sau: (d9ng til+ tan ngfr + (nhi) + d9ng til):
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Phanh nh§m Y, ~f: nc!'u nu(/ng, n{{u cln-Ph§'m Ql::lo: d(1 df dungSung co Jt h51 d~t. (/n cho kh(Ji cldi-Sd iFJt rau-Loa ll),iJl: qud ciia locli du·a-Ta f_j:_: phf:i giup-Thit;n ijg: hila an-Chting :!fi:: chu)1g, hdjJ- Tien ,!')~: rdn, chien-Sao ):'};: .t{io-Hu b:;li Jt% ~5(: hdng, hu tht/i, lht/i rila-Khuong if: cii gung- Tieu f~: h~tl lieu- Thong ~: hclnh-Toan FJf,: 1iJi-Tan $: cay-L~t ¥*:cay him, cay.
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D!CH NGH[A
Ni{u lin
chung ta thuiing cln nhu g(w, ILia ml, d(tu, hi nhilng tht1 de' an cho khoi d(Ji. Cci, 1hjt, rau, dua lit d~' phf:i 1•clo hila an. Phep nctu cln lu_\' nu5n md khdc, hoijc n{{u, hoijc hajJ, hoijc chien, xdo. f)(j an khtmg llfl rt{t d& g{iy ra h?nh t(tt, cho nen nu)n gl c6 mui hoi, ho~lc cW hu tht/i diu chdng nen lin. Gung, lieu, hdnh, tdi, vj (cua chung) cay xe. cln nhiiu ciing dii lam h~ti de'n than mlnh, k/u)ng 1h8' kh/Jng cdn lhqn I'Qy. f)(j
285
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
NGU PHAP
KET CAU D~ H~ HAY KIEM NGO THUC
wt:
1. K~t du d~ h~ (d~ theo th(r u,r. h~ 1*: quan h~), con gQi la kit cfu kiem ngtJ hay kiem ngtJ tluir:, duqc t~o nen do m(>t do~n
ciiu rna tan ngii CUa 00 Vlra lam chu ngii cho 111Qt do~n cau k~ ti~p di biiu thi nh[mg hanh d(>ng ho~c d(>ng tac dien ra trong m(>t qua trinh lien tl,IC VU ch~t che: (Chu ngii) + d(>ng tl.r + tan ngii + dong tl.r (ho~c ngfr d(>ng tl.r).
-.it
-.it
Chu ngfr
D(>ng tl.r
Trong k~t du d~ h~. d(>ng tl.r th(r nhfrt thtr&ng la nh[mg d(>ng tl.r ngo~i d(>ng kh6ng hoan toan. biiu thi st,r sai khi~n, phong t~ng. giup d&, m~nh danh, t6n t~i (ho~c hi~n hfru), nhtr 1~ (su), fJ (linh). ~j (phong), .§}] (trq), ~(vi). 5J}t(hi~u). 6[J (m~nh). :fif (hfru), .L-) (di) ... ~I 1~ 1~ 13 Fo~ lillmX: f6 T~ vmJng su su gia vfn Tri~u Uy H~u.
-
Vua Tt sai su gia sang thfim Tri¢u Uy H.fiu ( Chiin quae s5ch). Nai phongT6 Tftn vi V6 An quan.
Ben phong cho T6 Tin Jilm Vo An qufin ( Chiin qu6c s5ch). - ~ .§}J~Jj(:~ T~ trQ'Sa c6ngTftn.
T~ giup 56 d5nh Tin ( Chiin qu6c s5ch).
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Ph1,1 nhiin vj gi5 vi!tquy.
Ngwi dim truy¢n).
ba
g9i vi¢c di Jfy ch6ng
la
qui ( C6ng DUV77g
286
TRAN VAN CHANH
- rnA ~L-JJI~!J\A
Thien~ : nho (ciing dr;c fa biin)-Nhi~m
Ngu&i cf chq d§u cho Doanh JiJ tie'u nhan ( SJ kj).
~: buo?i sang, bu6'i s6'm-I>am
2. K~t du lien d9ngva k~t du d~ h~ c6 th~ k~t hqp thanh m
~I 1~~f$~M~~1J:m s& Vll'011g Slr Xuan Than Quan tuong binh ct!u Tri~u.
-
Vua Scf sai Xuan Than Quan dem binh ctiu Tii~u ( Chiin qucfc s5ch). (Cii cau Ia m9t k~t du d~ h~, trong d6 do~n cau "tl.J'O'ng binh ct!u Tri~u" I~i Ia m9t k~t du lien d9ng, xem bai 113 ).
m 115 /~
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Danh IQi vj ding kinh hao m9ng, nhi the gian stf stf di~c d~ng 1Jt15~ tf ~ " ~ ~ tit Fs~ ~ iflj A o thj t1 phu van. Chan thj the gian chid~ nhat nhan nhan da .
z
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/!: cdi ddm- Tr~ch 1,: vung bun
ldy, ddm ldy, chlim- Vong Ia *~a: ht6'i (di bdt chim ho(ic bdt cd)-MQ ~: bu6'i chiJu-Ap t:&: hung li(v, hong- Thti sti6'ng ~~: d~ chju, khoan khodi.
D!CH NGHlA Tlui vui dta ong dtinh cti Thd lenh denh mqt chie'c thuydn con, tuy song m(ic cho troi di hay iJ. S6'm dgo girla vung ddm ldy, giiing ht6'i ct2' bdt cdc loai cd tom; chidu ,.J noi khoi song xa xoi, cdm cdn cau ma ng6i dc;i cd rang. M6i khi vao luc rdnh rang, ho(ic hong gio mat tren song, ho(ic xem trclng to trong may ma long ong gia ddnh cd cilng vi do ma khoan khodi. Danh l(Ji chua tung lam kinh dqng de'n mqng lanh, ma mr;i vi?c the' gian ci1ng dJu xem nhu may n6'i. ThQ.t Ia con ngu&i nhan nhcl't tren d&i (nay) vQ.y. NCO PHAP -
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Thi nhan giai diDoanh vi ti~u nhan.
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Nhu ta da bi~t, cau c6 2 thanh phfrn chinh Ia cluJ ngif va vj
ngif.. va con c6 thi c6 mQt s6 thanh phfrn ph1,1 khac. Trong Van ng6n, nhi~u khi vi ly do ti~t ki~m ho~c tu tl.r, ngu&i ta kh6ng neu ho~c giiim b&t mQt thanh phfrn nao d6 trong cau, d6 la tnr&ng hqp cua cau ti'nh lur;rc thimh phJn.
I. TlNH LUQ'C CHU NGO' 1. Chu ngfr da neu & do~n tren, xu6ng do~n dl.l'&i c6 thi duQ'c tinh ltrQ'c:
-
~A~~
'
~A&z
· (
) ~
'
(
> ~ffiH{f
z
288
TRAN VAN CHANH
Sa nhiin vi thl;l'c. Ngo nhiin c~p chi. (
) Bon, (
) thl;l'C
nhi tong chi.
Qufin ciJa 5if sth sopn tht1c 5n. qufin Ng6 du6; kip. (Qufin 56) bo chpy. (qufin Ng6) din 5n nluJng tht1c dfi d9n sin rJi ruvr thea ( Ta truy¢n: Djnh c6ng tli nien) (= 56 nhfin bon, Ng6 nhfin thl!c nhi tong chi). Doi khi chi c6 mot phfm cua chu ngfr bj tinh IU'Q'C:
-*~·~~-~Z-·~( ) •nZD<;li do. b£t qua tam qu6c chi nh£t. trung ( nh£t...
), ngu chi
(Thea chi de} ciJa c5c lien vuong), kinh d6 ciJa nu6c chu hdu J6n kh6ng the'rc}ng quti mc}t phdn ba kinh d6 ciJa thien ttl; (k_,inh d6 ciJa) nu6c v&a. kh6ng the'qu5 mc}t phdn n5m ... ( Ta truy¢n: An c6ng nguyen nien) (tinh ltrqc chfr "do"). 2. Tuong tl! tru&ng hqp tren. khi dung dong tt1 B (vi~t), Van ngon r£t thu&ng tinh Iuqc chu ngfr:
-~~~B:·A~~~#?~~~B:~AUM
WJJ ,
~ .1--J~-¥?
(
)B :
~.1--:JJ~~ill
LU'OTig Hu~ vmmg vi~t: Qua nhiin nguy~n an tht!a giao? M:;1nh Tt! d6i vi~t: Sat nhiin dl dlnh dfr nMn. hfru dl dj h6?. ( ) vi~t: Vo dl dj da.
LU'071g Hu¢ vU'071g n6i: Qua nhfin xin an tfim nghe thea /oi dpy baa. M.anh Ttf thl171: Gift nguiri bing g~y v6i bing dao, c6 gi kh5c nhau kh6ng? (Vua) n6i: Kh6ng kh5c gi d (M_anh Ttl: LU'071g Hu¢ VU'071g thur;mg). 3. Hoan canh cua ciiu van cho phep bo b&t chu ngfr:
- ~H~B : ~B Z~fPJfto? El:B : ~~ Phan Khoai vi~t: Kim nh~t chi Sl! ha nhu? LU'OTig vi~t: tMm
TOAN THL1 Tl,f HQC CHV HAN
289
cfrp! Phim Kho5i hoi: 5v vi¢c h6m nay nhu thi niw? Luong d5p: gfp Jim.' ( 5tf kj) (= Kim nh~t chi svth~m dp ).
II. TiNH LUQ'C f)()NG TU lAM V! NGV 1. N~u do:;1n ciiu tren da c6 dong tt1 r6i thi a do:;1n ti~p theo, c6 th~ IU'Q'c b&t dong tt!:
-R~~Z~·~~·~~n'~~· ( )~*~ Pham chu hftu chi tang, dj tinh, lam u ngo:;1i; d6ng tinh. ( ) u tong mieu. Thea phep, khi .vua chu hdu mfr. niu thuc}c h9 ngo!Ji thi than kh6c if ngoili d6ng: niu Jil nguiri trong h9 thi (than kh6c) if t6n nulu ( Ta truy¢n: TU'071g c6ng th~p nhj nien) (= lfim u tong mi~u).
- -A fJ-,
£,~tx§iP~, 1~~~~rmf~z
:;r~~rmc:~z
,
c
) ~
Tam nhiin hanh, t£t hfru ngii su yen. Trpch ky thi~n gia nhi tong chi, ( ) ky b£t thi~n gia nhi cai chi. Trang ba nguoi cung di ifr c6 mc}t nguiri c6 the' JiJm thdy ta duvc. C6 the' ch9n nhilng diJu uft ciJa nguiri d6 mil thea, nhilng diJu kh6ng t6t m!J sth do]· ( Lu~n ngtJ : Thu~t nh1) (tinh Iuqc chfr ''tr:;1ch"). )~ti -~~~m&rm!3c ) Ie holic. Vi khach tri ph:;1n nhi tl! (
Lam com cho kh5ch fm can minh thi iin rau le rau hofc (Ho!Ji Nam ttf:' Thuyit Jfim) (= tl! trj Ie holic). 2. C6 khi dong tlr slip neu ra a do<;ln sau, do<;!n tn.r&c tinh ]trQ'C:
-
~~ 13 ~ c
Cung tl! h~u (
)
rm~Jtn~ A
,
~IJ~?'tffi*
) nhi b<;!C tr5ch tr nhiin, tiic vi~n oan hi.
TRAN vAN cHANH
290
Niu w tr5ch minh nhi8u va tr5ch ngwi it, thi minh dU'C!C a,in (Lu{ln ngii: V~ Linh c6ng) (= Cung tl! h~u tr5ch. .. ). 3. C6 thi tinh !LfQ'C d. d(lng tl.r cung tftn ngfr cua n6:
-~M·W~~~~~Z·~~( )
<
) ~z
)
<
Da van, tr<;1ch ky thi~n gia nhi tong chi: da ki~n
) ( )( ) nhi chi chi. Nghe nhi8u. c.h9n di8u tift ma thea: thfy nhi8u. (ch9n di8u tdt) mil ghi nh6 (Lu{ln ngii: Thu/)t nln) (tinh luqc "tr<;1ch ky thi~n gia").
11~
-~~-ili~f=~~~·¥~~·~~00~·¥
w ' ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ~ ~~ ~&
Ti~n tu&ng qufm xuit tai thien nhi bach du
ly,
chi 6 Vien , tram thu b6I6: chi Hfiu San. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) bach du dp. Ti8n tu6ng qulin ra klu3i bien gi6i h071 m9t ngan hai tdim d;fm, din 6 Vien. chem ddu va bJr scfng qulin gi/ic: din Hdu 5071. (chem vii bift) dur;rc h071 m(Jt trlim d/w gi;ic (Hfw tlnr : Hung N6 truy~n) (= Tr:lm thu b6?J0bach du dp).
iiJJ:lH~H$.l)J~lt , 31\:ff < ) < ) .L-Jt: c6 hfru diic thfin dl hung. di~c hfru ( ) ( ) dl vong. Vi v~iy, c6 khi dur;rc thdn (hi~n xudng de' xem xet) Jj tJi~u cluing cua hU77g thjnh: c6 khi Ia tJi~u cluing cua suy vang ( T:i
-
truy~n) (= dfc thdn dl vong).
4. Tinh llfQ'C d(lng tl.r
El (vi~t) a vi
ngfr, trong m(lt do<;ln ct6i
tho<;1i:
-~~~El:~A~fiW~·lf~~~?~~~~
<
) .L-J~Wi&, lf.L-J~~? M<;1nh Ttl- d6i vi~t: "Sat nhfm dl dlnh dfr nh~n. hfru dl di h6?".
291
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
) "DI nh~n dfr chinh. hfru dl di h6?" M:;wh TLr tr:i J&i: ''Giit ngwi biing g{ly v6i bffng daa. c6 gi kh:ic nhau kh6ng ?'~ Vua n6i: "Kh6ng kh:ic gi c:i". (M;;wh tJ n6i) "Giit ngwi bffng dtJO v6i bJng chinh tJj. c6 gi kh,ic nhau kh6ng"
Vi~t: "V6 dl di da". (
(M;;wh TJ :LUV77g Hu~ vUV11g thur;mg). Ill. TlNH LVQC TAN NGV I . Do<;1n cflu tren da c6 tan ngfr. do<;1n cflu du&i c6 thi tinh iuqc tan ngfr d6:
- •~~m~~ : ~~~~?~a :~~u~-~ ~31\:ff < ) 1.%, A.:E:iiiJ~ill
Canh c6ng vin u An Ttl-: Tri qu6c ha ho<;1n? D6i vi~t: Ho<;1n phu xa thu. Phu qu6c di~c hfru ( ) yen. nhan chu til hfru thi da. C:inh c6ng hoi An T(r: Vi~c tri nu6c nen Ia gi? An TJ dflp: Nen Ia b911 b8 t6i gian d. Trang nu6c cilng c6 b9n d6, chfnh Ia nhilng ke dang 6 xung quanh nha vua v\n TJ Xulin thu) (di~c hfru xfi thJyen).
2. Khi tan ngfr cua d(lng tl.r tm&c Vlra Ia chu ngfr cua d(lng tl.r neu ra a sau thl tan ngfr d6 c6 thi tlnh ilfQ'C. Tmcmg hqp nay thuemg thiy xuit hi~n trong nhfrng cflu c6 dung cac d(lng tl.r biiu thi Sl! sai
khi~n. nhtr fee (su), '% (iinh). ~ (khiin ):
- ~ A lf ~ ' /f ~t TD th1 , ~ fee (
) ~liJL!t D 15'2 ~ :1J
Qua nhan hfru d~, bftt nang hoa hi~p. nhi Slr (
) h6 ky khfru
Lf tCr phtrang. Qu:i nhlin c6 ngwi em. kh6ng the' sdng chung hoa thu/)n, kinin n6 ph:ii di kiim ffn 6 bdn phUV11g (T:i truy~n: A~ c6ng th/)p nhft nien) (dangle phai vik "nhi su chih6 ky khfru ... ") 3. Tan ngfr a tm&c gi&i tl.r i) (di).1J~ (tr) c6 thi tinh ltrqc:
292 TRAN VAN CHANH
- A1¥f4--ti2. ' ~OJ (
) ~) 8 *~
Anh ta nuoi trdu. cho (triiu) an bifng com g{lo tnfng (theo La Thlic Ttrong, Van ngon fur tv, tr.l92) (= tl! chi dT b;;tch m~ ph;;tn).
-*~~~. ~~H~c
Dinh ngii, tht.rCmg la danh tu. n~u da neu ra & do;;tn tnr&c thi do;;tn sau c6 thi tinh ltrqc:
)1i~M~z*rmWz
Gia bfrn vo thtr, de giii (
293
. v. TINH LLJQC D!NH NGCJ
) dT b;;tch m~ ph;;tn.
Ky sue nguu da, tl! (
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
- ~18§ffi-T~PJ® · itA tE
) tr tang thtr chi gia nhi quan chi.
Vi nha khong c6 sach nen mur;m (sach) Cf cdc nha c6 sach ma d9c (La Thuc Tuong, sdd.) (= giii thlftr tang thtr chi gia ... ).
c
)
IV. TfNH LUQC TR~NG NGO'
m.
Tinh ltrqc tr~ng ngii sau nh+6G'ng gioi tu nht1 : WCdii); 6• ( . ) /f..!, ( ' ) J;;-;!; V! , 1J.J: tong :
116
- ~~~~V~f\R ___ ga • ~f:£7~* • W (
Triiu Ky thiin dai tim tlw6c... M9t buo1 sang. c6 ngurH khach tir ngoai di vao. cung Ky n6i chuyfn ( Cinln qu6c sach: T~ sach) (dtf chitQa dam).
*m c Nga ti:r, h;;tnh vj ( - ftJE ·
)
''ii
~
t§
71
s
~~ ~~ ;fj~ ~:t ' ~jt ~~~ if §fJ 1:Y ' $',.\ tlfl Thi~n minh t1 thl;l, nhat dtiong lang phan ty ti~n hflllh, dl,lc b6
~~ ffiJ ~
o
w w
1ti
ii=¥J ;fj~
A 1& • Y.. tiX o~ ~i
~~~
thi~n nhi thtfc. Hoang ttioc tu t1 ky h<\1. u, hlfu dl,lc tnic duong lang mu ~ ~~ o 1ti ~ 1± 1~ ~ · /f ~o ~ 5~ 1ti
t? dT qua phuc. Hoang tuoc chi t?i d~c thlfc, bat tri huu d9-n tuoc
Y.. fu! A 1& o fffi 5~
Z A
1ti :t3 1~ E1 ~. : t~
iJta
chi nhan hlfu tuy ky h<\iu. Nhi d9-n tuoc gia phl,lc tlf tu: Thj cuong
) chuyin d;;tt.
Ta sfp chit, xin vita mil chuyln d_at i?Ji (theo La Thlic Ttrong, sdd., tr.l91) (thay vi n6i, h<;mh vj "nga" chuy~n cl<,1 t).
-A~~a·~~W~#·~(
t~
vAT LOAI TVONG TAN
) ~gfk
Trau Ky tu bat xlch ... Dan nh~t. khich tong ngo;;ti lai, dtJ ) tQa dam.
*
Tfrn Ba Str vu ha tay, Ngt,Iy nhfm t<;ti ( ) dong. Tin Ba dong quiin Cf phia tiiy song. quiin Ng11y Cf phia dong song ( Ta truyfn: Van cong th{ip tam nien) (= t;;ti ha dong).
)~~~
Bat linh thfrt mau, tfi'm thl!C dfr pht,I c()ng, tong (
~
B~ • A
*
fi!T /f 1!!
m· ?5L z
~F
m~
¥5
z
1Wf
lang nht1<;5c, nhan Sd bat ling vi, huang phi vj sinh h09- t chi nhu fffi i]$ ~ - f/7 ~ D[J :t3 .s:¥- ? du nhi ct1ong do9-t nhat v?t chi sinh m~nh gia h.6?.
) tht,I qu6c
van.
T(/ MCJJ
Len tim tuo1 thi m~ mJt, tir d6 s6ng v6i cha. thea cha h9c qu6c van (theo La Thuc TtrOTig, sdd .. tr.191) (thay vi n6i: tong "phl,l" tht,I qu6c van).
Tan 91: gie't hc,~i-Du'ong lang~~~~: con b9 nglfa-Pha'n S: gio len-Hoang tuck ~1ti: chim hoang yen-Tu f;;j. rlnh mo-Trac 0~: rna'- TC;t #f: dlfa wlo, cqng vao, nho vao-Qua phuc ~~:no b~ng-
294
TRAN VAN CHANH
D[CH NGHlA Loai vijt gie't h{li ldn nhau Con ve keu tren cay, m9t con b9 ng«a giue1ng dmg bo to i, muon bdt con verna an. Chim hoang yen rlnh iJ sau n6, lc;zi muon md b9 ng«a di nhil d6 no h{!-ng. Chim hoang yen cham chu vao s« dut;tc an, chdng biit rling c6 nguili bdn chim se lc;zi thea sau n6. R6i nguili bdn chim se lc;zi tl! nghi: c(iy mc;znh hie/J yiu La di~u rna nguili ta khong nen lam, huang chi khong phdi vi nhu cdu cua dili song rna cuiJng doc;zt sinh mfnh cua m9t v(it u?.
NGU PHAP
+
Cach di'tng ?:5(, (huo'ng) i.R. (huang) la lien tu bi€u thi mai quan h~ tang tien, dich nghia la "huang chi, huang gl, huang nua", thu'ong dung pha i hQp vdi trQ tu f (h6) ho~c ~ (tai) a cuai diu : 't~5~~§~, Afitr /f~J!~, ¥ 5t ?~~~¥§ ~sttrm5~!ff- ~ ±1\*TR 13-f-? ( Thi cuong lang nhu'Qc, nhan bat ung vi, huong phi vi sinh ho~t chi nhu du nhi cu'ong do~t nhat v~t chi sinh m~nh gia h6 ?) C(iy mc;znh hiip yiu La ddu rna nguili ta khong nen lam, huang chi khong phdi vi nhu cdu cua dili so'ng rna cuiJng doc;zt sinh m¢nh cua mQt v(it u ?
z
sa
m 117
~ ~ XUANCANH
00. ~ [)i ~ rm ~ ~··l'i ~ B 00. ~ ~ Phong ciinh tuy thai nhi bien dich, duy xuan nh~t phong ciinh tai ~ ~ ~ 1~.
o
1t
z
1/J ~~ , ~
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295
x.
!TX rtJ ±;u, ~ :¥ ut - ?!3'!. o ?Jc han hu'dng vinh , uc,ti kh6 i van chuang chi thu nhat tiet. Huo ng
Huo'ng {.R,: huo'ng chi (xem Nga phap iJ duoi) .
vi phu
roAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
,w
* z !TX
Hoa chi nung tic, thao chi thien mien, thl;l m<)c chi han
13. .~
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fl.!"" ~
mt!t :~;*
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illiH:
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8-r
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t<'._
uing ca thanh di~p ham tuy thai hlju nhu' hoi hQa chi di€m 1d> ::!3:: 13 E1 0 .E.. 1IJ=1 n7i.. ..ut.,.J. t;t; ff:ti E!. ;:+;:; UJ[ '~* il'~ /, 113J w ;fj ){){ 5.R IIIJ '~ I' ** 7J".; I~ f, .. ,
"*
xuyet ky gi an. Ngo sai cloi tu' thang dnh nhi bat cam khai nhien
B: u-~
~
z
OJ ~5~
0' if- tJL oA /f OJ *-
viet: ·'Xuan dnh chi kha ai do thieu nien da. Nhan bat kha co ~ llt ~ ~ ffij OJ* ~ llt 0' if- f-? .n ° phl;l thu xuan dnh nhi kha co phl;l thu thieu nien h6?". T£) MCJI Phu I~ I; [g : l(mJ? ldy-Nimg lie 1/J ~~ : d(im da, ngao ngc;ztThien mien ~ *IB: um tum, r(im rgp-Han han htiong vinh J0\!0\ rtJ 5R: phai ph(Ji nteln len, ph6n l'inh thjnh vut;tng-D~i kho'i -};_~: tc;zo l'Qt, con tqo-Van chtiong )C~ : van chue!ng-Tie't ?!3'!.: tilt ra-L()ng :ff: ch(fi RiiJn, dua-Tuy M: say, say sua-Thai ~~ : veA• h h hA · I D•A? A't I'I'If-~-~ A Qa U>-£ ~~ EEl: l 'e tran , Qt 19a- 1em xuye lf.;o~~ : to l 'e, to H QI diim them-Tti ~~: nciY (xem Ngf1 phdp a duoi)-Ba't ca'm /f ~ : ba't giac, khong ngan dut;tc, khong khoi-Khai nhien ffi.H~: xuc d9ng , cam khai, bui ngui-Kha ai OJ~: dang yeu-Co phl) * ~ : ph/!-, phi! long, phi! phclng. A
-
D!CH NGHlA Ciinh xtu1n Phong cdnh tuy thili ma bie'n ddi , nhung phong cdnh ngay xuan ra't Ia lQng ldv. Hoa thorn ngao ng(,lt, co m9c um tum r(im rQp, cay co'i me!n man dam tu(fi, van chue!ng cua Con Tc;zo din day phat tilt cd ra. Huo'ng nila, chim dua giqng hot, buom ng(im ve say sua lc;zi nhu ve tranh to dil m them vao d6. Chung ta truifc cdnh df!p a~v ma khong kho i xu c d9n g bdo rling: "Cdnh xuan dang yeu nhu tudi Ire vqy. NguiJi ta kh()ng th€ ph{!- phang cdnh xuan nay, ma lc;zi c6
296
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
tm rm
297
,
3iF ~ ~* £ r~~ ifj o xuyen sap nhi qua, tr(!.ng canh nhfm thich.
thi ph~ phang tudi tre nay dur;c sao?". NCO PHA.P
TU MOl 0 f!i (tu') Ia d9-i tu chi thi, nghia Ia "n~y, ay": ~~ /]9j~ (T1t thang canh) Cdnh dfp ndy.
6 /f ~ (bfft cffrn) Ia ph6 tu, djch "kh6ng khoi, kh6ng th
rm
khong, bat giac" : /f~1tH~ B ... (Nhi viet...) Ma khang khoi xuc d<;)ng bdo rling .. .
bat cam
khai nhien
m 118 ~~~ t1 7:. jf)Jg HVONG THON THIEN THU
~~~
t1
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)t @ 0 Huang th6n chi trung, thien thu ang nhien, th~n h6n Vliu th~m. !f- ~ B 7C ~ AA ' ~ ~ 1g S)j ' 7F: f* ~ Tao khdi nh~t quang cao lang, khf tli
?m -
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m
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lliU nhat bich nhu hQa. N6ng phu t(!.i di~n ho~c ba chung ho~c b9-t
nt 4- m 1t , 13-
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thao, ho~c sat ngliu canh tac, cac Stf ky Stf, thai OQ di nhien. Nhi
it
mt
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t=r , 1~ ~
lli
o6ng tt!U hQC gia, hu~ thu Xliong ca, hoan bQ tU hanh, y thai ph6
t1 o & B
z
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'&ftj ~ Jft
~.f ' 052 052 1lf ~~ , tt
hi~u. C~p nh~t chi tjch hi, guy nha thanh tr~n, a
a de minh, true ~ % Fs~ , 1!A ~~ 1m ~ ; WI j}J Rl ~ , ~~ ly mao xa gian, xuy yen tu khdi; nhi h9- su chi n6ng phu, khu
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Hu'o'ng thon ;2~H:huanR than, nang than. than que- Thien thu 7(.@g: thu thien nhien-A.ng nhien ~~ :dgt dao-Hon fff:budi ta'i,
(luc) hoang han-Cao lang r'i'D AA :cao sang-Khf tu'Q'ng ~~ :cdnh tur;ng, quang cdnh- Thanh rninh rllf13J3 :sanR trong-Ba chung }lff.i:gieo gio'ng-B~t fl;t :nha?-Sfft ot :La, het, quat mdng, tha viThai d() ~J ri. :thai d¢-Di nhien ·it~ :vui ve-Hu~ rm :ndm tayHoan b() tuhanh *i ti7tt ff: di thu thd-Ph6 ,tl: di din-Tich /y:chi~u ta'i-Xuy yen :t-'J\~1: kh6i tha?i cc!m, kh6i bep-Khu ~~ :dua?i, xua, lua-Thien rn~ch ~~§:ba ru<;)n,~?-Xuyen sap $ fffi:xuyen thQc-Nhan ifl~: nhan hg- Thfch ifj :thich y, dl chju. D!CH NCHiA Tlui thien nhien lJ thon que ()than que thu thien nhien thijt dgt dao, sam va chi~u lgi cang dfp hon. Sum dgy anh mi;it trai cao sang, cdnh tur;ng sang trong, lua non dong suo'i mqt mau xanh bie'c nhu tranh ve. Nguai nang phu ruqng, hoi;ic gieo giii'ng, hoi;ic nh6 co, hoi;ic tha vi trdu cay, ai lam vifc nay, thai d9 vui v&y. Lu tre em di hQc, ndm tay nhau ca hat, thll thd thea gia gia'c ma di din truang. Din khi ttrO'i s~p to'i, qug bay v~ thimh hang, a a khe keu; giila dam giiju true l~u tranh, kh6i bep bay len ba'n b~; rna hac nang phu vac cay, dua tre lua de ddt trdu d~u tit trong ba ruqng di xuyen lach rna qua, cdnh trgng cang them nhan thu.
a
NCO PHA.P
9=J
duong khien ngliu chi d6ng ttl', quan tong thien m(!.ch trung
0
7t
(vu'u) Ia ph6 tu lam tr9-ng ngu, d?t truoc hlnh dung tu,
298
TRAN VAN CHANH
c6 nghia "cang hon" : ~ ..1§:-Jt E (Th~n h6n vliu th~m) Budi sam
299
roAN THV n,f HQC CHV HAN
vt v(ly, vt the'- Tri ~: tri tu?, tri khan.
va chdu lr:;zi cang df:P h(Jn.
6 {& (y) la giOi tu bi~u th! can eli cua d()ng tac hoac hanh vi, d!ch la "theo": 1~ffi¥ftttt ( Y thai ph6 hi~u) Theo giif giac ma di de'n tntifng.
D[CH NGHlA Umh va dz7 C6 con qur:;z keu tren cay. Dlla be lay qtc dd ddnh (d(lp) n6. Nguifi cha n6i: "Vz sao ddnh (d(lp) con qur:;z?". Dlla be ddp (trd
Loi): "Nguoi ta n6i chim khdch keu La ddm lanh, qur:;z keu La di~m g(J ( ddm dfl).Nay con ( chim) keu La con qur:;z, vt v(ly (con) ddnh
la ph6 tu lam tr(;lng ngu, d~H tnrdc tfnh tll', nghia la "cang, cang them": #:k 9! ~~ ~ (Tr(;lng canh nhan thfch)
n6 ". Nguifi cha bdo: "Tri khan cua loai nguifi cao h(Jn tri khan cua loai chim. NguiJi ta con khang bie't dli
Cdnh trr:;zng cang them nhan thu.
chim lam sao bie't duqc? ".
@
9! (canh)
m
NGO PHAP
119
0 .I:) -Mz: (di co) la lien tu bi~u thi nguyen nhan, d!ch la "vl ly do d6, vl le d6, vl the', vl v~y'' ~~~f3~ t!1 '.1:) 155c¥.Z (Kim minh gia nha da, tli kich chi) Nay con chim keu La con qur:;z, vt
a-~ CAT HUNG
co
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trong ngm. Bay di bay v~ han muifi ldn. EJa chua dbn lc;zi nude Len cao. Con quc;z u6'ng dur;c nude. Can khat cua n6 ben tieu tan.
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TU MOl H6 ~: cai am, cai nt;lm-Ki~t hfc ~~ }J: co' hit sue- Than f$: du6i ra, nton ra-Do 1~: win, cilng vdn-Sii' 1~: neu-Phi d()c ~F 1;: kh6ng chl, chling nhilng (xem Ngil phap (J duoi)-Tung ~: cho duB«}i {§: gap d6i-Giai ffll¥: tieu tan, lam cho tieu tan, lam cho hit, ngt;lm-Dfiu lam cho bot, gidi-Ng«} •/-g:: tlnh ng9, hiiu ra-Ham 19:: nem- Vang phan :fi J}Z: di va v~- Tfch ft: chua lc;zi, dbn lc;ziTo~i: ben, cu6'i cung moi, vi the' ma.
ro:
D!CH NGHlA Con qll{l Con quc;z khat nude ldm. Trang thay trong san c6 cai nf]_m df:(ng nude, ben djnh u6ng. (NhLtng) nt;lm thi sau nude thi cc;zn. Con quc;z tuy co' sue du6i dai c6? ra vdn kh6ng u6ng dur;c nude. N6 nga?ng ddu len (ma) suy nghf rling: ''Neu nt;lm cc;zn ma nude sau thi ta u6ng dur;c. Nay kh6ng chl nf]_m sau ma nude cilng cc;zn. Cho du tang gap d6i chiiu dai cua cd tara cung kh6ng u6ng dur;c nude, ta lam sao gidi dur;c can khat?". M9t hbi lau, con quc;z duifng nhri hiiu ra diiu gi. (N6) ben bay di. Nggm da bay tro lc;zi, nem da vao
NGU PHAP 0
ft ...
~ ... (tuy ... do ... ) la IDQt each thuc
CO dinh, nghia
;;: ... , d u' ... van ;;: ... " : (~ I a' " tuy ... van ::<=? ! ':J~ /1'1~~ ( Nha tuy ki~t llfc di than dnh, do bat dac §'m) Con quc;z tuy co' sue du6i dai c6' ra, vd~ kh6ng u6'ng dur;c nude.
6 1~ (sii') la lien tu bi€u thi gia thiet, dich la "neu" : f~ :ff1~im7J
0 ~-·· #
.. . (tung ... di~c ... ) la m9t each thU'c co dinh, co du .. .cGng ... ": *~{g~~~Z~, #/1'1~~ ( Tzi.ng
th€ dich "cho b9i ng6 dnh chi truong, di?c bat dac §'m) Cho du tang ga/J d6i chi~u dai cua c6?tara, cung kh6ng u6ng dur;c nude.
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TRAN VAN CHANH
302
303
roAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
121
the'?". Ong thdy b6i kh6ng trd liJi dut;Jc.
BOC
NGO PHAP
r-
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D[CH NGH[A Boi C6 6ng thdy b6i ng6i ch6 ngii tu duiJng, n6i chuy?n h9a phuc ( lanh dil) cho nhilng nguoi qua l(li tren duiJng. Bbng dua con cua ong ta ch(ly l(li n6i voi ong ta: "Nha ta bj nguiJi ta cLtOp, db d(IC trong nha d~u ma't S(lCh ". Ong thd_\' b6i ho't hodng, bo'i ro'i. C6 ke cuiJi ct;Jt 6ng ta rting: "Ong mbi ngay n6i chuy¢n hQa phuc cho ngLliJi khac, rna di~m xa'u trong nha ( ong) f(li khong xet, Vl saO
tron":
0 jfi (t~n) la ph6 tu lam tr~ng ngu, nghia la "het, s~ch ~~ (Gia Cl,l tijn tang) D6 d(IC trong nha ma't S(lCh.
*
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B"B ~A §g f;t ~' fffi
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TOAN THLi Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
So Vi em De Thftn Nong thi tam the ton De Minh, nam tu§n chi
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nghla fa (16ng d6)-Phong U!~: ainh nui-Phong Chau UJ~ HI: ten da't
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thu()c tlnh Son Tay bay gi&- Thoi tri&u Nguyln dung
dan ~.§:;: dan cu-Pha /J~: thU"'ong-Giao long 9&'g~: con giao long,
con thu6ng lu6ng (m()t loai quai ,,(I t
a dudi
nudc)-Thu'dng f~:
gay hqi, gay thuong tich- Thuy quai 7J<:1~: loai quai v(lt sc/ng dudi nude- Tlf thj : til d6-Mi~n ~ : trdnh khoi-H~i ~: di&u ht;zi- Van
than )(..§r: xam mlnh-TQc : tuc !¢, phong t~c-Cai ~: c6 le,
TU Md!
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Trun g Qufk, each th&i nay klzodng hon 4500 nam)- Tu§.n ~: di
I:
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H6ng Bang- Kinh t~: song Kinh (chay qua hai tlnh Cam Tuc va Thilm TIJ.y, Trung Quo'c)- Vi~t ~: nude Vi?t-L~c ~~: con lrlng; h9 Lt;zc-Viem D e'~~: m()t hi?u cua vua Thein Nong-Th §. n Nong
thj t$#i:_R: h9 Thein Nang (Thein Nang fa vi vua thein thot;zi cua
duc!ng nhu (xem Ngil phdp
a dudi).
D!CH NGHlA. Hii.ng V1tung d~tng mtdc Van Lang V~a c1d u cua h9 H6ng Ban?, !a Kinh Duong Vuong, tuong truyen ld vj vua tru(Yc tien cu a nude ta, sinh ra Lt;zc Long Qulin. (Vii,·) ' vu"C!ng la' con cua ., Lt;zc Long Q uan. ·- H ung A
306
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roAN THU TV HQC CHa HAN
307
Ia "Ia": .:I.JJ ~&ij[£ Z.-1--ill (Vu'ting niii L,1c Long Quan chi tit da) Vue1ng (Hung l'Lt(fng) lacon cua L«c Long Quan.
6 ~ (cai) Ia ph6 tu lam tr<,1ng ngCr. bi~u thi stf suy do:in, dich la "c6 le" : )(.§rZ.{~ lfii~f5 tit (Van than chi t~:~c ctii thLIY thU') Ccii 1¥C :dJm mlnh c6 le biit ddu tit d6.
w 123 Luc ddu chciu ba dui cua Viem De: h
THANG LONG THANH
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TU MOl Thanh ±JJX: cdi thanh-Long Bien ij[ ~: Long Bien (ten cta't.
thur)c khu vifc huy?n Tien S(fn, tlnh Biic Ninh bay giu)-thtiQ'ng c6 .1-_6: thoi thli(}ng c6-Yen~:a o6(=1J~+Z. )-Chi~: den (gioi
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51: (hln ddt-Kinh thanh 3¥ J)J~:
kinh d6.
308
TRAN VAN CHANH
309
TOAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
Sinh ti'r nhi nhf!cc6t.
D[CH NGHlA Thimh Thiing Long Thanh Thang Long ngay xua R9i La d{it Long Bien. Tit doi thut;Jng c6 dii c6 nguoi J noi d6. Den doi vua L_v Thai T6 dong thuy~n J song Nhi" Ha, c6 hai con r6ng (hi?n len) ddn thuy~n, nhan d6 d¢it ten La Thang Long, nu1 dong d6 nui a:v, tU'c La kinh d6 hi?n nay vt;ly. NG[/ PHA.P
( Ta
truy~n).
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tu voi nghia la "dong d6". C6 th~ neu them vai thi du khac:
Thai Tftn lqi Vi~t da chau ca, dl,lc qu{in huy~n ky d!a.
Bfy gi& nhil Tdn ham nu6c Vi~t c6 nhitu ng9c trai vil ng9c CO', nen mu6n biin nu6c Vi~t thilnh qu{in huy~n cua minh (Kham djnh Vi~t slfthang gidm cuong ml;lc, quyin nha't ). cho la":
- 81'311~ J+PJ~ t~ ~IJ ~
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ChLr hdu dung Jl cua m9i rq thi coi h9 fa m9i rq. dung il cua Trung Qu6c thi coi h9 Jj Trung Qu6c (Han Du: Nguyen d{lo).
Ki~u tuc nhi if!c.
Cft clwn mil di tren b9 ( Trang TtJ;. ~8.* R Jj .r'/ .J?";l:. i:A iii~ :ft. lV i:A i!i-h o£"' - 7K ~ ~, 5'.X JJ ~ ~ E3 ' /I;/ JJ ~ ':t'IJ F.Jjl"
de dt phat t.r thanh fun,
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Than oi! Ngheo kh6 thi diu clw m~ ctlng khong nh{in Jj con, giiw sang thi d,iu than thich ctlng sq hili ( Chiin qu6c s:ich).
m
Tftn st.r to~i dong.
Quan Tdn ben di vt hu6ng dong ( Ta truy~n).
124 1~ ft I TRVNG NO' VVONG
2. Danh ttl dung nht.r d9ng ttl theo phep tri d9ng (con gQi la
y : "lam cho ... tr0 nen", "khi~n cho" doi voi tan
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Ta h6! Bftn cling t~c phl:l m~u bit ttl; phu quy t~c thfm thich
hj!Jh t.r d9ng t!nh.
Nh{IC tft ph:it ra bffng thanh am. hi~n ( Tuan Ttf;.
phep sll' d
fiJ ~ 0 J7K JJl , BX W ~ ;!t ±ill
3. Danh ttl dung la.m d9ng ttl theo phep
DANH Tlr DUNG NHU DONG Tlr
Nh~c
Lam cho ngu&i chit s6ng i{li vil Jam cho XUV11g trCf nen thjt
f~ ' §! 1~U ' ~~ M~ Z ft o B~ x ~i Vudng, tinh Tntng, huy Trilc, L~c tu'ong chi nO'. Thai Giao Chi
.:E ' Yi
310
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TRAN VAN CHANH
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roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN
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(Au hf)c Han t{t tan tlut) T£) MCJI
Tning fiZ: hi?n tLtc;Jng; thu l{/v; h9 Trung-Ni1 vtio'ng :;z- 3:_: nguoi dim ba lam vua, nil hoang-Huy §t: ten huy (ten nguui chlt), huy danh-Tuong ~?f: tuong vo.-Thu 9=: quan ddu quijn doi Han (quan Thai thu)-To ~: so'ng l(li; h9 Ta-Tham tan ffif9~: tham lam tan b~o, tham t~tn-Nhj ~:sa' hai (d(lng vilt kep cua chil )-Khdi binh ~A: day binh, kh
NCO ?HAP
DQNG TLJ DUNG THEO PHEP TR[ DQNG Khi dung theo phep tri d<)ng (con gQi la phep sl'r d<)ng).d<)ng tlr se COy "lam cho tra nen" d6i v&i SIJ V~t neu 0 tan ngu.
l. D<)ng tll' n<)i d<)ng dung theo phep tri d<)ng:
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Mfij Thfm ghet Iifm. thur'mg mu6n film cho y chit (=gjit y
D[CH NGHiA
Trling Nz1 Vttdng
Vuong, h9 Trung, hu_v Trdc, con gai quan L(lc tuong. Luc ba'y gio Thai thu Ciao Chlla To Dfnh tham tan, gilt chbng ba. Ba ben cung em gai fa Nhj da:v binh danh To Djnh, dudi Djnh v£ phuong bdc, chilm la:v duc;Jc han sau muoi thanh IJ Unh Nam, df!ng nu& tf! len lam vua, dong do IJ Me Linh. Nuoc ta duc;Jc dr)c l!jp bdt ddu tit thoi vuong, c6 thi g9i Ia anh hung b!jc nha't trong phai nil.
chit) (Hfin tlnr: Chfiu Mfij Thin truy~n).
- ~J. ~ -1- M: ~ C6 xutl'r tr Thai. Cho nen kh1in cho ngiJj 6 dft Thfij ( T!J truy~n: Chjeu c6ng th{lp ngtJ njen).
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vt (Ng6
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Phu Sa binh tuy Ctremg, thien hc;t phi) chi di bat nghia chi dan h.
Binh ciJa Sd tuy m:;wh. nhung bj thien h?J khoic cho cii titfng bdt nghia (Han thu).
- ~ A • A 7E • ~ 1tJ • 1tJ 7E Thur3ng nhan, nhan tfr, tvcfl.u, cflu tfr. Cho ngwi ntfm thi ngur'ri chtft, cho ch6 iin thi ch6 chtft (La thj Xuan thu) .
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313
Hung 00.: da\1 len, ndi len. phdt cl(Jng, hung khlti, hung thjnhDao ili: con duang; dQo clue, (1Qo ly, dQo-Tr:ln ~t: h9 TrdnTuan w~: cao, !6'n-Li~u t»O: cay tit?u-Khich ~]:t: ke vach; oan h(ln , hiJm khich-Lam tm: de'n hie, scip sita-Chung : *~ cut/i cung. chitChap ¥Jt: cdm, ndm-Di\c f$}: dur;c. c6 dur;c, chilrn dur;c-Thien h:;t -7:. T: thien hQ (the' gi6'i, tren dai)-Minh 8}3;: nhcim rndt-Cd d()ng ~ ib: cit chi, hanh d<;)ng-Trimg Hu'ng Ii 00.: nien hi?u Trung Hung-Nguyen :JC: nha Nguyen (Trung Quo'c)-Tot !:f.: chit, ma't-Mie'u /Wj: ctJn tho, cai mie'u ( cdi mi~u)- Ttl i)IE: te' lJ.
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D[CH NGHiA Httng Dq,o Dq,i Vtldng VuO'ng h9 Tr6n, ten Quo'c Tua'n, fa con cua An Sinh vu"Cfrlg Li~u. phong tu6'c Hung DQo DQi Vuong. An Sinh vuong c6 hiJrn khich v6'i vua Thai Tong, luc sdp ma't, c6m tay vuang bdo r!ing: "Niu con kh6ng thi vi ta ma chie'm clur;c thien hq thi ta chit kh6ng nhdm mcit". VuO'ng nghl sau diJu a\". m9i cit chl hcmh d<;)ng dJu cd'n th(ln. Trang thai Trung Hung hai ldn danh lui quan Nguyen, Ia nguai c6 vo c6ng b(ic nha't luc ba:y gia. De'n khi ma't,
(Vi~t di~n
ulinh tqp)
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do. Tnremg hqp nay, danh tll' co gia trj nhu pho tll':
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Thufrn dn dan Sl! nhi diitu.
Vua Thufn chlim vi¢c din mil chit ngoili d6ng ( Qu6c ngtJ).
Con 11lm Td Ba. d6i v6i t6i nhU' d6i v6i b[lc qu6c si, 11e11 t6i cilng dip l:;Ji 611g fy bff11g dich d6i diii cua NJc qu6c si (Sa ky:
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Tif San lr6ng coi nU'ac Trj11h duvc hai 111U'oi sau 11lim thi mft, 11/uJng ngU'(fi dfl11 lrai tre gila kh6c, 6ng giil bil cd thi kh6c fa nhU' COI1 11ft (Sif kj) . -
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Tinh qufln Hung N6 ll! t[lp i{li 11hU' llui. tan di I1hU' chim (Sif
j;) )!:_ ~ D,~ ff~ 5I: Tht.i<;Jng Phuc nhan, nht.ic;Jc quan d1 van chliling minh the'. Kinh
2. Biiu thj thai d9 d6i dai v&i ngmJi khac:
bach gia ~ BR
Hung No chi tinh, thu tt,~ nhi dilu tan.
kj) .
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Tir I1<1Y v§ sau, bill !1h/z vua I1U6i cfp nay I1hU' I1U6i ch6 I1gtp (M,anh tii>}.
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Con heo dt5ng nhU' ngmJ-i mil keu ( Td
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TOAN TH u' Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Cac con ·11gmJ-i mt; trU'6c 11u6i 611g 11hU' 11u6i d:iy t6 (Ha11 tlnr: Thanh truy~11).
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316
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THlJ Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
317
Thanh H6a du chi, hien Blnh Ng6 s
(Au h(Jc Han t{t tan th1t)
TU MCJI Trai ~: con trai (mqt con v(it truy~n thuye't, gio'ng con de nhung chl c6 mqt silng, tinh trung thl!c)- ThtiQ'ng Phtic _t t~: ten ct(tt-Quan JQ:: cai non, cai mu-NhtiQ'c quan D~ JQ:: tu5i hai muoi trJ len (thai xua de'n hai muoi tu5i mdi cho dqi mu)- Minh q~: keu; n5i tie'ng-Kinh stl *~ ~: kinh sach va stl sach-Bach gia 8*: tram nha (chl sach vJ, hQc thuye't thuqc nhi~u truang phai thai Xuiin thu Chie'n qu(fc cua Trung Qua'c')-Binh thti A~: sach vie't v~ qulin sl!- Vo bat~ /f: khong thu gi khong- Yem i~: ngiim nude; thong hifu sau xa-Quan ]i: thong suo't-Khanh V~~ : ten chuc quan thai xua-H6 ;liJ3: h9 H6-M~t :;;K: ngQn, cuo'i, he'tHo~ch jf:: dur;Jc, bdt dur;Jc-Giai fil!t: ap gidi, dua di- TO'ng ;§: clua eli- Yen Kinh ~ ten da't-Quan ~ltJ: ctla di-CO' )iJj: quay ddu lgi nhin, nhin lgi-Phl..Jc thu {~ ~: trd thu-Ha nai ... vi? f6J J] ... ~?: sao lc,ti ... the?-Hi~u X"!z: bdt chudc-Nhi m1 ~ }J::: dan ba va tre con-Quyen luyen if t!~: nhd nghl yeu men khong niJ rai ra-Cong 0: ong-Bai j'~: /gy-Bi~t 3IJ: chia tay, til biftKh~c ~U: chgm trrf; khdc ghi ("khdc chi" la rdp tam, he't long muo'n, in siiu .v chi)-Le Thai T6 ~ 7s:. f_§_: vua sang l(ip ra nha Le, tuc Le Lr;Ji-KhO'i nghia R ~: da~v binh len vi vifc nghiaLam Son ~LlJ: ten da't-Ti~m t~: ngaln ngdm-Thanh Hoa 1~1t: ten da't-Hien fJ.: dang hie'n-Binh-+: danh df/p, df/p yenNgo ~: nude Ngo, cta't Ngo (day chl Trung Quo'c)-Sach muu lur;Jc, ke sach- Th~ ~: th~- Tuyet '§:: rtla ("tuvet sl" la rtla nh~;~c)-SI .!VL.< n6i nh~;~c.
*:
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D[CH NGHlA Nguy~n Triii Nguy~n Triii la nguai J Thu(fng Phuc, !uc hai muoi tu6?i nl}i tie'ng v~ van chuang. Kinh stl bach gia va binh thu ct~u thong suo't. Cha la Phi Khanh, vao cuo'i thai nha Hb hi qulin Minh bdt gidi v~ Yen Kinh, (Nguy2n Triii) kh6c di thea cha din Nam Quan. Cha quay lgi bdo rling: "Con hay trJ v~ trd thu cho cha, ay mdi la clgi hie'u, sao lgi bdt chudc kdu quye'n luye'n nhu clan ba tre con the?". Ong vai lgy tit bift cha, rdp tam tieu di¢t quan Minh. Nghe tin vua Le Thai T5 khJi nghia J Lam Son, ong ngdm tro'n vao Thanh H6a tim (g(ip vua), dang ke sdch danh dfp qulin Ngo, th~ nl'a
nh~;~c
thu.
318
TRAN vAN CHANH
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHQ HAN
319
NGU PHAP
iy Jj gi!J (Hfin thu:· Tri~u Sung Qu6c truy~n).
I. HlNH DUNG TLJ DUNG NHU DANH TLJ
~ !J\ ~, , ~ !J\ 7( T Dang Dong San nhi tie'u Lo, dang Thai San nhi tie'u thien h;;t. Len Dong S071 mil coi nwc La Jil nho. len Thfii S071 mil coi thien h{l JiJ nho (U;wh Tif: T.an tam thur;mg).
z
1. Tm&ng hqp nay, hinh dung tl.r tht.r&ng k~t hqp v&i trQ tl.r (chi): - 7(
z if; if;
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- *Hl ~ t~ ~lj {} /f ~ T~ v;;tn v~t t~c tam bfrt ho~c hi. Niu xem V{/17 v~t Jil nho mpn thi long se khong bj aitu ng& vvc (Hoili Nam ttJ: Tinh thin).
Thien chi thllD'JJg thllD'JJg, ky chinh s~c da! Miw xanh cJa bdu troi Jil chinh sic lf! (Trang Ttl).
- a ~~ z a m · jtt a §: z a B;;tch vu chi b{lch da, do b;;tch tuy~t chi b;;tch.
- a J}j rm :tiB A
Milu tring cua long chim tring gi6ng nhlf milu tnfng cua tuyit trfng (M_anh Ttl).
2. Co khi hinh dung tl.r trt!C ti~p bi~n thanh danh tl.r rna kh6ng cfrn Sl! moi gi&i CUa Z (chi):
**
- :K -r :t& n'2' m
Tl! xao nhi chuyitnhan.
Tv cho minh Ia kheo mil cho ngu&i khfic Jil vr;ng (Lfi thj X uan thu).
3. Dung nht.r d()ng tl.r ngo;;ti d()ng, phep cho tr& nen":
y d()ng,
v&i y "lam
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Phu tl'r chuy~t t.r dt,mg d?i hi.
- @t ffl: X 16J 1JD 1% ? El : ~ Z Ky tht! h!, hl!U ha gia yen? Vi~t: Phti chi. Dan cffi dong r6i, nhil dm quytn phdi film them gi niia? (Kh6ng tti) afip: Phdi J!Jm cho din giilu (Lu~n ngtJ :TtJ L(5).
Phu ttJ vr;ng 6 vi~c dung cfii /6n (Trang Ttl).
II. HlNH DUNG TLJ DUNG NHU 8QNG TLJ 1. Hinh dung tl.r co thi dung nht.r d()ng tl.r:
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Tflu bfrt viln thien ly nhi lai. Cr; khong ng{li am3ng xa ngiln (M_anh Ttl).
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2. Dung nht.r d()ng tl.r ngo;;ti d()ng, v&i y "cho la, xem la":
- s~:1t:~4t+~ · J:::tz Thai Sung Qu6c nien thfrt th~p dt.r, tht.rqng lifo chi. Bay gi& Tri~u Sung Qu6c cffi tren bay mllV'i tuof. vua cho 6ng
C6ng st.r d~c d;;ti m()c, t~c vt.rang hi tt.rqng nhan trac nhi tie'u chi, de vll'O'llg n(). Khi vien c6ng Slf tim dlf()'C khuc go !6n thi vua mimg, ain khi nglf&i th()' cleo Jiun cho nho ai thi vua gi~n (M{lnh Tti).
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320 TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
(Stikf).
v.
Ill. HlNH DUNG TLI DUNG NHU PH6 TLI Hinh dung tu dung nhu ph6 tu, lu6n lu6n
321
so TLI DUNG NHU DONG TLI 1. -
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Nhi dao nhfin nhlfQ'c tan phat u hinh. Mil dao nhll' m6i duvc miJi xong (Trang Tti).
Ll;lc vuong tat, tt! hai nhfit.
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Liy dllr: baa oan, cho nhi~u mil mong it (StJ kf: Du hi~p li¢ t
Ai c6 the'JiJm clw thien h?J thcfng nhft? (M?Jnh Tti).
th~ dung nhu danh tu:
-= - ,
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2. Trong m9t s6 sach c6
rm rR a~
Si chi nfli tam, do tang phi ngfiu, nhi hu6ng ba chu! Sv thay do} long dfl cifa ngurH chJng con c6 the'JiJm mit tinh cifa vq: hu6ng gi mc}t nuric ba chif mil de'mit long tin d6i v6i nuric khac vi Slj' hay thay dol" cifa minh ! (Td truy~n: Thanh cong bat men) (J).
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D:;w sinh nhft, nhit sinh nhi, nhj sinh tam, tam sinh v;;tn v~t. D?Jo sinh ra mc}t, mc}t sinh ra ha1; hai sinh ra ba, ba sinh ra V?Jn v[it (Liio TtJ) (4 ). 111
Couvreur dich doc:tn nay nhu sau: Un mari par son inconstance perd l'atfection de sa compagne. A plus forte raison un Etat qui pretend commander aux autres perdra-t-il leur confiance. s'il est changeant (FR. S.Couvreur S J., Tch'ouen ts~ou et Tso tchouan, Ho Kien Fou, 1914, tome II, tr.67) 41
M9t lac gia chiiu Au da dich doc:tn nay nhu sau: Le un produisit le deux. le deux produisit le trois, le trois produisit tous les etres (Theo l<:tp chi France- Asie). c
Thl;lc nang nhftchi?
SO TLJ DUNG NHU DANH TLI -± z
...
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truy~n).
s6 tlr c6
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Sau vua chfm dut. brJn bien tlufng nhit (Do Ml,lc: A Phong
Di dfrc bao oan, h[iu thi nhi b[Jc VQng.
IV.
....
not t5t cho
.=. {,' (nhi rain:
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(con vi~t Ia ;t) d6i khi dung di
hai long) va c6 nghia Ia : "thay d6i,
kh6ng thl!c tinh"; "am muu":
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Trinh Yo c6ng Trang c6ng vi Binh vuong khanh si Vuong nhi u Hoiic . Trinh Ba oan vuong. Vuong vi~t: Y6 chi. C6 ChuTrinh giao chi.
Tiinh Vo cong Trang cong JiJm khanh si cho Chu Binh vuung. Binh vurmg ml1'LI v6i Hofc cong phfin chia quy~n hanh cifa Trang cong. Tiinh Ba (Tiang cong) biit chuy~n. o:in Binh vurmg. Binh vurmg cJufi. Do d6 h9 Chu viJ h9 Tiinh tJClO do] con tin cho nhau (T;J truy~n). 3. ~ (nhi), " t hay d6i": ?
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Nfr da bftt sang, Sl nhjky h:;mh; Sl da v6ng Cl!C , nhi tam ky due. Ta kh6ng hJ saj Joi mil chang dii d6l thay; chang kh6ng bjit hit Ju7c, tinh nghia ctla chang dii haj ba JSn thay d6} (Thj Kjnh: V~ phong, Manh/ 5>. -t ~~ m, _ ili - ~. ~t<-rr
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ThAt nien chi trung, nhftt dfr nhftt do<;tt,
nhi tam thvc th~m yen?
Trang vong c6 biiy nfim, m9t cho m9t do{lt, sao f{lj thay d6] qua Jifm thi? (Til truy~n: Thanh c6ng bat njen) (o>. . VI.
NANGCAO
SO TU DUNG NHU PHO TU s6 tl.r dung nhtr ph6 tl.r lu6n lu6n d~t tn.r&c d9ng tl.r di chi s6 lfrn
di~n ra cua m
- §~- arm ni!N Trtr6ng nhftt nh~t nhi cl'ru h6i. Ru9t m9t ngay u6n kluic chin Jdn (Sif tir).
- ~ft~£ , ~t + ...trm~ft~fr Thuy~t Tfrn v11011g, thu thPpthll'QTlg nhi thuy~t bftt hanh.
Din thuyit phtjc vua TSn, thlf mu&j JSn dfmg len v3n kh6ng d{lt kit quii (Chjin qucfc sach).
a ma
parole; toi,
hom me, tu a change de conduite deux ou trois lois ( Cheu king, Hi en hien, 1916, tr. 62) . (nl
Tham khao Couvreur, Tch'ouen ts'iou et tso tchouan, sdd, tr.67.
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325
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Quan thu' Quan quan thl1 ci1U, T:;ti Ha chi cha u. Y€u dieu thuc ncr, Quan til' hao du.
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Sam si h:;tnh thai, Ta hcru l11U chi. Y€u dieu thuc ncr, Ngl,l mi du chi.
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326
TRAN VAN CHANH
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Y€u di~u th1,1c nG', Cftm sat vi (huu) chi.
rae giii-tac phiim
Sam si h<:tnh thai, Ta huu m<:to chi. Y€u di~u th1,1c nG', Chung c6 l<:tc chi.
Ia toe pham trong khoang hcJn 500 nom tu dou dCii Chu den giQa dCii Xuon thu (770 trlldc CN-480 trlldc CN) . Bai nay thu¢c loqi thcJ trQ tlnh don gian , mieu to tlnh cam tham thiet cua m¢t chang trai doi vdi c6 goi hien djU hoi rau hqnh ben song , va LJ(jc mcJ CUO chang Ve CUQC
(Thi kinh: Chu Nam)
f)oy Ia bai dau tien trong phon "Qu6c phong-Chu Nam' cua Kinh
Thi, m¢t tQp thcJ co nhat cua Trung Quoc, hi$n con dllQC 305 bai. deu
h6n nhon tot dE?P trong tllcJng lai.
Tl)NGO
eQuan quan 1m 1m : tie'ng chim keu "quan quan" (tu tuong thanh) .Thtt cliu giN!® : m9t loai chim nude, con trong va con mai song kh6ng roi nhau eYiu di~u f)]~ : xinh d(fp, duyen dang, diu dang, thuy mi .Th{tC ~ : hi~n th1,1c, ne't na, c6 due h<:mh .Qulin til B" -=f: chi nguoi con trai .Hiio ciiu ~f :i1: tot d6i, d(fp d6i, xung d6i .Sam si ~ ~ :dai ngan kh6ng d~u nhau, so le eHr.mh 1j : rau h<:tnh (mQc o m~t nude, la do tia) eLliu. 7JTE :hai eNg{t mj @: ~: thuc ngu (khi thuc khi ngu) eTli bij.c ~- ~~ : nhd eDu f[Z; :dang d~c, tri~n mien eTriin chuyin phiin triic @ !j!f JY:. f~~ : lan qua 19n l<:ti ngu kh6ng yen, tran tro mai kh6ng ngu dUQC• Thai hai (dung nhu1;R) .ctim siit ~ M: dan dm(5 ho~c 7 day) va dan sat (15 day ho~c 50 day) eMiJ-o ~: chQn la'y (Chu Hi giai la"na'u chin rna dang len") .Chung elf: &i ~1 chu6ng trong (trong bai dung nhu d9ng tu c6 nghia la" danh
*:
chu6ng danh trong") D!CH NGHlA
Quan thli Chim thu cuu keu quan quan. Tren c6n song Hoang Ha. Ngu&i con gdi diu hi~n. D~p doi cung quan ttl. Rau hg.nh c9ng ngdn dai. Vat thea dong td hilu. Ngu&i con gdi ;
328
TRAN VAN CHANH
Muo'n co thf:lc nfl, nay v~ cung ta. Tie'ng chuang, tieng tro'ng vui hoa, Tie'ng dan cdm sdt m(Jn ma yeu duang!
dju hdn. Thlic ngu ta cdu mong. Cdu mong khong duc;c gijp. Ngay dern ta nh(J trong. Dling dijc, nh(J dling dijc. Ttiin trd ngu khong yen. Rau hf;mh c9ng ngdn dai. Hai theo dong td hflu. Nguui con gdi dju hi~n. Ta ke't than vdi nang trong tie'ng dan cdm, dan sdt. Rau ht;mh c9ng ngdn dai. Vat theo dong td hflu. Nguui con gdi dju hdn. Ta ddnh tie'ng chuang tie'ng tr6ng di lam vui long nang.
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Quan quan cdi con thu cuu, Con song con mdi cung nhau biii ngoai. Diu dcmg thf:lc nfl nhu ai, Sdnh cung qulin tLt tot doi V(/ ch6ng. Muon an rau hr;mh theo giong, Muon co thf:IC nfl, mo mong duc;c dau. Nh(J co rling r(Jc san sdu, Chota dlin d9c d~ hdu nguyen! Muon an rau ht;mh hd i v~,
TAN EJA djch
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329
roAN THV n,f HQC CHU HAN
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Dong Sdn Nga t6 Dong Son, Thao thao bat quy. Nga lai tlf dong, Linh vU ky (ky) mong. Nga dong vie't quy, Nga tam tay bi. Che' bi thuong y, V~t slf (sl) hang mi (mai). Quyen quyen gia thl,lc, Chung t~i tang da. Doi bi dQc tuc, Di<$c t~i xa h~. Nga t6 Dong Son Thao thao bat quy. Nga lai tlf dong, Linh vU ky (ky) mong. Qua loa chi thlfc, Di<$c thi vu vU. y uy t~i that, Tieu sao t~i hQ. Dinh thoan 19c tnrong,
330
TRAN VAN CHANH
1~:J:i~1:Y #PJ~m fiT PJ 'I~ -ili
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toAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN
rae gia-tac phii?m Bai nay trong ' Quoc phong , Man phong ' cua Kinh Thi, to tam tlnh cua m¢t chinh nhan tren dllong trd ve.
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Nga t6 Dong Son, Thao thao bat quy. Nga lai tlf dong, Linh vu ky (ky) mong. Qmin minh vu d<;it (di~t), Ph1,1 than vu that. Sai tao khung trat, N ga chinh du~ t chL Huu don qua kh6, Chung t?i l?t Hin. Tif nga bat kie'n, Vu kim tam nan (nien).
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Nga t6 Dong Son, Thao thao bat quy. Nga lai tlf dong, Linh vu ky (ky) mong. Thuong canh vu phi, Phap du<;1c ky vu. Chi tu vu quy, Hoang bac ky rna. Than ke't ky ly, Cuu th?p ky nghi. Ky tan kh6ng gia, Ky clfu nhu chi ha?
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TRAN VAN CHANH
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eT6 {§_: di .Dong Sdn LlJ: m1i Dong Son, (J huy~n Khuc Ph1,1 tinh Son Dong ngay nay, con gQi la Mong Son eThao thao 'Ia 'Ia: Hi u dai, bi€n bi~t eLinh Vll~ ffi : mlia bl,li, mlia phun eKy mong ;It~ :(mua) la"m ta"m, la"t pha"t eTiuiifng y ~:;& : ao qufin m?c blnh thuong eSi dfing nhu ~ (stf) nghTa la lam vi~c gl eHimg maifftz: :nhu (ham mai),;tt la v~t giong nhu chiec dua;lllc hanh quan ng~m vao mi~ng dti khong dt1<;1c n6i chuy~n, tranh cho quan djch biet •Quyen quyen~~ ~~: (sau bo) ngQ ngu~y eTh~tc~: sau dau, giong nhu con dim nhung mau xanh, cung gQi la se1n tam (con t~m nui) .Chung ~: la u .Tang dii ~ !f : ru()ng dau .Doi ~)C: mlnh cu()n tron (n~m co ro) •Quii loa 5fi!:jl: quat lau, lo<;1i day leo, cling hQ vdi bfiu, c6 thti dung lam thuoc eTh~tc ~ :trai eThi 1itf!: (bo) Ian ra • Vu mai hi en .y uy 1~ ~ cung viet ~fj}~~: con gian da"t eTieu sao Pi~ :m()t loai nh~n chan dai ·Dinh thodn BIJ Hll: mft trong C(;lnh nha (noi chim muong giam d<;1p len) eLQc trliifng /fttJJ.;: san nai eD{IC d{lcJ~;/:i: nha"p nhay, l~p loe eTieu himg ~ f=f: con dom d6m .y 1~: la •Qlllin WJ: chim quan, m()t loai chim nude, giong nhu co ho?c h<;1c. Chu Hi chu gi:h: "Troi sap mua thl nhung loai (J hang biet trudc, nen kien chui ra khoi hang, chim quan den an kien va dung keu tren d6" (Thi Kinh t(lp truy~n) eD{lt (di?t) ±~: dong da"t (chi t6 kien dun len) eKhung trill~~: quet bo v~t do (co tac gia giai la tret l<;1i khe hd, hay la"p 16 vach) eChinh 1iE: chinh nhan (d day la nguoi chinh nhan tlf xttng," cung c6 thti la nguoi v<;l gQi ch6ng) eDuijt .$ : tr<;l tU' vo nghTa (Mao truy~n giai la "sap sli'a"; Nghiem Xan giai cii cau la chinh phu ta sdp v~ r6i eHilu don ff~)C :tron tron •Qua khil J1\ :g. :trai kh6 qua eL/jt tan~ fiT : cui l~t (chu l~t ~Han Thi viet la {~ (mau), nghTa la rau dang; Dli Quan Anh trong Thi Kinh tuyin djch giai la "cui tfch l<;1i" hay"thuc tan" la b6 cui) eThtidng canh ~ ~ : chim hoang ly hay
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333
roAN THlJ T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
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hoang oanh • Chi ti't Vll quy m~: co kia v€ nha ·ch6ng("chi" la d<;1i tu chi thj;"vu" la tr<;l tu) ·. Hoang.¥.: cung viet la ~~ nglfa mau vang tdng eBac !)(: nglfa mau do tdng .Thanm: chi illy VQ .LyWJ : dai khan giat, cai khan che tdi goi cua nguoi con gai dung khi v€ nha ch6ng; khi ga con gai, nguoi my dich than that khan nfiy cho con gai .cilu thljp tL hlnh dung "nhi€u" eNghi f~: nghi thti'c, nghi 1~ (ca cau c!lu th(lp kY nghi nghia den la chin, muoi thti' nghi 1~, hay nghi thti'c 1~ cudi ra"t nhi€u) .Tan ~: tan hon, mdi cttdi eKhilngJL: ra't eGia g: tot dyp, my man eC{Iu : lau. Ca cau y n6i: xa each lau ngay gi;ip l{li phdi vui mitng the' nao, cung c6 thti la m()t chut lo lang: khong biet tlnh xua se c6 thay d6i gl khong?
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NGO PHAP CD B (vie't): tr<;l tu, vo nghia: ~ }f[ B m~ (Nga dong viet quy). ® .$ (du~t): tr<;l tu, vo nghia: f\tiiE$¥ (Nga chinh duijt chi). M()t so tac gia chu giai chu .$ la "sap sli'a". ® (vu): tr<;l tu, vo nghia, d?t trudc d()ng tu, ra't thuong dung trong Kinh Thi: Ji.~-Tm (Hoang ditiu Vll phi); rrl~ (Chi til' vu quy).
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D[CH NGHlA Dong Sdn Ta chinh chie'n nui Dong, Bi~n bi~t khong tra vl Ngay v~ tit phUC!ng dong, Trai mua roi la't pha't. Ta tit phue1n.g dong v~. Umg hi thUC!n.g v~ tay. Lo may do mi;ic thuang,
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Hit ng(lm dua hanh quan. Sau dau bo ngQ ngu(ly, iJ tren dam ruf)ng dau. Nguai kia co ro ngtl, Tro trQi duc'Ji gdm xe. Ta chinh chiin nui Dong, Bi~n bi~t khong tra v~. Ngay v~ tit phUC!ng dong,
334
TRAN VAN CHANH
Trifi mua roi lflt phtl't. Qudt !au da ke't trdi, Qud thong xuong mdi hien. Ddy nha gidn da't cht;~y, Ngoai cila sfl nh?n giang. Da't trf/ng thanh san nai, Dam d6m chie'u l(jp foe . Cdnh the lu(]ng ddng sf!, Nhung ddng baa thu(]ng nho. Ta chinh chien nui Dong, Bi~n bi?t khong triJ vl Duifng v~ tit phu(]ng dong, Trifi mua roi la't pha't. Qudn keu tren to?kien, Chinh ph~ kh6c phong khue. Quet nla, lap !6 vdch, Nghi chinh phu sdp v~.
Kho? qua trdi tron trim, Treo tren dan cui l(j.t. Ta tit khi xa cdch, Nay dii c6 ba nam. Ta chinh chien nui Dong, Bi~n bi?t khong triJ vl Duifng v~ tit phu(]ng dong, Trifi mua roi la't pha't. Chim hoimg ly bay bay, Cdnh chim bay lap lodng. Co kia v~ nha ch6ng, Ngl!a do, vang, do'm trdng. Mf! ke't cho khan gidt, Nghi l~ th(j.t ruifm ra. Ch6ng vf! moi hai hoa, Tinh xua, ta ra sao? TVC. djch
$:~5(-BJ: 1=-~~1$
Ai nga ph!J rna U, Sinh nga lao ttJy.
#1LZ.w9t *l&Z.I¥G
Blnh chi khanh hi, Duy 16i chi si.
i!fRZ.~ /f:tzonz~9t
Ti€n dan chi sinh, Bat' nhu' ttl' chi cll'u hi. vo phtJ ha h6? V6 mau ha thi? Xuat tac ham tuat, Nh~p tac my chi. PhtJ h~ sinh nga, Mau h~ cue nga. Phil nga sue nga, Truong nga dtJc nga. C6 nga ph!JC nga, Xuat nh~p phuc nga. DtJc bao chi due, H:;ta thien vong eve.
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L!JC l!JC gia nga, Phi nga y hao. Ai nga ph!J rna u, Sinh nga cu lao. L!Jc h,1c gia nga, Phi nga y uy.
335
roAN THll Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN
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336
TRAN VAN CHANH
f¥j LlJ 7,,4 7.!~
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fit1i7fPJ~ f¥j LlJ 1$1$ ~Jjli}f,ijf,
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Nam son li~t li~t, Phieu phong phat phat: Dan m(;lc bat coc, Nga doc ha hi;lt (hi;ii)!
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Nam son Iu?t lu?t, Phieu phong phat phat. Dan mac bat coc, Nga doc bat tot!
(Thi kinh: Tiiu nhii) Tac gia-ttic philm Bai nay trong phon 'Tk~u nhd' cua Kinh Thi , n6i ve tom long cua nglloi con c6 hieu d6i voi em sinh thanh, nuoi dllong kho nhQc cua cha m<7 . va noi dau x6t kh6ng dllqc pht,mg dllong cha m<7 den tuoi gia .
roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
337
Chi trong sach Kinh ngh'fa thu{lt van giai cau "Hi;io thien v6ng ctfc" la "troi cao thien I~ch" , "troi cao khong nhan tu" v1 troi giang cho tai hQa , khien nguoi con khong dt.r<;5c mai maj pht,mg dt.rong cha my) .Li~t li~t 7.!~ ?FU :nui cao sung sung va hi~m trd .Phieu phong~ 00, :gi6 to, gi6 dCr .P!uit phat ~ ~ : tieng gi6 mi;inh th6i vu vu .Coc~ : pht,mg duong (Chu Hi giai chu nfty la "may m~n"; day theo ngh!a cua Trinh Khang Thanh) eHa fPJ : dung nhu' :fij ngh1a la ganh chiu, chiu dtfng eLzuJ_t lzuJ_t 1.$1$ :(nui) cao ch6t v6t ePhlit phiit ijt iJt, : gi6 m<;1nh th6i tung b1,1i eBiit tot /f ¥: khong du'<;5C mai nuoi cha illy den gia (thuyet cua Trinh Khang Thanh va Chu Hi); c6 thuyet l<;1i cho chu /f nen dQc nhu' chft ~(phi : ngft tr<;5 tU), con chft ¥ nen dQC nhu' chft :}$ (t~:~y: don dau), d cau: Rieng taphai chju don dau (theo Khuat V<;1n Ly, Thi
Kinh thich ngh'la).
TUNGO
•Lf!c l{LC ~ ~ : cao IOn eNga i5Z :co nga, con gQi la nga hao, (artemisia) IDQC d Su'On nui ; khi canh }a da kho thi re van con dt.rdi dat, den nam sau l<;1i n~y mfim mQc li;ii ePhl fig: khong phai eHao ~: co hao, cung loai vdi co nga, d~u c6 vi thuoc .y fll' : la eAi :R: tht.rong nhd, x6t tht.rong eCu lao {i]}J kh6 nhQc, kh6 nhQC. Uy ru= : co uy, con gQi la thanh hao, d~c tinh giong nhu' co nga eT~ty'f$: ti~u t1,1y, nhQc m~t, moi m~t eKhtinh ~ : het, r6ng, trong het eLoi .'§ : vo ru'Q'u c6 mi~ng nho, bt,mg to eTiin diin j!(:_§:: con m6 coi eH6 '/3': dtfa vao, c?y nho eHam tuiit ro11fll: ng?m n6i lo bu6n •My chi ft ~: khong c6 nguoi than .cue ¥¥3: nuoi ePhzij1j": v6 v~ (dung nht.r tffff) eSzic1fi: yeu tht.rong eCo/mi: chieu co, cham nom ePh{tcf~ : nhd nhung ePhuc /3!: om vao long eChi nfty (d<;li tU chi thi) •H{lo thien ~ 7(: troi cao• Vong qtc ~ ~: vo tht.rong, khong c6 dinh chu~n (Vuong Dan
*:
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Co nga cao l{Jn D[CH NGHlA Rau nga cao LOn Lr;~i biin thimh co hao. Oil Oi! Cha mf sinh ta kh(J' nhQC VO cung. Co nga cao LOn Lr;~i bie'n thanh co uy. Oi! Oi! Cha mf sinh ta qtc nh9c gdy ye'u. Blnh ruqu nho dii cr;~n r6i, b!nh ruqu Lon c6 L6i. Song m9t than tro tr9i chdng being chit cho vfn. Khong cha bie't c{ly vao ai? Khong mf bie't nuong vao ai? Ra khong quen duqc bi thuong, vao th! khong c6 nguai than. Cha h~ sinh ta, mf h~ duong ta. Vuo't ve ta, cho ta bu. Nuoi ta LOn, dr;~y db ta. Trang nom ta, nang do ta. Ra vao b6ng ifm ta. On sau muon ddp d~n. th{lt baa La nhu trai xanh. D[CHTHCJ Co nga cao LOn,
Khong phai co nga, rna co hao.
338
TRAN VAN CHANH
Thu®g thay cha mf, Sinh ta khd dau. Co nga cao !Un, Khong phdi co nga, mil co uy. Thu®g thay cha mf, Sinh ta kh6 b,ty. Blnh df!ng rli
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V6 vJ yeu quy ta, Nuoi fUn khan che chiJ. U;li cham nom dam ng6, Ra, vao om lip ta. On sau muo'n dap dJn, Nhu tr(!i xanh baa La.
PHIENAM Nguphu
Nui nam cao sitng silng, Gi6 m(,lnh th6i vu vu. Ngu(!i khong ai khong may, Rieng ta sao phdi h(,li! Nui nam cao ch6t v6t, Gi6 m(,lnh th6i ao ao. Nguai khong ai khong may, Rieng ta khong dli
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z a rm~tlt1~Z~t~-f-? ~)(% mrm~ , ~~ ftltrm *· JJ
Khuat Nguyen ky ph6ng, du 11 giang dam, hanh ngam tr~ch b~n, nhan sac ti€u tl,J.y, hlnh dung kh6 do. Ngl1 phil kien nhi van chi viet: - Til' phi Tam 111 d~i phu dl1? Ha co chi 11 tl1? Khuat nguyen viet: -Chung nhan giai trQc, nga doc thanh; chung nhan giai tuy, nga doc tinh; thi di kien ph6ng. Ng11 phil viet: - Thanh nhan bat ngl1ng tr~ 11 v~t, nhi nang dG' the th6i di. The nhan giai trQC, ha bat qu~t ky ne nhi dl1ong ky ba? Chung nhan giai tuy, ha bat b6 ky tao nhi xuyet ky ly? Ha co tham tl1 cao eli', tlf linh ph6ng vi? Khuat Nguyen viet: Ng6 van chi, tan moe gia tat dan quan, tan dl,IC gia tat chan y, an nang di than chi sat sat thl,l v~t chi van van giii h6? Ninh ph6 Tl1ong lu'u, tang 11 giang ngl1 phuc trung, hlfu an nang di h~o h~o chi b~ch nhi m6ng the tl,IC chi tr~n ai h6? Ngl1 phil hoan nhi nhi tieu, c6 the nhi khu, nai ca viet: "Thl1ong Lang chi thily thanh h€, kha di tr~c nga anh. "Thl1ong Lang chi thily trQc h€, kha di tr~c nga tile". To~i khu, bat phl,IC du ng6n. (SiJ til)
Tac gid-tac pha·m Boi nay Ia truyen thuyet do ngLJCii nLidc Sa ghi IQi
de
tLJang nhd
340
TRAN VAN CHANH
Khuat nguyen sou khi ong do qua dCii. Nhdn vqt Khu6t Nguyen lffi& (340-278 trlldc C N) Ia toe gia chfnh cua nhGng bai "Sa tC/" noi tieng. 6ng ten thqt Ia Blnh. ngLJCii trong hoang t¢c nlldc sa. hQC r¢ ng . nhieu tai. nhllng b! vua ghet bo vl nghe lai giem pha cua ke x6u . buon ba md i viet ra thien ' Ly tao ' de b¢c bqch noi long. sou om m¢t phien do nhay xu6ng song M!ch La tl) t¢n . Con ·sa tC/' Ia m¢t hlnh thC/c co dao md i dllc;ic Khu6t Nguye n va m¢t s6 ngllai khac lam ra trong khoang the ky thO Ill. IV trlldc CN tren ccJ sa gia cong . sang tqo va ph6t trien tC/ nhGng co dao dan gian dllcJng thai ; c6 the coi sa tC/ Ia m¢t loqi van xuoi c o van. den ddi Han mdi dllc;ic tqp hc;ip chung IQi thdnh tqp sach.
341
TOAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
NGO PHAP CD 5! (kie'n): bi, dl1<;1c (tr<;J d<)ng tu, d~t ngay trudc d<)ng tu,
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eHoan nhi '% m': mim cuoi eCd ~~: go eThiftit: cay giftm eThlidng Lang 1F; ~: song Thl1dng Lang eHi /5 :h€, a (tr<;1 tu ) eTr{lc ~: gi~t eAnh ~: leo mil, dai mil.
D[CHNGHlA Khwl't Nguyen da bj du6i bo, tho tha?n iJ ben bC! song bC! ddm, vita di vita hat iJ ben ch!im, nhan sdc tiiu t¥-y, henh dung kh6 heo. C6 6ng lao ddnh cd tr6ng thay, hoi: - Ong phdi la Tam lu dg_i phu day chang? Sao rna din n6i the'?
Khua't Nguyen ddp: - Thien hg. diu d!!-c, mqt menh ta trong, thien hg_ diu say, mqt menh ta tlnh, cho nen bj du6i bo. Ong lao ddnh cd n6i: - Thanh nhan kh6ng cau n~ vi~c ge rna bie't tuy thC!i thay d6i. NguC!i dC!i diu di!-C the sao kh6ng khuay them bun, d(jp them song cho di!-c mqt thi? Thien hg_ diu say the sao kh6ng an cd men, hup cd ba cho say mqt thi? Vi~c ge rna phdi nghT sau, lam khdc nguC!i ;jKb•fuUOl ;j b 0. ?? Lle A? •
Khua't Nguyen ddp; - T6i nghe n6i, mai gqi ddu ta't chdi mii, mai tdm xong ttit thay do; c6 dau dem cdi than trong sg_ch rna chju v(jt nho nhap du(Jc? Tha nhdy xuo'ng song TuCJng, vui than trong b¥-ng cd, chu sao dang trdng lam lOJJ rna chju vay b¥-i cat cua the' t/!-C? Ong lao ddnh cd nghe xong, mlm cuC!i, go gidm hat r!ing:
342
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Khua't Nguyen ky ph6ng, tam nien ba't dac phl.Jc kien, ki~t tri tan trung, nhi te chuang 11 sam, tam phi~n y lo(;ln, ba't tri sa tong, niii vang kien thai b6c Trinh Thi~m Doan viet: - Du huu sd nghi, nguy~n nhan tien sinh quyet chi. Thi~m Doan nai doan sach, pha't quy, viet: - Quan tuong ha di giao chi? Khua't Nguyen viet: - Ng6 ninh kh6n kh6n, khoan khoan, phac di trung h6? Tuong t6ng vang l<;1o lai, tu v6 cung h6? Ninh tru su thao mao di ltfc canh h6? Tuong du d<;1i nhan di thanh danh h6? Ninh chinh ng6n bat huy di nguy than h6? Tuong tong tl)C phu quy di thau sinh h6? Ninh sieu nhien cao ell' di bao chan h6? Tuong sue ti l~t ti, ac y nhu nhi di stf phl.J nhan h6? Ninh liem khiet chinh trtfc di ttf thanh h6? Tuong d()t the ho(;lt ke nhu' chi nhu' vi di hi~t doanh h6? Ninh ngang ngang nhu'QC thien ly chi cau h6? Tuong phiem phiem nhu'QC thuy trung chi phu h6? Du ba thu'ong ha, thau di toa n ng6 khu h6? Ninh du ky ky khang ach h6? Tuong tuy n6 rna chi tich h6? Ninh du hoang h()c ti dtfc h6? Tuong du ke Vl.J tranh thtfc h6? ThU' thl)C cat, thl)C hung? Ha khu ha tong? The h6n trQC nhi bat thanh, thi~n dtfc vi trQng, thien quan vi khinh; hoang chung huy khi, ngoa phu 16i minh; sam nhan cao truong, hi~n si v6 danh. Hu ta, m~c m~c h~, thuy tri ng6 chi liem trinh? Thi~m Doan nai thich sach nhi t<;1 viet: - Phu xich huu sa doan, th6n huu sa truong; v~t huu sd ba't tuc, tri huu sa bat minh, s6 huu sa ba't dai, th~n huu sa bat thong. Dl,lng quan chi tam, hanh quan chi y. Quy sach·thanh bat nang tri thl:r Stf.
344
TRAN VAN CHANH
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roAN THU TIJ HQC CHU HAN
vdi jj]) .Du dl,li nluin 3J[f -}(A: lui toi nhung nguoi quy~n quy .Thanh danh JJX.ij: gay dQ'ng ten tu61e Nguy than m~: nguy h(li de'n than mlnh eThau sinh y~ {±_ ( 9~ = '\'@tr): song t<,tm bQ (theo thuye't cua Vuong D.;it thl "thau sinh" la than du<;jc an vui) eCiuin ~: ban tinh eSuc ti lijt ti, tic y nhu nhi OJE ~ '\~ Wf oi_ ~jt 0~ O)t: gu<;jng n6i gu<;jng cuoi (lam ra ve tuoi cuoi d€ chi~u theo y nguoi) ePh~t nhan 9w )\: nguoi dan ba. Day chi Trinh T1,1 la nguoi du<;jc vua SCi Hoai Vuong sung ai eT~I thanh § 1~: lam cho mlnh du<;Jc trong s(lch (chiT 1~ dung nhu d<)ng tu theo phep sll' d<)ng) .D()t the ho{lt ke~ :f~ ~ tron trinh tron tru, xu6i theo .Chi ~9:: mo• Vi ~: da thu<)c eHifl ~ : do luang (do cai tron gQi la "hi~t") eDoanh :f~: cay c<)t eHi~t doanh : do cay c<)t tron; vl khi do thl phai xu6i theo b~ tron, nen c1,1m tli "hi~t doanh" c6 y n6i xu ph1,1 theo the' ll,I'c, chlm n6i theo doi eNgang ngang~ ~: ngang tang kh6ng chiu cam tam cui d~u ePhie'm phitm ~[2 ~[2: tr6i n6i v6 d!nh .Phil ~: con vit rung, con le eKy ky f.m ,ifj: ngl,I'a ky va ngl,I'a ky (d~u la nhung giong ngl,I'a gioi) .Khang1C: gio len .Ach tjjm: cai ach (d€ thang nglfavao xe) .Dil ky ky khang ach W.f.m!r~1C tjjm: thang xe chung voi ngl,I'a ky, nglfa ky eNoJl;: nglfa hen .Ti'iy no mii chi tich ~ Jl; -~ L lf!j]i: ch(ly theo ngl,I'a hen .Hoang h()c ji]i~: chim hoang h<)c, thien nga .Tl difc .l:t it: bay chung ~:con vit troi .Hfm 100: v~n d1,1c 0~ yi} = 1.EUIJ [hon trQc ], v~n d1,1c, nho nhdp, do b~n) .Qulin ~~: quan ( don vi trQng lu<;5ng thoi xua, bang 30 can) .Hoang chung ji~j: chuang vang (m<)t lo(li nh<,tc khi ra't to, phat ra tie'ng to va trong treo) •Ngoa phil ][~: n6i da't set eLoi minh '§§P.~: tie'ng keu nhu sam Cao trztdng ~5~: khoac lac (chi C1 dia vi cao) eV6 danh ~~: kh6ng c6 danh vi, kh6ng du<;Jc b6 nhi~m eThich ~': roi ra, bu6ng ra eT{l ~t: cao loi .so'~: so, thu~t so, que b6i eDiii ~: dat de'n .Thiln 1$: th~n tien .Quan;f!;: anh, 6ng (d(li tu nhan
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roAN THU' TIJ HQC CHa HAN
347
- Ong mwfn dt:;Iy toi vi?c gz? Khulit Nguyen ddp: - Toi nen khdn khdn, khoiin khoiin, thimh thf:(c di he't long trung chang? Hay nen dua don theo diJi di khoi khan cung? Nen bua giliy co !au di he't sac lam ruqrig chang? Hay nen giao du voi ke sang di cdu danh? Nen n6i thdng chdng kieng ni gz di nguy than chang? Hay nen theo thai tt:tC, cdu giau sang di song cdu thii? Nen sieu nhien xua't the' di gifl thien chan chang? Hay nen njnh hot, khum num, xun xoe, gu(/ng n6i gu(/ng cuiJi di hdu ht:;I dan ba? Nen liem khie't, thinh trf:(c di du(/c trong st:;Ich chang? Hay nen tron trfnh, tr(Jn tru nhu ma, nhli da di dli(/C nhu cdi CQt bong? Nen ngang tang nhu con ngf:(a thien ly chang? Hay nen tenh denh nhu con vit iJ tren mijt nuoc cung nhap nho voi song di biio toan lay than? Nen cht:;Iy dua voi loai ngf:(a kjl, ngf:(a ky chang? Hay nen theo cdi ve't cua loai ngf:(a him? Nen cung bay voi loai chim hoang hQC chang? Hay nen cung tranh an voi ga vjt? Duong nao edt, duiJng nao hung? Bo duiJng nao, theo duiJng nao? DiJi hbn trQC ma khong thanh thz cdnh con ve Ia nijng ma nghtn can Ia nhf; chuang vang thz bo nat con nbi da't tht keu vang; ke giem pha thz len chan, nguiJi hdn sf tht v6 danh. Than oil Bitt n6i gt day? Ai bie't ta Ia trong S(lch? Thdm Doan dijt co thi xuo'ng ma t(l rdng: - Thuoc c6 khi ngdn, ma ta'c c6 khi dai; vQt c6 chb khong du ma tri c6 chb khong sang; so' c6 chb dodn khong toi ma thdn c6 chb khong thong. Ong ca theo long ong ma lam dung y 6ng. Co thi va mai rua thQt khong bie't dli(/C vi?c ay. NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
348
TRAN VAN CHANH
349
roAN THV n,1 HQC CHU HAN
Tac giii-tac philm Kinh Djch (con gQi Ia Chu Djch) Ia ·mc;>t trong nhQng bQ s6ch triet ly do SQ nhat cua Trung Quae co dQi, dll<;IC xep vao h$ thong NgO kinh cua Nho gi6o. Tllong truyen Chu Djch do Chu Van Vuong (khoang the ky 11 truoc CN) lam ra. dll<;ic Khong Tu (551-479 trlloc CN) san djnh. dan giai. Bai nay trich trong Van ng6n truy$n cua Que khan. n6i ve
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Tfch thi~n chi gia Tich thi~n chi gia tat huu dli khanh; tich bat thi~n chi gia tat huu dli liang. Thfin thi ky quan, nl' thi ky ph\1, phi nhat trieu nhat tich chi co, ky sa do lai gia ti~m hi, do bi~n chi bat tao bi~n diL Dich viet: Ly sliang kien bang chi. Cai ng6n thu?n da. (Chu Djch, que Khon, Van ngon truy?n)
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Ha chfnh manh u' h6 Kh6ng Ttl' qua Thai Son trac, huu pht.J nhan khoc u m<) gia nhi ai. Phu ttl' thuc thfnh chi, sll' Ttl' L<) van chi viet: "Ttl' chi khoc da , nhat tlf trung huu ttu gia ?". Nai viet: "Nhien. Tfch gicl ng6 cuu ttl' u h6, ng6 phu hlfu ttl' yen, kim ng6 ttl' hlfu ttl' yen". Phu ttl' viet: "Ha vi bat khu da?" Viet: "V6 ha chfnh". Phu ttl' viet: "Ti~u ttl' chi chi. Ha chfnh manh u h6 da ". (L~ ky)
Tac gia-tlic philm Le ky cOng Ia m¢t trong 5 b¢ sdch trong h$ thong NgO kinh cua Nho gido, c6 le Ia cong trinh t¢p the cua nhieu the h$. Den cu6i dc':ii Han , Md Dung chan chTnh IQi con 49 thien nhli ngay nay, n¢i dung ghi IQi nhOng dieu c6 lien quan den che d¢, le nghi, phep tOe cua Trung Qu6c co dQi, dong thc':ii cOng boo hOm nhOng tli tlicng ve chinh trj , ludn ly, triet hQc .. . Bai nay trich trong thien"Dan cung hQ", dung m¢t mau chuy$n ngan de t6 coo m¢t each thdm tram te nh! chinh sdch tan bQO cua nhd cam quyen Trung Qu6c dli
TUNGO eMi) £: ng6i m<) eAi -R,: bi thuong, bi ai, bu6n tham ePhu til :K.::f: phu ttl' (tieng d~ ton xung nhung nguoi c6 hQc thuc dang trQng VQng thoi Xu'a) eThilc:J'\ : tlfa vao don ngang xe cui mlnh xuong d~ to y kfnh le (dung nhu' fit) eCilu ~: cha ch6ng eKhz£-:t: bo di eHa chinh ~ iJ&: chfnh sach ha khac eTiiu tti;j\.::f: con (tieng d~ gQi hang con chau ho?c hQc tro) .Chi~: ghi nhd.
