tree-of-life-NE(Nepali).pdf

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k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v (God’s Tree of Life)

;j{;fwf/0f dflg;x¿aLr ul/g] ;]jsfOsf nflu tLg lbg] kf7\oqmd k/d]Zj/sf] agfj6 = = = xfdLx¿sf nflu, xfd|f jl/kl/ ePsf ;++;f/ / cgGttf;Dd /xg] xfd|f] :yfgsf] nflu xfd|f] cGt/;DaGw / ;xsfo{ u/L ;]jsfO ug{sf nflu ;xsfo{åf/f xfd|f] jl/kl/ cflTds, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f b]Vg / ;dfhdf xfd|f] :yfg b]Vgsf nflu

Vision Synergy Scriptures In Use November 2011 1

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

d'lQm, k"0f{tf / ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;xsfo{ o; kf7sf] p2]Zo != ;j{;fwf/0f d08nLx¿sf cu'jfx¿nfO{ xfdL v|Li6df sf] xf}+ eGg] af/]df yfxf kfpg ;xfotf ug{ M k/d]Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ s;/L cfˆg} :j¿kdf agfpg'eof] / xfd|f] JolQmut, kl/jf/ / ;fdflhs hLjgdf o;n] s;/L ;/f]]sf/ /fV5 eGg] af/]df a'e\mg ;xfotf ug'{ M @= k/d]Zj/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ldlnh'nL sfd ubf{sf] dxfg, zlQmzfnL, Jofjxfl/s d"Noaf/] hfGg ;xfotf ug{ / ;xsfo{ u/L sfd ubf{ cfjZos ;Lkaf/] hfGg ;xfotf ug{ . oL lgDg rf/ t/Lsfx¿åf/f ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug{sf nflu ljZjf;Lx¿, pgLx¿sf ;ª\ultx¿ / d08nLx¿nfO{ ;fx; lbg / ;zQm agfpg of] kf7 tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o]z"sf] ;'—;dfrf/ lnP/ dflg;x¿, pgLx¿sf j/k/sf ufpFF;Dd k'Ugsf nflu . bL3{sflng cfly{s :jfjnDagsf pkfox¿ ljsfz ug{ . pgLx¿sf hLjg kl/jt{g ug{, pgLx¿sf ;dfh tyf j/k/sf ;d'bfox¿df b}lgs hLjg ofkg ug{ cTofjZos kg]{ ;]jfx¿ h:t} :jf:Yo tyf lzIffh:tf If]qx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xfotf ug{ o'uf}+;Dd ckdflgt /x]sf tyf blaPsf dflg;x¿sf :jtGqtfdf cj/f]w Nofpg] /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs jfwfx¿ / ;fdflhs cGofonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ .

;j{;fwf/0f ljZjf;Lx¿sf nflu o; kf7sf b'O{ bL3{sflng p2]Zox¿ != PSn}n] s]xL sfd ug{ vf]Hg'eGbf :yfgLo ;ª\ultx¿ ldn]/ ;xsfo{ u/L ;Fu;Fu} sfd ubf{ s] ug{;S5g\eGg] s'/fdf pgLx¿n] ;fx; / r'gf}tL kfpF5g\ . clg ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ JolQmut¿kdf, pgLx¿sf ;d'bfodf Pscsf{df x'g] ;D+aGwdf, / ;Fu} ldn]/ u/]sf] sfdsf] sf/0f pgLx¿sf ;d'bfodf x'g] pgLx¿sf] :yfgdf k/d]Zj/n] 7"nf] cflzif lbg'x'g]5 . @= :yfgLo d08nL / ljZjf;Lx¿ ;xsfo{ u/L ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd u5{g\eg] w]/}eGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ rfF8} v|Li6df cfpg]5g\ / ljZjf;Lx¿sf hLjg clg pgLx¿sf ufpFx¿ ¿kfGtl/t x'g]5 .

o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v afOandf pNn]lvt # j6f ¿vx¿sf syfx¿af6 lnOPsf] xf]