353
TOAN THlJTl,l HQC CHa HAN
NGO PHAP CD ~ ( nha't)(d<;trtg viet kep cua - ): th~t la (ph6 tu): ~{J;l,£ :ff?ff3 (Nhlit tl! trung huu ttu gia). ® ~(yen): d<;ti tu chi thi 'hQp am cua ~+z' c6 th~ dich la ,,o d'0, VI' d'" T rong b'. -:E..±:v];'Ct:A---'70. at, :E..±:v:z;r;~ o:l':A?'Lfi'W- o:l':A ?' L/J::.,<_-
~:K'X.n ~~ !JE . ® fPJ~ (ha vi): vl sao (dung d~ hoi). @{Q. (da): trQ tu cuoi cau: a) Bi~u thi nghi van: 1PJ~/f-:ttl1 ? (Ha vi bat khu dii?) b) Bi~u thi kh~ng dinh: ~ i& 1~~~ !JE-tl1 (Ha chfnh manh u
h6 dii). D[CHNGHlA Chinh sach ha kluic tim b{lO hdn C(Jp Khllng Tit di qua ben nui Thai Se!n, c6 mqt nguiJi dim ba kh6c 6' m9 r!it bi thuCJng. Phu tit tf;(a vao don ngang xe cui minh xuc/ng di nghe, sai Tit L9 hoi ba ta rdng: "Tie'ng kh6c cua ba duiJng nhu c6 nhi~u n6i dau bu6n?".(NguiJi dan ba) ben trd fiJi rling: "Dung tht Ngay tru(Jc cha chbng t6i che't vi c(Jp, chbng t6i cung che't vi c(Jp, nay con t6i lc;Ii chit vi c9p". Phu tit n6i rdng: "Tc;Ii sao ba khong bo di?". (Nguoi dan ba) ddp: "CJ day kh6ng c6 chinh sdch ha khdc". Phu tit n6i rdng: "Cdc tro hay ghi nho di~u d6. Chinh sdch ha khdc con tan bc;IO he!n C(Jp ". TVC. djch
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PHIENAM D~i d6ng
Tich TrQng Ni dlf u l~p tan, slf tat, xuat du u quan chi thu<;Jng, vj nhien nhi than . TrQng Ni chi than, cai than Lo da . Ng6n Y~n t~i td:c, viet: "Quan ttl' ha than?". Kh6ng Ttl' viet: "D~i d~o chi hanh da, du Tam d~i chi anh, Khau vj chi dai da, nhi huu chi yen. "D~i d~o chi hanh da, thien h~ vi c6ng, tuy~n hi~n du nang,
giang tin tu ffii}C. Co nhan bat OQC than ky than, bat OQC ttl' ky ttl', sli' lao huu Sd chung, trang huu Sd dl}ng, au huu Sd trudng, quan, qua, co, d<)c, phe t?t gia, giai huu sCi duong; nam huu ph?n, nil' huu quy; h6a o ky khi u aja da, bat tat tang u ky; life o ky bat xuat u than da, bat tat vj ky. Thj co muu be nhi bat hung, d~o thiet lo~n t?c nhi bat tac, co ngo~i hQ nhi bat be, thi vi d~i a6ng". (L~ kj)
Tac gia-tlic philm Bai nay trich trong thien "Le v(ln" chlieing "8c;ti dong", m6 tO Lioc md ve m
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355
rU NGO eD{li d6ng *[P]: the gioi hoa blnh thong nhat eDifW: tham dlf, dlf vao .L{lp ~ij: te ch~p (le te ell' hanh vao thang 12 moi nam) .Tat~: xong eTan'ffi: khach .Qzuin im: m6n khuyet, cll'a khuyet (cll'a c6 hai lftu gac a truoc cung di~n, d~n dai ... ) .vj nhienD~?t,: bui ngui, ng?m ngui .ThanDI_: than thCi (cling viet la~).TrQng Ni fr:fl/E: ten cua Kh6ng Ttl' eNgon Yin ~=~ fj!: tuc Ttl' Du (hQc tro Kh6ng Ttl') eD{li d{lo*i]I: d~o IOn (theo chu giai cua Trinh Huy~n, la d~o trj nude cua thai Ngli de) eTam d{li chi anh .:=.1~z~: "tam d~i" la 3 doi H~, Thuong, Chu; "anh" la nguoi tai nang xuat chung, chi nhung nhan v?t nhu Vli, Thang, Van, Yo, Thanh Vuong, Chu C6ng, d~u la nhung b?c thanh nhan ly tu&ng cua Nho gia eDiii~: Iqp .Chi $: sach ghi chep (theo thuyet cua Chu Ban; day cling c6 th~ hi~u la "d~ chi vao", nhu bai dich a duoi) .Cong 0: c6ng, chung .Hi~n J[: nguoi hi~n (c6 tai due) .Niing§g: ngu'oi gioi (c6 tai nang) .Dil W: va (lien tU), nhung c6 thuyet cho Wdung thong voi '*(ell') ngh1a la "d~ ell', cat nhifc" eQuan ~*: gia rna khong CO VQ(Cling viet la ~) eQua • : gia rna kh6ng c6 ch6ng .co JJJl: tre rna kh6ng c6 cha (m6 c6i cha) eDI)c ~: gia rna kh6ng c6 con ePhqn ~: chile nghi~p eQuy ~fff : con gai xuat gia gQi la "quy", day c6 th~ hi~u la noi gia dlnh d~ tr& v~ .Hoa ~: hang hoa, tai nguyen .6 ky khi li dja ~;!'.{·1J~±t: kh6ng d~ cho chung bi bo phe duoi oat .Tang S: cat chua eL{lC~: tri life va lao life .6 ky bat xuat ll than dii ~;!'.{~ llin~~ fu: sQ ding chung khong phat huy ra tu than mlnh eMztu ~: am muu, muu ke .Be' M: dong l~i, d?p tift •Hztng $: day len, n6i len eD{lO thiet lo{lll tijc ~ M ~L ~: tr<)m cap va gi?c lo~neTac {lp: n6i d?y, phat tac ra.
356
TRAN VAN CHANH
NG0PHAP
· CD~ (cai): c6 le, duong nhu (ph6 tll'): ~Pl ~111 (Cai than L6
da).
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ngu cua d<)ng tll' ~ (dai). Trong cau phu dinh, tan ngu thuong d?t trudc d<)ng tu ( khong viet: Ji*~Z. 1ft) (xem l<;1i phfrn II, bai 93, Ngil phdp ).
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@ (than) va T (til') thu nhat trong bai du'QC dung nhu d<)ng tll'. Rieng chu dung theo phep d<)ng, c6 nghia "coi la con", iJ day c6 th€ dich la"thuong yeu, nuoi duong ... ". @ ~t& (thj co): vl the.
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roAN THLI TV HQC CHU HAN
con trai c6 phf].n, con gdi c6 noi cho'n di nuong vi; do'i vdi tai h6a, ghet rdng roi viii a d(i't, kh6ng cdn chua cd't a noi minh; do'i vdi sue life, ghet rdng kh6ng ra til minh, kh6ng cdn phdi lam Vl minh. ly cho nen mUu m6 diu dt;p tdt rna kh6ng day ten, trqm cdp gitjc cudp kh6ng n6i dt].y;c6?ng ngoai kh6ng phdi dong, the' gQi la dq.i d6ng. HOANG THUC TRAM dich . . (Tu tuong dq.i d6ng trong cd hQc Trung Hoa, NXB. Van H6a, Ha Nqi, 1950)
KINH THU
® ~~ (thj vi): d6 gQi la, nhu' the gQi la (~ la d<;ii tu chi' thi
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Xua, TrQng Ni lam tan khdch, dlf ll te' chqp a nude LJ. Vi¢c dii xong, ra nghl choi a ch6 m6n khuye't, ngai bui ngui rna than. TrQng Ni than d6 chang than nude LJ. Ng6n Yin a ben, n6i: "NguC!i quan til than gi the'?". Kh6?ng Til ddp: "Khuu nay kh6ng duqc kip thay dq.i dq.o thi hanh va cdc bf].c anh hdn a Tam dai, . rna chl c6 chi a viec . lam cila cdc anh hdn ay thai. "Dq.i dq.o rna thi hanh thi thien hq. La c6ng cqng (cila chung}, ken nguC!i anh hdn, ell nguC!i tai nang, gidng ddu tin thlfc, sua ddu hoa mlj-c, nen nguC!i ta kh6ng rieng than nguC!i than minh, kh6ng rieng yeu con cdi minh, khie'n cho nguCii gia c6 cdi nuong dlfa di chat dC!i, nguC!i tre c6 vi¢c lam di thi tho: nguC!i be c6 slf chan ddt di ldn len; hq.ng quan phu, qud ph~j-, c6i cut, don chie'c va tan tt].t diu duqc nu6i du!Jng;
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Chu cong viet: "0 h6! Quan til' siJ, ky v6 d~t. Tien tri gia sac chi gian nan, niii d~t, tac tri ti€u nhan chi y. Tudng ti€u nhan, quyet phl,l m~u dn lao gia sac, quyet til' nai bat tri gia sac chi gian nan, nai d~t, nai ng<;1n ky dan, phu tac vii quyet phl;l m~u, viet: 'Tich chi nhan v6 van tri' ". (Thu(lng thli:
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358
TRAN VAN CHANH
359
TOAN THU TlJ HQC CHU HAN
"noi dau ngftm") eTztfJng ;f§: xem, trong, nhln eNgq.n ~: tho b<;!O (nen vie't la Og) eDiin ~:can ro vole.
NGOPHAP CD ;!t ~ (ky) la ph6 tu bitiu thi khuye'n l~nh: A~~ !(Ky vo d~t!)
® JJ (niii): moi, r6i moi (lien tu). @ Chu {:& (y) trong bai la d<)ng tu du'c;ic dung nhu' danh tu (qua
Chu cong
Tac gia-tac philm Kinh Thu hay ThUqng thu Ia m(lt b¢ s6ch trong h$ thong NgO Kinh cua Nho gia. sllu t(lp nhQng van ki$n chinh trj . qudn sv van h6a .. .cua Trung Quoc co dqi. trong khoang thai gian tCI thai Nghieu Thuan cho Wi Tdy Chu. tucng truyen cung c6 qua toy san d!nh cua Khong TU. ban dau c6 Wi 100 thien. nay chi con 30 thien. Doqn tren day trich tCI thien "V6 d(lt". Ia lai cua Chu C6ng khuyen vua Thanh Vucng. dqi y n6i ke lam vua tr! ddn phai biet nghl tdi noi kho va lo cho dai song cua ddn. kh6ng dll<;Jc ham slj an nhan va hllC:ing tht,J.
TU NGO
• Vo dqt ~ ~: cho c6 nh~tn roi •Quiin til slJ ky vo dqt ::E-1-fifTA~~: "quan ttl'" chi ngu'oi (J ngoi tren; d cau c6 nghia la ngu'oi Hinh Q(,lO dan chung (J ngoi tren khong nen ham muon du'c;ic an nhan hu'CJng th1,1 eGia silt 1* fi: n6i chung v~ vi~c canh t
hi~u qua cua trc;i tu ke't ca'u z). @ ~ (quye't) (d<:ti til) Cua n6, kia, mlnh, dung nhu' chu A(ky)
lam dinh ngu: ~)(£3: = A5Z£J:, JiAA-1@:;§ ~U (phu Hie): ne'u khong thl.
= AT .
D[CH NGH[A Cha r6i Chu Cong n6i : "Noi nguoi qulin til La cho c6 rbi! Bie't truoc cai kh6 khan cua Sf! gieo cay rbi moi nhan rbi thl bie't n(Ji nu®g tf!a cua dan him. Xem br;m dan h£m: cha mf n6 sieng cham gieo cay. Con n6 Lg_i khong bie't tntOc cai kh6 nhQC cua gieo cay r6i moi nhan rbi nen n6i x5ng, n6i can, khong thl khinh cha mlj! n6, n6i rling: "Nguoi hbi truoc chdng nghe, bie't gi cd!' ". NHU(jNG TONG djch (Thu(Jng thu, NXB. Tan Vi~t, 1963)
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M~!nzm~·B~-A:nz~~·#~-Az§o PHIENAM
Tan th~
Mu<)i mu<)i nga tll' chi: nhU' huu nhat gioi th~n, doan doan y, vo tha ky; ky tam hU'U hU'U yen, ky nhu huu dung; nhan chi huu ky, nhu
(Thuf/ng thu: Tfln th?) Tac giii-tac pha·m DoQn nay trfch trong thien 'TOn th$' s6ch ThUqng thu, ban ve sl) can thiet phai c6 dQc khoan dung cua nglldi bay t6i trong tr6ch nhi$m doi vCii ddn vdi nlldc.
TU NGrJ eTh? W:: th~ eMuQi muQi !J3KIJ3K: ng~m, th~m eGidi fr: m<)t cai, m<)t nguoi (lll'<;fng tU') eDoan doan lftiT lftiT: thanh khfi'n .y 11%: tr
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thich .Bat xi /f1!f: khong chi .Le dan ~ ~: dan den, dan chung .chzlc ~~: sach Dr;Ii hQC d§n cau n~y viet la rSJ (thU'<;fng) nghia la may ra, ng5 hftu M{lo tQ.t '§'~: "m~o" nen viet la ~ ;~dung thong voi ~. "M~o t?t" la ganh ghet, do ky eNhi vi chi ti bat d{lt ffiJ@:Z{~/f3t: "vi" la vi ph~m can tr&; "ti" la khien cho; "bat d~t" la khong thanh d~t; c6 ch6 giai la khong thong d~t den vua .Bat niing dung/f§~?ff: khong dung thu ngll'oi khac, y n6i long d~ hyp hoi .Dai ljf5: nguy hi~m .NgQt niet :fJC~~: khong yen .viet B: tr<;f tlr aft u ca U, vo nghia • Vinh hoai ~t~: "vinh" la ph6n vinh, "hoai" la yen 6n.
D!CHNGHlA Lili thi cua vua Tiln M11-c ci)ng Ta trdm tinh suy nghi: Nhu c6 m()t ngu&i bi toi c6 dac thanh thl:(c, khong can tai gi khdc; long thi yeu diiu thi~n, dung du(Jc ke khdc; ke khdc c6 tai cilng nhu minh c6; ke khdc thong minh dac hr;Inh thi long thanh thl:(c yeu men cha khong phdi chl yeu ngoai mi~ng; nhu v(ly la ngu&i bi toi ay bie't dung ngu&i ma se gia gin con chdu, le dan cho ta du(Jc; dung ngu&i d6 th(lt l(Ji cho nuoc thay! Con ne'u c6 ngu&i bi toi thay ke khdc c6 tai ma ghen ghet; thay ke khdc thong minh dac hg.nh ma ngiin can khien cho ke d6 khong thanh dg.t; the' la khong bie't dung ngu&i ma se khong gill dur;c con chdu le dan cho ta; dung ngu&i d6 th(lt nguy cho nuoc thay! Nuoc ma nguy bie'n thi do m()t ngu&i; ma nuoc ve vang, yen 6n cilng do phuoc cua m()t ngu&i (y n6i do ngu(!i bi toi hiin hay khong). NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
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Gioi Chi Thoi bat thtfc I()c Ta'n hgu thuang tong vong gia. Gioi Chi Thai ba't ngon 19c, 19c di~c pha't c~p. Thai vie't: "Hie'n cong chi tu cli'u nhan, duy quan t(;li yen. Hu~, Hoai v6 than, ngo;;ti n9i khi chi. Thien vi tuy~t Ta'n, ta't tu'ong hi1'u chu. Chu Ta'n ttf gia, phi quan nhi thuy? Thien thtfc tri chi, nhi nhi tam tu dT vi ky ltfc, ba't di~c vu h6? Thie't nhan chi tai, do vi chi d;;to, hu6ng tham thien chi cong dT vi ky ltfc h6? H;;t nghTa ky tQi, thu'cjng thuang ky gian, thu'cjng h;;t tu'ong m6ng, nan du xU' hi". Ky mau vie't: "H;;tp di~c du chi, dT tu thuy doi?" D6i vie't: "Vu'U nhi hi~u chi, t9i htfll th~m yen. Tha xua't oan ng6n, bat thtfc ky thtfc."
To truy~n Ia toe pham l!ch su hoan chTnh c6 16i ke chuy$n chi tiet day du va sinh d(>ng nhat cuo Trung Quae co dQi. Ve toe gia vdthai dQi CUO sach nay, CO nhieu y kien kh6c nhOU, nhllng thuyet dll<;iC chap nhQn pho bien nhat cho rang d6 Ia toe pham cuo TO Khdu Minh, m¢t su quon cuo nllac Lo thai Xuan thu. sou dll<;ic nhieu ngllai bo sung them. Phon lon ngllai to deu cho rang To truy~n Ia m(>t quyen su d(>c l(lp. nhllng cOng c6 ngllai cho n6 Ia sach dien giai kinh Xu6n thu- m¢t b¢ su bien nien cuo nlloc Nien dQi ghi chep trong To truy~n ve cd ban tlldng ung voi kinh Xu6n thu, co hoi deu khai dau tu nom 722 trlloc CN (dai vuo An c6ng nlloc Lo nom dau). nhllng nom cu6i cung cuo To truy~n so voi kinh Xu6n thu tre di 28 nom. tOe dung IQi a nom 453 truoc CN . ve n¢i dung. To truy~n ghi chep lqi kha day du va tlldng doi c6 h$ thong nhQng sv ki$n lien quon den chinh tr! . kinh te, quan sv va van h6o cuo cdc nlloc thai Xu6n thu (770-476 trlloc CN). trong chCing mvc nhat d!nh do phon anh m(>t each trung thl,lc b¢ mc;it cuo thai dQi nay, tra thanh toe pham l!ch su rat c6 gia tr! doi voi vi$c nghien cuu xa h¢i Trung Quae co dqi. Bai tren day Ia m¢t doqn trich trong sach To truy~n, thu¢c nien dqi vuo Hi cong nom thu 24. ghi lqi doqn doi thoqi giao Gioi Chi Th6i voi ba mE;) khi quyet djnh cung mE;) tCI choi l(>c vuo bo di an cho den chet, va thai d¢ hoi cai cuo Tan Van c6ng.
lo.
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•Giili Chi Tlzoi
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364
TRAN VAN CHANH
Th6i 1f-r :Jt, la m<)t bg y t6i nho nguoi nu'oc Tgn doi Xu an thu, tUng tron· ch<;1y theo vua eLI)c tif@<,: l<)c, b6ng l9c eTiin htiu ~{~ : vua chu' hgu nu'oc Tan, day chi Tan Van c6ng eTh1tllng jt: thu'dng, ban thu'dng eTong vong giii ff£L:13: (nhung) nguoi tron Ch<;ly theo vua khi bi mat nu'oc eHien ci)ng fJ0: vua Hie'n c6ng eHu?, Hoai ~'1:~: vua Hu~ c6ng va Hoai c6ng eTuy?t dut, dut bo eTtJ ;JIB: vi~c te' tl.f eNhi tam ti't hai ba 6ng, cac 6ng, day chi nhung bgy t6i tron ch<;1y theo vua .vu ~: x~ng b?y, doi tra eTai !:l;J: ctla cai eTham ~: tham lam eMong ~: lua doi eHrJ-p ,M: xem N gfl phdp d duoi elJ6i ~: oan • Vll'u 7t: t<)i, loi eGiai {~: cling (ph6 tu) eBfit ho(J-ch /f1f: kh6ng du'<;fc eMien Thu(fng M!Lt: ten dat, thu<)c huy~n Gioi Hu'u tinh Son Tay ngay nay elJiin EB: ru<)ng tu, dung d€ cung te' eChi ~: ghi eTinh1li: tuyen duong.
=- r:
re:
NGTJ PHA.P
~F···
rm ... (phi...nhi. .. ):
ne'u ch~ng phai ... thl la ... , kh6ng ... thl...: ~F:¥3ffflmE ?(Phi quan nhi thuy?). ® /f?JF ... ~? (ba't di~c ..•h6 ?): ch~ng ciing Ia .. . u? (bi€u thi phan va'ii): /f#~-¥7 (Bat di?c vu hb?). ® ~ ...?£ ... (do ... hu6ng•.. ): (rna) con ... huong gl...: ~A Z.!:t;J, 1~~z~, t5l~7(zJ;f].L-j~C,)J3_¥? ( Thie't nhan chi tai, do vi chi d<;1o, huong tham thien chi c6ng di vi ky ll.fc h6?) ® ~ ( nghia) trong bai la danh tli dung lam d<)ng tli theo phep y d<)ng, dich la "cho .. .la vi~c nghia":T~!tW (H<;! nghla ky t9i).
CD
® ~ (yen) tuong duong voi n~ (u) (gioi tu) +
z (chi) (d?i
tli): ;W)Z~~ (T<)i hlju th?myen)= ;W)Z ~~z. ® ~A~ (thljc ky thtfc): chu it dgu la d<)ng tu (nghia la
roAN THLf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
365
an), chu itthu hai la danh tli (nghia la d6 an). (J) ;fi{TiJ? (nhu'Q'c ha ?): the' nao?, c6 du'<;fc kh6ng? (dung d€ hoi y kie'n): #f~~OZ ' :;51PJ? (Di~c stl' tri chi, nhu(fc ha?) . ® .El (tha): va l<;1i, va: ..Eite?'~ p (Thii xuat oan ng6n); lin~~ACTha tinh thi~n nhan).
D!CH NGHlA Vua Tfln thucmg nhflng nguoi tong vong rna quen Gidi Chi Thai. Thai khang nhdc vua, nen khang dut;tc tude l9c. Thai n6i: "Vua Hie'n Cang c6 chin nguoi con, nay chl con m9t mznh nha vua ... Troi chua mua'n tuyft nha Tf{n, ttl~ cho nguoi lam chit Ngoai Van cang ra, con ai dang coi vifc te' tlf nude Tf{n? Vgy troi dii sdp d(it nhu the' nao rna hai ba ang kia ( chl nhflng nguoi tong vong ma dut;JC thuCJng tude [QC) [[{y [am SUC cua mznh, chdng phdi la tlf da'i mznh u? Lay tr9m tiJn cua nguoi, con gQi la ke trQm, hua'ng tham cang cua troi rna nhgn lam cang cua mznh u? Tham cang troi la tQi rna bJ dudi ( cung chl nhflng nguoi tong vong do) cho [a VifC nghfa, COn bJ tren thz thuCJng long gian ay; the' la tren dudi che dgy zan cho, kh6 [; vdi nhau [au dut;tc ". Ba mf Gidi Chi Thai n6i: - Con thil xin l9c di; khang xin r6i con c6 che't, ai vz con rna trdch nha vua? Thai dap: - Dii che b9n bJ tai kia rna bdt chudc hQ thz tQi con n(ing h(fn. Vd lt:;~i mznh dii c6 loi odn vua thi khang nen nhgn l9c nfla. Ba mf n6i: - Cung cri cho vua hay di, nen khang? Thai dap: - Loi n6i la van cua con nguoi. Than dii sdp di tln rna con dung loi n6i to diim con nguoi lam chi? Nhu the' La cdu vinh hiin d6.
366
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ba mf! n6i: -Con thi¢t dut;Jc nhuvt;iy sao? Thai mf! con ta cung dn. Rbi hai nguiti cung di dn va che't. Vua Tan cho tim khang dut;Jc, lay da't Mien Thll(mg la ru9ng cung te' Gi6'i Chi Thai va n6i: "Nhu vt;ly dl ghi lbi cua ta va neu guong m9t nguiti hi~n ". NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
w
367
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
gia, khdi dilang dan, xa ti:lc thi chu. Thfrn quan gia, khdi vi ky khftu thlfc, xa t3:c thi duong. Co quan vi xa t3:c til', t3:c til' chi; vi xa t3:c vong, ti:lc vong chi. Nhu<;fc vi ky til' , nhi vi ky vong, phi ky t11 n~c, thuy cam nhi~m chi? Tha nhan huu quan nhi thi chi. Ngo yen d3:c til' chi, nhi yen d3:c vong chi, tliong dung ha quy?". Mon khai nhi nh?p, chftm thi c6 nhi khoc, hung, tam dung nhi xua't. Nhan vi Thoi Tit ta't sat chi. Thoi Tit vie't: "Dan chi vQng da, xa chi d3:c dan". (Ta truyfn: Tudng ci)ng nhi th{jp ngii. nien)
13 ~-T/ffE~il
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AnAnh Tac giii-tac philm
Bai nay trich trong To truy~n. niE'm dQi vua Tucmg c6ng nom thO 25. N¢i dung chinh cua cau chuy$n xoay quanh vi$c bay t6i c6 nen hi sinh than minh ho(ic tr6n chQY theo vua (khi mat nude) hay kh6ng. An tu cho rang. bat lu(in vua hay be t6i, deu phai coi trQng l<;ii ich cua quae gia nhon don, lam than tu phai lay tieu chuan nay de quyet d!nh thai d¢. hanh vi cua minh chu kh6ng nen trung thanh m¢t each ngu mu¢i (ngu trung), rat am h<;ip vdi quan diem "don vi quy, xa toe thO chi, quon vi khinh" cua Mqnh tU.
va
PHIENAM
An Til' ba't til' qua n n:;t n Thoi Vo Til' kie'n Duong Khuong nhi my chi, to<:~i thu chi. Trang cong thong yen. Thoi Tit thi chi. An Til' l?p u Thoi thi chi mon ngo<:~i. Ky nhan vie't: "Til' h6 ?". Vie't: "D()c ngo quan da h6 tai, ngo til' da ?". Vie't: "H~mh h6 ?". Vie't: "N go t()i da h6 tai, ngo vong da ?". Vie't: "Quy h6 ?". Vie't: "Quan til' an quy? Quan dan
TUNGU
.An Tii
~-T: ten th?t la An Anh, tlj la Blnh TrQng, mot d<:ti
368
TRAN VAN CHANH
phu c6 tai cua nuoc T€ eThoi Vo Tii ~.Jltr :tuc Thoi Trfi' ~tf, d<;ii phu cha'p chinh cua mtoc T€ eDllilng Khudng ~~: qua phlf cua d<:ti phu a'p Duong (tuc Duong cong) eThu IfX: la'y lam VQ (dung nhu ~ thu) .Trang cong r±0: T€ Trang cong • Thong )j: tu thong, thong dam eVong L: lu'u vong, ra nuoc ngoai eLiing dan ~&:_§';: d ngoi tren dan chung ("lang" la VUQt len tren, Ci ngoi tren) eXii tile t±~: n€n Xa dti te' th~n H?u th6, n€n Tac oti te' Th~n Nong, "xa tac"dti chi quoc gia, da't nuoc eKhilu tht~c D 'jf: b6ng l()c eTll nijc f..Lam:: nguoi OUQC sung ai vl ca nhan, chi cac b~y toi than c?n trong yi~c rieng tu ("ni;ic" la than thie't, g~n gui) eHilu qulin i=fB": da .l?p ngoi vua (Trang cong du'c;Jc Thoi Trfi' l?p len lam vua) ~Yen difc j%1~: (xem Ngil phdp Ci duoi) eDung ha JI'1PJ: (xem Ngil phdp Ci duoi) eKhiii ~: mCi eHllng ~: dung d? y eXii %: bo (dung nhu ~) eDiic dan 1~ .§':: duc;Jc long dan.
roAN THV Tl,J HQC CHU HAN
®
369
*
(an): dau?, ndi nao? (d<:ti tu nghi van, khi lam tan ngfi' trong cau nghi van thl di;it truoc d()ng tu): ~~~ ?(An quy?). ® B- .§':1ft (quan dan gia): ke lam vua cua dan. B- (quan) la danh tU' dung nhu d()ng tU' . @~B-ft (thiin quan gia): ke lam b~y toi cua vua . ~ (th~n) la danh tU' dung nhu' d()ng tU'. ® ~U~Z (Hie til' chi): thl che't theo vua , vl vua rna che't. d day nen hitiu la ~IJ ~ Z~ (Tac vi chi ttl') hoi;ic ~lj JE1t:z (Tac ttl' 11 chi), tinh lu<;Jc giOi tu ~ (vi) hoi;ic5~ (u). (J) ll (tha): va l~i (lien tu di;it d~u cau dti chuytin y). ®j%1~ (yen diic): sao c6 thti ... , sao duc;Jc ... (qn:n tU' quen dung).
® 1\ffilJ (dung ha): ndi nao, 0 dau
(d~i tu nghi van):
~~!1'1PJ~~
? (Tuong dung ha quy?). (ch§'m) la danh tu (=chie'c goi) du'<;Jc dung nhu d()ng tu voi nghia la "g6i len": ttFij5trm~ (Cha?m thi c6 nhi khoc). QD- (tam) la so tU' dung nhu ph6 tU' lam tr<:tng ngfi', c6 nghia "ba l~n": - ~j rffit±:\ (Tam dung nhi xuat). @)
tt
DJCH NGH[A
\; Td Khau Minh NG0PHAP
CD ~ (yen)= ~Z: voi ba ta : Mf0Jjj% (Trang cong thong yen).
® -tQ.P.~ (da hfi tai): trc;J tU lien dt,mg d cuoi cau, bitiu thi y phan va'n ID<;lnh, bao ham chut cam than, CO thti dich la "u?", "h ~ · ~ d-hAt 01 sao.?" : -rel.li-33-J..h3JL~?(I:'\~ ~ ~=:~ -1=l l!:!. --:JP..X.. vQC ngo~ quan a o taz.... ?) ..
Vua bi m;m, An Tl~ khong che't theo Thai Vo Til thay Duong Khuong va khen d~p, ben lay lam vc;. Trang Cong thong dam voi ba ta. Thai Til gilt Trang Cong. An Til dang ngoai cila h9 Thai. Nhilng nguiJi di theo An Til n6i: "Chit (theo) chang?". An Til n6i: "(Hd) rieng (la) vua cua ta sao (ma) ta chit theo?". N6i: "Bo (nuoc ma) di chang?". An Til n6i: "(La) t()i cua ta sao ma ta bo nuoc di?". N6i: "VJ (nha) chang?". An Til n6i: "Vua chit, vJ dau?Ke lam vua cua dan, hd phdi di iJ ngoi tren cua dan, (ma) la lam chu xii tdc. Ke lam dan cua vua, hd phdi vi bbng l()c, (ma) la phf:tng sf! xii tdc. Cho nen vua vi xii tdc
370
TRAN VAN CHANH
ma chit thi chit thea vua. Niu vua vi minh ma chit, hay vi minh; ma htu vong, (n{u) khang phdi nguoi dLtf!C sung di rieng tLt, thi ai dam gdnh vdc vi¢c d6? Vd , nguoi ta dii lf}p len lam vua rbi ma lr;zi giit di. Ta sao c6 thi che't thea, va sao c6 thi luu vong thea, hay vi dau (nila)?. "Cua miJ, An Tu vao, ga'i thi hai len dui va kh6c, (rbi) dung dQ. y ba ldn nhdy chan len r6i ra. Nguoi ta bdo Thai Tu dt se giit An Tu. (Nhung) Thai Tu n6i: "Ong ay la chb trang mong cua dan, tha cho ang a'y thl se du(Jc long dan". TVC. djch D~IHQC
*
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TOAN THll n,1 HQC CHU HAN
PHIENAM D~i
hQc chi d~o D?i hc;>c chi d?o, t?i minh minh due, t?i than (tan) dan, t?i chi u' chi
thi<$n. Tri chi, nhi h~u huu dinh. Dinh, nhi h~u nang tinh, tinh nhi h~u nang an. An, nhi h~u nang hf. Ltj, nhi h~u nang dac. V~t huu ban, m?t; stf huu chung, thuy. Tri sd tien, h~u, tac c~n
d?O hi. C6 chi dt,IC minh minh due u' thien h<;l gia, tien tri ky quoc. Dt,Ic tri ky quoc gia, tien t~ ky gia. Dt,Ic t~ ky gia gia, tien tu ky than. Dt,Ic tu ky than gia, tien chinh ky tam. Dt,Ic chinh ky tam gia, tien thanh ky y. Dt,Ic thanh ky y gia, tien tri ky tri, tri tri t?i each v~t. V~t each, nhi h~u tri tri. Tri tri, nhi h~u y thanh. Y thanh nhi h~u tam chanh. Tam chanh, nhi h~u than tu. Than tu, nhi h~u gia t~. Gia t~, nhi h~u quoc tri. Quoc tri, nhi h~u thien h<;1 blnh. Ttf thien n.l' di chi 11 thu nhan, nhat thi giai di tu than vi ban. Ky ban lo?n nhi m?t tri gia, phu h1. Ky sd h~u gia b?c, nhi ky sd b<;lC gia h~U, vi chi huu da. (U kj: D{li hQc)
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Tac gia-tac philm DQi hQc Ia mt thien trong Le ky (thien thQ 42), tlldng truyen do m6n do cua Khong Tu Ia Tang TU bien soqn. Den ddi Tong, Trinh Di (1033-1107) va CHu Hi (1130-1200) tach thien nay ra lam thanh s6ch rieng cho nh¢p vao bQ thll. Nqi dung chu yeu cua s6ch duqc neu r6 C1 doqn trich tren day (cOng Ia doqn dau cua s6ch fJQi hQC ), nhan mqnh vao tinh thong nh6t kh6ng the tach r6i giQa vi$c tu thdn va sv nghi$p tri quoc ,
w
blnh thien hQ .
372
TRAN VAN CHANH
T(/ NGO
eDqi h(Jc *~: Trinh Huy~n trong "L~ ky m1:1c h.Jc" giai Ia "hQc r()ng" (bac hQc) eTqi 1£: cot d (ph6 tlr) eMinh due S)31,~: due sang, Trinh Huy~n giai la "chi due" due tinh b~m sinh tot d~p nha't cua con nguoi khi moi sinh ra eT!ziin ~: cac nha chu giai ph§n IOn d~u cho chu n§y nen viet la fi (Uin), dung nhu d()ng tU voi nghia "lam cho moi, d6i moi" eLtf If,: lo nghi, nghi ng
**:
NGO PHA.P
CD ~ ~ 1,~ (minh minh due): chu S)j d§u dung nhu d()ng tu theo phep sii' d()ng, nghia la "lam cho sang". Cac chu IE (chinh)(= lam cho ngay chinh), IDiX (thanh)(= lam cho trd nen thanh thJ!c) cung c6 each dung tlfong tJ!. @ m.f t§ (nhi
h~u):
r6i sau moi (lien tu, cung viet la m.ff& ):
~Dltm.ft§~~ (Tri chi nhi hqu huu dinh).
® PJ.¥.!n (m chf u): cho den (lien tu): Ei :7(-=f .L-~¥.1J~ffl:A (Tt! thien tii' di chili thu nhan). ® ~~ (nha't th!): thay, ta't ca. lila d:~tng viet kep cua -, dung
nhuph6 tu.
:e;:* (phil hi): kh6ng c6 di~u d6 v?y. ~ (phu) la ph6 tu * (hi) la tr
phu dinh;
z
cau phu dinh, (chi) lam tan ngu ciia d()ng tu :fir (huu) d?t tntoc d()ng tU (thay vl n6i: *~Z-t:Q.).
373
TOAN THU'TI,I HQC CHa HAN
D!CHNGHlA
Dqo dqi h(Jc Ml;lC dich CUa Sf:{ h{Jc rfmg cot liun sang cdi D{tc sdng CUa minh, cot khiin cho nglli!i ta fT! dJi mfli, cot khiin cho nglli!i ta dilng b ch8 chi thi?n. Biet ch8 phdi ditng thi sau mdi c6 chi hu6ng xdc dfnh dur;c. C6 chi hu6ng xac djnh r8i sau mdi tfnh tam. Tinh tam r8i sau tinh tinh mdi dur;c an hoa. Tinh tlnh an hOa r8i sau mdi suy nghf chin chiin. Suy nghf chin chiin r8i sau mdi il{zt dU{Jc chi thi?n. V(lt gi cilng c6 goc ng9n, vi?c gi cilng c6 dtiu cu6i. Biit dur;c eM truoc, eM sau cua sf:( v(lt, thi tiin gAn din mftC dich cua Sf:{ h()c v(ly. Thm xua ke muon lam sang cai due sang cua minh trong thien h{J, thi tru{Jc het phdi tri dur;c nu{Jc minh. Muon tri dur;c nu{Jc minh, thi truoc het phdi chlnh don dur;c nha minh. Muon chlnh don dur;c nha minh, thi tru(Jc het phdi tu si:ta than minh. Mufin tu si:ta than minh, thi tru{Jc het phdi lam cho tam minh dur;c ngay chinh. Mu6n lam cho tam minh dur;c ngay chinh, thi tru{Jc hit phdi lam cho y dur;c chan th(lt. Muon cho y thanh th(lt, thl tru{Jc hit phdi dua Sf:{ hiiu biit cua minh din Cf:{C d9. Dua Sf:{ hiiu biet din Cf:{C d9, La cot (J eM trit bo Sf:{ che lfip cua v(lt dflC. Trit bo sf:( che Lap cua v(lt dflc, r8i sau mdi dua sf:( hiiu biet minh din cf:(c d¢. Sf:( hiiu biet minh c6 de'n cf:(c d¢, r8i sau y minh mdi thanh th(lt. Y c6 thanh th(lt, r8i sau tam minh mdi ngay chinh. Tam c6 ngay chinh, r8i sau than mdi tu si:ta. Than c6 tu si:ta, r8i sau nha mdi chlnh don. NhQ c6 chlnh don, r8i sau nu{Jc mdi yen trj. Nu{Jc c6 yen trf, r8i sau thien h{J mdi thai blnh. Tit thien ti:t cho den ke thui!ng dan, tfit cd dJu phdi Iffy sf:( tu than lam goc. Goc dii lor;m rna ng9n lr;zi yen trf, thi khong thi c6 dur;c. Con ch8 phdi dung sue nhiJu rna lr;zi dung it, eM phdi dung sue it rna lr;zi dung nhiJu, thi chua hJ c6 sf:( d6 v(ly. TVC. djch
374
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tac gia-tac philm
TRUNG DUNG $ •
Trung dung ban dau Ia m¢t thien trong sach u~ ky (thien thu 31). sou dllQc Trinh Diva Chu Hi tach rieng ra cho nhQp vao b¢ W thll, n¢i dung chu yeu trlnh bay thuyet tinh thi$n cua con nglldi va thuyet trung dung 'kh6ng thai qua kh6ng bat c¢p' trong suy nghi, hanh d¢ng . Doqn trich tren day Ia doQn dau trong sach Trung dung, ban ve le trung h6a,
15
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roAN THli n,l HQC CH(/ HAN
o
cot tuy CUO dQO trung dung.
TU NGO
.Thien m~nh 7($: cai troi phu cho nguoi .Suiit $: noi thea .Tu du ~Ji~ : giay phut, choc hit .Giui M: d~ phong, phong bi, de chung .Dd ~: tr6ng thay .Khiing elf- ~'1'1 : lo s<;i, s<;i s~t .Trzing tiet t:p~IJ : phu h<;ip tie't d<). NGO PHAP CD z~ (chi vi): gQi d6 Ut, gQi la. Day la ct,~m tu quen dung, m9t hlnh thuc dao d;;ti tu tan ngu (chi) ra phia truoc d<)ng tU' ~ (vi): 7($Z~'I'1 (Thien m~nh chi vj tinh), thay vl
z
PHIENAM
Trungdung Thien m~nh chi vt Tinh, suat tinh chi vt D;;to, tu d;;to chi vt Giao. D;;to da gia, bat kha tu du Iy da; kha Iy, phi D;;to da. Tht co quan ttl' gioi th?n h6 ky so bat d6, khung Ct,J h6 ky bat van, m;;tc hi~n h6 §n, m;;tc hi~n h6 vi, co quan ttl' th?n ky d<)c da.
sa
Hi n
(U kj: Trung dung)
..
n6i: 7($~ Z'l1® -ill.~ -ill, (da gia ...da) dung trong mQt ke't cau dinh nghia (chiT ~ bi~u thi stf dlnh don d~ neu ra a do;;tn sau), dich "la .. .v?y": t:p~~ ' 7CTZ. (Trung dii gia, thien h;;t chi
**-ill.
d;;ti banda). ® Sf (h6): (a) gioi tu chi noi chon, dung nhu jj~ (u), dich la
"a ch6": ·i~.sf~pJT/f§~ (Th?n h6 ky sa bat d6). (b) gioi tu dung trong ke't cau so sanh, cling dung
nhu'~
(u'), dich la"hon, bang":
~~.5f~(M;;tc hi~n h6 §n).
D!CH NGH[A
Trung dung Cdi triJi phu cho g9i La Tinh, noi theo tinh g9i La Dc;zo; tu sila
376
TRAN VAN CHANH
cho htJp D{;w g9i la Gido. Dr;w, la cdi khong phut nao c6 thi ri'Ji, c6 thi"ri'Ji dutJc la kh6ng phdi Dc;w. Cho nen, ngui'Ji quan til ran de th(jn tr9ng gifl dt;w C! nhilng luc kh6ng ai tr6ng thay, stJ s~t ri'Ji khoi dr;w C; nhilng luc kh6ng ai nghe. Kh6ng gz hi~n ro bl'ing ch6 a'n gia'u, kh6ng gz ro rang bl'ing sf! vifc nho nhijt, cho nen ngui'Ji quan til phdi th(jn tr9ng khi C! m9t minh. Mitng gi(jn bu6n vui luc chua phdt ra, g9i la Trung; phdt ra diu trung tilt, g9i la Hoa. Trung, la go'c Mn cua thien dja; Hoa la ch6 dr;lt dt;zo cua thien ht;z. Dt;zt de'n cdnh gioi Trung va Hoa thz m9i v(jt trong tri'Ji da't diu CJ dung ngoi thri, muon V(jt trong tri'Ji da't diu dutJC sinh soi na_'y nC!. TVC. djch WAN~D~& . uOO PC
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Ttl' Lo, Tang Tich, Nhiem Huu, C6ng Tay Hoa th! tQa. Ttl' viet: "DI ng6 nhat nh~t tntdng h6 nhi, v6 ng6 di da. Cu' tac viet: "Bat ng6 tri da". Nhu ho~c tri nhi, tac ha di tai?". Ttl' LQ sua't nhi nhi dai viet: "Thien th~ng chi quae, nhiep h6 d~i quae chi gian, gia chi di su' lU, nhan chi di co c~n, Do da vi chi, ti c~p tam nien, kha sll' huu dong, tha tri phuong da". Phu s.fn chi. "Cftu, nhi ha nhu?" . Dai viet: "Phuong h.;iC that th~p nhu' ngu h,IC th~p, Cftu da vi chi, t! c~p tam nien, kha sll' tuc dan. Nhu ky le nh~c, di si quan ttl'". - Xich, nhi ha nhu? Dai viet: "Phi viet nang chi, nguy~n hQc yen. Ton mieu chi slf, nhu' hoi d6ng, do an chuang phil, nguy~n vi ti~u tu'ong yen". - Di~m, nhi ha nhu? C6 sat hi, khanh nhi; xa sat nhi tac, dai viet: "D! h6 tam ttl' gia chi
so~n".
378
TRAN VAN CHANH
Til' viet: "Ha thu'ong h6? Di~c ca.c ngon ky chi da!". Viet: "M9 xu an gia, xu an · ph'-:Jc ky th~mh, quan gia ngii Il:lc nhan, a6ng tlr I'-:JC tha't nhan, d'-:JC h6 Nghi, phong h6 Vii Vu, vinh nhi quy". Phu til' vi nhien than viet: "Ngo dii' Di€'m da ".
(Lu4n ngil: Tie n tielz) Tac gid-tac philm Lu¢n ngCI Ia m(>t sach trong b(> W thll cua Nho gia. dll<;ic trinh bay dlldi dQng"ngO ll,Jc' . kh6ng theo m(>t thO tl) 16-gfch nh6t d!nh. do m6n d$ cua Khong TU ghi chep IQi nhOng IC:Ii dQy va vi$c lam cua Khong TU. vdi n(>i dung boo quat tll tlldng cua Nho gia mQi llnh vl)c: triet hQC, chfnh tr!. van hQc. giao dl,Jc ... Sach dll<;Jc d!nh hinh vao khoang dau thdi Chien quoc (480-221 trudc CN). gom 20 thien. Bai tren day trfch a thien 'Tien tien' (thien thO 11). chllc:Jng 26. ghi IQi CUQC doi thoQi ly tlldng. chi hlldng giOa thay tro Khong TLI.
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TU NGU eTz~ L{), Tang Tich, Nhi~m Hilu, Cong Tiiy Hoa -T~~' tit~, $}~, 0 iZ§¥: d~u 1a ten nhii'ng hQc tro cua Kh6ng Ttr eDi J;) :vl (gidi tu) eNhat nh4t - B: m9t ngay, each n6i khiem ton, ham y tu6i tac chenh 1~ch chut it .vo ngo di dii ffl:1§-J;)-lli, : chii' t~ dung nhu B (di) nghia 1a "thoi, dung, go b6" • Czt Ji5: 1uc blnh thu'ang .Suiit nhi $m: v<)i va, VQi vang, b<)p ch<)p .Thien th{ing chi quoc -=f*Z.~: nude c6 ngan co xe ("tMng" la c6 xe) eNizie'p t1: bi buc bach, bi ep .Gia chi 1JDZ: them vao a6, l<;ti them • Szt lil §ffi1J.&: quan d9i thai xu'a 500 ngu'ai Ia m9t Iii', 2500 ngu'ai Ia mQt su', nen "su' lii'" dung a€ gQi chung quan d<)i, ho~c chi vi~c chien tranh eTj c4p .tt&: xem Ngil phdp a du'di eDii.ng ~: dung ciim thi~n chien ePhlidng 1J: phep tac, d<;to ly eSa·n Og§: cu'ai mim eL~ nh{lct!~ : nghi 1~ va am nh<;tc, 1~
379
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CH(/ HAN
nhac eSi' {~: a(jieXichiffi: ten cua Cong Tay Hoa eTong mie'u chi s~l *~z ~: vi~c te tt! eH{)i d6ng fr[P] : vi~c h9i hQp d€' ket lien minh cua cac nu'dc chu' hftu va cung nhau vao tri~u kien thien tlr eDoan chlidllg phil ftiffi~ffi: "doan" Ia ao 1~, "chu'ong phil" la n6n I~ .Tiiu tzldng ;J\;f§: quan ph1,1 giup vi~c te 1~ (tu'ong au'ong vdi ngu'ai di~u khi€'n nghi I~ ngay nay)eDiim ~li: ten cua Tang Tich eHi :ffi": ngu'ng l<;ti giii'a chung (chu giai cua Chu Hi)eKhanh ~: tieng bo dan xuong (tli tu'Qng thanh), c6 thuyet cho la tieng con vang khi dut khuc nh<;tc eSo{ln il: each nghi, n9i dung eM{} ~: dung nhu' ~ (m9 ), "m9 xu an" la cuoi mua xuan .Qzuin gia }ff~: ngu'ai thanh nien da qua 1~ d9i n6n (bi€'u thi tu6i truang thanh)eNghi {JT: song Nghi, b~t ngu6n a phia dong b~c huy~n Trau tinh Son Dong ngay nay .Vii Vu -~:ten m<)t cai dan cao a€ te trai du mu'a thai xu'a, thai d6 n~m ben ba song Nghi a phia nam thanh cua kinh do nude Lo.
Kh6.ng Til NGUPHAP
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TRAN VAN CHANH
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D/CH NGHlA MJi ngliifi noi chi minh Til U), Tang Tich, Nhdm Hflu va Cong Tay Hoa ngbi hdu. Kh6ng Til n6i:" Cho ding ta c6 !On hon cdc anh chut it, nhwzg chd c6 go b6 vdi ta (rna ngr;zi khong n6i). Luc bznh thuong cdc anh bdo: "Chdng ai bie't ta ". Ne'u c6 nguoi bie't cdc anh thz cdc anh lay tai nang gz ra dung?". TilL() b()p ch()p trd loi: "M()t nUde c6 ngan c6 xe, bj ep gifla hai nUde !On, lr;zi them c6 nr;zn chien tranh, nhan d6 dan chung d6i kh6; Do toi rna cai trj nUde O:y thz den ba nam, c6 thi khie'n cho dan chung dung cdm rna lr;ti bie't dr;zo ly nfla ". Phu til (nghe xong) mlm cuoi. R6i lr;zi hoi: "Cdu, con anh thz the' nao?". EJdp: "M()t nUde vuong sdu, bdy chf!-c d(lm ho(lc nam sdu chf!-c d(lm, Cdu toi cai trj nUde ay thz den ba nam c6 thi khien cho dan chung dur;c no du. Con vi Ll nhr;zc thz phdi dr;i brJ_c quan til". - Xich, con anh thz the' nao? EJdp: "Khong n6i La dii lam dur;c, rna chl mong h9c trJ_p. Trang vi~c ti tl! iJ ton mie'u, hay trong h()i nghj cua cdc chu hdu, XiCh toi m(lc do Ll, d()i mii Ll, mong lam m()t vien quan nho phf!- giup vi~c
381
TOAN THV nJ HQC CHCI HAN
Kh6ng Til n6i: "C6 sao dau? Ciing La ai nay to chi cua mznh ra rna thai". . (Tang Tich) thua: "Cuo'i mua xuan, y phf!-c mua xuan dii may xong, nam sdu nguoi vita tu6i doi muoi v6'i sdu bdy dbng til (ddt nhau) di tdm iJ Song Nghi r6i len hang mdt iJ dan Vii Vu, vita di vita hdt r6i keo nhau vi nha ". Phu til bui ngui than: "Ta chia se v6'i EJiim vrJ_y". TVC. djch
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PHIENAM T~ nhan huu nha't the nha't thiep nhi xu tha't gia, ky luang nhan xua't rae ta't yem tuu nhi,IC nhi h~u phan. Ky the va'n sd du ifm thlfc gia, t~n phil quy da. Ky the d.o ky thiep viet: "Lu'cJng
382
TIV\N VAN CHANH
nhan XUat, tac tat yem tltU nhl,IC nhi h~U phan, van ky dfi' ~m thl,l'c gia, t~n phu quy da, nhi v! thuong hfi'u hi
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Tac giii-tac pha·m Mqnh Tu Ia m(>t sach trong b¢ W thll. ghi chep hQc thuyet. ly lu(ln cua M<;mh TU (ten th(lt Ia Kha. 372-289 trllCJc CN). m(>t dqi Nho gia c6 tam anh hlldng chi dung sou Kh6ng Tu. qua nhieu CUQC tranh lu(ln cua 6ng voi vua chua va m(>t s6 tri thuc dllcmg thai. Mqnh TU chu trueing thuyet tinh thi$n. de xuong nhan nghia. phon d6i th6i vv l<;ii va chien tranh xdm lll<;ic. de coo tinh than dan chu (qua cau n6i: dan Ia quy nhat. rai den qu6c gia. con vua thl nh~). Ve phlleing di$n van chlleing. c6 le Mqnh Tu Ia sach c6 gia tr! nhat trong b¢ W thll. voi lc5i van hung han. tham thiet. dung nhieu thi dv de hieu ma thu vj. ly lu(ln ch¢t eM. danh thep. Sach gam 7 thien (moi thien deu chia lam thll<;ing. hQ). den ddi Tong dll<;lc Chu Hi chu giai va xep vao b¢ W thll cua Nho gia. Bai tren day trich Ci doqn cu6i thien 'Ly Lou hq'. chlleing thO 33. Ia m¢t chuy$n ngv ng6n thdm tram sou sac. phe phon con dlldng tien than kh6ng biet tv trQng ma day eve nhvc cua nglldi to d ddi.
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TRAN VAN CHANH
ntc;u thit r6i mai v~. hoi cilng vai nh11ng nguoi niw an uong tht n6i r!ing he't thdy la nh11ng nguoi phu quy, ma chila titng c6 ke hiin gid nao lt;~i cht7i, ta sdp sita di dam ch6ng ta di nh11ng dau ". Nguoi vc; cd tro dgy sam, di quanh thea hut nguoi ch6ng di nh11ng dau, tht khdp trong nude kh6ng nguoi nao cilng dang n6i chuy?n vai; cuo'i cung thay di ra me thanh ben dong chJ md nguoi ta cung te: xin lay d6 cung thita ma an, chdng du tht lt;~i dodi ma di ra nt7i khdc, ay cdi dt;~o say no chan du cua anh ch6ng nhu the' day. Nguoi vc; cd v~ bdo nguoi vc; le r!ing: "Ch6ng ta ay,chung ta con phdi trong nho vao suo't doi, ma nay nhu the' con nguong v9ng nJi gi ! ". R6i cung vai nguoi vc; le odn mla nguoi ch6ng, cung kh6c vai nhau o trong san. Ma nguoi ch6ng chila bie't r!ing Sf! mtnh dii bt;~i fQ ra, COn han h(J tf! ngoai di VQO kieu cang VOi hai vc;. Ca nhu nguoi quan til xem ra thi nh11ng nguoi di cdu phu quy lc;i dt;~t kia ma vc; cd vc; be nguoi ay lt;~i chdng xa'u h6 ma chdng kh6c l6c vai nhau ay, ngo hdu ding it ldm vgy. NGUYEN HOU TIEN & NGUYEN DON PH[/C djch
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PHLENAM Quan tii' kha khi di ky phu'dng Tfch gia huu quy sinh ngu' u' Trinh Tu San; Tu San su hi~u nhan sue chi trl. Hi~u nhan phanh chi, phan m~nh vie't: IIThuy xa chi ngu nguyen, thi€u rae du'cJng du'cJng yen, du nhien nhi th~ 11 • Tu San vie't: IIDac ky sd tai, dac ky sd tai II .Hi~u nhan xua't viet: IIThl,lc vi Tu San trf? Du' ky phanh nhi thlfc chi, vie't: dac ky sd tai, dac ky sd tai II, c6 quan tu kha khi di ky phu'cJng, nan v6ng di phi ky d~o. (Mqnh Tz?: Vqn Chlidng thli(fng)
Tac giii-tac phllm Bdi nay trich trong thien ' Vqn Chllong thllc;:Jng", chuang 2 sach Mqnh doqn doi thoqi gilJa Mqnh TLi vC:ii Vqn Chuang. 6ng neu thi dl,l cau chuyE;ln TLi San de chung minh: nglloi quon tl1 d6i luc cOng de b! ICia doi neu ke ICia doi n6i nghe hc;:Jp ly va hc;:Jp vdi dQO cua he;>; kh6ng the doi he;> m(>t each trai le .
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TU NGO •Quy ~~: t~ng bie'u .Trinh Ta San ~-T ~: tile Ton C6ng Ki€u, tu'ong gioi cua nu'oc Trinh eHi?u nhlin tx A: vien quan nho phl;l tnich v€ ao dla ePhiin m?nh )X$: trd v€ bao cao (sau khi da lam xong vi~c) eNgil ngil [¥]!¥1 : m~t moi 10 do eDztdng dudng ~$ ~$: clfa qu~y, tu tu quay du6i .Du nhien nhi th?fi5<: ~ ffij WI: tlf dac ma di xa ma't (Chu Hi ) eThZJc lJt: ai ( d~i tu nghi va'n) eDzt ~: t6i, ta (d<;ti tu nhan xung ng6i thu nha't) eKhi ~: lUa d6i .Phttdng )J: d<;to ly, di€u h<;1p le • Vi)ng ~: lUa d6i. NG0PHAP CD ~ (u): cho (gioi tu dung d€ neu a6i tu<;1ng thl;l nh~n):~~~~, ~~~~-T~ (Quy sinh ngu'ztTrinh Tu San).
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TRAN VAN CHANH
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388
TRAN VAN CHANH
nhien tuong hua. · Ky the hie'n nghi, vie't: "DI quan chi lt;(c, ding bat nang t6n Khoi Phii chi khau, Nhu Thai Hang, Vuong Oc ha, tha yen tri th6 th?ch?". T?p vie't: "D~u chu' B(jt Hai chi vi, An Th6 chi b~c". To?i suat ttl' tOn ha dam gia tam phu, khau th?Ch kh§'n nhu'ong, ky b6n v?n u' B(jt Hai chi vi. Lan nhan Kinh Thanh thj chi suong the huu di nam, thiiy san, khieu viing trq chi. Han thu djch tie't, thiiy nhat phan yen. Ha kht1c tri t§' u tie'u nhi chi chi vie't: "Th?m hi! Nhu chi bat hu~! DI tan nien du lt;I'c, ding bat nang hiiy son chi nhat mao, ky
nhu' th6 th?ch ha ?". B~c son Ngu cong tru'ong tuc vie't: "Nhu tam chi c6, c6 bat kha tri~t, t~ng bat nhuqc suong the nhuqc tu! Ngii tuy tii', huu tii' t6n yen; tii' ht;(u sinh ton, ton ht;(u sinh tu, tii' ht;(u huu ttl', tii' ht;(u huu ton; tutu ton ton, VO cung quy dii, nhi son bat gia tang, ha ho?n nhi bat blnh?". Ha kht1c tri t§'u vo di ling.
(Li?t Ti't: Thang van) Tac giii-tac phlm Sach Li~t TL! con dllc;lc ton xung ld Xung hu chan kinh. tllcJng truyen do m(>t nglloi thu(>c phai dQo gia ld Li$t Ngl) Khau (430-349 trlloc CN) SOQn. nhllng truyen thuyet nay con bj dqt nhieu nghi van. C6 le n6 ld m(>t c6ng trinh cua t¢p the nhieu the h$. den doi Tan (the ky IV) dllc;lc TrllcJng Tram sllu t¢p vd chu giai. ban lllu truyen den nay gam 8 thien. trinh bay tll tuang ElQo gia qua nhieu truyen thuyet. huyen thoQi. ngL,J ng6n ... c6 y nghia hdm sue. te nhj. Bdi tren day ld mot ngL,J ng6n dqc sac c6 tfnh than thoQi chep a thien 'Thong van'. ke chuy$n Ngu c6ng doi nui. phon anh nghj ll)c kien cllong cua nglloi dan lao d(>ng thai co trong Vi$C COi tQO thien nhien, dong thai n6i len chan ly: neu CO du quyet tdm vd sl) kien tri thi kh6 khan ndo cung vuqt qua.
(Trung Qu6c) eNhljn f1]: nh?n (don vi do chi~u dai b~ng 8 thu'oc doi Chu, tu'ong duong 6,48m bay gio) .Kj Chiiu ~'lH: thuoc Son Tay va Ha B~c ngay nay eHa Dudng iOJ !Wi: thu(jc tinh Ha Nam ngay nay eNgu cong ~0: ong gia ngu ngoc eThii _§_: xem Ngrl phdp Ci du'oi eTritng 1~: kh6, kh6 vl eTiic ~: ngan trd • Vu ~: di vong quanh, quanh co eD~I ~: chau Dt;I', thu(jc tinh Ha Nam ngay nay .Han ¥~: song Han (phat nguyen Ci tinh Thi~m Tay) .Am ~: phia nam eT{lp nhien tlidng hua ~ ;f§ §lf: mQi ngu'oi nhao nhao len cung bi~u a6ng tlnh eHie'n nghi lk, ~: neu len moi ngo vt;(c eKhoi Phzl Jtt)(: m(jt ngQn nt1i nho Ci huy~n Trftn Lu'u, tinh Ha Nam eBi}t Hili m®: vung bi~n CJ phia dong tinh Ha B~c thd ~±: tuc U Chau, thai xua thu(jc vung dong b~c Trung Quoc .Phu ~: ngu'oi (dan ong) eKhln ~: khai kh§'n .NhuiJng :1:1: oat .Cd lt: cai SQt .Ba·n ;g: cai ky eLiin nhan r~ A: ngu'oi lang gi~ng .Kinh Thanh thi 5?-:t.IJ.X.E£:: hQ Kinh Thanh (hQ kep) .Sudng the ~: ngu'oi V(/ goa eDi nam j!:!1S: dua con trai sinh ra sau khi cha da che't .san dt: thay rang sua (mQc rang vinh vi~n) .Ha khuc iOJEIB: kht1c quanh song .Tri ta·u ~SJl: ong gia khon ngoan eChl J.l:: ngan can eHu? ~: thong minh, sang su6t eMao .::§: co cay eTuc ,~,: thCJ .c[{ ~: ngoan co, co chap eTri?t 1frx: t§'y bo eNhu(Jc ~~: ye'u du6i eQuy [If: t?n, he't eVo di c.l:).: xem Ngrl phdp CJ du'oi.
m
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m
NG0PHAP
CD
R
xap xi:
(tha): g~n (ph6 tu), d?t truoc so tu d~ bi~u thi s6luqng
4 RfL+ (Nien thii cuu th? p ).
® 1lt/f' (tilng ba't): khong tung, chua tung (cl,lm tu quen dung).
TUNGO eThai Hang, Vudng Oc
389
TOAN THlJ Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
*iT ' .£.~:
hai nt1i Ci tinh Ha Nam
®
~o
... fiJI? (nhu'... ha?):
lam sao du'(/c ... , lam the' nao au'(/.::,
390
TRAN VAN CHANH
lam gl... du<;Jc?: ~D:tJr, 3:.~fPJ? (Nhu Thai Hang, Vuong 6c ha?), Jt:~D±tifPJ? (Ky nhuth6 th<;1ch ha?) @ !ME (tuy): du, du cho, cho du (lien tu) . ® cPJ (vo di): dung nhu 1M l-J, "khong co gl d~, khong con each nao d~, khong th~" : cPJJ!! (Vo mung).
391
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
bling dur;c nhu dua be ye'u duo'i cua ba goa pht:t kia! Du toi c6 che't di, con toi vdn con if6; con lc;ti sinh ra chdu, chdu lc;ti sinh con; con lc;ti c6 con, con cua n6 lc;ti c6 chdu; con con chdu chdu, khong cung tf!.n; ma nui tht khong cao them, lo gt ma khong san phllng dur;c ?". Ct:t gia thong minh iJ khuc quanh song khong trd fiJi dur;c. TVC. djch
D!CHNGHiA
m
Ngu cong ddi mli Hai nui Thai Hcmg va VucJng Oc, chu vi r9ng bdy tram d(im, cao v~m nhf!.n, von iJ tc;ti phia nam Ky Chau va phia bdc Ha DucJng. C6 ong Ngu cong iJ nui phia bdc, tu6i dii gdn chin muai, nha iJ do'i di?n v6'i nui. Kho? Vl phia bdc nui bj cdn triJ, khi ra vao diu phdi di vong, ong ben tf!.p hr;p nguiJi nha ban tinh: "Ta cung cdc con co' sue san bling chuang ngc;ti di thong vai phia nam Dt! Chau va phia nam song Hdn Thuy, c6 dur;c khong?". M9i nguiJi lao nhao len cung d6ng y. Vr; ong neu len mo'i ng(J Vf!C, n6i: "V6'i sue (gia) cua ong, chua ti:tng san bling no?i cdi go nho Khoi Phu, tht lam gt dur;c nui Thai Hang, VucJng Oc! Vd lc;ti da't, dd bie't do? vao dau?". MQi nguiJi xon xao trd fiJi: "Qwing n6 ben biJ B9t Hdi va chiJ den phia bdc An Th6 la xong". The' la Ngu cong ddn ba nguiJi qudy gdnh trong ddm con chdu, cung dt:tc dd, dao da't, dung ky, s9t vf!.n chuyin den ben biJ B9t Hdi. Dua con m6 coi cua ba goa pht:t gia dtnh h9 Kinh Thanh, m6'i thay rang sila cilng chc;ty tung tang thea giup do h9. Trdi qua cdc mua nang lc;tnh, m9t nam h9 mai vi nha m9t ldn. C6 m9t Cf:l gia thong minh iJ ch8 khuc quanh song, cuiJi va ngan cdn ong rling: "Ong thf!.t ch!lng thong minh! V6'i tu6i gia sue ye'u nhu vf!.y, chua ti:tng nh6 dur;c m9t cay co iJ nui, tht sao lam gt dur;c dong da't, dd the' kia!". Ngu cong tho dai, n6i: "Ddu 6c cua ong thf!.t co chap, co' chap den kh6 ma tdy bo dur;c, chllng
20
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PHIENAM
Du'dng B6 phac cfiu Duong Chu chi d~ viet B6, y t6 y nhi xuat. Thien vG, giai t6 y, y truy y nhi phan. Ky diu bat tri, nghenh nhi ph~ chi. Duong B6 n(), tuong phac chi. Duong Chu viet: "Tll' v6 phac hi. Tll' di~c doth! da. Huang gia, sll' nhu diu b<;1ch nhi vang, hac nhi lai, khdi nang v6 quai tai ?"
Tac gia-tac philm
(Li~t Ti't: Thuytt phil)
Bai ngl,l ngon tren doy trich trong thien 'Thuyet phu" sach Li~t TtJ, ngl,l y khuyen ngLloi to nen canh tinh xet lqi loi cua mlnh trll
Tl) NGU
392 TRAN VAN CHANH
eDlidng Bfl ~15 : em Duong Chu eDttdng Chu ~*: nguoi nuoc V~ thai Chien quoc, tlf la Tll' Cu, thu<)c phai D::to gia, la nguoi chu truong thuyet vj nga .:Y .;&: : m~c ao (neu dung nhu danh tu thl dQc la "y") eTo' to trang, trang eTruy *~: h,Ia tham, den eCtiu j{Jj: con ch6 ePh? P;k: sua •Huang gid rtJ1ft: lt1c truoc, lt1c nay.
*:
393
TOAN THLI TV' HQC CHV HAN
-~~~oo~~·~®~~·moo~~·~~®~m o ~ot~m ~1-:J.~$: o
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PHIENAM Thien h~ Thien h<;J. giai tri my chi vi my, tu' ac di. Giai tri thi~n chi vi
NG0PHAP
CD ~ (vo): dung, cho (ph6 tu phu djnh, bi€u thi du khien). ® ft (sii'): neu (lien tU bi€u thj gia thiet). ® _Rfjg (khdi nang): ha c6 th€, sao l::ti c6 th€ (ct,Im tll' quen dung, bi€u thj phan van).
thi~n, tu' bat thi~n di. Co huu v6 tuong sinh, nan
di tuong thanh,
tru'ong doan tu'ong hinh, cao h<;J. tu'ong khuynh, am thanh tu'ong hoa, ti~n h~u tu'ong tuy. Thi di thanh nhan xll' v6 vi chi slf, hanh bat ng6n chi giao. V<;J.n v~t tac yen nhi bat tll', sinh nhi bat huu, vi
D!CHNGH[A Dudng Bo' danh cho Em cua Duong Chu Ia Bo: mijc do trilng ra di. Tr&i mua, ciJi bo do trdng, mijc do den vl Con ch6 (trong nha) khong nhQ-n ra, d6n ma sua. Duong Bo' giQ_n, djnh ddnh. Duong Chu bdo: "Chu ditng ddnh. Chu cung nhu the' thai. Luc nay, ne'u con ch6 cua chu di mau trilng, v~ mau den, hd c6 thi khong Uly lam lfl sao?". TVC. djch
LAOTU' ~-T
nhi bat thi, c6ng thanh nhi phat cu. Phil duy phat cu', thi di bat khu.
Liio Ti't: Chudng 2)
Tac giii-tac philm Lao
Tu hay
DQo due kinh cua Ldo TlJ (sinh ndm 570 trlloc CN) Ia
sach triet ly kinh dien cua phdi 8QO gia Trung Quoc, c6 dja vj va anh hLJCing tll
21
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chu giai ve am nghTa; ban con
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394
TRAN VAN CHANH
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395
TOAN THll n,l HQC CHU HAN
ct;iy cong,cong lao hoan thanh ma minh khong ki cong. Chinh vi minh khong ki cong, cho nen ( cong) m6'i khong ma't di. PHAN NGQC djch TRANG
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D!CHNGH[A Thien h{l Khi thien hc;~ d;u hilt cdi tot la to't thi d6 dii la cdi Xfi'U r6i. Khi thien hc;~ d;u hilt cdi thi~n la thi~n thi d6 dii la cai hd't thi~n r6i. Cho nen cdi Hilu va cdi Vo sinh ra nhau, cdi kh6 va cdi dl nghieng vao nhau, cdi dai va cdi ngdn giao tilp nhau, dm va thanh chuyin h6a cho nhau, cdi di tru(Jc va cdi di sau di theo nhau. Chinh vi vt;iy ht;ic thdnh nhdn thi hanh cdi vi~c Vo vi, thf!c hi~n vi~c dc;~y khong dung fiJi. Muon vt;it xud't hi~n ma minh khong n6i, chung sinh ra ma minh khong chilm lay, minh lam ma khong
PHIEMAM
An tri ngti l:;tc Trang Ttl' du Hu~ Ttl' du 11 h~w Iuong chi thu'cjng. Trang Ttl' vie't: "Du ngu' xuat du thung dung, Thi ngu' l<;tc da". Hu~ Ttl' vie't: "Ttl' phi ngu', an tri ngu' chi l<;tc?". Trang Ttl' vie't: "Ttl' phi nga, an tri nga bat tri ngu chi l<;tc?". Hu~ Ttl' vie't: "Nga phi ttl', co bat tri ttl' hi. Ttl' co phi ngu' da, ttl' chi bat tri ngu' chi l<;tc toan hi". Trang Ttl' vie't: "Th1nh tuftn ky ban. Ttl' vie't: nhu an tri ngu' l<;tc van gia, ky di tri ng6 tri chi nhi van nga. Nga tri chi hao thu'cjng da". (Trang Til: Thu thi'ty)
Tac giii-tac phiim Sach Trang Tu dllc;IC coi Ia toe pham triet ly-van hQC xu6t sac nhat cua ph6i DQo gia Trung Quoc. c6 d!a vi tllc:lng tlj nhll s6ch Mqnh TU
396
TRAN VAN CHANH
ben Nho giao. Toe gia Ia Trang Chu (369-298 truce CN), phat trien tll tllong cua Ldo Tlt, chu trllang xu6t the, kh6ng ham song, kh6ng gMt chet, kh6ng vui buon, kh6ng dl.,mg tom cai tqo vi$c di thien ' , 15 thien ' Ngoqi thien' va 11 thien'TQp thien', trong d6 phon ' N(>i thien' c6 tfnh nhat trf coo han va dll<;Jc nhieu hQc gia coi nhll Ia phon chfnh thuc do Trang TLt (Trang Chu) viet. Bai tren ddy trfch trong doqn cuoi thien 'Thu thuy' (thu(>c NgoQi thien), lu¢n ve tfnh chu quan cua nh¢n thuc con nglldi doi voi sl,l v¢t ben ngoai.
TU NGO .Hu~
Tit ~-=f: nguoi cling thai vdi Trang Ti'i.Hlw lztdng ~W2: du tren song H~ta(song Hao d phia dong bac huy~n Phl1<;5ng Duong tinh An Huy) eDu fil: ca du (m<':)t lo<;ti ca trang) eThung dung f~?@: thong tha eTzuin fi: noi theo, men theo .Nhil -jx: ong, bac, may ... (d<;ti tli nhan xl1ng ngoi thu hai, cling vi~t la d;rJ. n?.:. ~ ~ ))'J·
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397
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN
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)
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D[CHNGH[A Sao bitt niim vui czia ca? Trang Trl cung Hu~ Trl dt;w chdi tren cdu song Hiw. TrangTrl n6i: "Cd du ra chdi thong thd, d6 La ndm vui cua cd ". Hu~ Trl ddp: "Bdc khong phdi cd, sao bie't du(Jc niJm vui cua cd? ". Trang Trl n6i: "Bdc khong phdi toi, sao bitt -toi khong bitt niJm vui cua cd ?". Hu~Trl n6i: "Toi khong phdi bdc, khong bitt bdc dii danh. Nhung bdc vo'n khong phdi cd, thi hdn La bdc khong bie't du(Jc niJm vui cua cd ". Trang Trl n6i: "Xin n6i Lt;ti tit go'c. Bdc hoi toi sao bitt dLt(JC niJm vui cua cd, the' La bdc dii bitt toi bitt ma hoi toi. Toi thi bitt diJu d6 iJ tren song Hao ndy". TVC. dich
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PHIEMAM
Tai du ba't tai Trang Tll' hfmh u' son trung, kie'n d~i m()c chi di~p m?u thinh. Ph~t m()c gia chi ky bang nhi ba't thu da. Va'n ky c6, vie't: "Vo sa kha d1,1ng". Trang Tll' vie't: "Thll' m()c di ba't tai, dac chung ky thien nien". Trang Tll' xua't u' son, xa u' c6 nhan chi gia. C6 nhan hi, m~nh th1,1 tll' sat nh~n nhi hu'dng chi. Th1,1 tll' thinh vie't: "Ky nha't nang minh, ky nha't ba't nang minh, thinh h~ sat?". Chu nhan vie't: "Sat ba't nang minh gia ". Minh nh? t, d~ tll' va'n u' Trang Tll' vie't: "T~c nh?t, son trung chi m()c di ba't tai dac chung ky thien nien, kim chu nhan chi nh~n di ba't tai tll', tien sinh tu'ong ha xll'?". Trang Tll' tie'u vie't: "Chu tuong thu h6 tai du ba't tai chi gian. Tai du ba't tai chi gian ttf chi nhi phi da, c6 vi mi~n h6 l1,1y". (Trang Til: Sdn mQC)
Tac giii-tac philm Bai nay trich CJ doc;m dau thien 'Sc:ln m¢c' (thu¢c Ngoc;ti thien) sach Trang TU, Ia m¢t ngL,J ng6n ve thu(Jt the: muon khoi IL,Jy thon, phai Vll<;Jt len tren CO tai VO bat tai, htJu dL,Jng VO VO dL,Jng, dong h6a VCJi Dc;to ma tieu dao trong khoang bat chap mQi st) khen che.
xu
TU NGO .Tai fJ: tai nang (dung nhu' :t )ePhq_t {X,: ch~t, d6n eChlJt: dung l~i .xa. %: nghi l~i, ngu l~i .ca' nhan i!&A: nguC5i quen bie't cil eTh~t tii ~-=f: dua nho, dua tre, thang be eNhq_n ffi: con nh~n ( c6 sach giai la con ngong) .Hzt/Jng ..:F: the't dai (dung nhu ~).Hi~: xem Ngil phdp a du'oi ·Minh nhqt S)3 B: ngay hom
399
TOAN THV T\,1 HQC cHa HAN
sau
eTq_c nhqt
B'F B:
ngay hom tru'oc .Chu JW]: Trang Chu
(Trang Tll' t(t xu'ng) eL~'Y ~: m6i lo, tai hQa, l1,1y.
NGO PHAP CD tJ (di): nhC5: tJ/fMNH~;!t:J( if. (Di ba't tai dac chung ky thien nien).
®;!t(ky): d~t tru'oc s6 til ;!t-§gq~ , ;!t- /f §gO,~ (ky nha't
trong m()t do~n li~t ke: nang minh, ky nha't ba't nang
minh). ® ~ (h~): gl, nao, cai gl, cai nao, ngu'di nao ... (d~i tu nghi va'n): ~g~~~? (Thinh h~ sat?).
D!CHNGHlA Tai va bi{t tai Trang Til di trong nui, thay c6 cay LOn cimh ld sum se. Nguili don cay dung lt;zi ben ct;znh ma khong don. Hoi ly do, the nguili ay ddp: "Vl khong dung duqc gi cd ". Trang Til n6i: "Cay nay nhiJ bdt tai ma duqc so'ng trQn tu6i trili ". Trang Til sau ra khoi nui, ghe nghl lt;zi nha mQt nguili quen. Nguili quen mung rcl gQi tre gilt ng6ng lam thit diii khdch. Dua tre thua: "M9t con bie't keu, m9t con khong bie't keu, xin hoi gilt con nao?". Chu nhan ddp: "Gilt con khong bie't keu". Hom sau, cdc h9c tro hoi Trang Til: "Hom qua, cay trong nui nhiJ ba't tai ma duqc so'ng trQn tu6i trili, nay con ng6ng cua chu nha Vl ba't tai ma chit. Tien sinh djnh iJ vao ch6 nao?". Trang Til cuili ddp: "Chu n&y se iJ vao khodng giila tai va ba't tai. Giila tai va bdt tai, c6 ve giong nhau day nhlhlg lt;zi khong phdi, cho nen chua trdnh khoi li:tY ".
400
TRAN VAN CHANH
TVC. djch
QUANTif~
r
401
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
ThVQng, m¢t ehinh tr! gia loi IQe dau thai Xudn thu, tUng gu.Jp eho Te Hoan eong lam nen nghi$p b6. S6eh Quan TU ban dau e6 den 380 thien, den doi Han dVQe LVu Hvong chinh ly con 86 thien (ban hi$n IVu hanh chi con 76 thien, mat 10 thien) . Bai nay trich trong thien 'ML,JC Jon', thien dau +;§n cua s6ch Quan Tu , neu o6n gieng m6i V:om nen tang cho m¢t qu6c gia .
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day buoc mui xe, day C5 bon g6c luoi, gi~ng moi eTuy~t ~: dut eKhuynlz {t]i: nghieng eNguy ffi: nguy, nguy hi~m ePhztc fJ: l~t d6 eDi~t t~: tat, ma't, di~t eTluJ' j1fj: thu xep, xep d~t, d~t d~ (dung nhu' W) .L~ t~: thai do h<;Jp voi ly le va phep de, di~u l~ .Nglzia • : hanh vi chanh dang, di~u nghia eLiem
eDuy
PHIENAM
Tuduy Quoc hau tu duy: nha't duy tuy~t tac khuynh, nhi duy tuy~t tac nguy, tam duy tuy~t de phuc, tu duy tuy~t tac di~t. Khuynh kha chinh da, nguy kha an da, phuc kha khCJi da, di~t ba't kha pht,IC tho da! Ha vi tu duy? Nha't viet 1~, nhi viet nghia, tam viet liem, tu viet si. L~, ba't du tiet; nghia, ba't tl,l' tien; liem, ba't te ac; si, ba't tong u6ng. Co ba't du tiet, tac thu'<;Jng vi an; ba't tl,l' tien, tac dan v6 xao tra; ba't te ac, tac hq.nh tl,l' toan; ba't tong u6ng, tac ta sl,l' ba't sinh.
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• : trong s~ch, liem khiet .sl ~L': long thyn .Du tiit ~ ~P: vu'<;Jt khu6n phep eT(I tien ~ ~: lu6n cui d~ tien than eUilng ;fi: cong quyo, kh6ng ngay th~ng eXao tra J-1j~'f: gia doi, xao tni eH(lnlz
ff:
phfim h~nh eT(I toim ~ ~: tl,l' nhien toan Vyn .Til ~~: gian
ta, b~y bq., kh6ng ngay th~ng.
(Quan Tit: M{tc dan) Tac gia-tac pha·m S6eh Quan Tu tVong truyen Ia toe pham eua Quan TrQng (mat nom 645 trvoe CN). Toe gia ten th
NGO PHAP CD IT. (chinh): lam cho ngay chinh (hlnh dung tu dung nhu'
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Bon giing moz Nuac c6 b(J'n gdng mffi: m9t gidng mo'i dllt thl nghieng, hai gidng mo'i dllt thl nguy, ba giJng mo'i dllt thl do', bon gidng mo'i dllt thl melt. Nghieng thl c6 the" lam cha thllng duQ'c, nguy thl c6 the" lam cha yen duQ'c, do' thl c6 the" df:(ng len duQ'c, mfit thl khong the" dr;tt lt;ti duQ'c. The' naa g9i La bon gi~ng mo'i? M9t La !~, hai La nghTa, ba La liem, bon La sl. L~ La khong vuQ't khuon phep, nghTa La khong tf:( lu6n lf.:ly di
tien than, liem La khong che vi¢c xfiu, slla khong thea didu ta vt;ty ( cang qw'(a ba't chinh). Cha nen khong vuQ't khuon phep thl ngoi tren yen; khong lu6n lf;ly di tien than thl dan khong xda tra; khong che vi¢c xa'u thl pha?m ht;tnh tf:( nhien taan w;n; khong thea didu ta vt;ty thl vi¢c b(jy bt;t khong nay sinh. TVC. djch
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Khuye'n hQc Quan tu viet: "HQc bftt
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TRAN VAN CHANH
thanh 11 lam; bang, thuy vi chi, nhi hfm 11 thuy. M9c tn,tc trung thang, nh1,1 di vi luan; ky khuc trung quy, tuy huu do b~o, bat phl,lC
(Tuiin Tit: Khuye'n h(Jc ). Tac gid-tac philm Tudn Tlt (315-236 truck CN) ten th(lt Ia Huang. tv Ia Khanh nen con gQi Ia Tudn Khanh. thay cua Ly Tll va Han Phi. Tll tLJC:ing cua Tudn TLt
TOAN THV n,1 HQC CHU HAN
405
can ban gi6ng Khong TLt eve quan quyen. le nghTa ... ) nhung IQi cvc lljc do phd nhQng hQC thuyet khdc cua M(lc Tu. Trang Tlt. ke co MQnh Tu. 6ng chu trlldng thuyet 'tfnh dc". ngllQc hdn vdi thuyet "tfnh thi$n" cua MQnh Tlt . Sdch Tuan Tu truyEm IQi cho den nay con 32 thien. trong so d6 chi c6 4 thien Thien lu(ln. Giai te. Chfnh danh va Tinh dc Ia dllQc cdc hQc gia thua nh(ln do chfnh 6ng viet, nhQng thien con IQi deu do nglldi ddi sou them vao. Bai tren ddy dllQc trfch tu thien "Khuyen hQc", thien dau trong sdch Tudn Tu. ban ve dlldng loi va mvc dfch hQC t(lp cua nglldi qudn tu. chu yeu dung loi thf dl,J de thuyet minh cdc lyle.
Tuan Tu
TUNGO .Khuye'n h(JC lfJ ~ : khuyen khich slf hQC • Lam ~: cay cham, rna u lam eThdng ~: day thung, day eNh~t !li* : ho lii'a cho cay cong (dung nhu' 1*) eLuiin !liijij: banh xe eQuy 1_!1.: khu6n tron (d1,1ng Cl,l d€ ve hlnh tron, cay com-pa) eCao f~: kh6 (co ch6 giai la chu t~ [khao]: ho n6ng) eBt;w ~ :phoi nang (dung nhu' BJ [b()c], c6 ch6 giai la "kh6" elJinh f§f: ngay th~ng eNhien?t;: xem Ngu phdp Ci du'oi eLf ~: da mai dao eTham ~: ki€m nghi~m eTlnh 1¥!~: tlf ki€m di€m, tlf xet mlnh eTri ~0: tri tu~ (dung nhu' ~) eHanh fr: hanh vi, vi~c lam eQua ~: 16i, di€u 16i eKhe ~: khe (dung nhu' ~) eTien vlidng )t±.: cac vua hi€n minh doi
TRAN VAN CHANH
406
truck eDi ngon jA ~: lOi d<,ty truy~n l<,ti .can -=f: nuoc Can (m<)t nuoc nho, sau bi nuoc Ngo tieu di~t; ciing vie't Ia fl)) • Vift ~: nuoc Vi~t eDi ~: cac dan t<)c a phia nam Trung Quoc thai xua eM{tch : ~ficac dan t<)c a mi~n bac Trung Quoc thai xua (ciing vie't la ~ED .xi ~i: nh6n chan (dung nhu {E:) .chudng !;: r5 .Gia ®: nha vao eDli ~: xe eL(Ji tuc tiJ )E: gioi di duang eNiing thuy §g 7](: c6 th€ l<)i nuoc (7j'( dung nhu d<)ng tU) eTuyfl ;f,B: di ngang qua .Sinh ~: dung nhu '1'1 (tinh) (theo thuye't cua Vuong Ni~m Ton) .Hung$.: sinh ra .uyen 1Wrl: VlfC sau eThiin minh :f$ S)j: tri tu~ con nguai eThanh tlim ~~C.': tu tuang cua thanh nhan eKhui ~!: nlta buoc (ciing vie't la ~tj!) eThqp gia ~: nglfa h~o xe m<)t ngay gQi la "gia", "th~p gia" la g6p l<,ti 19 trlnh muai ngay eCong J}j: cong, thanh tich eBiit xa /f %: khong ngung tie'n len eKhiet &~: khac, ch<,tm, ch<,tm tr6 eLii ~~: ch<,tm khac .DJn ~51: con giun dat (con trun) (ciing vie't la ~) eD{lngtlim nhlit dii ffl~l.,--tl1: d6 la vl dl,lng tam chuyen nhat v~y eGiai fJi:: con cua .Ng{ly lffB: chan, ngoe (trong bai n6i "ll,lc ngl,ly" la 6 ngoe, c6 le sai, phai n6i "bat ngl,ly", 8 ngoe) .Tao lf%!: n6ng nay, VQi vang, but rut khong yen (Vuong Llfc trong sach Co' dg.i Han ngil ciing giang la "xoc n6i, nong n6i, n6ng nay", nhung con giang them nghia la , "khong chuyen nhat").
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TOAN THV n,J HQC CHU HAN
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D[CH NGHlA
Khuyen h 9 c Nguui quan tit n6i: "Vifc h9c khong thi dung duqc". Mau xanh !Q~y ra tu cay cham nhung lg.i xanh hon cay cham; biing do nude tg.o ra, nhung lg.nh hon nude. Khuc gb thllng trung voi day m¥c, ho n6ng cho cong di lam bdnh xe; d9 cong cua n6 hqp voi khuon trim. Du c6 mang ra phoi cho kho ci1ng khong lam th!lng lg.i duqc, d6 la vi s¥ ho cong khie'n n6 ra nhu the' v(ly. Vz the' nen gb nhiJ day m/!C ma th!lng, dao kie'm dijt vao dd mai thl ben. Nguui quan tit hQC r9ng ma mbi ngay phdi ba ldn kilm dilm lg.i mznh thz tri tuf moi sang suo't va hanh vi se khong c6 lbi ldm. Cho nen, khong ten nui cao thl khong bie't duqc trui cao; khong di de'n khe sau thz khong bie't duqc da't day. Khong nghe lui truy~n lg.i CUQ cdc bQC tien vuong thl khong bie't du(JC S/! !On rQng cua vifc hQc. Nhilng daa con cua nude Can, nude Vift, dan Di, dan Mg.ch khi sinh ra c6 cung tie'ng kh6c nhu nhau, nhung Lon len t(lp t[fc lg.i khdc nhau, la do s¥ gido h6a khie'n chung nhu thf Ta thuung suo't ngay suy ngh'l (khong dau), chllng bling duqc s¥ hQc trong khodnh khdc. Ta thuung nh6n g6t di nhzn ra xa, chdng bling s¥ thay r9ng khi len chb cao. Len cao ma vdy tay gQi, tay khong phdi dai hon, nhung nguui axa ci1ng trong thay duqc. Xuoi thea chi~u gi6 ma La ton, am thanh khong di nhanh hon, nhung nguui a xa ci1ng nghe duqc ro. Nguui nhu vao ngl!a xe, khong phdi h9 di duung gioi, nhung c6 thi di xa de'n ngan di;im. Nguui
TRAN VAN CHANH
408
nho vao thuyin, eheo, khong phdi La gioi boi lqi, nhung e6 thi VU(ft qua song ngoi. Tinh eua ngu(!i quan til kh6ng phdi lt;t hon ngu(!i khac, ehl Vt hQ kheo nh(! vao VQt 0 ben ngoai rna thai ... Gam da't thanh nui, mua gi6 mdi no'i len tit d6; ehlia nude thanh V/!C, giao fang mdi sinh ra 0 d6; tfeh lay ddu thi?n thanh dlic to't, tht tinh thdn mdi dt;tt cdnh gidi cao, tri tu? mdi phat triin, tu tuiJng cua thanh nhan mdi e6 du trong d6. Cho nen khong g6p nhrlng niia bude (budc ngdn) lt;ti thi khong thi di de'n ngan d(im; khong ehlia nhrlng dong nude nho tht khong thi thanh song, biin. Ng!!a ky ngl!a ky mqt Ldn nhdy khong thi xa de'n muoi budc; ngl!a hen keo xe di trong muoi ngay cung lQ_p cong du(!c nho ch6 di miii khong dung. Khdc niia chitng r6i bo tht gJ mf},C eung khong khdc dlit; ne'u khde miii khong ditng, tht da cling eung khdc du(!e. Con giun da't khong c6 m6ng vuo't ben nhQn va gan co't cling ehdc, nhung tren tht an du(!c bun da't, dudi thi uong du(!e nude suo'i vang, la do df},ng tam cua n6 chuyen nha't. Con cua c6 sau ngoe va hai cang, nhung ne'u khong c6 hang rdn hang luon tht eung khong c6 ch6 giJi than, la Vl df},ng tam eua n6 nang no'i VQy ... TVC.djeh
HAN PHI Tif ~ ~F
PHIENAM
Thu chu dai tho' · Tong nhan huu canh di~n gia. Di~n trung huu chu. Tho d'u xuc chu, chie't canh nhi til'. Nhan thich loi nhi thu chu, ky phi,IC d~c tho. Tho ba't kha ph1,1c d~c, nhi than vi Tong quoc tie'u. (Him Phi Ti't: Ngii do)
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[E]f~Jt*(Nhan thich ky Ioi).
(Him Phi Tii: Ngo(li tril thuye't tii thrt(lng)
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D[CH NGHlA
cua con nglloi.
Giil goc cay d(Ji tho C6 nguoi nuac Tong cay ru9ng. Trang ru9ng c6 go'c cay. Con tho cht;zy d~:~ng go'c cay, giiy c6 chit. Vl the' (nguoi d6) bo cay cua minh ma giil go'c cay, mong lt;zi bdt dut;Jc tho. Nhung tho thi khong thi lt;zi bdt dut;JC nila, ma minh thi bj nguoi nuac To'ng che cuoi. TVC. djch
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PHIENAM
Mai
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Trinh nhan huu dl;lc mai ly gia. Tien ttf dl;lc ky tuc nhi tri chi ky tQa. Chi u' th! nhi vong thao chi. DI dac ly vi viet: "Ng6 vong trl dQ". Phan quy thu chi. C~p phan th! bai, tol;li ba't dac ly. Nhan viet: "Ha ba't thi chi di' tuc". Viet: "Ninh tin dQ, v6 tl;l' tin _, da .
C6 nguoi nuac Trjnh muo'n mua giay. Truac tien tl! do Lay chan minh r6i dij.t o chb ng6i. De'n cht;J quen c&m thea. Khi dii tim dut;Jc giay r6i, anh ta n6i: "Toi quen c&m thea ni giay". B£m tro vi lay ni giay. De'n khi tro lt;zi thi ch(J dii nghl ban, cuoi cung vdn khong mua dut;Jc giay. C6 nguoi n6i: "Sao khong thil giay bling chan?". Anh ta ddp: "Tha tin vao ni giay, chu khong tin vao (chan) minh v(ly". TVC. djch
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D!CHNGHlA Mau thudn
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C6 nguiJi bdn m<)c va gido. (Anh ta) khen m<)c cua minh rdn (de'n) kh6ng vQ.t nao c6 thl dam thung. Chdng bao lau, ( anh ta) lc;zi khen cay gido cua minh rling: "f)q ben nhQn cua cay gido t6i, kh6ng vQ.t nao (n6) kh6ng dam thung". C6 nguiJi ung loi n6i: "(Anh tha) dung cay gido cua anh dam vao m<)c cua anh, thi the' nao?". Nguoi ay kh6ng trd liJi dU(fc. TVC. djch
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Nhan huu d1,1c mau du thuan gia. Dlf ky thuan chi kien, v~t m<;tc nang ham da. Nga nhi htfu dtf ky mau, viet: "Ngo mau chi l<;1i, v~t v6 bat ham da ". Nhan ling viet: "DI ttl' chi mau, ham ttl' chi thuan, ha nhu ?". Ky nhan phat nang ling da. (Him Phi Til: Thuyet lam)
Tac gia - tac pha·m Bai nay trfch trong sach Han Phi Ttl. thien "Thuyet lam' .
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D[CHNGHlA
Du thuye't kho
Him Phi TTl
Tac giii-tac philm Bai nay trich trong thien "Thue nan'. m¢t trong nhOng thien xu6t sac nhat cua sach Han Phi Tu. ban ve diem m6u ch6t cua ngh~ thu¢t du thuyet Ia phai nom vOng tdm ly va dl,IC VQng chon th(lt cua doi phlleing.
TU NGU
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eThui §ft: thuye't phlJ.c (ne'u dung theo nghia "n6i" thl dQc la "thuye't") eBi?n ¥~: tranh bi~n, bi~n bac, cai le eHoimh dijt ffi{~: tung hoanh ph6ng d?t (cilng vie't tJi~) eDlidng ~: xung vdi eAm ~: xem Nga phap a du'di eHiin ~Jl:: r6 rang, hi€n nhien eDlidng~.!Jli: xem NgTl phap a dudi eSd if,'T[: lola eKhi ~: bo .Sat
Du thuye't kh6, nhung kh6ng kh6 iJ ch6 tri thU:c cua ta du thuye't ph~;tc dur;c vua chua hay kh6ng, cilng kh6ng kh6 iJ ch6 khdu tai cua ta phat hiiu dur;c ro y cua ta hay kh6ng, cilng kh6ng kh6 iJ ch6 ta c6 dam tung hoanh ph6ng dQ_t ddn he't y cua ta hay kh6ng, rna kh6 iJ ch6 hiiu dur;c tam ly do'i phuang dl cho l(Ji cua ta hr;p w5'i ttnh y cua hQ. Nhu do'i phuang ngh'l t<5'i danh df! thanh cao rna ta dem tai lr;i ra thuye't thl ta't hQ cho ta la hllQ_u, tu each de hen rna kh6ng dung ta, xa lanh ta. Ne'u do'i phuang nghf toi tai lr;i rna ta dem danh df! thanh cao ra thuye't thr h9 cho ta la kh6ng hilt muu tinh, kh6ng hiiu sat Sf! ttnh, ta't kh6ng thu d~;tng ta. Do'i phuang trong long thich tai lr;i rna ngoai m¢it lam h(J thich danh df! thanh cao, ne'u ta dem danh df! thanh cao ra thuye't thl hi ngoai h9 thu dung ta rna thf!c tam xa lanh ta; ne'u ta dem tai lr;i ra thuye't tht hi trong h9 dung loi ta rna hi ngoai h9 xa ho ta. NhTlng diiu d6 kh6ng thl kh6ng xet dur;c. NGUYEN HIEN LE djch
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Kiem ai Thanh nhan di tri thien h~ vi stf gia da, tat tri lo~n chi sCi ttf khdi, yen nang tri chi; bat tri lo~n chi sCi ttf khdi, uic bat nang tri. Thi chi nhu' y chi c6ng nhan chi t?t gia nhien, tat tri t?t chi sCi ttf khdi, yen nang c6ng chi; bat tri t?t chi sCi ttf khdi, tac phat nang c6ng. Tri lo~n gia ha d<)c bat nhien? Tat tri lo~n chi sCi ttf khdi, yen nang tri chi; bat tri lo~n chi sd ttf khdi, tac phat nang tri. Thanh nhan di tri thien h~ vi stf gia da, bat kha bat sat lo~n chi sd ttf khdi. Duong sat lo~n ha ttf khdi? Khdi bat tu'ong ai. Th~n ttl' chi bat hie'u quan phi.J, sd vi lo~n da. TU' ttf ai, bat ai phi.J, co khuy phi.J nhi ttf l<;ji; d~ ttf ai, bat ai huynh, co khuy huynh nhi ttf l<;Ji; th~n ttf ai, bat ai quan, co khuy quan nhi ttf l<;Ji, thU' sd vi lo~n da. Tuy phi.J chi bat tU ttl', huynh chi bat tU d~, quan chi bat tu thgn, thU' di~c thien h~ chi sd vi lo~n da. Phi.J ttf aida, bat ai ttl', co khuy ttl' nhi ttf l<;ji; huynh ttf ai da, bat ai d~, co khuy d~ nhi ttf l<;ji; quan ttf aida, bat ai th~n, co khuy thgn nhi ttf l<;Ji. Thi ha da? Giai khdi
418
TRAN VAN CHANH
bat tuong ai. Tuy chi thien h~ chi vi d~o t?c gia dit%c nhien~ D~o ai ky that, bat ai di that, c6 thiet di that di l<;Ji ky that. T?c ai ky than, bat ai nhan than, c6 t?c nhan than di l<;5i ky than. Thu ha da? Giai kh&i bat tuong ai. Tuy chi d~i phu chi tuong lo~n gia, chu h~ u chi tlfong c6ng qu6c gia dit%c nhien. D~i phu cac ai ky gia, bat ai di gia, c6 lo~n di gia di 1<;5i ky gia; chu h~u cac ai ky qu6c, bat ai di qu6c, c6 c6ng di qu6c di l<;5i ky qu6c. Thien h~ chi lo~n v~t, Cl.J thu nhi di hi. Sat thu ha tlf kh&i? Giai kh&i bat tuong ai. NhlfQC su thien h~ kiem tuong ai, ai nhan nhlfQC ai ky than, do huu bat hieu gia h6? Thi phl.J huynh du quan nhu<;Jc ky than, 6 thi bat hieu? Do huu bat tu gia h6? Thi tu dt% du th~n nhu<;Jc ky than, 6 thi bat tu? C6 bat hieu bat tu v6 huu. Do huu d~o t~c h6? c6 thi nhan chi that nhlfQC ky that, thuy thiet? Thi nhan than nhu<;5c ky than, thuy t?c? C6 d~o t?c v6 huu. Do huu d~i phu chi tuong lo~n gia, chu h~u chi tuong c6ng qu6c gia h6? Thi nhan gia nhu<;5c ky gia, thuy lo~n? Thi nhan qu6c nhu<;5c ky qu6c, thuy c6ng? C6 d~i phu chi tuong lo~n gia, chu h~ u chi tuong c6ng qu6c gia v6 huu. NhlfQC su thien h~ kiem tuong ai, qu6c du qu6c bat tuong c6ng, gia du gia bat tlfong lo~n, d;;to t?c v6 huu, quan th~n phl;l tu giai nang hieu tu, nhUQC thu, t~c thien h;;t tri. C6 thanh nhan di tri thien h;;t Vi S\f gia, 6 dac bat cam 6 nhi khuyen ai? C6 thien h;;t kiem tlfong ai tac tri, giao tuong 6 tac lo;;tn. C6 tu M?c Tu viet: "Bat kha di bat khuyen ai nhan" gia, thu da. (M(ic Ti't: Kiem di thzl(lng)
tUng di du ljch qua cac nlloc chll hau de tuyen truyen cho hQc thuyet cua minh. 6ng cl)c ll)c binh vl)c gioi binh dan va cac nlloc nhllQc tieu, chu trlldng "kiem ai" Cgom yeu mQi nglloi) va "phi c6ng' (phon d6i chien tranh phi nghTa) . HQc thuyet 6ng dllQc the hi$n t(lp trung trong sach M(Jc Tu , hi$n con dllQc 53 thien do cac m6n d$ 6ng gam g6p, chinh ly lqi tU nhOng lei phat bieu cua rhay ma soqn thanh. Bai tren day Ia toan thien "Kiem ai thLJQng ' trong d6 toe gia neu ra nhOng ly do cua tinh trqng loqn lqc, chien tranh, va sl) can thiet cua tinh than kiem 6i, cot tuy cua hQC thuyet M(lc
M(lc Tll (468-378 tnJoc CN) ten th(lt Ia M(lc 8jch, nglloi nlloc Lo,
TU.
TUN GO
.Kiem di ~ ~: eLotJn ooL : lo;;tn, r6i lo;;tn, lo;;tn l;;tc .Trj ¥21 : cai tri .CongJ';x..: tri lit%u, danh, tan c6ng .Thi W :ti nhu .Tijt ~ : bt%nh t~ t ePhiit 9t : kh6ng ( =::f +Z ) eSdt ~: quan sat, xem xet eThdn ti't E2. -1-: b~ t6i va con cai eKhuy Ji§ : thit%t thoi (day dung nhu d<)ng tu, nghia la "gay thit%t thoi") eTil ~:yeu thuong eDj ~: khac (d;;ti tu chi thi) eDtJo t(ic ~ ~: tr<)m cuop eThiet Q: tr<)m cap eDtJi phu ~: Quan d;;ti phu (chuc quan to thai xua, duoi chuc quan Khanh, tren quan SI) .Cizzl hdu ~~{~: chu h~u (vua nhG'ng nlfOC dUQC de VUOng thai Xlfa cat dat phong , phai phl.JC tung lt%nh vua, dinh ky tri~u c6ng va bao cao) eKhuyen WJ: khuyen, khuyen khich, khich 1<%.
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D[CHNGH!A
Kiem ai Thanh nhan coi virc cai trj thien hc;~ la nhirm V¥ cua minh, dt phdi bitt loc;~n tit dau ma ra,thi moi cai trj duQ'c; niu kh6ng bie't loc;~n tit dau ma ra, thi kh6ng thi cai trj duQ'c. Vi nhu nguCii thdy thuo'c chila brnh cho nguCii ta vQy, phdi bie't brnh do dau ma ra, thi moi trj dUQ'C brnh; ne'u khong bie't brnh do dau ma ra thi khong thi trj brnh duf!c. Vi¢c trj loc;~n sao rieng lc;~i khong the'? At phdi bie't loc;~n tit dau ma ra thi moi cai trj duQ'c; ne'u kh6ng bie't loc;~n tit dau ma ra thi khong thi cai trj duQ'c. Thanh nhan coi virc cai trj thien hc;~ la nhirm V¥ cua minh, thi khong thi kh6ng xet xem loc;~n tit dau ma ra.
TOAN THV n,f HOC CHU HAN
421
Hay xet loc;~n khui ra tit dau? Khui ra tit ch6 nguCii ta kh6ng yeu nhau. Toi con kh6ng trung hie'u voi vua va cha, d6 g9i la loc;~n v4y.Con chl yeu minh, khong yeu cha, cho nen lam hc;~i cha di lQ'i cho minh; em chi yeu minh, khong yeu anh, chu nen lam hc;~i ar>h di lQ'i cho minh; b~ toi chl yeu minh, kh6ng yeu vua, cho nen lam hc;~i vua di lQ'i cho minh, nhu the g9i la loc;~n vQy. Cho du cha khong thucJng con, anh kh6ng thucJng em, vua kh6ng thucJng b~ toi, thi cai d6 thien hc;~ cung g9i la loc;~n. Cha chl yeu minh, khong yeu con, cho nen lam hc;~i con di lQ'i cho minh; anh chl yeu minh, kh6ng yeu em, cho nen lam hc;~i em di lQ'i cho minh; vua chl yeu minh, khong yeu b~ toi, cho nen lam hc;~i b~ toi di lQ'i cho minh. The' la vi sao? Ta't cd d~u sinh ra tit chb nguCii ta khong thucJng ye u ldn nhau! Du cho din nhilng ke trqm cuop trong thien hc;~ cung tht Ke trqm yeu nha minh, kh6ng yeu nha nguCii khac, cho nen trqm u nha khac di lam lQ'i cho nha minh; ke cuop chl yeu than minh, kh6ng yeu than nguCii khac: cho nen cuop cua nguCii khac di lam lQ'i cho than minh. The' La vi sao? Ta't cd d~u phat sinh tit chb nguCii ta khong thucJng yeu ldn nhau! Du cho din cdc quan dc;~i phu lam loc;~n nha ldn nhau, cdc chu hdu danh nuoc ldn nhau cung tht Dc;~i phu ai cung yeu nha minh, khong yeu nha khac, cho nen lam loc;~n nha khac di lam lQ'i cho nha minh; chu hdu ai cung yeu nuoc minh, kh6ng yeu nuoc khac, cho nen danh nuoc khac di lam lQ'i cho nuoc minh. M9i virc ro'i loc;~n trong thien hc;~ d~u do nhilng virc ay ma thai vQy. Xet nhilng vi¢c ay tit dau ma ra? Ta't cd d~u phat sinh tit chb nguCii ta khong thucJng ye u ldn nhau vQy. (Nay) nlu khiin nguCii trong thien hc;~ d~u g6m yeu ldn nhau, yeu nguCii khac nhu yeu than minh, thi con c6 ke ba't hie'u nila kh6ng? (Nlu) xem cha, anh va vua nhu chinh than minh, thi sao
422
TRAN VAN CHANH
lam vifc bt{t hiiu? The' thi con coke bt{t til nila khong? Ne'u xem con, em cung b~ toi nhu chfnh than minh, thi sao lam vifc bf{t til? Cho nen SIJ b!{t hie'u ba't til se khong cc5 nila. The' thi con co td)m, cuap nila /rhong? Cho nen xem nha nguai khac nhu nha minh, thi ai an tr9m? Ne'u xem than nguai nhu than minh, thi ai cuap bc5c? Cho nen tr9m cuap se khong cc5 nila. The' thi con c6 quan d9-i phu lam lo(ln nha tan nhau, chu hfiU danh nuac tan nhau nila khong? Ne'u xem nha ngu('ri khac nhu nha minh, cbn ai lam lo9-n? Ne'u xem nuac nguai khac nhu nuac minh, con ai danh nhau? Cho nen vi~c d9-i phu lam lo9-n nha tan nhau, chu h&u danh nuac tan nhau se khong c6 nila. Ne'u thien h(1 g6m yeu tan nhau, nuac nay vai nuac kia khOng danh nhau, nha nay vai nha kia khong lam lo(ln nhau, thi d9-o ti;ic se khong c6 nila, vua toi cha con d~u tit va hie'u, nhu the' thi thien h9- se trj. Cho nen b¢c thanh nh!in coi vi~c cai tri thien h(1 La nhi~m V!-f CUa minh, tht sao du(!C khOng cfim SIJ ghet rna khuyen SIJ yeu nhau? Cho nen thien h(l g6m yeu nhau thi trj, ghet nhau thilo(ln. Vl v¢y th&y Mi;ic Ti:t n6i ding: "Khong thi khOng khuyen khich stJ yeu nguiJi khac" La nhu the' v¢y. TVC. djch
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Tac gid-tac phiim Theo Ban c6 (toe gia soch Han thl.l) thl QuO'c nga cOng Ia soch cua To truy~n), ghi IQi ljch su cua 8 nude thdi Xudn thu gom Chu, Lo, Te, Tan, Trinh, SCi , Ngo, Vi$t. tong c¢ng 21 quyen. Bai tren ddy trfch Ci"Chu ngQ", ghi IQi chuy$n Thi$u cong can vua l$ Vlldng ve Vi$c op che dll lu(ln cua quan Chung, dan tdi h(lu qua that bQi Ia vua phai bi ddn duoi day sang dot Tr$.
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nghia la "ngan ch~n" .Chzt(Jng ~f: che lap ePhong ~jj: d€ phong, ngan ngua .xuyen zing nhi hf)i J II~ :song ilng rna vo de ( vo bo ) .vi xuyen gia ~ J II ::[3: nguoi tri ly vi~c song nude .Quyet chi si't d{lo ~ 1~~:"quye't" la tru bo, "d<;1o" la thong suot .vi dan gia ~.5:;:=[3: nguoi quan ly (cai trD dan .Tuyen chi si't ngon'§ 1~ §: tuyen truy€n chi d<;1o ( gQi y hudng d~n ) cho hQ n6i ra .Thien ti't 7(. -=f : vua, hoang de', thien ttl' eThinh chinh if@ J&: ng6i cai tri, nam quy€n cai tri eCong khanh 1}-g~p: quan l<;1i cao cap (doi Chu c6 Tam cong, Cll'u khanh. Thai su, Thai ph6, Thai bao la Tam cong; Thieu su, Thie'u ph6, Thie'u bao, Trling t6, Tu d6, Tong ba, Tu rna, Tu khau, Tu khong la Cll'u khanh) .Lift si :YIJ±: Thu<;Jng si, Trung si, H<;l si, quan l<;li cap thap .Hie'-n thi IX~: tien dang nhung bai tho bai ca trong dan gian len vua .cd hiin kluic ~.XIX ~r "c6" la nh<;lC quan (thoi XUa d€u la nhung nguoi fill mat); "khilc" la bai ca (nhi€u ban viet diin ~, c6 le sai) .si't hiin tlut 1~1X ~: "sll'" la sll' quan (quan chep sll');"thu" la sach sll' .szt cham §ffi ~: "su" la chuc Thie'u khanh trong Cll'u khanh, "cham" la bai cham, m
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426
quan Thai su', tuc nh<;tc quan coi v€ am nh<;tc, "sit" Ci day chi quan thai sll' coi v€ thai tie't, l~ phap, hai quan d<;ti th~n n~y ngu'oi thl dung nh<;tc, nguoi thl dung l~ a€ d<;t y do eGido hoz # §~: d<;t y do eKy ngiii tu chi ~ 3t 11~ "ky ngai" chi su' ph6 da cao tu6i cua vua ( sach L~ ky , thien "Khuc l~" n6i 50 tu6i la "ngai", 60 tu6i la "ky" ); "tu chi", chu "tu" nghia la ran bao chinh don, "chi" chi vua .Cham cluidc f~ ~: gia giam, din nhac, cham chu'oc eBat bi)i :If '1'~: kh6ng trai vdi tlnh ly ( "b9i" la nghich ) .Do ky hilu nguyen thap di~n oc j'~:;!t~J]H~Hii?l(: "ky" chi da't dai; "nguyen" la a6ng bang; "tha'p" la da't tha'p frm uot; "di~n" la aa't tha'p rna bang ph£ng; "oc" la da't c6 dong song c6 th€ dung a€ tu'oi du'c;Jc eThi~n bc;zi li thi hd lutng ~ ~j(: :0~ ~-Sf-~: vit$c chinh tri cua quoc gia tot hay xa'u c6 th€ hit$n r6 ra eBj bc;zi 1iffi f&: phong ngua vit$c xa'u l<;ti phat sinh ePh{t ~: tang them .Thimh nhi hanh chi JJX: ffiJ 1=J "thanh" la thanh thtJc; "hanh" la bi€u 19 tl.f nhien. Ca cau y n6i: ng6n lu~n cua nhan dan chinh la nhung di€u hQ da nghi ky r6i tl.f nhien bi€u 19 ra eKy dil niing ky ha ::!tW.§g~fPJ: "du" la trc;J tU giua cau, v6 nghia; "ky ha" la bao lau. Ca cau y n6i : sinh mt$nh cua quoc gia c6 th€ du'c;Jc bao lau eLliu Vlidng li tr~ inEE:tJ~:OO;: "lu'u" la du6i di; "Trt$" la da't cua nude Ta'n, thu9c huyt$n Hoac tinh Son Tay (Trung Quoc) ngay nay.
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427
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
thi hfJ xua't ). ® M (h6): · ph6
tu
nghi
va'n,
dich
la
"sao, · lam
sao":tJroJ~-1:!1? (Hdkha ungda?). @ W (dii') trong ca u ;13.; W§g ~ iPJ (K y die nang ky ha ?) la trc;J
tu giua cau, v6 nghTa. Trong Til truy?n, c6 nhung tntong hc;Jp tu'ong tlf nhu' : ~ ~ -1:!1 ' ;13.; W~ iPJ ? (Thi minh da, ky die ky ha ?) (TUO'ng cong nht thQ.p cau nien). D!CH NGHlA Thi~u cong can vua L~ vrtdng v~ vi~c cam noi xau L? vuong bc;w nguqc, nguC!i trong nuoc n6i x({u vua. Thi?u c6ng tht{y vL;ly bdo vua: "Dan kh6ng chju n6i chinh sdch cua vua ". Vua giL;ln, tim duqc m()t nguC!i d6ng co't nuoc V? r6i sai di xem xet nh!lng ke n6i xa'u. H~ bdo cdo ( c6 duqc nguC!i niw) th! cho gilt ngay. NguC!i trong nuoc khong ai dam n6i g! nila, ngoai duC!ng chl la'y mdt nh!n nhau dt thay cho lC!i n6i. Vua kha]J khai bdo voi Thi?u c6ng: "Ta dii d?P he't duqc lC!i n6i xa'u r6i, nen chdng ai dam n6i g! nila ". Thi?u cong n6i: "D6 chdng qua chl che lap vQ.y thai. Ngua mi?ng dan con nguy hiim hon ch(i.n lap song nhdu. Nuoc ung viJ de th! hgi nguC!i ta't se khong it. Ma dan cung gio'ng nhu song vL;ly. Cho nen ngUC!i lo vi?c song nUOc th! phai khai thong cho song chay suo't, ngUC!i lo vi?c dan th! phai ma hoi cho dan duqc n6i nang tf! do. Vi vL;ly bL;lc thien til ng6i cai trj, phdi khie'n cho tu hang quan lgi d{n .ke Sl dang thO, quan thai sU lo V~ am nhgc dang nh!lng bai hdt, quan sa dang sdch va cu, quan thie'u sU nhgc quan khuyen can, nguC!i mu lam tho, nguC!i loa dQc sdch, nguC!i coi bdch cong can gidn, dan thuC!ng truy~n lC!i len nguC!i tren, cdc bdy toi than cL;ln he't long khuyen bdo, hang than thich cua vua xem xet sila sai, cdc quan phlf trdch v~ am nhc;zc va sil
428
TRAN VAN CHANH
cham lo dc;ty db, cdc b(ic ky lao trqng thdn lc;ti sila them vao, sau d6 nha vua moi cham chu:oc quye't djnh. Nh(J v(iy vi?c chinh trj thi hanh ra su6n se kh6ng c6 ddu trdi ly. Dan c6 mi?ng, cung gio'ng nhu da't c6 nui song, ngu6n h;i tit d6 rna ra; (va cung) gio'ng nhu c6 da't phdng, da't trung, ru6ng to't cao thap, com do nha d6 rna duqc. Dan chung dung mi?ng n6i ra thanh lai, nhang vi?c hay diJ tit d6 duqc phdn dnh; phdt huy dfiu hay phong bj dfiu diJ, do la each di lam tang them CC!m do va cdc thtl d6 dung. Tram hq c6 ddu lo ngh'i trong long va n6i ra iJ ella mi?ng, ddu gi minh cho la phdi thi lam thea, nhu v(iy lam sao c6 thi dch tdc vao dau duqc? Con nhu muo'n bjt mi?ng dan, thi c6 thi bjt duqc baa lau?". Vua win kh6ng nghe, tit d6 dan trong nude kh6ng ai ddm phdt bilu y kie'n. Chl ba nam sau, hq du6i vua sang so'ng luu vong iJ da't Tr?. TVC. djch
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TOAN THll Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
PHIENAM Ba't tii' chi dtiQ'c Huu hie'n ba't til' chi du<;jc u Kinh vuong gia. Ye't gia thao dT nh~p. Trung x~ chi sT va'n vie't: "Kha thtfc h6?". Vie't : ""Kha" Nhan do~t nhi thlfc chi. Vuong n(>, sll' nhan sat trung x~ chi sT. Trung x~ chi sT sll' nhan thue' vuong, vie't: "Th~n va'n ye't gia, ye't gia vie't: kha thlfc. Th~n c6 thlfc chi. Thi th~n v6 t(>i, nhi t(>i t~i ye't gia da. Tha khach hie'n ba't til' chi du<;jc, th~n thlfc chi, nhi vuong sat th~n, thi til' dUQC da. Vuong sat v6 t(>i chi th~n, nhi minh nhan chi khi vuong". Vuong nai bfrt sat.
(Chien
quoc sach: Sil sach)
Tac giii-tac philm Chien qu6c s6ch Ia b(> ky slj c6 tfnh ljch su ldn noi tieng cua Trung Qu6c co dQi, chuyen ghi IQi nhOng ke hoQch , phllc:lng soch cua cdc nha cam quyen va chfnh khdch tCi ddi Chu 8jnh Vlldng nom thO 17 (452 truce CN) den ddi Tan Thuy hoang nom thO 31 (216 truce CN), gom nhOng mllu hay chlldc IQ, nhOng manh kh6e trong chfnh tri ngoQi giao giOa cdc nude thdi Chien qu6c (475-221 trlldc CN). Ve ngh$ thu(it. soch c6 nhieu chuy$n k~ ly ky hap dan nhll ti~u thuyet, ldi van trau chu6t. ky thu(it tV sv va mieu tO do dQt Wi trinh d¢ coo. Ve toe gia. chua xoc dinh dllc;Jc Ia ai; c6 nglldi cho Ia cua Khooi Thong. m(>t thuyet sT ddi Hdn. BOn lllu truyen hi$n nay dd qua toy chTnh ly. sap dqt IQi cua Lllu Hlldng (79-8 trlldc CN). chia lam 12 nlldc 86ng Chu. Toy Chu, Tan. Te. Tri$u. Ngt,Jy. Han. Yen. Tong. V$. Trung Sdn. tong c(>ng 33 thien. Bai tren doy trfch d "Sd sdch". neu len bai hqc: neu nom bat dllc;JC van de mau chot, kheo leo giai thfch, CO th~ thodt dllc;JC nguy ce1. Trong thien "Thuyet 1om thllc;Jng" soch Han Phi TU cOng c6 m(>t chuy$n k~ h$t nhll bai nay. chT khdc nhau c6 vai chO.
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430
TRAN VAN CHANH
khach eTrung XiJ chi si $ ,§t W: cuop H(y, gitft Ia'y.
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CD Itt (co) trong ca u ~ r!ij( it z
(Th~n ciJ' thtfc chi) la mot 16i dao ngfi' quen dung, thay vl n6i r!ij( ~it (Cf{ th~n thljc chi).
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® _§_ (tha): va l?i, hon nfi'a (lien tU dung stf quan h~ tang tien ): _§_ ~ Jik /f .7E ~ ba't tll' chi du<;c ... ). D[CHNGHlA
Thuoc hilt til C6 nguoi dang thuo'c ba't tii cho Kinh vuong. Nguoi phf:t trdch tilp khdch cdm mang vao (cung). Quan trung Xff hoi: " (Thuo'c nay) an dur;c khong?". (Nguoi ay) dap: "(An) dur;c". Quan trung Xr;J nhan do gigt lay ma an. Vua n6i gign, sai nguoi gilt quan trung Xr;J. Quan trung Xr;J sai nguoi thuyit v6'i vua rdng: "Thdn c6 hoi nguoi coi vi~c tilp khdch, nguoi coi vi~c tilp khdch n6i an dur;c, nen thdn m6'i an. Nhu vgy thdn v6 t9i, ma t9i iJ nguoi coi vi~c tilp khdch. Vd lr;Ji, khdch dang thu6c "kh6ng chit". (Nay) thdn an n6, ma nha vua gilt thdn, thl n6 chinh la thuo'c "chit". Nha vua gilt ke b~ t6i v6 t9i ma cho thay ro ra nguoi ta gr;Jt vua! ". Vua ben thai, kh6ng gilt. TVC. djch
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R2ffiJ~t!1·~m~~t!1o PHIENAM
H6 gia h6' uy H6 du bach thu nhi thtjc chi, dac h6. H6 viet: "Til" v6 cam thtjc nga da! Thien de sll' nga truong bach thu, kim til" thtjc nga, thi nghich Thien de m~nh da. Til" d1 nga vi ba't tin, ng6 vi til" tien h~mh, tll' tuy nga h~u, quan bach thu chi kien nga nhi cam bat tfiu h6 ?". H6 d1 vi nhien, co' to?i du chi h~mh. Thu kien chi giai tfiu. H6 ba't tri thu uy ky nhi tffu da, d1 vi uy h6 da. (Chiin quoc sach: SiJ sach)
Tac gia-tac phtim Bai ngl,J ng6n nay trich trong "Sd sach" cua Chie'n qu6c s6ch, doc;m Giang Nhat thuyet Kinh Tuyen vllong. de chOng minh cho Tuyen vllong biet cac nude sC:l dT sc;J Chieu He Tu6t (te tudng nude SC:l) chT vi hQ sc;J oai cua Tuyen vllong ma thai.
TUN GO
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TOAN THlJ Tl,l' HQC CHOHAN
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432
TRAN VAN CHANH
thu nhat (tlf xung); trong m<)t cau, c6 th€ dung hai d~i tu nhan xu'ng khac nhau . nhu'ng van cung mQt ng6i: .
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hanh). D[CHNGHiA
Clio mrbfn oai CQp Cr;p tlm cac gi6ng thu de' an thjt, biit du(fc con cdo. Cdo n6i: "May chdng dam an thft tao dau. Thu(fng de' sai tao dang ddu tram gi6ng thu, nay may an thjt tao La trdi l~nh Troi. Ne'u may cho tao Ia khong dang tin, thi tao di tru(Jc may, may thea sau tao, xem cdc gi6ng thu tr6ng thay tao rna c6 dam chdng bo chc;~y kh6ng? ". Cr;p cho La phdi, nen di cung cdo. Br;n thu tr6ng thay d~u bo chc;~y. Cr;p kh6ng bie't ding cdc thu s(f minh rna chc;~y, lc;~i cho la s(f cdo. TVC. djch
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PHIEMAM · nu~tb<;tngtudngtranh
Tric$u tha ph~t yen. To D~i vj Yen vj Hue$ vuong viet: "Kim gia th§n lai, qua Djch thuy. B~ng phuong xuat b<)c nhi du~t trac ky nhl}c. B~ng hQp nhi ki~m ky ue. Du~t viet: "Kim nh~t bat vii, minh nh~t bat vii, tile huu tll' b~ng". B~ng dic$c vj du~t viet: "Kim nh~t bat xuat, minh nh~t bat xuat, tile hG'u tll' du~t". Luong gia bat kh~ng tuong xa. Ngu gia dac nhi tjnh dm chi. Kim Tric$u tha ph~t Yen, Yen Tric$u cll'u tuong chi, dT tc$ d~i chung. Thftn khung cuong Tftn chi vi ngu phu da, co nguyc$n d~i vuong thl}c ke chi da ". Hue$ vuong viet: "Thic$n ". Nai chi.
(Chie'n quoc sach: Yen sach nhi). Tac gid-tac phii'm Bai ngl,l ng6n tren day trich CJ 'Yen s6ch nh!' Chie'n qu6c s6ch, ngv
y canh gi6c nglldi to kh6ng nen tranh gianh nhau mdi de choke dung ngoai thu I<;Ji. Cau chuy$n nay do tQo ra cau thanh ngQ quen thu¢c: "BQng du(lt tllc:ing tri. ngu6ng doc I<;Ji'.
nJ NCO eDuij.t b{lng trtdng tranh ~~ ;E$ if§~: Con co va con trai tranh eTri~u, Yen ~: hai nude thoi Chien quoc .To D{li ?!* {~ : m<)t mu'u sT thoi Chien quoc .Hu~ vudng • _± :vua Tric$u Hue$ vuong .Tluin ~: t6i (d~i danh tu nhan xung ng6i thu nhat, dung trong sach c6) ·Dich thziy ~ 7J<.: song Djch (thUQC phia tay
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TOAN THU Tl,f HQC CHa HAN
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a
434
TRAN VAN CHANH
d<)ng, voi nghia "lam cho m~t moi" •D{li chting :*: 11\ :dan chting. NG0PHAP
CD
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TOAN THU T\)' HQC CHO' HAN
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TRAN VAN CHANH
PHIENAM H~ng
Vii ban
ky tan
Thai sll' cong viet: Ngo van chi Chu Sinh, viet: Thua'n m1,1c cai trung d6ng til', hlfu van H<;tng Vu di<$c trung d6ng til'. Vu khai ky mieu du<$ da? Ha hung chi b<;to da? Phu T~n tha't ky chinh, Trftn Thi<$p thu n<;tn, hao ki<$t phong khai, tt.tong du t!nh tranh, ba't kha thang s6. Nhien Vu phi huu xich thon, thua the khai lung mft u chi trung, tam nien, to<;ti tuong ngu chu h~u di<$t T~n, phan li<$t thien ha~ nhi phong vuong h~u, chinh do Vu xua't, hi<$u vi Ba vuong. V! tuy ba't chung, c~n c6 di lai, v! thuong huu da . C~p Vu b<)i Quan, hoai sa, ph6ng tr1,1c Nghia de nhi tlf l?p, oan vuong hftu b<;tn ky, nan hi! TV cang cong ph<;tt, pha'n ky tu tri nhi ba't su c6, v! ba vuong chi nghi<$p, d1,1c di life chinh kinh doanh thien h<;t , ngu nien tot vong ky quoc, than til' Dong Thanh, thu<;Jng ba't giac ng1,1 nhi ba't tlf trach, qua hi! Nai dftn "Thien vong nga, phi d1,1ng binh chi t<)i da ", khai ba't m?u tai!
(Sil kj: H{lng V1i ban ky) Tac gia-tac philm Su kY Ia b¢ l!ch su thu¢c
hang tiEm phong xu6t sac cua Trung Qu6c. do TLJ Ma ThiE'm (145-90 trLldc CN) ddi Han bien soc;m. gam 130 quyen. 526-500 chO. chep IQi l!ch su cac m(lt cua Trung Qu6c tCJ ddi Hoang de (thdi thLlc;Jng c6 c6 tinh do sU) cho den doi Han vo de (khoang nom 100 trLJdc CN). Day Ia m(>t toe pham vi dQi , c6 gia tr! co ve phLlc:Jng di$n van chLlc:Jng ian tLJii$U l!ch su. Toe gia tv Ia TU TrLJdng.thay cha Ia TLJ Ma Dam lam Thai su l$nh. vl ngay thdng benh vl)c bQn mlnh Ia Ly Lang trong vv bQi tr¢n C! Hung Noma b! ldi sam tau. phai t¢i thien. TCJ d6 ong quyet chi t¢p trung sac ll)c hoan thanh b¢ ky de truyen ddi. Bai tren day Ia bai tan trich trong thien "HQng VO ban ky" thu¢c phon "Ban ky" cua sach. toe gia nh¢n xet. danh gia nhan v¢t anh hung bi k!ch HQng vo tren quan diem khach quan cua m¢t nha chep su de th6y du cac m(lt Llu khuyet cua nhan v¢t.
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437
TOAN THV n.J HQC CHO' HAN
TU NGO eH{lng Vii Jj[ ;j~ : ten th~t H<;tng T!ch (232-202 trudc CN), la nguoi chu xudng CUQC khai binh a Blnh Thanh cuoi doi T~n, tl/ l~p lam Tay saBa vuong eBan ky nhung thien trong sach Sit ry, chep vi<$c cua cac de vuong theo loi bien nien .Tan W:bai tan (mot th~ van, dung d~ blnh lu~n v~ m<)t nhan v~t hay m<)t va'n d~ gl) .Thai su cong -A .9:0: quan chep sll' cho vua (Tu Ma Thien tlf xung) .Chu Sinh ffl] ±.: m<)t nha nho d~ u doi Han eThuiln ~ : vua Thua'n (m<)t trong Ngil de, sau vua Nghieu) eTn'tng ddng til£~~ ..::f: con nguoi doi, hai con nguoi (trong m~t) .Mieu duf ffi 1% : con chau doi sau, dong d5i .Ha hung chi b{lo dii? fBJ JlJ ~ -ill ? : sao rna hung th!nh len nhanh chong v? y? eTrdn Thifp ~* 1tlJ: ten Th~ng, nguoi a da't Duong Thanh, la nguoi anh hung d~u tien da'y binh danh T~n vao nam d~u doi T~n Nh! the .Thi't n{ln §ft: d~u tien gay ra tai n<;tn ( cho T~n) .Hao kift ~ f~ : nguoi c6 tai chi, hao ki<$t .Phong ~$: con ong (xem Ngll phap a dudi) eBiit kha thiing so· /GOJ/W~: khong th~ k~ xiet .Thila the'*~: thua theo xu the, thua the .Liing mJu ~~liJR: cho d6ng ru<)ng, trong dan gian (~~ dung nhu D :bo ru<)ng) ePhanlifl Jj- ~: chia dt, chia xe, phan chia eVlidng hdu I. f* : tt.tdc vuong va tude h~u .Chinh i&: chinh l<$nh eBa vlidng B I_: chua t~, ba vuong .Bqi Quan ;:IFlf ~: b<)i udc khong phong cho Luu Bang da't Quan Trung nua (nhu da hua trudc) .Hoai Sl! t~ ~ : nhd nude sa ("Boi Quan hoai sa" cling c6 noi d!ch la "bo da't Quan Trung nhd nude sa, chi vi<$c H<;tng VG bo da't T~n, tl/ l~p lam Tay saBa vuong, dong do a Banh Thanh) ePhong tr~tc 1W ~ : du6i di .Nghia di ~ W: vua Nghia de, chi lam vua tren danh nghia. Mdi d~u H<;tng Vu ton Nghia de lam minh chu d~ thu ph1,1c dan tam di<$t T~n; khi xong vi<$c, H<;tng Vu bo Quan Trung (kinh do T~n), v~ sa (nude que huang cuaVG) r6i giet Nghia de,
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438
t\f l?p Utm SCi Ba vuong eB{ln ~Ji: lam phan eTtf ciing cong ph{lt § ~J;JJ{Jt: tlf khoe cong lao ("cang" la tlf khoe; "ph~t" la cong lao) .Phiin flf: bi~u hi~n, khoe khoang eTzt tri fL ~ :tai tri rieng .suco?§ffi""i5: coi nguoi xua la thfty (b~t chuck cac b~c de vuong xua) eLtjc chinh 1J 1iE : dung v6 l\fc d~ danh d~p eKinh doanh *~ :g :thong tri .Dong Thanh * ±~: C1 phia dong nam huy~n Djnh Vi~n tinh An Huy ngay nay, H~ng VG bj quan Han truy sat, cuoi cling ch~y tron den Dong Thanh eGiac ng~l Jl; $: giac 51: vi~n dan ly le bao chua, H[y co, ng9 ($dung nhu ·1-g:) vi~n co.
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439
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
bi~u thi phan va'n): li /f ~~ ~ ? (Khdi ba't m?u tai?). Cach dung tuong t\f nhu · li ... lf~? (khdi ... da?) C1 tren: ~~ li ~ ffi ~ ll~? (VG khdi ky mieu du~ da?).
D!CH NGHlA
Bai tan cila chztdng H{lng Vii ban ky Thai sil cong n6i: Ta nghe Chu Sinh n6i con milt cua Thuan hznh nhu c6 hai con ngWJi. Lq.i nghe Hr;mg va cung c6 hai con nguoi. Vu c6 phdi la dong doi cua Thua'n chang? Sao ma hung thjnh len nhanh v(ly? Nha Tdn tha't br;~i chinh Sf! cua mznh, Trdn Thi~p la nguC!i ddu tien gay nr;~n cho Tdn, (r6i) hao ki~t ndi len nhu ong, cung nhau d~u tranh gianh, (nhi~u) khong thi ki xie't. The' ma Vu khong c6 m9t thuoc m<}t ta'c da't, thita the' (cdc hao ki~t) vung len giila cho'n ru9ng d6ng, chl trong ba nam, dii dem nam nuoc chu hdu dift Tdn, chia edt thien hr;~, ma phong cdc tuoc vuelng tuoc hdu, chinh lfnh d~u do m9t tay va phat ra, xung la Bd vuelng, dja vj tuy khong trr;n, (nhung) tit c(ln c6 de'n nay, chua titng c6 v(ly. De'n khi Vu bo da't Quan Trung, nho v~ nuoc So, du6i Nghia de' di r6i tf:( l(lp lam vua, trdch oan cdc vue1ng hdu phdn b<}i mznh, (thz th(lt la) kh6 qua v(ly. Tr! khoe cong lao, khoe khoang tai tri rieng mznh ma khong noi thea nguC!i xua, cho rling Vl Sf:{ nghifp ba VLtCing ma muo'n dung VU lf:{C danh dfp (di) thong trj thien hr;~, chl trong nam nam cuo'i cung ma't nuoc, than che't iJ Dong Thanh, con khong gidc ng9 ma chdng tf:( trach, th(lt la ldm lJi VQy. L{J.i COn Vifn le "triJi di~t ta, chrlng phai tQi cua ta V~ VifC dung binh ", ha chdng sai ldm u!. TVC. djch
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TOAN THV Tl,t HQC CHOHAN
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(Slt kj: H6a th{tc li~t truy~n) Tac gia-tac philm
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Tu Mii Thien PHIEMAM
H6a thtfc
li~t truy~n tt;i
Thu'ong lfrm thl)'c· nhi tri le tie't, y thl)'c tuc nhi tri vinh nht,Ic. Le sinh u huu nhi phe' u v6. C6 quan tU' phu, hao hanh ky due; ti~u nhan phu, d1 thich ky h;tc. Uyen tham nhi ngu sinh chi, son tham nhi thu vang chi, nhan phu nhi nhan nghia pht,I yen. Phu gia d~c the' ich chuang, tha't the' t~c khach v6 sa chi, di nhi ba't l<,tc. Di Dich ich th~m. Ng<,tn vie't: "Thien kim chi tU', ba't tU' u thi ". ThU'
TUNGO .Thztdng ldm ~ ~: kho th6c, vl)'a lua .L~ tilt t~ ~IJ: le d(},le phep .Vinh nh{tc ~ey: vinh va nht,Ic eHilu ~:giau c6 .vo ~: bftn cung, ngheo kh6 .Thich ii: theo .Ph{l ~H: pht,I them, them vao eTht ~ :dung nhu ~ eDi Djch ~ jjc: chi cac dan t()c thi~u s6 a Trung Qu6c thai xua eNg{ln ~: ng<,tn ngu, tt,Ic ngu . Thien kim chi ti't, bi{t ti't zt thi -=f ~ Z -=f • ~~ dua con
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442
phu ~ :K : ngttoi blnh dan .Bien hQ chi dlin ~ p dan dt1QC ghi vao hQ tich.
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CD PJ rm (di nhi): the' r6i, r6i sau (dung nhtt B rffi) : t), ffi] /f ~ (D"i nhi bat l~c ). ® f6j ~ (thu'Q'ng do): con, rna con (ph6 tu). rm ?5l (nhi huo'ng): huang chi, huang gl (lien til). f6j ~ .•. [ffi ?Jl "Thtt<;Jng do ... nhi huang, la m()t each thuc co dinh quen dung.
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TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHU HAN
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Kieu tu'ong dong ti D[CHNGHlA
Bai t{ta H6a th{tc li?t truy?n Kho [u(Jflg ddy r6i moi hilt ll tilt, cCfm do du r6i moi hilt vinh nhf:tc. Ll sinh (J ch6 giau du ma hi ho (J nCJi ngheo kh6. Cho nen nguai qwin til ma giau thi thi hanh du(Jc due minh; ke tiiu nhan ma giau thi dung sue minh vao nhrlng ch6 thich h(Jp. V?£c c6 sau thi cci moi sinh ra (J d6, nui c6 thdm thi loai thu moi lui toi (J d6, nguai ta c6 giau thi nhan nghla moi phf:t h9a them vao. Nguai giau ma ddc the' thi cang hiln hcich, tha't the' tht khcich khong con ch6 dl di (dl dung than), the' r6i khong vui nrla. Tlnh cdnh d6, a nhrlng noi Di, Djch lr;ti cang ghe gom h(Jfl. Ngr;tn ngrl c6 cau: "Dua con nghin vang, khong chet a ch(J".D6 chdng phdi La lai n6i suong v(ly. Cho nen hdo rdng: "Thien hr;t &m l diu Vl l(Ji ma lr;ti; thien hr;t ro'i ren diu vil(Ji ma di". Kia vua chua m9t nuoc c6 ngan c6 xe, chu hdu c6 ap vr;tn ngoi nha, quan dr;ti phu c6 tram nha con lo ngheo, huang gi hr;tng tha't phu dan dii!. TVC. djch
THUYE T UYE N ~ 7B
Kieu phung cttu, cttu vie't: "Tll' tttong an chi?". Kieu vie't: "Nga tttong dong ti". Cttu vie't: "Ha co?". Kieu vie't: "Huang nhan giai o nga minh, d1 co dong ti". Cttu vie't: "Tll' nang canh minh kha h1; bat nang canh minh, dong ti do o tll' chi thanh ". (Thuyet uyin: Dam tilng)
Luu H uong Ttic gid-ttic pha·m Bai tren day duc;Jc trfch trong thien '£)am tung· sach Thuyet uydn. sach nay gam 12 thien do Luu Huang (79-8 truoc CN) dai Toy Han soc;m, chuyen suu t(lp nhQng mau chuy$n ho(lc giai thoqi l!ch SU, dong thai cling c6 xen lan voi ngh! lu(ln, neu r6 cac le hung vong cua qu6c gia va slj thanh bQi CUO chfnh trj, tai li$U tham khao rat r(>ng, van
444
TRAN VAN CHANH
445
TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHO' HAN
chllcmg dieu luy$n.
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TU NGO
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PHIENAM
Khiic chu diu kie'm Sd nhan huu thi~p giang giii. Ky kiem tt,I' chu trung trt,~y u' thuy. Ct,I' khac ky chu viet: "Th! ng6 kiem chi sd tong trt,~y". Chu chi, tong ky sa khac gia, nh~p thuy du chi. Chu di hanh hi, nhi kiem bat hanh, du kiem nhu'QC thli', bat di~C hOZtC h6?" (Lii thi Xuiin thu)
Tac giii-tac phii?m Sach La thj Xuan thu
D!CHNGHiA
con gQi Ia La Jam do Ld Bat Vi (290 ?- 235
trllck CN) t(lp h<;lp cac m6n khach cua mlnh soqn ra vao khoang cuoi
Chim czl djnh diJi sang dong
thC:Ii Chien quoc, gom gop IC:Ii n6i cua trdm nha. Toan sach chia thanh
Chim cu gijp chim cuu, chim cuu hoi: "Anh djnh di dau?". Chim cu n6i: "Toi djnh doi sang phia dong". Chim cuu hoi: "Vz sao the'?". Chim cu n6i: "Nguifi trong lang dJu ghet tie'ng keu cua toi, vi the' toi doi sang phia dong". Chim cuu n6i: "Anh phdi thay dJi dLtQ'C tie'ng keu m(Ji nen, ne'u khong thay dJi dLtQ'C tie'ng keu th£ doi sang dong nguifi ta vdn ghet tie'ng keu cua anh ". TVC. djch
mllC:Ii hoi ky, tam ldm, sou lu(ln (th(lp nhj ky, bat ldm, lvc lu(ln), tong
LA THf XUAN THU g ~ ~ fj(
c(>ng 26 quyen, n(>i dung lay Nho, 8qo lam chinh, dong thC:Ii cOng tham bac nhieu hQC phai khdc, trCI thOnh toe pham tieu bieu cua ph6i Tqp gia, cung cap vo khi tll tllCing cho vi$c thong nhat thien hQ va trj ly qu6c gia cua nha Tan.
TUNGO
.Khiic tU : khac (c6 ban viet la khe' ~ cling c6 nghla tttong tt,I') eThi~p y:JP- : qua, l<)i song eTrZJY ~ : roi xuong eC{t • :li~n, v<)i (ph6 tu) .Hoijc ~ : lfim Ian.
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TOAN THll Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN
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PHIENAM
(Chau dT h~mh hf). 2 X* , h t h' "'I" ~J~··· r'1"7. (bA't a d'A I~c ... h~?) o. : c h ang cung ... \1 ?. : cac uc co..' d!nh bi€u th! phan va'n: ~ # ~ .If ? (Ba't di~c ho~c hb ?).
An Til' chi, sa vu'dng tu An Til' tli'u, tli'u ham, lt;ti nht phUQC nha't nhan ngh~ vuong. Vuong viet: "Phu<;jc gia ht;tt vi gia da ?". Doi viet: "T~ nhan da' tQa dc~lO ". v u'dng th! An Til' viet: "T~ nhan co thi~n dt;to h6?". An Til' ti tich doi viet: "Anh van chi, qua't sinh Hoai nam tac vi qua't, sinh u Hoai bac tac vi chi; di~p d6 tuong tlf, ky thtfc vt ba't d6ng. sa dT nhien gia ha? Thuy th6 di da. Kim dan sinh truang u T~ ba't dt;to, nh?p sa tac dt;to, dac vo sa chi thuy th6 sli' dan thi~n dt;to da ?". Vuong tieu viet: "Thanh nhan phi sa du hi da, qua nhan phan thu b~nh yen".
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D!CHNGHiA Khiic thuyin tim glidm Nuac SiJ c6 nguai di qua song. Cay gu(Jm cua anh ta tit tren thuyin rC!i xuo'ng nuac. Anh ta VQi khdc vao thuyin va n6i: "Day La ne!i gu(Jm cua ta re!i xu6ng". Thuyin ditng, anh ta mai theo ch6 minh da khdc nhdy vao nuac tim gu(Jm. Thuyin da di r6i, ma gu(Jm kh6ng di, tim gu(Jm nhu the', chdng cilng La Ldm Ldn Ldm u ?. TVC. djch
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mtac TJ khong an trqm, vao iJ nuac SiJ tht an trqm1 chcing phdi La thuy th6 (phong tt:tc) cua nuac SiJ Lam cho nguoi dan trit thanh gioi an tr9m u?". Vua (nghe xong) cuoi n6i: "Thanh nhan chd.ng phdi La nguoi ma mtnh c6 thi dua giiin dut;c, qua nhan lgi t¥ chuo'c Ldy nht:tc nha trong vi?c nay rbi ". TVC. djch
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An Til di su sang nzldc S(J An Ti'l de'n ncli, vua nuac SiJ ban rut;u cho An Ti'l; rut;u dang vui chen, c6 hai vien quan tr6i m9t nguoi tai truac mijt vua. Vua nuac SiJ hoi: "Nguoi bj tr6i nay Lam Vl the'?". (Vien quan) thua ding: "Day La nguoi nuac TJ, phg_m t9i an tr9m ". Vua nhin An Ti'l n6i: "Nguoi nuac TJ vo'n gioi an trqm phdi khong?". An Ti'l roi khoi chie'u thua: "Anh nay nghe n6i, quit sinh iJ phia nam song Hoai thi La quit, sinh iJ phia bdc song Hoai tht La chanh gai, lei chl hoi gio'ng nhau, nhung qua cua chung c6 vj khdc nhau. SiJ df nhu v(ly La vi sao? La do thuy th6 khdc nhau. Nay nguoi dan sinh truiJng iJ
Ba't tu'ong Canh c6ng xua't li~p, thu'ong son kie'n h6, ha tr<;tch kie'n xa. Quy, tri~u An til' nhi va'n chi vie't: "Kim nh~t qua nhan xua't li~p, thuong son t~c kie'n h6, ha tr<;tch t~c kie'n xa, dai sa vi ba't tuong da ". An til' d6i vie't: "Qu6c huu tam ba't tu'ong, thi ba't dt! yen. Phu huu hi~n nhi ba't tri, nha't ba't tuong; tri nhi ba't dl,lng, nh! ba't tu'ong; dt,mg nhi ba't nhi~m, tam ba't tu'ong da. sa vi ba't tu'ong, nai nhu'Qc thll' gia. Kim thuong son kie'n h6, h6 chi tha't da; ha tr<;tch kie'n xa, xa chi huy~t da. Nhu h6 chi tha't, nhu xa chi huy~t,
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An Til trd Loi rdng: "Nuoc nha c6 ha di~u ch!lng Lanh, nhung nhiing di~u iiy khong dlf vao day. C6 nguoi hi~n ma khong hilt, La mi)t di~u ch/lng Lanh; hilt ma khong dung La hai ddu ch!lng Lanh; dung ma khong tin nhi?m La ha di~u ch!lng Lanh. Cdi g9i La ch!lng Lanh, chinh fa nhilng ddu nhu the' diiy". Nay Len nui gi;ip hB, d6 La ch6 cua ho?; xuo'ng chdm gi;ip rdn, d6 La hang cua rdn. Den ch6 o cua h6, de'n hang cua rdn, sao La di~m ch!lng Lanh!" TVC. djch
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Diim chdng limh Vua Cdnh cong di san, Len nui gi;ip ho?, xuong chdm gi;ip rdn. Vua tro v~, cho gQi An Til den hoi rdng: "Hom nay ta di san, Len nui gijp ho?, xuong chdm gi;ip rdn, e d6 La di~m ch!lng Lanh chang!".
Tai ong tha't rna C~n tai th11<;1ng chi nhan, huu thi~n thu~t gia, rna v6 co vong nhi nh~p h6. Nhan giai dieu chi. Ky phl;l viet: "Thll' ha Ctf bat vi phuc h6?". Cu s6 nguy~t, ky rna tu'ong h6 tuan rna nhi quy. Nhan
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giai h<:t chi. Ky phi.J viet: "Thll' ha elf bat nang vi hQa h6?". Gia phu h.iong rna, ky til' hieu ky, dQa nhi chiet ky be. Nhan giai di'eu chi, ky phi.J viet: "Thll' ha elf bat vi phuc h6?". Cu nhat nien, H6 nhan d<:ti nh~p t
NGO PHAP CD fPJ ~ (ha ct~): le nao l;;ti, ha l;;ti, sao l;;ti (ph6 tu, dung d~ hoi nguyen nhan ho~c bi~u thi phan van ): lltiPJ~::f~t~f? ( Thll' hit qtbat vi phuc h6? ). ® (d:;.i): ph6 tu lam tr;;tng ngu, bi~u thi muc d() ldn m;;tnh ho~c rat nhi~u: ~A*A~ (H6 nhan dtJi nh~p tai). ® %~ (ttl' gia th~p cli'u): :tLla m()t trong nhung each bi~u thi phan so, nghia la "chin phgn mu'oi".
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PHIEMAM Ti~n xua't su' bi~u
Thftn Lu<;5ng ng6n: Tien de sang nghi~p vi ban nhi trung d<:tO bang t6, kim thien h<:t tam phan, lch Chau bl t~, thll' th~tnh nguy dip t6n vong chi thu da. Nhien thi v~ chi thftn ba't giai u n()i, trung chi chi si vong than u ngo<:ti gia, cai truy Tien de chi thu ngQ, dl,lC bao chi u b~ h<:t da. Thanh nghi khai truong thanh thinh, di quang Tien de di due, kh6i hoang chi si chi khi, ba't nghi vQng tv phi b<:tc, d~n d1,1 tha't nghia, di tac trung gian chi 19 da. Cung trung phu trung cau vi nha't thti, trac ph<:tt tang bi, ba't nghi di d6ng. Nhu<;5c huu tac gian ph<:tm khoa, c~p vi trung thi~n gia, nghi ph6 huu ti lu~n ky hlnh thudng, di chieu b~ h<:t blnh minh chi tri; ba't nghi thien tu, sll' n()i ngo<:ti di pha p da. Thi trung, thi lang Quach Du Chi, Phi Y, D6ng Doan d~ng, thll' giai luang thlfc, chi h;r trung thuftn, thi di Tien de giari b<:tt di di b~ h<:t. Ngu di vi cung trung chi slf, slf v6 d<:ti titiu, ta't di tu chi, nhien h~u thi hanh, ta't nang bl b6 khuyet l~u, huu sd quang ich. Tuong quan Huang Sung tinh h<:tnh th1,1c quan, hitiu suong quan slf, thi d!J.ng u tich nh~t, Tien de xung chi viet nang, thi di chung nghi ell' Sung di vi doc. Ngu di vi doanh trung chi slf, slf v6 d<:ti titiu, ta't di tu chi, ta't nang sll' hang tr~n hoa mi.Jc, uu li~t dac sd da. Than hi~n thftn, vi~n titiu nhan, thll' Tien Han sd di hung long da; than titiu nhan, vi~n hi~n thftn, thll' H~u Han sd di khuynh d6i da. Tien de t<:ti thai, moi du thftn lu~n thll' Slf, vi thuong ba't than tile thong h~n u Hoan, Linh da. Thi trung, thu<;5ng thu, trudng sll', tham quan, thll' ta't trinh lu<;5ng ttl' tiet chi thftn da, nguy~n b~ h<:t
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than chi, tin chi, tac Han tha't chi long, kha ke nh~t nhi dai da. Thftn ban boy, cung canh u Nam Duong, cifu toan tinh m~nh ulo<:tn the, ba't" du van d<:tt u chu hftu. Tien de ba't di thftn ti bi, 6i tlf u6ng khuat, tam co thftn u thao lu chi trung, tu thftn di duong the chi slf. Do thi cam kich, to<:ti hila Tien de di khu trl. H~u tri khuynh phuc, th1,1 nhi~m u b<:ti quan chi te, ph1,1ng m~nh u nguy n<:tn chi gian, nhi lai nhi th~p hlfu nha't nien hi Tien de tri thftn cifn th~n, co lam bang ky thftn di d<:ti slf da. Th1,1 m~nh dilai, tuc d<:t uu than, khung thac ph6 ba't hi~u, di thuong Tien de chi minh, co ngu nguy~t d() L6, tham nh~p ba't mao. Kim nam phuong di dinh, binh giap di tuc, duong tudng sua't tam quan, bac dinh trung nguyen, thu ki~t n6 d()n, nhuong tril gian hung, hung ph1,1c Han tha't, hoan u cvu d6. Thll' thftn chi sd di bao Tien de nhi trung b~ h<:t chi chile ph~n da. Chi u cham chuoc t6n ich, tien t~n trung ng6n, tac Du Chi, Y, Doan chi nhi~m da. Nguy~n b~ h<:t thac thftn di thao t?c hung ph1,1c chi hi~u, ba't hi~u tac tri thftn chi t()i, di cao tien de chi linh. Nhu<;5c v6 hung due chi ng6n, tac tnich Du Chi, Y, Doan chi cii'u, di chuang ky m<:tn. B~ h<:t di~c nghi tlf mu'u, di tu tu'u thi~n d<:to, sat n<:tp nha ng6n, tham truy Tien dedi chieu, thftn ba't thang th1,1 an cam kich! Kim duong vi~n ly, lam bitiu the kha'p, bat tri sd van.
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Tac giii-tac phrlm Gia Cat Luc;ng (181-234) tLJ Ia Khong Minh. lam quem su cho Luu B\. gil] chuc thua tudng. 6ng gioi cove binh phap lan ngoqi giao. thu¢t tr\ nude. dci song thanh bqch. it viet van lam thd. Bai tren doy Ia mot bai tieu bieu do Gia Cat Luc;ng viet dong len vua nom 227 (nien hi$u Kien Hung thu 5 dci Thi.,Jc Han) trudc khi ra quon danh Ngi.,JY (gom 2 bai trudc va sou; doy Ia bai trudc). duo ra nhung lei khuyen giai chon thanh thom thiet ve chinh sl) d6i vdi vua nude Thl.,lc dudng thci Ia H¢u chu Luu Thien (con Luu B\) trong tinh the nguy nan cua dot nude.
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tlf coi re mlnh • Dan d{t thiit nghia iJ IDffiJ ~ ~: n6i nang khong thich dang .Trilc phg,t tang bi ~& i1J !mX, :;:§: thudng cong ph<;1t t<)i, lu~n vi~c phai tra i eTac gian pht;zm klwa {''!= $£ ~~ f~: lam nhung vi~c gian ta va vi ph<;1m lu~t l~nh ($_£cling vie't la ~f) eHiiu ty *=f P]: quan vien thu<)c m<)t co quan eGidn bt;zt fiJHft: tuy~n llfa, chQn llfa d~ b<;1t eTtt ;:~: hoi y kie'n eKhuyet lqu ~~ 1ffi : l~m loi thie'u s6t (~~ dung nhu ]!;*) eTh{tC quiin mR t~: on hoa va luang thi~n eHimg trqn fj ~.f: d<)i ngil, hang tr~n, quan d<)i eHoa m{tc 5fD f:&: hoa thu~n, doan ke't Cf:& cling vie't la H~U .Hoim LinhfB 11. : Hoan de' (147167) va Linh de' (168-189) la hai vua g~n cuoi doi H~u Han eBo' y 1!J :t\: ao vai, chi nguoi blnh dan eTi hi~~: xuat than hen mQn eOi 1~: xem Ngil phdp d dudi eK/m tri ~~~~ili: giong ru6i, chc;ty V(;lY lo toan eKhuynh plui.c ftJ[fl: nghieng d6, thua tr~n (chi vi~c Lu'u Bi bi Tao Thao danh b<;1i Duong Duong nam Kie'n An thu 13, tuc nam 208) eNhi lai 'm til ba'y de'n nay (tuc tu nam 207 khi Lu'u Bj "tam co thao lu" moi Gia Cat Luc;lng ra giup, de'n nam dang bai bi~u nay la nam 227) eLo yf!: song Lo, tuc song Kim Sa ngay nay, do<;1n tu Nghi Tan trd len, cho giap gidi giua Tu Xuyen va Van Nam eBiit mao /f :::§: cho dat khong mQc duc;lc CQng co eNo dQn~ ~:ch~m lt,~t, ngu kern, tai can tllm thuong ("no" la nglfa ch~m; "d<)n" la lt,~t, khong ben) .Gianlzung
a
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la Tao Phi eC{tu do fi tf~: kinh do cil; day chi kinh do L<;1c Duong cua nha Dong Han. Tao Thao thien do v~ Hua Xuong, Tao Phi xung de' v~n lay Hua Xuong lam kinh do eCilu ~: loi eMt;zn '1~: tho so .Ciutdng f;: hi~n r6 ra eTtt tztu ;:~ ~~: hoi, hoi han .Nhii ngon ft ~=~: lOi n6i ngay chinh, ngon lu~n chinh xac.
NGO PHAP
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D[CH NGHiA Bai biiu diing vua trzt{Jc khi xuiit quiin Thdn La Lu(fng thua: Tien eli difng nghi¢p chua du(fc m9t nrla thi giila duifng v9i biinf?. Nay thien hc;t chia ba, ich Chau nu3i m~t, qua La Luc nguy
460
TRAN VAN CHANH
cflp t6n vong vt;ly. Nhung cdc quan thj v¢ khong bie'ng nhdc a trong trdu ma cdc tL{(Jng sf trung thanh hy sinh a ngoai coi, la vi nha (fn tri ng(} d(ic bi¢t cua Tien de' ma muo'n d~n ddp vai b¢ hc;~ df[y. B¢ hc;~ dlt nen ma r(}ng cdi thinh van hdn minh di lam sang to due !On cua Tien de: ma r(}ng cdi khi khdi cua bt;lc chi sf, khong nen ldm ldn ma tl! coi re minh, nghe thea lCii thiin ct;ln, lam mflt dc;~i nghfa, di la]J conduCing tt;ln trung can gidn . Trang cung trong phu d~u diii nhu nhau, thuang thi¢n, phc;~t de, khong nen ba't cong. Ne'u c6 ke gian ta trdi phep ho(ic nguCii trung thanh hi~n due thi nen giao cho quan lc;~i xet each phc;~t hay thuang dl lam to cdi chinh tri cong b!lng sang suo't cua b¢ hc;~; chu khong nen tu vj, lam cho trong ngoai phdp lut;lt khdc nhau. Cdc quan thj trung Quach Du Chi, Phi Y va quan thj lang D6?ng Doiin d~u la nhilng nguCii hdn lu®g thanh thl!c, chi huang va tu ll! d~u trung chinh va thudn ht;Ju, cho nen Tien de' d(ic bi¢t
Gia Cat Lur;ng tuyln bc;~t len dllc;~i cho b¢ hc;~. Ngu y cho r!lng nhilng vi¢c trong cung, ba't kY la ldn nho, d~u nen hoi y nhilng ong d6 r6i sau mai thi hanh thi c6 thl b6i bo?dur;c chJ thie'u sot ma thu dur;c ich lr;i ldn. Quan tuang quan Huang Sung tinh hc;~nh lu®g thi¢n ma binh
TOAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
461
tfnh, hiiu tha'u vi¢c quan, h6i mai dur;c dung thrl truac kia, Tien de' khen la c6 tai can, cho nen ai cung d~ crl ong ay len lam do do'c. Ngu y cho r!lng nhilng vi¢c trong doanh, bat kj; la lan nho d~u hoi y kie'n ong ay thi c6 thl khie'n cho hang ngu an 6n, nguCii gioi ke do d~u dur;c chJ thich nghi. Than vai hi~n thdn, xa ldnh ke tiiu nhan, d6 la le sa df dCii Tien Han hung thjnh; than vai ke tiiu nhan, xa ldnh cdc hiJn thdn, d6 La le sa dl dCii Ht;lu Han khuynh bc;~i. Tien de' h6i con tc;~i ngoi, mJi khi cung vai thdn b(m v~ vi¢c d6, khong ldn nao kh6ng than tho tho'ng ht;ln cho Hoan de', Linh de'. Cdc quan thi trung, thur;ng thu, tham quan d~u la nhilng b~ toi liem khie't, thanh cao, c6 thl til tilt dur;c, b¢ hc;~ than tin nhilng ong d6 thi sl! hung thjnh cua nha Han c6 thi tinh ngay ma dr;i dur;c. Thdn vo'n La ke do vdi, cay ru(}ng a Nam Du®g, chl mong ca'u thd bdo toan tinh mc;~ng a thCii loc;~n, khong cdu dur;c hiin danh a chu hdu. Tien de' khong cho thdn La hen mc;m, ma tl! khuat than ba ldn lc;~i kie'm thdn a cho'n thdo lu, ban lut;ln vai thdn vJ vi¢c du®g thCii; do d6 thdn cam kich ma nguy¢n cung giong ru6i vai Tien de'. Sau g(ip luc nghieng ngd, thdn nht;ln chuc trong luc bc;~i trt;ln, ph[fng mc;~ng trong luc nguy ngt;Jp, tu d6 tai nay dii hai muui mo't nam. Tien de' bie't thdn ca'n tht;ln, nen luc Lam chung, uy thdc dc;~i sl! cho thdn. Tu khi th[f mc;~ng de'n nay, ngay dem lo ldng, chl sr; khong lam trr;n dur;c vi¢c uy thdc ma hc;~i de'n due sang suot cua Tien de'. Cho nen thdng nam qua song Lo, vao sau mdn hoang dii tru trr;i. Nay phu®g Nam dii yen, binh gidp dii du, b¢ hc;~ nen khuye'n khich thdn do'c xuat tam quan, tie'n len phu®g Bdc ma binh djnh trung nguyen, may ra tt;ln d[fng cdi tai hen cua thdn ma tru du6i dur;c br;n gian de, phifc hung dur;c nha Han, tra v~ dur;c kinh do cu. Nhu vt;ly La thdn bdo ddp dur;c ® Tien de' ma trung thanh vai chuc pht;ln b¢ hc;~ giao ph6. Con nhilng vi¢c cham chu(Jc, tang gidm, dang nhilng !Cii tt;ln trung thi d6 Ia nhi¢m Vlf cua cdc
462
TRAN VAN CHANH
6ng Du Chi, Y, Dolin. Chl xin bf h9 ph6 thac cho th&n vifc dfp gi(ic ma phZ:tc hung Han th{lt, ne'u kh6ng c6 ke't qud thl xin tri t<)i thdn di cao voi huong h6n Tien di Con nhu ne'u kh6ng c6 nhilng lai ai chan hung d9o dtic, thl xin bf h9 trach lbi Du Chi, Y, Dolin di lam ro Sf! bieng nhac cua hQ. Bf h(l cCing nen tf! muu tfnh, hoi han d9o phdi, xet n(lp lai ngay, thlim ni¢m di chie'u cua Tien de: duf!c v(iy thl th&n cdm kfch on cua b¢ h(l kh6ng bie't baa nhieu! Sdp toi luc xa each, thdn thdo ta biiu nay ma nuoc mdt ddm d~, kh6ng bitt dli n6i nhitng gl nila. NGUYEN HIEN LE djch D(H TAN~ {i:
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Quy khu lai tit Quy khu lai h~, di~n vien tuong vu, h6 ba't quy? Ky tV dT tam vi h'inh dich, h~ tru truong nhi d(>c bi? Ng(> d1 vang chi ba't gian, tri lai gia chi kha truy; thlfc me d6 ky vi vi~n, giac kim thi nhi t~c phi. Chu dao dao d1 khinh duong, phong phieu phieu nhi xuy y. Va'n chinh phu dT ti~n 1(>, h?n th~n quang chi hi vi. Nai chiem h~mh vu, tai han tai bon. D6ng b(>c hoan nghenh, tr1 ttl' h?u mon. Tam kinh ttfu hoang, tung cue do t6n. Hu~ a'u nh?p tha't, huu tU'u doanh ton. D~n h6 truang d1 tlf chuoc, mi<$n dlnh kha d1 di nhan; y nam song dT ky ng<;to, thfim dung ta't chi dian. Vien nh?t thi<$p d1 th~mh thu, mon tuy thie't nhi thuang quan. Sach phu lao di luu khe', thai ki~u thu nhi du quan. Van vo tam dT xua't t1,1, di~u quy<$n phi nhi tri ho~m. Canh e' e' dT tttong nh?p, phu co tung nhi ban hoan. Quy khu lai h~, thinh tuc giao d1 tuy<$t du; the' du nga nhi tuong di, ph1,1c gia ngon h~ yen du? Duy<$t than thich chi t'inh tho<;ti, l<;tc dm thu d1 tieu uu. Nong nhan cao du d1 xuan c~p, tuong huu slf u tay tru. Ho~c m<$nh can xa, ho~c trao co chu, ky y~u di<$u dT t~m hac, di<$c khi khu nhi kinh khau. M(>c han han dT huang vinh, tuy~n quyen quyen nhi thuy luu . Ti<$n v<;tn v?t chi dac thai, dm ngo sinh chi h~mh huu! DT hi h6! Ng1,1 hlnh vu n(>i phl,IC ky thai, h<;tt ba't uy tam nhi<$m khu luu? H6 vi h6 hoang hoang, d1,1c ha chi? Phu quy phi ngo nguy<$n, de' huang ba't kha ky. Hoai luang th~n d1 co vang, ho~c thtfc tru<;fng nhi van ty, dang dong cao dT thu khie'u, lam thanh luu nhi phil thi. Lieu thua
464
TRAN VAN CHANH
h6a di quy t~n, l~c phu thien m~nh phl,lc h~ nghi?
DAO TIEM
465
roAN THU Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN
.Ban hoan ~ ;f.Ef: b6i h6i, quyen luyen eGiti ngon ~ ~: "gia" la thang xe (vao ngl,1'a), "ng6n" , xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi; "gia ng6n" la thftng xe ra d~o chdi eHilu s{l tl tay trz't ~ ~ 11~ ]Z§" ffil: "sl.f" chi vi~c canh tac, "tru" la ru()ng .Can xa rtJ xe c6 giang man ( gi6ng nhu xe c6 mui sau n~y) .Yiu difu rJ] ~ : sau xa .Hac ~: khe nude h~p duoi chan nui eKhi khu W~IIJ~: g6 gh~, g~p gh~nh .Han han di lut{Jng vinh 10\Ri\U [Q]*: phoi phoi vuon len .Quy~n quyen 1~ 1~ : dong nude nho eHimh htllt ff1*: lam va nghi ( chiluc lam quan khi truoc va luc C5 fin bay gia ) eNg{t hinh vii nQi ~Tfj¥1*J:gC5i hlnh trong vu trl,l, s6ng trong trai cla't tam ~ {,': long tu bo het danh l<;1i .Nhifm klullttu {3:: 1i, ?fit : tuy ti~n (den clau cling clu
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Ttic gia-ttic philm Doo Tiem ( 365-427 ) tl,lla Uyen Minh, hi$u Ia NgO Lieu tien sinh, g(lp thai IOQn IQC md bat ll,/C trllOC thai CUQC, 6ng t(J quan ve ru(>ng d an. Khi lam chuc Huy$n l$nh CJ Banh Trqch, tUng n6i cau :' Tqi sao to vi nom dau gqo ma chiu khom lung cui dau· . Dao Tiem Ia toe gia dau tien ma cOng Ia ngllai dQi bieu cho loqi von thCI dien vien cua Trung Quae thai Dong Tan, voi lai le binh dj, tl,l nhien ma y ta rat thdm tram, sou sac. Bai 'Quy khu lai tu' tren day gan giong nhll bdi thCI trQ tinh, Ia m(>t trong nhQng bai t(J noi tieng nhat cua 6ng to canh song thanh ban gian dj VO nhQng niem VUi dQm bQC d n6ng th6n khi toe gia moi Ve quy an luc 41 tuoi.
TUNGO .Lai *: xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi .Tit;$: bai tu (m()t lo~i van th€ clung giG'a tho va phu, c6 th€ ca len clu<;1c) eH6 i!V§ va H~ ~: xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi eTrt't trzt(Jng 1mJt&: s~u nao, bu6n ba eGitin ~*: d.i sll'a l~i cho t6t eDtldng ~ : t6c len, l~t len, bay eli (vl gi6) (dung nhu eChinh phu iiE ~ : nguai eli cluang eHi vi • fj&: rna sang eHimh vii fir ¥: "hanh" la cll'a, "vu" la nha; la'y cay chAn ngang lam cll'a gQi la "hanh m6n", y n6i don so eTtii !Itt : xem Ngil phdp C5 duoi .Tam kinh -=-1~ :chi nhG'ng 16i eli nho trong vuan quanh nha .Ton ft: chen u6ng ru
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la "th6i": &~1i.*/5(Quy khu lai h~). @ tJ1 (h6): sao (ph6 tu nghi va'n): i!V§ /f &~ ? (HiJ ba't quy?). @ ~ (h~): a) Sao, sao l~i (ph6 tu bitiu thi nghi va'n ho~c phan
466
TRAN VAN CHANH
van ): ~ 11WJ '/:~ ffi] 1® ~J (H~ tru tntong nhi d<)c bi ?). b) Gl, nao (d~i tu nghi van): 1~ ~ ~ ? (Phl;lC nghi?).
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Bai tit "Vi di thoi" Vi di thai hi, ru9ng vuan sdp hoang vu, sao khong vi? EJii tf! dem long cho hinh sai khie'n, sao con m9t minh bu6n bii, dau thuong? Hiiu dt viing khong can n6,i, biit tuong lai co thi thea. Chua thf!c di xa tren duang me; thay hom nay phai con hom qua trdi. Thuyin phoi phoi nhf dua, gio hiu hiu th6i do. Hoi khdch chinh phu vi con duang phia truoc; gi(jn dnh sang ban mai con ma nhc;zt. R6i trong thay nha, vui tuoi, rang ru6i. Tiiu d6ng ra chao mung, tre nho dt;i ngoai c6ng. Ra lo'i nho den vuan hoang, hang tung, cue hiiy con day. Ddt con vao nha, co rut;u ddy ly. Cdm n(jm, hoi tf! chuo'c; ngdm cay san, mijt vui. Dr!a ella s6 nam, long phong khodng; thay noi ch(jt hfp, dl an nhan. Ngay ngay dc;zo qua vuan r6i thanh thu; ella tuy co di;it nhung thuang dong. Chong cay g(jy, tho thiln nghl ngoi; thuang nga?ng ddu, tr6ng ra phia xa. May v6 tam bay ra hang nui; chim bay moi, bie't quay tro vi. Canh mama sdp vao trong bong dem. VJ cay tung le loi, long b6i h6i. vi di thai hi, hiiy doc;zn tuyft giao du. f)(Ji dii cung ta lla bo nhau, con dung fiJi suong hi cdu chi nita? Ua lai noi chlia chan tlnh cam cua nguai than thich; vui voi cay dan, cu6n sdch di khuay lo. Nha nang baa ta mua xuan cte'n, sdp co VlfC lam tc;zi
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
467
cdnh d6ng tay. Hoi;ic di chile xe giang man, hoi;ic cheo con thuyin le loi. f)(i len loi t!m khe su(/i, lt;zi g(jp ghinh di qua go. Cay hon ho huang din mau tuoi; suo'i em dim bdt ddu troi chay. Ngt;i khen cho muon v(jt ddc thai; cam khdi dai ta xua lam nay nghl. Thai hit r6i! Glli hinh trong vu tr¥- dut;c baa lau? Sao khong thd long mijc y o di? Tc;zi sao con thdc mdc, muon di dau? Giau sang chllng phai diiu ta nguyfn; chon de' huang kh6ng thi uoc ao. Nghi bu6i sang dfp trai, mQt minh dc;zo choi, hay dung g(jy lam co, vun mc;z. Len biii dong, ngam nga thu suong; den dong suo'i trong, lam bai tho. Hiiy thu(jn thea Sf! bien hoa cua am duong ma vi cho'n t(jn cung. Vui mf nh trai, con nghi ngiJ chi? TRAN TRQNG SAN dfch D[CHTHO Di vi, sao chllng vi di? Ru9ng hoang vuan r(jm, con chi khong vi? Dem tam di hinh hai sai khie'n, Con ng(jm ngui than viin voi ai? An m'in thi sf! dii r6i, Tit day nghilc;zi bie't thai moi La. Lo'i di lc;zc chlla xa La ma}', Nay khan r6i chllng dc;zi nhu xua. Con thuyin thu(jn neo gio dua, Gio hay hily do, thuyin lo lllng cheo. Hoi hanh khdch Lo'i nao di toi, Bong m(jp ma trai moi rc;zng dong. Miin que neo buoc xa trong, Chan ham ha buoc, duang mong toi nha. Chc;zy don chu nam ba ddy to, Dang cha 6ng ma~v dlia tre con. Rdm ri ba khom con con,
468
TRAN VAN CHANH
Mliy cay tung cue hay con nhu xua. Tay ddt tre vao nha mi:tng ro, Rur;tu dau da sifn chua ddy vo. Thot;tt ng6i tay da nghieng h6, Cuoi nom san tru(Jc thap tho may canh. Ng6i gdu cr;tt mQt minh tru(Jc so?, Kheo cLing hay vita ch6 rung dui. Tham vuon dt;to thu hom mai, Cita du co, vdn then cai nhu khong. Cho'ng gg.y dt;to quanh vuon lt;ti nghl, Ngdm canh troi khi ghe trong len. May dun may dam tl;( nhien, Chim bay moi canh da quen lo'i v~. Bong chi~u nga bo'n b~ bat ngat, Quanh go'c tung, tl;(a mat thanh thO'i. Tit day v~ thl;(c v~ r6i, Thai xin tit tuy?t v6'i nguoi w'ing lai. Vita da v6'i doi chdng hi?p, Cdn chi ma giao thi?p v6'i ai? Chuy?n tro than thich may nguoi, Bt;tn cung dim sach khi vui do bu6n. Nguoi lam ru9ng on t6n noi chuy?n, T6'i xuan r6i sdp de'n vi?c ta. Hoij.c truy~n sdm sila can xa, Hoij.c khi dung dlnh thuy~n ra coi d6ng. Du6'i khe n9 nu6'c vong uon eo, Ben duong kia go keo gg.p gh~nh, Co cay mO'n mon mau xanh, Suo'i tuon roc rach ben gh~nh chay ra. Ngdm muon vg.t duO'ng mua tuO'i to't, Ngan chota thai trot gia r6i.
TOAN THLJ Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
469
Thai con may n6i o doi, Khu luu sao chdng phong hoai tl;( nhien? CCI chi nghl them phi~n ta'c dr;i, Di dau ma ta't ta VQi chi? Giau sang da chdng thie't gi, Cung tien chua dl hf!n gilen chai. Chi bdng luc chdu troi em a, Vi?c di~n vien va't va ma vui. Len cao hat m9t tie'ng dai, Xuong dong nu6'c chay ngam vai bon diu. Hinh thl nay mif.c ddu tt;to hoa, T6'i luc nao he't cd thi thai. Long ta pho v6'i m?nh troi, Dang ngo chi nila, cu vui ve hoai. TU LONG djch
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TU NGO .Bd Nlzqc 18 ~: Ton Duong, tlf Et Ba Nh(:lc, nguai nuoc Tfin thai Xuan thu, gioi xem tuong nglfa d€ biet nglfa hay nglfa dd .Thien ly mii -=f liL~: day chi con nglfa gioi di duQc ngfm d?m trong m<)t ngay nhung chua duQc nguai biet eBiin ti't ~ ~: cling chet chung .Tiw tf: mang dlfng thuc an cho nglfa •Ltch ff!: chu6ng nglfa .Thqch :£: don vi dong luang bang 100 thang thai xua (khoang 104 lit) .T~I mii giaft .~ 1§-: nguai nuoi nglfa(it dung nhu ~Pj nghia la nuoi) .Biio ~ : no .Tai my ::t ~: tai, sd truang eHi~n Je, :hi~n ra, to ra ,bi€u hi~n (dung nhu :fj[) eSdch : roi nglfa; day dung nhu d<)ng tu,"tien sach" la sai khien, di~u khi€n .Bat di ky dqo ;If 1-).;!t~: khong theo nguyen tiic, 1~ loi (cling c6 cho giai la: khong theo ban tinh cua n6) .Bat niing thong ky y ;If §g 3m ;!t ~: khong hi€u duQc y n6.
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The hliu Ba Nh<;lC, nhien h~u hliu thien ly rna. Thien ly rna thuang hliu, nhi Ba Nh?C ba-t thuang hliu. Co tuy hliu danh rna, chi nhl;IC u no 1~ nhan chi thu, bi~n tlr u tao 4ch chi gian, ba-t err thien ly xu'ng da. Ma chi thien ly gia, nha:t th\fc ho?c t~n tuc nhat th<;1ch. Tif rna gia bat tri ky nang thien ly nhi tlf da. Thi rna da, tuy huu thien ly chi nang, th\fc bat bao, life bat ttic, tai my ba-t ngo<;1i kien, tha dl;IC du thuang rna d~ng bat kha mic, an du ky nang thien ly da. Sach chi bat di ky d(:lO, tlf chi bat nang t~n ky tai, minh chi nhi bat nang thong ky y, chap sach nhi lam chi viet: "Thien h? vo rna". 6 ho! Ky chan vo rna da? Ky chan ba't tri rna da. HAN DU Tdc gia-tdc pha?m Han DO (786-824) con c6 tenIa Han Xlldng Le, Ia nha van, nha thd ion ddi 8Lldng, lam quan den chuc Binh b¢ thi lang. Bai tren day chinh Ia 'TQp thuyet thu tv· (TQp thuyet tv!) in trong cdc b¢ van quan chi, toe gia mllQn cdu chuy$n ngl)a thien ly kh6ng gqp dllQc 86 NhQc (nglldi nu6i ngl)a gioi) dE3 vi voi ke sT c6 tai chi nhllng kh6ng gqp thdi, am chi va chi trich chinh sdch re rung nhdn tai cua nha cam quyen
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TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHa HAN
T~c ng6 tu' dich chi bat h<;tnh, vi nhu'<;Jc ph1,1c ng6 phu, bat h<;tnh chi th~m da. Huang ng6 bat vi tu' dich, t~c ecru di b~nh hi. Tt! ng6 thi tam the' eli thi huang, tich u' kim l1,1c th~p tue' hi, nhi huang Ian chi sinh nh~t thich, dan ky dia chi xuat, ki~t ky lu' chi nh~p, hao h6 nhi chuy€n ty, co khat nhi don phau, xuc phong vii, ph<;tm h~m
Bfi xa gia thuye't VInh Chau chi da san di xa , h~ic chat b<;tch chuang, xuc thao m()c, t~n tit. DI khie't nhan, v6 ngtf chi gia. Nhien d~c nhi tich chi di vi nhi, kha di di d<;ti phong, loan uy€n , lau, 1~, khu ttl' co, sat tam trung. Ky thuy, thai y di vuong m~nh t1,1 chi, tue' phu ky nhi. MQ huu nang b6 chi gia, duong ky t6 nh~p, VInh chi nhan tranh bon t~u yen. Huu Tu&ng thi gia, chuyen ky l<;Ji, tam the' hi. Van chi, tat vie't: "Ng6 t6 ttl' u' thi, ng6 ph1,1 ttl' u' thi, kim ng6 tt! vi chi, th~p nhi nien, co tit gia s6 hi". Ng6n chi, m<;to nhu'<;Jc th~m thich gia. Du bi chi. Tha vie't: "Nhu'QC d()c chi h6 ? Du' tu'ong cao u' li St! gia, canh nhu'QC dich, phi,IC nhu'QC phu, rae ha nhu'? Tu&ng thi d<;ti thfch, u6ng nhien xuat the', vie't: "Quan tu'ong ai, nhi sinh chi h6.
thii', h6 khu' d()c 1~, vang vang nhi ttl' gia, tu'ong t<;t da ". Nang du ng6 t6 eli gia, kim ky that th~p v6 nhat yen; Du ng6 ph1,1 eli gia, th~p v6 nhi tam yen; du ng6 eli th~p nhi nien gia, kim ky that th~p v6 tli ngii yen. Phi ttl' t~c ty nhi, nhi ng6 di b6 xa d()c t6n. Han lai chi lai ng6 huang, khie'u hieu h6 dong tay, huy d()t h6 nam b~c. Hoa nhien nhi hai, tuy ke c~u bat d~c ninh yen.Ng6 tuan tuan nhi kh&i. Thi ky phuu, nhi ng6 xa thu'<;Jng t6n, t~c thi nhien nhi ngQa. C~n tt! nhi, thoi nhi hie'n yen. Thoai nhi cam thtfc ky th6 chi huu, di t~n ng6 xi. Cai nhat tue' nhi ph<;tm tu gia, nhi yen. Ky du' t~c hi hi nhi l<;tc. KhC5i nhu'<;Jc ng6 huang Ian chi dan dan huu thi tai! Kim tuy ttl' h6 thu, ti ng6 huang lan chi ttl', t~c ky h~u hi, htfu an cam d()c da!" Du' van nhi dG bi. Kh6ng Tu vie't: "Ha chinh manh 11 h6 da ". Ng6 thuong nghi h6 thi, kim di TuC5ng thi quan chi, do tin. 6 h6! Th1,1c tri phu li€m chi d()c huu th~m thi xa gia h6! Co vi chi thuye't, di si phu quan nhan phong gia d~c yen.
LIEU TON NGUYEN Tac gia-tac philm Lieu Ton Nguyen (773-819) tv Ia TU H¢u, nguai dot Ha Dong Cnen con gQi Ia Lieu Ha 86ng), cOng dllQc xep vao hang "bat dqi gia" ddi E>Lldng Tong, nhi$t tam vdi ddi, sCI trlldng ve the van ngL,J ng6n va du ky. Bai "Bo xci gia thuyet" tren doy dllQc 6ng viet vdi ham c6ng kich mqnh me vao dam tham quan 6 lqi dllc:ing thai vdi chinh sach thue kh6a b6c l¢t don ngheo tqn xllc:ing tuy , sora con d¢c hc:in nqc ran d¢c va con ' dQ hc:in cqp" nQa, nhll loi ket lu(ln mllQn C1 cou n6i
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NCO PHAP CD ~ ~ (u thD : stf do, vl do (g6m giai tli ~ va d<:J.i tu chi thi ~), each dung ttton·g ttf nhtt 3f Lit (h6 thll'), 3f ~ (h6 thD a do<:J,n g~n cuoi bai: -B-t.E1.7Eli~ ~(Ng6 t6 ttl' ll thj); ~ !Rln 3f llt (Kim tuy ttl' h6 thi't ); -B- ~ ~ 3f ~ (Ngo thttong nghi h6 thj). ® ~ (co'): xuyt (ph6 tu ): ~ 7E :t31)[ Cd ttl' gia s6 hi) . ® (chi): d<:J,i tu dung cho ngoi thu nhat, thay cho fit (nga)
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eThuyit gft: loi n6i; cung chi m<)t th~ van ttf stf kiem ca nghi lu?n eVinh Cluzu 1jd·l·l: ten dat, thu<)c tinh H6 Nam ngay nay eSan itf :sinh ra eChiit 1f: tinh chat ket cau cua m<)t v?t gl; day chi mlnh con ran eCiutdng ~: Van eKhiet a§ : can eTich ijt§l : hong kh6, phoi kh6 eNhi ef!:: vien thuoc eDi 8: ngan l<:J,i, ch?n dung, tri het eDqi phong -}( OO,:b~nh hui, b~nh cui eLoan uyin • Jfjg: tay chan co quap kh6ng duoi ra dt1<;5c eLiiu ~: sung c6 eLf ~: ghe d<)c eTam triing .=.. ~ : trung tam thi (d<:J,o gia chia ngttoi ra 3 ph~n d~ u, ngtfc va bt,mg gQi la "tam thi"; "tam trung" la 3 thu trung gay b~nh cho tam thi) eTiuii y :* ii: quan thai y coi vi~c tri b~nh trong cung vua ePhzi. M: tru'ng thu , g6p; con c6 nghia la "thue kh6a" eT{t lfflQj: thua ke, ke nghi~p eCd ~: xem Ng!l phdp a dttai eThich 1$\G: bu6n lo, thttong x6t eBi ~J;: thttong h<:J,i, thttong x6t eNhu(lc :ij: may, 6ng, anh ... (d<:J,i tu nhan xttng ng6i thu hai) eD{)c $ : oan ghet eLi slj gia %7_ ~ :t3: ngttoi coi v~ vi~c nay (day chi vien quan dia phttong) .Djch .f)t: pht;IC dich eUong nhien ?.f ~: ran rt;I a (nu'ac rna t) eHzt{/ng luc trttac, trttac day (cung viet la ~) eBfnh W9 : khon kh6 eXzi.c §.: cung khon eDim f!j! :het eDon phiizt ~_&~:g.: do m~t moi rna te nga ("don" la khon don, "phau" la te nga) eD{)c If $ ~: khi d<)c, chuang khi eTztdng tq if§ ff : hlnh dung ngttoi chet rat nhi~u ("t<:J." la ngang dQc xen nhau) eNiing ji: trttac day eHiin lqi 'I*~ : ke l<:J.i hung ac eKhiezt hieu alj. 5: ho het eHuy ~ : huy ho<:J,i, pha hong eHoa nhien ~ ~: 6n ao (cung viet Of~) .Hiii .w<: kinh SQ eTuiin tuiin 'li!J 'li!J: chu y c£n th?n, ron ren ePhdu ffi: cai YO bang sanh .Thl nhien §ill~: yen tam .Dan dan_§__§_: sam sam, ngay ngay eNhiin phong A 00,: dan phong, dan tlnh.