¿v g+= ! M d[To'sf] ¿v -pTklt #M@@—@$_ cbgsf] au}+rf cfbd / xJjfn] klxnf] ¿vsf] kmn vfP/ eofgs e"n u/], h'g ¿v c;n / v/fasf] 1fg lbg] ¿v lyof] . To; kfkn] k/d]Zj/sf] k|To]s 9fFrf÷jgfj6 -Design) nfO{ c;/ u¥of] M k/d]Zj/;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw . xfdL cfkm};Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw . 2

c¿x¿;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw . xfd|f jl/kl/ ePsf k/d]Zj/sf ;[li6;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw . cgGttf;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw . ha cfbd / xJjfn] cf1f eË u/], pgLx¿sf kfksf] sf/0f pgLx¿ / xfdLx¿nfO{ cbgsf] aFu}rfdf ePsf] csf]{ ¿v;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ lbPg, h'g ¿vrfFlx hLjgsf] ¿v lyof] . ca k|To]s :t/x¿df k/d]Zj/sf] 9fFrf÷nIoaf6 ;DaGwlaR5]b ePsf]n] dflg; k"0f{¿kdf k/d]Zj/sf] dlxdfaf6 cnu eof] . ¿v g+=@= 5'6sf/fsf] ¿v -n"sf @#M@^—$(_ snj/L cfbd / xJjfsf] kfksf] sf/0f ePsf] eofgs cnukg / ljR5]b;Fu Jojxf/ ug{sf nflu o]z"sf] hLjg, d[To' / k'g¿Tyfg g} k/d]Zj/sf] of]hgf lyof] . o]z"sf] d[To'sf] ljifodf w]/} jif{ klxn]g} k'/fgf] s/f/df eljiojf0fL eO{;s]sf] lyof] / pxfFn] cfˆgf r]nfx¿nfO{ pxfFsf] qm";sf] d/0fdf pxfFsf] dlxdf x'g]5 eGg] ljifodf k|foM eGg''x'GYof] . snj/Lsf] ¿vdf z}tfg k/flht eof], xfd|f] p¢f/ lglZrt eof]] / cfzf xfd|f] Åbodf ;Fw}sf] nflu ufFl;Psf] 5 . o]z"sf] k'g?Tyfgn] d[To'dfly ljhosf] lgZrotf u/fpFb5 . pxfFs f] d[To' / t]>f] lbgkl5sf] k'g¿Tyfg bf]>f]] ¿v x'g cfof], dfgjLo Oltxf;sf] Tof] dxfg ¿v h'g 5'6sf/fsf]] ¿v xf] .

¿v g+=#=k'g:y{fkgfsf] ¿v

-k|sfz @@M!–%,!@–!^_ gofF :ju{ / gofF k[YjL t]>f] ¿vrflxF pxfFnfO{ ljZjf; ug]{ tyf k5\ofpg] ;a}hgfsf] nflu k/d]Zj/sf] dxfg cg'u|x / k|lt1fsf] clGtd ;ª\s]t xf] . bf]>f]] ¿v snj/Ldf ePsf] o]z"sf] alnbfgsf] sf/0f xfdL k"0f{¿kdf gofF :ju{ / gofF k[YjLdf k'g:y{flkt x'g]5f}+ . ;a} yf]sx¿ gofF x'g]5g, hxfF slxNo} klg cfF;', d[To', la/fdL jf zf]s x'g]5}g . k/d]Zj/sf] k|lt1fdf, cGtdf xfdLn] hLjgsf] ¿v;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ kfpg]5f}+ . z'¿b]lv g} k/d]Zj/sf] rfxgfrflxF xfdLnfO{ k|To]s c;n yf]sx¿ lbg' lyof] . xfd|f] 3d08 / kfkn] dfq pxfFsf] cflzifnfO{ /f]lslbGYof] . snj/Lsf] ¿vdf pxfFsf] d[To' / k'g¿Tyfgn] xfdLnfO{ cgGt hLjgsf] ¿v;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ of]Uosf] agfof] . ha xfdL :ju{ k|j]z u5f}{+, cbgsf] aFu}rfdf ePsf] ;DaGwlaR5]bkl5 k|ydk6s hLjgsf] ¿v;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw :yfkgf x'G5 / 5'6\sf/fsf] rqm k"/f x'G5 .

s:tf] crDdsf] z'e–;dfrf/ Û

of] kf7rflxF xfdLx¿ kLl8t geO{ k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|x / anåf/f ;zQm kfl/Psf e08f/]]x¿ xf}+ egL a''‰gsf] nflu xf] . pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ JolQmut¿kdf, kfl/jfl/s¿kdf / ;fd'bflos¿kdf k'g:yf{kgf ug{ rfxg'x'G5 / xfdLnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf :j:y / k"0f{ cfzfk"0f{ hLjg lbg rfxg'x'G5 . o; kf7df xfdLn] oL syfx¿af/] yfxf kfpgsf ;fy} xfd|f] kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf nfu" ug{;Sg]5f}+ .