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LiJi ngudi biit riin Cdnh d6ng Vfnh Chau c6 sinh ra m9t tha rdn lq, minh den vlin trdng, df:tng vao cay co tht cay co che't he't; cdn de'n nguai tht v6 phuong cau ch!la. Nhung bdt dur;c n6 ma phoi kh6 de' lam thu6'c
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vien thi tri du(Jc cdc chang hrli, chan tay co qudp, co? sung, ghe df5c, lam tieu du(Jc thit tho'i, gilt du(Jc trung tam thi. Luc ddu quan thai y theo l?nh vua cho gom bdt loai rdn do, mbi nam trung thu hai Ldn; chieu mQ nhilng ngu&i co thi bdt du(Jc no, (n9p len) thay cho thue' phdi nQp. Dan da't Vfnh tranh dua nhau bdt. Co ngui1i h9 Tuong n9 chuyen v~ mo'i l(Ji do da ba di1i. T6i hoi anh ta thi dap: "Ong t6i che't vi rdn, cha t6i che't vi rdn, nay t6i no'i nghi?p bdt rdn da mu&i hai nam, xuyt che't da may Ldn rbi". Anh ta ki lc;zi vi?c do, ve mi;it co ve bubn thdm Ldm. Toi thu(Jng ht;zi anh ta, va noi: "Chu oan ghet vi?c do Ldm phdi kh6ng? T6i se noi voi quan dia phu(Jng thay d6i vi?c ph~;tc djch cho chu, chu dong thue' lc;zi nhu truoc, the' co du(Jc kh6ng?". H9 Tuong ra't bi thdm, nuac mdt ran r~;ta dap: "6ng dinh xot thu(Jng ma muo'n cau song t6i chang? Nhung sf! ba't hc;znh crla vi?c lam nay vdn chua biing nJi ba't hc;znh phdi dong thue' tro lc;zi. Truoc day ne'u t6i kh6ng lam vi?c nay thi khan kh6?da lau r6i. Tit ba di1i h9 nha t6i o lang nay, tfnh toi nay da SQU muai nam, ma CUQC so'ng CUa ngu(!i dan trong lang mJi ngay mQt cung khan, ru9ng da't san xua't du(Jc bao nhieu d~u he't nhdn, thu nh¢p trong nha d~u n9p len he't, h9 gao khoc ma d&i di nai khac, doi khat te nga, mdc mua mdc gio, chiu nong chiu lc;znh, hit phdi khf dQc, thui1ng thui1ng che't thay niim chbng cha't len nhau. Nhilng ngui1i truoc kia cung so'ng voi 6ng t6i, nay trong so' mui1i nha kh6ng con du(Jc mQt; nhilng ngui1i cilng so'ng voi cha t6i, nay mu&i nha kh6ng con du(Jc hai, ba; nhilng ngui1i cung so'ng voi toi mui1i hai nam nay, hi?n trong mui1i nha kh6ng con du(Jc bo'n, nam; ne'u kh6ng che't thi ciing phdi di1i sang nai khac, toi nhi1 bdt rdn ma rieng con so'ng o day. B9n lc;zi hung de toi lang t6i, ho het o phfa dong phfa tay, phd phach o phfa nam phfa bdc, dm f gay kinh hodng, toi ga cho ciing kh6ng du(Jc yen. T6i ron ren dang d¢y, ngo cai vo, thay rdn crla t6i vdn con, the' La an tam niim ngrl, din th¢n nu6i rdn d(Ji dung luc dang len.Luc
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binh thui1ng tro v~ nha thl an du(Jc nhilng thac ngon crla mi~n nay cho den he't tudi di1i. Vl mJi nam t6i chl phdi nguy tanh mc;zng hai Ldn thai con thi han ho vui ve suo't nam, co dau nhu nhilng nguoi khac trong lang ngay new ding phdi ph¢p phbng lo s(J! Nay du toi co che't vi vi?c bdt rdn thi cung con La che't sau nhrlng ba con lo'i xom, thi sao dam oan gi nila?". T6i nghe ma cang them thu(Jng. Kh6ng Til noi: "Chfnh sach ha khdc con dil h(Jn CQp". T6i da tung ngi1 l&i noi do, nay lay CUQC di1i crla h9 Tuong nay di xet, vdn con thay dung. Than 6i! Ai bie't cho rdng cai dQC ht;zi cua thue' ma nijng n~ COn [f h(Jn cai dQC cua rdn nila? Cho nen t6i vie't bai thuye't nay di mong d(Ji cdc nha quan sat dan tinh hdu du(Jc tinh huang do. TVC. dich
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PHIENAM Die"u c6 chie"n tru'<1ng van H~o h~o h6! Blnh sa vo ngan, quynh bat kie'n nhan. Ha thuy
oanh dai, quftn scm eli phan. Am h~ phong tl;ly, phong bi nh~t huan. B6ng do~n thao kho, lftm nhu'Qc su'ong thftn. Di€u phi bat h~, thu cfinh vong quftn. Dlnh tntC5ng cao du vie't: "Thii' c6 chie'n
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
481
tru'ong da. Thuong phuc tam quan, vang vang quy khoc, thien am t~c van". Thuong tam tai! Tftn du Han du? Tuong c~n d~i du? Ngo van phu T~ ngl;ly dao tht.l, Kinh Han tri~u m9. V~h ly bon t§'u, lien nien b<:10 19. Sa thao thftn ffil;IC, ha thuy d<:1 d9. Dia khoat thien truong, ba't tri quy 19. Ky than phong nh~n, phuc uc thuy to? Tftn Han nhi hoan, da slf tu di. Trung chau hao do, vo the' vo chi. C6 xung nhung h':l, ba't khang vuong su'. Van giao tha't tuyen, vo thftn dl;lng ky. Ky binh huu di u' nhan nghia, vuong d<:1o vu khoat nhi ID':\C vi. 6 ho! Y hi! Ngo tuC5ng phu b~c phong cha'n m':\c, h6 binh tu ti~n. Chu tuong kieu dich , ky mon thl;l chien. Da thl;l mao ky, xuyen h6i t6 luy~n. Phap trQng tam hai, uy t6n m~nh ti~n. LQi thoc xuyen cot, kinh sa nMp di~n. Chu khach tuong bac, son xuyen cha'n huyen. Thanh tich giang ha, the' bon 16i di~n. Chi nhu'QC cung am ngu'ng be', lam li~t hai ngung. Tich tuyet mC)t hinh, kien bang t<:1i tu. Chi diiu httu sao, chinh rna trl tru. Tang khoang vo on, dQa chi li~t phu. Duong thll' kh6 han, thien gia cuong h6. B~ng lang sat khi, di tu'ong tien d6. Kinh ti~t truy trQng, hoanh cong si tot. Do uy tan hang, tuong quan phuc mC)t. Thi di~n ct! dng chi ng':ln, huye't man truong thanh chi qu~t. Vo qui vo ti~n, d6ng vi kho cot, kha thang ngon tai! C6 suy h~ life t~n, thi ki~t h~ huy~n tuyc$t. B<:1ch nh~n giao h~ bao dao chie't, lu'Bng quan xuc h~ sinh ttl' quye't. Hang hi tai, chung than di dtch; chie'n hi tai, b~o cot sa Itch. Di€u vo thanh h~ son tich ttch, d~ chinh tru'ong h~ phong tich tich. H6n phach ke't h~ thien trftm trftm, quy thftn t\,1 h~ van mtch mich. Nh~t quang han h~ thao doan, nguyc$t s~c kh6 h~ su'ong b<;ich. Thuong Him tham ml;lc, huu nhu thi da! Ngo van chi: Ml;lc dl;lng Tri~u tot, d<:1i pha Lam h6, khai dta thien ly, dC)n dao Hung No. Han khuynh thien h~, tai dan life phu. Nhi~m nhan nhi di, ky t(;li da h6? Chu trl;IC Hi€m Doan, bac
482
TRAN VAN CHANH
chi Thai Nguyen, ky thanh S6c Phuong, toan su nhi ho~m. Am chi sach huan, hoa l:;tc tha nhan, ml,IC ml,IC d~ d~, quan thftn chi gian. Tftn khai Truong thanh, canh hai vi quan, d6 d()c sinh linh, V(;ln ly chu an. Han kich Hung No, tuy di"lc Am Son, chftm hai bien da, cong bat b6 ho:;tn. Thuong thuong chung dan, thuy vo phl,l m~u? D~ hu~ phung phl,l, uy ky bat thQ. Thuy vo huynh d~? Nhu tuc nhu thu. Thuy vo phu phl,l? Nhu tan nhu hG'u. Sinh da ha an? Sat chi ha cG'u? Ky t6n ky m()t, gia m:;tc van tri. Nhan ho~c hG'u ngon, tuong tin tu'ong nghi. Quyen quyen tam ml,lc, tftm mi kien chi. Bo di~n khuynh truong, khoc VQng thien nhai. Thien dta vi sftu, thao m()c the bi. Dieu te bat chi, tinh h6n ha y? Tat hG'u hung nien, nhan ky lu'u ly. 6 ho! Y hi! Thoi da! M~nh da! Tong c6 nhu tu. Vi chi n:;ti ha! Thu t:;ti tu di. LYHOA Ttic gia-ttic plzilm Ly Hoa (khoang 715- khoang 744 tnJdc CN). tv Ia Ha Thuc. do tien sT trong ni€m hi$u Khai Nguyen thu 33 doi Duong (nam 735). lam quan den chuc Gi6m sat nglj SU, vl b! quyen than ganh ghet, coo quan ve song cu(>c doi nhan tan. 6ng noi tieng ve tai van chllc:ing, c6 t(>p Ly Ha Thuc van t¢p. 'Dieu co chien truong van' Ia toe pham cong phu. thOnh c6ng nh6t cua 6ng. dll<;lc viet khi con lam chuc Gi6m sat nglj su phL,mg su di S6c Phllc:ing (m(>t phien tr6n cua nha Duong), tren dllong di ngang qua bai chien trllong xlla ma cam toe .
TUNGO eH{lo lz{lo i~ i~: menh mong eNgan :1:_&: gidi h:;tn, bo eQujnlz 1l : xa xoi .oanlz dtii ~ ffii: vong quanh nhu dai ao plzan *lH5f: roi boi •.Am !ff: den s~m, am U, u am, toi tam .Tizam t{lY 1~t$: am d:;tm, ti~u tl,ly (hlnh dung dnh v?t tieu di~u) eHzwn B! : toi den, toi mu eB6ng ~: co b6ng eDinlz ffrf: di nhanh eDinh tntiJng ,y :Bt: Doi Tftn, Han, cu 10 d~m c6 dl,l'ng m()t cai dlnh
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TOAN THU' Tl/ HQC CHOHAN
483
(tr:;tm), d~t ra chuc dlnh truang d~ coi v~ tri an, to tl,lng; day chi vien quan nho a d!a phuong eTam qzmn .=.. !![: chi chung quan d<)i eTe~ Ng{ty ~' ijg: hai nude thoi Chien quoc eDao tlzzi f£J=X:: bat quan linh di phong giG' bien gidi .Kinlz, Him ff!J, ~t: ·nude Kinh ( tuc nude sa ) va nude Han cilng a thoi Chien quoc eTri?u mQ t5 ~:dung ti~n va hi~n v?t d~ chieu m<) binh linh ePiu/c z/c ~~ Jlt: nghyn lOi (vl tuc gi?n hay qua dau thuong), phi~n muon ( cGng viet '!'~ tl ) eTt/ di [9 ~: cac dan t<)c thi~u s6 a bon phia bien gidi • Trung clzau $HI: trung nguyen eHao di{ ft ~ : t6n hao va hu hong eNiumg H{l 1)(; Jl: "Nhung", chi chung cac dan tQC thi~u s6; "H:;t" la Hoa H:;t .Vztdng Sll £§ffi: quan d()i cua de vuong eVan gitio )C~ : van trt va giao h6aeD{mg ky ffl ~ : dung ke l:;t .Ky binh ~A: binh danh bat ngo d~ thu thang, v?n dl,lng mu'u lUQC danh up d<)t ng()t eVlldng d{lo £U[: duong loi dung nhan due d~ chinh phl,lc nguoi .vu klzotit ~nl: vu vo khong thiet thl,l'c, vi~n vong, vu khoat .Ky mon MF~: c6ng doanh tr:;ti quan d<)i .Mao ky Jjt fj}l;: chi chung co xi .Til luy?n tJ3J-*: t6 giap Va bt luy~n, hai lo:;ti chien phl,IC CUa quan linh, day mu<;5n d~ chi quan linh eTiclz ifJT: b6 ra .Ciing am 'jJ3 ~: chi luc cl,l'c l:;tnh trong khoang ret nhat cua mua dong eNgztng hiM M: chi rang h6ng ngung tl,l giang kin .Hai ngung jlf.l§: chi noi cl,l'c l:;tnh mi~n tay bac ("hai" la sa m:;tc IOn) .Chi dilu ~ .!®: chim du eTri tn't ~ 00: do dtf, tru tru, chftn chu .Tang klzoting *~ *ll: ao m~c mua dong ("tang" chi chung hang ta ll,la, "khoang" la bong ta) eBdng tang ?! ~N : nho vao, dtfa vao .Sat klzi *~ ~: khi tan t:;t cua khoang l<;tnh nhat trong mua dong eTruy tr9ng f~ ~: quan nhu (chi chung cac v?t dl,lng dung cho quan linh) eD6 ziy :Wiff-1: chuc quan vo thap han chuc tudng quan.Die'n ~: lap kin (ch6 nay c6 ban viet chG' phau ~ffla "te nga ") eXztc Tfl_: gap rut, cap bach, buc bach .Mfclz mfclz ¥¥: che phu, bao phu, phu kin
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484
TRAN vAN CHANH
1'5c: chi Ly
M1,1c (mot tl1ong gioi cua mrdc Tri~u) eliim HiJ ;f.:f\ t/3: bo toe thuoc Hung No .Phu 1ffi: he't sue kh6 nhoc eCizu tr{tC Hiim Doiin ffl] ~ ~ jfc: Chu Tuyen vl1ong c1u6i gi~c Hi~m Doan eThimh tnt xay thanh (dung nhl1 dong ttl) • Soc Plutdng ¢Jj jj: ph11ong bac; cilng co thuye't cho Soc Ph11cing la ten dat, thuoc mot dai Ninh H~. Linh V6 ngay nay eAm chi tv;:.?t: ngay xl1a di danh gi~c trd v~. cao te' d tong mie'u, t6 chuc ye'n ti~c, gQi la "ffm chi" eSdch lwiin jjj: ghi cong lao vao the tre eM{tc ffl{lC f~ f~ : dang Ve eli' chi Cung kinh, ph~n nhi~U dung 0~ hlnh dung b~c thien ttl' .D~ d~ ~ ~: dang ve nho nha on hoa eDiJ dQc ~ $: tan h~i eChu an ~~: mau do b~m nhl1 mau .Cong bat bd ho{ln :r:jJ /f tf!L~t: c111Qc khong bu mat, lQi bat c~p h~i eT/utdng tlutdlzg fi fi: nghTa goc la cay co xanh tl1oi, day y noi dong dao.Ciutng dan ?$; .B:;: dan chung dong dao (?$;dung nhl1 ~ nghTa la rat dong) eQuyen quyen 'I'~ 'I'~: lo bu6n eTii'm mj i!l ~ : trong giac rna eBif di~n khuynh trztiJng 15 ~{tJi~# : mang ri1Qu ra tren data~ te' ngl1oi che't ("bo" la bay ra, "di~n" late' ttf) eTinh hiJn f~ ~: linh h6n .Tat lu1u hung nien, nhan ky btu ly £\ ~ 129 if-, A !t ifrE Ill: sau cuoc chie'n ldn, tat co n~n mat mua, dan chung se luu l<;tc khong noi nl1ong ttfa eThi't t{li tzl di ~ 1± [9 ~: y noi thien ttl' thoi xl1a thi hanh vl1ong d~o. thtfc thi nhan chinh, thu phi,!C ngl1oi bang due do, cac dan toe d bon phl1c1ng O~U th~t long kham phi,!C, moi ngl1oi CU giil' ph~n Oat CUa mlnh cho thien ttl', nhl1 the' se khong con chinh chie'n nil'a.
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485
~ (hfo'ng): hay la (lien tu): ~~ ~ {i; ~ ? (Tztmzg c~n d<;ti
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d!ch la"se": A!t?frE!ll (Nhanky luu ly) . @ WT (tu'): nay, do, the' (d<;ti ttl chi thj): f:f~~DWf(Tong c6 nh11 tzt).
486
TRAN vAN CHANH
@ ffi£ Z ~ foJ (vi chi n~i ha?): biet lam the nao? quen dung).
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D!CHNGHlA Bai viin vie'ng biii chien tntilng xzta Baa La thay! Sa mg_c phdng khong ba, xa xa khong tha:v nguai. Nuoc song quanh CO, nui non ro'i bai. Am dg_m hJ the thdm! Gio bu6n, ndng quai. B6ng dat, co kho, Lg_nh nhu buo'i som suong roi. Chim bay khan xuong, muong chg_y Lg_c bdy. Ong dinh truang bdo toi rdng: "Day La biii chie'n truang xua, tilng La noi tieu di~t ba quan, thuang thuang co tie'ng quy khoc, nghe ri5 luc trai to'i tam". Dau long thay! Tdn u, Han u, hay ct;'in dg_i u? Toi nghe noi: Unh thu nuoc TJ, nuoc Ng~y, linh m9 nuoc Kinh, nuoc Him chg_y rang ngoai muon dijm, phoi minh hit nam nay qua nam khac. Sang chan nglfa tren biii co sa mg_c, dem l9i qua bang gia tren song. Da't r9ng, trai dai, khong bie't duang vl Gai than vung guom giao, ua't ac ngo cung ai? Til dai Tdn, Han tra vJ, co nhiiu chuyfn voi bo'n r(l di. SI! to'n ht;zi tg_i miJn trung chau khong dai nao khong co. Nhilng xa xua gQi fa Nhung djch, Trung hg_ dJu khong dam khang Clf voi quan d9i cua Thien tzl. Van giao khong dur;~c truyJn ba, vo thdn thich dung phep ky binh. Ky binh khac
TOAN THV Tl,f HOC CHCI HAN
487
voi nhan ngh'la, cho vuong dg_o fa vu khoat, khong lam. Than oil Than oil Toi ngh'l din tr(in gio bdc tho?i l9ng sa mg_c, quan H6 thila co qua:v nhilu. Chu tuong khinh thuang quan djch, din co'ng trg_i cung giijc giao chien. Ngoai dbng dlfng ca xi, tren song cht;'it chie'n baa. Phep nghiem long s(l, uy cao mg_ng hen. Mui ten sdc xuyen thung xuong, cat bong rat dt;'ip vao mijt. Hai doan quan chu, khach giao tranh, nui song rung d9ng, la/J loa. Tieng xe song ngoi, the' long saln set. Den n6i trai da't dong kin, g6c hi lg_nh lung. Tuye't chi{t cao ngt;'ip dui ve: bang rdn chdc bam tren rau. Chim dil nghl ngoi trong to?, nglfa chie'n quanh qudn, b6i h6i. Ngon tay duang roi r~ng, fan da muo'n rach tung. Duong luc lg_nh buo't f{y, trai cho bQn cuang H6, hong hach sat khi, din ddnh gie't nhau. Trift thdng quan nhu, gie't hila binh linh. Do uy vila ddu hang, tuong quan bj ta trt;'in. Thay la/J ba cdng LOn, mau ngt;'ip !6 thanh dai. Khong phan hift sang hen, thdy dJu fa xuong kho. Noi xie't du(lc sao! Tie'ng trong ye'u hJ sac tt;'in, ten hit sg_ch hJ day dr:tt, guom trdn giao hJ dao bau gdy, hai quan VQi vii hJ quye't so'ng thac. Hang u, trQn dai mQi rr;~! Chien u, thay phoi biii cat! Chim khong tieng hJ nui vdng ve, dem ddng dijc hJ gio diu hiu. H6n phach kit hJ trai niJng niJng, quy thdn t~ hJ may u am. Anh miJt trai !c;mh hJ co ngdn, sdc vdng trang bu6n hJ suong trdng. Long dau mdt thdm, phdi nhu the' khong? Toi nghe noi: Ly M~c dung quan Tri~u cd phd r(l Lam, rna da't dai ngan dijm, ru6ng duo?i hQn Hung No. TriJu Han xo nghieng thien hg_, cua hit, sac nhQC. Dung nguai co't xang dang rna thai, co cdn nhiJu dtiu! Nha Chu danh duo'i r(l Hilm Doiin den tt;'in miJn Thai Nguyen phia bdc, xay xong thanh a Soc Phuong, giil toan Vfn quan d9i tra vl Eo' cao tg_i nha tong mie'u, ghi chien cong vao so? sach, dii vui ve lg_i an nhan, cung kinh, uy nghi trong
488
TOAN THU nJ HQC CHU HAN
TRAN VAN CHANH
chon vua toi. Nha Tdn clit Trang thanh, dt;it di den tijn hi, bc;w ngut;Jc sinh linh, mdu d9ng do tim muon dt;im. Nha Han ddnh Hung No, tuy chie'm dut7c Am S(Jn, nhung go'i xu(Jng khdp d6ng, cong chdng bo ht;~i. Sinh dan trong khodng troi da't ai ma khong c6 cha mf? Ddt diu nang diJ, S(/ khong so'ng !au. Ai ma khong c6 anh em ? Nhu chan nhu tay. Ai ma khong c6 vt;J ch6ng? Nhu khdch nhu bt;~n. Cho so'ng, dut;Jc (Jn gi? Gie't di, c6 ti}i gi? Con hay la ma't, nha chdng ai bie't. C6 nguoi nao n6i, lt;~i nila tin nila ngo. N6i lo bu6n a tren mdt, trong long, khi nlim ngu trong thay nguoi than. Bay l~ te' r6t chen rut;Ju, kh6c trong phia chan troi. Troi ddt u sdu, co cay the thdm. Khong den khi die'u te: tinh h6n nu(Jng tiJa chon nao? Ta't r6i ma't mua, nguoi se linh lt;~c. Than oil Than oil Thai u, m¢nh u? Tit xua nhu thi Con bie't lam sao? Nen lam sao cho bon rt;J di bdo Vf da't dai CUa nha VUa. TJMN TRQNG SAN djch
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PHIENAM Ti~n Xich Bich phu
Nham tua't chi thu, tha't nguy<$t ky vong, T6 til' du khach phiem chu du u Xich Bich chi h~. Thanh phong tu lai, thuy ba bat hung. Cii' tii'u chuc khach, t1,1ng Minh nguy<$t chi thi, ca YSu di<$u chi chuang. ThiSu yen, nguy<$t xuat tt dong son chi thtt<;5ng, b6i
490
TRAN VAN CHANH
h6i u dfiu ngu'U chi gian. B<;lch 19 hoanh giang, thuy quang tiep thien . Tung nhat vi chi sCi nhu, lang V£:ln khoanh chi mang nhien . H£:lo h<;lo h6 nhu bang hu nglf phong, nhi bat tri ky sCi chi; phieu phieu h6 nhti di the dC)c l~p , vG h6a nhi dang tien . V th! fi'm tli'u l<;lc th~m, khau huy€n nhi ca chi. Ca viet: "Que tr(;lo h€ Ian tu'ong, kich khong minh h€ to lu'U quang; di
491
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
chi minh nguy~t, nhl d3:c chi nhi vi thanh, m1,1c ngC) chi nhi thanh s3:c, thu chi VO cam, d1,1ng chi bat ki~t, th! t(;lO V~t gia chi VO t~n tang da, nhi ngo dG' tli' chi sCi cC)ng thich ". Khach hi nhi tieu, tfi'y triin canh chu'oc, hao h<;lCh ky t~n, boi ban lang t(;l. Tu'ong dG' chfi'm t(;l h6 chu trung, bat tri dong phuong chi ky b<;lch.
TO THUC
To Thuc
Tac giii-tac philm To Thuc (1037-1101) tV Ia TU Chiem. hi$u Ia Dong Pha. con cua To Tuan. anh To Tri$t. deu Ia nhQng nha vdn-nhO thd noi tieng nhat dai Tong. Do tien sl nom 21 tuoi (thai Tong Nhan tong). ra lam quan. nhung tll tLJCing va tinh tlnh rat ph6ng kho6ng, sieu tho6t. c6 thai d(> trung dung ve m(lt chinh tr!. Ia m(>t nha nho chju nhieu anh hLJCing cua Lao Trang . 'lien Xich Bich phu' Ia bai van dllqc ILJu truyen r(>ng rdi nhat cua ong. sang toe trong nien hi$u Nguyen Phong thu 5 (1082). tUc trong khoang thai gian toe gia b! biem di Hoang Chou Cvl phon doi chlln. phuc tqp. Ba thong sou. toe gia c6 d!p trc IQi Xich Bich va lam them m(>t bai 'Xich Bich phu ' noa. duqc nguai sou gQi Ia ' H(lu Xich Bich phu ' .
492
TRAN VAN CHANH
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mot th€ van ngam vinh c6 v~n c6 di~u, vua nhu tho vua nhu van xuoi, xua't hi~n . tU' thai Chien quoc a nude sa eN/ziim tuat FX;: nam thu 5 nien hi~u Nguyen Phong dai Tong th~n tong (1082) .Kj vQng~f 'if/1: da den ngay vQng ("vQng" la ngay 16 Am lich hang thang) .To Ill ~ +: To Thuc tt! xung ePizie'm clziiu iz fit: boi thuy~n eXiclz Bich $ ~: day ntii Xich Bich a huy~n Gia Ngu, tinh H6 Bac, tren ba song Duong Ttl' eHting ~: n6i len eChzi.c ~: mai (ru<;1u) eMinh nguy?t chi thi 13Jj ,F3 Z g~: chi bai "Nguy~t xua't" trong Tr~n phong cua Kinh Thi .Yiu di?u chi chztdllg ~ ~ ~: chi chuang thu nha't trong bai "Nguy~t xua't" n6i tren eTiziiu yen j;-1,%: mot lat sau eBiJi hiJi ~F f@l: dung dfing, ch~n chu ( khong tien buoc ) .Da·u Ngztu4 4-: sao D~u va sao Ngu'U .Tung~: d€ m~c, m~c cho eNhiit vi-~ : ti d~ chiec thuy~n nho .slJ nhtt ?IT ~o: cho di den C"nhu" la di) eLiing ~: VUQt qua eV(ln kholmh ~ t_W: hlnh dung m~t song rong • Mang nhien ¥'(: ~: menh m6ng • Bling Jut ng{t phong {.~ flili ~P @1 :bay len khong coi gi6 rna di ({.~ dung nhu f·~) eDi the' dQc lijp :@i:!t11/.lr.: vut bo vi~c dai , kh6ng chut tr6i buoc. Vu hoa :3~ 1t: thanh tien ( d~ng ngu cua D<;to gia ) • Khiilt huyin tom~: go vao m<;tn thuy~n ( d€ t<;to nhip cho bai hat). Tr(lO fijt mai cheo (d~y ra truoc goj la ~ [tuang], d~y ra sau gQi Ia "tr<;to") • Que: ian fl, fij: d~u c6 tinh each my xung • Kich khong minh ~ ~ 13Jj : chi mai cheo d~p .vao nude song trong suot ("khong minh"la nude trong tha'y day, trang soi vao nude duang nhu trong suot). To' btu quang ~ ~m 1t: chi thuy~n di ngu<;1c dong tren m~t nude lung linh anh trang • Diiu diiu ~!ff'nJj' : hlnh dung moi tlnh cam sau xa khong cung • My nhiin ~A: nguai xua thuang dung tu"my nhan" d€ tu<;1ng trung cho minh vuong thanh chua ho~c cho mot ly tuang cao d~p • Khach ~: chi d~o si Duong The Xuong, nguai a huy~n Mien True tinh Tu Xuyen,
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roAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
sanh v~ am lu~t, th6i sao hay .6 0 nhienq~q~~: hlnh dung tieng sao ren ri the luang eNhti oan nhzt mQ ~D ?'~ ~D ~: nhu ai oan nhu quyen luyen eNiiuniiu ~ ~: hlnh dung tieng du duong tdm b6ng .Biit tuy?t nhzt Iii ::f if-§ ~D tJ:: du am khong dut, giong nhu s<;1i w nho u hac chi tiim giao~~ ~ ZM!l&: chi (tieng sao) khien cho COn giao long nflm ~ n a Vt!C SaU phai nhay mila ("u hac" la hang sau, day chi vlfc sau) .Khiip co chu chi ly ph{t ill: J!ll fit ~ 9W: : tieng sao khien cho nguai qua ph~ tren chiec thuy~n le loi phai kh6c ("ly ph~" la nguai dan ba chet ch6ng) eThiiun/zien 'lf.J\~ :bu6n r~u sac m~t eM(lnlz DucZi.f~ : ten tt! cua Tao Thao eH(l Kha·u ~ 0: thanh H<;t Kh~u tren nui Hoang Hoc thuoc V5 Han ngay nay, tuong truy~n do Ng6 Ton Quy~n dai Tam quoc dt!ng nen • Vo Xztdng JEt@§ : nay la thanh Ng~c, tinh H6 Bac eLi~u *~: ket noi, vong quanh ePha Kinh
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cling thuoc H6 Bac eTr{tC lo F.Jffi li!J!: thuy~n IOn hlnh chu nh~t .Thien lj T ~: hlnh dung thuy~n nhi~u noi duoi nhau den ngan d~m .Si tzlu Me~: r6t ru<;1u, chuoc ru<;1u eHoimh sao fli ~: dm ngang cay giao dai eNgtttiiu 1#.d~: bat ca va don cui (dung nhu dong tu ) .Giang chil ?I c6n nho tren song eLil {g: lam b<;tn voi eHilu 1§._: lam b<;tn voi eThien elm fit: thuy~n nho eBao ton ~~: d6 dt!ng ru<;1u lam bflng trai b~u ePhit du 9@ 9dH: con phu du, con thieu than (song a ba nude khoang giua mua h<;t va mua thu, sang song toi chet, thai gian song rat ngan) .Diiu thztdng hiii chi nhiit tzlc ~ft!>~®Z -~ : mot h<;tt lila nho be giua bi€n xanh menh mong eTi~n ~: Ham mo eHi?p ~: mang, da t .Di lutlJng @: ~: du am .Th? giii nhzt Ill WI 13 :~m
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494
nude chay di the kia (lay trong cau sach LutJ,n ngil) eDoanh hzt~J1f_: dfty voi eBl f~: xem Ngil phap a duoi eTieu trztlJng ~ ft: tang giam eThuiln ~: khoanh kh~c .Thd phc't _§_ :;K: xem Ngil phdp a duoi eT{lo vij.t gid j§ ~ :=m: chi gioi ttf nhien eCqng thich # ij: ci1ng thuang ngo<;tn eTrdn ~ : chen eHilO h{lch ~ f~: thuc an ( thit ca ) va hoa qua .Boi him lang l{l ff~ I~ fij : mam chen ng6n ngang eTztdng de? chflm t{l tEl W.ttfii: ttfa vao nhau ngu ("chffm" la cai goi, day dung nhti d()ng tu; "t<;t" la d~m trai).
NGO PHA.P CD ~ (ti): dung trong diu bi d()ng: 12§ ~ mJ £!~ (Khon ct Chu lang).
® 1J (phtio'ng): duong khi, dang lt1c (gioi tu bitiu thi thai gian):jj ;!tu& Jf!J 'l H... (Piutdng ky pha Kinh Chau ... ). ® jj!!J (co): th~t la (ph6 tu): ~-t!tz1l:l{j1 (Co' nhat the chi hung da).
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TOAN THU Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
495
D[CH NGHlA Bai plui Tiin Xich Bich Ngayrlim thdng bay mua thu nam Nham tua't, To til cung voi khdch bai thuyin chai iJ duoi nui Xich Bich. Hay hay gi6 mat, song lijng nhu ta, cdm chen ru(/U len mai khdch, d9c bai tha "Minh nguy¢t" va hat m(}t chuang "Yiu di¢u". M(}t ldt, mijt trang mQc len tren nui Dong Son, di lilng thilng trong khodng hai sao Nguu, Da?u . Khi d6 suang toa tren mijt song, ve nuc!c trong tie]J den chan trai. Tha h6 cho m(}t chiic thuy~n nho di ddu thi di, vu(/t qua tren mijt nuc!c menh mong muon khodnh. Nh? nhang nhu cu8i gi6 di tren khong ma khong bitt La di den dau; hc!n hiJ sung suc!ng nhu nguai quen dai dung m(}t m/nh, mQC canh ma bay [en tien. \ll thi uo'ng ru(/U VUi !tim, r6i go vao mr;m thuyin ma hat. Hat rling: Thung thang thuy~n qui cheo lan, · Thea vung trang to vu
496
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tiw Mt;mh Dzlc hi khon vdi Chu Lang zt?1 Duong khi Tiw Mt;mh Due phd drl't Kinh Chau, xwJ'ng thanh Giang Lang, thw].n dong ma sang m(it dong, tau be muon dr;im, ca tdn r(jp trai, rot chen ruc;u dang tren m(it song, cdm ngang ng9n gido ngam cau the!, do th«c la anh hung m()t dai ma nay thi i'J dau? Huo'ng chi t6i vai bdc ddnh cd, kie'm cui i'J tren bin song nay, kit b(;m cung tom cd, chai bai vai huau nai, bai m()t chile thuyJn nho nho, nhdc chen ruc;u di mai nhau, gi'Ji than phu du i'J trong trai da't, xem ta nho nhr;it nhu m{)t ht;lt thoc i'J trong bf xanh, thuelng cho Sl/ song CUa ta kh6ng baa lau ma khen cho con song nay dai v6 cung. V(iy ma muon duc;c ddt tien bay di chai cho sung suang, om [{{y vitng triing to ma song miii i'J dai. T6i kh6ng bie't lam sao duc;c nhu v(iy cho nen na?y ra tie'ng rdu ri i'J trong con gio thodng! To tit noi: - V(iy the' bdc co bie't nuac va m(it triing kh6ng? Nuac chdy the' kia ma chua titng di baa gia; m(it triing khi tron khi khuye't nhu v(iy ma chua titng them bat baa gia. Bi'Ji Vl ta fl! i'J neli bien do'i ma xem ra thz cu()c trai da't ding chl i'J trong m()t cdi chap mdt; ma ne'u tl! i'J neli kh6ng bien d6?i ma xem ra thl muon v(it cung vai ta dJu kh6ng baa gia hit cd, cdn gz phdi khen dau! Vd lg-i i'J trong triJi da't, VQt nao CO chu ay, ne'u khong phai fa Cua ta thl ddu m{)t ly ta ciing khong lay. Chl co ng9n gio mat i'J tren song cung vitng triing sang i'J trong nui, tai ta nghe nen tieng, mdt ta tr6ng nen ve, lay kh6ng ai cam, dung kh6ng baa gia hit, do la kho v6 t(in cua Tc;w Hoa mala cdi vui chung cua bdc vai toi. Khdch nghe v(iy, mitng ma cuai, rita chen lt;~i rot ruc;u uo'ng ldn nila. Khi d6 nhdm hoa qud dii khan, mam bdt bo ng6?n ngang, cung nhau go'i ddu ngu i'J trong thuyJn, kh6ng bie't vdng dong dii sang bt;~ch tit luc nao. PHAN KE BiNH djch
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TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
D[CHTHcJ Niim Nham Tua't, qua rlim thdng bdy, Ong To c6ng cung may nguai quen. Tren song Xfch Bfch con thuyin, Gio hiu hiu tho'i, song em em ditng. Cu()c mai khdch tay nang chen ruc;u, The! nguy~t minh yiu di~u ngam rJn. Non dong chc;t thay sang len, Vitng triing lalitng gifla chiJn Da?u, Nguu. Moe ngang song phau phau fan trdng, Nuac in trai loang lodng ve xanh. Bu6ng thea chie'c ld lenh denh, De muon dc;t song m6ng menh coi ngoai. L6ng l()ng ll!a lung trai cuoi gio, M a bie't rling ditng d6 nai nao. Nhi'Jn nha thodt t~;tc len cao, Hoa ra long cdnh bay vao coi tien. Vui ve ruc;u nhdm liJn may chen, Go nhjp thuyin ca't tie'ng hdt ran. Hdt rling: "Cheo que' bu6m fan, D(ip tung dnh sang, milt len nguc;c dong. Xa thiim thdm trc;mh long tui'Jng nha, Trang my nhan each tri'J phuong trai ". Khdch liJn tho'i sdo h9a bai, Vo vo tie'ng sdo nhu nguai khoc than. Nhu min tie'c cam han m9i n6i, Gi9ng ngan dai tl!a mo'i tCI vuong. Hang sau qulin qut;Ii thu6ng lu6ng, Thdm !lnh gdi hoa thuyJn su6ng Sl;ll sui. Ong To xo'c do ng6i chlnh ch~. Hoi khdch sao bu6n the' nay u?
497
498
TRAN VAN CHANH
Khdch rdng: "Trang sang sao thua, Dim chim 6 thuoc lilng la v~ nam. Cau tho ay ai lam thua truoc, Chdng phai Tao M(;mh Due do khong? Vu Xuong, Ht;I Kha'u tay dong, Nuoc non quanh qua't ma~y trung xanh xanh. Ay chdng phai Tao binh thua n9, Bi Chu lang ddnh eta' da~v khong? Kinh Chau vua moi phd xong, Giang Uing dt;Ip eta' thuQ_n song xuoi thuy~n. Song ngh£n d(im chQ_t li~n tdu chien, Trai bo'n phucmg che kin bong ca. Giila vai l()C rur;u nhon nho, Quay ngang ng9n gido ngam tho m9t bai. Anh hung nha't tren dai lung Lay, Ma bay gia nao thay o dau. Huo'ng ta vot cui huang cau, Lua doi tom cd, bt;In bdu huou nai. Thuy~n m9t ld vui choi cheo cho'ng, Rur;u lung bdu em gi9ng chuo'c luon. Xdc va goi m(it kdn khan, Teo teo ht;It thoc trong c6n hi xanh. Thodng m9t choc kie]J sinh La ma~v, Khen con song nuoc chay khan cung. Cdp tien choi chon non B6ng, Tay om chi nguy¢t nhilng mong tr9n dai. Bie't khong the' VQt nai the' dur;c, Gi9ng bu6n ngam goi truoc gio bay". Ong To rdng: "Khdch co hay, K£a k£a nuoc a'y trang nay tl6 khong? Nuoc kia van xuoi dong chay xie't,
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
499
Ma chua tung eli he't chut nao. Trang kia co luc ddy hao, Ma ta chua lhay khi nao bot them. Cu luc bien ma xem trai da't, Th£ chdng qua chop mdt ma thai. Cu khi khong bien ma coi, Th£ ai ai cung !au dai nhu nhau. Va thrl ngam trong bdu vu trr!-, Co vQ_t g£ khong chu dau ma. VQ-t g£ chdng phai cua ta, Dau tu m9t may, cho hoa nhung tay. Chi tren nuoc hay hay gio tho'i, Voi suan non roi r9i trang treo. Tay nghe vang vdng tieng reo, Mdt trong tha]J thodng co nhdu ve tuoi. M(ic sue la'y nao ai dam giil, Tha h6 tie u van cu chua chan. Cua Trai kho df.:ln vo vim, Ma doi ta hiiy choi tran La vui. Khdch mung riJ mi¢ng cuai tay rot, Nhdm Ct;In r6i mam bat ngo'n ngang. K~ lung cbja go'i trong khoang, Qua say nao bie't tlii tang tang ngay. DAO NGUYEN PHO djch '
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Khanh Lich tu nien xuan, D~ng Tll' Kinh trich thu Ba Llng qu~n. Vi~t minh nien, chinh thong nhan hoa, bach phe cau hung, nai trung tu Nh<:tc Duong lau, tang ky cvu che, khac Duong hi€n kim nhan thi phti u ky thuQng, chtic du tac van dT ky chi. Du quan phu Ba Lang thang tr(;l.ng, t<:ti DC)ng Dlnh nhat h6, ham vie-n son, thon truong giang, h<:to h<:to dang dang, hoanh VO te nhai; trieu huy tjch am, khi tuQng V(;l.n thien, thii' tac Nh<:tc Duong lau chi d<:ti quan da, ti€n nhan chi thu~t bj hi.
TOAN THLin,l HQC CHU HAN
501
Nhien tac bac thong Vu giap, nam cvu Tieu Tuong, thien khach tao nhan, da h()i u thll', lam v~t chi tlnh, dac vo di h6? Nhu(!c phu dam vu phi phi, lien nguy~t bat khai, am phong nQ hao, trqc lang bai khong, nh~t tinh
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Ta phu! Du thuong du c6 nhan nhan chi tam, ho~c dj nhj gia chi vi, ha tai? Bat di v?t hi, bat di ky bi . Cu mieu duong chi cao, uic u'U ky dan, xU' giang h6 chi vi€n, tac u'U ky quan. Thj tien di~c u'U, thoai di~c u'U. Nhien tac ha thai nhi l~c da? Ky tat viet: "Tien nhien h~ chi u'U nhi u'U, h?u thien h~ chi l~c nhi l~c" du! Y! Vi tu nhan, ngo thuy du quy? PHAM TRQNG YEM Tac giii-tac philm Phqm Trc;mg Yem (989-1052) , tv Ia Hi Van . Ia ngUC1i Cl Ng6 huy$n tinh T6 Chou (nay thu(>c Giang To). do tien sl nom 1015, lam quan den chuc Tham tri chinh sl) nhUng van song can ki$ m thanh bqch , tung 6m 6p ly tuCing • lo truce thien hQ . vui sou thien hQ ' cua ke sl. Dung ra 6ng c6 tinh each cua m(>t nhO nho tich cl)c han Ia m(>t nha van . Bai tren doy dU<;Jc viet luc bi biem di vung xa. sou khi cu(>c v¢n d(>ng bien phap cua vua Tong Nhon tong bi that bQi.
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eNh(lc Dttdng liiu-ffi~fl: Hlu Nh~c Duong a phia tay thanh Nh~c Duong thuoc tinh H6 Nam ngay nay, nam doi di~n voi h6 Dong Dlnh, tuong truy~n du<;1c xay vao dfiu doi Duong, noi cac tao nhan m~c khach thuong lui tOi .Ky §[.: bai ky (mot th~ van) eKizanh Ljch ttl nien J!f Jrr !ZY if.: nam thu 4 nien hi~u Khanh Ljch, tuc nam 1044 (Khanh Ljch la nien hi~u cua vua Tong Nhan tong) .Dling Tzl Kinlz ~-=f ~:tenIa Ton Lu<;1ng, khi d6 do stf vu cao, bj biem giG' chuc Tri chau a qu?n Ba Lang thuoc Nh~c Chau .vift minh nien ~ S)j if.: qua nam sau eTiing t~ : xay dtfng ma rong them eChtic ~: dung nhu IJI •Thilng tr(lng fJ9J ~j\ : canh d((p eH(lo h(lO dang diingi~ i~~~ : menh mong bat ngat (chu ~ dung nhu chu ~) eTrieu /my tjch dttdng ®3 Bl-)7 ~~: anh nang bu6i sam va anh ta duong bu6i chi~u, chi chung Stf bien d6i tiet troi trong mot ngay . Ti€n nhiin chi thuij,t §U A ii.tt : chi "Duong hi~n, kim nhan thi phu" da n6i a tren eVu giap z;[llJ~ :
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503
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
mot trong ba mom nui cua song Truong Giang, a phia tay huy~n Ba Dong tinh H6 Bac eC{tc ~ : xa suot den, thftng den, t?n cung a eTieu Tztdng ?ffi: song Tieu va song Tuong, sau khi h<;1p lu'U, chay theo huang bac v~ h6 Dong Dlnh .Thien khach ~ ~: quan l~i bj biem oi vung xa eDiim vii flrn: mua dfim eBiit khai /fF7fj: , khong t~nh eAn difu ~ fli: giau anh sang (!Ji cling viet la 1ffi. ) . Ti€m hinh fJ ~: bj ng?p mat hlnh th~ .Tztdng ~: cot bu6m eTiepf~: mai cheo eT6i J1!1: dut gay eB(lc ml) ¥! ~ : ch?p toi . Khu quoc 1;:, ~: roi bo kinh thanh ("quae" la kinh do) .Uu sam ~ gl: lo bj giem pha .Tieu nhien It ~: tieu di~u the luong . Xuiin hoa ciinh minh ~ 5fD ~ S)j : mua xu an tiet troi am a p, anh nang tuoi d((p eBiit kinh /f fi: yen tinh, l~ng yen .sa iiu 1.';!>~.~: con hai au (co bi~n) tren bai cat eTttdng tij,p f~~: luc bay li~ng, luc dung l~i tt,I t?p .ca.·m liin ~~ ~~: vay ca dyp rtfc ro, day dung d~ chi ca .Ng(ln chl dinh Zan /.¥ J.f H]lj : co chi tren bo va co Ian (thorn ngat)ben bo song ("dinh" la dat phftng ben bo song) .(;c ric ~~ ~~: hlnh dung mui thorn d?m da .Thanh thanh 1f 1f: ve sum se tuoi tot, ve xanh tuoi ePhit quang difu kim ~ jt rtG. ~: anh song nuoc lung linh trong giong nhu anh ch6i CUa vang eTrifm bich iJC ~: chi anh trang nhu ngQC bich chlm a day nuoc. Nhiin nhiin 1- A: nguoi nhan (chi nguoi yeu nuoc, yeu dan, d~o due cao thu<;1ng) eMie'u dztdng ~ £: chi ch6n tri~u dlnh .Giang h6 ?I~: chi dan gian eTien ~: ra lam quan a tri~u dlnh eThoai ~ : lui v~ a fin .Thien h(l 7( nguoi trong thien h~ eVi f~: xem Ngil phdp a duoi.
m
~
r:
NCO PHA.P
CD
~U (tiic):
la, chinh la (ph6 tu, dung nhu dong tu):Il:t~IJ-ffi~tiZ..7duH!1 (Thll' tile Nh~c Duong lau chi a~i quan da).
504
TRAN VAN CHANH
® ~ ~U (n~ien Hie): the' thl, the' rna (lien tu dung d~ chuy~n y): ~ ~IJ ~t:® .ffiJ~ ... (Nhien tile b~c thong Vu giap .. .) , ~ ~IJ 10J ~iTO~ 11~ ? (Nhien tile ha thai nhi lq.c da ?) ® m. ~ (d~c vo): le nao ch~ng (xem Nga phap C5 bai 39 "An TtY su Sd") .
® :Ex (nhu'
WT
(tu'): nay (dq.i tu chi thi): ~WffltQ, ... (Dang tzt lau
da ... ).
® _¥;;g:(chf nhu<;tc): de'n nhu (lien tu): _¥;;g=~fD~S)3 ... (Chi nhu{fe xuan hoa canh minh ... ). (J) ~ x ! : (ta phu!): than oi! (~la than tll', :;kla tr<;1 tu bi~u thi cam than) . @ ~(ho~c): ho~c, c6 le (bi~u thi suy doan) : ~
z t;% ... (Hoije di nhi gia chi vi .. .).
::W:= tf
® ;t:t: (ky): dq.i khai, c6 le, ch~c (ph6 tu, bi~u thi suy tr~c): Jt£' B ... (Ky tat vie't...). @) ~ (vi): (ne'u) khong c6 (ph6 tu): VI& WT
A ... (Vi tu' nhan ... ).
@ ~ (thuy) (5 cau cuoi bai la dq.i tu nghi van, khi lam tan ngu
cho gidi tu W.Cdu) thl d~t trudc gidi tll': ~mEW&w? (Ngo thiiy dz1quy?)Ckhong noi: ~WmE&w?).
Phr;zm Tr9ng Yem
roAN THll Tl)' HOC CHa HAN
505
D[CHNGHiA
Bai kj lilu Nh{le Dtldng Mua xuan nam tha tit nien hi?u Khdnh Ljch, Dling Til Kinh bi bie'm ra lam Thai thu quQ.n Ba Lang. Sang nam sau, chinh s¥ thong suo't, long nguai yen dn, tram vi?c phe' bo diu gay d!!ng lr;zi, ben tu s!la Ldu Nhr;zc Duong, rna rqng quy mo cil, khdc tho phu cua nhiing bQ.c nguai hiin dai Duong va nguai dai nay iJ ben tren, bdo ta lam bai van dl ghi lr;zi vi?c nay. Ta xem cdnh dr;p Ba Lang chl goi g9n trong mqt h6 Dqng Dinh. NgQ.m nui xa, nuo't song dai, menh mong bat ngdt, ngang khong be'n ba; dnh sang ban mai va dnh ta duong buo?i chiiu, khi tu(/ng do'i thay muon ngan. Do chinh [a cdnh tu(/ng hung Vl cua Ldu Nhr;zc Duong rna nhiing nguai dai truoc dii thuQ.t lr;zi ra't ddy du. The' thi phia bdc thong de'n mom nui Vu, phia nam thdng su{/t de'n hai nhdnh song Tieu, Tuong, nhiing ke bi trich gidng cung cdc bQ.c tao nhan phdn nhiiu t/f h9p iJ noi nay, cdi tlnh ngdm trong cdnh vQ.t cua h9 le nao chdng khdc nhau u? Nhiing luc mua ddm tdm tii, suo't thdng khong tr;znh, gio lr;znh gao thet, song dJfC xong trai, trang sao gia'u sang, nui non ft;fn hinh; thuong nhan va li1 khdch khong di, cqt bu6m nghieng do?, mdi cheo gdy doi, chiiu to'i mit mung, C9P gdm vuon hu. Luc ay rna len tren ldu nay, thi co tam trr;zng cua nguai xa kinh do, nh(J lang mg_c, lo giem, sf! che, truoc mdt chl toan m9t cdnh tieu so, cam khdi rrJ't m/!C rna he't SUC bi thuong. De'n nhu mua xuan am dp dnh ndng to't tuoi, song nuoc lt;ing yen, tren du(Ji trai quang, mt;it song menh mong mqt mau xanh bite; chim au tren biii edt luc bay luc tlf, dan cd hoi l9i tung tang, co chl co fan ben ba, thelm ngdt xanh tuoi. Co luc hoi suong tren h6 tan he't, trang vli.ng vt;ic soi xa ngan dt;im; dnh song nuoc lung linh trong nhu dnh vang, bong trang yen tTnh soi nhu ng9c bich chim trong day nu(/c, tie'ng hat thuyin cau xuong h9a nhau, vui ay
506
TRAN VAN CHANH
th(lt khong cimg t!J-n! Luc [{y ma len tren !du nay, thi c6 tam long rqng miJ, tinh thdn yen vui, quen hit ca ndm yeu, n6i nh~c, mang nt(/u ra tn((}c gi6, n6i vui chan chaa lam sao! Than oil Ta tung tim xet tam long cua biJ_c nhiin dac dai xua, c6 le hr; khdc vai hai trc;mg thai tam tinh tren (vui, bu6n) La tC~-i sao? La vi nhilng biJ_c iiy khong vi v!J-t ngoai ma vui mung, khong vi minh ma dau thue1ng; iJ ngoi cao trong chon trdu dinh thi lo cho dan, iJ nai xa trong chon giang h6 thi La cho vua; the La tien ciing lo ma thodi cung La, nhu the' thi c6 luc nao vui du(/c chang? C6 le tilt phai n6i rling: "La truac thien hf!-, vui sau thien hc;l" Oi, khong c6 nhilng biJ_c nguai nhu the: ta bie't thea v~ ai? TVC. djch
507
TOAN THLI TlJ HQC CHLI HAN
49
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r~?J'F~$'m~~mJ o~~~oo~zo
PHIENAM M~i
du ong
Trftn Nghieu Tu thi~n x;;t, duong the' v6 song. C6ng di~c d! thll' ttf cang, thuong x;;t u gia ph6, huu m;;ti du 6ng thich dam nhi l~p ngh€ chi, cll'u chi nhi ba"t khu, kie'n ky phat thi th~p trung bat
......
cll'u, dan vi h;;tm chi. Nghieu Tu va"n vie't: "Nhu di~c tri x;;t h6? Ng6 x;;t ba"t di~c tinh h6?". 6ng vie't: "V6 tha, dan thu thl.,lc nhl?". Nghieu Tu ph~n nhien vie't: "Nh! an cam khinh ng6 x;;t ?". Ong vie't: "D! nga chuoc du tri chi". Nai thu nha"t h6 16 tri u dia, d! ti~n phuc ky kb§'u, tu d! thu'
AU DUONG TV
Ttic gia-ttic philm
m
Au Duong Tu (1007-1072) tV Vinh Thuc. bi$t hi$u Lvc Nhat cu ST. Ia mQt nha tho- nha van sang tac rat mc;mh, dUc;1C xep vao hang bat dQi gia cua thai Duong, Tong . Que d L6 Lang, do tien sT nam 1030. lam quan den chuc Binh bQ thuc;mg thu. sou vi bat dong chinh kien vdi
508
TRAN VAN CHANH
VLJang An ThQch trong cu(>c bien ph6p dCii Tong Than tong ma xin ve hllu. 6ng con Ia m(>t hQc gia, chu tri b¢ Duong thu do vua sai bien SOQn. NhQng sang toe cuq 6ng deu gom vao b(> Lt,JC Nhat CU Si tqp.
Au Duong Tu TUNGO
• Vo song ~ ~: kh6ng c6 hai, kh6ng ai sanh bang eCiing ~: khoe khoang ePho' II]: Vu'on .Dam j:}i: cai ganh (dung nhu' danh tu) eNgh~ fi)C: ghe nhln, liec nhln eVi ~: khe, nh~ (ph6 til) eH{lm Wi: g~t dfiu eTinh ~: tinh xao, kheo ePhdn nhien fd~~ : tuc gi~n .Hd lo liij jji: trai bfiu n~m, h6 16 .Piuic N: tip len, d~y len eTii ~: til tu, thong tha (ph6 tu) eThtt(lc ~0: cai thla, cai m6i eLjch ~: nho giQt eThfip ~: u'ot (cling viet la 1~) eKhiln ~: du'a di.
509
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHC/ HAN
D[CH NGHlA
6 ng lao ban ddu Trdn Nghieu Tu La nguiti bdn gioi, duong·thiti bl[y giit khong ai sanh bling. 6ng cung tt! khoe khoang v~ tai do, co t&n ong dang bdn trong vuitn, co m9t ong lao ban ddu, dijt ganh xuong va ghe nhin ong ta bdn, m9t h6i lau ma vdn khong di, tha'y ong ta bdn muiti phat trung de'n tam chin, nhung ong lao chl khe gtJ.t ddu. Nghieu Tu hoi: "Ong cilng bie't bdn chang? Ta bdn chllng cilng kheo hay sao?". Ong lao dap: "Khong co gi khac, chllng qua chl quen tay ma tho i ". N g hie u Tu tric g itJ.n no i: "Ong sao dam coi thuitng ta bdn?". Ong lao thua: "Xem toi rot ddu thi bie't". Noi r6i, ong ben lay cai bdu dl iJ duai da't, lay d6ng tdn up len mi~ng bdu, tit tit lay cai moi rot ddu nhlu qua L6 d6ng ti~n ma d6ng ti~n win khong uat. R6i ong mai noi: "Toi cilng chllng co gi khac, chl quen tay ma thai". Nghieu Tucuiti r6i dlong lao di. TVC. djch
m 50
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NG0PHA.P
CD {8 (dan): chi (ph6 tu, bi~u th! Stf gioi hl;ln): fB ~a~ z (Dan
vi hl;lm chi), fB -¥~~ ~ (Dan thu thtJc nhi). ® ffu (tlia): cai gl khac, nguoi khac (dl;li tu chi th! bi~u· th! stf tha chi): ~f{g (V6 tha).
m
@ (nhi): rna thoi (trQ tu CUOi ca U bi~U th! Stf hl;ln ch€', dung nhu If) : fB -¥~(Dan thu thtJc nhl). ® ME (duy) chi (ph6 til, thuong phoi h<;ip voi ~ [nhT] cu6i dm, cachdungnhufB [dan] C5 tren): *i-¥~~~ (Duy thu thtJc nhf).
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PHLENAM
Dc?c
M~nh
Thtiong Quan
truy~n
The giai xung Ml;lnh Thu'ong Quan nang dac si, sT dT co quy chi, nhi t6t ll;li ky ltfc di thoat u' h6 bao chi Tfin.
510
TRAN VAN CHANH
Ta h6! M<;mh Thuong Quan cl~c ke minh c§'u cl<;to chi hung nhi, khdi tuc di ng6n clac si? Bat nhien, thi~n T~ chi cu'ong, clac nhat si yen, nghi kha di nam di~n nhi che T~n, thu'<;5ng ha thu ke minh c§'u cl<;to chi h,tc tai! Phu ke minh du cl<;to chi xuat ky m6n, thu si chi sd di bat chi da .
VUONG AN THf,.CH
TOAN THLI n,1 HQC CHa HAN
511
qua, cli lQt clu'<;5c m()t luc thl c6 quan T~n clucSi theo) eHi'tng fi:'ff: thu lanh eDijc ~~: xem Ngil .phap (J dudi eThi?n tJ:: dt;(a vao .Nam di?n f¥.i [ill: quay rri~t v~ hu'dng nam ( y n6i d ng6i vua; ngay xu'a quay m~t v~ hu'dng nam la clta vt cao, ch6 ng6i cua cle vu'ong cling quay m~t v~ hu'dng nam nen n6i (J ng6i vua la "nam di~n") .che'Ttin f!JIJ ~ :hang ph1,1c nude T~n (y n6i khien cho vua T~n tri~u bai va xu'ng b~ t6i vdi vua T~).
Ttic gid-ttic philm vucng An Thqch (1021-1086) tv Gidi Phu. Ia nhO the- nM van dong thdi cOng Ia m¢t nha cai each chinh trj- kinh te noi tieng nhat trong ljch su Trung Quoc. DLlQc vua Tong Than tong ung h¢, giao cho chuc Te tlldng nom 1069, 6ng mqnh me thl)c hi$n tan phdp (con gc;>i Ia bien phap, toe m¢t loqt bi$n phap cai each) nhllng dllQc may ndm phai th6i vl b! sv chong doi quyet li$t cua phai cl)u dang. Mqc dO v¢y, nhQng tll tlldng cai each cua 6ng den nay van con anh hlldng, dllQc nhieu the h$ ddi sou nghien cuu hc;>c t¢p. Bai van rat ngan chi c6 90 chQ tren day mllQn cdu chuy$n ve Mqnh Thlldng Quan chep trong sach St) ky de phat bieu quan diem cua 6ng ve thu¢t dOng nglldi va trj nlldc, cho thay hoai boo va khi phdch khac thlldng cua toe gia.
D[CHNGHlA DQc truy?n Mt;znh Thrtilng Qulin Nguoi ·doi d~u khen Mt:;mh Thuong Quan du(/e long eua ke Sl, ke Sl Vl the' theo V~ vdi ong, rna euo'i eung nh(J SUe eua hq di trOn thoat dur;~e nude Tdn hung br;w.
TUNGO eMt;mh Tluiilng Qulin :ifu ~ :{5: ngu'oi nude T~ thoi Chien quoc, ten th~t la Di~n Van, n6i tieng hao hi~p,u'a ket n<;tp ke si clu mQi h<;tng, trong nha luc nao cling nu6i khoang 3000 khach .Ddc si 1~ clu<;5c long ke si .Tiwat 1m: tron tho at .nrl bao JJE ~: hum beo, hlnh dung st;( hung b<;to eKe minh cilu dt;w ~1£q~jtlj~: ga gay ch6 tr()m (m()t khach thu h<;t cua M<;tnh thu'ong Quan gia lam ch6, nua clem sua g<;tt linh canh vao kho vua lay tr()m ao h6 cuu cl€ bao clap cho nguoi sung phi cua T~n Chieu vu'ong, nho cl6 rna clu'<;5c nang n6i vdi vua tha cho thoat n<;tn; khi cli gap v~ nude thl den cua Ham Coc d bien gidi T~n vao luc nua clem, m()t thu h<;t khac gia lam ga gay ' nhung con ga khac cat tieng gay theo, linh canh cii'a quan tu'dng troi cla sang md cii'a cho
±:
Vu®g An Tht:;~.eh Than 6i! Mt:;~.nh Thuong Quan ehlla thu liinh eua bqn gia lam ga gay eho SUa rna thai, lam sao dang di noi rling du(/e long ke sf? Ne'u kh6ng vt;ly, df!a vao sue mt:;~.nh eua nude T~. ehl edn du(/e
512
TRAN VAN CHANH
m9t ke sf thai, hdn c6 thi ngodnh m(lt v~ huang nam xung ba ma che' pht;~c nuc'!c T&n, con dung chi sac cua bc;m hQC each ga gay ch6 sua kia? BQn hQC each ga gay ch6 sua kia ra vao ella nha 6ng, d6 La ly do khie'n nhilng ki? sf (chan chinh) kh6ng de'n vc'!i 6ng v(ly. TVC. djch
m 51 ~~~>t
TOAN THll TV HQC CHU HAN
513
Y! Cue chi ai, D~10 h?u ti€n huu van. Lien chi ai, d6ng du gia ha nhan? Mftu don chi ai, nghi h6 chung hi. CHU DON DI Ttic gid-ttic pha'm Chu 86n Di (1017-1073) tv M¢u Thuc. que Ci 8c;10 Chou (thu¢c
huy$n 8Qo tlnh Ho Nom ngdy nay). Ia m¢t nhd ly hQc dC1i Tong. Bdi tren doy toe gia tO hoa sen nhllng cong de tO pham each cua mlnh. co ngQi khi tiet kien trinh vd xem thLJC1ng th6i dC1i chQY theo danh IQi. bieu hi$n quan diem c6 nhon tv minh lam tot vd giu mlnh trong sQch.
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Ai lien thuyet Thuy h}C thao ffiQC chi hoa, kha ai gia th?m ph6n. Tan Dao Uyen Minh d<)c ai cue. Ttf Ly Duong lai, the nhan th?m ai mftu don. Du d<)c ai lien chi xuat u ne nhi bat nhi€m, tr:;tc thanh lien nhi bat yeu, trung thong ngo:;ti trlfc, bat m:;tn bat chi, huang vi€n ich thanh, dlnh dlnh t!nh thlfc. Kha vi€n quan nhi bat kha tiet ngo:;tn yen. Du v! cue, hoa chi ffn d?t gia da; mftu don, hoa chi phu quy gia da; lien, hoa chi quan ttl' giii da.
Chu Don Di r(J NGU
.Phdn
~: nhi€u .T~t Lj Duung lai §
*
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Duong den nay (vua nha Duong hQ Ly, nen tl;lC gQi la Ly Duong)
514
TRAN VAN CHANH
hoa mau don .(1 ne ViifE: bun dQng eLien f~: song gQn, song Ian Ian eYeu frf_ : d~p uy mi, d~p I~ng lo, d~p Iii loieM~zn ~: dQt cua cay leo eDinh dinh,y,y: sung sung, chot vot eTjnh "@: trong sang, sang bong eTh~tc y@: dl;I'ng eTiet ~: khinh nhon,su6ng sa .Ngo{ln khinh thuong .in dij.t ~~ ~: a ffn h11CJng nh~tn, nau mlnh d€' du'QC thanh nh~tn.
eMdu ddn
tift:
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NG0PHAP
CD
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(lai): den nay; dung
nhu.l.-~
Duong lai).
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515
roAN THU n,1 HQC CHU HAN
Ta cho rling cue la loai hoa dn dij.t; mdu dctn la loai hoa phu quy; con sen la loai hoa quan til. Oil Sl/ yeu cue, sau h9 Dao it nghe n6i din. Con· sf! yeu sen, git/ng vai ta c6 dli(/C ai chang? Rieng Sf! yeu mdu dctn thi h{/p vai ra't nhiJu nguoi vij.y. TVC. djch
(Tt! Ly
® ia (fch): cang (pho tu): ia 1~ (ich thanh).
® :tf tiL (gia da): :t3 (gia) ngay nay du<;1c cac nha ngu phap xep vao lo(;li trQ tu, thuong dich Ia"nguoi, cai, ke, lo(;li ... "; con fu (da) la trQ tu cuoi cau bi€'u th! phan doan ho~c kh~ng d!nh, thuong dung trong cau d!nh nghTa. :tf {Q (gia da) co th€' t(;lm d!ch "la cai ... , la lo(;li ... ": t±R-' ::ftz~:l.-:tffu(Mau don, hoa chi phu quy gia dii). @ (y): 6i (than tll'). ® NhG'ng chu ~ Ci cuoi bai d€u la d()ng tu dung nhu danh tli, qua tac d()ng cua trQ tu ket cau (chi): ~ ~(Cue chi ai).
ut
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D[CHNGHlA
Noi vi S{i yeu hoa sen Hoa cua loai thdo rn()c duai nuac tren qm, nhilng tha dang yeu ra't nhiJu. Dao Uyen Minh doi Tan chl yeu hoa cue. Tit doi L."Y Duang l9i day, nguoi doi rat ua thich rndu dctn. Chl rieng ta yeu hoa sen m9c (J chJ bun d(Jng bdn rna kh6ng nhdm, g()i song trong rna kh6ng (c6 cai) df!p iii lr:Ji, trong thong ngoai thdng, kh6ng d(Jt kh6ng canh, huctng toa ra xa cang khoan khoai nhf! nhang, cb:tng len trong sang cao ngh?u, c6 thi dang xa nhin rna kh6ng thi khinh nhan n6 duac.
DOl MINH BA {i; 52
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516
TRAN VAN CHANH
ffij~@o~~~·~~~~o-T~rm~zB: r~M*
~A~·~u••R·•~~·m•~~?~Wnu~ ~if~? ti*~~!tU:!L! .n
o
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roAN THu'Tl,/ HQC CHa HAN
517
nhi bat tri ngl.f, dan khon nhi bat tri cuu, l~i gian nhi bat tri cam, ph a p do nhi bat tri ly, tQa mi l~m tile nhi bat tri si. Quan ky tQa cao dliong, ky d~i rna, tuy thufrn le nhi U phl tien gia, thi,IC bat nguy nguy h6 kha uy, hach hach h6 kha tl1<;1ng da? Hl.fu ha vang nhi bat kim QgQc ky ngo~i, b~i nhu ky trung da tai? .Kim ttl' thi chi bat sat, nhi di sat ngo cam!". Dli m~c m~c vo di ling. Thoai nhi t\1 ky ngon, lo~i Dong Phuong sinh ho~t ke chi l11U. Khoi ky ph~n the t?t ta gia da? Nhi thac 11 cam di phung da?.
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cam gia ngon
Hang huu m~i qua gia, thi¢n tang cam, thi¢p han thtl' bat h<)i, xuat chi di¢p nhien, ngQc chat nhi kim sac. Ph~u ky trung, can nhliQC b~i nhu. D\1 quai nhi van chi viet: "NhliQC so thi 11 nhan gia, tliong di thtfc bien d?u, pht,mg te ttf, cung tan khach h6? Tliong huyen ngo~i di ho~c ngu c6 h6? Th?m hi tai vi khi da! ". M~i gia tieu viet: "Ngo nghi¢p thi huu nien hi, ngo l~i thi di ttf ngo khu. Ngo th1,1 chi, nhan thu chi, vi van huu ngon, nhi d<)c bat tile 11 ttl' h6? The chi vi khi gia bat qua hi, nhi d<)c nga da h6? Ngo ttl' vi chi t\1 da! Kim phu b<)i h6 phu , tQa cao n gia, quang quang h6 can thanh chi c1,1 da, qua nang th1,1 Ton, Ngo chi 1119c da? Nga d~i quan , da trliong than gia, ngang ngang h6 mieu duong chi khf da , qua nang kien Y, Cao chi nghi¢p da? D~o khoi
Luu Ca
Tac giii-tac philm Luu CcJ (1311-1375) tt,t Ia Ba 6n, hi$u Ia Oc Ly TV, do tien si cu6i dCii Nguyen (1333) . Khi Chu Nguyen ChllcJng (sou nay Ia Minh Thai To) khdi binh Ci Chiet Giang, 6ng dll<;Jc mCii lam qudn sll, trd thanh m(>t trong nhOng vj khai qu6c c6ng than cua trieu Minh. lam quan den ch(lc Ngl) su trung thua; sou b! Thua tuong Ho Duy Dung vu coo ham hQi. buon rau ma chet. Van 6ng c6 phong each chat ph6c va co. sd trLJCing ve 16i ngl,l ngon va tieu pham phung thich. Bai 'MQi cam gia ngon' tren ddy dll<;Jc toe gia viet vao khoang cu6i dai Nguyen. Ia m¢t tieu pham c6 gia tr! rat coo ve mqt phe phOn xd h(>i. mll<;Jn ICii ngLlCii ban cam de c6ng kich mQnh me vao thanh phon quan IQi hu h6a dllcJng thai. chuyen an tren ngoi trudc hlldng thl,l phe phon ma kh6ng c6 tr6ch nhi$m gl vdi don : vdi nude .
518
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
519
TUNGO
m:
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eHimg dat Hang, thuoc thanh pho Hang Chau, dnh Chiet Giang ngay nay eDi~p nhien ~ : tuoi d~p n.fc ro ePhdu §U: m6 ra, b6 ra eNhrl ~: bong (ho~c v?t c6 d?ng nhu' tO bong) eThi ban (dong tu) eTh{IC • : cac phffm v?t, d6 O?C bay ra (day dung nhli dong tu nghia la "bay ra") eBien diju ~ R: d6 dttng thuc an thai xua: bien lam bang tre dtfng hoa qua, d?u lam bang go dtfng ca thit, d hai d~u dung trong vi~c cling te ho~c dam ti~c eHuy'in fij: huyen di~u, khoe khoang khac lac (dung nhli fiJ eHilu nien hi ff if.*: (da) c6 nhi~u nam r6i eTh{t ~: ban ra eNgo til 1ffi-T: ong (d?i tu doi xung) eBi)i {Jm\ :deo eHo?phil. JJE 1--j=: binh phu CO h!nh CQp (la v?t lam tin, thai Xu'a tri~u d!nh dung a€ di~U binh khi€n tu'ong) eCao ti ~_tt: da h6 (CQp), day chi ghe da h6 •Quang quang ~*- ~*-: ve uy nghiem, ve oai phong .can thimh T- t~: nghia goc la giG' gin, bao v~ thanh trl, sau dung a€ chi nhung tliong lanh chong ngo?i xam giG' nlioc eC{t ~: tai nang; day chi nhan tai eTon Ngo ffd~~: Ton Yo thai Xuan thu va Ngo Kh
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520
TRAN VAN CHANH
®X. (phil): trCJ tu: ~xfmnret-:f ... (Kimphu hoi h6 phu .. .). ® ~ (h6): trej tu d~t sau hinh dung tlr hay ph6 tu nhl1 m<)t ngu vi, each dung tl1dng tl,l' nhl1 ~ (nhien), kh6ng dich: ««-¥OJ~ (Nguy nguy h6 kha uy). (!) {g ~ ? (da tai?): da'y 11? hay sao? (trCJ tU' lien dt,m g dung
cu6i cau phan va'n): )(_fPJ1i ... ' J&~;1tr:F-ti1~? vang .. ., b?i nhu ky trung dii tai?).
(Htfu ha
® ~ -1- ~ z ~~(kim til' thj
chi ba't sat): trong cau nay, chu i& (thj) la tan ngu cua d<)ng tU ~ (sat) dl1ejc dao ra trl1oc d<)ng tU qua tac d<)ng cua trej tu ket ca'u (chi); le ra phai viet: ~ -f- ~ ~i& (Kim tlr ba't sat thj).
z
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di): kh6ng la'y gl d~, kh6ng sao ... di1CJc, kh6ng th~ .. .di1CJc (cl,lm tu quen dung): --y~~~t)ff!(D11 m~c m~c eli ling).
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(khO'i ... da?): ha ... 11?, le nao .. . 11? (cu thuc phan va'n tieu bi~u; c6 th~ dung -Sf- [h6]), ~ [d11] thay cho If!) [da], ca u vftn c6 y nghia tl1ong tl,l'): .R ;1t ~~ t!t ~ ~~ :t3lf~ ? (Khdi ky phftn the t~t ta gia da?) .
521
roAN THli TV HQC CHU HAN
a
noi gz, chl rieng khong du(JC VUa long VOi ong u? difi, ke [ita gr;zt nguifi khong phai it, hd chl co rieng toi do sao? Ong chua nghf de'n di~u do day. Nay ·nhllng ke deo ho? phil, ng6i ghe' da hfl, uy nghiem thay nhllng ke tai nang gill nuoc, nhung c6 qua La duf!c truy~n th{-t muu lu(Jc cua Ton Vo, Ngo Khoi chang ?Nhllng ke ddu d9i cao non to, le'ch the'ch dai dai dai, hien ngang thay nhllng b~c tr9ng thdn o cho'n trdu dznh, nhung co qua l~p du(Jc sf! nghi~p cua Y Dolin, Cao Dao khong? Cuop day len rna khong bie't ngan, dan kho'n khfl rna khong bie't cuu, quan lr;zi gian ta rna khong bie't cam, phdp lu~t br;zi hor;zi rna khong bie't sU'a, ng6i khong an to'n lua trong kho rna khong bie't nh{-tc. Trang h9 ng6i tren nha cao, cuoi ngf!a IOn, say ru(/u ngon, no thjt ca, thz ke nao rna chilng voi V<;Ji dang sf!, hiln hach dang dl cho nguifi ta noi thea? Lr;zi di de'n dau rna chiJ.ng thay nhllng ke b~ ngoai thz nhu ng<;JC nhu vang rna ben trong thz nhu bong nat? Nay 6ng chilng xet nhllng ke d6 rna chl xet cam cua toil". Toi nin thinh, khong hie't ddp ra sao. Lui v~ gdm lr;zi lifi n6i cua nguifi ban cam, thay co cdi gi9ng hor;zt ke cua Dong Phuong S6c. Le nao nguifi do bi phdn the' t{-tC, cam ghet gian ta rna mu(/n trai cam di che' nhr;zo do u?.
D!CHNGH[A
TVC. djch
Ldi nglidi ban cam
a df{t Hcmg Chau co nguifi ban trai cay kheo gill cam, qua
nhllng mila nang !c;mh win khong tho'i. Lf{y ra trong tuoi d~p rife ra, cha't nhu ng9c, sdc nhu vcmg, nhung bfl ra trong ru9t thi kho V{-tn nhu bong nat. Toi lay lam lc;z hoi: "Cam anh ban cho nguifi ta dl bay len cai bien, cai d~u cung ph{-tng vi~c cung te: diii khach khua, hay dl khoe cai VO ngoai rna gr;zt ke ngu, mil? Anh th~t lua l9c qua liim! Nguifi ban cam cuifi dap: "Toi lam ngh~ nay dii lau nam, toi nhif no dl nuoi than. Toi ban ra, nguifi ta mua vao, chua nghe ai
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PHIENAM
Te' mu()i van Can Long Dinh hCJi dong, tang tam mu()i To Van u' Thu'CJng Nguyen chi Duong Son, nhi di~n dT van viet: 6 ho! Nhu sinh u' Chiet nhi tang u' tu', ly ngo hu'ong that bach ly hi; duong thai tuy ki m¢ng ao tu'dng, ninh tri thU' vi quy cot sd da? Nhu dT nhat ni~m chi trinh, ng9 nhan ty ly, tri co nguy thac l<;lc. Tuy m~nh chi sd t6n, thien thlfc vi chi; nhien nhi l1,1y nhu chi thli' gia, vi thuong phi du' chi qua diL Du' au tong tien sinh th1,1 kinh, nhu sai kien nhi tQa, ai thinh c6 nhan tiet nghTa slf; nhat dan tru'dng thanh, elf cung d<_to chi. 6 ho! SU' nhu bat thuc thi thu', ho~c vi tat gian trinh nhu'CJc thi.
524
TRAN VAN CHANH
Du tr6c tat suat, nhcr phan ty xuat ky gian; tue' han trung cuong, d6ng Him ky huy~t. Kim du li~m nhcr tang nhcr, nhi duong nh~t chi tlnh hlnh dnh nhie·n ph6 m1,1c. Du cll'u tue', khe' thu trai , nhcr so song ke', phi don kiem lai, on "Truy y" nhat chuang. Thich tien sinh tra he) nh~p, van htong d6ng tll' am lang lang nhien, bat giac hoan nhi, lien ho tac tac. Thll' that nguy~t VQng nMt stf da, nhcr t<;1i cll'u nguyen, duong phan minh ky chi. Du nhu<;1c quan Vi~t hanh, nhcr ki thuong bi d<)ng. Du tam nien, du phi cung dim hoan gia, nhcr tong dong suong phu an xuat, nhat gia sanh th! nhi tie'u, bat ky ngcr tong ha khC1i, d<;1i khai thuye't Truong An dang khoa, ham sll' bao tin trl tao van nhi. Pham thll' toa toa, tuy vi trftn tich , nhien nga nhat nh~t v! tll', tile nhat nh~t bat nang vong. Ctfu Stf di€n ung, tu chi the ng(;lnh, nhu anh l!ch l!ch, buc thu ti~n th~. HO'i duong thai bat tuong e nghe tlnh tr(;lng, la hi ky t6n. Nhien nhi nhcr di bat t<;1i nhan gian, tac tuy nien quang dao lttu, nhi thai kha tai, nhi di~c vo dcr vi chung an gia hi. Nhcr chi nghia tuy~t Cao th! nhi quy da, duong thu<;:~ng a nai, tru<;:~ng nhcr phu trl, gia trung van m~c, thuan nhcr bi~n tr!. Thuong v! ncr lttu trung t6i thi~u minh kinh nghia am nha cO' gia, nhcr tfiu phi bat uy~n e', nhi u thll' vi khuye't nhien. CO' ttf nhcr quy h~u, tuy v! nhcr bi, thtfc v! du hi. Du htfu truC1ng nhcr tU' tue'. Ho~c nhan gian truC1ng gia tien vong, kha tuong than Mu thac nhcr, nhi bat v! nhcr chi tien du di khu da. Ti€n nien du b~nh, nhcr chung tieu thich tham, giam nhat phftn tac hi, tang nhat phftn tac ttu. H~u tuy ti~u sai do thu<;Sng Y~P tri~p, VO Sd ngu khi~n. Nhcr lai sang ti€n, v! thuye't b<;li quan da sll' kha hi kha ng<;1c chi stf, lieu tu nhat hoan. 6 ho! Kim nhi h~ u ngo tttong tai b~nh, giao tong ha xu ho nhcr da! Nhcr chi t~t da, du tin y ngon vo h<;1i, vi€n die'u Duong Chau. Nhcr htfu ltf thich ngo tam, trd nhan tfiu bao. C~p chi mien truye't di CtfC, a nai van VQng huynh quy phu, cuong ling vie't "n~c ". DI
525
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
du tien nhat nh~t m<)ng nhcr lai quye't, tam tri bat tuong, phi chau d<) giang. Qua du di v! thai hoan gia, nhi nhcr di thln thai khi tuy~t. Tu chi do on, nhat m1,1c v! minh, cai do nhftn tll' ·dai du da. 6 ho thO'ng tai! Tao tri quye't nhcr, tac du khC1i kh~ng vi€n du, tile du di~c thu<;Sng hcru ky hll' tam trung ngon ye'u nhcr tri van, c<)ng nhcr tru ho<;1ch da. Nhi kim di hi! Tru ngo tll' ngo<;1i, duong vo kie'n ky. Ngo htfu bat tri ha nh~t tll', kha di kie'n nhcr, nhi tll' h~u chi hcru tri vo tri, dcr dac kie'n bat dac kie'n htfu t6t nan minh da. Nhien tac bao thll' vo nhai chi ham, thien h6, nhan h6, nhi canh dih6! Nhcr chi thi, ngo di ph6 tll'; nhcr chi ncr, ngo di d<;1i gia; nhcr chi sinh blnh, ngo di tac truy~n; duy nhcr chi truan t!ch thu<;1ng v! mttu nhi. Tien doanh t<;1i Hang, Giang quang Ha tham, the' nan quy tang, cO' thinh mftu m~nh nhi ninh nhcr u tu, ti~n te' tao da. Ky bang tang nhcr ncr a An. Ky h<;1 luang trung, nhat vi a da th! gia Chu thi, nhat vi a huynh th! gia Dao th!. Duong Son khoang di~u nam vQng nguyen thap, tay vQng The Ha, phong vG thftn hon, ky h6n hcru b<;1n, duong bat co tich. SC1 Ian gia, ngo tt! M~u dftn nien d<)c nhcr khO'c di~t thi h~u, chi kim vo nam, htong ncr nha nha, sinh nhcr tll' h~u, tai chu t6i nhi. Du tuy than t<;1i vi cam ngon lao, nhi xi nguy phat ng6c, am ly ttf tri, tri t<;1i nhan gian, thu<;Sng ph1,1c ky nh~t! A Phftm vi€n quan Ha Nam di~c vo tll' ncr, cll'u t<)c vo kha ke' giii. Nhcr tll' nga tang, nga tll' thuy mai? Nhcr thang hcru linh, kha nang cao nga? 6 ho! Than ti€n ky bat kha tuC1ng, than h~u htfu bat kha tri, khO'c nhcr ky bat van nhcr ngon, di~n nhcr htfu bat kie'n nhcr thtfc. Chi hoi phi du'ong, s6c phong da d<;1i, a huynh quy hi, do lG lG h6i dft u vQng nhcr da.
6
ho ai tai!
6
ho ai tai!
VIEN MAl
Tac gia-tac philm Vien Mai (1716-1797)
tv Tu Tai, hi$u Gian Trai.
nglloi
Ci huy$n Tien
526
TRAN VAN CHANH
DUong tlnh Chiet Giang, t6c gia cua Tieu thUdng sdn phong thi van t(Jp, TUy Vil9n tuy but... • Te mu¢i van" 16 m¢t b6i van te kh6c em g6i rat n6i tieng cua 6ng, trong d6 r:noi cau moi chQ v6 c6c tlnh tiet dll<;Jc ke IQi deu goy cho nglloi dQC noi xOc d(>ng ngh~n ng6o, kh6 cam dll<;Jc nlloc mat.
TU NGO
eCan Long ~ ~~: nien hi~u cua vua Cao tong nha Thanh .Dinh h(li T ~: nam Dinh hQi, tu'ong ling voi nam Can Long thli 33 (nam 1769) eDifn ~: cling te eKi mqng &: : m()ng l<;l (ff.TIdung nhu' $f [ky]) eTrinh ~: y chi kien d!nh eTy ly itt Ill: VQ ho?c ch6ng bi bo rna xa nhau eThtic l(lc g{: {g:: khong du'QC nhu' y (ciing viet j;tj{g:) eTh{l kinh :§tr&: du'QC dQC kinh sach eSai kien & ~: sanh vai nhau .Cung ~5: tt! mlnh, dich than eThao JFS: thtfc hanh .Phi{n tj jf~: gio tay ra .Cztdng 11: chet cling (dung nhu 11 ) eCanh nhien 'I~~: tinh ng() ePh6 m{tc ll §: a tru'oc mat eKht ~: nghi ngoi eDdn kiem ~~: ao lt;1a mong eTruy y *~ 1X.: ten bai tho trong "Trinh phong" Kinh Thi eTrti ~: rna ra .Lang lang :Il~J.N : tieng dQc sach "e a", "oang oang" .Tile tile ~lj ~lj: ta'm tac (ng(ji khen) eVQng nhijt ~ 8: ngay 15 Am lich (ngay ram) eCtlu nguyen fL!ffi: duoi dat, cll'u tuy~n eVifl -$: Quang Ta y eKi t~: niu a phi a sau ePhi cung ciim j=~ '§ ~./fl: do tien si eSanh thj Hit! : tr(jn mat nhln th~ng eTrztilng An dang khoa ~3(~f4: "Truong An" chi kinh do, "dang khoa" la do tien si eToa loa fJifffii : chuy~n Vl;ln v?t eTrii'n tich ~*JV)Ji: stf tich cii (da qua) .Diin zing ~1\f: lap dfry m()t bt;1ng .The ngt;znh: ~~f.~ tlnh cam bu6n kh6 nghen dfry a trong long eLjch ljch ~~: ranh ranh, ro rang.£ nghe ~~.R tre con (chi thai tho au) .La li"i *f:Uf: ti mi dfry du .A niii ~il] ~j: my(ciing viet ~ilJ WJ nguoi nuoc sa, tlic H6 Bac, gQi my la "a nai") eThuiin §~: nhay mat (ra hi~u) d~ to y (dung nhu' ~) .Am ~{!f: biet r6 eNhii co' ft t5<::
roAN THLl nJ HQC CHV HAN
527
nhung bai hQc xua tao nha .uyin e' ~ ~ : nhu hoa thu~n thao, nhu thu~n .Chung tieu ~: suot dem eThich thtim WUJ~ : do hoi tlnh hlnh .Tiiu sai tj\ &: (b~nh) thuye·n giam chut it eYfp tri~p 7t7~: b~nh nlra nam nlra ng6i, hoi gfrn nhu' khoi b~nh .Bt;li quan ~ '§ : ti~u thuyet da sll' eHoan'l'l: vui (dung nhu' f.(). Vi~n die'u ~ ~ : di vi eng dam tang xa .Mien truye't M1H~§ : the b~nh tdm trQng eQuye't gj(: tit bi~t (ciing c6 nghia la n6i lOi tu bi~t voi ngu'oi chet) eMinh 8~ : nham mat l<;li (n6i v~ nguoi chet) • Vo nhai ~ 1JI: vo bien, vo cling eHtim 1~: hoi tiec, hoi h~n ePh6 tuf;J t¥: giao di in eTruiin tjch tg '$: huy~t, rna eTien doanh 7t £: phfrn ffiQ cua t6 tien eThi gia {~ f3 : thiep, VQ le .Khoting diiu B}l ~~: trong trai r()ng rai eNguyen thi{p lffi ~~ : da't cao ph~ng gQi la "nguyen", da't tha'p u'ot gQi la "tha'p" eThe Ha jf~: nui The Ha, a phia dong bac huy~n Giang Ninh eKhi/c dif/ thi §!?:~_iN: bai tho kh6c cha u (ngu'oi thiep hQ Ll;!C cua Vi en Mai c6 sinh dlia con chet y~u, To Van la co, c6 lam bai tho ai dieu chau) eNha nha 3f !f: tieng "bi bo" cua tre con hQc n6i eChu toz ~ ~: m()t nam sau khi dlia tre sinh ra .Cztu tqc fL ~: chin doi ( than tQC tn.fC h~ tu doi mlnh tinh len tOi doi cha, ong n(}i, ong CO, 6ng so, tinh xuong tdi doi con, chau, chat, chit) eChl hoi *lf.J3<: ti~n gift'y, vang b(;l.C (d~ dot khi CO Vi~c tang te) eSoc phongifijjJE.:
m1
gi6 bac (gi6 ba'c) .Lii Iii • • : thuong luon, nhi~u lfrn.
NG0PHAP CD$ (ninh): lam sao (ph6 tu bi~u thi phan van, thuong dung phoi hQp voi trQ tu If~ [da] a cuoi cau): $~0 ll:tl?.a~itrfflf~? (Ninh tri thlr vi quy cot sa da?). @ ~ (nhien nhi): the rna, the nhu'ng (lien tit): ~ .]f1 itr.. ¥ll:t ... (Nhien nhi lt;1y nhu chi thll' ... ), ~ ffij itr.. 8 ::f 1± A Fs~ (Nhien nhi nhu di bat t(;l.i nhan gian). ® ll:L (thti'): d6, mlic d9 d6 (d<;li tit chi thi, chi mlic d())(xem .
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528
TRAN VAN CHANH
thi d1,1 vll'a dftn tren).