o; tflnddf ljz]if s;–s;n] efu lng ;S5g\ <

o; kf7sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] v|Li6sf] b]xsf x/]s JolQmnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] OR5f yfxf u/fpg / k|To]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf tflnd lbO{ ;'–;lHht agfO{ ;xsfo{sf] dxTjaf/] a'emfpg' / x/]s ;b:onfO{ k"0f{¿kdf Ifdtf clej[l¢ u/fpg ;xfotf ug'{ xf]] . >f]t / ;fwg ;Lldt ePsf]n] ubf{ o;k|sf/sf] tflnddf s;–s;nfO{ lgdGq0ff lbg]eGg]af/] a'l¢dfgLk"0f{ lg0f{o u/L lgb]{lzsf agfOg'kb{5 . clGtd lg0f{orflxF o; kf7 l;sfpgrfxg] ;F:yfx¿nfO{g} lhDdf lbOg'kg]{5 . o; k|sf/sf] tflnddf @%–#% hgfnfO{ dfq ;xefuL u/fpg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . o; tflnddf lgDglnlvt ljleGg j/bfgx¿ ePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg xfdL l;kmfl/; ub{5f}+ .

!= :yfgLo ljZjf;Lx¿

clwstd\ @% hgf ;fwf/0f ljZjf;Lx¿ hf] k/d]Zj/;Fu ljZjf;of]Uo 5g\ / c¿x¿sf] ;]jf ug{ / ;xof]u ug{ O{R5's ePsfx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿ o; tflnddf ;xefuL aGg ;fIf/ x'g cfjZos 5}g . 3

@= c¿nfO{ x'sf{pg;Sg] cu'jfx¿ (Mentor/Coach)

slDtdf ^—* hgf ;fIf/ cu'jfx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff lbg'xf];\ h;n] n]Vgk9\g g;Sg]x¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{;S5g\ . k9\g ghfGg] ljZjf;Lx¿nfO{ gofF syf l;sfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf b]vfO;s]sf ljZjf;Lx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff ug{'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] tL c;fIf/ ljZjf;Lx¿nfO{ lg/LIf0f ug{ / pgLx¿sf] afOanLo syf s07 u/fO h:tfsf] t:t} 5 ls 5}g egL ;fgf;fgf ;d"xx¿df hfFr ug{;S5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Djfbsf] ljsf; ug]{ lhDdf lbg;lsG5 . tL c;fIf/ ljZjf;Lx¿n] afOanLo syfx¿ bf]xf]¥ofO/xg / gla;{g ;fx; lbgsf] nflu tL cu'jfx¿nfO{ pT;fx lbOg'kb{5 .

#=k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v k|lzIf0fsf nflu :yfgLo k|lzIfsx¿

slDtdf ^—* hgf JolQmx¿, h;n] o; k':tsdf ePsf s'/fx¿nfO{ :ki6¿kdf k9\g / o;df pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ lgb]{zgx¿ kfngf ug{;S5g\ To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ k6sk6s cfˆgf] :yfgLo If]qdf uO{ w]/} tflndx¿ cfof]hgf ug{ ;fx; lbOG5 . olb k|f/Dedf o; k|sf/sf dflg;x¿ gkfOPdf olts}df g5f]8\g'xf];\, t/ k/d]Zj/df ljZjf;of]Uo / ;sf/fTds JolQmx¿nfO{ :yfgLo k|lzIfsx¿sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{'xf];\ / tflnd lbg'xf];\ . s'g} klg :yfgLo d08nL] bL3{sflng / :j:y /xgsf] nflu :yfgLo k|lzIfsx¿n] jflif{s jf cw{jflif{s¿kdf pgLx¿sf] :yfgLo If]qdf o;k|sf/sf] tflnd cfof]hgf ug{'kb{5 . ;'kl/j]Ifsx¿ jf jl/i7 k|lzIfsx¿n] klg :yfgLo k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf k|lzIf0f lbg ;S5g\ .

$= df:6/÷jl/i7 k|lzIfsx¿

tkfO{sf] If]qsf k|To]s :yfgx¿df ;';dfrf/ k'¥ofpg] ;kmntf tkfO{sf] k|lzIf0f k|fKt s'zn k|lzIfsx¿df e/ kb{5 . df:6/÷jl/i7 k|lzIfsx¿sf] k|f/lDes lhDd]jf/L eg]sf] c¿x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg :yfgLo d08nLx¿sf dflg;x¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿vaf/]] tflnd lbg' / ;';lHht kfg{' xf] .

%= g]t[Tj lbg] k|lzIfsx¿

g]t[Tj lbg] k|lzIfsx¿;Fu Pp6f k|fylds pQ/bfloTj x'G5 . pgLx¿n] jl/i7 k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ If]qLo:t/df tyf /fli6«o:t/df uO{ k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿vsf] af/]df k|lzIf0f lbg' / g]t[Tj ug{' clt cfjZos 5 .