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tat ca (ph6 tll'): fL J.lLE~ f-~ (Pham thli' to a to a). ® ~ (nhien): nhung (lien tll'): ~ 3J<;- B 1E ... (Nhien nga nhat nh~t vi ttl' ... ). (J)
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day la mot (nhCi') phai c6 them gioi tlr jj~ (11),
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@ JjlJp (lieu): t;;tm (ph6 tll'): JjlJp j i - fA (Lieu tu' nhat hoan). @ {g (da): trQ tll', d?t sau m(>t c1,1m tU' ho?c c1,1m chu-vi d~ chi thai gian, dich la llkhi II: ?tz' 1_9;f {Q ... (Nhu chi t~ t dii .. .). ® t). (di): vao hk (gioi tlr neu len m6i quan h~ thai gian):
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!ey (Du di vi thai hoan gia). @ (tuc): cho du (lien tll' bi~u thi nhu'Qng b(>): RP 3M# f5J llf ·~ ,c,, $ ;;;;; ~ itz' ~D M (Tuc du di~c thuc;ing huu
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roAN THll nJ HOC CHU HAN
529
D!CHNGHiA Van te'emgai Mita dong niim EJinh h(;Ji nien hifu Can Long, ta chon cl{t em gdi thll ba fa To' Vii.n tren nui Duong Son huyfn ThL{(;ng Nguyen, va vie't bai vii.n nay dl te' em rdng: Than oil Em sinh ra iJ Chie't Giang rna chon cfit iJ nai nay, each que ta den bay tram di;im, ngay khi em moi sinh ra, cho dit c6 m9ng lr.;z va tuiJng tu<;Jng hu do (den may) cii.ng lam sao bie't dU<;JC neli nay fr.;zi fa neli chon giil hai co't CUa em? Em vi m9t long giil vilng trinh tilt, gd cho nguoi khong h<;Jp ma bi bo reli, den nbi trCI Vel khon khfJ. Tuy so' mfnh an bai nhung thf!c La do troi xu i nen; the' rna lam l~y em den nbi nuoc nay, chua titng khong phdi fa lbi cua ta. ThuiJ nho ta thea thdy hQC, em ng6i ngang vai cr.;znh ben, thich nghe nhilng chuyfn tift ngh'la cua nguoi xua; khi truiJng thanh, him tf! minh lam thea nhilng ddu d6. Than oil Ne'u nhu em khong bie't din Thi, Thu, c6 le khong chdc phdi gian kho? giillay chil trinh den thi Ta bdt de: em gia tay ra dl ph~ bdt giup; troi lr.;znh con de' chit cllng do, anh em ta citng mang ra huyft chon de: Nay ta lifm em chon em, rna cdnh tu<;Jng ngay hom ay hifn ra ri5 rang nhu truoc mdt. Niim ta len chin tuo?i, ( c6 ldn) nghl ngai iJ phong sdch, em chili hai bui t6c, mi;ic do don bdng l~a min di den, citng nhau d9c bai tha "Truy y". Vita luc thdy miJ ella buoc vao, nghe tieng hai tre d9c oang oang, khong khoi mlm cuoi, mifng ell chi;ic luai khen miii. [)6 fa chuyfn xdy ra vao ngay rdm thdng bay, em iJ duoi cllu tuy~n chdc win con nho ri5. Ta den tufli thanh nien di v~ Quang Tav, em dii niu do ta kh6c ra't thdm thie't. Qua ba nii.m sau, ta db tie'n s'l v~ nha, em tit phong cr.;znh phia dong bung mam tra buoc ra, cd nha d~u tr<;Jn mdt nhin cu(Ji vui ve, khong con nho luc d6 bdt ddu n6i nhilng chuyfn gi, nhung dr.;zi khdi n6i v~ chuyfn thi ell iJ kinh do, va VifC ngu(Ji chuyin thu baa tin thi db SOm hay td thf
530
TRAN VAN CHANH
thai. Tilt CQ nhflng chuy¢n Vf!-n V{jt ay, tuy dii thimh chuy¢n CU, nhung ne'u ngay nao ta chua chit thl ngay d6 kh6ng thl quen di dUtJc. Vi¢c ca tran ddy m9t bf!-ng, hl nho !Oi la bi thuong nghfn ngao, h¢t nhu tam dnh ro rang ra truoc mdt, nhung khi lt;zi gdn dl ndm bdt thl n6 lt;zi bo di xa ma't. Ta an hijn ngay luc d6 kh6ng dem nhilng tlnh trt;zng thai thu a'u di ghi chep kY lt;zi. The' nhung em dii khong con iJ tren diJi, th[ du thiJi gian CO chay ngU(/C dong, thiJi thU a'u co triJ lt;zi dUtJC, tht cung khong co ai la ngUiJi lam chting cho nhilng vi¢c ay. Khi em thu ngh'la ly hon voi h9 Cao triJ vi, mf iJ nha nhiJ em giup giijp, nhilng vi¢c lien quan din chil ngh'la but mljc diu bdo em lo li¢u. Ta ti:tng bdo trong dam con gai ra't it c6 ai hiiu roy ngh'la kinh sach va thong thu9c diln co: chj dau em ch!lng phdi kh6ng nhu ml thuijn thdo nhung c6 hui khiem khuye't vi nhilng vi¢c nay. Vl the' ti:t khi em triJ vi, tuy c6 dau long cho em nhung th(jt ra lt;zi la ddu mi:tng chota. Ta lt;zi !6n han em b(/n tu6 i. Niu iJ dili ke Mn han thuong chit truoc, thl ta c6 thl dem nhilng vi¢c h(ju stf ph6 thac cho em, nhung nao de em lt;zi ra di truoc ta. Nam ngoai ta b¢nh, suo't dem em din tham hoi, b¢nh gidm bot phdn nao thl vui, tang n(Jng phdn nao thllo bu6n. Sau b¢nh tuy c6 bot chut it, song win con ui odi nila ng6i nila nlim, khong c6 gl dl tieu khiln. Em din ben ddu giuong, kl chota nghe nhilng chuy¢n dang vui dang kinh ngt;zc trong tilu thuye't va dii sil, dl tt;zm nhiJ d6 vui dUtJc chut it. Than 6i! Ti:t nay triJ di ne'u ta lt;zi b¢nh ldn nila, thl bdo ta den nui nao dl g9i em cho dutJc! 7
Khi em b¢nh, ta tin loi thdy thu6c n6i kh6ng c6 gl nguy ht;zi, nen moi di xa t(jn Duong Chau phung die'u nguoi quen. Em lt;zi S(/ ta lo cho em, nen ngan cdn kh6ng cho nguoi cht;zy bao tin cho bie't. Den khi b¢nh tlnh dii trdm fr9ng, mf hoi em c6 tr6ng anh vi kh6ng, em moi gUtJng dap "vang ". Truoc d6 m9t ngay ta dii nlim m9ng thay em den n6i lili quye't bi¢t, trong long bie't c6 diim
roAN THli Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
531
chdng lanh, v9i vii dap thuyin qua song Truong Giang triJ vi nha. Qud nhien ta vi din nha luc giiJ mui, thl em dii tdt nghl vao giiJ thin. Than nguili em hiiy con am, m9t ben mdt khong nhdm, chdc la vdn co' nhjn chit di chiJ ta vijy. Than 6i dau don thay! Niu som bitt ly bi¢t em, thi le nao ta lt;zi danh di xa, ma du c6 di cung con c6 vai chuy¢n trong long phdi cho em hay bie't, dl cung em ban tinh voi nhau. Nhung nay thi ta't cd dii xong r6i! Tri:t khi ta chit, hdn la kh6ng c6 ngay g(Jp nhau nila. Ta lt;zi kh6ng bitt ngay nao chit, CO thf g{jp dUtJC em, ma chit rbi CO con bie't hay khong bie't, CO dU(/C g{jp em hay khong dUtJC g{jp em, tht ro't CUQC lt;zi kh6 bie't ro. The' thi om lay mo'i h(jn v6 bil nay la do trili chang, hay do ngUifi chang, ma ro't CUQC cung thai the' Uf Thu cua em lam, ta dii dua di in; con gai cua em, ta dii thay m(jt gd ch6ng cho; cu9c dili cua em, ta dii vie't thanh truy¢n; chl c6 m6 md cua em ta vdn chua tinh toan o'n thoa ma thai. Phdn m9 cua to? tien iJ Hang Chau, song r9ng nuoc sau (ngan each), tinh the' th(jt kh6 mang vi que huang an tang, nen xin l¢nh mf ma tt;zm chon ca't em iJ chon nay, di ti¢n vi¢c quet d9n cung tl Gdn ben d6 chon ca't con gai em La a An. Phia duoi c6 hai ngoi m9, m9t cua h9 Chu Ia nguoi thiip cua cha, m9t cua h9 Dao La nguoi thie]J cua anh. Da't Duong Son r9ng riii, phia nam c6 thi nhin thliy nhilng khodng da't cao thap, phia tay nhin thay nui The Ha, mua gi6 som chiiu, h6n so'ng nuong nhiJ cho'n tha huang cua em cung c6 nguifi lam bt;zn, chdc kh6ng tjch mjch le loi. Diiu dang thuung tie'c Ia ti:t nam Miju ddn sau khi ta d9c bai thu kh6c chau cua em, din nay ta vdn kh6ng c6 con trai, chl c6 hai dua gai vi:ta h9c n6i bi b6, chung sinh ra sau khi em ma't, vi:ta moi thai n6i. Ta du mf con so'ng mt;znh khoe chua dam n6i minh gia, nhung dii rang lay ddu hoi, tlj minh ngdm bie't, bie't iJ tren coi diJi con dUtJC bao ngay! A Pha?m di lam quan xa iJ Ha Nam, (n6) cung kh6ng c6 con cai, trong dong h9 kh6ng ai no'i doi dUtJc. Em chit ta chon, nhung
532
TRAN VAN CHANH
533
roAN THLITl,f HQC CHO' HAN
ta chit ai chon? Niu em con c6 linh thieng, c6 thl bdo chota bie't dur;c khong? Than oi! Chuyfn luc · sinh tiin cua em da khong thi nho lt;~i dur;c, chuyfn sau khi em mli't rbi cilng khong thl biit, kh6c em da khong nghe fiJi em nvi, ti em cii.ng khong thi{y em din iin. Tro tdn gili'y bay, gi6 bile tho'i mt;~nh, anh triJ vi r6i ma vtin con ngody di ngodj- lt;~i nhin em. Than oi thuCJng thay! Than oi thuang thay! TVC. djch
Nien. quon Kinh Tri$u (thu¢c thanh pho Tdy An tinh Thiem Tdy ngay nay), von Ia m¢t nglloi hao hoa ph6ng dot. nom moi 18 tuoi do lam dllc;!C bai ' A Ph6ng cung ph(J' noi tieng. Ong do tjen si trong nom thu hoi nien hi$u Thai H6a (828) doi vua DUong van tong; trong thai gian coi vi$c thll ky cho Dllcmg Tong Nhv Ci Dlldng Chdu. thllong mi$t mai Ci chon thanh ldu tuu quan vui chdi thoa thfch. lam quan den chuc Giam sat ngl) su. cuoi doi chuyen ra lam Thu su Trl Chdu va Ho Chou. Ly Mvc dLJQc nglloi doi m$nh danh Ia Tieu Do (de phdn bi$t voi Do Phu Ia Ldo Do) , con de IQi top thd Phon Xuyen thi t¢p 20 quyen.
THd DUONG
TU NGU eTiln Hoai ~ $: song Tfin Hoai bAt ngu6n tU' huy~n Phien Thuy, tinh Giang To, chay v~ huang Uiy bAc vao song Truong Giang eThlidng m1 fflj !;1:: : ca nil', ca ky eH/j.u dinh hoa 1& I}! {E: ten m<)t bai tu (tu khuc) duqc lam ra trong bua ti~c do Trfin H~u chu (583-589, truoc doi Duong) dai Truong Quy Phi va cac tan khach.
~~ 54 ?s~~t
1~ I
fi ~ 7], fj fi ¥:d/'
~?s~XEJli~* · fflj fr /f ~DC~ t& , ~~ ?I 1®" o~ 1& }}! {E . t±~
PHIENAM
B:;tc Tiin Hoai
NGUPHAP CD R (lung) trong bai dung nhu' d<)ng tu, voi nghTa la "bao phu, che, to a, 16ng ... ". ® ~ (do): van con (ph6 tu).
Yen lung han thuy, nguy~t lung sa, D<;t b<;tc Tfin Hoai c~n tli'u gia. Thuong nil' bat tri vong quoc h~n, Cach giang do xuong H~u dlnh ho~. DOM[)C Tdc gid-tac plza?m Do Mvc (803-852) tl) Ia Mvc Chi. hi$u PhOn Xuyen. nglloi huy$n VQn
DJM~c
534
TRAN vAN CHANH
535
roAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
Tac gia-tac pha?m
D!CHNGHlA
Dem ghe thuyin song Tiln Hoai Kh6i bao phu tren con song lc;znh, anh triing phu len m
Th6i H¢ (khoang trlloc sou nom 804) tlJ Ia An C6ng, nglloi quqn B6c Lang (nay Ia huy$n Djnh, tlnh Tn;c L$). lqn d(ln khoa trllong, den nom thO 12 nien hi$u Trinh Nguyen (796) moi do tien sT. lam quan den chOc sou cung Ia Tiet d¢ sO LTnh Nom.
D!CH NGHlA
Di ch6 dii trong thay niim trztdc D!CHTHcJ Song Tdn kh6i toa, triing in, Ben ngoai quan ruqu, con thuyin dem qua. M
m
Niim ngoai vao ngay hom nay, iJ trong· cita nay. Guong m
55
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1ID11B~~' ~J'tff, /'m gJrr ~E ~E EE l- jLl-l fif.- ~ , ..t=t. E3 ,'"it;] _t_ 11E ·
PHIENAM D~ tich
~$tVd9;'t~, ~~~,
sd kie'n xu
Khu nien kim nh~t thll' m6n trung, Nhan dic$n dao hoa tuong anh h6ng. Nhan dic$n bat tri ha xu khu? Dao hoa y clfu tieu dong phong. THO! H(J
~*iiE~~A@l. I~
PHIENAM
Luong Cha u tit B6 dao my tll'u, dt;t quang b6i,
536
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
537
~m, tl ba rna tht1<;1ng th6i. Tuy ngQa sa truong, quan m~c tie'u, c6 lai chinh chie'n ky nhan h6i? DI,IC
57 00~&?8
VUONG HAN
~ ~, ,~
?Imt,
Tac gid-tac phiim VUcJng Han Ckhoang truoc sou nam 713) tv Ia Tll vo . nguoi dot Tan DUC!ng , Tinh Chou (nay Ia thanh ph6 Thai Nguyen, tTnh Sein Tdy) , luc con tre tinh ph6ng dang , ua ruc;~u eM co bqc , do tien sT nam dau nien hi$u Canh van (710) doi Duong Du$ tong, lam quan den chuc Gi6 b¢ vien ngoqi lang; c6 d~ IQi m¢t van t¢p gom lO quy~n.
~, *ttr~0!i:.
96~tfiX7}~ LlJ ~' & ~ii~ftl ~fiJ'd. 5~11
PHIENAM
Phong Ki~u d~ b~c Nguy~t l~c, 6 d~, strong man thien,
D[CHNGH[A Klute hat Llidng Chtiu Ruc;u ngon bb diw dl;(ng trong chen dc;z quang. Dang djnh uong thi tieng dim ti ba tren lLtng ngl;(a dii gif!c giii ra di. Nlu c6 say sua nlim ngu (J noi sa truiJng, thi xin bc;zn ciing cho cuiJi. Boi vi xua nay di chinh chien c6 may ai duc;c tro vi dau ?. D!CHTHO
rw , ffi rjljlj * ,
I Ruc;u dao chen ng9c sang choang, Tren yen, sdp uong, dii vang tieng ti. Say liin biii edt, hd chi, Nhilng nguiJi ra trt!-n, may khi lc;zi vi. NG6 TlTTOdjch II B6 dao ruqu rot chen luu ly, Muon uong ti ba gil;lC ngl;(a di. Biii edt, say nlim, che ciing m(ic, Xua nay chinh chien may ai vi. BOJ KHANH DAN djch
m
Giang phong, ngu hoa doi sfru mien. C6 T6 thanh ngo~i Han San u,r, D~ ban chung thanh dao khach thuy~n. TRUONGKE
Tac gid-tac pha·m
v
TrUeing Ke (khoang truoc sou nam 756) tv Ia Ton, ngUoi C! TUC!ng Chou (nay thu¢c huy$n TUC!ng DUC!ng tTnh Ho Bac), c6 kien thuc r¢ng, do tien sT nam thu 12 nien hi$u Thien Boo (753), lam quan den chuc TV b¢ vien ngoqi lang. TrUeing Ke c6 d~ IQi m¢t t¢p the!, dUc;ic truyen tl,Jng nhieu nhat Ia bai · Phong Kieu dQ bqc" tren ddy.
..
Tru®g Kl
538
TRAN VAN CHANH
TUNGU ePhong Ki~u t!\ fit: ten dat, C5 each phi a tay huy~n Ng6 ti'nh Giang T6 muoi d~m eO d~ J~'i)~: qu<,l keu; cflng c6 thuyet cho "6 d~" la th6n 6 D~ C5 ngo<,li thanh C6 T6 eSiiu mien Yt §.fi:: gia c silu; c6 thuyet cho "sftu mien" la mii S§u Mien cilng C5 ngo<;1i thanh C6 T6 eCo To Yi!i~ : nui C6 T6 C5 phia tay nam T6 Chau, nen T6 Chau cilng gQi la C6 T6 eHiw San t{l ~ LlJ ~: chua Han San C5 each thanh cua phu T6 Chau 10 d~m v~ phia tay (nay vfrn con C5 huy~n Ng6, phia tay dat Phong Ki~u).
58
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Trang ta, tie'ng qug_ keu suCing, Lila chai, diy be'n s&u vuCing gia'c h6. Thuy~n ai d(lu be'n Co To, Nlla dem nghe tie'ng chuang chua Him San. . TAN DA djch " II Mu suCing trangkhuQ,'t 6 D~. Ri;ing phong chai lila ng6ng v~ S&u Mien. Co To duCing gia'c nguyen, Chuang Han San go van thuy~n lang du. . TRAN YEN THAOdjch
I
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Trang li;in, qug_ keu, suCing toa d&y trifi. Hang diy phong ben biJ song ClAng voi ngQn faa dem cua chile thuy~n chai niim ngu m9t giti'c bu6n bii. Chua Him San J ngoai thanh Co To. Nlla dem tie'ng chuang vang wing di toi thuy~n cua khdch.
S~?.:::r:..~ ?'a {l)(f&
Q-;r::s:
D!CHNGHlA
D!CHTHO
539
TOAN THll n,J HQC cHa HAN
PHIENAM
Hoang H::_tc Iau Tich nhan dT thua hoang h<;!c khu, Thli' d!a kh6ng du Hoang H<;!c lau. Hoang H<;!C nhat khu bat phl,!C phan, B<;!Ch van thien tai kh6ng du du. Tinh xuyen lich l!ch Han Duong th1,1, Phuong thao the the Anh Vil chau. Nh?t m
Tac gia-tac philm Thai Hi$u (704-754) nglloi (J Bi$n Chou (nay thu<)c thanh pho Khai Phong, tTnh Ha Nom), do tien sT nom thu 13 nien hi$u Khai Nguyen (725). Tinh ong long mqn, thich co bqc, lla rllQu che. lam quan den chuc Tll huon vien ngoQi lang . ThO 6ng dllQc ly Bqch khen hay va rat ne. con de IQi dllQc m<)t t(lp. Th6i Hi$u noi tieng nhat voi bai "Hoang hQC lou". dllQc d6nh gi6 Ia "c6i d(lc d! Chiem het co thien co" (thi$n thien co chi ky) .
540
TRAN VAN CHANH
541
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHlf HAN
NGOPHAP CD ~ (khong): suong, tro (ph6 tu): ll:t±ili~~jiil.fl (Thli' dia khong dtt Hoang H<;1c lau). ® filJ ~ ~ ? (ha xu thj?) la m
D!CHNGH[A
uiu Hoang H{lc Nguifi xua da cuifi hc;r.c vang bay di. N(fi nay chl con tr(f lc;r.i m9t toa tau Hoang Hc;r.c. Hc;r.c vang m9t di kh6ng tra lc;r.i. Dam may trdng tit ngan niim nay win liJ lilng tren kh6ng. Song tc;r.nh tr6ng thay ro hang cay (J da't Han Ducmg. Co th(fm mQC tot tU(fi tren bai Anh va. Chi~u xu6ng bie't que hucmg la (J chon nao? Khoi va song tren song khien cho long nguifi bubn ba. D!CHTHO
TUNGO
a
eHoang H{lc tau ~i.l.fl: l~u Hoang H<;1c, huy~n VG Xttong, tinh H6 Bac. Truy~n thuyet k~: xtta c6 m
a ch6
nay (theo sach "Hoan vG kf') eKhong du du ~ 1$1$: lo lUng mai tren khong eTinh xuyen B~) II: "tlnh" la troi t(;lnh, "xuyen" la song, chi song Han voi anh m<)t troi chieu xuong eLjch ljch }fl)fl: trong thay r6 r~t eThe the j¥ j¥: xanh tttoi, tttoi tot .Anh Vii chliu ~~ atl® 1H: bai Anh VG, song Truong Giang, phia tay nam huy~n VG Xttong, tinh H6 Bac eHlidng quan ~~~1m: que httong.
a
Hc;r.c vang ai cuiJi di dau? Maday Hoang Hc;r.c rieng tau con tr(f! Hc;r.c vang di mat tit xua, Nghzn nam may trdng bay giiJ con bay. Han Ducmg song tc;r.nh cay bay, Bai xa Anh Va xanh day co non. Que hucmg khua't bong hoang han, Tren song khoi song cho bubn long ai ? TAN DA djch (1937)
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Bac tri~u (420-581 ). Sach Tay kinh tgp kY chep: Hieu vttong nude Luong thich xay dl,l'ng nha cll'a vuon tu<;ic d~ ngay ngay den d6 cau ca ban chim cling voi cac cung nhan va tan khach eCtfc m~lC fj §: nhln het t~m mat V~ phia Xa.
PHIENAM
So'n phong xuan srf Luong vien nh?t m<) lo<;1n phi nha, Cl,l'c mtJc tieu di~u tam Iuong gia. Dlnh thtJ bat tri nhan khu t?n, Xuan lai hoan phat cl,l'u thl hoa. SAMTHAM
Tac giii-tac pha·m
D!CHNGHlA
Ciinh xuiin nha tren nui Trang vuon Luong, luc chdu ta nhilng con qut;z bay h8n lot;zn. Trang mut het tdm milt chl thay c6 hai, ba n6c nha lo tho tieu ddu. Cay trong san khong bie't rdng nguoi trong nha da di he't. Nen m8i dq xuan vi vdn niJ nhilng bong hoa nhu ngay cu. D!CHTHO
Sam Tham (715-770) ngllCii (J Giang Lang (nay thu¢c huy~n Giang Lang tlnh H6 BOc) , thu& nho m6 c6i. ngheo kho, do tien sT nom thu 3 ni€m hi~u ThiEm Boo (744), dCii lam quan c6 nhieu thong tram . 6ng tung troi nhung nom & tr¢n mqc, lam nhieu bai the1 to conh bi~t ly, niem quan tai; c6 t¢p the1 gom 10 quyen.
I Troi to'i vuon Luong qut;z luqn lo, Nha dau vut milt, n6c lua thua. Cay xuan ch!lng bitt nguoi di he't, Xuan den hoa con niJ gio'ng xua. TAN DA djch II Vuon Luong chiiu to'i qut;z bay, Neo xa trong thay mqt vai nha hoang. Cay san nao bie't tang thuong, Xuan vi lt;zi niJ nhu thuong hoa xua. TRAN TRQNG KIM djch
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PHLENAM Hoai thu'Q'ng bi~t hii'u nhan Duong Til' giang dftu duong lieu xuan, Duong hoa sftu sat d9 giang nhan. s6 thanh phong djch ly dlnh van, Quan huang Tieu Tuong, nga huang Tftn. TR!NHCOC Ttic giii-ttic philm Trinh C6c (?-896) tv Ia Thu Ngu. ngvoi phu Vien ChOu (nay Ia huy$n Nghi Xudn. tTnh Giang Toy). 7 tuoi do biet lam thc1. do tien si nom thO 3 nien hi$u Quang Khai (837). lam quan den chuc 06 quan lang trung (nen con c6 ten Ia Trjnh 06 Quan). cu6i doi yl; (J on trong vung NgVong ScJn roi mat CJ d6. Toe phom de IQi gom c6 Van dai bien 3 quyen. Nghi DUdng t¢p 3 quyen va Quo'c phong chfnh quye't.
I
Song Duong ngan ldu dua tuoi, Hoa ducrng bu6n che't dr;t nguifi sang song. Dinh hom tie'ng sdo niio nung, Anh di be'n Si'J, toi di duifng Tdn. NGO TlTTO djch II Ldu mua xuan, be'n song Giang, Qua song ai thay hoa duong. ngQ.m ngui. Gi6 dua di~u sdo mu9n r6i, Anh sang bln Si'J, ta lui coi Tdn. TRAN TRQNG KIM djch III Bif Duong Tilldu xanh tuoi, Hoa bu6n xe nat long nguifi qua song. Gi6 dua tie'ng sdo chiiu hom, Tieu Tucrng br;tn de'n toi non vi Tdn. TRAN YEN THAO djch
TUNGO
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D!CHNGHlA Tt't bi~t bq,n tren song Hoai
Ddu song Duong Til, hang cay duong ldu dang d9 mua xuan tuoi thdm. Hoa duong ldu khie'n cho nguifi qua song bu6n che't di dur;c. C6 vai tie'ng sdo thdi de'n ngoi dinh noi ly bi~t luc trifi chdu. Dung vao luc anh di vi Tieu Tuong con toi tri'J lr;ti da't Tdn.
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Thu'o'ng tie'n tii'u Quan bat kien Hoang Ha chi thuy thien thu
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHV HAN
547
Quan bat kien cao aliong minh kinh, bi b<;lCh phat, Trieu nhu thanh ti m() thanh tuyet. Nhan sinh aac y tu t~n hoan, M<;1c sll' kim ton khong aoi nguyt$t. Thien sinh nga tai tat huu dt)ng, Thien kim tan t~n hoan pht)c lai. Phanh duong t~ nguu tha vi l<;1c. H()i tu nhat ti'm tam bach boi . S~m phu ttl', Dan Khau sinh, Tien nru quan m(;lc alnh. Du quan ca nhat khuc, Thinh quan vi nga trac nhi thinh (thinh). Chung c6 so(;ln ng<;>c bat tuc quy, Dan nguyt$n truong tuy bat nguyt$n tinh. c6 lai thanh hi€n giai tich mich, Duy huu ti'm gia htu ky danh. Trftn vuong tich thai yen Blnh L<;1c, Dtlu tll'u th~p thien tu hoan hudc. Chu nhan ha vi ngon thi~u ti€n, Kinh tu co thu aoi quan chudc. NgG hoa rna, thien kim CUll, Ho nhi tliong xuat hoan my tll'u, Du nhi a6ng tieu V(;ln c6 s~ u. LY BACH
Tac gia-tdc philm Ly Bqch (701-762) tl) Ia Thai Bqch. hi$u Ia Thanh Lien cu ST. c6 mE? Ia nguoi Tdy Vl)c nen sinh ra Toai Di$p (khu vl)c Trung A. nay Ia Caddctan. doi Duong thu(>c An Toy do h(> phu). khoang muoi tuoi do thong hieu Thi . Thu cac sach cua bach gia chu tv. nhung khong thi tien sT. chi ngao du bon phueing u6ng ruQu lam thei. rat duQc vua Huy€m tong yeu kinh. cung voi Do Phu. ong duQc coi Ia nhO thei ion nhat cua doi Duong , duQc nguoi doi gQi Ia "trich tien' (tien bj giang
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xu6ng tran. b! dQa) va ton 16 "thi th6nh ' . 6ng b$nh chet. nhlJng c6 truyen thuyet pho bien ke rang trong IUC say rlJCJU, ong om b6ng trdng Ci son.g Thai Trqch (thu¢c huy$n Dang £>6. nay 16 tfl')h An Huy) ma bi chet du6i . ThCI ong lam c6 den hoi mlJCii ngan bai nhlJng tan lqc hau het. sou suu t(lp lqi chi con khoang gan m¢t phon mucii.
TlJNGO eThlidng lien tuu M~ jl ~: th€ tho c6 nh<;tc phii c6 di~u "Thuong tien tii'u", tac gia mu'Qn ten di~u nay d€ d~ t ten cho bai tho (chuM~ [tu'ong] con dQC la thtidng, c6 nghTa la "xin"; nhi€u djch gia Hiu nay d€u djch la "slip", nghTa c6 ve kh6ng thong) eHi)i tu ~)W:: at phai, nhat djnh se (trQ d()ng tll') eTriic mU: nghieng (c6 ban chep la khuynh ftj) eC/umg cfi ill!~~: chuang trong, do diu "chung minh dinh thtfc", d€ gQi chung nha giau c6 eT{clz m{ch ~ ~: tjch mjch, v<'ing ve eTriln Vlldng ~* 3:.: tU'c Tao Thtfc, con thU' ba ciia Tao Thao, thai Ngl}y Minh de du<;1c phong lam Trftn vuong, trong bai "Danh d6" ciia 6ng c6 diu: Ctfu lai yen Blnh L<;tc, my tii'u d~u th?p thien eBinlz L{zc ijZ ~: ten m()t cung quan thai Ngl}y Tao, o vao tinh L<;tc Duong ngay nay .Kinh tu 1~ ~.W:: nhat djnh phai, phai, nen (nghTa nhu h()i to fi ~_w o tren) eNgii hoa mii 1i 1t .%: ngtfa c6 van nam mau, ngtfa quy n6i tieng .Thien kim dtu T :& ~: ao cuu gia dang ngan vang.
D!CHNGH[A Xin dang rzt(lu Anh kh6ng tr6ng tha:v sao, nuac song Hoang Ha til tren trC!i chdy xu6'ng, chdy ra din bl kh6ng hi quay tro lt;~ i. Anh khong thay sao, tarn guCJng iJ nha cao, thuCJng cho mdi toe bt;~c sang nhu tCJ xanh, chiJu thanh ra tuylt trdng. DC!i nguoi khi ddc .v hay nen ttl-n huang hoan lt;~c, cha nen di
TOAN THlJ n,l HQC CHU HAN
549
chen w1ng ndm trCJ duai dnh triing. Troi sinh ra ta co tai tilt phdi co ch6 dung, ngan vang tieu hit rbi lt;~i co. M6? de, gilt triiu ell vui ve thoa thich. Nay Sdm phu trl va Dan Khau sinh, co dang rut;Ju xin cdc anh cha dilng. Ta se hat cho cdc anh m9t bai. Xin cdc anh vi ta ma ldng tai nghe. Chuang, tr6'ng, c6 ban, chau ng9c diu kh6ng dang quy. Chl mong say miii, kh6ng mong tlnh. Xua nay cdc btJ_c thdnh hiin diu mo mjt. Chl co ke u6ng rut;Ju fa danh win dl doi. Trdn vuCJng khi xua mo ti?c o cung qudn Blnh U;zc, uong mu(!i ngan aa'u rLtt;JU, ph6ng tung VUi chCJi. Chu nhan Vl sao noi it tdn? Hiiy nen mua lay rLtt;Ju di cung rot vai cdc anh. Con ngl!a quy ngil hoa va do cilu gid dang nghin vang. Hiiy gQi tre dem ra cdm the' do'i lay rLtt;JU ngon, di ta cung anh uong cho tan mo'i sdu Vt;Ln co'. TVC. djch I D/CHTHO Con song Hoang lung troi tu6n nuac, Xu6'ng biln rbi, co ngut;Jc len dau! Nha cao, guCJng xot mdi ddu, Sam con tCJ bile, to'i hdu tuye't pha. Vui cho ddy, khi ta ddc y! Duai vilng triing, dilng di chen kh6ng. Sinh ta, trC!i co ch6 dung. Nghin vang tieu hit, lt;~i trong thay vl Chen di dii, trau de ell gilt, Ba tram ly, phdi hit m9t ldn. Khau, Sdm hai hac bt;~n than, Rut;Ju keo xin cha ngt;~i ngdn ngilng thai! Ta vi hac, hat chai m9t khuc! Bdc vi ta, hiiy chuc ben tai:
550
TRAN VAN CHANH
"NgQc, tiin, chuang, tro'ng m(jc ai, Tlnh chi? Chi muon cho dai CUQC say". Baa hiin thdnh den nay ai ro? Phuong rLl(/U ta ten hQ ranh ranh: Tr&n vuong hila ti¢c qudn Blnh, Muoi nghin diiu ruc;~u thoa tinh dua vui. Chu nhan cho ngQ.m ngui tdn it, Mua rLt(/U ta chen tit cung nhau. Ao citu, ngl:(a gam di dau? G9i con dem do?i vai h&u ruc;~u ngon, Uong cho muon thuif tan hu6n! NGO TlTTO dfch II Bie't chang ai, song Hoang Ha ngc;n nuoc t~ lung troi, Tuon den hi khan voi lt;~i dLt(/C. Bie't chang nhe, dai guong mai toe ht;~c, Sam nhu to ma to'i da nhu suong. Nhan sinh khi ddc y nen cang, Khan niJ di chen vang tro duoi nguy~t. Tai hilu d~ng le troi au hdn quylt, Nghin vang kia tieu hlt lt;~i con. Luc vui choi nao nhdm thric ngon, Ba tram chen cung nen d6n mqt CUQC. Bdc S&m voi hac Dan moi chuoc, Ruc;~u nang len cho niJ dung tay. Vi nguoi hat mqt khuc nay, Xin nguoi hay !dng tai nghe Lily. Ti¢c chuang trong ng9c vang La may, Cr1 nen say, say mai tlnh chi ma. Thanh hiin xua cung vdng xa,
551
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHG HAN
Nguoi say ru(/u danh La vdn dl Ti~c Blnh Lt;~c truoc kia cung the: Muoi nghin chung m(jc ke vui cuoi. Tiin chu nhan hao qudn ngdn dai, Hay mua rLl(/U cung nguoi moi r6t. Ngl:(a hoa to't, do citu cung tf5't, Gc;i d6ng ra ddi lii'y rLt(/u ngon, Cung nguoi gidi vt;~n kie/J hu6n. VO DANH djch (theo Do Bang Do~m-Do Tn;mg Hu~, Vi¢t Nam Ca triA Bien khdo, NXB. TP. H6 Chi Minh, 1994 ).
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[)Q PHU Tac gia-tac philm 86 Phu (712-770) tv Ia TL1 My. que goc C! TLJeing DLJeing (thu¢c H6 Bac ngay nay) nhling sinh C! huy$n Cung (thu¢c H6 Nom). thdi tre d<;>c
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TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHa HAN
sach nhieu va di du l!ch khap neii. c6 dV thi tien sl nhLJng kh6ng do; nom 744 gqp Ly 8qch C! LQc Dlieing va hoi nglioi ket thanh bqn than. Nom 751 ong dl) CUQC thi tuyer) hien CUO f)LJC:Ing Huyen tong nhling khong dQt ket qua vl b! Ly Lam Phu trong trieu bai xich. phai (! IQi song khon kho tqi TrLJC:Ing An mlioi nom. nho v¢y c6 d!p chvng kien day du noi thong kho cua dan ngheo va nhQng canh bat cong cua xd h¢i. ong c6 den yet kien f)LJC:Ing Tuc tong va dling va tl) sl) chan th¢t. phon lon c6 khuynh hLJong phe phon hi$n thl)c xa h¢i bang each mieu to nhQng canh kho trong dan. tham dam tinh cam yeu thLJCing tho thiet doi voi lop nglidi cung kho va b! 6p b(!c; nhQng bai noi tieng nhat c6 'Tam lqi' (Tan An IQi. f)ong Quan IQi. Thqch Hao IQi). 'Tam bi$t' (Tan hon bi$t. Thuy lao bi$t. Vo gia bi$t). va bai ' Mao oc vi thu phong sC! ph6 co' ...
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TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHCI HAN
555
D!CH NGHlA Ke l{li thon Th{lclz Hiw
ChiJu ta'i de'n. tr9 iJ than Thgch Hew. Co ke lgi ban deni de'n bdt nguifi. Ong gia vuf!t tuong tra'n. Ba liio ra cila don. Ke lgi quat thdo sao ma qua git;i.n dill Ba liio khoc loc sao ma qua khd sill. Ta nghe ba bli(Jc !Oi kill: "Ba dua con trai, dii di linh thu iJ thanh Nghifp. Mr)t dua gili thu vJ, cho hay hai dua con kia vita nu1i che't trt;i.n. Dua con hay gio chl sa'ng tgm bfl qua ngay. Nhilng dua che't tht miii miii thai r6i! Trang nha hifn kh6ng con ai, chl co mr)t thdng chau con ndm duc!i vu sila. Dua chau co mf! chua di w:v ch6ng. NhLtng nguoi mf! ra vao kh6ng co cluf!c mr)t mdnh qu6n lanh. Gia nay sue tuy ye'u, ciing xin thea 6ng lg.i vJ ngay trong dem nay dl mau tiejJ U'ng cho vifc lao djch iJ Ha Du®g, ciing con lo kjp cho vifc th6'i com hila sang". Dem khuya, tie'ng noi xuyen qua vach, nghe nhu co tie'ng khoc s~t sui. Sang ra, len du(Jng di tiejJ, chl con til bift mr)t mtnh vc!i 6ng liio. TVC. djch
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ChiJu hom, tc!i xom Thgch Hao, Duong dem co linh lao xao bdt nguoi. Vuf!t tuong, 6ng liio tron r6i, Cila ngoai, m~ vf! m.r)t, hai mili chao. Linh gam moi dillam sao! M ~ ke u nhu to hilt baa kh6' tin h. uing nghe loi m~ ranh ranh: "Bacon dong iJ Nghifp Thanh cd ba. Mr)t con mai nhdn v~ nha, Rdng: Hai con dii lam ma chie'n truilng. Ke con vf{t vuilng dang thu®g, Noi chi ke duc!i sua'i vang, them dau! Trang nha nao co ai dau?
556
TRAN VAN CHANH
C6 thling chdu nho duoi bdu sila hoi. Chdu con m(! n6 chan nu6i, Ra vao, qudn do td tai, c6 gi? Than gia gan sue du suy, Cung xin thea linh cung vi dem nay. Ha Duong tai c16 sau nay, Com canh hdu hila sam ngay, con tr6i". Dem khuya tie'ng n6i im r6i, van nghe nuc niJ tie'ng nguai kh6c thuong. Sang mai, khdch buoc len duang, Chl cung 6ng lao be bang chia tay. NCO TlTTO dich
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TRAN VAN CHANH
PHIENAM
TI ba hanh Tgm Duong giang dg u d~ tong khach, Phong di~p d!ch hoa thu sat sat. Chu nhan h? rna khach t?i thuy~n, Ol' tli'u d1,1c 5m vo quan huy~n. Tuy bilt thanh hoan tham tuong bi~t, Bi~t thai mang mang giang t5m nguy~t. Hot van thuy thu<;jng t'i ba thanh, Chu nhan vong guy khach bilt phat. Tgm thanh am viln dan gill thuy? Tl ba thanh dlnh dl;lc ngG' trl. Di thuy~n tuong c~n yeu tuong kien, Thiem tli'u h6i dang trung khai yen. Thien ho v~n hoan thuy xuilt lai, Do bao tl ba ban gia di~n. Chuy~n trl;lc bat huy~n tam luang thanh, Vi thanh khuc di~u tuong hG'u tlnh . Huy~n huy~n y~m lie thanh thanh tu, T!f to blnh sinh bilt dac chi. De mi tfn thu tl;!C tl;!C dan, Thuyet t~n tam trung vo h~n slf. Khinh lung m~n nhien m~t phl;lc thi~u, So vi Nghe thuang, h~u Ll;lc yeu. D~i huy~n tao tao nhu cilp vG, Ti~u huy~n thiet thiet nhu tu ngG'. Tao tao thiet thiet thac t~p dan, D~i chau ti~u chau le,tc ngQc ban . Gian quan oanh ngG' hoa d~ ho~t, u yet tuy~n lt.iu thuy h~ than.
roAN THV Tl/ HOC CHa HAN
Thuy tuy~n Hinh sap huy~n ngung tuy~t, Ngung tuy~t bilt thong thanh te,tm yet. Bi~t hG'u t.i t'inh am h~n sinh, Thli' thai vo thanh thang hG'u thanh. Ngan b'inh s~ pha thuy tuong b'inh, Thiet ky d<)t xuilt clao thuong minh. Khuc trung thu bat duong Him hoe,tch, T(t huy~n nhilt thanh nhu li~t b~ch. Dong thuy~n tay phang ti~u vo ngon, Duy kien giang tam thu nguy~t be,tch. Trfrm ngam ph6ng bat sap huy~n trung, Chinh don y thuang khdi li~m dung. T!f ngon ban th! kinh th~mh nG', Gia t~i Ha Mo lang h? tn:~. Th~p tam hQc dac n ba thanh, Danh thu<)c giao phuang d~ nhilt b<). Khuc bai ding giao thi~n tai phl;lc, Trang thanh moi b! Thu Nuong do. NgG lang nien thieu tranh tri~n dfru, Nhilt khuc h6ng tieu bilt tri so. Di~n dftu ngan tl kich tiet toai, Huyet sac Ia qugn phien tli'u o. Kim nien hoan tieu phl;lc minh nien, Thu nguy~t xuan phong dJng nhan d<). D~ tfru tong quan a di tli', MO khu trieu lai nhan sac co. Mon ti~n lanh l(,lC xa rna hi, Lao d<;ti gia tac thuong nhan phl;l. Thuong nhan trQng l<;1i khinh bi~t ly, Ti~n nguy~t Phu Luong mai tra khu. Khu lai giang khfr u thu khong thuy~n,
56 1
562
TRAN VAN CHANH
Nhieu thuy~n nguy~t minh giang thuy han. D<:t tham hot mong thieu nien Sl,l', Mong d~ trang 1~ h6ng Ian can. Nga van tl ba di than We, Hl,l'u van thii' ngu trung We We. E>ong thj thien nhai Iuan l<:tc nhan, Tuong phung ha tat ding tuong thuc! Nga tong khu nien ttl de kinh, Trich cu ngQa b~nh T~m Duong thanh. Tfrm Duong dja tich vo am nh<:tc, Chung tue bat van ti true thanh. Tn,1 c~n B6n giang dja de thap, Hoang lo kh6 true nhieu tr<:tch sinh. Ky gian dan mo van ha v~t? Do quyen d~ huyet vien ai minh . Xuan giang hoa trieu thu nguy~t d<:t, Yang vang thu tii'u hoan doc khuynh. Khoi vo son ca du thon djch, Au a trao chiet nan vi thfnh. Kim d<:t van quan tl ba ngu, Nhu thfnh tien nh<:tc nhi t<:tm minh. M<:tC tu canh tQa dan nhat khuc, Vj quan phien tac tl ba hanh. Cam nga thii' ngon luong cii'u l~p, Khuck tQa xuc huy~n huy~n chuy~n cap. The the bat tl! huang ti~n thanh, Man tQa trung van giai y~m khap. TQa trung khap h<:t thuy toi da? Giang Chau tu rna thanh sam thap.
BACH CUD!
TOAN THU Tl,/ HQC CHa HAN
563
Tdc gia-tdc philm BQch CU Di (772-846) tl) Ia LQC Thien. hi$u Ia HUC1ng SC1n CU ST. que CJ HQ Khue (phfa dong bac huy$n Vi Nom tTnh Thiem Tay ngay nay). nhUng sinh Ci huy$n Tan Trinh tTnh Ha Nom . tv nho tu chat dd thong minh nhung nha ngheo . den nom 28 tuoi do tien sT. lam quan trai qua cac chOc ThO su Hang Chou. roi To Chdu . c6 luc bi biem lam TU md Ci Giang Chou . sou tri$u ve lam den Hlnh b¢ thUc;Jng thU. 6ng sang toe den gan 3000 bai the1. phon lon deu sang sua gian di. c6 tfnh blnh dan. ai nghe dQC cOng hieu . Nhieu bai lay de tai tv CUQC song hi$n thl)c. phon anh noi thong kho cua dan ngheo va cac m(lt tieu cl)c cua tang lop thong tri dUC1ng thai Cnhu ' Mqi th6n ong ' Ia m¢t bai tieu bieu). nhUng noi tieng nhat van Ia m¢t so bai the1 tl) sl) trUong thien d¢m do tfnh lang mqn nhu ' Truong h(ln co' va ·n ba hanh' .... dUc;Jc IUu truyen rat r¢ng rd i. Rieng bai ' TI ba hanh' tren ddy dUc;Jc toe gia lam trong ndm Nguyen Hoa thO 10 (815) khi ong bi giang chOc lam TU md Giang Chou. Trong loi tl)a cua bai nay. chfnh toe gia dd ke r6: ' Ndm Nguyen Hoa thO muoi. to bi gidng ra lam chOc TU md Ci qu¢n Cuu Giang. Mua thu nom sou. di tien khdch Ci ben Bon. giOa dem nghe tieng dan tl ba Ci tren cai thuyen. tieng lanh lanh nhu tieng Ci kinh do . Hoi ra . thl Ia m¢t nguoi co no Ci Truong An. thuong dd hQc dan tl ba hoi thi$n tai hQ Mt,~c va hQ Tao . Tuoi gia. sac kem. uy than lam VC! m¢t ngUoi lai buon. Lien boo d(lt rUc;JU VO boo ddnh VOi khuc . f)dnh xong may khuc. nglloi ay buon bd. tl) ke sl) vui che1i luc thieu thai. nay 1uu lqc tieu tt,Jy. Ci ne1i giang ho . To ra lam quan Ci ngoai dd hoi ndm . diem nhien tl) an. dem nay cam loi n6i cua ngUoi ay. moi dey den sl) gidng trfch. va lam bai truong ca de t(lng nglloi ay. Bai nay c6 622 lai. d(lt ten Ia n ba hanh' (Tran TrQng Kim. EJuong thi. NXB. Van H6a Thong Tin . 1995. tr. 136-137).
TU NGO eHimh ff : ca hanh, mot th~ tho c6 (tho nh<:tc phu tu thai Han Ng1,1y tro xuong thuong dung "ca", "hanh" d~ d~t dfru d~) eTilm Dztdng ~ pJJJ: song Tfrm Duong, mot do<:tn cua song Truong Giang chay qua Tfrm Duong, o phfa bac huy~n Cii'u Giang, tinh Giang Tay .Djch f)(: cay lau .silt silt ~ ~ : xao X<;tt (tu tuc_jng thanh, chi tieng gi6 th6i vao cay coi; ciing c6 cho giai la dlu hiu, qu<;tnh hiu) .Chi/. nhiin hf! mii khdch t{li thuyin .:E. AT .~~ 1:E
564
TRAN VAN CHANH
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m-
roAN THU n,f HQC CHU HAN
=t:
nhi;ic su eThu Ntidng f;k ~~: ten thuong dung cua doan ca mtia doi Duong, a day chi chung nhcrng ncr dien vien ca mtia ·. Ngii Liing nien thiiu 1i ~~if j;: chi cori em nhcrng nha gia u sang C1 kinh do ("ngu lang" la 5 lang cua eac vua doi Han, d€u (j gftn vung Truong An, nhcrng nha giau co doi Han phftn nhi€u a
tai
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565
eTriin diiu ri!~J[: phffm v?t t;)ng cho eac ca ncr .Tieu *:~: hang d~t bang ta non eDiin diiu ngan ti ~ffl ~_& wN E: noi nay)
chiec thoa bi;iC dftu tren CO kham bong hoa bang vang ("di€n" la bong hoa vang; E quen dQC la b~, dung nhu ~fg) eKich tiel toai ~ gp u$: vl danh nh!p rna vo ePhien ti'tu o' ~ ~ (§: ru'QU d6 lam vay bffn .ndng nhan ~ ~: m<)t each tuy ti~n, mQt each de dai eCo' ~: cu, gia yeu eHif:ffi: giam bot, thua that el.ii.o d{li ~ -}(: tu6i IOn eK/ullai -t;:, sau khi di ("lai" la trQ tu, vo nghla) eThiiu nihz S{i j; if~: chuy~n ca thoi son tre .Hdng Zan can ~II*1 T-: hlnh dung cho di~m son tren rna vl nude mat chay rna bien thanh mau dQc ngang tai boi eTrii.ng~: cang them (pho tu) eTtlc tzi.'c n~p n~p: ri d (tieng than thd) eTriclz eli~§-: giang chile d nhan eNg(Ja b?nh ~ W}: Bi;ich CuD! b! biem (giang chile d6i di xa), Tu rna chi la m<)t chile khong, nen noi la "ngQa b~nh" chu khong phai dau b~nh th?t eTiclz {~$: vang ve, heo lanh eTi
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tre dang (cho ra mang co v! dang) eHoa trieu:ft~: tt,IC ca lay ngay 15 thang 2 Am l!ch lam ngay sinh nh?t cua tram hoa, gQi la tiet hoa trieu eDi}c khuynh ~ jtJ[: uong ru'QU m()t mlnh eAu a D~O,Sl: tu tuc;5ng thanh, hlnh dung tieng nhi;iC don di~u, it bien hoa eTrao chief D~ O}ft: tu tuc;5ng thanh, hlnh dung am thanh nho Vt,In. lac dac ba ngt1}f. M §g: di~u nhi;lC gay ra tu dan tl ba eT{lm ~: bong, chc;5t (pho tu) eTt't ~$: tu choi .Canh t(Ja ~ ~: ng6i l<:ti lfin ncra ePhihz tac ~ fp: dtfa theo di~u nhi;ic A?
.n
566
TRAN VAN CHANH
vie't thanh IOi ca eLztc/ng ci{u .R !A_: rat Hiu eKhzt(/c t(Ja BP ~: lui l~i r6i l<;1i ng6i, lui ng6i eXtic huy~n {JE ~!: v~n mau day dan eChuyin '': cang them (ph6 tu) eThe the r~r~: the 'luang eHztdng ti~n rQ] ffif: h1c nay, vua r6i eYim khilp mt~lz:: che m~t kh6c eThanh sam ~t~: ao don xanh ( mau ao cua quan van doi Duong tl1 bat phim, cll'u phim).
D!CHNGHiA Ti ba hanh Ddu song Tdm Duang ban dem ta dua ti&n khdch, La phong, hoa !au xao xgt trong tieng gi6 thu.
') Bgch Cu Dj Chu nhiin (tdc gia) va khdch cung xuong ngl!a, buoc len thuy~n. Nang chen ru(fu djnh uo'ng, nhung lgi khong c6 tieng sao tieng dan. Say chdng nen vui ma bu6n Vl sdp phai ly bi¢t. Trang giay phut chia tay, dnh triing tham xuong mijt nuoc song menh mong. Ch(ft nghe tieng dan ti ba (viing vdng) tren song. Chu nhan quen triJ v~, ma khdch cung chdng len duang.
roAN THU n,l HQC CHU HAN
567
Chung toi thea tie'ng dim, khe hoi nguai gtly La ai? Tie'ng ti ba dung lr;zi, muo'n tra lai nhung con chdn chu. Chung toi liin dai thuyin lr;zi gdn xin cho gijp mijt, r6i liiy them ru(fu, do't lt;zi dim, miJ lr;z i ti¢ c ru(fu. G9i ni't nhdu ldn, nguai d6 moi buoc ra, tay hay con om dan ti ba che mflt nila mijt. Nguai d6 so lr;zi day, ga?y len vai tie'ng, chua thanh ra di¢u nhr;zc gi ma dii hilu tinh. Tung day d~u phdt ra nhilng tilng u ua't ben trong; nhu bay to n6i ba't ddc chi cua dai minh. Nang cui may, dl mijc cho tay ga?y dan lien tifc, n6i ra hlt cdc vi¢c vo hr;zn iJ trong long. Nang v6 nh(! day, ve nhif!, vuo't r6i lr;zi m6c len. Luc ddu gtly khuc Nghe thuang, sau dln khuc Life yeu. Day Mn r&m rf nhu mua mau, day nho nl non nhu tho the tam s/!. Tilng r&m rt nl non xen tr;zp vao nhau. Nghe nhu nhilng ht;zt chau Lon, nho rai tren chile mam ngQc. C6 luc nhu tilng chim oanh riu rit luu lodt duoi hoa. C6 luc nhu tilng nuoc suoi chay Sift sui duoi bln nuoc. C6 luc nhu nuoc suo'i dQng lgnh day dan ngung dut. Ngung dut khong thong, tgm dung hdn. M()t n6i sdu hQ_n sau kin khdc b()c ra. Khi ay nlu khong c6 tilng dan con han La c6 tilng dan. C6 luc tilng phdt ra d()t ng()t nhu chile binh bgc ch(ft vi'i nuoc w'ing tung t6e. C6 luc nhu doan quan ci'ii ngl!a mijc gidp sdt d()t ng()t xong ra, tie'ng dao thuang vang len. Khi dut bai dung phim quet vao giila day dan. Ca bon day cung phdt len m()t tilng nghe nhu xe [ifa. Nhilng con thuy~n khdc iJ hai ben lijng im thinh thit. Chl thiiy vdng triing thu trdng x6a giila long song. Trdm ngam buong phim nhet vao giila hang day. Sila lgi xiem do l() ra net mijt nghiem trang. TI! kl:" Minh vo'n La con gdi chon kinh thanh, nha iJ duoi lang Ha Mo. Niim muai ba tuo?i, hQC dLt(JC ng6n dan tl ba, c6 ten (J gido
568
TRAN VAN CHANH
phuifng bq thli nhcit. M6i ldn ddnh xong khuc dim, d~u tung khie'n cho cdc vj thifn tai ni phf:lc. Trang diim xong, sdc df:p thuifng bj cdc co ca nil ganh ghet. Con em nhflng nha giau sang i'J kinh do tranh nhau tt;lng phdm vtJ.t. M9t khuc dan, du(fc thui'Jng kh6ng bie't bao nhieu tam Lf:ia h6ng. Nhflng chile thoa b9c c6 khdm bong hoa bling vang vi lay go nhjp ma viJ tan. Qudn La do bj vay ba?n Vl ru(fu do'. Nam nay sang nam khdc eli vui ve cuifi dua. Nhflng thdng ngay tuoi df:p huy hoang dl diii qua eli trong trang thu, gi6 xuan. Em trai phdi di linh, di chlt. Chdu qua sam lr;Ii, nhan sdc gia di. Truac c6?ng vdng ve nglfa xe thua that. Den luc tudi clii cao v~ lam v(f m9t nguifi ldi huon. Nguifi ldi huon tr9ng l(fi, coi thuifng slf ly bi?t. Thdng truac 6ng a~v di mua tra i'J Phit Luong. Khi di r6i chl di minh t6i gifl thuy~n kh6ng (J ella song. Quanh thuy~n chl c6 dnh trang sang va nuac song lr;Inh. Dem khuya t6i ch(ft nlim mo tha'y l9i nhflng vi?c xdy ra thifi son tre. T6i kh6c trong giac mo, nhflng ch6 die'm son tren md bj hoen o' toi bifi Vl nuac mdt". Ta nghe tieng dan ti ba dii tho than, l9i nghe nhflng fiJi n6i nay cang them ri rl. Citng La nhflng nguifi luan lr;Ic i'J chon chan trifi, gt;lp giJ nhau day cdn gi phdi tung quen nhau truac. Tit nam ngodi ta tit bi?t kinh thanh, bj gidng chlic nlim kh6ng tr;Ii thanh Tdm Duong. Tdm Duong La da't heo ldnh kh6ng c6 tieng am nh9c, suo't nam khong nghe tieng true, tieng to. Ta i'J gdn song B6n, da't tha/J va a?m uat, fau vang tre ddng m9c quanh nha.
iJ day
sam chdu nghe thay gl? Chl c6 tieng chim cuo'c keu thdm, tieng VU(fn hot bi ai. M6i khi gt;lp tilt hoa trieu ben biJ song xuan hot;lc nhflng cdnh dem thu trang sang, ta thuifng la~v ru(fu ra
roAN THLI TIJ HQC CHU HAN
569
uo'ng mqt minh. Phdi dau kh6ng c6 tieng ca nui citng tiing sao trong than, song tie'ng ay·don di?u lac ddc kh6 nghe. Dem nay nghe ttlng dan ti ba cua CO, nhu nghe tiing khuc nh(IC tien, tai ch(ft thong suo't. Cha tit cho'i, hiiy ngbi l9i g({v them khuc nfla. Ta se dlfa thea di?u nh9c vilt thanh lifi ca "Ti. ba hanh" cho co. Cdm nhflng lifi nay cua ta, nang dang fr;Ii m9t luc !au, r6i lui lr;Ii ngbi xuo'ng \'(;in mau day dan, tie'ng dan cang tri'J nen v9i vii. Tie'ng nghe the Luong kh6ng gio'ng nhu tiing luc niiy. M9i nguifi c6 mt;lt trong hila ti?c nghe lr;Ii ldn thli hai d~u che mt;lt ro if. Trang ch6 ng6i ai la nguifi kh6c nhi~u nha't? Vr;It do mau xanh cua quan tu mii Giang Chau uat d6m nuac mdt. TVC. djch
570
TRAN VAN CHANH
D!CHTHO Ben Tdm Ducmg canh khuya dua khach, Qut;mh hoi thu, lau lach diu hiu. Nguoi xuong ngf:(a, khach diing cheo, Chen qu)mh mong et;m, nha chdu true ti. Say nhilng Luong ng{li khi chia re, Nuac menh mong duf/m ve trang trong. Tieng ti nghe wing ben song, Chu khuay khoa l{li, khach dung ddng xuoi. Ldn tieng se hoi ai dim ta? Ditng day to nan na lam thinh. Doi thuy~n ghe l{li tham tinh, Chong den, them rLt(/U con danh life vui. Moi mQC miii, tha'y nguoi ba nga, Tay om dan che nrla mij.t hoa. Vij.n clan may tieng d{lo qua, Khuc tuy chua trQn, tinh eta thodng hay. Nghe niio nuqt may day bubn bf!c, Duong than ndm tam tzic bay lau. May chau tay ga'y khuc sdu, Giiii bay hit n6i truac sau muon van. Ng6n huang bdt khoan khoan diu dij.t, Truac Nghe thuong sau thodt Li:f.c yeu. Day to nhuong ctd mua rao, Nl non day nho nhu tro chuyfn rieng. Tieng cao tha/J lf!a chen Ldn ga?y, Mam ng9c dau b6ng na'y h{lt chau. Trang hoa oanh riu rit nhau, Suo'i tuon r6c rach, chdy mau xuo'ng gh~nh. Nuac suo'i l{lnh, day manh ngitng dzit, Ngitng clzit nen phut bij.t tieng to.
571
TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
Om sdu, mang gi(in nga'n ngo, Tie'ng to lij.ng ngdt, bay gio cang hay. Blnh b{IC VG tuon dJ.y dong nLtOC, Ngf!a sdt giong, xo xat tie'ng clao? Cung dan li!a khuc than/: tao, Tiing huang xe li:f.a, lf!a vao bo'n day. Thuy~n ma~v La dong tay l{lnh ngdt, M9t vdng trang trong vdt long song. Ng(im ngui dan bat xe/J xong, Ao xiem khep nep hdu mong giai Loi. Rling xua vo'n La nguoi ke chf/, C6n Ha Mo tru fan La. H QC clan tit thua mu'oi ba, Ciao phuong df nha't sd eta chep ten. Gii thifn tai sf/ phen ditng khuc, A thu nucmg ghen luc di!m to. Ngu tang, chang tre ganh dua, Biit baa the thdm chuo'c mua tiing dan. Vanh luf/c b{lc gtiy tan dip go, Bzic qudn hbng hoen o' ruf/u roi. Nam nam ldn lila vui cuoi, Mdi trang hoa, chdng doai hoai xuan thu. Bu6n em tra'y, l{li lo di thac, Sdu hom mai ddi khac hinh dung. Crla ngoai xe ngf:(a vdng khong, Than gia mai kit duyen cung khach thucmg. Khach tr9ng lf!i khinh duong ly each, Mdi huon che sam tich ngubn khoi. Thuy~n khong d(iu bin mij.c ai, Quanh thuy~n trang giiii, nuac troi l{lnh lung. Dem khuya, Sf!C nha vong tudi tre,
o
TRAN vAN CHANH
572
TOAN THll Tl)' HQC CHCI HAN
573
*~
L~
trong hoa hoen ve phi{n son. Nghe dcm ta clii chr;mh hu6n, Lr;zi rdu nghe n6i nl non ma~v h'!i. "Cung mt)t lua hen troi l()n d()n, G(ip go nhau h9 siin quen nhau. Tu xa kinh khuye't ha)• !au, Tdm Duong da't trich go'i sdu hom mai. Cho'n cung tfch la~v ai vui thich, Tai chdng nghe dcm llfch cd nam. Song B6n g6n cho'n edt ldm, Lau vimg, true vo am th6m quanh hien. Tie'ng chi d6 nghe li~n sam to'i, Cuo'c keu s6u, vuc;n n6i veo von. Hoa xuan no, nguy~t thu tron, Ldn ldn tay chuo'c chen son rieng ngung. Hd chdng c6 ca rung, dfch nt)i, Gi9ng liu lo, hu6n n6i kh6 nghe. Tt ha nghe dr;zo canh khuya, Duong nhu tien nh(,lc gdn k~ hen tai. Hiiy ng6i lr;zi ga?y choi khuc nila, Se vi nang sor;zn sila bai ca ". Dung lau duong earn loi ta, Lgi ng6i lf!a phirn dan da kip day. Nghe niio nu('Jt khdc ray dan trul!c, Khdp ti~c hoa tuon nul!c I~ roi. Lf ai chan chua hon nguoi? Giang Chau tu rna ctuc;m rnui do xanh. PHAN HUY V[NH dfch
64
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PHIENAM Thon hfmh Ma xuyen son kinh cue so hofmg, Tin rna du du da hung tn.tong. Van hac huu thanh ham van 1<.1i, s6 phong v6 ngu l~p ta duong. Duong le di~p l(,lC yen chi sac, Ki€u m(,lch hoa khai b<,lch tuyet huang. Ha Slf ngam du hot tru truong? Th6n ki€u nguyen tht,I tlf ng6 huang. VUONG VU XUNG
Tdc giii-tdc philm
THdTONG
vucmg vo Xllng (954-1001) tl) Ia Nguyen Chi, ngllai dot cv Do
574
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
(thu¢c tinh Son 86ng ngay nay), lam quan den chuc Han lam hQc sT. 6ng eve ll,!c phe phon loi tho c(/t nhd phu phiem rat thjnh hanh dau doi Bac Tong. vade coo truyen thong hi$n thl,!c chu nghia cL)a 8o Phu, BQch Cll Dj, c6 c6ng rat ion trong vi$c mara con dllong mCii cho thi co doi Tong. Ong con de IQi t¢p tho Tieu sue t¢p.
TUNGO eCzi.c Sd hoimg *J f}] ji: hoa CUC mdi nd vang (chi canh d~ U thu) eTin mii f~ ,1~,: coi nglfa di tuy y eDii hung truiJng !f Jt~: ni~m hung d~o choi vung ngoai thanh dang n6ng nan .van l{li 8~~·: am thanh phat ra tU nhung hang tr6ng luc hoang h6n ("lq.i" la am thanh, tieng keu ciia thien nhien, nhu' tieng gi6, tieng con trung rii rich) eNgiim dzt 0~ ~: sau khi ngam tho .Nguyen th~t W~: cay c6i trong d6ng noi. D!CHNGHlA Di quanh x6m Ngr!a di xuyen qua duang nui, hoa cue bdt ddu no vang; di m(ic cho ngf:(a cu di di miii, ni~m vui thu dc;w choi vung ngoai thanh dang nbng nan. Trang muon khe co tie'ng no'i len, chua nhilng am vang buo?i chdu to'i; may ngQn nui im lim khong noi, dung silng trong dnh chdu ta. Ld duang le r¥-ng, mau do nhu son; hoa kdu mt;t.ch no, trdng nhu tuye't toa huelng thom ngdt. Vz sao ngam tho xong lt;t.i bbng bu6n rdu, chilng qua vi chile cdu trong xom va cay co'i tren d6ng trong ra't giong que ta. D!CHTHO Ngr!a xuyen duang nui cue khoe vang, Buong long day cueing me'n cdnh lang. Hang hoc vi vu nhu sdo to'i, Nui non l(ing le duoi ta due1ng. Canh duang r¥-ng ld son to thdm, Ru9ng lua dam bong tuye't toa hue1ng.
575
Ngam he't vi dau long tho'n thuc? Cay go, cdu xom gio'ng que hue1ng. NAM TRAN djch
w 65 ?I...t~,=t3
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mf9Jr~
PHIENAM Giang thu'
Tdc gia-tdc phllm Xem
a bai 'NhQC Dllong lou ky', trong phon Co vdn doi Tong.
TU NGO eNgzt gia ~' :f3: ngu'oi bat ca rat ngon).
ca
.Lzt ~J.t: ca lu',
ca
Vu'QC (m()t loq.i
D[CHNGHlA Ngztdi ddnh cd tren song Tren song nguai di lt;t.i, chl thich cd vu(/c ngon. Anh hiiy nhin xem m9t chie'c thuy~n con, no'i chtm trong song gio.
TI~AN VAN CHANH
576
D!CH THO
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
577
TU NCO Khdch tren song qua lt;zi, Tam tdc cd vu(fc ngon. Tha'y chang chile thuy~n nho? Nhap nho trong song c6n.
eTiz{lc jf: dfry ~p eSu'dng *§: kho llfl5ng thtfc eTiuldng f~: thlft1ng x6t, thuong hai .Cluing sinh 1f( ~: nglfc1i ta, mQi ngtroi
mi. w.J: b~nh gfry go .Ng(Ja tim dlldng !.V\:713H~: nam duoi anh m~t troi sap l~n.
.Luy b~nlz
HOANG TAO dich.
w
D/CH NGHiA Con frau b~nlz C{ly hila ngan mdu ru(mg, !elm cldy ngcm kho thr3c. Khi site da he't, gan da nu)i thi ai lt;zi x6t thuunr: nila? Chl mong cho m9i nguC!i d~u du(fc no du. Sa gi minh b~nh gc1y g() nlim du(Ji hr5ng m(it trC!i sdp lr;tn.
66
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1)/CH THO Ru()ng cay nghin mdu th6c nghin kho, Sac ki~t gan man ai bie't cho? Chi mui'J'n nJ?L(r/i dC!i no du cd, Chdu tim chdng qudn 6/n nc1m xo.
**~®
NGUYEN BiCH NCO djch.
rn
PHIENAM B~nh ngdu
67
Canh le thien mau thtfc thien suong, Ltfc t~n din bl thuy ph1,1c thuong? Dan dac chung sinh giai dac bao, Bat tU luy b~nh ngQa tan duong.
LY CUONG
jJft tlJ g§ ~
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~
EIE
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?R lll'l.-1. i~ {¥, ~4-~~fE*iffJ~.
LI.J £
F.R:
JjZ f~ ~~ ~ ~j§-,
Tac gia-tac philm
t~P Btt 7t Sjj
Ly Cllc:Jng (1805-1140) tv Ia B6 Ky, ngllC:ii dot Thi~u Vd (thu¢c tTnh Phuc Kien ngay nay), Ia ngLJC:ii dung dau trong cu¢c kh6ng chien chong qudn Kim xdm lllQc, c6 thC:ii gian lam te tlldng trong thC:ii Tong Coo tong, sou vi phe dau hOng trong trieu thong the, dng u6t uc ma chet. Thc:J dng hay, y ta phon nhieu chdn thl)c, cam d¢ng long ngllC:ii .
fifH¥1 ili f\i ~ f± Jlt, 1X M. F~ t~ 6 ®11¥. f~ ~ :;(5 §t j~j F3 ' ti H: ~ o~ 11Z: PDF~.
'X.- t;J.
*
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578
TRAN VAN CHANH
PHIENAM
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
*' t.f tj::
nguy~t ~j
Du so'n tay thon
. trzt(lng
M~c tieu n6ng gia l~p tltu h6 n,
Phong n;en lu'u khach tuc ke d6n. Son trung thuy phuc nghi v6 10 , Lieu a m hoa minh hlfu nhat tho n. Tieu c6 truy tuy xuan xa c ~ n , Y quan gian phac c6 phong t6n . Tong kim nhu<;Ic hua nhan thua nguy~t, Tn,1 tru'<;ing v6 thai d~ khau mon. Ll/C DU
579
f-j: nhan dem trang sang ra dc;to choi nh~n nhaeTr{t chong g~y .vo tlzifi ~B~: bat c(( Iuc nao.
D!CH NGHiA
Di cluJi xom tay ben mti Dung cuoi ru'(Ju chc;Ip nha ndng d~c. Nam duqc mua c6 du ga lqn cti giil khach. 0 da.v nui non trung di?p, ngli La khong c6 !O'i
Tac giii-tac plzilm Lt,Jc Du (1125-1210) Ia mc thOnh ph6 Thi$u Hung tTnh Chiet Giang ngay nay), c6 chf lon trong vi$c chong quan xam lu<;Jc Kim de boo v$ dot nuoc. Khi thi tien si. 6ng bi Tan C6i trong trieu chen ep ham hQi . hoQn do l¢n d¢n nhieu phen; th6y chf huang chong Kim kh6ng thanh ma trieu dinh thi bQ c nhu<;Jc. 6ng dam ra chT u6ng ru<;iu lam the! de tieu sou . Cu6i dai 6ng tra ve Sein Am song CUQC d0i ngheo kho, gan gOi VOi n6ng don va lam nhieu bai the! t0 canh sinh hoQt n6ng th6n . The! 6ng hi$n con de IQi khoang hcJn 9300 bai the! , nQi dung rat phong phu, c6 anh huang sou sac den thi co dai sou . Bai tren day toe gia sang toe nom 1167. khi con ngoi roi nhO.
a
a
TU NGU eL{lp lllll ij~~: ru'QU d~t trong thang Ch~p d€ an tet .H6n if: dl}c eD6n ~3'(: heo (l<;in) nho eTieu cii ~ fl~ : sao va trong eTruy tii.y ill~: du6i theo .xufin xii ~tl: te xa mua xuan (ngay cung thiin dat thai xua sau tiet l~p xuan d€ du xin du<;Ic trung mua; "xa" la thfrn xa, tuc th
.co·
L[!c Du di. Giila ch6 !du r(im hoa thua, lc;Ii c6 x6m Lang. Trang sao thuc gi~c ngay rl xii mua xuan gdn cte'n. Ao mu gidn di win con 1~ thai xua. Tu nay ne'u c6 duqc nhilng dem triing sang ra dgo choi nhan nhii. Ta se chong g(iy de'n g9i ciia irong dem ba't cu· luc nao. D!CHTHO Dung tuong nha nang rU't;fU chgp .xoang, Du(Jc mua diii kluich lqn ga sang. Nui trum khe h9c ngiJ khong !O'i, Ldu r()m hoa thua lgi c6 lang. Cung tl uy nghi k?m tro'ng rt)n, Th()i 12 cht{r phac do khan thuiJng.
580
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THU
Tl/ HQC C HO' HA N
581
D!CH NGHiA
Tli nay l'i gr;'ip (1em trc'ing uJi, Ch/)ng R4Y san;.? chai ctia l'Cmg.
w'
Thang trl if nong thon M(}f nulu li!c phu khdp l'ung dc!'t cao, m()t mdu trdng
NGUYEN BiCH NCO dfch
tren song do sdc trr!i phdn chie'u. Trang tie'ng cu6'c keu co nnta rui hi't phci't tr6ng nhLf khdi may. Thdng tu if n6ng th6n it cd nguoi nhdn rJi. Vtia xang vifc dau tifm lc;zi de'n Fife cc/~r ILia.
rn 68 ~DHt~ J=3
*~ ~ LlJ W:
8 iilm JII, -:r r-~ !R~ m~o 11.
D!CHTHO
Xanh mLf(fl d6ng cao trdng x6a song, Trang mua kh(5i toa, tieng quyen L6ng. Thdng tu lang xom ai nhim r6i, Vtia dut tlim trJ lr;i di~v tr6ng. HOA BANG djch
~DHt ~ J1 iMJ.A 'Y, :t T H~ x.tiliB3. /~
/fr:..' .
~~~
PHIENAM Htio'ng thon tu nguy~t L1,1c bien scin nguyen b<;1c man xuycn, Tl'r guy thanh
Iy
vG nhu' yen.
TU TONG
Hu'cing th6n tu nguy9t nhan nhan thi6u,
*~
Tai liett tam tang ht1u sap di~n.
ONGQUYEN
69
Tac gid-tac philm 6ng Quyen Ckh6ng ro nom sinh nom mat) tl,l 16 Linh Thll, nglldi dot Vlnh Gia Cthu¢c chou 6n tinh Chiet Giang ngoy nay), thi Mn sT nhieu ian kh6ng do, kh6ng tUng 16m quan. 6ng 16m the rat de y vi$c trau chu6t cou chu, trQng hinh thuc, nhllng cling c6 nhung song toe c6 net tl,l nhien, mdi me.
TU NCO
eTrl: quy
-T H~:
vua moi xong
.sap
chim di~ll
do quycn, till rB:
ady
tuc con cuclc eTir i ldu
c;}y lua.
:t T:
?% ¥~ 10' - H±! *n~~1@-ff, ~4*~~¥~· )7 ~JJ.i iZ§ T ~ ~ @J , ~DJ*1PJ1tm~. {JJ_ ~if§~~&~*'
1J\ ~ ~ f~ j~j ~f:f@l. ~9*
582
TRAN VAN CHANH
PHIENAM
Hoan khe sa Nhat khuc Uin tu tliu nhat boi, Khu nien thien khl qtu dlnh dai. Tjch du'ong Uiy h;:t ky thai h6i, v6 kha n;:ti ha hoa l;:tc khu. Ttf tang tu'ong thuc yen quy lai, Ti€u vien hu'ong kinh d()c b6i h6i.
YENTHU Tac giii-tac plziim Yen Thu (991-1055), tv Ia Dong Thue, nglloi Ci dot Lam Xuyen Cthu¢e thdnh ph6 Lam Xuyen, Vu Chdu , tlnh Giang Tdy ngay nay) doi Tong, do tien sf. lam tllong doi vua Nhan tong kiem Khu m(lt su, tfnh thdng than h9e r¢ng, sang toe rat nhieu th
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TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
583
Hoa rai r~ng hit, bie't lam chi! Tt!a nhu quen tru(Jc en bay v&, VuiJn nho duiJng tham ch(jm bu(Jc di. TVC. djch.
w 70 ftD~fJ
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D[CHNGHiA
Roan klze sa Hdt xong m9t khuc tit moi u6ng m()t chen rur;u. Khi triJi niim truoc va dinh dai vdn nhu cu. Bong tjch duang ngii xu6ng vi phia tay bao giiJ quay trif l9i. Hoa rai di milt ch!lng biit lam the' nao. Chim en bay tro vi nhu dii titng quen nhau. VuiJn nho duiJng tham m9t minh tha thiln. D[CH THO Xong m9t bai tit, u6ng m9t ly, Ldu xua, cdnh eli vdn cony. Bong nga v& tay bao giiJ l9i?
L_v Thanh Chie'u
sn ~~~
584
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
585
PHIENAM
Nhti mt)ng
Phtin tht? hai
I~nh
KINH LUJ.N PHJ.T GIAO ¥ ;:_ Sf .i.. : 14P ~ 1~ i~
Tac dc,t vG so phong s~ u, Nung thuy bat tieu tan tliu. Thf van quy~n Iiem nhan, Khuoc d<;to hai duong y ctfu. Tri phil? Tri phil? Vng thj h,IC phl h6ng Sall.
LY THANH CHIEU
• J
1~ 1~1f3
~
Tac giii-tdc phiim Ly Thanh Chieu (1081-1151) hi$u Ia DiAn cu SL ngLJdi dot Te Nom (nay Ia thanh pho Te Nom. tinh Sc:ln 86ng). Ia m¢t nCJ tlJ nhan (ngLldi sang toe t(l) noi neng. Khi nhO Tong chQy ve phia Nom. b6 song trong bLldc loQn ly nen do viet dLlc;Jc nhieu bai thd bieu 1¢ sou sac nnh cam yeu nL16c. NhLJ m¢ng 1$nh Ia ten m¢t tCJ di$u pho bien. toan di$u c6 33 chCJ. Con "L$nh' cong gQi Ia ·neu l$nh' Ia m¢t the ngan nh6t. chi c6 hoi den ba v¢n phach va thLJdng c6 hoi doan.
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PHFENAM
D[CHNGHiA
Ph~t
Nlut m(mg l?nlz Dem qua nnta thua gi6 thifi glip. M(Jt giac· ngu say vdn khong lam tan he't hoi men con lt;i. Thi:t hoi nguC!i to gai trong nha. (Nang) lfli n6i c~:~m hoa hai duC!ng \!(Jn nhu xua. C6 bitt khang? C6 bie't khong? Chinh fa cay Ia xanh tot them len nhLtng bong hoa dii roi r~:~ng tan lfl. D[CHTHO Dem qua gi6 m9nh mua thua, Hoi men n6ng gia(: vJn chua kip tan. Hoi thiim co gai cuon nuin, Hai cluC!ng nang lfli n6i rling vJn nhu. C6 bie't u? C6 bitt u? Hoa kia roi r~:~ng, !a chit them xanh. TVC. dfch
Ph~t
gia, Ph~t da chi tinh xling. Thj giac ng() tt! tam, cull d() chung sinh, d<;~.t dao vien man giii chi due hi~ll. Nhu Trung Qlloc chi ton xung Kh6ng Tli vi thanh nhan nhat d<;~.ng, hull ljch sli, hull slf thlfc. Nhi ky trf hu~ nang life vu'U d<;~.i, sd d1 ton xung vi Ph~t. PMt chi trf hu~, thj chllyen vi pha tru tham, san, si, m<;~.n diing phi~n nao. Ph~t chi nang life, xac nang sli nhat thiet chung sinh, ly nhat thiet khd, clac CUll canh l<;~.c, co ng6 nhan du'ong l~p chi hQC
PMt. (Sd dii.ng Phijt lu)c giao khoa tim')
Tac giii-tac phrlm Boi nay Ia bai dau tien trong sach Sd ddng Ph¢t hQc gi6o khoa thu do Thi$n Nhdn (Trung Quoc) bien soQn. Ia m¢t quyen sach dLJQc soQn
586
TRAN VAN CHANH
bang chu Han cho nhung nglloi budc dau hoc Ph(lt. vdi lei van va cau chu de hieu; hi$n tqi nude to c6 ban d!ch cua TV kheo Thfch Hanh Tn,1 (1904-1984). Tren day Ia bai dau tien trong quyen 1.
587
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
Juan h6i) eNizat tlziet -1;7] : tat ca, mqi eCzcu canlz '9Z ~: ket qua ho~c mt,~c dich sau cung muon d<;tt tdi .Ngo nhan g A : chong ta.
NGOPHAP CD ~D ... - fi (nhu... nha't d:;tng): y nhu... (dung trong ket cau so sanh, thong dt,~ng trong van Bach tho~i) : ~0 l=f=l ~ # tL ~~A- f~ (Nizzi Trung Quae chi ton xu'ng Kh6ng Tll' vi thanh nhan nlzat d{lng). ® Jt (vu'u): cang ... hon: jt (Vtiu d~i). @ ~( chuyen): chuyen, rieng ut:, chi (ph6 tu): ~ ~ ~ {i~ ~~ . .. (Th! chuyen vi pha tru ... ). @ ~ (d~ng): cac thu, nhung ngu'oi (nhu') .. . (cac nha ngu phap Trung Quoc hi~n nay xep ~ vao lo~i tr
z m r
*
D!CH NGHlA
TU NGO
Plzljt
m:
.Tlnh Xling ~' gQi ta: t .Giac ngi} Jl 'IB: tinh thlic, giac ng<) eT{i tam § {,, :cai Him cua m'inh, tl,l' Him eCccu di} f~~ :cuu va giup cho Vu'Qt qua b€ kh6 (~dung nhu' rJJO .Cluing sinh *~: cac loai c6 sl,( song va c6 cam giac eVien miin 1iJ jjjllj: trQn dfry, dfry au .Dzcc hifu1le5J1t: danh hi~u tot d~p eT{m Xling #ffl}: gQi m<)t each kinh trQng eTri huf '& ~:slf sang suot, tri sang (cling OQC "tri tu~"; c6 hai lo(,li: tri hi€u biet va tri xuat the, tri xuat the a6ng nghTa vdi Bat nha) ePha trz'i ~M~: tru bo, pha bo eTham, san, si, nllJn ~ ~.l jtf t~: tham lam, gi~n du, si me va kieu ng(,lo ePhiin niio ~][ '1'~: bu6n phi~n, phi~n nao (d~c tinh cua tam thuc sinh ra cac phap bat thi~n, lam con nguoi b! vu'ong mai trong
Ph¢t, tie'ng keu tdt cua hai chil "Ph¢t da" tile La clue hi~u cua b¢c dii Giac ng9 noi f1! tam va cau d9 m9i foai dc;a ae'n qua vi vien miin. Cung ml)t each nhu dan tl)c Trung Hoa ton xung due Khdng Ti:t La m9t bt!c thanh nh(Jfl, c6 ljch si:t, c6 st! th¢.t. Song tri hu? va nang lf!c cua Ph¢t thl!On han, cho nen chung ta ton xung Ia Ph¢t. Tri hu? cua Ph¢t, mi:tc dich phd trit baa nhieu phiin niio: tham, san, si, va m{ln v. v ... Nang lt!c cua Ph¢t quye't lam cho ta't cd m9i loai, xa lla ta't cd kho?, holm toan an huang nhilng st! vui, vi Le ay chung ta cdn phdi L¢p chi h9c Ph¢t. THiCH HANH TRl) djch
m
588
TRAN VAN CHANH
2 ~t
~t · ND ~t: !'liJ o itt Fe~- t;JJ ~ tvJ • ~~:IE r.ill • ~ ~ Wfl i8 o A~~~·~$t~W o ~~~~A·~~~AfiA1E !liflz~t · tzot~~~ · ~1d¥ · t5Hl~~t!1 o
fit 1~ itt # ?JT gJt
z ~t · ~f£ :;r Jt !lt · ?~ 1J~ A 1:. ~t · ~ :*: J;2
ffi~ o ~t~~·~~~~A~Et+X•fiAIT~·U:;r *At~
· rli~A~ti;~{?Jj~t
o
PH!ENAM Phap Phap, tuc phap tac. The gian nhat thiet V~ln v~t, giai hG'u djnh ly, giai hG'u quy ph<:~m. Nhan lo<:~i di9c nhien, ky phap vttu chu m~t. Co de quoc thanh nhan, giai hCtu str nhan hanh nh~p chinh quy chi phap, nhttle giao, phap lu~t, LJUY Lf(k artng thj da. Nga Ph~t The Ton sd thuyet chi phap, tuy bflt chi thl't, nhien 11 nhan sinh phap, di~c o~i tri tttong dong. Ky vttu yeu giii, thj t~1i giao ngo nhan thu ngG gidi, hanh bat chinh d<:~o, dT bat that nhan each, co nhan 11ng dtt
(Sd dclng Plzijt h9c gitio klwa tlut)
Tac gid-ttic plza?m Day Ia bai thO 2 trong quyen 1 sach so· dong Ph¢t hQc gi6o khoa thu.
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
589
ttt~: tu dung d~ ton xung Ph?t t6 Thlch Ca Mau Ni .Ngii giili 1i "ffX: nam di~u kieng cam cua d<;1o Ph~t: sal sinh, tr9m cap, ta dam, n6i xang va uong ri1QU eBat clzinlz d{lo /\ li. ~: tam con duong giai thmit khoi kh6, gom: chinh kien, chinh tu duy, chinh ngG', chinh nghi~p, chinh m~nh, chinh tinh tien, chinh ni~m,
chinh d!nh. NCO PHAP CD RP (tt1c): tUc Ia, chinh Ia, la; RDchl Ia m9tph6 tu, nhung trong m
di?c nlzien). @ ~-ill.(thl da): d61a, chinh la, Ia nhtt the v?y (mQt hlnh thuc dao tri tfm ngG' ra tntdc thttong dung trong m9t ket diu d!nh nghla, gom d~i tu ~ (thi) va trc;f tu (da), tl1ong duong voi ~ ... t!1 nhung ~ l~i OI1(1C oua ra phia saudi chung voi t!1 ): tzot~#. ~t1*, tY!*l~~{Q,(Nhu le giao, phap lu?t, quy uoc d£ng tlzi dii). ® ft /f 1.[ !l:t (tuy ba't chi thli'): du kh6ng chi (co) the. @ ~ (tf): v~, doi voi (gioi tu): ~1J~ A~$ ... (Nhien ,, nhan sinh phap ... ). ® ¥5. (d~i tri): d<,ti d~, d<;1i khai, v~ din ban (ph6 tu): ¥5:. tEl~ (D{li tri tuong dong). (j) ~ jt ~ :t3 (ky vtfu yeu gia): oi~u cang quan trqng h
*
*
*
Ia ...
® f)f; ~(ling duo'ng):
nen, phai, dn phai (ph6 tu).
Tl) NCO
eDjnh /j ):E.flt[: lyle nhat dinh, djnh ly eQuy ph(lm tfli8: mau m!fc, tieu chuffn, khuon phep, phep de .C!m m{it ~ W: ti ml, chu dao .Chinlz quy IT ttl: dLtong chfnh, dLtong dung .The' Ton
D!CH NCHlA
Plzap Phdp, tU'c Ia phep tdc. Ta't ca muon Sf! muon \'t;'it trong the' gian nay, v(lt nclo cung d~u e<) f.v nhU't djnh l'a d~u c6 khuon mlfu cua m5.
590
TRAN VAN CHANH
Loai nguoi ciing the: nhLtng khuon phep cua loai nguoi cang chu cldo hun. Ch.o nen cdc blfc Thanh nhun trong m6i nuO.c, vj Thanh nhun nao ciing cl~u co nhilng phuung phdp lam cho con nguoi eli vao con cluong chun chdnh nhu: ll gido, phdp lu(jt va quy wJc v. v ... Con phuung phdp cua clue The' Ton chung ta dt;~-y khong nhilng the' thai, clo'i vai phuung phdp dt;~-y ngu(!i cloi, ch6 clt;~-i khdi ciing rift giong nhau. NhLtng ch6 co't ye'u hun he't La dt;~-y chung ta m6i nguoi cdn phdi giil gln nam giai cam va thlfc hanh thea phdp "Bat chdnh dt;~-o ", cti cho khoi mat tu each lam nguoi, vlle ay chung ta cdn phdi h9c Ph(jt phdp. THiCH HANH TRl) djch
m 3 1~
M~·M~Z~mo~mw~*oW~~~:-~w [P] 11~ o -=~tO [P] ~~ o .::. J;r tO [P] fi. o [ZIJ tlJ fO [P] t';;J o li D fO 1m ~ o ~~fOfPJtft o t5utU~+ • Jl1~~r!IJG:Z1S-lli o -A·-=A·-A~~mmM·£~[ZIJAU~·~~ mM o M+·~~~rZIIJG:1Sm·~~~~MIIl·m~
al$ ,
1~17tj}*-lli
o
PHIENAM Tang Tang gia, tang gia chi tinh xung. Y vi hoa h<;1p chung. Hoa huu l1,1c chung: Nhat, gioi hoa d6ng tu . Nhi, kien hoa d6ng giai. Tam, than hoa d6ng tr1,1. Tu, l<;1i hoa d6ng quan. Ngli, khftu hoa v6 tranh. L1,1c, y hoa d6ng duy~t. Co thu tang ttf, thtjc Ph~t d~ tu
roAN THu' T\,1 HQC CHOHAN
591
dofm th~ chi danh da . Nhat nhan, nh! nha n, tam nhan giai bat dac xung tang, tat tu tu nhan dT thu<;1ng, nai kha xung tang. Tang tJ!, nai Ph~t d~ tu chi doan th~ danh xung, co ung co ket tang doan, hi~p lJ!c h(> phap, phi ph~n ngo~i sJ! da . (Sd ddng Ph/jt hQc giao klzoa tlut) Tac gid-tac pha·m Day Ia bai thu 3 trong quyen 1 sach Sd dang Ph¢t hQc giao khoa thU.
TUNGO eTiing 1~: su' nam (dan 6ng di tu d~o Ph~t) eTiing gia 1~1to: doan th~ d~ tu Ph~t, chi doan th~ cac vi tl kheo, tl kheo ni, cling nhu' cac sa di (trong nhi~u tru'ong h<;1p, cac cu' sT cling du'QC li~t vao Tang gia) eCiu'ing fl.: lo~i eQzuzn t!;j: chia d~u eTranh ~: cai eTh{IC Jl: th~t, thJ!c (la)(ph6 tlt) eC{/ kit ~ *5: ket ch?t, cling co, doan ket eHi?p l{lc ta j]: h<;1p sue eH{) pluip ~~ ~1;;: bao v~ chinh phap cua Ph~t. NGO PHAP CD ~ ~ (ba't d~c): kh6ng du<;1c ("bat" la ph6 tu, "dac" la tr<;1 d(>ng tlt). @ £\ ~][ (ta't tu): dn phai , at phai (ph6 tu). @ .[:) ~ (di thtiQ'ng): trd len (c1,1m til quen dung): [Zg A 1-).~ (Tu nhan di tlut(lng). ® ~ (nai): a) moi, thl moi (ph6 tu):~~m1~ (Niii kha xung tang). b) la, chinh la (dung nhu' d6ng d(>ng tu trong m(>t ket cau d!nh nghTa) 1~+ . ~1~ ~r ZIIJG:1Sm(Tang tJ!, niii Ph~t d~
592
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THV Tl,/ HQC CHO' HAN
593
tli' chi dofm thti danh xling).
4
Danh tu hay ct,~ m danh ttl c6 th~ Ia m clinh ngu d~ b6 nghTa cho danh ttl khac m9t each trlic tiep ho~c thong qua
®
$ r (Ph4t d~ tii') c6 th~ viet 1~ z $ -T (Ph4 t clzi cl~ til'); 11= 1B j~ (Phi ph4 n ngo<). i st! da ), c6 th~ viet la 11= 1B j~ z ~-ill (Phi ph4 n ngo<;~ i clzi tr
Z
(chi). 1~
*-il
st! da ).
f~ ;Jjg ~ 1~ .t.t: an .L.t: --t-. F.lt:>"iJF.lt::JJ
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rt :;lj::o 1 ->" iJi"L"~'
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,
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PHIEN AM
Tiinf?, La tie'nf? ke u tdt cua hai chil "Tang gia" c6 nghia Ia "hoa hr;p chung ", ·'' nghla Ia mqt nh6m nguifi c6 tdnh cdch hoa hqp va cung d chung l'di nhau. Hoa hqp c6 sdu nghla: Mqt, d6ng mqt gidi luQ_t hoa thuQ_n drf cung nhau tu tQ_p; hai, St/ thd\' bie't hoa thuqn de' gidi thich cho nhau hiiu; ha, thdn thi hoa thuQ_n ctd' cung rJ chung vdi nhau; h6'n, c6 lr;i lqc nen cung nhau hoa thuqn ctrf chia d6ng ddu; niim, 1/ti n6i phdi hoa thuQ_n kh6ng nen ciii IJy tranh h(fn thua; sdu, tdm ·'' Lu6n Lu6n hoa thuqn, vui ve tdn thanh .\; ki{n hay va tuy hl hQc hc;znh t6't ... Dtl sdu nghla tren, nuJi gQi La "T(rng". Chil Tang ddy, chinh La nu}t danh ti:t chl chung cho m(}t dodn thrf d¢ ttl ctla PhQ_t vQ.y. Mqt ngu/ti, hai nf?U'Cti, ba ngur!i dtiu kh(Jng thl gQi La Tang; tit /J(J'n nguifi sdp len nuJi dur;c gQi Tang. Chil Tclng clii La tie'ng gqi chung cho mqt doan thrf d¢ ttl ctla PhrJt, thi Le tL'tt nhien ta phdi ctlng co' doan ke't T(fng gia, hi¢p ll;(c h(} phdp, khong phdi ld vi¢c ngoai /J(fn ph(ln vQ.y. THiCH HANH TR(j djch
w
r * '10/.B
~fflmM~o~~~M '~~~~ o ~~~;Jm$.fE Q ~
fl
D!CH NGHiA
0
Thich Gia Mau Ni Thich Gia thj Ph~t chi tinh. Mau Ni thj Ph~t chi danh. Nga quoc djch vi ·'Nang nhan Tich m~c ". Nang tuc nang 11/c. Nh5.n tuc tu bi. Tjch gia, bat vi kh6 l(,lC S(j c19ng. M~c gia, bat vi phi~n nao s(i nhieu. T~c d() d() tha, c6ng c.1uc vien man. Co hi~u Thich Gia M5.u Ni. Kim nga boi ky thi Ph~t chi at; tli', tuc LCng hQc Ph~t chi Nang nhan Tich m~c, tai toan chan chinh Ph~t tli'.
(So· dcing Ph(lt h(Jc giao khoa tlut) Tac gilt-tac pllilm Day Ia bai thO 4 trong quyen 1 sach Sd dang Ph¢t hQc gi6o khoa thU.
TlJ NCO eT~t di) di) tha GJ r§f. fJ;t 1-tJL: t~ u{) mlnh va d() ngu'oi khac eNgii bol tl< II: chung t6i, chung ta. NCO PHAP
CD ~5t~(ky thO: cla Ia .
® RP (tl'ic): thl (dung nhli
~lj[tacl): RDH!~1~(Til'c LCng hqc
594
TRAN VAN CHANH
595
roAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
5
Ph?t... ).
® ~ (tai):
moi, thl moi (thuong dung trong B<;1ch tho<;1i, d?ng gian th€ viet Et :}): *i Jf ~ JI 1~ -T (Tai toan chan chfnh Ph?t ttl').
mr~&:g~
*1~~-fi:-·~--~:=·~A*~;-
'*
-jj:t:;r~o
Bn m 'l-n. -;t=; ·1·~ Bn °m Yi!- AIJ Yi!- o ' 'Fl 1'3 AIJ ~ JtJ;) 1~i~~A , §g1J*~f*J'I'B , t:l:F@frotl1 o
a en R'F =n. -g. ~ 11.'-t'. 7E HJ IX PP
-
*~
o
'
m
# r;;m =gg -Ei' -;t=; ·1·~ -:f.X. ~ o~ R Yi!- ' Fl 1'3
PHIENAM
La han c~p
B6 tat
La han huu tam nghTa: nhat, pha tam d()c t~c; nhi, ling nhan thien cung; tam, lai the bat sinh. B6 tat thj An D9 ngu, nga quoc djch vi giac huu tlnh. Giac tuc giac ngQ, huu tlnh tuc chung sinh. Ng6n ky dT Ph?t phap giao nhan, nang ljnh chung sinh khai ngQ, xuat kh6 hai da.