4

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v k|:tfljt ;do tflnsf klxnf] lbg — k/d]Zj/sf] 9fFrf÷jgfj6 )*M#)—!)M#) !)M#)—!!M)) !!M))—!@M#) !@M#)—)!M#) )!M#)—)#M)) )#M))—)#M#) )#M#) –)^M))

:jfut, kl/ro, cjnf]sg lrof k/d]Zj/sf] 9fFrf÷nIo vfgf / cf/fd kf7 !—hLjgsf] ¿v lrof kf7 !—hLjgsf] ¿v -lg/Gt/tf_

bf]>f] lbg — ;fe]mbf/Lsf l;4fGtx¿ )*M#)—)(M#) )(M#)—!)M#) !)M#)— !!M)) !!M))— !@M)) !@M))— )!M)) )!M))—)@M)) )@M))–)#M)) )#M))—$M)) )$M)) —)$M#) )$M#)–)%M#)

kf7 @—e/f]zfof]Uo ;fe]mbf/L kf7 # – ldlnh'nL sfd u/fO lrof kf7 $—bz{g kf7 %—bz{gsf] sfof{Gjog vfgf / cf/fd kf7 ^—k|fy{gf kf7 &—;dlk{t ;+of]hs lrof kf7 * —pT;j

t]>f] lbg — ;fe]mbf/Lsf] k|of]u )*M#)—)(M#) )(M#)—!)M#) !)M#)–!!M)) !!M))–!@M)) !@M))—)!M)) )!M))—)@M)) )@M))—)$M)) )$M))—)%M))

kf7 (— d08nL :yfkgf÷;';dfrf/ kf7 !)— cfly{s :jfjnDag lrof kf7 !!— ;fd'bflos ljsf; kf7 !@—;fdflhs Gofo vfgf / cf/fd kf7 !#—;fd"lxs sfo{ ljbfO sfo{qmd

5

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v / o;sf kmn k/d]Zj/sf] 9fFrf÷jgfj6

d]/f] nflu, d08nLsf] nflu, ha xfdL ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd u5f}{F

klxnf] lbg M kl/ro÷kf7 cjnf]sg :jfut tyf kl/ro -;Nnfx M a9Ldf !% ldg]6_

kf7 ;doM @ 306f

sd{rf/L / k|lzIfs ;d"x . kf7sf ;xefuLx¿ M pgLx¿sf] kl/ro, pgLx¿ sxfF a:5g\ jf sfd u5{g\, olb pgLx¿ v|Lli6ofg ;]jsfOdf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] ;]jsfO, ;F:yfsf] gfd s] xf] Ù / pgLx¿ lsg o; kf7 cWoogsf] nflu ;xefuL aGg rfx]sf x'g\eGg] lglZro ug{' .

k|fy{gf M

-;Nnfx M !) ldg]6hlt ;fgf] ;d"xdf ljeflht eP/ k|fy{gf ug]{_ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg eP/ #—$ hgfsf] e'm08df k|fy{gf ug'{xf];\ . o; tflnddf k/d]Zj/sf] cflzif xf];\ eg]/ . k|To]s ;xefuL o; tflndaf6 cfˆgf] 3/ kms{bf s]xL d"Nojfg / Jofjxfl/s ljrf/ tyf v'aLx¿ lnP/ hfg ;sf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xdf x/]sn] sd;]sd Pp6f JolQmut k|fy{gfsf] ljifo afF8\g kfcf];\ .

!= afOan kbx¿ M o; kf7sf] sf/0f

o"xGgf !&M@)—@# æ‘d logLx¿sf lglDt dfq k|fy{gf ulb{gF, t/ logLx¿sf ;Gb]zåf/f ddfly ljZjf; ug]{x¿sf lglDt klg k|fy{gf u5{', ls ltgLx¿ ;a} Ps xf]pmg\ . x] lktf, h;/L tkfO{+ ddf x'g'x'G5, / d tkfO{+Dff, To;/L ltgLx¿ klg xfdLdf xf]pmg\, / tkfO{+n] dnfO{ k7fpg'eof] egL ;+;f/n] ljZjf; u/f];\ . h'g dlxdf tkfO{+n] dnfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5, d}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ lbPsf] 5', tfls xfdL Ps ePe}+m ltgLx¿ klg Ps xf]pmg\, . d ltdLx¿df, clg tkfO{+ ddf, / ltgLx¿ k"0f{¿kn] Ps xf]pmg\ / tkfO{+n] dnfO{ k7fpg'ePsf] xf], clg dnfO{ k|]d ug{'ePh:tf] tkfO{+n] ltgLx¿nfO{ klg k|]d ug{'eof] egL ;+;f/n] hfgf];\ .Æ Pstfdf /x]/ lhpg' / ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug{' egL k/d]Zj/n] xfdLx¿nfO{ cf1f ug{'ePsf] 5 .