D!CH NGHiA
(Sd dling Phqt h(Jc gido khoa thzl)
Tlziclz Ca Mtlu Ni Thich Ca (Thich Gia) La h9 cua Ph(j.t; Muu Ni (Mau Ni) La ten cua Ph(j.t. Tau djch: "Nang nhe!n Tjch m(ic ". Nang, ttlc Ia Nang lijc; Nhe1n, ttlc Ia Tit bi; Tjch, !a kh6ng bi sf! kho· vui lam b(j.n long; M(ic, La kh6ng bj vi?c phiin niio lam ro'i loc;m. Tf! d(} va d(} tha, c6ng dtlc duc;c vien man. Cho nen hi?u Ngai !a Thich Ca Muu Ni.
Tdc gid-tdc pha·m 86y Ia bai thO 5 trong quyen 1 s6ch Sd dang Ph¢t hQc gi6o khoa
thU.
Ngay nay chung ta eta La d? til cua Ngai thl le d! nhien phdi h9c theo ccii due tanh "Nang nhe!n Tjch m(ic" cua Ngai. The' moi dang g9i la m(}t Ph(j.t til chan chdnh. THiCH HANH TR(j djch
m
Van Thu b6 tat
TRAN VAN CHANH
596
TU NCO
*
eLai the' iit: doi sau .Kiwi ug(j eKhiJ hai "f5 {!IJ:: h€' kh6 (bi€'n kh6).
1m '['g:
6 gi<1c ng<), hi€'u ro
11~ fr ~ D!CH NCHiA
La lul.u vii
597
roAN THU TV HQC CHU HAN
B6 tat
La han CcJ ba nghla: ( 1) Phd git;lc tam d(5c (tham, s{in va si); (2) dang th9 sv cung chfang cua ngui'!i va trr/i; (3) (1(/i sau khong con sanh tu· (luan h6i) nila. 136 tcit m)i du theo tie'ng ln D9 Ia "B(j ctJ Tat (1da ", Tau djch: "Citic hilu tlnh ''. Giac, tu·c hi gicic ngq; Hilu tlnh hi chung san h. Nghla La 136 tdt (1em Ph()t phap dg_v nguai J•cl cr) nclng tvc khie'n cho chung sanh duc;c ta ng('J l'G ra khoi biln kh6'. THiCH HANH TR(j djch
,
v~ c~
rr
11~fr ffl , t~ ~ lf\l ~
, lfJ1HB- f~U]! m o r:r 11. ~ o ~/f ~§JUM ' ~/ft~~ 1~
~ ~~~ ' ~Jt§3%¥:fD~~frr£ oQ/f~%·/f~O·/f~~·/f~~·/f~~~~o~ .e:;:. /;7:f)
~'X./.
tbfJ
0
PHJENAM
Tu hanh Tu hanh giii, tu di h~111h vi, xii ac thu thi¢n, ly tt,~c tong d~o da. Hanh tr~1 tQa ngqa yeu cung klnh, thuyet thoai yeu boa blnh khiem ton. Y bftt tham san si, than bat sat d~to dam . KhJu bat h.tong thi~t, bat ac khfi' u, bat vqng ngG', bat y ngG', bat khiet huan tU'u d~ng. Thi vi tu hanh.
~
(Su dciug Phijt lzQc giao klwa tlul)
Tac gia-tac philm Day Ia bai .t hu 6 trong quyen 1 sach Sd dang Ph¢t hQc gi6o khoa thU.
TU NCO
eLtldng thi?t ~ 3: n6i hai IOi .Ac khflu ~ 0: n6i dieu ac (hung dG') eVQng ugil ~ §-%: n6i xhng .y *~: xien x~o .Khie't 0~: an uong eHuan ii: mi;in, an m;;in (con c6 nghia la lo;,ti thuc an c6 chat cay nhu' hanh, h~, toi ... ).
Th()p belt La hcin
w
NCO PHAP CD :fj" fi. ~ ~ (hanh trv tQa ngQa) trong bai Ia 4 a<)ng tu deu au'<)c di:mg nhu' danh ti:f.
598
TRAN VAN CHANH
® ~ (ye'u): phai (tr<;1 d()ng tu): ~ $ iiff. (YelL cung kin h). ® ~ ffiS (thi vi): d6la ... : ;JJ!: iWH~ff(Th! vi tu hanh).
roA N THli Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
599
Ttic gia-tac philm 86y Ia bai thu 10 trong quyen l sach Sd dang Ph¢t gi6o hQc khoa thU.
D[CH NGH[A
Tu himh Tu hrmh: Sila do?i hanh vi, bo dillam lanh, xa lla the' lf:lc, thea df!.o. Va khi eli, dang, ng6i, nlim phai c6 oai nghi, luc n6i nang cdn phdi on hoa nha nht;in va khiem nhu&ng; y khong tham s{m va si; than khong sat sanh, trqm cilp va dam 6; mifng khong n6i hai l&i, khong n6i l&i hung dil, khong n6i difi tra, khong n6i l&i theu dft chuyfn it xfch cho nhdu, kh6ng an nhilng d6 rur;u thjt v. v ... Thl g9i fa tu hanh.
TU NGU .L~tc ciin t:&: sa u giac quan: nhan (m~ t), nhi (tai), ti (ti) (mGi), thi~t (lu'oi), than (than), y (y, kha nang suy nghT) .HtJ d~mg Ii. Rl v?n dl;lng Ian nhau ·T~t t{nh § tt.: cai tinh nam sau mqi hi~n tu'\"lng, cai nga.
n
THiCH HANH TR[/ djch
m 7
ID%~
ID%~~·~miD%ili~o~~~-~iliAm~z~•· ~ :g: ~ §~ n t:& Ii. m o;g 1I\ § ~ t'' , ND 5f. ID% ' §~M ili Fs~~. Z § ti rm 'IR ~ ~ o
rm 1& :f!z *~1ft o ~ ~ •1PJ tJ §~ ID% ~ ? PHIENAM
QuanAm Quan Am gia, toan xung Quan The Am. Thll' B6 tat quan khan the nhan xung danh chi am thanh, nhi h?u cuu chung sinh da. Nhien am thanh ha dT nang quan khan? Cai B6 tat nang ll;IC can ho dl;lng. Nht1<;1c y tl! giac thich, tuc phan quan, nang van the gian am thanh chi tl,( tinh nhi ng() dc:to gia.
(Sd dling Phqt hf)c giao klzoa thtt)
DuO'ng Ldu Quan Am
600
TRAN VAN CHANH
Quem Am Quem Am hi ten tdt, f1(Ji cho du lei Quan The' Am. Nghla lei l'i B6 tdt nay luon luon xem xet tie'ng him cua nguiri dr!i .utng nifm de'n danh hifU cua Ngcli, /"(j[ Ngcli li2n de'n d(j cho cluing sanh a\·. Nhung, vi sao Ngcli xem xer dU"(fC tiitng tclm.") -Ddp: Bdi 1'/ ]J(j tdt nay dii cluing du(fc l'ien th/Jng cr3 tid sdu ccln dung lc'in nhau. Ne'u ccln ni' theo 111(71 ft! gidc mel gidi thfch, thi vj Brj tdt mlv, dem ccii nghe tie'ng tclm tronfi d(Ji md nghe tr(! IQi ft! tanh CUCI minh, cfe'n khi thudn lhi!C /11Q dU"(fC 11firJ d(!O \'(ly. THiCH HANH TR(j djch
m
wPr m
o
r~:®:§ft ~t rz:g
(Tu) Dao de: bat chinh d
Tac gid-tac philm
.Tidch Ton f~®:: tude g9i Phflt Thich Ca Mau Ni .Tlwyit
+ JL4 • ~ tJ:tc :JU
0
( --)~~·~~~-+~~~.,~~~8~~~~ ~o'll • =~-, 'T/\'f~J.H 01JIE.!.;! IE 3Z. c::::t t(_l.!.>.J o
(- ) ?JJXWi:
P 0HIJU~W1~?!E~~fii·~~: t!Jtt!:Fs9~~ o ([Zg)~Wi:Arr~-+t~a•~~~z[EJ:t!Jill
Fs9 ~[E)
l~tc: xuflt the gian l
Tl) NCO
(-)NWi:.=...W~~waw~~:ili~N~ o
ill Fs9 N [E)
xac th~c thj tlw kht) chi nhan: the gian kh6 nhan. (Tam) Di0t de: A Ia han dJng ode Niet ban qua xac tiWc thi
fhU.
[ZgWi rzg ~ : Wi ::§ ,
gian khC) qua. (Nhj) Tflp de: tham san dJng nhi thap ll]c chting phicn nao
Day Ia bai thu 72 trong quyen 4 sach Sd dang Ph¢t hQc gi6o khoa
8
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601
(Nhat) Kh6 de: tam gidi l~lC U.J.O dJng xac thL(C thi khf): the
D!CH NGHiA
rm~~ iWJL'§ ~ Orp /;70 rH~J
TOAN THV n,f HQC CHU HAN
0
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the gidi gom U~IC gi(~i, sac gidi va v6 sifc gioi eL(lC d(IO ~ill: sau duong tai sinh, sau coi: Ngui:ii, Tn:Ji, A-tu-la, Ng<:! quy, Dja ngl]c, Sue sinh .A Ia han tu()ng cao nhflt m~1 tat d
tile La han eNiet him ;!£ f;h.~: ly s~ tu tftp cua Ph~t giao mu6n oat tlii,
pD] H 1~:
chi dnh gidi tinh thfrn sau khi ua do~lll di9t sinh tu Juan hoi mt)i oat dV<.ic, dich lL( am chil Ph
D(CH NGHlA
PHJENAM
Tri' de'
Tude' Tu ue: ae gia, thim th~c da. Thich t6n thuyct phap tu th~p cU'u nien, giai dl t<.1 li~t tude vi cuong llnh.
Chii' De' hi cluic th(lt. fHtc Thfch Ttm thuye't jJ/uip 49 mlm, c12u dung pluip Tu· de' him gi2rzg mfJ'i, nhu sau 11(/y:
602
TRAN VAN CHANH
1. Khff de': Trang ba coi sdu duong ... chdc chdn la kht/: day la cai qua khff (;the' gian. 2. T(lp d{· Nhilng tham, san si ... hai muai sau m6n phiJn niio, chdc chdn la nguyen nhan di chju khff: day la cai nhan kh6 cua the' gian. 3. Di~t de': Nhu nhii'ng b(lc A Ia hdn ... dii chung c1Ut;Jc qua Nie't ban, chdc chdn Ia vui: day La qua vui cua xua't the' gian. 4. fJf;w c1{· Tu Bat chdnh dr;w va Ba muai bay philm trt;J dt;zo ... chdc chdn la cdi nhan eli huang cai vui: day La nguyen nhan vui cua xua't the' gian.
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603
TOAN THU n,1 HQC CHU HAN
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PHIENAM Di~u phap Lien hoa Kinh ho~ng truy~n tlf Duong Chung Nam Son Thich Dl;lo Tuyen thu~t. Di~u Phap Lien Hoa Kinh gia, thong chu Ph~t giang linh chi b6n (ban) tri da. Uftn ket Dl;li Hl;l , xuat bi thien linh. Dong truy~n Chan Dan, tam bach du tai. Tay Tan Hu~ De VTnh Khang (Khuong) nien trung, Truong An Thanh Mon, Don Hoang B6 Tat True Phap HO gia, so phien thll' kinh danh Chanh (Chinh) Phap Hoa. Dong Tan An De, Long An nien trung, H~u T~n Hoang Thi, Quy Tu' sa mon Cuu Ma La Th~p, thu phien thll' kinh, danh Di~u Phap Lien Hoa. Tuy thi Nhan ThQ. D<:1i Hung Thi~n ttf, Bac Thien True sa mon Xa (D6) Na, Cap Da, h~u sa phien gia, d6ng danh Di~u Phap. Tam kinh trung dl;lp, van chi h6 tr~n. Thai sa tong thu(,ing, giai hoang T~n b6n. Tv du chi phftm, bi~t k~, bat vo ky lu'u, Ct,l nhu' Ttf lich, co sa phi thu~ t. Phu di Linh Nhl;lc giang linh, phi Dl;li Thanh vo do khai h6a. Thich h6a sa c~p, phi tich duyen vo dT d<,lo tam. sa dT Tien Uy€n cao thanh, co phan ti€u dl;li chi bi~t. Kim Ha co m~nh, dl;lO thu ban man chi khoa. Khai phi giao bi thua thai, vo tuc hl;lch ky cao h<)i. Thi tri ngG thien thoai tich, vi tan (tien) tang m(;ln chi tru. NgG bach thQ (tht,I) ky, cau sung m~t h6a chi tich. sa dT ph6ng
604
TRAN VAN CHANH
TOAN THU n,J HQC CHU HAN
605
TU NCO
djch nam 406. Trude d6 con c6 ban djch cua True Phap H() trong nam 2R6 gqi Ia Chfnh Phdp hoa kinh 10 quycn 27 phfrm va sau d6 m()t b~m uich khac niTa, nam 601, ctia Xa Na Qu~t Da va D~t Ma Cap Da, b6 dinh ban cth CULl Ma La Th~p, gqi Ia Thiem phdm Difu phdp Lien hoa kinh, 7 quy€n, 27 phrt'm( nhu bai tu tren da neu). Day Ia mOt trong nhung b0 kinh chti yeu ct.'!a Ph~t giao D~i thua, neu ro Tam thua (Thanh van, Duyen giac, B6 tat) quy v~ m<}t mtli (Ph~t thi:ra), di€u hoa cac lo~i thuyet phap cua D~i, Ti€u thi:ra; cho ding tat ca chung sinh d~u c6 du tri kicn cua Ph.;it cho mQi nguoi khai phat va o€u c6 thE thanh Ph.;it eHoiiug truyin Eft.: truy~n ba r()ng rai eT{l #;)(: bai tva (loi n6i ofiu sach, cGng viet 1a ff) .Thiclz D{lo Tuyen fi~'§(596-667): tang nhan Trung Quoc doi Duong, que d Ngo Hung (thu()c H6 Chau, tlnh Chiet Giang1) ' Ia nouoi sanab lap ra Luat tong a Trun1!.._. Quoc. Xuat b . . than gia dlnh quan l~i (cha tung lam L<:ti b() ThLC\"ing thtr tri~u Trfrn), nhung len 10 tu6i D~o Tuyen da bo nha len Truong An hQC d<;10 (i chua Nh~t Nghiem, nam sau cat toe quy y; nam 20 tu6i thQ Cl,l tUC gi(ii Va hQC Ju.;it trong 10 nam, Ji;in lQi khap b6n phHtjng tim OL(c}ng hQC h
eDi~u phap Lien hoa kinh ~.::htw1t*-ill: gqi t5t Ia kinh Phdp twa , duc;c truy0n ba rat n)ng, g6m 7 quy€'n, Iuc <.1fiu 27 phfim, sau them phrt'm "Ba 8at Da" thanh 28 phrt'm, do Cuu Ma La Th~p
phdm Bat nhii kinh, Phap twa kinh, Duy Ma C(lt kinh, Kim cuvng kinh, ... va cac b() lu~n nhLf Trung lu(irz, Bdch lu(ln, Th(lp nhi nu)n lu(ln , Dqi tr£ d(J lu(ln, Thanh thf!c lu(ln ... • Quy Ttt ~ ~~ m()t mC(ic
quang hi~n th!Jy, khai phat thlnh chi giao nguyen. Xuat dinh uLC<1ng due, sLCdng Ph~t hut; (tu<';) chi hoang ILCcic. Hti tr~ch th6ng nh~p dai chi van quy. H6a thanh dan tfch uuycn chi bat truy. H~ chau (chu) minh ly tanh (tinh) chi thLC(ing tai . Tac tlnh hi~n thi ng() chi da phu
su toe gia trong phon ru ngu Ci dUdi.
.i! 'if
Dr;zo Tuyen
*
TRAN VAN CHANH
606
c6 (j Tay Vl,l'c doi Han eXa Na ~ ~~: con gQi Xa Na Qu~t Da (523-600), mot v~ tang doi Tr~n Tuy, nguyen quan (j An Do Da ~ ~ : con gQi la D<;tt Ma Cap Da (?-619): mot tang nhan chuyen dich kinh doi Tuy .Tam kinh tri'tng dq_p ~: ba kinh giftm chan len nhau, y n6i mot quy~n kinh dich toi ba l~n eVan chl)r_l§': van tu va y chi eH6 trdnliJ*: pho bay b6 sung nhau .Tong tlut(lng f6J: sung thu<;fng .Chi pha·m 3t ~0 : cac phftm chia nhanh khac nhau (do nhi~u nguoi d!ch) eBift kf 3Uf~: Xa Na Qu~t Da dich rieng mot quy~n "Ph6 mon phftm trung tl;lng k~" nen gQi la "bi~t k~" (nhG'ng bai k~ rieng) .cao thanh -6- IJ)t: lay phuong phap tl,l' tu tl! chung n6i cho nguoi khac biet d~ hQ tu hanh d<;tO qua .co' 11lfllh o[J: lOi ph6 thac d~n do khi sap nh~p di~t eDq_o tlu't ban miin chi khoa 3]!9*-=¥- 1~Zf4 : khi Ph~t sap nh~p di~t phiin thuyet tu giao thanh hai khoa ban tl,l' giao va man tl,l' giao eThz't fl : b<;tn, d6ng b<;1n eLinh Nhq_c ~ ~: tuc nui Linh Thuu iJ phia dong bac thanh Vuong Xa nuoc Ma Ki~t Da thuoc mi~n Trung An eTien Uyin 1w ~: tuc vuon Loc Uy~n, noi chuy~n phap luan dfru tien sau khi Ph~t thanh d<;to .Kim Ha -& ~QJ: ngoai thanh Cau Thi Na thuoc Trung An, noi Ph~t thi t!ch duoi goc b6 d~ .Phong quang hifn th{ty 155<: :YtfJHlffi : ph6ng hao quang va hi~n di~m lanh .Hi't trq_ch ;f] '{;: ngoi nha ml;lc, chi tam gioi sinh n.1 eNhlj,p dq_i A.}\.: ba xe nho (tam thua) dftn ba xe IOn bo tning (nhat thua) vao; ham y tam thua quy nhat Ph~t thua • Van quy )!:_ tfl: van tl,l' va khoang each giua hai dfru trl;lc banh xe, d hai d~u c6 sl,l' thong nhat tieu chuftn, nen dung d~ chi tinh thong nhat eHoa thanh 1ttJJX.: chi phftm "H6a thanh dl;l" trong kinh Phdp hoa eHf chiiu ~f);k buoc ng<;>c vao cheo ao (chuy~n c6 anh. chang nha ngheo den uong ru<;Ju say mem (j nha mot nguoi b<;tn than giau c6; khi anh b<;tn b~n Vi~c gap di moi COt vien ngQC vao cheo ao cua anh
.Cap
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u.
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
607
nha ngheo, nhung khi tlnh d~y anh nay van khong biet, tiep ti.,JC CUOC song ngheo kh6ooo) eTq_c tlnh ~ #: dao gieng (mot thi du chep trong phftm "Phap su", kinh Phdp hoa) .Uyin nhien m~: r6 rangy nhu cG eD{t trd.n DJJtr~*: neu thi dt,~ d~ trlnh bay eDq_i ai }\. -R_ : ni~m thuong x6t IOn eKhoang te' A)J i~: cuu giup r<)ng rai .Bq_t t&: keo ra khoi .Chilng j?]S: cuu vat eTr{tC W1: cuon (kinh) .Cd giao tztdng khiilt ~ ~ .f§ tO: co t<:to thu~n duyen cho giao, giao hoan bi cho co .Tri Thifng ~ ij~: Ph~t D<;ti Thong Tri Thang, vi Ph~t giang kinh Phap hoa .uy Vttdng ~3:.: Ph~t Uy Am Vuong, vi Ph~t dfru tien trong kiep Trang Nghiem doi qua khu .Ttl dtlc 12:9 1,~: bon due Thuong, L<;tc, Nga, T!nh •LCJc thfl ~ chi the gioi cl,l'c l<;tc, cho Ph~t A Di Da (j eHuyin du ":t ~: con duong huy~n di~u eDi ~5: d~ l<;ti .Hij,u 1&.: doi sauo
±:
NGU PHAP
CD E3 ~ (tt! du): con, ngoai ra con, con ra, ky du, con l<;tio khac (Cl;lm tU quen dung, do gioi tu §j Va bat dinh SO tu ~ hQp thanh): § ~"X~o ' 3Vf~ooo (T{tdttchi phfrm, bi~t k~Ooo)o ®~p (phi): neu khong phai: ~F 7\. ~ ~ El3 1*1 1t (Phi d<;ti thanh vo do khai h6a)o 00
®~
El3
(vo do): khong do dau, khong each gl, khong th~ (each dung tuong tl,l' ~ .L-j [vo di])(xem thi dt,~ vua dan tren)o
®ffE (duy):
trQ tu giua cau (vo nghia): Diftj ~* 'l'ft ~ (Dl;l tr~n
duy vien)o
® E3
~F
®~
tB
Ctt! phi): neu khong phai la (lien tu bi~u th! gia thiet c6 tinh phu d!nh): § ~F*. R (T{i phi d<;ti ai)o (vo xua't): khong gl han (ct,~m tu quen dung d~ so sanh): ~t:;!f~-tf' ~t:Bllt*~ (Thl;l trl th~nh gia, vo xuiit tht1 kinh)o
CDJ,ft (thu): may ra, ng6 hrru (ph6 tu): B.t1~lf!.@~fi (Tiul
608
TRAN VAN CHANH
cHic tao tjnh 11,1c can). ®~ (chti): cho (gioi nh~n
tu dung nhu' 15~ lu'], d~ neu doi tu'<.jng thu
m<)t d(>ng t<1c, hanh vi): ;j<. ~i:J g~H~ (Vinh di clzrt h~u).
D/CH NGHiA Lili t~ta vi s~t holing truy~n kinlz Di~u pluip Lien hoa Sa man Thich Dc;w Tu.v en iY nui Chung Nam thu<1t. Kinh Di¢u phdp Lien hoa ndv thl5'ng nhie/J hdn _\' thj hi¢n cua chu Ph(lt. Bdn kinh ndy ke't ttJp tc:;ti nuoc Dr;ti Hr;t (Thien True), c6 cd 1000 nam. Sau truy&n qua phu·ong Dong tqi nude Chan Dan ta &1 tren 300 nam. /3(3 tat Don Hoang True Phap H9 djch dc1u tien kinh n&y t(li cua dtmg nam thiinh Truong An vao nien hi¢u Vlnh Khuong diJi ''ua Hu¢ De' nha Tay Ta'n di;it ten Ia Chanh Phap Hoa . Sa man Cuu MaLa ThtJp nguiii nu/1c Quy Tu djch !dn ke' kinh ndy \'clO nien hi¢u Long An doi l'ua An De' nha Dong T!tn, nhlim nam Hoilng Thl doi H(lu Tdn, la:y ten fa Di?u phap Lien hoa. Sau lc:;ti cd hai sa mon J ''ung bdc Thien True lei Xa Na QU(It Da va Dc:;tt Ma Ca/J Da, ng~:~ tQi chua Dt;li Hung Thi¢n cung djch ke' tie/J hai biin truoc \'clo nien hi?u Nhon Th9 doi Tuy ciing li/r ten lei Di¢u ph ap Lien hoa. Ba IH3'n djch ndv phdn nhi&u c6 sv trung ldp, van tit _\' chl d&u thiiy ph6 bcly bd sung nhau rzhung dU(Jc ngur';i c1i!i kirzh chu9ng \'a holing truy&n Ia bdn djch dc/i H(lu Tdn. Ngoeli ra thl cdc chi phdm hi¢t k¢ d&u ciirzg c6 nguyen luu, n.hu trong Tt! ph{/m eta ki, nen khong cdn phdi nhdc lc:;ti. Oil Vi¢c Lirzh Thuu giarzg trdn, ne'u khong phdi Ia btJc Dc:;ti Thanh thl khong lc.lm sao ma khai h6o du(fc; C(Jrl C(f th£ch h6a, bdng chdng nhif duyen truoc thl khong hi\ gl mel chi Wng. The' nen. ch/fn Tien Uyin chuyln Phdp Luan, can co c6 chia ra dqi, tilu sai kh.ac; nai Kim Hcl thj tjch truyJn trao, dc;w mciu phan !elm nua, trr;n (quyBn, thtJt) hai khoa. Ha chdng phdi lei cho du
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
609
dur;c gido huan d&y du cdc thita thl cung kh6ng du di khdo nhtJp cao h9i Phap Hoa n&y. V(Iy moi bie't: 5000 ty kheo riJi bo phdp tfch chinh La nhilng bc;m nguiJi tang thuqng mt;zn, con 500 d¢ til nh(In th9 ky, d~u La nhilng B6 tat tfch h6a kinh chu9ng sL:( khai thi kin ng&m ma phi!- tiep Ph(It hanh h6a v(Iy. Vt the: Nhu Lai ph6ng hao quang, hifn di~m tanh La miY bay c9i ngu6n vi¢c thlnh gido, con xwl't dfnh biiu duong due cd chu Ph(It La neu ro Ph(It hu¢ ( quy~n th(It) cao xa, sau r9ng. Nha ml!-c, thong suo't vao trong khu6n phep LOn. H6a thanh, ddn ddt chdng roi lt;zi duyen xua. C9t chau cheo do, hiin bay ly tanh lu6n con miii. Dao gieng ch6 thap, neu ro khai ng9 von nhdu bl Van tit nghfa tyro rang, ddn di!- biiu thf sau xa. Niu due Nhu Lai kh6ng vi thuong x6t LOn lao, giup do r9ng khdp, thi lam sao vot du(JC ke dang Chtm ddm ChOn SOng sau; niu ngai khong Vl long tit hit mL:(c, thi lay gl cuu nguiJi han me dang xa riJi chan tanh. BiYi the: tit Han den Duong, hon 600 nam to?ng ke't cdc b9 kinh c6 tren 4 000 quyin, nhung duqc th9 trl hung thc;mh nha't thi kh6ng gl qua bdn kinh n&y. Phdi chang co gido gi;ip nhau la di kiem bf di tr&n tit thai Due Dc:;ti Thong Tri Thdng Nhu Lai; nghe ma th&m kinh la di thanh toan cong due thua sot cua cd PhtJt Oai Am Vuong. Vt v(Iy, ngay (j d&u kinh ki bay di neu gi&ng mo'i, ngo h&u som sc:;tch sdu can, mong chiJ gi;ip h9i lanh cua tu ton Di Li;ic (hoi;ic h9i lanh Linh Son cua Tu Ton Thich Ca); mau thanh bo'n due, di nuong neo m&u thdng din coi CL:(C lc:;tc Tfnh Bang. LiJi tan trr; chdng cung, mong luu lc:;ti diJi sau miii miii v(Iy. LY VIf;T DUNG djch (in trong Kinh Dc:;ti thita Difu phdp Lien hoa Giang lu(In cua Sa mon Thfch Thong Btl'u, NXB. Ton Giao, 2002).
m
TRAN VAN CHANH
612
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r.gAA .g M ! ~D itz: pfT ~ % fiJ 0
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Cuu MaLa Thijp djch gid kinh Phdp hoa PHIENAM
Hoa
tr~ch
Nhi thai Ph~t cao Xa L<;1i Phat:"Nga tien bat ngon Chu PMt The Ton di chung chung nhan duyen thi dl;l ngon tu phuong ti~n thuyet phap, giai vi A n~u da la tam mi~u tam b6 d~ da? Thi chu sd thuyet, giai vi h6a B6 tat co. Nhien Xa L<;1i Phat! Kim duong pht}C di thi dt} canh minh thll' nghia. Chu huu tri gici di thi dt} d~c giai. "Xa L<;1i Phat! Nhu<;jc quae ap tt} l~c huu D~i trudng gia, ky nien suy m~i, tai phu v6 lu<;1ng, da huu di~n tr~ch c~p chtt o6ng b()c. Ky gia quang d~i, duy huu nhat man. Da chu nhan chung, nhat bach, nhi bach, nai chi ngil bach nhan chi tn,1 ky trung. Duong cac hu co, tuong bich o6i l~c, trt} din hu b~i, luang dong khuynh nguy. Chu tap cau thai thuc nhien hoa khdi, phgn thieu
TOAN THLI Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
613
xa tr~ch, trttdng gia chu ttl', nhu<;1c th~p, nhi th~p, ho~c chi tam th~p, t~i thll' tr~ch trung . . "Trudng gia kien thi d~i hoa tong tu di~n khdi, tuc d~i kinh bo, nhi tac thi ni~m: Nga tuy nang u thll' sd thieu chi man, an 6n d~c xuat; nhi chu ttl' ofing u hoa tr~ch n()i, l~c truoc hi hi, bat giac bat tri, bat kinh bat bo. Hoa lai buc than, kh6 thong thiet di, tam bat yem ho~n, v6 du xuat y. "Xa L<;1i Phat! Thi trudng gia tac thi tu duy:" Nga than thu huu ltfc, duong di y gioi, nhu<;jc di ky an tong xa xuat chi". Pht}C canh tu duy: "Thi xa duy huu nhat man, nhi pht}c hi~p titiu. Chu ttl' au tri, vi huu sd thuc, luyen truoc hi xu, ho~c dttong dQa l~c vi hoa sd thieu. Nga dttong vi thuyet bo uy chi Stf. Thll' xa di thieu, nghi thai t~ t xu at, v6 linh vi hoa chi sd thieu h~i". "Tac thi ni~m di, nhu' sd tu' duy, Ct} cao chu' ttl': "Nhu ofing toe xuat!" Phl;l tuy lan mftn, thi~n ng6n dl;l dt}; nhi chu ttl' ofing l~c tru'oc hi hi, bat khfing tin tht}, bat kinh bat uy, lieu v6 xuat tam. Di~c pht}c bat tri ha gia thi hoa, ha gia vi xa, van ha vi that. Dan dong tay tftu hi, thi pht} nhi dl. "Nhi thai Trudng gia tuc tac thi ni~m:" Thll' xa di vi d~i hoa sd thieu, nga c~p chu ttl' nhu'QC bat thai xuat, tat vi sd phgn_ Nga kim duong thiet phu'ong ti~n, ljnh chu' ttl' ofing, d~c mien tu' h~i". "Phl;l tri chu ttl' tien tam cac huu sd hao chung chung tran ngo~n ky di chi v~t, tlnh tat l~c truoc, nhi cao chi ng6n: "Nhu afing sd kha ngo~n hao, hi huu nan d~c, nhu nhu<;1c bat thu, h~u tat uu hoi. Nhu thll' chung chung duong xa, l()c xa, nguu xa, kim t~i m6n ngo~i, kha dT du hi. Nhu ofing l1 thll' hoa tr~ch, nghi toe xuat lai. Tuy nhu sCJ dt}C, giai du'ong du nhu". "Nhi thai chu ttl' van pht} sd thuyet tran ngo~n chi v~t, thich ky nguy~n co, tam cac dung nhu~, ho tuong suy bai, qnh c()ng td tftu tranh xuat hoa tqch.
614
TRAN VAN CHANH
"Thj thai Truang gia kien chu tli' a£ng an 6n dac xua t, giai t1 tu cu d;:to trung, 19 aja nhi tQa , v6 ph1,1c chuang ng;:ti, ky tam thai nhien, hoan hi dung du'Qc. "Thai chu' tlr a£ng cac b;:tch phlf ng6n : "Ph1,1 tien sa hua ngo~ n hao chi Clf, duong xa, l()c xa, ngu'u xa , nguyc$n thai tu du". "Xa LQi Phat! Nhi thai Truang gi a cac tu chu' ttl' a£ng nhat a~i xa. Ky xa cao quang, chung bao trang hic$u, chu tap Ian thuan , til dic$n huy~n linh . Htfu t1 ky tht1<;1ng tru'ong thiet hien cai, dic$c di tran ky t;:tp bao nhi nghiem sue chi . Bao thang giao I~c, thuy chu hoa anh. Trung phu uy~n dien, an tri dan ch£m. Gia di b~ch ngu'u, phu sac sung khiet, hlnh th~ xu hao, huu d;:ti can lljc, hanh b() blnh chinh, ky t~t nhu' phong. Hlju da b()c tung nhi thj vc$ chi. "Sa di gia ha? Thj d~i Truang gia tai phu v6 lt1<;1r~g, chung chung chu' tang, tat giai sung d~t, nhi tac thj nic$m: "Nga tai v ~ t v6 cljc, bat ling di h;:t lic$t ti~u xa du chu' tlr a£ng. Kim thlr au a6ng, giai thj ng6 tlr, ai v6 thien dang. Nga huu nhu' thj that bao d;:ti xa, ky so v6 lu'Qng, ling au'ong a£ng tam cac cac du chi, bat nghi sai bic$t. sa di gia ha? DI nga thli' v~t chu cap nhat quoc do tht1<;1ng bat, quy ha huong chu' tli'?". Thj thai chu' tlr cac thua d;:ti Xa, OaC Vj ding, huu, phi b6n sa VQng. "Xa LQi Phat! V nhu y van ha? Thj Truang gia a£ng du chu' ttl' tran bao d;:ti xa, ninh huu hu vQng phu? Xa LQi Phat ng6n: "Bat da, The T6n! Thj Truang gia dan ljnh chu ttl' aac mien hoa n~n, toan ky khu mc$nh, phi vi hu vQng. Ha di co? Nhu'QC toan than mc$nh, tic$n vi di dac hao ngo;:tn chi Cl.f. Huong phl.fc phuong tic$n, t1 bi hoa tr;:tch trung nhi b~t te chi. The T6n! Nhu'Qc thj Truang gia nai chi bat du toi ti~u nhat xa, do bat hu' VQng. Ha di co? Thj Truang gia tien tac thj y: Nga di phu'ong tic$n ljnh tlr dac xuat, di thj nhan duyen, v6 hu' VQng da. Ha huong Truang gia tlf tri tai phu v6 lt1<;1ng, d1,1c nhieu ich chu tli',
615
roAN THV Tl)' HQC CHV HAN
aftng du d~i xa ". Phat tai! Thien . cao Xa Loi . Phat: "Thien . . tai! Nhu' . nhu sa ng6n . Xa LQi Phat! Nhu Lai dic$c ph1,1c nhu thj " ...
(Difu pluip lien hoa kinh: Phiim Thi d(t) Ttic giii-ttic plzflm
8 oc;m tre n day trich trong quyen 2. pham'Thi dt./ kinh Di~u ph6p lien hoa. do CUu Ma La Th¢p djch. M(>t trong nhung d(lc diem noi b(lt cua kinh nay Ia dung thf dl.) de thuyet ph6p. ma thf dl.) ve ng6i nha ILia Ia m(>t bai ngl.) ng6n xu6t sac c6 tinh Mu bieu. Trang s6ch Bqch thoqi van hQc su. hQc gio Ho Thich (Trung Qu6c) cOng c6 trich dan doQn nay voi it loi binh lu(ln ngan:' Kinh Ph6p hoa tuy kh6ng phoi Ia tieu thuye t nhllng Ia m(>t b¢ s6ch c6 nhieu thO vi van hQC. trong d6 c6 m(>t s6 ngl.) ng6n c6 the dllc;!c coi Ia ngl.) ng6n hay nh6t trong van hQc the gioi'.
nJNGO
eNhi thiJi m-B~: xem Ngil phdp a duoi eChiing cluing fl. fl.: cac m6n, nhi~u thu, cac (chi so nhi~u) .A nij.u da Ia tam mifu tam b6 di ~OJ~ ~ :g j:,{t: v6 thu'<;jng chanh a£ng chanh giac .Thi d(t V Dffif: thi dl.f, ti d\1 (each dung nhung slf vic$c don
a - m-
gian de hi~u a~ n6i cho ngu'ai khac biet di~u hQ chua hi~u) L(li Phat % ;fiJ 9f;: m()t trong 10 d~i de$ ttl' cua Ph~t eQuoc f{p t(t l{lc ~B~~m: thanh thj th6n x6m eSuy m{li ~~: gia yeu .D6i l{lc ~hu' hong xieu v~o eChu tap f5j [![: vong quanh eTiul.c nhien M~ ~ : bong nhien .Tntac ~ : me luyen, ham me .Giai t~: v~t ao .Hifp ~~: h~p (dung nhu' 1~) .Bo' llJ ·l:fiJ ~: SQ sc$t .Thieu t~: chay eNghi tlziJi tij.t xuat 1i~*tf:t: phai mau ra cho kjp luc eThat ~: chay nha, dung nhu' ~)\.(that hoa) eTa·u hi iE:IJl ch~y choi, ch;:ty gion .Piutdng tifll :1J ff.: phuong phap tic$n d"l;lng eTien tam )t ,~,: tam y tru'oc a6 eTran ngo{lll ft 3JL: a6 choi quy bau .Khii PJ: slf thich h<;1p, slf ua thich .Hi lulu ::ffi-f::f: hiem c6
.xa
m:
616
TRAN VAN CHANH
eDiing nhu? ~ ~: hao hue, non eTizoi hili j:i:£ ~!=: xo d§'y eTz[ cii. dt;w [9 flj ~: duong IOn thong ra bon phi a (nga tu') eTluii nlzien ~ ~: thu thai (tho thoi) eDiing dzt(lc ~~ liji: vui mung nhay nh6t eTrang lzi?u [£ t(: trang tri, trang hofmg eLan thudn ff'~ f)§: lan can, chan song eHie'n cai rjJ! :fi: man che tren xe eNglziem SllC i'l~liJ: trang sue th~t nhi~u eBdo tlzling giao l{lc Jftilixm1§:: day lam bang v~t quy dan ke't vao nhau eT/u'ty clut lzoa anlz ~~~Hi~L%-~: tren day bau co treo nhi~u hoa co va tua ru C~ dung nhu 1t,) eTn'tng plzu uyin dien £ ~)
-*:
-*:
NG0PHA.P
CDm
ffiJ (nhi thO'i): khi ay, ltic ay; Cl,lffi tu quen dung ph6 bie'n trong kinh Ph~t, nghia tuong duong voi ~(thai) va ~ ~ (thi thoi), c6 th~ neu vai thi dl,l trong bai: -m~f~lH5%ifiJ9i;(NhithiJi Ph~t cao Xa L<;1i Phat). -~ B~ :Bt :f3 ~~~-f- ... (Thj thiJi tnrCing gia kie'n chu ttl' ... ).
617
roAN THVTl,l HQC CHU HAN
-IF-!H~
r
~~
8 X ;;;;; ... (TiziJi
chu ttl' a~ng cac b~ch ph1.,1
ngon ... ). ®Me (co) trong kinh PMt c6 khi dung phoi h<;1p voi ~ (vi) thanh ~- .. Me (vj ... c6) nghia nhu _1;). ••• i!& (dl... chi c.o ), [ZJ ••• Me (nhan ... chi co') ... trong Van ngon thong thuong, dich la "vlly do ... ": ~~1t{?f~~j( (Giai vj h6a B6 tat co) (D~u vl d~ d~y cho B6 tat), ne'u vie't theo loi thong thuong thl phai vie't: ~ ~1t {?f~Z ~5( (Giai vj hoa B6 tat chi co) ho~c ~[EJ ~1t{?f iii (Giai nhiin vj h6a B6 tat). Ngoai ra, rat thuong khi khong dung d chG' ~ (vi) rna chi' dung duy nhat chG' i!Jj( (co) di?.t sau c1.,1m til chi' nguyen nhan, nhu c6 th~ dan thi d1.,1 khac Ci do~n sau: ~:Jt~i!Jj((Thich ky nguy~n co), thay vl vie't [EJ~ :Jt ~ (Nhiin thich ky nguy~n) ... Nen nho, loi vie't nay chi' c6 trong nhG'ng ban dich Han van cua kinh Ph~t (xem them ph~n Ngil phdp trong bai 12 phia sau). ®;; .¥. (nai chi): cho de'n (cl,lm tu dung rat ph6 bie'n trong kinh Ph~t): _¥ Ii A (Nhat bach, nhi bach, niii chi ngil bach nhan). £ (phQC canh): l~i (Cl,lm tu quen dung trong kinh Ph~t):
z
z
-a ' =a ' ;;
a
cvm:
1~ £~,'lit (Ph~tc
®~
fJ ~ :)(
canlz tu duy).
z ?JT i~ ~ (Vo linh vi hoa chi siJ thieu h~i):
day Ht ke't ca'u bi d9ng ~- .. Zfiff(vi ... chi sCi), c6 th~ bo bot chG' (chi) rna cau van du nghia. ®B (di) voi nghia "da r6i, r6i" d?t sau dQng tu lam b6 ngG' Ia each dung d?c bi~t chi' c6 trong kinh Ph~t: fp ~ ;2: B (Tac thi ni~m dl). Trong loi vie't thong thuong (d Van ngon lan B~ch tho~i), B (di) luon luon la ph6 tu lam tr~ng ngu va d?t truoc d9ng tu. Cau dan tren ne'u vie't xuoi theo loi thong thuong, se la: B f1= ~ ;2: (Di tac thi ni~m), ho~c ~ ;2: B 11= (Thi ni~m dl tac). CDT ~ (li~u vo): hoan toan khong, khong chut:
z
618
T
TRAN VAN CHANH
ffiE w /\\\ ~
'§f 1~, (Li~u
®$
vo xu at y' ).
® 1F 1!1. (di~c pht.Jc): cling l;,ti (xem 1)\ q~ ~0 ~a du'oi). ® fBJ :f3 (ha gia): cai gi, cai nao: /f ~q fiJJ :f3 ~:A , 1PJ :13~% (Bat tri ha gid thi hoa, ha gid thi xa). @ -:z:;;-fPJ (van ha): ra sao, the nao: -:z:;;-fPJ ~~( Van lza vi that?); tJ~itz:~-:z:;;- fPJ? CV nhu y van ha?).
I[D ~ (thoi): dung luc (dung nhu ph6 tu Hun tr<;mg ngu) : ;g: /f B~ t±:l (Nhu'QC bat thdi xuat). © £' ~ pJT ~(Tat vi Sd ph§n), a day, danh tU chi v?t chu d()ng la
:A (hoa)
du'QC tinh lu'QC. Cau nay viet du se la : £'~:A pJT ~(Tat vi hc'Sa s1J phftn). @ ~=~ (ngon) voi nghla "ding", trong kinh Ph?t dung thay cho chu EJ (viet) thong thu'ong: ffij f5 Z (Nhi cao chi ngon ... ); {§. B :X: ~ ... (Cac b<;tch ph1,1ngon ... ).
a ...
* *
(@) (lai) d~ t sau d<)ng tu dti bitiu thi ket qua cua d()ng tac, each dung nhu' trong Han ngu hi~n d<;ti (B<;tch tho<;ti): :§::)! t±:l (N ghi toe xu at lai). @ !i. ;f§ (hli tuo'ng): Hin nhau (ph6 tu, each dung nhu Han ngu hi~n d<:ti): Ji. ~§ fi ~I= (HJ tztdng th6i bai).
@ ~ (c~nh): tranh nhau (ph6 tli): }!JU=t~~/E(C(lnlz c<)ng trl tfru) (trong cau nay,# [c<)ng] cling la ph6 tu).
* t±:l :)( t
@
(tranh): tranh nhau, dua nhau, gianh (ph6 tu): ~ (Tranlz xu at hoa tr<:tch). @ pJT ij_ :f31PJ ? (sO' dl gia ha ?): ly do vi sao, vi co gi, vi sao?(c1,1m tu thuong dung trong kinh Ph?t). @) ~~(tat giai): thay d~u, tat d d~u (ph6 tu): ~-'& (Tat giai sung d?t).
®
mf6j ... fPJ 6t . .. (do
619
TOAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
~
... /f ? (ninh huu ... phu?) (chu /f dQc Ia phzt, dung
nhu' :a): c6 ... kh6ng? (bitiu thi nghi van):~~ ~~/f? (Ninlz lu7u hu' VQngphi't?). So sanh voi cau sau day trong Ly hoijc luQ.n:
1~1~ fPJ t±:l ±. ? ~ ~ :7tt13.& ~ § /f ? (Ph?t tong ha xuat sinh? Ninh lu7u tien t6 c?p quae ap plzi't?) PhQ.t til dau sinh ra, c6 td tien va lang nuac gi khong ?(X em bai 17 a sau). @ {13 (dan): chi (ph6 tu): f.§.-%§~-f-1~%:Ai!f(Dan Ijnh chu tu mk mien hoa n<;tn). @ f~ (d5c): du'QC (trQ d<)ng tlr) (xem thi dl,l vua d~n tren) .
@ fPJ t) ~ ? (ha dl co?) la Cl,lffi tu d~c bi~t quen dung trong kinh Ph? t, dti tlf hoi tlf tra lOi, djch la "vi sao the?", tu'ong auong voi fPJ~)(:? (ha co?) trong Van ng6n thong thu'ong. @ 1!1. (huong pht.Jc): huang chi, huang gi (lien tu): t5t 1~ :1J ff fj~ 1~ jl( t ffiHtU~ (Huang ph{tc phuong ti ~ n 11 bi hoa tr<;tch nhi b<;tt te chi). ® iDJ (ha huong): huang chi, huang gi (lien tu) : 1PJ t5t ~ :13 E! ~D ~t ~ M, A . . . (Ha huolzg truang gia tlf tri ta i phu v6
m
z
m
lu'<;1ng ... ). @ ~ (d~ng) dung nhu' ph6 tu lam tr<;tng ngu voi nghla "cung, nhu' nhau , d~u nhau" chi thay dung trong kinh Ph?t: ~ W--}( $
®
(Diing du d<;ti xa).
~ (tai): trQ tu bitiu thi cam than, c6 thti djch la "thay":
~ ~ ' ~ ~ ! (Thi~n tai, thi~n tai!).
®# 1!1. ~0 ;If:: (di~c pht.JC nhtf thD la Cl,lffi tu quen dung rat ph6
bien trong cac kinh Ph?t, djch "cling l<;ti nhu' the".
x 1:@
thtfQ'ng ... ha huong ... ): (rna) con .. huang gl...: ffll*&-m' 1®r5J/f!I' fPJt)t§~-f-(Chu cap nhat quoc, do tlui(Jllg bat quy' lza lzuolzg chu' tu').
D[CH NGH[A
Ngoi nlza li'ta Khi ay PhQ.t bdo ngai Xd Lf/i Pha't.· "Ta truac dau khong n6i rling cdc PhQ.t The' Ton dung cdc m6n nhon duyen lai le thi d~:~
620
TRAN VAN CHANH
phue1ng ti?n rna n6i phdp d~u La dt;Io Vo thu(!ng chdnh ddng chdnh gidc u? Cdc ddu n6i d6 d~u vi dt;Iy B6 tat w;zy. Nhung Xd Lr;i Phfi't! Nay ta se dung m¢t thi d~ di chl ro lt;Ii nghia d6, nhilng nguoi c6 tri do thi d~ rna dt;lng hiiu. "Xd Lr;i Phfi't! Nhu trong quo'c a/J t~ lt;Ic c6 vj Dt;Ii Truong gid tu6i da gia suy, cua giau v6 lur;ng, c6 nhdu nha ru¢ng va cdc toi to. Nha ong r¢ng !On rna chl c6 m9t ella di ra vao, nguoi o trong d6 rat dong hot;lc m¢t tram, hai tram cho din nam tram nguoi, lriu gdc da m~c, vdch phen s~p d6, c¢t hu nat, trinh xieng xieu nga, bon phia d6ng m¢t luc lila b6ng nrfi len do't chdy nha ella. "Cdc nguoi con cua Truong gid hot;lc muoi nguoi , hot;lc hai muoi nguoi, hot;lc de'n ba muoi nguoi o trong nha d6. "Truong gid thay lila tit bon phia nha chdy len, ldn ra't S(! s?t rna nghi rling: "Ta dau c6 thi o noi ella nha chdy nay, ra ngoai ra't an 6n, song cdc con o trong nha lila ua vui choi giCJn khong hay biit, khong S(! Sff, lila den do't than dau khrf rrJ't lifm rna long chdng nham lo, khong c6 y cdu ra khoi ". Xd Lr;i Phfi't! Ong Truong gid d6 l9-i nghi:" Than va tay cua ta CO mt;mh nen dung Vt;lt QO hOQC dung ghi ddng til trong nha rna ra ngoai". Ong lt;Ii nghi: "Nha ndy chl c6 m9t cdi ella rna lt;Ii hf!p nho, cdc con tho be chua hilu me ddm choi gian hot;lc vap nga bj lila clo't chdy, ta nen vi chung n6 rna n6i nhilng vi?c dang S(!. Nha nay da bj chdy phdi li~n mau ra, cho ell bj lila do't ht;Ii. Nghi nhu the' r6i thea ch6 da nghi d6 rna bdo cdc con: "Cdc con ra maul". Cha ddu thue1ng x6t kheo n6i dl d~ d6 rna cdc nguoi con ua vui chOi chdng khfing tin chju, chdng S(! Sft, trQn khong CO long muon ra, lt;Ii cung chdng hiiu gi la lila, gi la nha, the' nao La ht;Ii? Chl eli dong tay Cht;ly giCin nhin cha rna thai. "Ba:v gio Truong gid ldn nghi:" Nha ndy da bj lila !On do't chdy, ta cung cdc con nlu khong ldn ra chdc se bj chdy, ta nay nen bay chuoc phue1ng ti?n khien cho cdc con dt;lng khoi nt;In nav".
roAN THll T\,1 HQC CHa HAN
621
"Cha bitt cdc con d~u win c6 long thich cdc d6 choi bdu lt;I Lung, nlu c6, chdc chung n6 ua ddm, rna bdo cdc con rling: "Day ndy la nhilng m6n it c6 kh6 dt;lng rna cdc con c6 thi vui choi, ne'u cdc con khong ra lay, sau chdc bu6n an nan. Cdc tha xe de, xe huou, xe trau nhu the' ndy o ngoai ella c6 thi dung dt;Io choi, cdc con o noi nha lila nen mau ra day, tuy y cdc con muo'n, cha d~u se cho cdc con". "Luc bay gio cdc nguoi con nghe cha n6i ct6 choi bdu df!p vila y minh, nen long m6i nguoi d~u mt;Inh me xo da?y ldn nhau, cung dua nhau ruo?i cht;Iy, tranh ra khoi nha lila. Khi d6 Truong gi(i thay cdc con dt;lng an 6?n ra khoi nha lila, d~u o trong duong nga tu ng6i noi da't tro'ng khong con bj chuang ngt;Ii, tam 6ng tho thai vui milng han ho. "Bay gio cdc nguoi con d~u thua voi cha rling: "Cha luc nay haa cho nhilng d6 choi to't df!p, nao xe de, xe huou, xe trau, xin li~n ban cho ". "Xd Lr;i Pha't! Khi d6 Truong gid d~u cho cdc con d6ng m9t tha xe !On, xe d6 cao r¢ng chung d9n bling cdc m6n bdu, lan can bao quanh, bo'n phia treo linh, lt;Ii dung man lQng giang che 0 tren, cung dung d6 bdu df!p to't lt;l rna trau d6i d6, day bling bdu kit thdt cdc ddi hoa ru xuo'ng, n?m chie'u mim mt;Ii trai ch6ng, go'i do eli tren, dung trau trdng keo, sdc da m{jp st;Ich, than hinh to't df!p c6 sac ra't mt;Inh, buoc di ngay bling mau lf! nhu gi6, lt;Ii c6 dong toi to eli hriu ht;I d6. "Vi co sao? Vi ong Truong gid d6 cua giau vo lur;ng, cdc tha kho tang thdy d~u ddy ng{jp, ong nghi rling: "Cua cdi cua ta nhi~u vo qtc, khong nen dung xe nho xa'u kern rna cho cdc con, nay nhilng tre tho nay d~u la con cua ta, d6ng yeu khong thien l?ch, ta c6 xe bling bay bdu nhu the' so' nhi~u vo lur;ng, nen la~v long binh ddng rna d~u cho chung n6, chdng nen sai khdc. Vi sao? Ddu dem xe cua ta d6 khdp cho cd nguoi m9t nuoc hay con khong
622
TRAN VAN CHANH
thie'u hui/ng gi cdc con". Luc ay cdc ngu(Ji con d~u ng6i xe lan . dt;'ing di~u chua titng c6, kh6ng phdi ch6 trudc kia minh tr6ng. "Xd Lqi Pha't! y cua 6ng nghi sao? Ong Truong gid d6 d6ng dem xe trau bdu /On cho cdc ngu(Ji con, c6 L6i hu w;mg chang? Xd Lqi Pha't thua: "Thua The' Ton! Kh6ng, 6ng Truong gid d6 chl lam cho cdc ngu(Ji con dt;'ing khoi m;m lila, toan than mg.ng chung n6, chdng phdi La hu w;mg. Vl sao? Ne'u duqc toim than mg.ng him dii duqc d6 choi to't df!p, huang nila La dung phuong tifn cuu vat ra khoi nha lila. The' Ton! Ddu 6ng Truong gid d6 nhan den chdng cho ml)t th(t xe ra't nho con chilng phdi hu v9ng. Vl sao? Vl 6ng Truong gid d6 tru(Jc c6 nghl nhu vdy: Ta dung chuac phuong tifn cho cdc con dt;'ing ra khoi, vi nhan duyen d6 nen kh6ng hu V9ng vgy. Huang gi 6ng Truong gid ll! bie't minh cua giau v6 luqng muon lqi ich cdc con rna d6ng cho xe /On!". Ph(lt bdo ngai Xd Lqi Pha't.· "Hay thay! Hay thay! Nhu loi 6ng n6i. Xd Lqi Pha't! Nhu Lai ciing lg.i nhu the'" ... TH!CH TRf T[NH djch
m 11
n~ ¥JL {" 15 1£ ~ r*J
+
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roAN THV nJ HQC CHU HAN
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**
PHIENAM
Pha cha"p Him cut~i than n()i The Ton! Nhat thiet the gian th~p chung di sinh, d6ng tuong thuc tam cu t~i than n<)i. Tung quan Nhu Lai Thanh Lien Hoa nhan di~c t~i Ph~t di~n. Nga kim quan thli' phu ciin tu trftn chi t~i nga di~n. nhu thi thuc tam thtfc cu than n<)i. Ph~t cao A Nan: Nhu kim hi~n tQa Nhu Lai giang duong, quan
Ky Da Him kim ha
sa t~i? - The Ton! Thli' d~i trung cac thanh tjnh giang duong t~i Ca'p Co vien, kim Ky Da lam thtfc tc,ti duong ngoc,ti. -A Nan! Nhu kim duong trung tien ha sd kien? -The Ton! Nga tc,ti duong trung, tien kien Nhu Lai, thu quan dc,ti chung, nhu thj ngoc,ti vQng, phuong chuc lam vien. -A Nan! Nhu chuc lam vien nhan ha huu kien? - The Ton! Thli' dc,ti giang duong h<) du khai khmit, c6 nga tc,ti duong dac vien chiem kien. ( ... )
624
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
625
Ph~t cao A Nan: Nhu nhu sa ng6n than t~i giang duong, hQ dCi khai khoa t vi en chuc lam vie.n, di~c huu chung sinh t~i thll' duong trung, ba't kie'n Nhu Lai kie'n duong ngo~i gia.
TU NGU .Tti.ng quan
A Nan dap ng6n: The' Ton! T~i duong ba't kie'n Nhu Lai nang kie'n lam tuy€n, v6 huu th1 xu.
day dung a€ gQi Ph~t •Thanh lien hoa nhiin 1'1J :iJ; §_N: mat sen xanh, chi mat PMt (mot hlnh thuc my xung) .Phii canf¥ tH: xac thjt, than xac .Tzi.' tra'n !Z.9 ~: sac, huang, v1 xuc .A Nan ~U.Jil: em hQ rna cling Ia mot trong 10 d~i d~ ttl' cua Ph~t .Gilmg dttilng ~~: nha giang (noi thuye't phap) .Ky Da ldm t.Ef: W2 rung Ky Da .Cap Co vien *&iiJl\ ~: vuon Ca'p C6 Doc .CJui.c 1!1: nhln, ngam .Chihn !JI: nhln ra xa, xem .vo lucu tlzj xzl ~~ ~~: kh6ng c6 cho dung, kh6ng dung (ctfm W d~c dl,lng cua kinh Ph~t) .
- A Nan! Nhu di~c nhu thj. Nhu chi tam linh nha't thie't minh
W~u. Nhu<;5c nhu hi~n ti€n sa minh lieu tam thlfc t~i than noi . Nhi thai tien h<;5p lieu tri noi than, pha huu chung sinh tien kie'n than trung Mu quan ngo~i v~t? Tung ba't nang kie'n tam, can, tl, vi, triio sinh phat truang can chuy€n th~n dao, thfmh h<;5p minh lieu nhu ha ba't tri? Ta't ba't noi tri van ha tri ngo~i? Th1 co ling tri, nhu ng6n giac lieu nang tri chi tam, tn,I t~i than noi, v6 huu thj xu.
(Liing nghiem kinh, quyin I) Ttic gia-ttic plzilm Kinh Lang nghil§m con c6 ten day du
Ia
EJqi Ph¢t dinh Nhu Lai M¢t
*
t*:
NGU PHAP CD fiiJ p!f :(£ (ha sd t~i): a dau, a noi nao (CI,lffi tu quen dung). ® [ZQ (nhan): nho vao (gidi tu): lEI fiiJ ~ Je, (Nizdn ha huu kie'n).
Nhan tu chOng lieu nghia chu 80 tat vqn hqnh ThU lang nghil§m kinh.
gQi tOt
Ia
DQi Ph¢t dinh Thu lang nghiem kinh hoC;ic ThU lang nghiem
kinh do Bat Thich M(lt
De thai
Duong Trung tong (cung voi hoi nglloi
nOa) djch tv chO PhQn sang cho Han . gam 10 quyen. N¢i dung chinh cua kinh cho rang: MQi v<';it trong the gian deu
Ia
nguyen tam (cai tam
dau) sang su6t vi di$u cua Bode. tam tinh tron khap boo bQc co mlloi phlleing; vl chung sinh khong thou ro cai 'ban tinh thanh tjnh vi di$u' cua tl) tam nen lllu chuyen mdi trong v6ng sinh tl!. can phai thien djnh de ph6 vo nhOng loQi tri kien "dien dao". thong qua cac thO b<';ic tu hOnh tv thap den coo moi dQt den cung trQng th6i di$u giac. thOnh dQo vo thlJQng. DoQn tren day trich trong phon dau cua
Kinh Lang
nghiem. trong d6 Ph(lt dung 16i n6i thi dt.,J de pha chap cho A Nan thay
tam khong phai
Ci trong than.
*:
nhln th~ng .Niut Lai ~0 nghia den la "Nguoi da de'n nhu the'", danh hi~u chi b~c giac ngQ cao nha't,
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1[\ ~ (di~c hii'u): l~i cling c6 ... sao? (bi€u th1 phan va'n):
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Je, ~ j} :f3 ?(Di?c lucu chung
sinh t~i thll' duong trung, ba't kie'n Nhu Lai kie'n duong ngo~i g1a ?) .. ® ~j ~ (pha hii'u): kha c6, c6 th€ nao c6 .. . kh6ng? (bi€u th1 phan va'n, each ca'u t~o tliong ttj nhli 3)\~ [di~c huu] a • ?
*
tren): ~~ ~ j:_ 7t Je, ~ r::j:t 1& ft j} t~ ? (Phil lucu chung sinh tien kien than trung h~u quan ngo<:ti:' v~t?). @ ~(tung): cho du (lien tu bi€u th1 slf nhu<;5ng ~) UM X .t...t:; s , bat _, nang k'1en _, .... ) bQ : iWt -' I' lk. x ... (Tung
® ~D fiiJ (nhu' ha): sao , sao l<,ti (ctfm tu quen dung a€ hoi): ~DiPJ/f~D ?(Niutlza ba't tri?). (J) £' ( ta't): neu, neu nhli (lien tu bi€u thj gia thiet): ~\ /f pg
626
TRAN VAN CHANH
~0 -:z:;: 1PJ ~0 )'}? (Tat bat n<)i tri van ha tri ngo<:t i ?). @
-:z:;: fPJ (van ha): lam sao (Cl,lm tit quen dung a€ hoi, rat ph6
bien trong kinh PMt va ngu h,rc cua cac thi€n su (xem thi d1,1 vua dan tren).
D!CH NGHlA Phd chap tam lJ trong than Bc;tch the' Ton! Ta't cd muoi log.i chung sanh tren the' gian diu cho tam thric (J trong than. Nay con nht;ln dur;c mdt con (J tren m(it con va tam thric (J trong than, nhu mdt Thanh Lien Hoa cua Nhu Lai cilng (J tren m(it Nhu Lai vt;ly. Nay con xem t1? tra'n (siic, /uidng, vj, XllC) dta than XGC nay clzl d tretz mijt COil, Vl the' biet tam thljt lJ trong than 1• Pht;lt bdo A Nan: - Nay nguoi ngbi trong gidng duong cua Nhu Lai, nhin thay rung Ky Da (J ch6 nao? - Br;Ich The' Ton! Giang duong r9ng riii thanh tjnh nay trong VLfOn Ca/J Co D9c, con rung K_v Da thi (J ngoai gidng duong. -A Nan! Bay gio nguoi (J trong gidng duong tru6c tien thay gl? - Bc;tch The' Ton! Con (J trong gidng duong tru6c thay Nhu Lai, sau tha:v dc;ti chung, r6i nhin ra ngoai m6i tha'y rung cay. -A Nan! Nguui tha'y rung cay, do nhan nao dur;c tha:v? - Bc;tch The' Ton! Vt ctla so? gidng duong mo trong nen con (J trong tha'y suo't ben ngoai. Pht;lt bdo A Nan: - Nhu nguoi vua n6i, than (J trong gidng duong, nho ctla mo trong nen tha:v rung cay; ma c6 chung sanh nao (J trong gidng duong chdng tha'y Nhu Lai, lc;ti thay rung cay ben ngoai chang? DoQn in d(lm nay do chung t6i dich them vao. kh6ng c6 trong ban dich cua Thfch Duy Ll,lc.
627
roAN THU Tlj HOC CHO' HAN
-Bc;tch The' Ton! 0 trong gidng duong chdng thi{y Nhu Lai, lc;ti tha'y rung diy ben ngoai thi chdng dung. -A Nan! Nguoi cilng nhu vt;ly, linh tam cua nguoi ta't cd sang to, ne'u tam sang to hi~n ti~n cua nguoi tht;lt (J trong than thi truck tien phdi tha~v ro trong than. Vt;ly c6 chung sanh nao tru(Jc thay trong than r6i sau mai tha~v vt;lt ben ngoai chang? D3.u chdng thay duf!c tam, can, ty, vj thi cdc ch6: m6ng ra, t6c dai, gan chuyin ciing phdi thay chri, sao lc;ti chdng thay? Ne'u trong than con chdng tha'y thi lam sao thay vt;lt ben ngoai? Cho nen nguoi n6i "cdi tam gidc tri tri:t (J trong than" La chdng dung. THiCH DVY U/C djch
m 12
1!i)E ?f,z: ~ .tt li ! ;5 tji {,' ~ ' {;' ~lj 1± )E
1 ~'
§~ ~0 t!t ~~~$ffio~~~~m~m~5~~;Eo;§fm:JE~· ,~,~IJ/f~J: o ~~D'I1§'7J'Z.*' ~d:Jil!&tm o fj~?)\m' ~~
'** i0 7'1" J' +J-r f1.X..
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~ ~~~~ 7~ t=J II ~ Tf
'i'C ' A1J "I' ~ 'l~ It1ffl A
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s
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o
PHIENAM Thi~n djnh
Nhu cl~ng tl khuu (kheo)! Nhu<;jc nhiep tam gia, tam tac t<:ti Dinh. Tam t<:ti Dinh co, nang tri the gian sinh di~t phap tuong. Thi co nhG' cl~ng thuong cluong tinh tan (tien) tu t?p chu Dinh. Nhu<;jc clac Dinh gia, tam tac bat tan. Thi nhu tich thuy chi gia, thi~n trl de cluong. Hanh gia di~c nhi, vi tri hu~ (tu~) thuy co, thi~n tu thi€n clinh, linh bat I? u that. Thi danh vi Dinh.
(Di giao kinh)
628
TRAN VAN CHANH
Tac gia-tlic pha·m Kinh Di gi6o con c6 ten day du Ia 'Ph(lt thuy bat nat ban IUc;Jc thuyet giao gidi kinh' do cuu Ma La Th(lp dai H(lu Tan djch. 1 quyen, ghi nhung lai dQY cua Ph(lt Thfch Co khi sap nh(lp di$t cho cac d$ ve vi$c gil] gidi. tG de va tu hanh.
629
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
®
m(nhi): nhu' the (d~i tU chi thj, each dung d~c bi~t ph6
bien trong kinh Ph~t).
tu D[CH NGHlA
Thiin djnh TU NCO
.Tiziin djn/z 1~5E: phu'ong phap tu t~p d~ d<;tt kinh nghi~m tinh giac, giai thoat, giac ngQ, con gQi la "quan tu'dng" eNiu? ddng dr. '!fj.: cac ngu'oi .n klutu (kheo) tt ..E[: ngu'oi dan 6ng xuat gia, khat sT (quen dQc la ti kheo) eNizitp tam ~{,': thu lay cai tam l;:ti .Djnh )E: tr~ng thai t~p trung tinh thfrn len me)t doi ttt<;ng duy nhat bang Slf lang lQC tu tu cua tam eP/zap ttlang $ ;f§: tu'ong cua cac phap, chi chung tu'ong tr;:tng, tfnh chat, danh tu, khai ni~m cung cac ham nghTa cua chung cua Slf v~t .Tinh talz (tielz) filf 3i: nang life y chi lam di~u thi~n, tranh di~u bat thi~n (yeu to thu sau trong Bat chfnh d;:to) eThi nlut ~ ~0: ti nhu' eDe dttilng ~ ~: bode eHimlz gia fj :f3: nguoi thlfc hi~n vi~c tu t~p .Uju that ¥ffi ~: d mat.
NG0PHAP Q) it{ (co): da giang giai C1 bai 10. Nhac l;:ti: day la each dung d~c bi~t chi c6 trong cac ban djch kinh Ph~t va sach Ph~t. ;f]j(:(co) c6 nghTa la "v1" dung nhu' chu[E] (nhan, lien tu), nhung l;:ti d?t ra phfa sau, nhu ~l>f:E)Etj(:(tam t~i djnh co) (djch la "v1 tam C1 cho djnh"), tu'ong du'ong voi [E]{,'fr JE(nhan tam t~i djnh) (djch la"vl tam C1 cho djnh") trong Han ngu thong thu'ong. D6i khi cling dung ~-·· ;f]j(: (vj ... co) voi cung me)t y nghTa nhu'cau du'oi: ~~~7J,;fjj(:(vj trf hu~ thuy co); ho~c dung .1--). .. . Jtt(dLco): .1--).~pfTf~tj(:(di v6 sd dac co) nhu' trong Bat nhii Ba fa mQ.t da Tam Kinh (xem bai 14 C1 sau).
Ti kheo cdc nguoi! Ne'u minh thau nhie'p cdi tam, thi tam Cl noi Djnh. Nhif tam Cl noi Djnh, nen minh bitt duc;c cdi tucJng phdp sanh va dift Cl the' gian. Vt;ly nen cdc nguoi thuifng phdi tinh tan tu tt;lp cdc man Djnh. Ne'u minh ddc Djnh, thi tam chdng tan for.;m. Tl nhu nha kia tile nucJc, kheo sila d9n bif (te. Trang hanh gid ding the: Vl tile nucJc Tri huf, nen kheo tu Thiin djnh, chdng di cho nucJc Tri huf a~v rl ma't. Vt;ly keu fa Djnh. DOAN TRUNG CON djch
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~
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PHIENAM
Ctfc L~c the' gioi Nhu' thj nga van, nhat thoi Ph~t t~i Xa V~ quoc, Ky Th1,1 (ThQ) Cap C6 DC)c vien, du d;:ti t1 khuu (kheo) tang, thien nh! bach ngu
630
TRAN VAN CHANH
tMp nhan cau. Giai thi d:;ti A la han, chung sa tri thuc: Tntang Hio Xa L<;1i (LY.) Phat, Ma ha Ml;lc Ki~n Lien, Ma ha Ca Diep ( ... ). Nhi thai, Ph?t cao Tntang lao Xa L<;1i Phat: Tong thj tay phu'ong qua th?p V:;tn uc Ph?t d(), huu the gioi (giai) danh viet Ctfc L:;tc. Ky d() huu Ph?t, hi~u A Di Da, kim hi~n t:;ti thuyet phap. Xa L<;1i Phat! Bi d() ha c6 danh vi ctfc l:;tc? Ky qu6c chung sinh, vo huu chung kh6, dan thl;l chu' l:;tc, c6 danh Ctfc L:;tc. (A Di Da kinh)
Tac giii-tac plza'm Kinh A DiDo con c6 ten 'Tieu V6 LV<;Jng Tho kinh' hay "Tieu kinh'. cac chua thVCing gQi Ia Di Do til3u bon (de phon bi$t vCii Di Do dQi bon Ia V6 LUc;Jng ThQ kinh) do cvu Ma La Th¢p d!ch tC/ Phqn sang Han vao nom 402. gom 1 quyen. Kinh to canh the giCii t!nh d(> cl)c lqc cua Ph¢t A Di Do phvcmg toy. n
631
TOAN THV Tl) HQC CHU HAN
cong due rat IOn trong tang chung eC/ulng sl! tri tlul·c 1fit pff ~0 ~: nhung ngu'ai rna mQi ngttai d~u biet eTntl!ng liio ft: ~: tu d€ ton xu'ng vj t1 khu'u c6 due, xuat gia tu hQC da lau eMa ha M~tc Kiin Libz §iiJ § m.t:i@: D:;ti Ml;IC Ki~n Lien, m()t trong 10 d:;ti d~ ttl' cua Ph~t ("rna ha" c6 nghia la "d?i", "IOn") eMa ha Ca die'p §iiJ jim~: D<:ti Ca Diep (m()t trong 10 d:;ti d~ ttl' cua Ph?t) eP/u]-t di) f9f, da't Ph?t, coi Ph?t (chu [th6], kinh Ph?t chu Han thttang phien am la dq) eC~tc lgc fi ~: rat vui su'ong (nu'oc Ctfc L:;tc con gQi la An l:;tc qu6c, An du'ong qu6c, Thanh thai qu6c, noi sung sttong yen 6n, khong c6 kh6 nao, trai voi coi ta ba) .A Di Da ~iiJ 5~\H't;: g6c chu Ph:;tn la Amitabha, djch ra chu Han la "V o Ltt<;1ng ThQ", nghia Ia s6ng la u vo ltt<;1ng kiep (khi Ph~ t Thich Ca dang thuyet phap giao h6a chung sinh a coi ta ba th1 Ph~ t A Di Da dang a nude Ctfc L:;tc d~ tiep dan chung sinh v~ coi
=
= ±:
±
Tjnh d()).
a
TU NGO
eNhli tlzi ngii viin ~0 ~ f1X; M: toi nghe nhu' vfty (kinh Ph~t la do A Nan, d~ ttl' cua Ph~t thu~t l:;ti sau khi PMt nMp di~t, nen thttang c6 cau nay; xem Ngil phdp a dttoi) eKy Th~t Clip Co Di)c vien tff~_H@JJJl\~~: vttan Ky ThQ Cap Co D()c (dnh tjnh xa c6 vu'an cay a thanh Xa V~, do m()t vj truang gia thai d6 bi~t hi~u la Cap Co D()c mua cung cho Ph~t va chtt tang d€ lam noi hoang phap) eXa Vf quoc ~1If;j~: kinh thanh Xa V~ (cua nu'oc Cau Tat La, noi trj vi cua vua Ba Tu' N~c) eDgi ti khztu tiing
*
.tt _fr 1~: cac vj tl khu'u d:;to cao due trQng, IOn tu6i eDgi A Ia han *~iiJ at/i: cac d~ ttl' cua Ph~t la d:;ti tl khttu va d~u chung qua A la han; cung dung d€ ton xttng vj A la han ho~c vj su' c6
NGU PHAP
s6 kinh dttoi
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632
TRAN VAN CHANH
W,
W
'
=8 li
dung chiT kh6ng c6 chiT {j! d sau): :k .ttli1~ -f{j! (Dl? d~i tl khttu tang, thien nhj bach ngG th~p nhan diu).
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~~~a~~~~~-~A~·~~~-~
roAN THL1 Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
633
Ia milt ngan hai tram nam muoi vf. Thdy d~u La bl!c Dc;zi A Ia han ma ai ciing d~u bie't, nhu la: TruiJng liia Xd Ly, Pha't, Ma ha Mf!.c Ki~n Lien, Ma ha Ca Die/J ( ... ). Luc fiy, Ph(jt phdn v6'i Truirng liio Xd Ly Phfit rli.ng: Bdt til day mil di v~ phuC!ng tay, qua muCii v{ln uc coi Phijt, c6 milt the' gidi keu la Cl!c Lc;zc. coi a:v. c6 due Ph(jt, hi?u A Di Da, ngai duC!ng thuye't phdp iJ d6. Ndy Xd Ly, Pha't oi! T{li sao coi a:vg9i la Cl!c Lc;zc? t{li nu6'c a.:v. ta't cd chung sanh d~u khong c6 kh6, toan huiJng cdc vui su6'ng, nen keu Ia Cl!c Lc;zc. DOAN TRUNG CON djch
a
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ffl•/f~/f~•/f~/f~•/f~/f~ o ~~~*~@• 4Hf ,rrL. ;f§ /. - ~ , 4Hf RB "B" § ..::+- a . ~ , 4Hf ++. ~"' ~ o± lfi~ ;'± • 4Hf RB ,,,,;sz_ , D, {Tp~ , ,, , l:lJ..'t_I::f-~ D ~ ,L!J, ,, ,, L:::j~ S Yf'.fS!I!I{r;;., ,~,, , r=i..L-'<
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· ~r~~t~Ht\m~~?~mm~~ · ,e,,~~@I;
Toi nghe nhu vdy, c6 milt hie, Phijt ngl! trong vuCin Ky Th9 CajJ Co Dilc thuilc v~ do thanh Xd V~ voi dc;zi ti kheo tang, ta't cd
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TRAN VAN CHANH
635
roAN THV TV HQC CHV HAN
PHIENAM Bat nha Ba Ia
m~ t
da Tam kinh
Quan Tl! T~i B6 tat hanh tham bat nha ba la m~t da thai,
chi~u ki~n ngu ufln giai kh6ng, dQ nh~t thi~t kh6 ach. Xa Lqi ttl, s5c b~t di kh6ng, kh6ng b~t di de, s5c tCrc thi kh6ng, kh6ng tCrc thi s5c, tht,~, tu&ng, hanh, thCrc di~c phl;lc nhu thi. X a Lqi ttl, thi chu phap kh6ng tu&ng, b~t sinh, b~t di~t, b~t du, b~t tinh, b~t tang, b~t giam. Thi c6 kh6ng trung v6 s5c, v6 tht,~, tu&ng, hanh, thCrc, v6 nhan nh'i ty (ti) thi~t than phap; v6 nhan gi&i, nai chi v6
y,
v6 s5c thanh huang vi xuc
y thCrc
gi&i. V6 v6 minh, di~c v6
v6 minh t~n, nai chi v6 lao ttl, di~c v6 lao ttl t~n. V6 kh6 t~p di~t d~o, v6 tri di~c v6 d5c. DI v6 d5c c6, B6 d~ tat doa y Bat nha Ba la m~t da c6, tam v6 quai ng~i, v6 quai ng~i c6, v6 hfru khung b6, vi~n ly dien dao m()ng tu&ng, eCru canh Ni~t ban.
sa
Huy~n Trang
Tam th~ chu- ph~t y Bat nha Ba la m~t da c6, d5c A n~u da la Tam mi~u Tam b6 d~. C6 tri Bat nha Ba la m~t da, thi d~i thfrn chu, thi d~i minh chu, thi v6 thuqng chu, thi v6 d~ng d~ng chu, nang trtr nh~t thi~t kh6, chan thl!C b~t hu. C6 thuy~t Bat nha Ba la m~t da chu, tCrc thuy~t chu vi~t : Y~t d~, y~t d~, ba la y~t d~, ba la tang y~t d~, b6 d~ tat ba ha.
(Bat nhii Ba Ia mijt da Tam kinh) Tdc gid-tac plza'm Kinh do Huyen Trang dci 8LJC1ng d!ch vao nom 649 tQi chua TCJ An. Ten kinh day du Ia Mo ha B6t nha Ba Ia m¢t do Tam kinh. Ma ha *~i!r: ldn. dQi; Bat nhd : trf tu$; Ba Ia m¢t do : d6o bi ngQn (= qua den
be ben kia. cuu c6nh); Tam kinh : kinh n6i ve tdm.
TUNGO
.Qulin T~l TtJi
iJl El :(£:
tuc Quan The Am B6 tat (quen doc la Quan The Am B6 tat) .Ngii uin Jij{:,i: nam ufln, bao g6m sfic,
tht,~, tu6ng, h~mh, thfrc (s~c chi than va lt,~c din tuc sau giac quan; tht,~ la dm giac; tuC5ng la nhung dm giac, khai ni~m xua't phat tu tam khi sau giac quan tiep xuc voi ngo(;li dnh; hanh la mQt y dinh, m9t chu tam c6 thti d~n toi stf t(;lo tac; thuc la stf nh~n biet) .Khong ~: con goi la tinh kh6ng, trong kinh Bat nha, "kh6ng" du'QC xem la cai Chung nha't CUa ta't ca mQi hi~n tu'Qng mau thu~n l~n nhau, "s~c" va "kh6ng" kh6ng h~ khac nhau (theo Tit ctiin Ph{).t h9c cua Chan Nguyen va Nguyen Tliong Bach) eBJ ad tat doa:g: }Jt it~ it : B6 tat (Bodhisattva), chi ngu&i da tl! giac duqc ban tinh, ph6 dQ chung sinh .Die A n~u da fa Tam mi?u Tam bb
636
TRAN VAN CHANH
d'e f~ ~iiJ W :g, a.:=. m- if J~:
d<;lt dtrQ'C VO thtrqng chanh d~ng
chanh giac • Yit di ... tat ba ha f~ ~ f~ ~'~$:a f~ ~.~$:a{~ f~ ~,if t~ ilii ~ §iiJ : diu chu, y n6i: khi dung tri tu~ Bat nha d~n cho CUu canh r6i, thi tam thi nhtr nhtr (Theo Thich Thanh Ttr, Bat nhii gi:ing gi:i1~ 1991 ). MC)t tac gia Tay phuung, 6ng J. Bacot, da phien am va djch cau chu nay nhtr sau: Gate, gate, par-agate, parasamgat'e, badhi
sviiha. Taus aJTivent, aJTivent, A1rivent sur ]'autre Jive. Taus ensemble ani vent sur ]'autre Jive, Glaire a 1'/lluminatian. (Tftt cii d~u di qua, di qua; qua d~n ba ben kia; moi nguai d~u qua d~n ba ben kia; d<;1t d~n ba giac ng()). Trong t<;1p chi Tir Quang ( 10.1951 ), Thuqng toa Nh~t Lien c6 ghi m()t ban djch chfr Han nhu sau:
D(J khU; d(J khU; Ctiu kinh d(J khU: Ctiu kinh chung d(J khU; Giac ng(J t6c vien thanh.
D[CHNGHiA Tlim kinh Bat nhii Ba la mqt da B6 tit Quin Tv Tpi khi hilnh siiu phep Bit nhii Ba fa miit da, sai thiy niim uin dtu kh6ng, dem d(J tit ca kh6.ach. (Ph$t b:ia): Nay Xi LQi tif: Sifc ching kh:lc kh6ng, kh6ng ching khic sifc. Sifc t&c fa kh6ng, kh6ng tt1c fa sifc. Th9, tur3ng, hanh, tht1c cilng i{li nhu thi. Nay Xa LQi tif, d6 JiJ tur5ng kh6ng ctla cac phap, ching sanh, ching di~t, ching nho; ching S{/Ch, ching them, ching b6t. Thi nen, trang cai kh6ng kh6ng c6 sifc, kh6ng c6 th9, tur3ng, hilnh, tht1c; kh6ng c6 milt, tai, mili, Ju6i, thiin, f; kh6ng c6 sifc, thanh, hUV77g, vj, xuc, phap; kh6ng c6 nhfin gi6i, cha din kh6ng c6 f tht1c gi6i. Kh6ng c6 v6 minh, cling kh6ng c6 hit v6 minh, cha din kh6ng c6 Jiia tif, cling kh6ng c6 hit Jiia ttl: Kh6ng c6 kho: t$p, di~t, d.aa, kh6ng c6 tri. cling kh6ng c6 difc. Vi kh6ng c6 scf difc, nen B6 tat (B6 dJ tat doa) Jam thea phep Bit nhii Ba fa m$t da nay thi tiim kh6ng con quai ng{li; vi kh6ng con quai ng{li, nen kh6ng COn Jdnh S(!, xa Jia tit c:J dien d:Ja m(Jng tur3ng, dr;rt tai ctiu canh Niit ban. Cha nen biit phep Bat nhii Ba fa m$t da nay fa d.ai thdn chu, fa d.ai minh chu, fa v6 thUQ11g chu, fa v6 ding ding chu, c6 thl trir hit m9i dau kho: chfin thvc kh6ng htr gi!J. Cha nen n6i (thdn) chu Bat nhii Ba fa m$t da, fa n6i chu r3ng: Yit di, yit di, ba fa yit di, ba fa tang yit di, b6 dJ tat ba ha. TVC. djch
Nghiii fa:
m
Di qua, di qua,
15
Qua din b& ben kia. M9i ngurJi d6ng qua din b& ben kia, Nguy~n
sv giic ng(J chong tron thanh. (Theo Chanh Tri, Bat nhii Ba fa m$t da tiim kinh Vi~t gidi, Sai Gon, 1962).
637
roAN THli Tl,t HQC CHU HAN
ifX:1$F~
*:m
1~f!51J • tB 1i~t)Jw~*~ifX:1$ • .li~tJ1&:1J7J~~ ~t* o ~35c¥95~lHf~IJm • :lt:~+itX: • ~?z~IJ~fJI.st~ o ~~
638
TRAN VAN CHANH
ffl~-'~*ffi~~,~~~~~~,H~~~~~, ~--~,~~~~,~~~*o~~+~~M~~' f~~~~DPJT~:IJ o ~f{,'l]j*~' W~311:Y' t~m~~~ o ~~~fflllfr~Z~W,~ffl~~~Zm*'~~~~ '~~~~,~~~~~~,~~te*Z$*o£~m ~' §~~1$~~-
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roAN THlJ n/ HQC CHU HAN
639
TU NGO
.cht iM: quy d!nh .Giui ltt4t ~1$: lu~t cam (gioi Iu~t rna tang, ni cilng nhu' ngu'oi tu t<;ti gia phai tuan thu) eHCJ. ~: chi so nam sau khi ngttoi tu hanh da th1,1 gioi xuat gia eTinh chuyen ff[ $: chuyen tam d~ dtt<;1c tinh tu'ong .sa di i::J.>jm: tang ho?c ni moi gia nh~p tang gia th1,1 mttoi gioi; nil' sa di dtt<;1c gQi Ia sa di ni eThinh gido thanz thiin ft ~ ~ t~: nghe hQC giao ly va ng6i thi~n eThe' ICJ.c ~lj cat t6c, xuong t6c (qo dftu) eThi)p gi{li +~: mu'oi gioi (g6m: kh6ng sat sanh, kh6ng tr()m cap, kh6ng ta dam, kh6ng n6i doi, kh6ng uong ru'QU, kh6ng an qua bil'a, kh6ng nghe ca hat va dtf cac tro vui choi, kh6ng trang di~m xuc dftu thorn, kh6ng ngu giu'ong cao n~m em, kh6ng dinh Iiu chuy~n ti~n b:;tc phi~n ha the gian) .Mang hiJ bat tri ~ ~ ~ ~0: rna mit khong biet ("h6" la tr
m:
PHIENAM GiOi lu~t mon Ph~t che, xuat gia gia ngil h:;t di ti~n tinh chuyen gioi lu~t,
ngil h:;t di h~u phu'ong niii thinh giao tham thi~n. Th! co sa di the l:;tc, tien thQ (th1,1) th~p gioi, thu dac dang dan thQ c~,~. Kim danh vi sa di, nhi b6n (ban) sd thQ gioi, ngu gia mang h6 bat tri, cu6ng gia hot nhi bat hQc, ti~n nghi thoan d~ng, vong y cao vien, di~c kha khai hi. Nhan thu th~p gioi lu'QC giai s6 ngil', sti m6ng hQC tri sd huang phttong. Hao tam xuat gia gia, thiet y tuan hanh, th~n v~t vi ph:;tm. Nhien h~u c~n viti kheo (tl khttu) gioi chi giai the,
vien vi b6 tat gioi chi can ban, nhan gioi sanh (sinh) d!nh, nhan d!nh pha t tu~ (hu~ ), thu co thanh tlfu thanh d:;to, bat ph ~,I xu at gia chi chi hi. Nhtt<;1c nh:;to quang li'im, tlf dttong duy~t Lu~t t:;tng toan thu'.
(Sa di ltt4t nghi ye'ultt(fc)
luqt va cung each cua Sa di'. Doqn tren day Ia loi n6i dau sach trich Cl
NGOPHAP (J)j] JJ (phtio'ng nai): moi, r6i moi (ph6 tu): :1J JJft~ ~t~ (Piutdng niii thinh giao tham thi~n). ®t~ (th~n v~t): d'n th~n cho, nhat thiet dung, dung, cho (cl;Jm tU quen dung): 'j'Jj; 2Jj ~ ~~ (Thi)n vi)t vi ph<;tm). ®f,ft ~ (thu co'): ng5 hftu, may ra, hi VQng (ph6 tu): ~~~ !?;t
' ThllQng thien. GiCJi luqt m6n' (thien tren. m6n giCJi luqt).
~:@: (Thzl
Tac gia-tac philm sa di lu¢t nghi yEfu IUC;fc do Chdu Hoang. d$ tu thL,J Bo tat giCJi Cl chua Vdn The bien soc;m. Ten sach c6 nghTa Ia "Ban yeu lll<;jc ve giCJi
m
cd thanh ttfu thanh d<;to).
640
TRAN VAN CHANH
D!CHNGHlA Phijt quy djnh, nguoi xuf{t gia niim ht;~ vi tru(Jc phdi chuyen h9c va tinh tuong vi giai lu(jt, niim ht;~ vi sau mai nghe gido ly, tham thiin djnh. The' nen cdc vj sa di xu6ng t6c r6i, truac hit phdi liinh th9 muoi giai [u(jt, ki do mai buac len giai dan liinh th9 C{-l tuc giai. Ngay nay, g9i La sa di rna do'i vai giai luijt cua minh liinh th9, nguoi ngu thi mo mit kh6ng bie't, ke cu6ng thi xao liing kh6ng h9c, liin nghl vur;t bf!c, mo mong cao xa, thijt dang bui ngui. Vt vijy rna t6i dem muoi giai fu(jt lu(/C giai vai [oi, dt nguoi SO h9c bie't phuong troi rna h9 phdi huang tai. Nhilng nguoi xua't gia vai tam chi tift, hay thie't y tuan hanh, th(jn tr9ng dang eli vi pht;~m. Nhu vijy mai gdn thi lam thim lam thang cho tl kheo giai, xa thi lam d lam g6c cho b6 tat giai. R6i nhan giai sanh djnh, nhan djnh phdt tu~, ngo hdu thanh lf!U thdnh dt;~o, kh6ng ph{-l chi huang xuat gia. Niu thich xem cho ri)ng thi tf! nen xem xet toan thu trong Lu(jt tt;~ng. THiCH TRf QUANG djch
m 16 ~ i+X~ilB
~@ifX~·~~ ~• m*~~~ o -~~mM~~~ ~·~~~~~ o ~~~~~m~ttli:~~~m~m n~ o ~~m~ ~ w~ ~ z~~ o~ ~m~~~llli•
i5l ~ ~- -w@ ffX ~ )(_ ~ t:if ~ ~
:
641
-~A .§} ' ~ M ~ 1~ ~ B !El ~ ' BJJ ~ ifH~ 1i t:if LI:Ut;; • Jm l.!t ~ n : *1~ A §ffi • 7t 1~ i+X1f: o ti1~~~ : ~iPJ~~ffltt • fU!¥~ ~~FJ'd o Ll:t~tl AtJifXm FYar~ ~~~t-JLI:tmrliz · ~1~fU~~f1ZI¥~ . tM~* o 0
Mon gim luijt
**fr AffiZ~*§>l
roAN THlJ Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
!
0
.
PHIENAM Tht.~
gioi
lu~n
Phu tinh gioi gia, Ph~n ngu ba la d~ m9c thoa thi da . Tam the' chu' Ph~t sd dl thfmh d:;to gia, v6 du u' thtl' da. C6 van huu pha gia dac danh tl khu'u; v6 pha gia dac danh vi ngo:;ti d:;to. Thtl' nai chi huu thl;l du v6 thl;l chi vi da. Thlf nhi phtfc pha thu'Qng danh tl khu'u, hu6ng toan thlf nhat thie't tinh gioi nhi hlfu kien trl gia tai! C6 hi~n t:;ti b6 tat dl thtl' d9 sinh, vi lai hanh nhan do chi giai tho at. Kinh van : Gioi nhu' blnh dia, v:;tn thi~n tong sinh. Gioi nhu' luang y, nang li~u chung b~nh. Gioi nhu' minh chau, nang pha h6n am. Gioi nhu' thuy~n phi~t, nang d9 kh6 h::li. Gioi nhu' anh l:;tc, trang nghiem phap than . Huu tQi gia du'ong sam h6i. Nhu'QC bat sam h6i gia, ky tQi ich tham. Nhat that nhan than, v:;tn kie'p bat phtfc. Kim nh~t tuy an, minh trieu nan bao. Nghi trl thtl' phap, t6c d9 sinh ttl'; phl;lng Ph~t vi su', tien y gioi Iu?t. c6 due huu ng6n : Qua ha tu dl;lng phi~t, dao ng:;tn bat tu thuy~n. Thtl' cai c6 nhan dl gioi vi thuy~n phi~t, nhi kim bat dl thtl' vi do chi, nhi dac dao ubi ng:;tn gia, ti
i!fj(EJ?. :(£if« J,.) Ll:t J.!t ~ '
o
*~ ~ i+X~oif.±m • ~ ~ftt~ o i+X~o ~ g , §g~ff!\W!l o ffX~OBJl~ • §g~~Bg o ffX~DiiJ'dtt • §gf.!t3w o ffX~O~f~ •eM$~ o~ ~~ ~ Bmo~~-m~.~~~~ o
Tac gia-tac phitm Bai tren ddy chep trong s6ch Kh6a hU tvc (quyen trung) cua Tran Thai tong (1218-1277) . Toe gia ten th(lt
Ia
Tran Canh. vua dau ddi Tran
(Vi$t Nam) . len ng6i nom 1225 khi mdi 8 tuoi . 6ng rat sung dqo Ph(lt. c6 luc buon vi$c n¢i b¢ trong trieu cflnh do bo tr6n len tu Cl chua Phu Von
642
TRAN VAN CHANH
tren nui Yen Tlt nhllng b! bat ve . Nom 1258, Thai tong truyen ng6i cho con ro.i len lam Thai thllQng hoang de cung coi vi$c nlloc. dllQc 19 nom thl mat, thQ 60 tuoi.
TUNGO eTh{t gidi ~ JJX: tiep nh?n gioi lu?t cua Ph?t giao eTjnh gim ~JJX: gioi thanh t~nh (gioi h~nh cua nguoi tu hanh; than th~, IOi n6i, tam y nho theo gioi lu~t rna trd nen thanh t~nh, thoat khoi ffiQi phi~n nao, tham dt,Ic, lftm l~c rna den du<;jc c6i Niet ban) eTanz the' clut Phq-t.::.. tit§~{~: cac Ph?t trong ba doi (ch1 Ph?t qua khu, hi~n t~i va vi lai, tuc Ca Diep, Thfch Ca Mau Ni va Di L(lc) ePhift {-i: chiec be, chiec mang eAnh i{zc ~f~: chuoi ngQc ePiuip than $ J}: m9t trong ba lo<;ti than cua m9t vi Ph?t; phap than la th~ tlnh th?t slf cua Ph?t, a6ng nghTa voi Chan nhu .Sam hoz t~Hm: an nan eKitp ti.J: doi kiep (ch1 thai gian rat dai; moi kiep c6 bon giai do<;tn sinh, thanh, ho<;ti, di~t CUa the gioi) eCo• dllC '2:11,~: gQi chung cac b?c cao tang aoi truoc (giong nhu b?c ti~n boi) .Bl ng{ln fEZ/¥: bo ben kia (bo giac ngQ, VUQt khoi vong sinh ttl', luan h6i). NG0PHAP CD~ (phu): trQ tu dftu cau (xem l~i Ngli phdp cac bai truoc). ®~ -tQ. (thj da): xem Ngli phap d bai 2.
(nai): la, chlnh Ia: Jlt J!; t~ :ff ~ W. M- :3t niii ch1 huu thl;l du v6 tht,I chi vi da). ®Dr. (hu6ng): huang gl (lien tu). ®~ (tai): trQ tu cuoi cau, bi~u thi phan van . ®~ (cai): d~i khai, c6 le (ph6 tu).
® J!;
z ffiHi1 (Thll'
D[CH NGHiA
Bim ve' th{t gidi Tjnh gidi tie'ng Phg_n fa ba fa di m()c thaa. Tam the' chu Ph¢it sa
643
TOAN THL1 Tl,J HQC CHO HAN
dl thanh dg_a diu khong thi khong qua thl:l giai. Cha nen noi rdng: ki! hilu ro duqc di~u d,6 duqc ten Ia tl khea, ke khong hiiu ro duqc di~u d6 gQi Ia ngag_i dg_a. Day Ia di~u d~' chl nguai chju thl:l gi6'i va khong th~ gidi v¢iy. Th~ gidi r6i ma lg_i phd bo con duqc ten Ia t! khea, huo'ng nguai haan taan chju thl:l m9i tfnh gidi ma !t;ri kien tri nila! Cha nen cdc b6 tat hi f n tg_i dem di~u d6 elite' d() chung sinh, ma nhilng nguai tu hanh dai sau cii.ng nai thea duang c16 eli duqc gidi thadt. Kinh n6i rdng: Gidi nhu mQ.t da't bling, mQi di~u thi?n tit d6 sinh ra. Giai nhu thdy thuo'c gioi chila duqc cdc b?nh. Giai nhu hg_t minh chau, phd va mQi to'i tam. Gidi nhu thuy~n be, vur;t qua bi khb. Gidi nhu chubi ngQc, lam phdp than trang nghiem. Ke c6 t()i cdn sam ho'i. Ne'u khong sam ho'i, t()i cang sau them. M()t !dn ba ma't than minh thi muon kie/J khong thl tim lg_i. Ngay nay tuy yen, mai sau kh6 giil. V¢iy nen giil phep nay, vur;t mau qua duang sinh til; tha Ph(lt lam thdy, trudc he't tuan thea gidi lu(lt. B¢ic co· due c6 n6i: Qua song nen dung mdng, de'n be'n he't cdn thuyin. Nhu v(ly nguai xua cai gidi Ia thuyin fa mdng. Ngay nay nhilng nguai khong dung phue!ng ti?n d6 qua song ma tdi dur;c ba ben kia thi thl!c Ia hie'm v(ly. DO VAN HY-BANG THANH djch (Tha van Ly Trdn, NXB.Khoa hQc Xa h9i)
m 17 ~~~~~?
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645
PHIENAM Ph~t tong ha xua't sinh?
Ho~c van vie't: Ph~t tong ha xuat sinh? Ninh hilu tien t6 c~p
qu6c ap phu? Giai ha thi hanh? Tr~ng ha lo~i h6? Mau Tu vie't: Phil tai van da! Thinh dT bat m~n lu<;Jc thuye't ky ye'u. Oii van Ph~t h6a chi vi tr~ng da, tich liiy d~o due, s6 thien uc tai bat kha ky ky. Nhien Him d~c Ph~t thai, sinh u Thien True, gia hlnh u B~ch T!nh vuong phu nhan . Tru tim m<)ng thua b~ch tUQng than huu lt,IC nha, han nhien duy~t chi, to~i cam nhi dt,l'ng. DT tu nguy~t bat nh~t, tong m~u hilu hie'p nhi sinh. DQa dia hanh that bQ, ell' hilu thu vie't: "Thien thu<;Jng thien h~ mT hilu du nga gia da ". Thai thien d!a d~i d<)ng, cung trung giai minh. Ky nh~t vuong gia thanh y pht,IC san nhat nhi. Cuu trung b~ch rna di~c nhG b~ch cau. No tt! Xa N?c, rna vie't Ki~n Tr~c. Vuong thttang su tuy thai tu. Thai tu hilu tam th~p nhi tu'ong bat th~p chung hao. Than truang tru<;Jng lt,Ic, th€ giai kim s~c, dinh hilu nht,Ic ke'. Giap xa nhu su tu, thi~t tt! phuc di~n, thu ba thien buc luan, h~ng quang chie'u v~n ly. Thu lu<;Jc thuye't ky tuong. Nien th~p that vuong vi n~p phi, Ian qu6c nil da. Thai nl' tQa t~c thien toa, tim t~c di sang. Thien d~o kh6ng minh am duong nhi thong. To~i hoai nhat nam lt,Ic nien nai sinh. Pht,I vuong tran vi thai ttl', vi hung cung qwin, ky nil bao ngQc tinh li~t u ti~n. Thai tu bat tham the' l~c, y t6n d~o due. Nien th~p cuu, tu nguy~t bat nh~t d~ ban ho Xa N~c l?c Ki~n Tr~c kh6a chi, quy th~n phil ell' phi nhi xuat cung, minh nh~t khue'ch nhien bat tri sd t~i . Vuong c~p l~i dan m~c bat hu hi, truy chi c~p di~n. Vuong vie't: "Vi hilu nhT thai dao thinh th~n chi, kim ky hilu nhi nhu ngQc nhu khue, duong tt,Ic l<)c vi nhi khu ha vi?". Thai tu vie't: "V~n v~t vo thuang hilu t6n duong vong, kim dt,Ic hQc d~o d<) thoat th~p phuong". Vuong tri
646
TRAN VAN CHANH
ky di kien, to~i khdi nhi hoan . Thai ti.i' kfnh khU'. Ttt d~o h.:1c nien to<;1i thanh Ph~t yen. SCI di M~nh h~ chi nguy~t sinh gia bat han . bat nhi~t, thao m<)c hoa anh, thfch h6 cuu y hi khich, trung lG' chi thai diL SCI di sinh Thien True gia, thien dia chi trung xi.i' ky trung hoa da. sa trU' kinh pham huu th~p nhj bQ, h<;jp bat U'c ttl' thien v~n quy€n. Ky d~i quy€n v~n ngon di ha, ti€u quy€n thien ngon di thtt<;1ng. Ph~t th1,1 giao thien h~, d<) thoat nhan dan . Nhan di nhj nguy~t th~p ngu nh~t ne hoan nhi khU'. Ky kinh gioi tl,IC t6n, ly nang hanh chi, di~c dac vo vj, phuc lttu h~u the. Trl ngu gioi gia, nhat nguy~t l1,1c trai. Trai chi nh~t chuyen tam nhat y, hoi qua ttf san. Sa mon trl nhj bach ngu th~p gioi, nh~t nh~t trai, ky gioi phi l1u ba tac Sd dac van da. Uy nghi tien chi du c6 chi di€n le vo dj. Chung nh~t canh d~ giang d~o t1,1ng kinh, bat dtf the Stf. Uio Ti.i' viet: "Kh6ng dU'c chi dung, duy d~o thj tong". Ky ttt chi vj da. (Ly hoijc ltt4n)
Tac giii-tac phiinz Ly ho¢c lu(Jn con
c6 nhOng ten khac Ia M6u Tl! tY ho¢c /u(Jn hay M6u Tl! do Mau TL! (con gQi Ia Mou TLt Bac) cu6i doi 86ng Han bien SOQn, gom 37 chLJCing, Ia sach lu¢n chOng ve nguyen ly Ph¢t giao xuat hien kh6 sdm CJ Trung Qu6c , dll<;c thu gam va xep vao quyen 1 sach Hoang minh t(Jp cua Tong Hlju doi Nom trieu . Toe gia nglloi Ci qu¢n ThLJCing Ng6 (thu(>c Ng6 ChOu tlnh Quang Toy ngay nay), nom 189 tUng chQY loQn qua Giao Chi (mien Bee Viet Nom ngay nay) , von Ia m(>t nha nho dQc r(>ng kinh truven cung cac sach cua phai tu tien nhllng deu kh6ng tin ma IQi d¢c biet hOm m¢ dQo Ph¢t, nghien cOu them co hQc thuyet Lao TU. Mou TU bi dLJiu¢n dllang thai che trach cho rang do ly khai vdi NgO kinh, nen 6ng lam ra sach Ly ho(Jc lu(Jn neu len tUng diem nghi van lien quan den dQO Ph¢t de bien giai, dan chOng r(>ng cac lu¢n chOng cua Khong, Lao de binh vljc dQo PhQt. cho rang tinh than cua Nho va 8QO c6 Slj nhat trf ve con ban vdi tll tLJCing dQo Ph¢t. Ve tU ngO, ngO ph6p va van phong trong sach, Ly ho(Jc lu(Jn c6 each the hi$n gi6ng nhll nhOng sach kh6c cua Nho gia.
647
roAN THV n,l HQC CHCI HAN
T£)NG0 .Quoc dp ~ §: thanh va ap, chi chung noi thanh thi, trong bai c6 nghia nhtt "que httong xU' sCI" .MJn ~J:: thong minh (tac gia dung "bat man" nghia la Stf ngu dot voi y n6i khiem) .Thien tni.c 7:. *k: ten cu gQi nttoc An DQ eB{lch Tjnh vrtdng 8 @- .:£: quen dQc la "B<:tch Tinh vttong", con gQi la Tjnh Ph~n vttong, vua cha cua thai ti.i' Tat D~t Da (tU'c Ph~t Thich Ca sau nay) ePhu nhdn :;K )\: VQ .D~tng Ejl: c6 thai eHiep stton .Thanh y tx_: ngttoi hiiu, thj tl .Nh~tc ki ~ ~: bui t6c bilng thjt (day chi c~,~c thjt g6 len) eGidp xa tJi l$[: xttong dttoi rang, xttong lQi (nttou) dttoi ("giap" la go rna; trong bai djch phfa dttoi, djch gia Le M~nh That chi djch theo nghia chu "giap" la go rna chU' khong djch tu kt~p "giap xa") .Phi ~c: VQ cua thai ti.i' .Uin quoc f4E ~: nttoc lang gi~ng .Trdn vi ft{l:: yeu quy (c6 le la ftJ~t chu Jit[vi] nghia la quy trQng) eHrtng J11.: xay cat eCwzg qulin '§ fm: nha ci.i'a cung di~n danh cho vua chua ghe nghi trong lllc di choi d ngoai .Ky mcf$..17:.: ca nil, ky nu (ngttoi con gai lam ngh~ ca hat a€ mua vui cho mQi ngttoi) .Kh6a ~: cttoi (ngtfa) .Khuech nhien ?£:,: reing khong eBdt tri sll t{li /f ~0 pJT :(±: khong biet C1 noi nao .Hrt hi ~ ~: hU'c nd, th6n thU'c elMo thlnh tluin chi :f!§~f$:f~: du xin thfin eKhue f1: ngQc khue eDi ~: cang them (ph6 tu) eKinh klul {~$:: di loi tat eM{lnh h{l :;fu~: thang dfiu mila h~ .Hi khiclz *~ *£: "hi" la vai mjn, "khich" la vai tho (*fcung viet la*a) eTrung lr7 $ g: chi thang ttt am ljch eNgon §: chu (chi so chu trong bai viet ho~c cuon sach) eNe hoim ~~?a: chi Niet ban .Trai ~: chay, trai gioi .Ho'i qua t~t tdn ·1m~ E1 $JT: an nan hoi cai .Uu ba tdc i~ ~ ~: ngttoi tu t~i gia, ctt si .Uy nghi tiin chi mX; {ti ~ _L[_: oai nghi di dU'ng, tac phong eli' chi .Diin ~~ ~ t~: le nghi .Chung nhqt canh d{l *~ B 3t ~: suot ngay suot dem, d ngay dem.
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648
TRAN VAN CHANH
NG(/ PHAP
CD $ .... ~ ? (ninh ... phu?): xem m1,1c 20 trang ph§n Ngu phap cua bai 10.
® 'i' ~ F~=~5
m! (phu tai va'n da !): m9t h'inh thuc daa vi ngu
ra tn.tdc trong cau cam than (neu viet xu6i l?i th'i la Fo~ -tJ1 ~ ~ ! ).
® ii (cai): trq til dftu diu (kh6ng dich): ~ 1!fj ... (Ctii van ... ). ® J;) (di): vao h.1c (gidi til bi~u thi thai gian): .L-). IZ.:9 jj J\ B ftf. -BJ~rro ~ (Ditu nguy~t bat nMt tong mau hiep nhi sinh). ® ft (mi): kh6ng ai, kh6ng g'i (d9-i til v6 chi, dung nhu' ~[m9-c]): ~~JMU:flt13fu(MzhG'u du nga gia da).
® ~ thuyet rJ)
ky
l!J
(htqc): so, so qua (ph6 til): tuong).
(nai): mdi (ph6 til): ~ jj
l1l m~ 1:£. (duy d~o
Ill me ~Jt ;1t .f§
(Thii' lu(lc
l!J ~ (L1,1c nguy~t niii sinh).
thj tong): chG' otE di;it tru'dc tan ngG' :i][ d~ du'a tan ngG' ra tru'dc d()ng til 1:£. (tong) qua tac d()ng cua d6ng d()ng til~ (thi). Cau tren c6 th~ dich "chi d9-a la thea", dich xu6i l9-i la "chi theo v~ d9-a". Cau true daa ngG' nay thong d1,1ng trang sach c6 til thai Tien Tftn, c6 th~ neu them vai thi d1,1 khac: @ (d?a)
-otE~ ~ ~gfi (Duy tG'u thtfc tlzi nghi): Chi ban den ru'CJu va thuc an (Thi Kinh: Tiiu nhii, Tu can). -IJfE(Jp ~ ~ (Duy m~nh tlzi thinh): Chi vang thea m~nh (Td truyfn: Turmg cong nhj thqp bat nien).
-Ol ~,~I§~ !It (Duy du rna
thu thi chiem): Chi nhln len dftu
ngtfa cua ta (Td truyfn: Turmg cong th(lp til nien).
D!CHNGH!A Phqt til diiu sinh ra? C6 nguai hoi: Ph(lt tit dau sinh ra? C6 td tien va lang nuac gi khong? Da lam dut;Jc gi, giong lot;~i nguai nao?
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
649
Mau Til dap: Giau thay cau hoi! Xin dem do't nat n6i qua diim chinh. Boi nghe cong tr(,J.ng giao h6a cua Ph(lt, tich chua dt;w due, hang ngan lie dai, khong sao ghi chep. Nhung khi sdp thanh Ph(lt, thi sinh iJ Thien True, mu{Jn hinh nai vt;J vua Bt;~ch Tlnh. Ba ngu ngay, m()ng thay cuiJi voi trdng, than c6 sau nga, han ho thich thu, him xuc cdm rna c6 thai. De'n thang tu mbng tam, Ph(lt thea suan ben phdi cua mf! rna sinh, dt;it chan xuong da't, di bdy buac gia tay phdi len, n6i: "Tren trai duai trai khong c6 gi hrm Tal". Bay gia trai da't rung mt;~nh, trong cung sang ngai. Hom ay, nguai hdu (J cung vua cilng sinh ra m()t dlia con. Trang tdu ngf!a trdng ciing cho ngf!a con bu; ddy ta ten Xa Nt;ic, ngf!a ten La Ki~n Trdc. Vua thuang sai thea thai til. Thai til c6 ba muai hai huang to't, tam muai ve df!p, minh cao tru{Jng sau, than d~u sdc vang, dlnh ddu c6 nhf:lc ke: rna nhu su til, luiJi che dut;Jc mt;it, tay c6 ngan xoay, co, sang chie'u Vt;ln dt;im. Day La n6i qua tuang Ph(lt. Nam muai bdy tuo,i, vua cha bdt lay cong chua nuac lang gi~ng lam vt;J. Thai til ngbi thi dai chb, niim thi rieng giuang. Dt;~o trai r()ng sang rna am durmg thong dbng. Ba c6 mang con trai, sau nam mai sinh. Vua cha tran quy thai til, df!ng cho cung difn kY nil, db chai chau bau, d~u bay truac mdt. Thai til khong ham thu vui duai dai, muo'n giil dt;~o due. Niim muai chin tuo,i, ngay tam thang tu, nila dem g9i Xa Nt;ic dong yen Ki~n Trdc VU{Jt thanh. Quy thdn nang diJ, bay ra khoi cung. Hom sau bbng nhien khong bie't iJ dau. Vua cung quan dan thdy d~u Sf:lt sui, duo,i tai canh dbng. Vua bdo: "Khi chua c6 con, cha edu xin Thdn, nay dii c6 con, nhu ng9c nhu tran, nen no'i ngoi tuac, chli bo di dau?". Thai til tau: "Muon v(lt vo thuang, c6 rbi phdi ma't. Nay muo'n hQC dt;~O, d() thoat muai phurmg". Vua bie't thai til da curmg quyet, bim dr:tng len v~. Thai til di thr!ing, suy tu vi dt;~o, sau niim thi thit.nh Ph(lt. So df ngai sinh vao thang tu
650
TRAN VAN CHANH
mua ht;~, d6 fa Luc khong n6ng khong lt;~nh, cay co dom hoa, coi do lOng ch6n, mijc ao thua mong, La tie't tru.ng Lf1 VQy. S(J d'l Ph4t sinh (J Thien True La ch8 trung hoa trong troi da't v9y. Kinh do Ph9t vie't g6m de'n mu(Ji hai bQ ht;Jp tam llC bon ngan Vt;Jn quyin. Quyin llfn Vt;Jn loi tro xuo'ng, quyin nho ngan Loi tro len. PhQt dt;~y thien ht;~, cau vat giai thoat nhan dan. Nhan ngay muoi lam thting hai nh9p tjch ma di. Kinh diin va giai Lu4t tie/J lf;I.C t6n tt;Ji, noi theo ma lam, ciing dt;~t vo vi, phuc den doi sau. Ke gii1 nam gioi, m9t thting sau ngay trai; ngay trai gioi thl chuyen tam vao m9t y, hoi L8i ma tf! dBi mai. Sa man gif1 hai tram nam muoi giai, giai a'y khong phai cho uu ba tdc du(/c nghe v9y. Oai nghi di dr:tng cung diin L~ ngay xua khong khtic. Suo't ngay thau dem giang dt;~o tf;tng kinh, khong tham df! vifc doi. Liio Ti:t n6i: "Due Lon chua dung, chl dt;~o theo v~ ". Yd6 la v9y. LE M!).NH THAT djch (TBng IQp van h9c Ph9t giao Vi?t Nam)
m 18
SCi vi tam tfnh bat sinh bat di~t. Nhat thiet chu phap, duy y vQng ni~m nhi huu sai bi~t. Nhtt<;1c Iy. vQng ni~m, tac v6 nhat thiet dnh giOi chi tuong. Thi co nhat thiet phap, tong ban dT Iai Iy ng6n thuyet ntong, ly danh tlf tuong, ly tam duyen tttong, tat canh blnh d£ng, v6 huu bien di, bat kha pha ho<:ti, duy thi nhat tam, co danh chan nhu. (D(li thi'ta klzlli tin lu/jn)
Tac gia-tac philm fJQi thua khoi tin /u()n. l quyen. tllCing truyen cua Bo tat Ma Minh (the ky 1-2. An 8¢). do Tam tqng phap sll Chan De (499-569) dci Lllc:ing djch tu chu Phqn sang chu Han. Ia b¢ lu(ln dqi thua thou t6m nhung giao ly sou xa cua Ph(lt. lay Nhlllai tqng lam ly lu(ln trung tam; quan tri$t nhung nghla ly quan trQng ve tinh. tllCing cdc phap, dong thCii bi$n bi$t r6 rang yeu chi Duy tam Duy thOc; lam sang r6 sl,f sai khac giua me va ng¢. giua vQng va chan. giua tjnh va nhiem ... ; cho mQi sl,f v(lt c6 trong the gioi deu Ia slj hi$n r6 cua Chdn nhll.
TU NGO
,~,~:flo
,~,~:!lo13' ND~-$W::k*,f@;f§$F~G:
651
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
o
rff~'~'ti~~~i~ o -W§fa$' Ol1R~~rm~~3U o ;g=fiME~~ • ~~J~-w±~Wz;fEI o ~i!i5c-w$ . 1:£:zts:tJ* riME ~ ~>t ;f§ ' riME ::g:.:;: ;f§ ' riME I~\*~ ;f§ ' • ~If~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~DJMU£1'!' ut~-~~'' i!l5lil~:!lo o
.Plzap gi{Ji ~t;; Jf.: dnh gioi cua cac phap .Plzap mon ~t;; F~: nhung bai kinh PMt ho?c nhung phuong phap Ph~t d<:tY dtta den giac ng(> eVng, thliong hang, VUQt len tren mQi ly lu~n, nh~n thuc; Chan nhtt la m(>t khai ni~m quan trQng cua Ph~t giao d<:ti thua.
PHIENAM
Tam chan nhu' Tam chan (chon) nhu gia, tuc thi nhat phap gioi d<:ti t6ng tuong pha p m6n th{
D[CH NGHlA
Tfim cluhl nlut Tam chan nhu tile La cai luang r9ng Lon vo cung vo Cf!C cua tam, bao trum khdp phap gioi, n6 laban thi cua ta't ca phap man.
652
TRAN VAN CHANH
653
TOAN THV Tl,f HQC CHO' HAN
""""~~~±~ E3 '=F il"E IX =-
Nghfa La, tam tanh khong sanh di~t. Ta't cd phdp chl nuong vao V9ng ni~m rna c6 ngan sai muon khdc. Ntu lla tam .ni~m tac chdng c6 ta't cd tuong cdnh gioi. Boi the: tri't cd phdp tit nao din giiJ na tuong n6i nang, na tuong danh tit fiJi le, na tuong tam duyen nghl ng(/i, ro't rdo binh ddng khong h~ biin do?i, khong thi phd hog.i, chlla mi}t tam, nen g9i d6 Ia Tam chon nhu. THICH THif;N THONG djch
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Tac gia-tac philm Du gia lu¢n con gQi Ia Ou gia sU dja lu¢n Ia toe pham ccJ ban cua Duy thuc tong va Phap tudng tong, tucmg truy€m do dQi luan sLl An D(> Ia Yo Trude (the ky IV-Y) viet theo ldi gi6o h6a cua 86 tat Di L(lc (Ph(lt tLlcJng lai). Day Ia b(> lu(ln tam co nhat cua dQO Ph(lt, trinh bay toan b(> gi6o ly cua Duy thOc tong. Ban PhQn ngQ cua Ou gia /u¢n chT con m(>t phon, nhLlng toan b(> ban d!ch cha Han va cha TOy Tc;~ng thi con giQ du, dLl<;Jc lllu hanh r(>ng r6i nhat Ia ban djch cua Huyen Trang gom
100 quyen.
Chan Di d!ch gia DC;li thua khdi tin lu~n
m 19 1~ tii ~ lf!J'Ji 1~ f~7(~.A§i:J,
fJl ~ 1=f :X £): . 1±*m~§l,
PHIENAM Ph~ t t6 stf tich k~ Tong thien thoai nh~p thai, Hi~n sinh huu ph1,1 mau. TC;li gia th! anh nhi, T~p hQc cht1 ky ngh~. Hi l(;lc c~p du hanh, Xuat gia h~mh kh6 h(;lnh. Hi~n tlfu ngo(;li O(;lO hQc, Hang ph1,1c t1 thien rna. Thanh Ph~t chuy~n phap luan,
D[CH NGHlA
Bai k~ vi slj tich Phqt t6? Tr! triJi xuong nh(lp thai, Hi~n sinh c6 cha mf. CJ nha La con tre, T(lp h9c cdc kY nghf Ch(Ji biJi cung vui ve, Xua't gia lam kho? hg.nh. Thea h9c thdy ngog.i dg.o, Giang ph¥-c dur;c Ma vuong. Thanh Ph(lt chuyin phdp luan,
TRAN VAN CHANH
654
Thi d<;1o nh?p Nat ban. Chu b<;1c phuc chung sinh, Bat nang kien Nhu Lai. (Du gia luQ.n)
TruyJn dt;~o nhl)p Nat him. Cdc. chung sinh bt;~c phuc, Khong duqc thay Nhu Lai. PHAM QUYNH djch
655
TOAN THV n,l HQC CHU HAN
·'B~ h<;1 hoan thuc thll' nhan phu?". De van: "Bat thuc". Chi C6ng
van: "Thll' thi Qwin Am D<;li SI, truy~n Ph?t tam an". De h6\ to<;li khi~n su khu thinh. Chi C6ng van: "M<;!C d<;!O b~ h<;l phat su khu thu, h<;1p qu6c nhan khu tha di~c bat h6i ".
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Ttic gia-ttic plzilm Tren day Ia bai thu nh6t (d$ nh6t toe) trong 100 bai cua 8/ch Nham m¢t t(lp ngG IL,JC noi tieng cua cac thien sll Trung Quoc, con c6 ten gQi day du Ia Ph¢t qua Vien Ng¢ Thien su 8/ch Nham Jvc. S6ch gom 10 quyen do thien su Tuyet D¢u TrQng Hien doi Tong tt,mg co (tL,Jng co Ia dung c6c cau thd c6 am v(ln de blnh lu(ln c6ng 6n thiEm), Vien Ng¢ Khac Can doi Tong blnh xlldng (ban lu(ln ve cd ngG hOnh vi cua nglloi xlla). va do thien sll Pho Chieu doi Thanh bien t(lp. "Thanh de d$ nh6t nghTa" Ia tu ngu thien hQc. chT chan ly toi coo. chan ly chi eve II,JC,
huyen di$u cua Ph(lt gi6o. thien gi6o.
PHIENAM
Thanh de d~ nha't nghia Cll': Luong Yo De van D<;it Ma d<;1i su: "Nhu ha thi Thanh de d~ nhat nghia?". Ma van: "Khuech nhien v6 thanh". De viet: "D6i tram gia thuy?". Ma van: "Bat thuc ". De bat khe. D<;1t Ma to<;1i d<) giang chi Ngl,ly. De h?u ell' van Chi C6ng. Chi C6ng van:
TU NGO .ci't ~ : dl,lng ngu cua thi~n tong, c6 nghia la "neu len c6ng an thi~n" .Lztdng Vo De' ~tEt*: vua Vo De nha Luong, m<)t 6ng vua rat sung d<;!O Ph?t cua Trung Qu6c, len ng6i nam 502, c6 dip d6i tho<;1i voi B6 D~ D<;1t Ma nam 520 khi D<;it Ma vu<;jt bi~n den
656
TRAN VAN CHANH
*
tinh Quang Dong elJf!-t Ma df!-i su ~ M §ffi : tuc B6 D~ D~ t Ma (?-528 ho~c 536), t6 thu 28 sau Ph~t (j An Do va la So t6 cua thi~n tong Trung Qu6c, tac phfi'm c6 Thiiu thi{t /ftc man, 1 quy€'n eKizue'ch nhien m~ r6ng khong eKhi~ : hi€'u y, any eNgtJ.y ~t :nude Ngl;ly thai Tam Qu6c (Trung Qu6c) •Qtuin Am lJf!-i Si fmif*-±: ten gQi cua B6 tat Quan The Am .Tam {;'EP : chi cho thi~n phap; truy~n Him an c6 nghia la truy~n yeu chi Ph~t phap cua thfry cho d~ ttl'; ngu'oi du'QC truy~n tam an la ngu'oi OUQC "an kha ", Ou'QC phep hoang h6a noi phap cua thfry eHf!-pliJ : d, toan; "h~p qu6c" la d nude, toan qu6c.
:
lin
D/CH NGHlA Thanh de' d? nhiit nghia Cong dn neu ra: Lue1ng Vo De' hoi Dt;~i su Dt;~t Ma: "The' new la Thanh de' d? nhi{t nghla?". Dr;I.t Ma ddp: "R6ng khong khong thdnh ". Vua hoi: "Ke ddp lai trdm la ai? ". Dt;~t Ma ddp: "Khong hilt". Vua khong hiiu y. Dt;~t Ma ben qua song den nuoc Ngfty. Sau vua neu len vi?c ndy hoi hoa thu(Jng Chi Cong. Chi Cong n6i: "B? ht;~ c6 hilt nguai n&y khong?" Vua n6i: "Khong bie't". Chi Cong n6i: "Nguai ndy Ia Qudn Am Dt;~i Si truyin tam an Ph4t". Vua ho'i hrJ.n, ben sai su di thlnh tro lt;~i. Chi Cong n6i: "Dung n6i b? ht;~ sai su di thlnh lam gi, du nguai trong cd nuoc di thlnh nguai ay cii.ng khong fro lt;~i ". TVC. djch
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Tham d6 hi~n quyet Nhat nh~t, du'ong ti~n t9a thu, h6t huu tang van: "Ph~t chi du thanh, ky nghia van ha ?". Su van: "Ly h~ trung du'ong cue, chi dfru thl;lc khi oanh ". Tien van: "T~! HQc nhan bat h<)i, thinh tai chi th! ". Su van: ·'Tru t~k kim o chieu, d~ lai ng9c th6 minh ". Tang hl;l'u van: "DI ho<;1ch su' chan chi, huy~n co th! nhu' ha ?". Su van: "Bat th~n thuy ban klnh man khu, nhat tao tha di~t hoi ha chi?". ~ "T ~ ', . / van: T 1en .. (Tizam d6 lziin quyet)
Ttic giii-ttic plzii'm Tham
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thien tang'. tdc pham cua thien sll Vien Chieu (999-1090) ddi
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658
TRAN VAN CHANH
quye'f. ghi IQi nhOng ldi doi d6p cua thien sll Vien Chieu ve le dQO sdu xa cua Ph¢t gi6o v¢Ji c6c d$ tu va thien kh6ch.
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Djch gia Thfch Thanh TQ djch tu "thorn do" Ia nglloi thorn van. Th(lt ra . tu nay chi c6 nghia Ia ·cac thien tang " .
An trQng nhu son, ngii dinh tam sinh vi tuc thu. Than dac ly trftn cau, til' d~o phuong thanh tl,I'U. Sa! Xuat the' d~i nhan do, pham tlnh ch~m phau? Hie'u til' hi€n ton, hao huang chan khong cuu. Nhan thll' ba ngii sac phong chuang nhat but cau. Phong lu loan tru, an ai khien tri€n ha nh~t hm1. Ho9-t quy ki€u tuong thu, duyen t~n hoan phan thu. Sa! Vi n~ luong tru mau, phi gia dai nuu. Thu pha oan gia, cac tl,l' tftm mon t~u. Nhan thll' ba ngu thuy phu the nhat but cau. Than tl,l' sang vu'u, m~c vi nhi ton tac vi~n u'u. Uc tich Yen Son d~u, kim nh~t ho~m t6n phu? Sa! Tat canh huu thai hu'u, t6ng quy vo h~u . Thuy thuc duong nhan, v9-n c6 thuong nhu clJ'u. Nhan thll' ba que' til' lan ton nhat but cau. Doc chiem ngao dftu, m~n thuye't nam nhi dac
y thu.
Kim
an
660
TRAN VAN CHANH
huy€n nhu' dfr u, thanh the phi thuang cii'u. Sa! Da thi€u u6ng trl du, d6ng nhan h?o thu. M()ng giac hoang luang, nhat tieu vo ha huu. Nhan thii' ba phil quy cong danh nhat but cau. Phil tl vu'ong h~u. ne d?O hoan thai nga d?O stiu. C~u gia da sinh thl}, diic gia u'u khuynh phuc. Sa! D?m ph an thiing tran tu, n?p y nhu' tu. Thien dja ngo lo, di,li h? ha tu cau. Nhan thii' ba gia xa di€n vien nhat but cau. Hc;>c hai tru'ang luu, van tr?n quang mang XC;l dfi'u ngu'u. Bach ngh~ tung trung tfru, dfru tii'u thi thien thu. Sa! Cfrm tu man hung d~u, ha tu khoa khfru. Sinh ttl' can ti€n, ban tt! bat tuong cuu. Nhan thii' ba cai the van chuang nhat but cau. H? thu'dng xuan du, ca vu tru'ang trung l?C Stf tru. Yen vu me hoa lieu, ky tii'u ngu than huu. Sa! Nhan d€ trlnh phong luu, kh6 quy than h~u. Kha tlch quang minh, rna la khong h6i thu. Nhan thii' ba phong nguy~t tlnh hoai nhat but cau. Df,.l SU LIEN TR)
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
661
0~ :than til (til n~y dQC theo am ph() thong la Cha, dQC theo phien
thiet la SrJ + gia fhief, bi€u thj Sl.f nhiJ:c nhd ho~c doi dap, CO th€ djch la "nfry, day ... ") ePhdu g:u :phan tach r5 rang ePhong clutdng !f;J W so niem kin d€ tau len nhung vi~c co m~t .Nhlit b1it cliu - ~ 1;) :m()t net x6a het (thi€n tong dung d€ chi vi~c pha tril trftn duyen) eLil {§ : b?n be eT/ul {i :b?n, d6ng b?n
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(thu Iii' d€ chi ngu'ai cling bc;>n ho~c b~n dai)eKhien triin ~ :vuong b~n .Kiiu ~ :gia, gia b(), rave (ph6 tu) ePhlin thi't )j-.:f. :chia tay .Tnl mliu *~:rang bu()c eGia tiJo :gong eNilu tB: :xi€ng xich .T!uc ~ :xem ky .Sang v1tu :Jj tt :ml}n nhc;>t (cling chi n6i dau kh6) .Yen Sdll Diju ~ tlJ W:ong Yen Son hQ D~u (ten la Vu Quan, nguai dai H?u Tan, Ngu d?i [936-946], c6 nam nguai con d€u du'QC ong d?Y d6 rat chu dao nen d€u thanh danh) eVo hiju 1& :khong c6 con cai noi doi .Que' ti't [an ton ti-T~ J;% :thanh ngu dung d€ gQi khen con chau ngu'ai khac eDi)c chie'm ngao dtiu 1i] 2:; ~ §j :d6 tr~ng nguyen eMc.zn tlzuyet ¥f ~~:dung n6i, n6i chi, n6i gl (cGng viet la t~ §ft) .udng :toi, phi cong, vo lch eTri ctiu .~fu ;:J( :giong ru6i kiem tlm .D6ng nhan hc.zo th1i ~~JiB~§ : ngu'ai gia t6c b?c nhu'ng gu'ong m~t van h6ng hao nhu' tre con .Sinh th{t ~ }t : chju kh6 eKimynh pluic {tJ[ fi: nghieng d6 .Trlin tu ~~ : m6n an quy eNc.zp y rr-J :t( :ao va eDc.zi hc.z M_ :nha r()ng .Ha tuf6J ~J[ :dn chi, dn gl eCiilt ~l :dtfng nha .Quang mang 1t :anh sang ch6i lQi, anh sang rtfc ro eNg1tu Dii'u 4-4 :sao Nguu va sao Dfru (trong Nhj th?p bat tu) .Khoa khii'u ~ D :n6i khoac, khoac lac .Cai the'~ t!t :tuy~t the, nhat dai, vo djch .Tnl fm] :dong due .Yen vii. t~ ffi :mu'a bl}i, mu'a phun .Hoa li~u1f, WP :hoa va lieu .Nhiin di §R@; :tru'oc miit, nhan ti€n .Sinh~ :thlch y .Than hijuJJ;r 1& :sau khi chet eVa /d 'l'lftfi: th~n thung, th~n tho (til nay dQC theo am ph6
rml
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Tac gia-tac phli'm Tren ddy Ia toe pham cua dQi sLJ Lien Tri (1535-1615) doi Minh. Trung Qu6c. Toe gia h<;> Tham. ten Chou Hoang. tv Ia PhQt Hu$. hi$u Ia van The. nom 32 tuoi xuat gia. theo h<;>c voi cac thien su Bien Dung. lieu Nham. 6ng tru toe kho nhieu. toe pham dll<;Jc nguai dai sou t(lp h<;Jp IQi thOnh Van The ph6p h61. 34 quyen. Bai "That but cdu" tren ddy dLJ<;Jc ILlu Mnh rat r(lng trong ddn gian. dQi y cho rang dai nglloi tat co deu kh6ng. neu len quan diem ccJ ban "sac t(Jc th! kh6ng" cua dQO Ph(lt.
TU NGO .Ngii dlnh .li ~13fi. : nam V?C (thai xu'a di,li phu te le dung ngG dinh, sau cung dung d€ chi nam thu thjt cua cac loai bo, de, l<;1n, ca, nai) .Tam sinh :ba con v?t dung d€ te la bo, de, l<;1n (heo) eTrtin ciilt ~ ±Fo : bl} i b~ m eTi't dc.zo -T ~ : di,l o lam con .sa
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662
thieb ePhong nguy?t tinh hoai J$1 ,FJ 'I~ 'I~
TRAN VAN CHANH
:tlnh gi6 trang.
D!CHNGHlA
Bay di~u xoa S{lCh An niJng nhu nui, ddu co cung te' bo ngon de .be a cilng chua du ddp d~n. Cha mf c6 lla duqc b~i trdn, dgo lam con mC!i trr;m.Ndy! Cdi nhan do fan xua't the: pham tinh sao hi!u? Con thdo chdu hi~n. nen xet tim den le chan kh6ng. Vt;Jy nen, sCI chue1ng niem kin ngu sdc, x6a sgch cho xong. Loan phuqng bgn bdu, di an vuC!ng bt;Jn luc nao thai. Quy so'ng vo girl liiy nhau, he't duyen cung danh chia bi?t. Ndy! Cd hai cung rang bu9c, gong mang xich tr6i.Xem thay ro oan gia, m6i nguoi ti! tim phue1ng tro'n chgy. Vt;Jy nen, phu the khang khit, x6a sgch cho xong. Than wa ung nh9t, chilng vi con chdu ma lo xa. Nha xua 6ng Yen SC!n h9 Dt;Ju, nay c6 con kh6ng ?Ndy! Cuo'i cung ciing c6 luc thai, ro't CUQC kh6ng nguoi no'i doi. Ai bie't nguoi nay ma nghin xua cung vt;Jy. Vt;Jy nen, con quy chdu ngoan, x6a sgch cho xong. Db dgt trgng nguyen, cha n6i nam nhi thoi ddc y. An vang treo ri!c ro, thanh the' tht;lt lau dai. Ndy! Baa nhieu giong ru6i tim cdu v6 ich, tu6i gia ddu bgc. Tlnh gia'c ke vang, cuot len m9t tie'ng chilng con gi. Vt;Jy nen, phu quy c6ng danh, x6a sgch cho xong. Giau sdnh vue1ng hdu, nguoi han hoan thi ta sdu mu9n. Ke tim cdu chju kh6 nhi~u, nguoi c6 duqc lo nghieng d6. Ndy! Ce1m dgm bgc con he1n tran tu my vj, do vd nhu theu. Troi da't La l~u tranh ctla ta, nha LC!n cdn chi ca't. Vt;Jy nen, nha cita ru9ng vuon, x6a sgch cho xong. Bi h9c menh m6ng, van chue1ng toa ngoi ng6i Nguu, Ddu. Di trong fum bach ngh?, da'u ruqu nghin bai thCI. Ndy! Ga'm theu ddy ngi!c, cdn chi khoe me. Song che't truC!c mdt, nita chrl cuu kh6nz xong. Vt;Jy nen, van chue1ng cdi the: x6a sgch cho xong.
663
TOAN THV TV HQC CHa HAN
Xuan hg rang che1i, mua ca vui vai bgn dong ddy. Mua b~i lam lgc duong hoa, !du, co ruqu gay vui ve bgn be. Ndy! Say me thu phong luu, che't r6i chju khd. Tile bong thoi gian, thfn thung ngodnh lgi chl hu kh6ng. Vt;Jy nen, gi6 trang tinh y, x6a sgch cho xong. LE KiNH TAM va TVC dfch
w 23
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roAN THV Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
665
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4 Son ct1 hQc d<,to chi du tam, Ha tat khu khu huang ngo~i t~m. ell' be) ti~n dt1ong dang bao sC1, M~c tuong hoang di~p dang chan kim.
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WW I:K~Fs~~, £' ~ ~~tl3.§ffi t~. PH!ENAM Son eli bach vjnh I Son ct1 c6 kinh cll'u mai tr~n, Kim nh~t trung rna khi tl1<;fng tan. Ngan cau tinh tru quang thuy hi~n, Phan minh di~n kie'n ban lai nhan.
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2 Son cu hfc hQc ngo Thi~n tong, Nh~t d1:mg tien tu d~t kh6 kh6ng. Bat thuc ban lai chan di~n ffil,IC, Niem hoa vi tie'u tang gia phong.
3 Son ct1 u .fn bach van tham, HQc d~o tien duong ye'u thuc tam.
t(l
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D[CH NGHlA
MQt triim bai thd lJ mli 1 () nui, guong xua dtiy b~i bt;im, Nay lau chui thdy liim ve tuoi. Ngdn cdu 59-Ch, l9-i sang ng&i, Phdn minh thdy ro mt;it ngu&i ban lai.
666
TRAN VAN CHANH
667
TOAN THU Tl,t HQC CHU HAN
2 (J nui, hQC d(;W Thdn dii ngq, Ngay thuang nen hiiu kh6' v6'i khong. Ne'u khong biit ro nhan dung, Cdm hoa, cuai nf:t, gia phong con gl.
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TOAN THV Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
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Tac gia-tac pha·m
a
Chu TV Thanh (1898-1948) tv Ia B(>i Huyen. que huy$n Thi$u Hung. tTnh Chiet Giang, nhllng sinh Ci Giang To; tot nghi$p dQi hc;>c Bac Kinh, Ia nha van- nhO thc:i- hQC gia noi tieng cua Trung Quoc hi$n dQi. t6c gia nhung t¢p B6i anh, Tung tfch, Au du fQp ky,... T6c pham cua 6ng dll<;lc trich giang nhieu trong c6c s6ch gi6o khoa cua Trung Quoc. Rieng bai "B6i anh ' tren day dllQc viet trong nom 1925, c6 the coi Ia m(>t trong nhung toe pham van xuoi tieu bieu cua 6ng.
Tl) NGU
.Bo'i anh ~~[beiyTng]: hlnh anh sau lung .sai Sll ~f~ [chaishi]: chuc Vl:l .Giao ta xiFP [jiaoxie]: giao (trach nhi~m) cho nguoi khac, b~m giao (cho nguoi ke nhi~m) eHQa bat ddlz himh t~ /f -"-ff [huobudanxfng]: hQa kh6ng di mot mlnh (hQa lien tiep xay ra) .Bon tang~~ [bensang]: ch<;ty VQi v~ nha lo vi~c tang (cho nguoi than thuoc) eThoc thoc ~X~X [susu]: long rong, hi cha (nuoc mat) eBie'n m(li ~ )f [bifmmai]: ban eDiin chi ~ ~ [dianzhl]: dm co, dm the .Khuy khong JiiJ ~ [kuTkong]: mac n<;l, n<;l eTham d(lm 1~ ¥~ [candan] : am d<;tm .Piui. nhiw
670
TRAN VAN CHANH
~.fit~~
[fuxian]: d kh6ng, that nghi~p eMztu slj ~~ [m6ushl]: lo tinh c6ng vi~c, tlm vi~c lam eNi?m thll ~ ~ (nianshu]: di. hQc eDu cuolzg i,Orlli [y6uguang]: di dc;to choi, du ngoc;tn, du Him eCau [chatang]: nguoi luu 1;J .rgg [goulfu]: hru lc;ti, d lc;ti eTra phong h~u ban, nguoi ph1,1c v1,1, b6i phong (d quan trQ) .Chzi.c pho Ill Ofi [zhufu]: d~n do eTi't te' 1-TMB [zTxl]: ti mi, ky lu'ong ePhong tam 1f1 ,e,, [fangxTn]: yen tam eThoa thie'p !£ ~J!i [tuotie]: thich hCJp, thoa dang ePiui ~J! [po]: rat eTn't trii l?JM~i [ch6uchu]: do dl;l', lu'ong ll;l', ch~n chu .Nhat lzi)i -tf [yThul]: m<)t lat; cGng nhu' -tf 5G [yThulr] eKy th~tc ~Jf[qfshf]: th?t ra eYert kha·n ~~[yaojTn]: can h~, quan trQng .xa tr{lm .$tit; [chezhan]: nha ga .Phiert ~ [piao]: ve (tau, xe) eChiert khan W~ 1[ [zhaokan]: tr6ng coi eHimh lj f=y [xfngli]: tui d6 mang theo khi di duong eCzt{Jc phu JJBU [jiaofO]: phu khuan vac .Tiiu phi ;J\:1' [xiaofei]: ti~n b6i duong, ti~n boa, ti~n cho them .Thuye't tho{li §Jt~E [shuohua]: n6i chuy~n ePhiertlzt(lng ¥~ 7C [piaoliang]: dyp, hay, eli, tai, soi eSap chiiy jffi~ [chazuT]: n6i xen vao eGidn j* [jian]: chQn eD{li y -J::. 1£.. [dayT]: ao khoac ngoai, ao choang eTiiu tam ;J\'L,' [xiaotuo]: ca':n th?n .Kinh tlnh If~ [jTngxTng]: tinh ngu (cGng vie'ttf~[d.nh tinh]) eChzi.c thac IJIH:[zhutuo]: giao ph6, gdi, nho eChiert zing~.~ fff! [zhaoylng]: cham nom, san s6c .vu ~[yO]: c6 hu, kh6ng thl;l'c te', kh6ng linh hoc;tt eLi?u lj ;f2j-f_! [liaoiT]:sap xe'p, lo li~u eBd bd ~~ [baba]: bo, ba eNguy?t dai !§ ~ [yuetai]: th~m ga .sach lan rffiHf~ [zhalan]: hang rao, lan can .Dong tay iZ§ [dongxT]: a6, a6 dc;tc .co' khach u~ [guke]: khach hang eThiit d{lo it~ [tiedao]: du'ong sat eBa Jf~ [pa]: treo len, leo len .Ban til ~*-=f [pangzT]: nguoi beo m?p .Phi srj jt~ [feishl]: kh6 khan, 16i th6i eN/ut(lng ~[rang]: d~, d~ cho eMii quai •~ :f.fl- [magua]: ao khoac ngoai (m<)t ki~u ao ngan 16ng ngoai ao
*m
x
*
*
671
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
dai cua nam gioi) eBan san JMlj JfJll} [panshan]: kh?p khieng eTham j~ [tan]: tho ra phia tru'oc ePhan ~[pan]: leo, vin, niu .su.c *fEi [suo]: co lc;ti eThuc [sh1]: lau chui .Ph{l 'I'B [pa]: SCJ .Bift nhan 3UA [bieren]: nguoi khac .sam :tl [chan]: dlu, ao .Nhfit co· niio nhi- ~.~Ji£ M [ylgunaor]: tat d., toan bQ .Phac tl [pO]: phui .Khinh tung'~'~ [qTngsong]: nhy nhom, nht;! nhang, thmli mai eMi)t i5t: [mei]: kh6ng c6 •Quang cdnh jt~ [guangjTng]: canh, tlnh ciinh .Chi tri Jt :p.J [ zhTchf]: chong do, gang sue .To' {i!& [zuo ]: lam .Liio cdnh ~t~ [laojTng]: ciinh gia .D6i dztang ftJ!~ [tuitang]: mat tinh th~n, chan nan, bu6n nan eXti.C m¥C tlzlldllg hoai ~ § f~'l'~ [chumushanghuai]: tlnh hlnh tr6ng thay khie'n dau long .Toa tiet JJ=! ~ [suoxie ]: vi~c v1,1n v~ t .Diim kj 1h!i ~C. [d1anj1]: nho, nghi de'n .Bang til )JJJ-=f [bangzi]: canh tay eDfmg thong ~~[tengtong]: dau don, nhuc nhoi eL(Ii h{li if1J~[I1hai]: ghe gam, qch li~t eTr(l ~ [zhu]: dGa (cGng dQc la tru) eC/ut da §~~[zhOduo]: nhi~u eD{li khzi chi ky -J::.~zM[daguzhTqT]: ngay ra di vTnh vi en, ngay che't eTinh oanh Eili ~ [jTngyfng]: trong sang, 6ng anh.
m
NGOPHAP CD T (li~u): r6i (trQ tu, bi~u thi sl;l' kh£ng dinh, ho~c sl;l' vi~c
ra):B~=if.~T(DT hfi'u nhi nien du' li~u); tft £J 7E T (T6 mftu tu li~u); :Jj(, F~ ~ T ?I (Nga m6n qua li~u giang); ~ 1E T 11 ~l (Giang dinh li~u gia ti~n); }J';t /f :g: ~ T (Tl;l'u bat dung di li~u).
da
xay
® 1¥1 (dfch):
a) Nguoi, cai, di~u... (dung nhu ~ [gia]
trong Van ng6n): :Jj(,~/f§gL:~C.~tJ~ ... (Nga toi bat nang vong ky dich thi ... ). b) Cua ... , thUQC ... (trc;1 tu ket cau, dung nhu'
672
TRAN VAN CHANH
z [chi]
trong Van ng6n, d~ ket h
iE ~ (chinh thi): chinh E1, dung la .
®~_&(can): voi (gioi tll'): tJ~~R~:X*~~W@J*(Da toan din tnroc ph1,1 than bon tang h6i gia).
®
~tl (dao): du
ph1,1 than). (J) ~ (khdi): den (dung sau d()ng tu):
)( ~Jt ~ t.El£3: (Hlfu
nrong khl!i t6 m§: u ).
tiE
(dja): m()t each (trQ tu dung nhu' ~ [nhien] trong Van ngon, ket hQp VOi tU hO~C Cl,lffi tu dung trt10C n6 d~ t<;!O thanh tr<;1ng ngu): /f ~ ~.X ~.X ±iB ?lit T ~IU"* (Ba't ca'm th6c th6c dia luu h<;1 nhan l~); J?~iHJllt±iB!E~tl~~jj(Ban sandia tfi'u dao thiet d<;1o bien). @
t~i): may rna, du'QC cai la (ph6 tu):~f:f£7(~*~AZ~~ (Hiio t{li thien v6 tuy~t nhan chi 19) ® ~ .t/:~ (gia ta): nhung ... nay, nhung ... a'y: ~ .t/:L B (Cia ta nh~t ttl'). @
~T fr (hao
r
@1.& (hiin, ng~n): ra't (ph6
til): *
$ 1t ~ 1H ~ 1~ rli (Gia
trung quang canh hdn thj tham d<;im).
©ffi£ T (vi li~u):
vl: -f.~ T W * ... (Nha't ban vi li~u
tang slj ... ).
@~ (ye'u): phai (tr
673
~tl1~@J::ft*Z:~ (Nga dii yeu h6i Bac Kinh ni~m thu); '1'8 1-tl! 7@- 5l ' tl1 'l'B 73U A 7@- 5l (Ph<:! tha khan .kien, da ph<;1 bi~t nhan khan kien).
@1]! (ti~n): ben, thl (ph6 til): IX fF~ ff: [1:1] 1T (Nga man tifn d6ng hanh) .
ffi£
(nhan vi): nhan vl, vl (gioi tu chi nguyen nhan): :X~~ IEl ~ * ·J ·t (Ph1,1 than nhiin vi slf man g). @;£ (djnh): chac chan, nha't djnh, dut khoat (ph6 tu): 8 ~ft 5£ /f ~IX (BandT thuyet dinh ba't tong nga) . @~ (thi): Ia: :& ~ ff MH (Th~m thi ttl' te). @I{S (dan): nhung (lien tu): fS 1-tf!J~ ;lj~ /f 1J!x>C.' (Dan tha chung u' ba't ph6ng tam). @*~ ~ (chung u'): CUOi cung, rot CUQC (ph6 tu) (xem thi d1,1 vua dan tren, cling viet *'~ -T @~J! (pha): kha, ra't (ph6 til): ~JHJH~ T- f1 (Phd tru tru lieu nha't h()i). @;!t jf (ky thtjc): th~t ra, ky thlfc (ph6 tu): ;!t Jf IX 13~ if. 8 (Ky tlz~tc nga na nien dT nhj th~p tue). @~ (qua): qua (dung sau d()ng tll'): 8*1.i~m -· XJ\. (DT lai vang qua luong tam thu); ~~ ~ ~ iit ~ (Tu xu yen qua thiet dao). ®?.X :fj (mt)t huu): kh6ng c6 (xem thi d1,1 ke duoi). @~ M (th~m rna): gl, cai gl, di€u gl (d<;ii tu): ~ i5t :fi:@ M ~ ~ 8'0 T (Thj m()t huu th/jm ma yeu khfi'n dich lieu). @ [Ej
13~~··· (Na thai ... ).
@
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
*
).
=+twx,
@~ ~ (hoan thD: van (pho tu): r.~;lj~iR:!Eii~ E3 c~IX~ (Chung 11 quyet djnh lzoiw thi t\f ky tong nga khu). @§ (ttj ky): tlj mlnh, dich than (xem thi dl,l vua dan tren). ®m- (Iuong tam): nhi€u l~n: IXm.=.@JifJf-t!J, .. . (Nga lttiJng tam h6i khuyen tha ... ).
a
674
TRAN VAN CHANH
675
TOAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
®/G £, (bat tat): khong dn phai, ch~ng dn phai, dn gl phai (ph6 tu): /G £, 1::. (Bitt tlit khu).
th?t la ("chan" la ph6 tu): t\J3B ff,J ~ ~ ~!!! 13)3 ~53- (N ga na thoi clzlin thj thong minh qua
(chi): chi (ph6 tu, bitiu thi gidi h<;1n): filiS:U~ ... (Tha chi thuye't. .. ). ®,* (tru'oc) [zhe], cling vie't la:§.
ph~n). 1'10\
®_R
a) D~t sau m()t so d()ng tu, lam thanh gioi tu: ~.&*:XW5i!9if (Can trrtuc phi.} than bon tang h6i gia). Vai thi dl.} khac: (Duyen trrldc)(=men theo);lj!,EJ* (Trieu trrtuc)(=huong
w@I* ld* v~) ...
b) D?t sau hlnh dung tu, bitiu th~ m()t tr(;lng thai van con tie'p tl.}c: 1-lli'l't*~~~ii* (Tha mang trrldc chieu khan hanh ly). c) D~t sau d()ng tu, bitiu th~ s~t vi~c dang tie'n hanh (d~ch la "dang"): ~ * {ij ~ (D~ng trrldc co khach); ~ *~ 1'5 1j\~'§ (Doi trztuc hac bo titiu m<;1o). @*(thai): rat, qua (ph6 tu): ii * lieu). J31~ (d~c):
*
~ T (Hanh ly tluii da
a)Phai, dn phai (ph6 tu): 1~~~sD~fj.Li:~:J;j\~ (Difc huang cuoc phu hanh ta titiu phi). b) Du<;1c (d?t sau d()ng tu): fiftir~R~K?-1~~1 (Tha mon chi nh?n difc ti~n). @.tl:I:J (ta): m()t it, m()t so, m()t vai, it
nhi~u, phfrn nao (lu'Qng
tli, bitiu th~ so ltt<;1ng khong xac d~nh): fj.Li:I:J;j\~ (Hanh ta titiu phi);§~~~~ .Li:~:J (Ttf nhien yeu phi slf ta).
®tt (tai):
moi (ph6 tu, thu'ong viet theo gian thti la =t ): *~ PJ ~ 1::. (Tai kha qua khu). ®~o (hoa): cung, voi (gioi tu, dung nhu' [P] [d6ng]): f-D 11ft 1r~ ~ il ~1 (Hoa tha mon giang gia ti~n).
@~~(chan
thi):
(Tiing giac tha thuyet tho<;1i bat d<;1i phieu ltt<;1ng). ®gt (ttfu): ben, thl (lien tu): bitiu th! ke't qua phat sinh trong tlnh huang nao d6: ~JET 11~1 , ffi.t~:Jjt_tl!i (Giang d!nh lieu gia ti~n, t~tll tong nga thu'Qng xa). @~(cap): cho (giOi tu): 11M£l:JJtt* 5E T F~ 81-s.N ~r (Tha clip nga gian dinh lieu khao xa mon dich nhat trudng y tU'); {-tiL~ -18 *£1 :Jjt (Tha ta nhat tin clip nga). ®5_N (tru'ong): cai (lu<;1ng tu): - 5N ~ (Nhat trrtdng y tU'). @~ (tu'ong): dem, mang (gioi tu a€ du'a tan ngu len tru'oc a()ng tu, dung nhu :t~ [ba]): :JJt ~~ 1-lli*£1 :JJt 1~ 81 ~-=B ~m ~r ~· f:tr. (Nga tztdng tha cap nga to dich tU' mao d<;1i y pho hao tQa vi). @/f ~(bat ye'u): khong nen, dung, cho: /f ~ y_ 18 (Biit yiu thl.} lu'dng); /f ~IE Jb (Biit ye'u t~ u d()ng). @®: (tnfc): qua la, th?t la: t-tfiftir~®: ~ El t-=f:(Thac tha mon
*-*
r
*:XX
tqtc thi bach thac). @)fffi _§_ (nhi tha): va l<;ii, va l(;li, hon nua (xem thi dl.} ke' du'oi).
@~ ;f~ (gia d:;mg): nhu the: ffi] _§_ :Jjt ~ t~ *if
*c 81.A (Nhi
tha nga gia dtpzg d<;ii nien ky dich nhan). @iff tl[ (nan d~o): ha, le nao, sao l<;ti (ph6 tli bitiu thi phan van, thuong dung phoi h
676
TRAN VAN CHANH
kh£ng d!nh, suy doan, thuc gi1,1c ... ): :f!U!:O~ (Nga tfru ba); ji:Ji o~ (Tien khu ba) ...
®~ (vQng):
v~
(gidi ttl, dung nhu fi [vang]): ft!L~!j[)'}~-~(Tha V(Jng xa ngm,ti khan nhat khan). ~-~(khan nha't khan): la hlnh thuc l?p l~i d<)ng ttl, bi~u thi thai gian rna d<)ng tac triii qua tuong doi ngan ngui; "khan nhat khan" c6 th~ d!ch Ia "nhln qua m<)t ti ... ". (huang)
®~@I (ky ca): vai cai, vai nguai: IJ<; Jl ~ fi~H~ r 1i (Nga mai ky eli quat tii' khu); ~ ~ @Jf i!§" ... (HG'u ky eli m~i dong
*
tay) ...
®liu (dao): nguy~t
den (giai ttl):
/EiU13~jj ,FJ !HTfru
dlio na bien
dai).
t:!:B1~ (Xuat lai); lai) ... @J~ ~(can
[ill* (H6i kh~n):
677
lai); jl
* (Tien
lai);
J:.
* (Thu<;1ng
VQi
vang,VQi (ph6 tlt): u~~:t:r\~ T §Hi~(Nga can khi'ln thuc can lieu nhan 1~). @~ (khdi): len (dung sau d<)ng ttl khac): WtfJ~f~r/E(Tai bao klzdi quat til' tfru) (so sanh vai ~a ml,lC (J) ) .
@to (hoa): va (lien tu): 1-tft tO IJ(; IE fU-* J:. (Tha hoa nga tfr u dao xa thu<;1ng). @:(:E (t~i): a (giai tlt, bi~u thi noi chon): 1 157. 1± ft. S] Bz * ?x. .1:. (Ph6ng t{li nga dich bl d~ i y tht1<;1ng). @JR ~ (u thj): the r6i, sau do: n'2' ~ ~ ~ ?x. J:. s~ ~JE tlzi phac phac y tht1<;1ng dich ne th6). @{JJJ ~ (ttja dfch): nhu', tlfa nhu, giong nhu', c6 ve: {,' •1H,~f~{J;1.8~ (Tam ly han khinh tung t{ta dich). @-{~ (m()t): khong c6 (d<)ng tu): • ~?~A (Ly bien mQt nhan). ®$(do): d~u (ph6 til): )(~~tOft.$~ *~'filS ;E(Ph1,1 than hoa nga do thi dong bon tay tfru) . ®~ ~ (hii' da): nhi~u, rat nhi~u: {$: T ~t ~ * (T6 lieu /u"t da d~i slf). ~~ (na): lam sao (ph6 til bi~u thj phan van): 13~ ~0 ... (Na tri ... )(Lam sao biet dt1<;1c, nao nga). @~p(khtioc): a)L~i (ph6 tu): 13~~D~tJ[sP~DlttrtJi~! (Na tri lao dnh khu{Jc nhu thii' d6i duang!). b)Mat, di (d?t sau d<)ng ttl khac): :5BP ft. B~ :If H· (Vong khzt{Jc nga dich bat hao ). ~ ~ (chli da): nhi~u (thuang dung cho slf v?t truu tt1<;1ng): ~~~:If{~ (Chu da bat ti~n). @*~(d~i uoc): d~i khai, cole (ph6 tu): *~*1iZ.M/f
± cU
®l- @I (nha't
ca): m<)t nguai, m<)t cai (@! Ia Iu<;1ng ttl): )( ~ ~- @l W:f r (Ph1,1 than thi nhiit eli ban tu'). ®J::£ (khu): d? t sau d<)ng tu chi slf di d<)ng, phucing huang va Slf tiep t1,1c: fJt ~ ~ @j f~ r :Ji (Nga mai ky ca quat til' k/uc).
~~*(ban
roAN THU TV HOC CHU HAN
lai): von, von di:
yeu khu dich).
ft**~:JiB1J(Nga
ban lai
@.R ~f (chi hao): danh phai, bu<)c long phai (ph6 ttl): .R Yf ~~ ft!L 1i (Chl hao nhu<;1ng tha khu). ®YoJ ~ (kha thj): song, nhung, nhung rna (lien ttl):PJ ~1-tft ~ j@ ~~ ... (Kha thj tha xuyen qua thiet d~o ... ). @~ (tai): I~i Ifin niTa (ph6 tu): ~ H&~ ~ rQ] J:. ;jfs (Luong cuac tlii huang thu<;1ng sue); ~j:§~f~r/E(Tlii biio khai quat til' tfru). @[Qj (htiong): huang len, v~ phia (giai W chi huang): rQ] ti. f~ ftji (H1t{Jng ta vi khuynh) (xem them vi d1,1 vua dan tren). @~ (gia): nay, ay (d~i tu chi thj): ~IB (Gill thai). @* (lai): tr<;1 tu d?t sau d<)ng tu d~ bi~u thj xu huang: Il<; s~ §N 1~ f.& 'l:R: ?m ~ (Nga dich nhan I~ han khoai lt1u h~ lai);
*
*
678
~
TRAN VAN CHANH
*
(D{li zt8c d<;1i khu chi ky bat vi~n hT). @~ (ai): 6i (than tli.).
D[CH NGHlA
Hinh bong saulltng T6i xa cha t6i da hon hai nam nhung ddu lam cho t6i kh6ng baa gi(! quen du(JC fa htnh bong sau lung cua cha toi. M9t ngay mua dong nam do, ba nqi t6i milt, cha t6i cung vita thai vi?c, thQ_t dung la m9t ngay h9a heft don hanh. Toi tit Bdc Kinh den Tit Chau, djnh cung cha vi nha chju tang. Den Tit Chau gqp cha, thay d6 dc;zc ngo'n ngang trong san nha, t6i lc;zi nha den ba nqi, kh6ng sao ngan du(Jc nuac mdt chay ran rl:la. Cha t6i noi: - Vi¢c da nhu the: kh6ng nen lo bu6n, cung may rna troi kh6ng de'n n6i dut tuy¢t duong song cua ta! Vi nha cdm ban d6 dc;zc, cha t6i dii tra xong khoan thie'u hl:lt, nhung lc;zi phai vay tdn di lo vi?c rna chay. May hom do, ttnh canh trong nha thQ_t am dt;zm, phdn Vl VifC tang, phdn khac Vl cha t6i tha't nghi¢p phai iJ kh6ng suo't ca ngay. Xong vi¢c chon ca't, Nguoi phai di Nam Kinh tim vi¢c muu sinh, con t6i cung phai triJ lc;zi Bdc Kinh tie'p tl:lC vi¢c hQC, hai chung t6i cung len duong. Den Nam Kinh, co bc;zn hfn di dc;zo choi, dii iJ lc;zi day he't mqt ngay. Sang hom sau, chung t6i qua song de'n Pho' Kha'u. Miii xe' chiiu mai len xe di vi huang bdc. Cha t6i vi c6ng vi¢c bQ_n rqn
TOAN THlf Tl/ HQC CHa HAN
679
luc ddu dii noi dut khodt kh6ng dua t6i di du(Jc, baa m9t nguoi b6i phong thc;zo vi¢c iJ mqt qudn tr9 di cung vai t6i. Cha t6i can di di;in lc;zi 6ng ta miii, he't sue ky luffng. Nhung r6i Nguoi vdn kh6ng an tam, s(J nguoi b6i phong kh6ng dang tin cQ_y, nen hoi do d¥ m9t lat. Nam ay th¥c ra t6i dii hai muoi tu6?i, dii co djp len xuo'ng Bdc Kinh vai ldn, nen vi¢c dua don do'i vai t6i chdng co gi la quan trQng. Cha t6i luffng l¥ mqt h6i, cuo'i cung quye't djnh vdn t¥ minh dua t6i di. T6i co' khuyen Nguoi iJ lc;zi, nhung Nguoi chl ddp: - Kh6ng sao, di chung no di kh6ng to't dau. Qua song r6i, chung t6i vao nha ga. T6i mua ve, cha t6i bQ_n tr6ng coi hanh ly. Hanh ly nhdu qua, phdi cho them it tiin tra nuac cho cdc phu khuan vdc mai di qua dti(JC. Cha t6i tra gid vai h9. Luc ay t6i thQ_t thong minh qua ldm, cu cam thay Nguoi noi kh6ng du(Jc hay Ldm, ne'u kh6ng co minh xen vao thi kh6ng xong du(Jc vi¢c. Nhung cuo'i cung cha t6i cung tra gid xong, dua t6i len xe. Nguoi ch9n cho t6i mqt chie'c ghe' gdn sat ben crla. T6i mang chie'c do khodc mau tim rna Nguoi dii may cho t6i trai ca'n thQ_n vao ch6 ng6i. Nguoi can di;in t6i phai ca'n thQ_n tren duong di, ban dem tlnh ngu m9t ti, coi chitng trung gio lc;znh. R6i nho nguoi b6i phong tr6ng chitng t6i kY luffng. Trang h¥ng t6i cuoi thdm vi tinh vu vo lli'n tha?n cua cha t6i, bQn hQ chl bie't co tiin, giJi cho hQ thqt cung nhu kh6ng. Vai lc;zi t6i dii fan khan the' nay, le nao kh6ng t¥ minh lo li¢u du(JC? Oi, bay gio nha lc;zi, luc ay t6i thong minh thQ_t! T6i noi: - Con di nghe ba. Cha t6i nhin ra ngoai xe mqt lu(Jt r6i baa: -Di ba mua may trdi quit, con ng6i day, ditng di dau. T6i tha~y ngoai hang rao thim ga ben kia co may nguoi ban d6 dang cho khdch. Muo'n di de'n do, phai di qua duong sdt, phai
680
TRAN VAN CHANH
nhay xwJ'ng r6i lt;Ii leo len. Cha toi la nguai m(lp mt;J.p nen di qua tlj nhien phai hoi kho khan m9t ti. Toi von djnh di nhung Nguai khong chju. Toi trong thay cha toi dtiu d9i m9t chile non nho vai den, m(ic chile mii quai den ben ngoai chile do bong mau xanh d(lm, kh(lp khilng di den duang silt, minh tit tit khom xuong chua de'n n6i kho khan lilm. Nhung Nguai di qua duang silt r6i, phai leo len thJm ga phia ben kia thi khong di dang nila. Hai tay Nguai niu ch(it ben tren, hai chan lt;Ii rut len, tam than n(ing nJ cua Nguai hoi nghieng vJ phia trdi l9 ve gilng gu(fng . Bay gia trong thay bong lung Nguai, nuoc milt toi ch(ft trao tuon. Nhung toi VQi lau nuoc milt S(f Nguai va nhilng nguai chung quanh trong thay. Khi toi nhin ra ldn nila thi cha toi dii om nhilng trdi quit do di quay tro lt;J.i. Luc bang ngang duang silt, Nguai d(it rai rae nhilng trdi quit xuong da't truoc, leo xuong, r6i lt;Ii om quit len di tie/J. Dln luc qua toi ben ndy, toi VQi vang buoc xuong do lay cha toi. Hai nguai cung tro lt;Ii xe, mang ca dong quit di tren chile do khodc da cua toi. The' r6i Nguai phui may cdi tren do cho St;J.Ch bun da't, trong long co ve nhf! nhom lilm. Ldt sau, cha toi bao: - Thai ba di, qua den ben ay se vie't thu saul Toi nhin theo. Cha toi di du(fc vai buoc, quay lt;Ii nhin toi r6i noi: -Thai, con vo di, o trong khong co ai. D(fi cdi bong lung cua cha toi khua't hlin vao ddm dong nguai dang qua lt;J.i, khong con nhin thay nila, toi moi vao ng6i xuo'ng, nuoc milt m9t ldn nila lt;Ii trao ra. May nam gdn day, cha con toi ke nam nguai bile, tinh canh trong nha ngay m9t sa sut. Cha toi tit nho ra ngoai lam an, m9t minh chong do, dii lam khd nhdu vi?c lcJn. De dau canh gia lt;Ii bu6n nan den the'! Nhiing ddu Nguai trong thay t(ln milt ma dau long, le ta't nhien khong thi nguoi ngoai di du(fc. Tinh cam ay cha't chua trong long tlj nhien phai phdt l9 ra ben ngoai;
TOAN THU' Tl/ HQC CHO' HAN
681
nhilng phiJn todi nho nh(it trong gia dinh thuang lam cha toi ndi nong. Nguai cu xil voi. toi ddn ddn khdc truoc. Nhung moi gdn hai nam nay chacon khong g(ip nhau, Nguifi dii quen hit nhilng chuy?n khong to't vJ toi, luc nao cung nho ngh"i de'n toi, din cdc con toi. Sau ngay toi din miJn Bile, Nguai co vie't cho toi m9t blic thu, trong thu noi: "Ba win binh yen, chl co cdnh tay dau nhlic ghe gam nen ctim dua cdm but th(lt ba't ti?n, co le ngay ra di v"inh vi in khong con xa ". DQc de'n day, trong dnh if trong suo't trao ra ben khoe milt, toi nhu trong thay lt;Ii chile bong sau lung cua cha toi voi than hinh m(lp mt;J.p m(ic do bong xanh va chile ma quai vaiden. 6i, khong hilt bao gia toi moi du(fc g(ip lt;Ii Nguai. TVC. djch
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Bai nay g6c trong sach Han Phi Tu. thien "Thuyet ldm". do Ton Tfch Tin viet IQi bong van Bqch thoqi. in trong quyen The do ngv ng6n tU diffn Thllqng Hoi W thll Xu6t ban xd xu6t ban.
NGU PHAP
(J)JL. RD (l~p tuc): li€n, tuc khac.
®re (ba):
dem, la'y .. .(gioi tu dung d€ neu tan ngii' ra tnrdc d9ng tu): :t~ E ~ ji ~ 81i: (Ba tha tong tien vuong cung khu). C6 th€ them vai thi d1.,1 cau c6 giOi tu t~ (ba): ~1~~::$:;j\gjt~je T (Nga ba gia ban ti€u thuyet khan hoan lieu) (T6i dii d9c xong cu6n tiiu thuye't nay); 1~m::$:tf~@J*f~fiQ.(Ba gia ban thu doi h6i ca'p tha)(Dem cu6n
sdch nay vi cho n6) ...
®~~(rna): khong? (trQ tu cuoi cau dung d€ hoi, tuong duong voi f[h6]trong Van ngon): m*~OJ J.-~Qt;O,~? (Gia dong tay kha dl ng?t ma?). @~ (thuye't): rang (d~t sau dQng tU khac, nhu chii' :i][ (d(,lO]
EJ [viet]
thu'ong qua lai t{tu ng? t di~u lieu) . ®{t ~ (th~rn rna): gl, nao
(d<:li
tU
nghi
va'n):
fjG ¥9: ~ ft /11 W(N ga m9t huu thijm ma t9i).
(J)JJt; ~ (u'ng cai): dn phai, phai (tr
®W ;tt ... ~ /f :tzo ... (du ky ...hoan bat nhu): neu .. .l(,li sao
bang ... :
w;ttre~moo•w~~±~ ~ · ~~~* ~ ~ TA * ~ JWa ' ~ /f :!zD t~ ~ f' fj!x_ Q~ ! (Dz1 ky ba nga gia ca vo t9i dich v~
0
Tiic gia-tiic phlm
trong B<_tch tho(,li ho~c dap tlzuyet ... ).
683
roAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
trong Van ngon): @]~gjt ... (H6i
®gt (ttfu): ngay (ph6 tli): -:f~tg~*~ott.$: T (Nha't ba
sl sat til, biliu minh nan d(,li vuong thl,l lieu nhan gia dich bi€n, hoim biit nlutba nga thich ph6ng ni !). @JW, (ni): dfty, CO (trQ tu CUOi cau biliu thj xac nh?n mQt Si! tMt, ham y khoa trueing ho~c khen ngQi (xem thi d1,1 tren). D[CH NGHlA
Thuoc trziiJng sinh biit til C6 nguai dem dang vua nuoc SiJ m9t g6i thuo'c truang sinh ba't til, nha mqt vien quan hdu chuyin ngay vao cung. Khi vien quan n9 buoc vao cila cung, m9t v~ sT tht[y g6i thuo'c, hoi: - ThwJ'c nay iin dut;JC kh6ng? Vien quan hdu ddp: -An dut;~c cha. Vien v~ sT n9 nghe vt;ly gidng ngay lay g6i thuo'c, ma Lay mqt vien bo vao mi~ng nuo't. Vua SiJ hay dut;~c chuy~n ay, ntfi trt;ln L6i dznh, truyin vo sT dem vien v~ sT di chem ddu. Vien v~ sT nha nguai de'n truoc m(f-t vua Sa, thua: - Toi c6 hoi vien quan hdu, 6ng ta bdo "iin dut;~c", t6i moi dam iin. Toi nao c6 t9i gz, nguai c6 t9i phdi La vien quan hdu kia moi dung. Vd lr;zi, day La thuo'c truang sinh ba't til, t6i moi u6ng vao dr;zi vuong dii muon gie't t6i thz n6 dau phdi La thuo'c truang sinh
684
TRAN VAN CHANH
bitt tit, d6 chinh fa thuo'c ta't tit. Ma fa thuo'c ta't tit thz ke dang thuo'c da lila do'i dt;zi vuO'ng, .y moi dang chlt. Nay ke c6 tqi dc;zi vuO'ng khong gilt, lc;zi gilt ten v~ sf VO tqi nay. Ro rang dc;zi VUO'ng da mdc lila nguoi ta r6i, xin dc;zi vuO'ng xer lc;zi cho toi dur;c nho! Vua So nghe tau, ben tha chem vien v~ sf. Tf. DUY CHAN djch (Truy~n ng~:t ngon, NXB. Tre, 1998)
m 'i5Ti&~-T!Je
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Do'i chie'u v{Ji Van ngon: ~JliU~;t
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Td c giii-tdc philm . Bai nay goc trong U3 ky. ban djch Bqch thoqi cua sach Sd trung v on ngon von tudng dich tinh tfch do 8qng Kien Li$t chu bien. Van Hoi xuat ban xd xu6t ban.
TU NGO eKhdo jl;: dtfa vao eHiio tzlflng fJ ~: gi6ng nhu eCong cong 00: cha ch6ng eGiiio 05(: dn eTrzlflng phu ~ ~ : ch6ng . Gid lj ~.: d day .Ni mon {f]\ in cac anh, cac nguoi . NGOPHAP
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r~zX~·±~~~~~J o~a:
r~o*~~~~~Jt·~A~~~·~~~~~~J
o A~a: r 10J~:f-!-~? J o a: r a : r +~~~ o ~JliU~Jt~ J o
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o A~
CD+ :S- (th~p ph§n): ra't, het sue (ph6 tu): +:S-f~{,' (Th(lp phdn thuong tam). ®:ft (tinh): va l~i, rna con, d6ng thai: :ft ?/K ~~ (Tjnh phai Tu LQ). @~ (diic): trQ tu ket ca'u d~t giG'a d9ng tu va b6 ngu chi trlnh dQ, t~m dich la "den, den muc", ho~c kh6ng dich (lo~i b6 ngG' chi trlnh dQ nay n6i chung thuong do hlnh dung tu, ph6 tu ho~c cac c1,1m tu khac dam nh~n): ff1\!3€:1~~ff~{,'D~~(Ni kh6c diic hao thuong tam a). C6 th€ dan them vai thi d1,1: f·tlHMH~1~1H~f(Tha phien dich diic han hao) (Anh a'y dich ra't t6t); ffu ~ 1~ **1m)~~* T (Tha giang diic d~i gia do tieu khC1i lai li~u) ... @I!Jii!J (a): trQ tu (tuong duong voi 1:i1 [da] trong Van ng6n): a)D~t giG'a diu, bi€u thi Stf dlnh d6n a€ neurad do~n sau: {f}\~f~~ff~~~,D~~ ' ~f~~~~-f-t1l®B~~(NI kh6c d~c hao thuong tam a, hao tu<;Jng lien truoc huu ky ki~n bi th6ng dich stf). b)D~t cu6i diu, bi€u thi stf kh~ng dinh, t~m dich la "day": 9~-8~MU21.tt~ffl:~~~~o~~ ! (Tan b~o dich th6ng tr! ti
r ...
686
TRAN VAN CHANH
lao h6 hoan ye'u 1<$ h<;ti a!). @~ (Hio): tu dfru hay ti~n to cua danh tu: ~ Jff.(Liio h6). @~ ft m (vj th~m rna): vl sao (ct,Im tU quen dung d~ hoi nguyen do, thuang phoi h<;p voi ~ [niJ a cuoi diu): mft M /f ~!ME lffl ~ ~ o~ ? (Vi thljm ma bat ly khai gia ly ni ?). CD~ (ni): tr<; tu cuoi diu dung d~ hoi (tuong duong vdi ill [da]bi~u thi nghi van trong Van ng6n) (xem thi dt;I vua dan tren). l<;ti, lay, ky, chac, du<;c ... (d~t sau dc)ng tll' khac): f~fr~§cf:f:(N1 m6n ky tqt). Vai thi dt;I khac: ilr!if:f:(Tr<;tm tqt) (Dung l<;ti); {3:- i1 {§ (Khau tr{t nhat phong tin) (GiG' l<;ti m9t buc thu); ~f1(Na tr{t) (Cfrm lay) .. . @
13: (tn.J):
to
®.tt ... ~ ~ ... (tL.hoan ye'u ...): so vdi ... con ... (dung trong ke't cau SO sanh) (xem thi dt,I dan ffit;JC @ b tren). (Xem them tit ngilva bai djch PHAN NANG CAO, trang 352-353)
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roAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
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Doz chitu v{Ji Van ngon: ~1ri J!t~
!t*a~~~Z'ff~o~a:
r~~~~~~!~
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Tac gia-tac philm Bai nay g6c trong Chien qua'c s6ch. ban djch Bqch thoQi cua sach bien. Van Hoi Xu6t ban xd an hanh (2002).
So trung Van ng6n tuang dich tinh tfch do 8(lng Kien Li$t chu TU NGU
w
eTilm trao ~:}~: tlm, kie'm eNgljt ot: an eTrlw tJR: tum, bat eH6ly ~Jl\11: con cao eThien dt:J(*: thu<;ng de', troi eDam cam ~i ~: dam d. ga~ eDiw biw ~ ~'§: ch<;t y tron, bo ch<;t y eD{lo ly U[ )][: ly le, le phai eTri d{lo ~0 U[: bie't eH{li ph{l ~ 'I'El s<;.
688
TRAN VAN CHANH
5
NGU PHAP CD:tt.Jl (tinh
tha): con, rna Jt- B.~Z(Tjnh tha thljc chi).
con
(cung
vje't
la]t_E_):
®:J:¥ (di~u):
di, mat (d~t sau d()ng tU khac d~ chi slj mat di): Dt; :f:!j[ 1:?; fFHNg~t difu tha m6n). ®~ ~ (gia thi): d6 la, nhu' the' la. @~o ®13~
*M
the'
thl,
v~y
thl (lien tu): 13~ P.f ~ ;E 1£ fD\ B1 iW [§] ... (Na ma nga ta": u t<:ti ni dich ti~n di~n ... ). rna):
®~~(khan khan): la hi~n tu'Qng l~p l<:ti d()ng tll' d~ bi~u thi thoi gian rna d()ng tac tnii qua tttong d6i ngiin ngui, ngil' khi hoa diu, d6i khi cilng bi€'u thi slj lam thll' m()t d()ng tac
H. T
nao do: ~~a ik fF~ lieu nga).
~ (Kiuin khan bach thu man kie'n
CV~ fl (gia d~ng): nhtt the'.
®- ~ (nha't khdi):
cung (ph6 tu):- ~ ;E (Nhat khdi tftu). ®{F~ (moo): dung sau d<:ti tu nhan xttng ho~c sau danh tU chi ngttoi, v4t d€' bi€'u thi s6 nhi~u, c6 th€' dich la "de", "chung", "bQn" ... : ik fF~ (Bach thu mon); 1:?; fF~ (Tha m6n) ...
a
®>1:?; {F~ (tha m6n): chung n6 (chi v~t); ne'u chi ngttoi nam thl dung
ffu fF~; chi ngttoi nil' dung ~th fF~.
vl (dung nhu' gioi tu): ~lEI ffi£ ~ '1'8 ~ ~fl (Thi nhdn vj h<:ti ph<:t tlj ky tai dao bao ).
Q})IEJ ffi£ (nhan vi):
El a~~
(Xem them titngftva bai djch C! PHAN NANG CAO, trang 431-432)
m
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t,U ~u • 1-ti!B1 ~H~fd _t:t!l!¥U7.k~~ T · 7~vlt ffl 7J 1£ fd 3j t,U T @ ~C: 5et • ~Jt : r ~ ~ ~ ~ 61 ~ut!l! T ~ E!',_J±m 1J .n o fd 1~ T H't • 1-tl! f~ t,U 61 ±ill 1J T 1]<: ~ t~ 13~ :f~ ~U ~~ ~ -11~PM?IE!1A
o~B~IET·fB~&~~~·~~~~~~·~~m
(nhu' qua): ne'u (lien tu). (na
689
TOAN THLI Tl,f HQC CHU HAN
~1*0.~?
Dol. chie'u v{Ji Van ng6n: ~~*~ ·~~~~*o~~~~t~#~o~~~*a: r k%~~ffl~~.D 0 *~,~~ffl~*·~~*~o~ ~ff~·~~~ff o*~*~·~#~+?o
Tac gia-tac pha·m Bai nay g6c trong La thj Xu6n thu, ban d!ch BQch thoQi cua sdch Sd trung Van ng6n van tuang djch tinh tich do 8(1ng Kien Li$t chu bien. Van Hoi Xuat ban xd an hOnh (2002) .
TU NGU eDifu j:!j[: roi, rot eCdp mang ~,·it: VQi, VQi va eCa @: m()t cai eDja plutdng ±ill:1J: noi, cho eBa :f~: cai, cay ... (ltt<;jng tu) .ra·u ;E: di (chu y: trong Van ng6n 7!:nghia la ch<:ty) .H6 d6
fWl1*:
vo vffn.
(Xem them tit ngft va bai djch b PHAN NANG CAO, trang 445-446)
w
690
TRAN VAN CHANH
6 ~~~.~
1£ ~ JLI 3J ±Ji ~ ~ 131 till 1J , ~@ *~ Jffi Jf if-~$ f~~r 8'J A , fii! s'J .~ ~ ~ ~ i!i5l till ~f2 fu tV3 A s'J f:E till o A fr5'~11BI~ ~ %1: f-ti! ' f.I~~A~ft: u- ~~ff~}fvt/f~~J~o.~? .n o ~T~@)=J 1.1~ ~ .~ ~ ~ i!V3 A 131 ~J .~ @J T o A fr~ fm iW t5L ~ fii! ' 1.1~
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TOAN THU n,f HQC CHU HAN
y(! NGO .Nhlin moll. A fr~: nguoi, nguoi ta .An ely ~ %1:: an ui, khuyen giai .Ciul.c lu;c. tYL ~: chuc mung .Nhi ti't ~ ~: con trai, nguoi con .Hl lzoan ~IX: ua thich .Suiit doCJn t$~: gay eDCJi t!zo'i ~: dui, b~p dui eDuy dQc 'j't£ chi rieng (ph6 tu) eQua . : thQt, que eDuyen co'~ j!jj(: ly do, duyen co ePiul.c khi t~ ~: c6 phuc eTij.n ddu ~ §1[: ch6 cling, cuoi eD{Ili?u yl[ *4: tinh trlioc.
*
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(Xem them ta ngU: va bai djch b PHAN NANG CAO, trang 452-453)
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Bai tren day g6c trong Hoai Nom ban djch BQch thoQi cua sdch Sd trung Van ng6n van tuang djch tinh tich do D(lng Kien Li$t chu bien. Van Hoi Xu6t ban xd on hdnh (2002).
'~*~~·~-±~·~~~~~~M~·~~-~~ ~~h~!~-~~~~ ~~r,·~±~~~~~~ o
692
TRAN VAN CHANH
roAN THU Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
693
Tac gia-tac phiim 8
Bai tren ddy cua VUong An ThQch ddi Tong. ban djch BQch thoQi
7}~819wA
trong sach Sd trung Van ng6n van tuang djch tinh tfch do Dqng Kien
~~~A~~*~To~~wttwm~~o~~x~
Li$t chu bien. Van Hoi Xu6t ban xd an hOnh (2002).
, 1-tl18yt ~ r ~ ~JII1-ti1 1r~ o -x. ~-@! 1i f=g ~ tEl~ 81 9w A* ' Olj. ~ill ftd:i
ru ~ ~ *a fri ~ fu 1-ili 13~ ~ ~ o
TUNCO
•Quy ph{t ~~ ~fj: quy thu?n .y klzao {R ~: dlfa vao eDiw thoat ~13ft: tron thoat .ung lu?u :fm ~: co .Diiu klzao 1~ 3 : mtong nho nguoi khac.
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CD -gg ~'rfl (nang cau): co kha nang, co th€(tr<;1 d()ng tu). ®1;'£ (tong): tu d6, nho d6 (Uin ngu cua gioi tu f:£
:r~~~~~~~w~,~~~u~~E~fl~J
dl1<;1c tinh
l11<;1c ).
ban):
nhu,
giong
fi:lJ J]E ~ -m~73Hl (DiJ'ng h6 baa nhiit ban tan b~o). @) .R /f ~(chi bat qmi): ch~ng qua chi... rna th6i
nhu:
®~ T (bai li~u): rna thoi, thl thoi, the thoi (tr<;1 tu): .R ~ ~ ~ 13~ ll=t ~ j;f q~ 1iJJ ~ 8/;J A~§ ~I ft T (Chi bat qua thi na ta h()i ke minh d'u d~o dich nhan dich thu linh biii li~u) .
®1¥-J ~ (dich tho~i): neu (bi€u thi gia ... (Bat thi gia d~ng dieTz tho(li ... ).
thiet):
/f ~
m~~ 81 §6
~(chi ye'u): mi~n la, chi' dn (lien tu) : .R ~ 1~ ftl- ::g
±(Chlye'u dac dao nhat danh si).
aPHAN NANG CAO trang 510-511).
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, (thuong
T, xem thi d1,1 ke duoi) .
(Xem them titngilva bai djch
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Tac gia-tac pha·m Bai tren ddy trich trong Kinh Thanh ban d!ch chu Han. sach 'Tin mung theo Thanh Gio-an'. doQn 8. tu cdu 1 den cdu 11.
TU NCO
.Ngoqi ngl) )7} ~: ngo~i tlnh .Da to tf~ ~*: Chua Giesu (tli djch am) .cam liim Sdll ~ LlJ: nui Oliu .Thanh tao 1~ ~:tang sang .Ciui.ng bach tinh *afri:toan dan .van Sl )(±:chi' cac kinh su .Phap 1¢. tr(li nlziin $ fiJ Jf A: nguoi Phariseu (tli djch
w
TRAN VAN CHANH
694
am) eHimh diim
f]- f=g: ngo(;li
tlnh eMa tiiy ~ [9: Thanh M6se
(tu d!ch am)ePhiin pho q)}Oft: d~n do, d~n bao eTiu;ch da'u t]~Ji: ci.fc
da.Tizitluim ~i\:t~: tham do, thli' .Ba blnh :t~ffi: cai chu6i, d~ng du6i eLoan ~: cui xuong eBiit tr{t /f {3:: kh6ng ngung.Tizijng lu; *UT: con l<;ii eNiutng nhienfJJ~: van.
695
TOAN THVT\,1 HOC CHa HAN
con lt;~i mqt mznh Dlic Giesu, va nguiJi phf:t nrl th! dling iJ girla. . NguiJi ngdng len va n6i :"Nay chj, hq dau cd r6i? Khong ai len dn chi sao?". NguiJi dan ba ddp:"Thua 6ng, khong c6 ai cd". Dlic Giesu n6i : "Toi cung vQ-y, t6i khong len dn chi dau! Thai chi eli vi di, va tzl nay dang ph(lm ti}i nrla! ". NHFEU NGUCJI D[CH ( Kinh Thdnh trqn bq Cifu Uoc va Tan Uoc,
NCO PHAP
CD M (rna):
trQ
w
NXB.TP.HCM, 1998) cuoi cau d~ hoi, dung nhu o,!§ , d!ch la
"sao?", "kh6ng?": ?9:~ A5E{tr\81WM? (Mot huu nhan d!nh nT dfch tQi ma?).
® ~ (bai): ~~
trQ tu cuoi cau bi~u th! ngil' khi du khien:
\
! (Khu bai !).
D[CH NGHiA
NgztiJi dan ba ngoqi tinh Sau d6, ai nc{y triJ vi nha mznh. Con Dlic Giesu thz de'n nui Oliu. Vzia tdng sdng, NguiJi triJ l(li din thiJ. Toan dan de'n voi NguiJi. NguiJi ng6i xuo'ng gidng d(ly hq. Luc d6, cdc kinh suva nguiJi Phariseu ddn de'n truoc m(it Dlic Giesu mqt phf:t nrl bf bdt g(ip dang ngoc;i tznh. HQ di chj ta dling iJ girla, r6i n6i voi NguiJi: "Thua Thdy, nguiJi dan ba ndy bj bdt qud tang dang ngo(li tznh. Trong sdch LuQ_t, 6ng M6se truyin cho chung t6i phdi nem dd h(lng dan ba d6. Con Thdy, Thdy nghT sao?". HQ n6i the' nhdm thil NguiJi, di c6 bdng co to' cdo NguiJi. Nhung Dlic Giesu cui xuo'ng la'y ng6n tay vie't tren da't. Vi hQ eli hoi miii, nen NguiJi nga?ng Len va bdo hq : "Ai trong cdc ong S(lCh tQi, thz eli vi?c fa~y dd ma nem trUOC di ". R6i NguiJi l(li cui xuo'ng vie't tren da't. Nghe vQ_y, hq bo di he't, ke truoc nguiJi sau, bdt ddu tzi nhrlng nguiJi Lon tu6i. Chl
m 9 -m£~
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TRAN VAN CHANH
696
~~~ffi1&' ~mm~~~· - ~s
~~$~~~BR
~'i11~.~~' ~ ~ ~·~-~~~JL~o @J'f~JBI~ • 9 ~ 18\ 1± ~~ t~ WP r'§J ~Ji 11X fi 7C ® ® ±ili o Tac gia tac philm Bai thd tren in trong ThUong thftqp cua Ho Thfch (1891-1962) . Toe gia tv Ia Thfch Chi. nglloi
a huy$n Tfch Khe tlnh An Huy. tung di du hQc a
My. Ia nha van-nh6 thd-hQc gia ki$t xuat. c6 c6ng dau trong cu¢c v(ln d¢ng Tdn van h6a (giai doQn 1917-1919) cai each ng6n ngO va van
III
THu' PHAP
hQC CUO Trung Quoc thai hi$n dQi.
-F TUNGO eBinh nhqt lfZ 8 : luc blnh thu'ong eMuQn trtim trtim j,c.~ iJL iJL: bu6n u n1 eTfJi na dudng li~u cao dtiu :(£ ~~ t~ WP r'§J ~J[: a tren dftu cay du'ong lieu, day cling c6 nghia la "cj cao tren GgU cay du'ong lieu" eLllfjng tinh tinh 7C t:fu Efl8 : nhap nhanh, lap lanh eDja ±ili: tu vi cua hlnh dung tll'. MQt vi sao D!CHNGH[A Ta ra't thich mi, mQt Vl sao qtc kY to LOn, Dang tile ta kh6ng g9i duqc ten mi. Luc binh thuang tri'i.ng sang, dnh triing dii che hlt cdc sao tren trai, nhung vdn kh6ng che lap duqc mi. Hom nay sau con mua gi6, tilt trai bu6n u ua't, ta nhin khdp ben troi chdng tlm thay chut dnh sang nao, Quay ddu lc;zi, Chl thay c6 mi ndm cao tren ddu hang duong ldu, vdn lap ldnh nhli xua. TVC. djch
~'
•
i' it
699
TOAN THll Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
LUY~N TA.P THU PHAP BUT LONG .3'- ~ ,.. .• '.i.' ;T" -=r ~ a ··· ~ lc~ ~
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f.*
R
Plziln mi)t .,?
,
TONG QUAT I. KET CAU CUA CHU HAN
Ta dn nh~n xet ke't diu cua chu Han va dl;l'a theo d6 rna vie't chu cho dung.
-+-t:-TA..-JLJJJ-t~
D
Trai qua phai, tren xuong duoi.
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Trai-t phai
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Ngoai -t trong
I]] Trai -t giua -t phai
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Tren -t giua -t duo· --==~~~1f.!f1-%~JL§ ~ -f- , 1...::...' ,y, a ~~
lE ED
Trai -t phai tren -t phai duoi Tren -t duoi trai -t duoi phai
trai·-t tren (;9 Tren phai -t duai
1t- vt 19 1!!- {Jt ~Jt •li -f~ 4~ ~~ ~ ~i Of 1Jl jft l.fi 4f" J'o a Q **8
~ ...IJIL aJJ JilL ~% 1~ ,,,, ~~ ,.........., 1f,' <6
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%1;. 18..:.:t:- ~
700
LE ANH MINH
Khi viet chO' Han ta khong nen dung but nguyen ttl' d~ luy~n vl net but se bj hu. Co th~ dung but ch1, but mlfc kim, but may born mtfc , ho?c cac IO<;li but da born mlfc tau san do Trung Quae san xuat chuyen d~ viet chO' Han. Viet chO' d<;1i khai co hai lo<;~.i chfnh: cuong but va mao but. Cuong but (but sat) chi cac lo<;~.i but may born mtfc (ho?c cac lo<;~.i tuong tlf); mao but la but long (long soi, tho, v.v.).
L~l auv TAC VIET CHOHAN
11. NHAC
Da neu r6 trong phgn md dgu cua sach nay, day xin nhac l<;~.i tom tat cho de nho: 1. Ngang truoc s6 sau. 2. Phfty truoc mac sau. 3. Tren xuong duoi (tren truoc duoi sau). 4. Tnii qua phai (trai truoc phai sau). 5. Ngoai vao trong (ngoai truoc trong sau). 6. Ngang truoc phfty sau. 7. Giua trai phai (giG'a truoc hai ben sau). 8. Yao xong dong ctl'a (vao truoc dong sau).
+
th?p
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roAN THll Tl,f HOC CHU HAN
7.](
thuy
1m
tu
701
J JJ JJ/ JJ< nPlp-q[9 Ill. VIET CHOHAN BANG BUT LONG
Viet chG' Han b~ng but long (mao but) moi la chinh tong . Khi kh6 luy~n thu phap vdi but long thl sau nay du ta viet chG' b~ng bat eli lo<;~.i but g1 chu cling d€u d~p. Sau day la m<)t so di~m co ban v€ thuphap:
1. Van phong tu bao )1:_
m!Z:9 Jf
Thea truy€n thong thl chi co bon btl'u boi trong van phong (van phong tu baa):
* Giay (chi r.£0
* Mlfc (m~c ~) * Nghien (nghien :fiJI) * But (but~) Giay cho dan nha ngh€ la giay Tuyen '§, thuong gQi la "xuyen chi" (dQC tn;ti cua Tuyen chi i§rJ1:), mong nhu giay quyen van thuoc hut, dung cho d thu phap Ian h<)i hQa, nhung dat ti€n. Giay Tuyen co hai lo<;~.i: sinh chl ~~11: (giay song, chua dung phen, dung cho thu phap) va thf:lC chl ~~ ~J1: (giay chin, da dung phen, dung cho h<)i hQa). Vi~c luy~n t?p ton rat nhi€u giay, ta nen dung giay thuong, mien hut ffil/C (nhu giay baa) la dUQC. Mtfc co hai lo<;~.i: mlfc thoi va mlfc nude. Mtfc thoi co chat keo, lo<;~.i tot thuong co mui x<;~. huong. Mlfc tot thl sau khi viet xong, ta
b6i tranh chO' khong bj nhoe mtfc. Mtfc nude (m~c trap ~ ~t) ti~n dt,mg nhung khong du d<) sanh, ta dn mai them mtfc thoi d~ tang d<) sanh d~c. each dung mlfc rat quan trQng, t<;~.o ra cac hi~u qua khac nhau tren tung chat Ii~u hay cac lo<;~.i giay . Trang ngh€ gQi la
LE ANH MINH
702
m~c phap ~$; (phep dung mtfc). Mai mtfc cling la each t~p c6 tay tnroc khi dim but vie't chii'. N6i chung vie't chii' tren gifry khong hut nuoc thl mtfc phai di;ic, tren gia'y hut nuoc nhu gia'y Tuyen thl
mtfc hoi sanh. Dung pha mtfc qua loang. Nghien mtfc c6 cac ki~u dang khac nhau, nhung nguyen tac la c6 m9t d9 nghieng nho d~ cho mtfc dQng v€ mQt phia. Khi mai mtjc thlnho mQt vai giQt mi;ic trfrp vao cho hoi uot day nghien. R6i mai thai mtjc theo chi€u kim d6ng h6, thinh thoang nho them vai giQt mi;ic trfrp. Pha che' vua du cho m9t lftn sll' dt;mg, khong nen d6 qua nhi~u mi;ic trfrp vao nghien. Mtfc dung khong he't se dQng thanh v§'y va ci;in cau tren nghien.
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
703
nghien CUu dUQC but phap va cac but the'. Khi thuftn tht,IC thl chG' viet ph6ng to thu nho d~u d~ dang. Cac b9 ph~n cua but long:
* Dao tuye"n l WJ *17~:
SQi day nho but len gia but sau khi sll' d1,1ng.
a mQt dftu quan but, dung treo
*But qu?m ~~(but can ~ff): quan but, bang true. * But hao ~ ~: bup long, gi6ng bup sen chua n&. *But din ~t:N: phfin bup long dinh voi qmln but. *But d6 ~ ~±: b1,1ng bup long. *But phong ~~(but tiem ~~): ngQn but. *But m~o ~~'§:nap but (bang true hoi;ic nhtfa). Vie't xong, ta rll'a s<;tch but, m6c dao tuye'n vao m9t cai gia d~ ngQn but quay xu6ng da't. Khong nen dung but m<;to vln6 d~ lam hu long but.
Nghien mtfc doi Khang Hi
3 mcft czla m9t thai mtfc
But c6 nhi~u lo<;ti: ti~u, trung, d<;ti. Long but c6 lo<;ti cling (nhu long s6i) c6 lo<;ti m€m (nhu long tho) va c6 lo<;ti pha tr9n cac lo<;ti long theo m9t ti l~ d~ thich h<;5p cho tranh ve lftn chii' viet. Khac voi cay but cua phuong Tay chu ye'u d~ viet chG', mao but cua Trung Qu6c c6 th~ vua viet chii' vua ve tranh. N6i chung viet chii' nen dung but long s6i, con ve tranh thl tuy theo truong h<;5p va tuy theo hi~u qua mong mu6n rna ta sll' dt;mg cac lo<;ti but khac nhau. Khi luy~n thu phap nen dung but co trung d~ vie't chi1' Han trong cac o vuong moi qnh IOn chung 5 hay 6 em. Khi bat dftu luy~n t~p thl phai di tu chu trung khai (khoang 5x5cm). Khong nen bat dftu t~p bang ti~u khai (chii' Khai nho chung m9t phan vuong). Chi khi viet chu to ta moi
ca
* Bon nla but bJng ng9c 2. Ngu chi phap 1i t~ ?t.; Day n6i v~ each dim but (chap but phap'ftJ:\~$; ). Ngu chl chap
+
but phap 1i t~ ¥J:t ~ $; hay ngu lt! chap but phap 1i ¥J:t ~ ~t,; la do L1,1c Hi Thanh ~_i ;ffi- ~ doi Duong sang t<;to. Nam ng6n cua ban tay c6 ten:
* M6.u chl tBH~ (ng6n cai) * Th{tc chl ~ t~ (ng6n tro) * Trung chl $ t~ (ng6n giG'a)
704
LE ANH MINH
* Vo danlz chi M, 1S :tl§ (ng6n ap tit) * Tiiu chl;J\m (ng6n tit).
TOAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
705
Xem hlnh sau day: 2
4
Nam ng6n ung voi nam chu (ngG tt! 1i ::f: ):
* Ytm 1)ID;: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n cai ep vao quan but. * Ap ~:lite dl,lng cua ng6n tro ep vao quan but, doi ling voi ng6n cai. * Ciiu ~: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n tro ttfa vao quan but, dung m6c ph~n quan but c6 bup lOng huang vao long ban tay.
* Cach ;f%: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n ap tit, m6ng tay ng6n nay ap vao quan but, dfty ph~n quan but nay ra ngoai. * Di tg;: tac d1,1ng cua ng6n tit, ep sat vao ng6n ap tit d~ trQ ltfc cho ng6n ap tit. ng6n
glua ~
(cau)
ngon
cal / ' (yern)
0
L.f
ng6n
9=I f~
tro
(a~)
Hlnh 1 tre n day theo dung Ngii chi chap but phcip cu a L1,1c Hi Thanh. Cac hlnh 2, 3, va 4 la bien th€'. Viet ti€'u khai lj\fl§' (chu khai nho) thl vi tri cua ng6n cai va ng6n tro d khoang 1/3 quan but v~ phia ngQn. Viet trung khai
.
.
ng_on ap ut "\.(each) . ngon ut (de)
(chu khai vua) hay d<;ti khai tri cua chung d giUa quan but.
*
f~ (chu khai IOn) thl vi
Khi chap but ta phai nho khftu quyet "chi thlfc, chudng hu" :t~Jf$flm, nghia la d~u ng6n tay ap vao but, con long ban tay
Xem tiet di~n quan but trong hlnh tren day: hai d~u ng6n eai va tr6 k<:;p lay quan but, r6i d~u ng6n giua ap vao quan but, r6i m6ng tay ng6n ap tit ch(;lm vao quan but, va ng6n tit ap sat vao ng6n ap tit. C6 b6n ltfc tac d1,1ng vao quan but (chi~u mili ten). Ng6n cai va ng6n tr6 lam di~m tl,l'a giG' cho but vung, cac ng6n con l(;li dung m6c va dfty ph~n quan but c6 ngQn but ffiQt each linh ho(;lt. £)6 la each dm but d~ viet chu khai. Tuy theo thu' th~ ho~c chu ClfC IOn (d<;li tl,l') ho~c cay but th~t IOn (d<;li but) rna each dm but cGng khac. Cach dm but t(;lO ra nhi~u hi~u qua khac nhau, giong nhu each dm but long d~ ve tranh. Tuy nhien, moi hQC thu' phap thl phai ap d1,111g ngil chi chap but phap.
trong r6ng. Nhln nghieng, ng6n cai va ng6n tro t<;tO thanh m~t phu'Qng (phu'Qng nhan ~ §_& ).
3.
oan
phap
Hn$:
Day laky phap cua c6 tay (oan; cilng dQC la uyin), g6m c6:
* Chiim
odn ;tt gJB (goi co tay): ban tay trai up va lot duoi
co tay ban tay phai, tuc la co tay phai goi nh<:; len ban tay trai, va tru'Qt nh<:; tren d6 khi viet chu . Ho;J.c c6 tay phai chi ap nh<:; tren m;J. t ban (ban tay trai kh6ng 16t d ben duoi). Khi viet ta chi' lay sue m<;tnh cua ng6n tay (chi' ll,l'c) rna di~u khi€'n ngQn but. Oan phap nay dung khi ta viet ti€'u khai ho;J.c trung khai .
706
LE ANH MINH
707
TOAN THLI Tl,f HOC CHCI HAN
*
The' ng6i: Ta ng6i ghe, d~u ngay ngan, hai vai ngang nhau, . lung th£ng, kh6ng tl nglfc vao ban, hai chan dti tV nhien, kh6ng vat treo chan, kh6ng rung dui, tay trai d~t tren to gia'y giu cho n6 c6 dtnh tren ban. T~p trung tu' tu'dng, hoi thd di~u hoa. MC)t s6 nha luy~n khi c6ng con ng6i kiet gia ho?c ban gia tren ghe khi viet
~-
\~
-,
:I
'/
Ngu chl phap
cham odn
Cham odn
------
df;li huy'en odn
huy'en odn
chu.
* The' dzlng:
Ta dU"ng viet d<:ti tlf (chu vu6ng moi C?nh it nha't la 10 em). Ho?c ta dung hai chan song song, khoang each hai ban chan bang vai; ho?c ta dung chan phai tru'oc, chan trai C5 sau. Than hlnh ngay ngan, tr~m t'inh, dung d<:ti huy~n oan. MC)t s6 nguoi luc viet chu thl hay u6n eo, co gi~t, mua may, tay c6 tlnh run nhu' bt chung parkinson. D6 la phong each bang m6n ta d<;to, ta kh6ng nen bat chtroc. Du ng6i hay dung, ta dn t~p trung khi llfc d h<:t dan di~n (vt tri du'oi r6n khoang m()t d6t tay), hoi thd di~u hoa.
a
* Huy~n odn
l!:ffi~ (treo c6 tay): cung gQi d'e uye'n tft~n, tuc la c6 tay lo hl'ng kh6ng tlfa vao dau ca, nhtrng khuyu tay thl Ch<:tm nh~ m?t ban. Khi viet chu, ta chuytin d()ng ca eanh tay, c6 tay, va ng6n tay. Oan phap nay dtrQC dung khi ta viet d<:ti khai.
* D{li huy~n
olm -}( l!:ffi~ (treo h6ng c6 tay): cung gQi huy~n
tnru l!:ffi~lj (treo khuyu tay). Toan be) eanh tay kh6ng tlfa vao dau Khi viet chu, ta chuytin d()ng canh tay, c6 tay, va ng6n tay. Oan phap nay dung khi ta dung viet d<:ti tV (co lOxlO em) ho?c chu. thao.
ca.
ca
4. Nhan phap
RN $
Khi viet chu, mat ta t~p trung nhln th£ng vao chu, kh6ng dtr<;jc nhln nghieng.
s. Than phap Jft $
Thl ng6i
708
LE ANH MINH
709
TOAN THll Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
ngQn but va thu h6i theo huang ngt1QC l~i m9t chut r6i nhac but len. Xem hlnh sau:
~
~~
~~~~ l& A a:
b. Tang phong & IQ phong ~a & D; * Tang phong cling goi fin phong ~~a (giau ngon but) hay
s. But phap
*$
a,
Thldt1ng
a. Khai but, hanh but, thu but~*' f:Y*, 1&*: * Khdi bzit con goi la lt;~c but m ht;~ but ---r
*,
*.
C6 ba each: CD ngon but dua sang tnii r6i keo sang phai; CD ngon but dua len tren r6i keo ngang; Q) d?t ngon but vao la keo di luon. Cach CD va CD gQi la h6i phong @]a. Ta bat bu9c phai h6i phong khi viet cac tht1 th{ tri~n, 1~, khai. each Q) dung khi viet chu hanh, chu thao.
* Himh bzit la buac trung gian giua khdi but va thu but, tuc la khi ngon but di d9ng
* Tlzu bzit: du
t~o
ra net chu.
ta keo net ngang hay net
nghich phong ~&$ (ngt1<;5c ngon but). Khi khdi but, ta huang but ngt1<;5c l~i chi~u muo'n keo (nghjch phong). Khi thu but ta huang ngu<;5c chi~u da keo (cling gQi la h6i phong @] &$ ). Tang phong lam cho net but dfry d?n, khi h;fc sung man, ngoai nhu trong cuong. * L9 phong cling goi xuat phong t±1 tuc la a€ 19 net but do luc khdi but ta khong tang phong va luc thu but ta khong h6i phong rna keo ngon but di luon. Net but 19 phong cling dn c6 gan co't, bi€u 19 tinh thfrn.
s6, den cuoi net, ta dung
@==~
§-
2)
~til
li!ltl
~KG_?/-~ c. Trung phong & trAc phong $ &$ & f~U &$: * Trung phong cling gQi chinh phong IE&$, tlic la khi blip long dung th~ng g6c vai m?t giay. Ngon but n~m chinh giua net but, t~o sl;f h6n h?u, dfty d?n. Khi mai t?p viet, ta nen dung trung phon g.
710
LE ANH MINH
1!.!
*
Trifc phong la khi blip long dung xien voi mi;tt gia'y. NgQn but nim v~ mOt ben net but. But tiem va but do cling tiep xuc va di d()ng tren mi;tt gia'y. Tr~c phong thich h<,jp viet chu hanh, chu thao. Khi moi t~p viet, ta kh6ng nen dung tr~c phong.
*An but: a'n ngQn but, t(;lO net tho, d~m.
""
t. Tru but & qua but Itt~ & ~ ~: chu.
trifc >
< trung
1JT ~
& ' ' ~:
du'a ngQn but t(;lO net ga'p. Chiet phong t(;lO ra
Chuye'n phong la chuy€n ngQn but t(;lo net cong. Chuy€n
phong t(;lo ra vien but Iii~ (tron).
~f¥(~
oJ2 ;£'>~ ~~~if~ ~"* ([W~)
e.
De but & an but
tti~ & tJi!:~:
~jt'~~IJJ of!(
~m: * £J-e but: d~n.
*Qua but: net but lu'ot nhanh tren mi;tt gia'y, nhu'ng c6 sue hfc. NgQn but luc di, luc dung, luc nhanh lt1c ch~m, t?o ra tiet ta'u.
g. Thu?n but 11~ ~:
phuong but jJ~(vu6ng).
*
711
* TrU. but: ngQn but dung nhu' a d.c cho cu6i net hay a g6c C(;lnh
d. Chiet phong & chuyen phong
* Chief phong la
roAN THV T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
t
~
keo ngQn but nh~ nhang tren mi;tt gia'y, net but d~u
Tuy theo thu' th€ ma thu tt! net but phai thu~n, h<,jp voi quy t~c
viet chu.
h. Khong himh ~ rr: Tru'oc khi h? but cho ngQn tiep xuc mi;tt gia'y, tay ta dm but viet thli' phia tren cao cua mi;tt gia'y, u'oc lu'<,jng ket ca'u cua chu va bQ" CIJ.C cua ta'm thu' phap.
7. Phu'dng phap luy~n t~p
Luy~n thu' phap c6 hai each chinh: M6 • va Lam ~ theo cac mftu chu c6 san (thiep ~ti) cua cac d<;ii thu' phap gia. Cac tt! thiep ::f:~ti va bi thiep li~ ~ti (nhung thac bantu* r~p tren cac bia da) du'<,jc ban ra't nhi~u, ta c6 th€ su'u tftm va luy~n t~p. a. Mo thiep. ~ti: M6 la m6 phong *fj:J(b~t chu'oc) theo mftu:
* Ta phong anh ~ {j:] ~ (can-ke, calquer): Ta la'y m()t to gia'y mong di;tt len tren trang chu mftu, cac chu mftu se hi~n hlnh 10 mo qua trang gia'y mong. Ta dung but d6 theo. * Ddn cau
¥
~: Ta la'y m()t to gia'y mong di;tt len tren chu
712
LE ANH MINH
mau, r6i dung but chl ve dttong tim cua tung net chi!. Sau d6 ta l§y t0 gi§y ra ngoai, r6i d\fa theo cac dttong tim nay rna phl,IC h6i cac net but cua chG' d6.
* Song cau ~ ~: Ta la'y m()t t0 gia'y mong d?t len tren chu mau, r6i dung but chl ve dttong vi~n cua tung net chu. Sau d6 ta la'y to gia'y ra ngoai, r6i dl,l'a theo cac net chG' rong chi c6 dttong Vi~n · nay rna phl,IC h6i cac net but cua chG' (thao tac nay gQi la diin thl/c ~ Jf: la'p d~y).
khong c6 ke o, ta lam nhu' sau: La'y m()t ta'm gia'y trong ho?c m()t ta'm plastic trong r6i dung but ml,l'c den khong .phai rna ve cac khung nhtt tren voi nhi~u kich co khac nhau. Khi t~p viet, ta d?t khung de len chu d~ tha'y ti 1~ cac net v3i nhau . Tren gia'y t?p viet, ta cling ve khung phan 0 nhtt v?y va canh theo tung 0 rna ve net chu. Vi~c nay y nhtt ve ban d6.
Em~[la
~t~Jtt Chu mau
Song cau
"'
"'
fldn cau
Ellen thl/c
Cziu cung each M~ tz;cach
@JEB[Ij
_i_1J~t
H6i tr;cach
b. Lam thiep ~ ~r5 : Uim c6 hai lo<;1i: Cach Him :f.;g.~va Doi lamft~:
* Cach lam :f.;g.~Ut viet nhai theo mau chu c6 san theo m()t khung c6 phan chia ti 1~ (gQi la each t.fi ). Lam tttong tl,l' nhtt each thuc rna cac hQC sinh trung hQc dung d~ t?p ve ban d6. Cac each thong d1,1ng la Cziu cung each fL '§:f.;g. (khung 9 o vuong), M~ fl!
**
713
TOAN THll TlJ HQC CHCI HAN
*),
each t.e (khung theo g(;lch ngang va cheo theo chG' m~ H6i fl; each @] ::f:t.fi(khung hlnh chu h6i @] ). EJi-en tz; each EE ::_f: :f.;g. (khung co 4 o vuong nhtt chu di~n EE ). M()t so tl,l' thiep va bi thiep ban san (J hi~u sach da ke o r6i (thttong la theo ctl'u cung each). Doi voi cac tl,l' thiep va bi thiep
EJi-en tz; each
* f>oi lam fJ~ giong nhtt thao tac CUa m()t hQa Sl Ve truy~n thftn. Ta d~t chG' mau trttoc m~t, ng~m nhln cho ky cac net r6i trl,l'c tiep dung but viet chG' th&ng vao m()t to gia'y tr~ng, hoan toan khong stl' dt,mg ctl'u cung each hay cac each tttong tl,l'. each lam giup ta n~m dttQC ket ca'u cua chG' (klt the' ~), vi tri net but chinh xac trong m~c tich ~JE!J'Ji cua c6 nhan. Doi lam giup ta d<;lt dtt<;5c but the*~ va thfrn thai cua m~c tich.
*5
Qua trlnh luy~n t?p thong thttong c6 th~ tom dt b~ng ma'y chu: dQC ~
=ii!i iiJ!t,
mo~
* D()c
~
~.
~~
am
p;fi n:!:m,
b~'· ;:fl:::;
01 F3.
(dQc) Ht xem xet ky lttong chG' mau. D()c theo nghia r()ng 'cling la tham bac cac thtt th~, tlf thiep, bi thiep, cac m?c tich cua c6 nhan; dQC sach lu?n v~ thtt phap d~ nghien cuu but
LE ANH MINH
714
phap, but the, ket th€, chuang phap; nghien CUU Sif tien hoa cua chu Han.
* Mo va lam cla giai thich tren, tuc la giai cloc:tn thifc hanh. * Boi
la boi tl,mg, la ghi nho nam long, giong nhu "cht,~p hinh " m() t chu mau vao trong ti~m thuc. Khi ta viet chu cl6 , duC1ng nhu n6 hi~n di~n truoc m~t ta . Phuong phap "cht,~p hlnh" rat huu hi~u khi hQc chu Han va luy~n thu phap. Ta ng6i kiet gia hay ban gia, t~p trung tu tudng nhln m()t chu h6i lau, r6i nham mat lc:ti. Trong khi nham mat, trong udu ta hi~n ra hlnh anh cua chu cl6 r6 m6n m()t y h~t nhu ta cla thay truoc cl6. D6ng thC1i ta dung ng6n tay tro ve trong khong khi chu cl6. Chieu nay gQi la truu khong luy~n t{l j:ffi ~ *'**· m9t cl()c chieu rna vua DuC1ng Thai Tong m-:;;t*(Ly The Dan *t!t.JX) cla dung a€ hQc but phap cua Vuong Hi Chi .:E~z. Chieu nay rat tuy~t di~u khi ta hQC chu hanh, nhat la chu thao VOn la ffiQt thu th€ gian udc chu Han trong vai net but.
Lieu th€ va Nhan the a€ net chu c6 gan cot. Khi chu trung khai cua ta cla thu~n tht,JC, ta moi luy~n ti€u khai Va hQC qua chu hanh, chu thao. M9t so hQC vien cling c6 the hc:t thu cong phu voi Au the ho~c Tri~u the. Trong giao trlnh tif hQC nay, chung ta se nghien t~p khai thu cua Lieu Cong Quy~n va Nhan Chan Khanh. "Nhan can LiJu oft" ~ij9JWPit (Nhan th€ c6 gan, Lieu th€ c6 xuong) la m9t lOi tan tl,mg la u clC1i v~ khi life va gan cot cua hai thu th€ nay. £>oi khi VI non n6ng muon toe thanh, nhi~U nguCJi moi hQC rna VQi luy~n ngay chu hanh hay chu thao, h~u qua cifc ky tai h<;ti la net chu yeu cluoi vl thieu khi life va gan cot; sau nay muon quay l<;ti voi chu khai thl net but cla thanh t~t, kh6 stra chua.
m
Phdn hai
LUY~N T~P 1
~~ */\ ~ VINH Tl} BAT PHAP
Khi hc:t thu cong phu, ta phai noi theo thu th€ cua m()t clc:ti thu gia nao cl6. Thi dt,~ t~p chu khai, ta c6 th€ chQn Lziu the' WPR,
Nhan the' ~G, Au the' ~G. hay Tri?u the' jffiJm, tU'c la cac th€ khai thu cua cac clc:ti thu gia clC1i cluC1ng nhu: Lieu Cong Quy~n WP0tfi, Nhan Chan Khanh ~~g~p, Au Duong Tuan~~~~. hay khai thu cua clc:ti thu hQa gia clC1i Nguyen la Tri~u Mc:tnh Phil jffi:;j~~;jtJi. Ban clfiu, ta t~p theo cac tif thiep cua cac clc:ti thu gia tren. Giai cloc:tn nay gQi la nhljp thiep A.~ti. Khi thufin tht,~c ta phai c6 net sang tc:to rieng cua chinh mlnh, mang ca tinh cua mlnh. Giai cloc:tn nay gQi la xuiit thiep
te ~ti.
Moi hQC thu phap phai bat cl~u tu chu khai va phai la trung khai (moi chu khoang 5x5 em); clung luy~n tieu khai. Ta nen luy~n
715
roAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
£>6i voi khai thu, c6 nhan lay chi! vfnh 7]<. lam co so luy~n t~p, vl chi! nay chua 8 net co ban cua mQi chi! Han. Do cl6 c6 ten la vinh lt! bcit phcip. Tuong truy~n Vuong Hi Chi x ~ Z. (321-379) h<;t thu cong phu kh6 luy~n chu vfnh nay trong 15 nam. Vuong Hi Chi thuo nho hQc thu phap noi V~ phu nhan, mqt ncr thu gia ten th~t la V~ Thuoc flj ~ (272349). Tu clC1i Vuong Hi Chi xu6ng clC1i con la Vuong Hien Chi x ~ (344-386), den chau bay cloi la Tri Vinh thi~n su ~ 1k ~ §ljj (?- ?), bi quyet luy~n t~p v~n la chi! vfnh,
z.
a
716
LE ANH MINH
nhu'ng ly thuye't nay van con bf truy~n. Trf Vinh thi~n su' da ly lu~n v~ chu vfnh, d~t ten vinh llf bat phtip, tit d6 ly thuye't nay moi du'QC truy~n ra fQng rai. .
TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN
717
Bien the cac net:
'...!-....,
~~
VInh ti.f bat phap c6 8 net co ban:
,.........._
I. Tr~c f~U (di€m ~-6) = net cha'm.
.
Ji_
2. L:)c fiJ (hoanh tl) = net ngang. 3. Nfi ~(th1,1 ~)=net s6. 4. Djch !li(cau ~)=net m6c.
~ ~
~~
/A
"-A
(*
)~
1+ J L~ L~ lo !-;_,
~~
5. Sach m' (d~ :fjj!) =net ha't len phai. 6. Lu'Q'c :j:~(trliong phi~t :5Ufl!IJJ =net xien dai . 7. Trac O~(doan phi~t ~lHflrO =net xien ngan. 8. Ki~t ~ (n<:ti t~) =net mac (giong luoi dao, luoi mac).
16' PM "!1<8.) ~7 ~
/
.te
·1-
l~
32 THE BIEN HOA TRONG ViNH Tl,J' BAT PHAP ., , _., CUA L Y PHO QUANG
~(~JI)
*
(iR;) s...--~
'
a
~
(~)
Den doi Nguyen, Ly Ph6 Quang*~~ 1f, da cai bien vinh ti.f bat phap thanh 32 the bien h6a nhu' sau: 1. Quai th<:tch 1~ 1:J (da l<:t).- 2. Vuong an
a <'A) Th~t ra, net 2 va net 3 t<:tO ra mot net nua la chiet t.JT(net g~y), t6ng cong la 9 net. Cac net co ban nay bien h6a da d<:tng v6 cling. Tuy v~n k€ la mot net but nhu'ng th~t Si.f c6 net chinh la sv ket hQp cua hai net khac nhau nhu':
J, ~. L, 1. ~ .
~ ·~
z. ~. r ....
3.: ~(ban cua vua). -
3. Thiet tr1,1 • tt (trl,l sat). - 4. Gi
718
LE ANH MINH
719
roAN THIJ Tl/ HQC CHV HAN
nf=€.
21. Long vi (duoi r6ng).- 22. Phu'<;Jng si 11. ~ (canh phu'<;Jng).23. Su khffu 5gi!io (mi~ng su' til').- 24. Dap diu t~ 1;1 (m6c len).- 25. Bao cai Jf ~ (lQng quy). - 26. Kim truy ~ ;jt (truy vang). - 27. Huy~n qua ~ :)(: (giao treo).- 28. Phi dai m; (dai bay).- 29. Hi di~p ~~ ~ (bu'om gion). - 30. Ban long 9!1 '§~ (r6ng cu()n). - 31 . Ngam cling 0~ Ii'!: (de' keu).- 32. Du ngu' iiff-fi.;l, (ca l()i).
2 ,..,?
m
10 f~.[j
21
1/\ L / 1s a~tm fJII~
(
.rt!Et:
l'f
11.D
m
~
c:::::>
~
18
lft
m
~t)al~
13
~3 ¥ 2 0
flU
(}
!!f{: 14
~\)
w.
c:::> E-M
~
2~/:)
Viii~~
;; 15
"
c6 8 d~ng nhu' sau:
~
6
1. ThLIC!ng diim __t ~.6 : Di~m tren cling, con gQi la phuang ddu dilm 1J ~Ji ~~ hay ht;mh nhan dilm ~ f- ~,6 , chi dung trong bQ mien r-- .
19
C\ ·7-
s~ C/"
"
1
m
imfl\ 12
Quy~n
~
~
4
"
Di~m phap la each vie't net chilm. Net chilm cua Lieu Cong
2.
saM. 100
~ ·- .
?
)
3
•tt=
;m
,
DIE_M PHAP~6~ , CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
~ :'!i~
~ 2.6
32
D9'ill'
*
each v~n
but:
~~~ ~uu
~·
CD Tang phong (giilu ngQn but); a> Chuy~n ngQn but len; Q) Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai; ® Dua ngQn but xuong; 0:> H6i phong (keo ngQn but lend~ giilu n6). -
Thi d!.f: cac chu thu ~,tong$, mi)t ~.
720
LE ANH MINH
721
roAN THV Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
e 2. H~ di€m
,,
T
4. Huu di€m -;b ~~ : Di~m ben phai. Trong vinh fl! bat phap g9i n6 Ht trcfc f~~. D6 la net cham bla phai cua chu tam •\.;.
~E : Di~m o duai.
*
each v~n
but:
CD Khoi but thu~n theo ngQn but; Q) Keo ngQn but qua tnii vong xu6ng; Q) Chuy~n ngu<;1c lend~ thu but.
Thi d1,1: net cham ben tnii chu di~c ifF , chu xich duai ch6t ben tnii cua chu luang ~ .
# , va net cham
* each v~n but:
·~.
CD Khoi but nghich phong; Q) Be ngQn qua phai; Q) Chuy~n but qua phai r6i vong xu6ng; ® H6i but, huang len tren, thu ngQn but.
lij b L. ·=·tat·~ ~~ ;5k ( h" ' c h...... u an.~, c IT tat cua L"teu Th 1' d 1,1: cac Quy~n gi6ng chu chi .t. c6 them hai net cham). A
A'
A'
?
c ong A
,....---.,----r---,
\ 3.
Ta di€m tr_ ~E : Di~m ben tnii. Day la net cham chinh giua
cua chu tam •\.;' net cham bla tnii cua chu tat .)/.; .
* each v~n but: ~ 5
3 •
•
CD Khoi but nghich phong; Q) Be ng9n qua tnii; Q) Be ng9n xu6ng; ® Vong ngQn but qua phai va dua len;~ Dung ng9n but l~i va hat len phai.
Thi d1,1: cac chu tam •\.;, ta't .;~.; , an.~.
Ta
thUf1ng di€m tr___t ~E: Di~m tren-tnii. D6 Ht hai net cham tren cling cua bQ thuy i . 5. *
each v~n ~ ~
but: CD Khoi but thu~n phong; C£l Chuy~n but qua phai r6i vong xu6ng; Q) H6i but, huang len tren, thu ngQn but.
Thi d1,1: cac chu tham )f_, nguyen 51§., thao i@ .
722
LE ANH MINH
6. Huu thLif1ng die,m 15 J: ~-6 : Di€m tren-phai, con gQi la khoa dtfu ~f~iJ- (con nong nQC).
* each 2 -
3
4
5
v~n
but:
Thi d1,1: net cha'm tren-phai cua cac chG' thuong
723
roAN THlJ Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
B. Huu h~ diem 15 T ~-6 : Di€m duai-phai . * each v~n but: ~ ~ 3
Chuy€n but qua ph1H r6i vong xuong; ® H6i but, huang len tren, thu ngQn but.
Thi d1,1: cac chG' l~:-tc /\ , thi iF, nhi fr-
Q)
.
1', duang 1i,
chuang:;=-.
7.
Ta h~ diem 7I. T
m
~~ : Di€m duai-trai trong b9 hoa "".
3 KHIEU PHAP 13t $ ~ CU A LIEU CONG QUYEN
* each v~n but:
, 3
thu but.
Thi d1,1 : cac chG' vo $.it,, chie'u RR, nhien .~~.
?
;;:
"'
Khieu phap con gQi la d~ phap t~U:' d6 la cac net ha't xien tu duai len hay tu tren xuong. Cac net ha't cua Lieu C6ng Quy~n c6 8 d~ng
nhu sau:
724
LE ANH MINH
725
TOAN THll Tl,l HOC CHU HAN
ngQn but xuong giong nhu'chirn m6 vao cay (di~u trac m9c ,I@OJ:;;i'().
*
,
each van
but:
CD Khdi but ngh!ch phong; CV Chuy~n but qua ph:h r6i dung l(;li; Q) H6i but, ha-t nhanh xuong va thu
"',
ngQn but (19 phong). Thi ' dt,I: net hat xuong trong b9 thao .... cua cac chu mr;zc ~,
1. Thu'!ng huang khieu
_tf81 J?'t:
Net hat xien len trenphai, nhu' net ha-t du'oi cling cua b9 thuy i hay b9 bang ; 0
3. Ta huang khieu 7I_
r8J J?'t : Net nay
con gQi la binh phift
if~, tuc la net ha-t ngang qua trai.
* each
v~n
*each v~n
but:
CD Thu?n phong keo but xuong; CV Vong ngQn but len tren ; H6i phong va dung lt;li; ®Hat but len tren-phai, va thu but.
~ Q)
Thi dt,I: cac chu thr:t ;X., lucmg iff_ (chu lucmg cua Li~u C6ng Quy~n c6 them m9t net ngang), thanh ~t 0
~
CD Khdi but ngh!ch phong d~ gia-u ngQn; CV Chuy~n ngQn but vong qua phai; Q) H6i phong, dung lt;li va ha-t ngQn but qua trai, thu but (19 phong) .
Thi dt,I: net ha-t qua trai tren dftu cac chu thien
~-
2. H~ huang khieu T rf=D J?'t: Net nay trong vTnh t1! b{lt pfuip gQi la trcic OJ . G9i n6 la trcic (chirn m6) vi sau khi chuy~n but, ta hat nhanh
but:
-t, h6 1'-, hucmg
LE ANH MINH
726
TOAN THV Tl/ HQC CHOHAN
727
4. Hii'u hLiilng khieu ::tJ r8J t3~ : Net hftt xien qua phai. Net nay trong vfnh tlj bat phap gQi la sach
m.
* each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; CV Chuy€n but qua tnii r6i dung l~i; Q) Hdi but, hftt nhanh xien len qua phai va thu ng<;>n but (l() phong).
6. Hii'u thLif1ng khieu ::tJ _t 13~ : Net ha't xien len qua phai. Net nay cGng g<;>i la hoimh khieu tJH}t, bdi vlla bie'n th~ cua net ngang du'oi cung cua b9 ngQC .:E.. N6 tu'ong tlj nhu' net hilu huang
Thi d1,1: net hftt d ben tnii cac chu dja Jt, tuCJng .:)% (~4 ), cong ~}J (b9 ph~n ben phai la lf!c -}] nhu'ng Li~u Cong Quy~n vie't thanh dao 7J ).
khie u
::tJ r8J 13~ .
* each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; CV Chuy~n but qua trai r6i dling l~i; Q) H6i but, hftt nhanh xien len qua phai va thu ng<;>n but (19 phong). Thi d1,1: cac chG' hifn J]L, ly JJ., htu Jti,.
Ta
5. thuqng khieu 1I _t t3~ : Net ha't xien len qua tni i, nhu' trong bQ thu { ' net but eli tu tre n xuo ng, dung l~ i rdi hat xien qua tnii. Net nay trong vfnh tf! bat phap g<;>i la djch j!j. * each v~n but:
l),
*'
CD Khdi but thu~n phong; CV Chuy~n but xuong; ® H6i but, du'a ng<;>n but len, dung l~i r6i ha't nhanh qua trai va thu ng<;>n but (19 phong).
Thi d1,1: net hftt trong b9 thu { d ben tnii cac chG' xa d~ .tt.
7. Hii'u ht;l khieu ::tJ ~ tJ~ : Net xien xuong phai, nhu' net ben trai cua chG' c9ng hay net xien ben trai b9 thao .....
#i,
* each v~n but:
tie'p .;t.l.,
'
CD Khdi but nghich phong d~ gia'u ng<;>n; CV Chuy~n ng<;>n but vong qua phai; Q) Dung l~i va keo ng<;>n but xuong phai; ® H6i phong, thu but.
728
LE ANH MINH
Thi d\1: cac chu cung 1~, hoimg t'-, tan 1tt.
~5
4JI//Ia6 B. Ta h? khieu trai cua chu [ifC , \ . *
1.,.
roAN THV Tl,/ HQC CHU HAN
Thi d\1: cac chu kY
ft-. , ngo
*,
dil ~ .
•
HOANH PHAP tfi ~ A " ~ CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN ?
':b ).
each v~n
but:
3
CD Khdi but nghich phong;
Hoanh phap gQi la each vie't net ngang nhu' chu nha't va cac bie'n th~ cua n6. Cac net ngang cua Lieu C6ng Quy~n c6 8 d~ng nhu' sau:
~
1. Ao hoanh [!!] tJi: Net ngang lorn (trong vinh tlf bat phap gQi *
4
4
Cac net ngang nay c6 ten: (J) Ao hoimh, (£) Blnh hoimh, (]) D()t hoanh, @ Yeu te hoanh, CIY Yeu tho hoanh, ® Ta tiem hoanh, 0 Hilu tiem hoanh, @ Hilu diu hoanh.
la li;ic
w
--
3--
each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong d~ gia'u ngQn;
--
2_.
Y1"":
tc T j:j~ : Net xien xu6ng trai, nhu net duoi-
729
730
LE ANH MINH
731
TOAN THV TV HQC CHU HAN
ngQn but mot chut, r6i chuy~n qua phai, dung l;;ti. 0.) H6i but, qua trai va thu giau ngQn but (tang phong). Thi dt,I: net ngang dai nhat trong cac chu kY ~'hi-f.; va thu :f.
2. Binh hoimh ljZ *
each v~n
tfi: Net ngang (ng9c an .:f~ ).
but:
~
4. Yeu
5
CD Khdi but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but xu6ng tnii r6i dung h,ti; ® Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; ® Nang ngQn but mot chut, r6i chuy~n qua phai, dung l;;ti. 0.) H6i but, qua tni i va thu giau ngQn but (tang phong). Thi dt,I: net ngang duoi cling cua chu tam ..::... , ngii 1L; va net ngang cua chu biit ~ .
...-
........
-
-._ ........
.....
-
-. ...
-
, ....I
...
-_/ ' ....
...
2- 3
5~
* each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i dung l;;ti; ® Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; ® Nfmg ngQn but mot chut, r6i chuy~n qua phai, dung l;;ti. 0.) H6i but, qua trai va thu giau ngQn but (tang phong). Thi dt,I: net ngang dai nhat cua cac chu v8 ~' khi ~. khe'~ .
r-.~
-
3. Dqt hoanh [:J
tfi:
Net ngang cong len (trong vfnh tf! bat
phap gQi la l(tc ipiJ ).
* each
te hoanh ij~ *IB tfi : Net ngang c6 eo manh.
v~n
but:
5. Yeu tho hoanh ij~ ;f.§. tfi: Net ngang ng~n c6 eo tho m~p.
2- 3
~
CD Khdi but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i dung l;;ti; ® Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; ® Nang
* each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but xu6ng trai r6i dung l;;ti; ® Dua ngQn but len, keo dung ngQn qua phai; ® Nfmg ngQn but mot chut, r6i chuy~n
732
LE ANH MINH
733
TOAN THU T\,1 HQC CHO' HAN
qua phai, dung l~i. ~ H6i but, qua tnii va thu gia'u ngQn but (tang phong). Thi d1,1: net ngang ngan cua cac chu tit~~, lurl.n ffifij, nghj
gi.
8. Htl'u cau hoanh :;b 1;) 6. Ta tiem hoanh fi.. ~ * each v~n but:
tw :Net ngang, nhQn ben trai.
tw :Net ngang c6 m6c ben phai.
* each v~n but:
~ ~
2,;;;;_ 1
~ Chuy~n but qua phai r6i dung l~i; ® Dtta
1
ngQn but xu6ng r6i dung l~i; ® H6i phong, thu but. Thi d1,1: cac chu tntiJng ~, bui ~, phu
r-i= .
(J) Khdi
but nghjch phong dl gi{[u ng9n; ~ Chuye'n ng9n
but xuong vd dUng 19-i; (]) fJua ngQn but len sang phdi, dUng 19-i; @ Chuye'n ng9n but xuong, dt1rzg !9-i; (I) H6i phong, thu but
phong).
Thi d~,I: Net ngang m6c cua b9 mien ~' b9 ho chu an
3J:, ki~n~, xll ~· ' '---.,-,,._.:---r-1- - - , I
7. Htl'u tiem hoanh :;b ~
tw :Net ngang, nhQn ben phai.
* each v~n but:
~
Thi d1,1: net ngang d~u tien trong b9 thao
++--
(!9
cua cac chu nhur;c
5 THY PHAP !i: 1.t ' CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN ?
A
A
A
F'
trong cac
LE ANH MINH
734
roAN THLI Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
2
1
Thl;l phap la each viet net s6. Nguyen tac chung d€ viet net s6 la: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; (?) Chuy€n ngQn but qua phlti, dung l<:ti; Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l<:ti; ® Chuy€n ngQn but qua tnii m<)t chut; ~ H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
'• 2'
C
.J
J.l .I 11.f .t
1. Trt.fC thLJ @ ~ : S6 th~ng (thuy 19 ~ Ji: suong bu6ng). 2 * each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; 1 3 (?) Chuy€n ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti; Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l?i; ® Chuy€n ngQn but qua trai m<)t chut; ~ H6i phong, thu but (tang phong). 5 ... 4
*
3
Thi dl,l : net s6 th~ng trong b9 m9c cua cac chu tuong if§' lam iff' chu f.*.
5 4
Chu
: s6
cong v~ phi a trai nhu cai cung
* each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; (?) Chuy€n ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti; Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l<:ti; ® Chuy€n ngQn but qua phai m<)t chut; ~ H6i phong, thu but (tang phong). Thi dl,l : net s6 cua cac chii' thtin ~, su §ij], quy &ffl.
y: Lieu C6ng Quy~n bo di net phi~t phia tren-trai cua chu
suva chii' quy.
3. Huu ho thLJ -;f:j 5Jll ~ : s6 cong v~ phia phai nhu cai cung (cling gQi huong th~:t rQ] ~ ). * each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; 2 (?) Chuy€n ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti; 1 Q:l Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung l?i; ® Chuy€n ngQn but qua trai m<)t chut; ~ H6i phong, thu but (tang phong).
SlJ
5 "4
2. Ta ho thLJ tr. 5Jll ~ (cling gQi bcii th~:t ~~).
735
Thi dl,l: net s6 bla tr<:ii cua cac chii' mon r~ va'n F~=~~ , khai 1*-l .
,
736
LE ANH MINH
737
TOAN THlJ T\,1 HOC CHU HAN
~
~
....
)
~ ~
1....
I
-
-~
4. Yeu te thLJ H~ *IE ~ : s6 th~ng co eo manh (trong vfnh tf! bat phdp gQi la n6 g.). 2 * each v~n but: 1
4
3
5
.,.
,.....
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; a> Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai, dung h;ti; a> Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung h;ti; ® Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai mot chut; ~ H6i phong, thu but (tang phong). Thi d1,1: net s6 th~ng trong b<) tam '!' cua
6. Thuqng !?-Jf. h uyen d?am ~
--
tiem thl.)
.,... .,.
~
111
~
~
.....,
-
-
_t~ ~: S6 thang, nhQn dau (cling gQi
~o Attreo ) . /JJEJ. m~
* each
v~n
but:
CD Thu~n but, 19 phong; a> Dt.ta ngQn bUt xu6ng, thu but nhu'ng kh6ng h6i phong. Thi d1,1: net s6 th~ng trong ru<)t b9 miinh llll cua cac chu ich i;it' cdi ~ (~ ); net s6 cua bQ vuong .:E trong chu hoimg £
1
2
0
cac chu ~uy 1)\;,, duy~t tft, ~l'..n_h....:.'IEE:....:.F.!.,...·_--.,-__
e 7. H?
5. Yeu tho thl.) H~ :f.El ~: s6 th~ng c6 eo to m~p (ciing gQi thie't tr~ ~f.f: CQt Sat).
cham~ ~t: kim treo). 2 * each
* each v~n but: 3
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; a> Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai, dung l1;1i; a> Keo ngQn but xu6ng, dung lt;ti; ® Thu but nht.tng kh6ng h6i phong. Thi d1,1: net s6 th~ng cua cac chu th6 ±, sinh ~' net s6 ben phiii cua chu cam 1t 0
tiem thl.) _t ~ ~: S6 th~ng, nhQn du6i
3
(ding gQi huyin ,
v~n
but:
CD Khdi but nghich phong; a> Dt.ta ngQn but qua phai, dung l~i; a> Keo ngQn but xu6ng, thu but (19 phong). Thi d1,1: net s6 th~ng cua chu dan ¥ cua chu thg_p chu duong $ n~m trong cac chu diin f.!f_, thiin :j:!j!, tit~.
+,
738
LE ANH MINH
739
TOAN THll Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN
doan chinh thz but phap doan chinh). Dung la van la nguoi, net chu thci hi~n ca tinh. Mot nha ly lu~n thuphap doi T6ng la Chu Truong Van tl:J-:fk)C da tung viet trong quycin T¥c Thu E>or;zn *-1 ~ IWf ding: "[Cong Quy~n] chinh thu c~p hanh khai, giai di~u phffm chi t6i, thao bat that nang, cai ky phap xuat u Nhan, nhi gia di tu kinh phong
8. Loan CLIOC fhl! • Mill 2: : S6 th~ng, cong chan. 2 * each v~n but: 1
rr m'
Khoi but nghich phong; CD Dua ngQn but qua ph
Li~u Cong Quyen (778-865)
khdi va chil hanh khdi [cua C6ng Quy~n] d~u La hang to'i cao trong cac di?u pha'm; chil thdo ciing kh6ng mdt tinh nang d6; n6i chung thu phap cua ong phat xua't tli Nhan Chan Khanh, nhung 6ng da tang them Sl/ c!lng coi va phong nhuq,n, tl! 6ng x!lng danh La m9t thu gia rieng bi?t). Nguoi doi da t6m t~t thu thci cua ong va cua Nhan Chan Khanh (708-784) trong cau "Nhan can Li~u c6t" ~][~9JWP~ (Thu thci Nhan Chan Khanh c6 gan, thu thci cua Li~u Cong Quy~n c6 xuong.) Tac phffm dci l<;1i con c6: Tong Le thie'p b(;tt ~~~ti~_ft. Thdn sach quan bi 1$mi![~~. Huy~n bi thap bi ":tt£.t:&~~. Kim Cucmg kinh bi &iNJ~*~~~. Lan E>znh thi thie/J ~¥0~ti. M6ng chie'u thie'p ~~~6, v.v.
,
D<:1i thu phap gia Li~u Cong Quy~n WD011 tlf la Thanh Huy~n ~~, nguoi doi gQi ong la Gian Nghi ~*~f1 . Ong s6ng vao doi Duong, que quan a Hoa Nguyen ¥W, thu<)c Kinh Tri~u *~[S(nay la vung dong nam huy~n Di~u cua tinh Thicim Tay ~ g§). Ong lam quan den chuc Thai Ttl' Thieu Su ~-f-0§ffi. Ong chuyen v~ thu thci Khai va Hanh. Net chu ong trang nghiem ran roi, quan chinh (d~u d?n chinh t~), hai hoa, phong nhu~n (dfty d?n). Duong Thai Tong rat ham m<) thu phap Li~u Cong Quy~n, c6 lftn hoi ong v~ but phap. 6ng tra lOi: 'Tam chinh uic but chinh." {,'JI~!J~iE (Tam
*I
z m'
nhu~n, tlf danh nhat gia ." [1} 11] iE ~ & ~ ~j; ~IJ ~/G ~~g ,~;!t$tl1 n~ ~ ,ffi]1JOJ;J~!¥JJ~l~ ,§ ~-* (Chil
6 PHIET PHAP :ffi& ~ A ,... ~ CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN ?
Phi~t phap la each viet net phfty. Nguyen cic chung d~ viet net phfty
la: Q) Nghich phong huang len, tang but; CD Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai, dll'ng l<:1i; ® Keo ngQn but xien xu6ng; ® Thu but (19 phong).
740
LE ANH MINH
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
~j)J>~/
2
3
Cac net phi~t cua Li€u C6ng Quy~n c6 8 hlnh dang nhu' sau:
7~ .,
1
* each v~n but: CD Nghich phong hudng len, tang but; a> Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti; ® Keo ngQn but xien cong xuong; @ Thu but (19 phong). Thi d1,1: net phify ben trai cua cac chu dc;1i
*·thai -A ,phu ~ .
8
1. Trtfc phi~t @:~: Phi~t th~ng (te giac ~~:sung te). * each v~n but: CD Nghich phong hudng len, tang but; a> Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai, dung l<;1i; ® Keo ngQn but xien xuong; @ Thu but (19 phong).
/''
Thi d1,1: net phi~t trong cac chu td
741
3. Yeu te phi~t H%HB3~: Net phify c6 eo manh. * each v~n but: CD Nghich phong hudng len, tang but; a> Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai, dung l<:ti; ® Keo ngQn but xien xuong; @ Thu but (19 phong).
ti., tc;1i 1±, gid ~.
Thi d1,1: net phify bla trai cua cac chu nguyen Jffi:, hQ.u [f1, duang ~ .
---,,--~.~~.
''
2. t~n.
~--~~~~
Ho phi~t 5Jl\ tff&: Net phify cong nhu' cai cung (cling gQi lu(fc
4. Yeu tho
phi~t H~ ;f£1.~: Net phi~t c6 eo tho m?p. Net phi~t
nay giong la Ian nen gQi ian phi?t ;]~; l<:ti giong nhu'
742
LE ANH MINH
TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
trang non nen g9i ttm nguy?t phi?t if ,Fj ~. * each v~n but: CD Thu~n phong hu'dng xu6ng, 19 phong; a> Keo ng9n but xu6ng, thu but (19 phon g). Thi dt,I: net phi~t ben trai cua cac chu kien ~ , d9 fJf_ , trim ~ .
5. Loan dau phi~t ~~J[~: Net phi~t c6 d~u cong l<;ti. * each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; a> Chuy~n ng9n but qua phai; ® Keo ng9n but xu6ng; ® Thu but nhu'ng kh6ng h6i phong. Thi dt,I: net phi~t cua cac chu hilu ~, hilu
ti, tuy ~r-c.:...:.;~~)·_--.-----, .----.---~------,
3
* each v~n but: CD Nghich but, tang phong; a> Du'a ng9n but qua phai, dung l~i; ® Keo ng9n but xu6ng, dung l~i; ® Du'a ng9n but len tren mot chut; ~ Ha't ng9n but qua trai, thu but. Thi dt,I: net ph~y bla trai cua cac chu thimh JJX., uy ~. thinh ~.
7. Truong khtlc phi~.t ~ E!B ~: Net phi~t dai gap khuc. * each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; a> Du'a ng9n but xu6ng, dung l<;ti; ® Keo ng9n but len phai, dung l<;ti; ® Chuy~n ng9n but qua phai va keo xu6ng trai; ~ Thu but (19 phon g). Thi dt,I: Net ph~y ga'p khuc cua cac chu
7
hr;t
Jl, sat~. xU'~·
6. Loan vf phi~t ~~~: Net phi~t ga'p du6i (con g9i hbi phong phi?t i@~~). 8.
Doim khtlc phi~.t ~EIB~: Net phi~t ngan gap khuc.
743
744
LE ANH MINH
* each
v~n
745
TOAN THll Tl/ HOC CHU HAN
but:
CD KhC1i but nghich phong;
Cac net mac ciia Li~u C6ng Quy~n c6 8 h1nh dang sau:
*~·
1* :
1. Trt.fc n?i @: Mac th~ng (kim dao n{li ~ 7J *each v~n but:
m 7 N~I PHAP 1* tt A CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN ?
A
~
1
3
4
~
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
Till dl,l: net mac trong c:ic chu d{li
N~i phap la each viet net mac. Nguyen t
1* ).
*,
kim~,
xa ~ .
viet net mac la: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but;
2. ~).
Ho
n?i
5JJH*:
Net mac cong nhu' c:ii cung (cung gQi ki?t
746
LE ANH MINH
1~
~
* each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but ngu'Qc xu6ng phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xien xu6ng, dung l~i; @ Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but (19 phong).
Thi dl;l: net mac cua cac chfi' dt;Li
4. Tiem dau n?i ~ §JH*: Net mac nhQn dgu (cling gQi khuc ,;, nr;zt. rl-h r:m 5"' ,fi. tr-;. Jf.- ) dau
* each v~n but: CD Thu~n phong 19 but; ~ Keo ngQn but xu6ng phai; Q) Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but (19 phong). Thi dtJ: net mac ben phai cua cac chfi' nhQ.p A , phfin jJ-, ph~ng
*.
7:.., thien 7(., kim ~ .
5. Truong n?i ~ 1* : Net mac dai.
3. PhU'Cing dau n?i j]§JH*: Net mac c6 dgu vu6ng (con gQi la trdc nr;zi
fj!U 1* ).
* each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but xu6ng, dung l~i; Q) Nhac nhy ngQn but ngang qua phai, dung l~i; @ Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but (19 phong). Thi dtJ: net mac cua b9 xuoc L trong cac chu dr;zt :it, phung ~ ,
747
TOAN THllnJ HQC CHU HAN
CD Nghich phong huang len, tang but; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but xu6ng, dung l~i; Q) Nhac nhy ngQn but ngang qua phai, dung l~i; @
Keo ngang ngQn qua phai, thu but (19 phong). Till dtJ: net mac cac chfi' chi Z, tuc ;E , sieu ~ .
dr;zo ~.
6. Doan n?i ~lH*: Net mac ngan.
748
LE ANH MINH
~
*
each v~n
but:
*
~.
*·
tu(Jng ~ . trifn
each v~n but:
Q) KhC1i but nghich phong; (?) Dtta ngQn but qua phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xu6ng trai, dung l?i; ® ngQn but xien xu6ng phai; ~ Keo ngQn but t?o dttong cong, dung l?i; ® H6i phong, thu but.
KhC1i but thu?n phong; (?) Keo ngQn but xu6ng phai; Q) Nang len m9t chut va keo ngang qua phai, thu but (19 phon g). Q)
Thi d1,1: net mac ngan ben phai cac chii' gia
749
TOAN THV Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN
Be
Thi d1,1: net mac ga'p cua b9 nii' trong cac chii' nhu :flO. nht1 ifJ:., difU ~');.
w
7. Trtfc phan n?~ @I .BU~: Net mac th~ng ngtt<;1c (t1,1c gQi la phan kha'u
& to).
~
*
each v~n but:
KhC1i but thu?n phong; (?) Keo ngQn but xu6ng phai, t<;w vong cung, dung but; Q) H6i phong. Thi dl,l: net n?i trong b9 khie'm, b9 thu cua cac chii' than~. du ~. sO'IQ:. Q)
8 QUYET PHAP ~~ A ~ CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN ?
A
Quye't phap la each vie't net m6c cau. Miii cau hu'ong sang trai. Cac net m6c cua Li~u Cong Quy~n c6 8 hlnh dang sau:
8. Khuc phan n?i ff!3 !)f. :t~ : Net mac ga'p ngtt<;1c.
750
LE ANH MINH
TOAN THli Tl,f HOC CHV HAN
3
--:) 4
751
* each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; (?) Chuy€n ngQn but qua phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xu6ng, t~o vong cung; ® Dung but, dua ngQn len tren m<)t chut; ~ Hat ngQn but qua trai, thu but. Thi d1;1 net m6c diu trong cac chu hb f, thita if.c, va f.
1. Trlfc quyet @[~: M6c cau th~ng (trung diu$~). 2
3
5 ··- 4
* each v~n but: CD Nghich phong huang len;(?) Chuy~n ngQn but sang phai; Q) Keo th~ng ng<;m but xuong, dung l~i; @) Keo ngu'QC ngQn but len; ~ Hat t~t ngQn but qua tr::li, thu but (19 phong). Thi dt,I: net m6c cau trong cac chu thita
*, * ( lai
*), dong
*.
3. Cao quyet ~ ~: Net m6c cau cao (con gQi la khuc xich EI:ER: thuoc gap). 4 * each v~n but: 2 CD Khdi but nghich phong; (?) Chuy€n ngQn but qua trai; Q) Keo ngQn but qua phai; ® Chuy€n ngQn but, chie't but; ~ Keo ngQn but xuong; ® Dung but, dua ngQn len tren m<)t chut; 0 Ha't ngQn but qua trai, thu but. Thi d1;1 net m6c cau cua cac chu dbng ~, co'~, dorm II].
2. Ho quyet 5Jll/~: Net m6c cau cong nhu cai cung.
4.
Ai quyet~~: Net m6c cau thap (kinh n6 !WJ -g.).
752
LE ANH MINH
* each
753
roAN THVTV HQC CHU HAN
Thi d1,1: net m6c diu cac chu vi F,%, kiem ~.
v~n
but: Tuong tl! cao quye't nhung bu'oc
<3)
7. Tam khuc quyet-=- EIB JIPX: Net m6c cau ga'p thanh 3 khuc (gi6ng chu s6 3).
vie't tha'p hon. Thi d1,1: net m6c diu ben phai cua cac chii' nhi ffij' va thuqng f5j .
m'
* each v~n but: 2 Vlfl"'71_
CD Khbi but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngon but qua trfu.; Q) Keo ngQn but qua phai; ® Chuy~n ngQn but, chiet but; <3) Keo ngQn but xu6ng; ®
1Y T<;to dtfong cong S; 0 Thu but 19 phong. Thi dl,l: net m6c dm nay trong b9 .xU&- cua cac chu me~. di ji, d{lO it[.
5. Ta quyet - .
*4 JlftX: Net m6c diu xien. * each v~n but: Tu'ong tl! cao quye't nhu'ng bu'oc <3) vie't xien v~ ben tnii.
8.
Thi d1,1: net m6c diu ben phai cua cac chu dao 7J ' uac f-J' ciiu ~ .
~·
Tu khuc quyet [9 EIB JlftX: Net m6c cau ga'p 4 khuc.
}, =
6. Nhi khuc quyet EIB JlftX: Net moe diu c6 2 khuc. ~ • each van bUt: 1 • 2
3
~
CD KhC1i but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngon bUt qua tnii;@ Keo ngon bUt qua phai; ® Chuy~n ngon but, chie't but; <3) Keo ngQn but xu6ng, thu but 19 phong.
* each v~n but: CD KhC1i but ngh!ch phong; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but qua trai; Q) Keo ngQn but qua phai; ® Chuy~n ngon but, chie't but; <3) Keo ngQn but xu6ng; ® T<;to du'ong ga'p chG' V; 0 T~o duong cong, dung but; ® Hoi but, hftt ngQn but qua trai, thu but 19 phon g.
Thi dl,l: net m6c cau cua b9 [{p ~ (
b9
g~ , v(in ~B
.
B) trong
cac chG' do
=W.
754
LE ANH MINH
TOAN THlJ T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
2
3
m
4
9 CAU PHAP fP]tt; A " ~ CUA LIEU CONG QUYEN
755
* each v~n but: CD Ngh!ch phong huang len; ~ Chuy~n ng9n but sang phai; a> Keo ngQn but xuong, dung l<;ti; ® Chuy~n ng9n but; ~ Ha't t<;tt ngQn but qua phai, thu but (19 phong). Thi d1,1: net cau trong cac chu y {;&, nang .<..t; d M>§t;, U'~.
?
Cau phap la each viet net cau c6 miii nh9n huang qua phai. Cac net cau ctla Lieu C6ng Quy~n c6 8 hlnh dang sau:
~ 4
1
2. Ho cau 5JJl ~ : Net cau cong nhu' cai cung. * each v~n but: CD Khdi but nghich phong; ~ Chuy~n ngQn but qua phai; Q) Keo ngQn but xuong, t(;lO vong cung; ® Dung but, dua ngQn len tren m9t chut; ~ Hat ngQn but qua phai, thu but. Thi d1,1 net cau trong cac chu nga ::fjt, tLt ~, hifx.
1.-1. Tri/C cau @~ :Net cau th£ng.
3. Cao cau
rm ~ :
Net cau cao (con g9i la phu nga ¥$!£~:
756
LE ANH MINH
ng6ng n6i).
5
*each * each v~n but: Q) Khdi but ngh!ch phong;
Thi du net cau cua cac chu ~~ t! C~L ), pht;tm ~~.
4.
757
TOAN THlJ Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
* each v~n but: Q) Khdi but thu?n phong;
Tu'ong tt! h6 cau nhu'ng nhu'ng bu'oc ® viet xien v~ ben phai. Thi dt,I: net cau ben phai cua cac chu hoijc ~, thjnh ~, thiin ¥3l! .
6. Nhj khtlc cau
?
* each
=EiB fril: Net cau c6 2 khuc. v~n
but:
tLt ~'.
Khdi but ngh!ch phong;
Net cau xien.
7. Tam khtlc cau -
Thi dt,I: net diu cua chu tam ,c,,, va bQ tam ,c,, cua cac chu ta't 1:::\'
fril:
but:
kY *C·
Ai cau ~ fril: Net cau tha'p (hoimh qua ti:Jt).
5. Til cau ~1
v~n
Q)
0
A
'
A
0
A
HE fril: Net cau ga'p th~mh 3 khuc.
LE ANH MINH
758
* each v~n but: Gi6ng cao diu (phu nga) nhttng tha'p han. Thi dt,I: net cau d chan cua cac chu tien )t;, quang jt, khdc 5[,.
PHU• LUC • B. Tu khuc cau 1m 8:13 ~: Net diu ga'p 4 khuc. *
each v~n but:
Thi dt,I: net cau cua cac chu pham fL, phong 1$.1., hang 11tJt.
m
I. Tam tt! kinh II. M()t sfi mfiu thri phap minh hQa III. Chu thao vie't Hit dung trong kinh Ph~t
TRAN VAN CHANH
760
phl:J ll:JC I
TAMTUKINH
= 2---:)
~
'!~,.<((
'I'.:L. PH~M VAN THVdNG
phien 1. Nhan chi sd 2. Tinh ban thi~n 3. Tinh tl1dng c~n 4. T~p tl1dng vien 5. Ctiu ba't giao 6. Tinh nih thien 7. Giao chi dc,to 8. Quy di chuyen 9. Tich Mc,tnh mftu 10. Trc,tch lan xll' 11. Til' ba't hQC 12. E>oc,tn cd trii' 13. E>~u Yen Sdn 14. HG'u nghia phl1dng 15. Giao ngii til' 16. Danh ciiu dl1dng 17. Duong ba't giao 18. Ph1.,1 chi qua 19. Giao ba't nghiem 20. Sl1 chi nQa (dQa) 21. Til' ba't hQC 22. Phi sd nghi
am va dich nghia
A
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Con nguoi k:hi moi sinh Tam tinh v6n 111dng thi~n Tinh net gftn gi6ng nhau T~p quan dftn k:hac bi~t Neu khong du<;1c giao d1.,1c Tinh net ben d6i thay Phudng phap giao d1.,1c hay La'y chuyen sau lam trQng M<:; Mc,tnh Til' ngay truoc Tim chQn x6m ng1.,1 cl1 Con ch~ng ch!u hQc hanh (M<:;) be gay thoi d~t D~u Yen Sdn thud truoc C6 each giao dl.,lC hay Dc,ty nam con thanh d<;lt Tieng d6n k:hap ndi ndi Nuoi con rna ch~ng d<;ly La sai lftm cua cha DC;l y ct6 rna khong nghiem L6i t(;li thfty bieng nhac Ngl1oi con ch~ng ch!u hQc £>6 la di€u khong nen
761
TOAN THli Tl)' HQC CHU HAN
23. Au ba't hQc 24. Uio ha vi ? 25. NgQc ba't trac 26. Ba't thanh k:hi 27 . Nhan ba't hQc 28. Ba't tri ly 29. Vi nhan til' 30. Dudng thieu thai 31. Than sl1 hii'u 32. T~p le nghi 33. H11dng cll'u linh 34. Nang on t!ch 35. Hieu 11 than 36. Sd dudng thuc 37. Dung tu tue 38. Nang nhl1<;1ng le 39. De 11 truC1ng 40. Nghi tien tri 41. Thu hieu de 42. Thu kien van 43. Tri m6 s6 44. Thuc m6 danh 45. Nha't nhi th~p 46. Th~p nhi bach 4 7. Bach nhi thien 48. Thien nhi vc,tn 49 . Tam tai gia 50. Thien E>!a Nhan 51. Tam quang gia 52.Nh~tnguy~ttinh
53. Tam cl1dng gia 54. Quan thftn nghia
Tu6i nho khong ch!u hQc Khon iOn lam dl1<;1c gl NgQc khong qua gQt giiia Ch~ng trd thanh v~t chi A :If~ Con nguoi k:hong ch!u hQc Ch~ng hitiu ly le glq ;If ~D J!. Da lam mot nguoi con ~A+ ~ !j' o:t;. Ngay k:hi con nho tu6i EB y 1-J"a biet nhl1ong qua le §g ~~ Ton kinh b~c anh ca 'It~~~ 1l 7t ~D Nen sam biet chuy~n nay Truoc tien lahieu de §~'It Thu den la tha'y nghe *~M Biet dl1<;1c nhii'ng con s6 ~D ~I)[ Hitiu r6 m6i danh tU ~~~ Tu mot tinh den ml1oi Tu muoi rna den tram Tu tram rna den nghln Tu nghln rna den V(;ln .:PffiJ~ -::t:13 Cai glla "Tam tai" 7(±1EA £>6 la ''Thien E>!a Nhan" .:=.7't:13 Cai glla ''Tam quang" M?t troi va trang sao 8~£ Cai gl la ''Tam cudng" -~:13 Nghia vua toi gan b6 ~~~
i}J /f ~ ~ f6J ~ :E/f~ /f)J)t~
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762
55. Ph1,1 til' than 56. Phu ph1,1 thu~n 57. Vie't xuan hc:t 58. Vie't thu dong 59. Thii' tu thai 60. V~n ba't cling 61. Vie't Narn B~c 62. Vie't Tay Dong 63. Thii' til phttong 64. Ung h6 trung 65. Vie't Thuy Hoa 66. Moe Kim Th6 67. Thii' ngu h~mh 68. Ban h6 s6 69. Vie't nhan nghia 70. L~ tri tin 71 . Thii' ngu thttong 72. Ba't dung v?n 73. Dc:to lttong co 74. Mc:tch thii' de 75. Thii' l1,1c c6c 76. Nhan so thtfc 77. Ma ngt.tu dttong 78. Ke khuy€n thi 79. Thii' li,IC sue 80. Nhan so ttf 81. Vie't hi no 82. Vie't ai Cl,l 83. Ai 6 di,IC 84. Tha't t'inh Cl,l 85. Bao th6 each
TRAN VAN CHANH
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Tlnh than thttong ph1,1 til' Dc:to vfj ch6ng thu~n hoa GQi la xuan la hc:t GQi la thu la dong Ay b6n rnua la v~y Tmin hoan rnai vo cling GQi la Narn la B~c qQi la Tay Ia Dong Ay b6n phttong la v~y U'ng voi mot trung tarn GQi Ia Thuy Ia Hoa GQi la Moe Kim Th6 Day chlnh la ''Ngu hanh" Ban cha't do s6 til' GQi la nhan la nghia GQi la 1~, tri, tin D6 chinh la ''Ngu thttong" Khong th€ lam roi loan Gi6ng lua "Dc:to, Luong, Co" Gi6ng lua "Mc:tch, Thii', T3:c" Day gQi la "L1,1c c6c" Con ngttoi dung d€ an Cac gi6ng ngl,l'a, trau, de Cac loai ga, ch6, lCJn D6 gQi la ''LI,IC sue" Con nguoi thttong chan nuoi GQi la mung la gi~n GQi la bu6n la kinh GQi la yeu, ghet, rnu6n D6 v6n la bay t'inh Am thanh "Bao" 'Th6" ''Cich"
I
763
TOAN THV T\,1 HQC CHU HAN
86. M9c ~ch kim *~~ 87. Ty du true t'J l'J J\ 1§88. Nlii bat am ~ f1'lJ WI" E3 I~fl. ' 89. Cao ding t6 )(ffi]~ 90. Ph1,1 nhi than ~ffi]-=f 91 . Than nhi til' -=fffi)f* 92. Til' nhi ton ~ -=f t% 93. Ttt til' t6n 94. Chi ding huy~n ~~~ l'Jn~ 95. Nai cii'u toe A fli1f 96. Nhan chi luan /.'-=]'-~ X ilJ' 97. Ph1,1 til' an 98. Phu ph1,1 tong 9w fjf 5(, ~IJ 1ft:_ 99. Huynh t3:c huu ~ ~IJ 1t 100. D~ t3:c cung ~~IJ~ 101. Truong rae hu~ :Y.}J ~IJ II~ 102. Au de thu~n ~ ~IJ~ 103. Quan de kinh ~ ~IJ ,~, 104. Th~n de trung 105. Thii' th~p nghia lit+~ A fi!T IPJ 106. Nhan so d6ng 107. Pharn hua'n rnong fL IDII ~ ~§~~ /...,......., R 108. Tu giang cuu ~~ IDII §i!l 109. Tuong hua'n hb 110. Minh cu d~u SJ3 'PJ ~F.&~it q::11l.Vi hQC gia £\~"f)] 112.Ta't huu so El3 q: ~~ 113. Do Hie'u kinh ~[Z]~ 114. Chi Tu thu' =.fl.. ==li i3 115. Lu~n ngu gill i'ii!B ao 116. Nhi th~p thien =+Rli ~~-=f 117. Qu~n d~ til'
** w
z
*
Am thanh 'M9c"'~ch" "Kim" Am thanh 'Ty" va 'True" D6 gQi la "Bat am" Tren la ''Cao" 'T~ng" 'T6" Dttoi de'n cha va rnlnh Mlnh r6i lc:ti de'n con Con n6i tie'p de'n chau Tu doi con doi cha u De'n the' h~ 'T~mg" "Huy~n" HQ chin doi - "Cii'u toe" La luan thttong con ngttoi An tharn tlnh ph1,1 til' V CJ cling ch6ng thu~n hoa Anh qui ern trong nha Ern phai kinh anh chi Tren phai nang do dttoi Con tn-; theo b~ tren Lam vua dn din trQng B~ toi phai t~n trung Day la rnttoi di~u nghia Ngttoi ngttoi tuan theo cling Pharn lam ngh~ giao di,IC C~n phai nghien CUll sau Giang giai cho tt.tong ~n Th~t r5 rang tung cau Da lam ngt.toi hQC gia C~n 1~ p ke' ban d~ u HQc ngay tu Hie'u kinh R6i tie'p de'n T/1 thu Cho tdi sach Lugn ngil Bao g6rn hai rnuoi thien Do man d6 Kh6ng Til'
764
TRAN VAN CHANH
118. Ky thi~n ngon Ghi l<;J.i nhii'ng loi hay ~c ~ ~ 119. M<;J.nh Tu gia Con c6 sach Mc;mh Trl ~-1-::!3 120. That thien chi -tmll::. Bao g6m la bay thien ~ ~§ /.!!!i 121. Giang d<;J.o due :l!:!. i.e., Giang giai v€ d<;J.O due 122. Thuye't nhan nghTa ~Jt 1- ~ Ban v€ nghTa v€ nhan 123. Tae Trung dung Sang tae sach Trung dung 1'F $1M 124. Nai Kh6ng Cap D6la ong Kh6ng Cap JJ fL 1& 125. Trung bat thien !=f::l/f'f~ Chii' trung khong thien l~eh 126. Dung bat dieh Chii' dung eh~ng d6i thay Jm/f'~ 127. Tac D<;J.i hQe f'F ~ Sang tae saeh Dc;zi h9c 128. Nai Tang Tu JJfjj-1- D6 la ong Tang Tu 129. Ttf tu t€ § fl$ ~ Tutu than, t€ gia. 130. Chi blnh tr! ¥if {E; Den tri blnh thien ha 131. Hieu kinh thong Hieu kinh phai tinh th6ng ~*~Jffi 132. Tu thu tht,~c [9 ~ ~~ Tu thu cling thanh tht,~c 133. Nhu lt,~c kinh ~0 ;'\ 1~ Den nhu la lt,~e kinh 134. Thiiy kha d9e ~8 OJ~- Moi e6 th~ hQe du<;1e 135. Thi Thu Dich g~ ~ ~ Cac kinh Thi, Thu' Dich . 136. L€ Xuan Thu ¥.1 f.X VaL~ k);, Xuan thu 5JJt ...L- ' {{{ 137. Hi~u Lt,~e kinh % /'\ {~ D6 gQi la Lt,~e kinh 138. Duong giang du ~~* EE o . Cfin tim toi nghien cuu 139. Hii'u Lien son ff:@ilJ Con e6 kinh Lien son 140. Hii'u Qui tang 1=f &~ ~ Con e6 kinh Qui timg 141. Hii'u Chu Dieh fffflj~ Con c6 kinh Chu Djch 142. Tam Dieh tuong - ~ §$ Ba kinh d€u to tuong 1=f lit!. 143. Hii'u Di~n Mo ,. ,. . . ::-a~ C6 sach Di~n sach Mo 144. Hii'u Huan Cao 1=f g),, ffi5 C6 saeh Huan saeh Cao 145. Hii'u Th~ M~nh i=f~A-C6 sach Th~ saeh Menh = OfJ 146. Thuchi ao Rat huy€n di~u sa u. xa =~=z.~ 147. Nga Co eong =IX ~12 0 Ong Co cong eiia ta 148. Tac Chu I€ f'F fflJ tl Sang tae saeh Chu ll ----'-lit!. 149. Tnroc lt,~c di~n Viet ra sach lt,~e di~n ~ / ' \ ""
*
w
t=l
-
'
765
TOAN THll Tl/ HQC CHU HAN
150. T6n tr! th~ 151. D<;J.i Ti~u Doi 152. Chu L€ ky 153. Thu?t thanh ngon 154. L€ Nh<;J.C b! 155. Vie't Qu6c phong 156. Vie't Nha Tt,mg 157. Hi~u tu thi 158. Phu Ty Hung 159. Hi~u lt,~c thi 160. Dudng ph(mg v!nh 161. Thi ky vong 162. Xuan thu tac 163. Ngt,~ bao bie'm 164. Bi~t thi~n ac 165. Tam Truy~n gia 166. Hii'u Cong Duong 167. Hii'u Ta thi 168. Hii'u C6e Luong 169. Kinh ky minh 170. Phuong d(>c Tu 171. Toat ky ye'u 172. Ky ky stf 173. Ngu Tu gia 174. Hii'u Tuan Duong 175. Van Trung Tu 176. C?p Lao Trang 177. Kinh Tu thong 178. D(>e chu su 179. Khao the' h~ 180. Tri ehung thiiy 181. Tt! Hi Nong
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Ghi th~ che' lttu t6n D<;J.i Doi va Ti~u Doi Chu thich sach L~ kY Giai thu~t lOi thanh hi€n Sang to L€ va Nh<;J.c G9i la tho Qu6c phong G9i la Nha va Tt,mg Tue la b6n lo<;J.i tho Lai Them Phu, Ty, Hung GQi la sau lo<;J.i tho Hang nga y thuong ngam v!nh Tho ca da that l<;J.C Sang tac kinh Xuan thu Chua ti'n loi khen trach Phan bi~t r5 thi~n ac Ba nguoi nao viet truy~n D6 la ong Cong Duong L<;J.i c6 ong Ta th! Va ca ong C6c Luong Kinh saeh hi~u to tuong Moi dQe de'n Chu Tu. Rut ra di€u trQng yeu Nhd stf ki~n lon lao Nam nhan v~t tieu bi~u C6 ong Tuan ong Duong C6 ong Van Trung Tu Cung voi ong Lao Trang Lt,~e Kinh, Chu Tu thong DQC de'n cae lo<;J.i su Khao CUll eae the' h~ Hi~u r5 ca truoc sau Tu Pht,~c Hi, Th~n Nong
.
766
TRAN VAN CHANH
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214. Thuy kiem tinh 215. Truy~n nhi the 216. sa Han tranh 217. Cao T6 hung 218. Han nghi~p kien 219. Chi Hieu Blnh 220. Vuc:Jng Mang soan 221. Quang Vu hung 222. Vi Dong Han 223. Tu bach nien 224. Chung u Hien 225 . Ngt,ly Tht,lc Ngo 226. Tranh Han dinh 227. Hi~u Tam qu6c 228. Ng~t Luong Tan 229. T6ng T~ ke 230. Luong Tr~n thua 231. Vi Nam tri~u 232. Do Kim Lang 233. Blk Nguyen Ng\ly 234. Phan Dong Tay 235. Vu Van Chu 236. DG' Cao T~ 237. Bai chi Tuy 238. Nhat th6 vu 239. mit tai truy~n 240. That th6ng tlf 241. Duong Cao T6 242. Khai nghia su 243. Tru Tuy lo<;tn 244. Sang qu6c co 245. Nhi th~p truy~n
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TOAN THlJ Tl,f HQC CHCI HAN
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~ Ngudn tai li~u: True Uim Cu ST, Phl)t gido Nan tt! Tt! diin {~ ~ Jt£ ::f: ::f: ~. Thuong Xu an Th\1 Thu Phong, Dai Loan, 1990.
MUCLUC . . §~
LOI NOI DAU lW ~ .................. .............................................. .. .... V THU Ml)C THAM KHAO ~ '$!; ~ § ..................................... VIII Pluin mli dilu *il~
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cAN s.A.Nr~::t£:$:M~ ........ ............... 15 A.ChQ Han: tfnh chat vd cau tqo .... .................................. ..... 17 B. St,l ph6t trien cua hlnh the chQ H6n ................................... 28 C . Van de viet chQ H6n ........................................................... 32 D. van de gian h6a chu Han ...... .......... .................... ...... ........ 34 E. C6 tong c¢ng boo nhieu chu Han ? ........ .. ............. .... ....... ..... 37 F. C6ch tra vd dQc chQ Han trong tu dien .................................. 38 G. C6c b¢ chQ H6n ......................................................................... 50 H. C6ch viet chu Han .... .... .............. ...... .............................. ..... 61 I . Van ng6n vd Bqch thoqi ...................................................... 64
NHaNG v.AN
I. NHAP MON _t~: AF~ ...... ............ .............. .............. 79 BAI KH6A: Tu bai 1 den bai 126 ......................................... 81-315 NGCJ PHAP:
•So tu ~~PJ ................................................................................ 81 •
• • • • • •
Danh tu ~ ~P] .. ...... .. ...... .... ........ .............. ...... ...... ..................... 84 Hlnh dung tU lf~ :g: ~P] ...... ...... ...................... ....... ..................... 88 Vi trf cua tU trong ket cau ILJ<;ing ................................. 103 C6ch dung m¢t danh tU don vi .......... ... .......................... 105 Dq i tU {i; ~P] ....... .. ...... ... ..... .... ..... ... .. ........ ... ........ .. ........... .. :.. .... 124 D¢ng tU ib~P] ........... .... ............ .... .,.......................................... 130
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TRAN vAN CHANH
790
• D¢ ng tu dung nhll hlnh dung tCI ......................................... .. 136 • Ph6 tU ~IJ fj} ~P] ............ ... .. ......... ......... .... ............ ...... .......... ...... 139 •G 101 ''. t lJ' A"::J ')j j'jPj .......... ... ... . ....... . ................. . ................................. . 145 •Lie n tu ~~P] ................ ........ ... ........ .......................................... 147 • TrQ tu !I}J §PJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 • Tha n tu OJ §PJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 •Cau va cac tha nh phon cua c a u 1JJW1JJI¥JJJ)t)f ...... .. .. 221 • D6u cdu ~ !li H 5J}t ... ........... ... ........ .. ........... .......................... 226 , =n ~ 'tl =m =n 228 • Ch u, ng a- va- V!. n g0- 3:_ 1JF3 oo .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................... .. 00 •Tan ng O ~§'§ ........................................ .. ................................ 236 4 -~-' =n. • Trqng ngo- n;\ i'io ............ .. .... .. .............. .. ...... .. .... .... ................ .. 224 • Bong _, 1.~ =n. OrFfli'io······· ···· ·.. ... ....... ... ............. ... , ...... ... .. .. ....... ... ... ..... . 250 • Th UQC - ngu- l!l'U rml =n. i'io .... ..... ... ... ....... .. .............. ........... ..... .... ..... ... ... . 254 • Djnh ngO ;£ §'§ ...................... ...... .......... .. .. .. .. .... ...................... 257 e f) ong > - B ,....__ " li 259 V!. ngo i PJ uL ao .. .......... ...... ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ........ .. .......... .. •T rung .a ngO- EEl. ffi- 1Jo =n. g1 ao .......... .. ........ .. .................................... .. 266 • Ph lJc ' c h,1ngo- ~ ~= n. .... .. .................. ··· ...... .. .... ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. 269 r'~ r+ s ao • • • • • • • • • • • •
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................ ............................... 1* *5 tm ..................
Ket c6u lie n d¢ng *~Hm 281 Ke t c6u d $ h$ hay kiem ngo thuc ~ 285 Cdu tTnh ILJQc thdnh phon 1¥J' f i&1JJ .. .......... ......................... 287 Danh tCI dung nhll d¢ng tu .... ........ ...... ..................... , ........... 308 D¢ ng tu dung theo phep trf d¢ng .............. ...... .... .. ............. 311 Danh tu dung nhll ph6 tCI .... .. ........ ...... .. .. .. .. ... ..... .. ..... ,.. ,..... . 313 Hlnh dung tu dung nhll danh tu .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ................. 318 Hlnh dung tCI dung nhll d¢ng tu ...... .. .. .. ...... .... ............. ....... 318 Hlnh d ung tCI dung nhll ph6 tCI .... .. ...... .... ..... .. ...................... 320 Hlnh dung tCI d ung nhll danh tCI ...... ...... ... .... .... .. .................. 320 So tu dung nhll d¢ng tu .. .... .. .......... ........ .. ... .. .. .... .. ............... 321 So tu dung nhll ph6 tU .. .. .. .. ...... .... .... .. ........... .... .. .... .. .... ....... 322
II. NANG CAO $ ~ : it 11~ ............................ ..... ... ....... 323 Philn tlucnhiit ~- ~ :Jt vAN sD TRIET TINH TUYEN y_ 31: =m- *~~ 325
.........................
TOAN THlf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN
791
Kinh Thi- Sd tU ~*~ - ~J* ............ .. .......................................... 325 Tu thll- NgO kinh lz:9 ~ -1i *~ ...... .. ...... ..... .. ...... .. .. .... ... .. ...... ...... 348 Bach gia chlltu s *§~FJ- .................. .. .. .... ................ .. ........ ... 386 van ky sv doi Tan- Han ~¥Jigc~ )( .... .. .............. ... ............ .... 422 Co van qua cac thai dqi Jff {i: --6 )( ........ ........................... .. .. 454 Tho Duong ~~B: ..... ........ ... .... ...... .. .......... ...... .. ... ..... .. ... 532 ThoT6ng *~B: .. .... ...... ... ............................ ... ..... .... .. ... .. 572 TCITong * §PJ ...... ... .. .. ....... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ... ............ ... 581
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Philn thu hai ~ ~ :Jt KINH LUA,N PHA,T GIAO f~~*~§jjB .. .. .... .. .... .. ... .. ... .. ........ .... .585 Philn thu ba ~ =- ~ :Jt VAN BACH THOAI 8§t)( ..... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .... ........ .... .. ..... 667 Ill. THu' PHAP T ~
: ~ ~ ............ .... .......... .. ............... .......... .. 697 Phon m¢t: TONG QUAT .. .... .. .. ..... ........,. ...... .... .... .. .... ., .. ............... 699 Phon hoi : LUVE;:N Tf\P .. ..... ......... ....... ,... ... .. .. .... .. ........ ... ... .. ........... 715 1.Vinh tv bat phap1i~ J\ & .... .. ............ .. ............ .. ................ 715 2.Diem phap!lJ$ cua Lieu C6ng Quyen ........ .. .. .. ............... 719 3. Khieu phap :jj~ $ cua Lieu C6ng Quyen .......................... .723 4. Hodnh phap tfi $ cua Lieu C6ng Quyen ...... .. .. .... ...... .. ... 728 5. Tht,J phap ~$ cua Lieu C6ng Quyen .. ........... .... ....... ....... 733 6. Phi$t phap .m& & cua Lieu Cong Quyen ...... .. .. ......... .. .. .... .739 7. Nqi phap f* &cua Lieu Cong Quyen .. .......... ........ .. ......... 744 8. Quyet phap ~&cua Lieu Cong Quyen ... .... ........ ........... 749 9. Cau phap ~ $ cua Lieu Cong Quyen .... .. .... .. ......... ......... 754 ...
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PHL,J Ll)C ............ .. .. ......... .. ........ .... .. .... ..... .... .. .. ...... .. ..... .... ..... ....... 759
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1. Tam tv kinh- * *~ 760 II.M¢t so mau thll phap minh hQa ~ ~jb)Ji~f7U .................. 773 III.M¢t so chO thao viet tat dung trong kinh Ph¢t 1~~ ~' )(]j[ R .785
Ml,JC Ll)C ... .... ......... .... ........ . .. . ...... ... . . 789
TOAN THU TV HOC CHU HAN Tran Vli.n Chanh - Le Anh Minh
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