@= kf7sf] ljifoj:t' / k|of]u M -;Nnfx M !% ldg]6_ of] tflnd ljz]if u/]/ kfFrj6f If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g]5 . afOanLo O;fO{ ljZjb[li6sf]0f—xfdL v|Li6df ePsfn] ;a} s'/fx¿ kl/jt{g x'G5g\ eg]/ s;/L hfGg] < xfd|f] :yfgLo If]qdf d08nL :yfkgf / ;';dfrf/sf] nflu ;xsfo{ u/L sfd ug]{ . xfd|f kl/jf/x¿df, :yfgLo d08nLdf / ufpF jf If]qsf] nflu cfTdflge{/ cy{Joj:yfsf] hLjg ;xsfo{ ug]{ . :jf:Yo, ;kmf lkpg] kfgL / lzIff h:tf ;fdflhs ;jfnsf If]qx¿df ;xsfo{ ug]{ . wfld{s ;tfj6 tyf cGo lsl;dsf ;tfj6 h:tf ;fdflhs cGofosf] ljifodf Ps;fy ;xsfo{ u/L sfd ug]{ .

6

;';dfrf/ tyf d08nL :yfkgf

cfly{s ljsf;

;fdflhs cj:yfx¿

;fdflhs Gofo

;fe]mbf/Lsf] kf7 gd"gf

pT;fxsf] lglDt of] tflndel/ xfdLn] ef/tdf /x]sf s]xL If]q jf lhNnfaf6 em08} !)) ufpFx¿nfO{ gd"gfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5f}+ . dflglng'xf];\ ls o; If]qsf em08} !% j6f ufpFx¿df df}+lvs afOan d08nLx¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . o; tflndsf] k|To]s cj:yfdf xfdL xfd|f] tk{maf6 ;w}+ ;f]Wg rfxG5f}+ æoL !% j6f d08nLsf dflg;x¿n] ;xsfo{ u/L lgDglnlvt ljoifx¿df s;/L ;Fu} sfd ug{ ;S5g\ <’ c¿ *% j6f ufpFx¿sf] aLrdf ;';dfrf/ ;'gfpg / d08nL :yfkgf ug{ . d08nL ePsf !% j6f ufpFx¿ / ToxfFsf ljZjf;Lx¿sf hLjgdf cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpg . tL ufpFx¿df ;fdflhs cj:yfx¿sf] ;'wf/ ug{ . ;fdflhs Gofosf ljifox¿sf af/]df tL ufpFx¿sf ljZjf;Lx¿sf] v'aL a9fpg ;an agfpg . !% j6f ufpFsf d08nLx¿n] ha k/d]Zj/sf dflg;x¿sf] x}l;otn] v|Li6sf] zlQmsf] l;4tfdf ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd u5{g\, c¿ *% j6f ufpFx¿sf nflu ;fIfL, k|]/0ff / cflzif ldNg]5 .

;'emfj

tflndsf ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf If]q, lhNnf, / uf= lj= ;=sf] af/]df j0f{g ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . tL If]qx¿df slt j6f ufpFx¿ 5g\Ù slt j6f :yfgLo d08nLx¿ 5g\Ù s] tL d08nLx¿sf dflg;x¿ Ps;fy ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ub{5g\ < tflnd cjlwdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ o; tflnddf l;sfOPsf ljifox¿nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/fo;L ;d:ofx¿df k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'xf];\ .

#= o; kf7sf] cGtdf lbOPsf] clk|msfsf] syf jf ldlnh'nL sfd ug{]af/]sf] s'g} :yfgLo syf eGg'xf];\ . ;'emfjM #—$ hgfsf] ;fgf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{'xf];\ / lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\M tkfO{n] of] syfaf6 d'Vo ljrf/ s] kQf nufpg'eof] < of] ufpFdf tL dflg;x¿ ¿kfGtl/t x'g'df k|d'v sf/0fx¿ s]—s] lyP < tkfO{sf] ufpF jf ;d’bfo df o:t} vfnsf cg'ej kfpg s] x'g cfjZos xf]nf <

5nkmnkl5 k|To]s ;d"xn] pgLx¿sf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿sf] ljj/0f Nofpg nufpg'xf];\ .

$= ;fe]mbf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf tkfO{sf] JolQmut cg'ejx¿ s] 5 < ;Nnfx M sIffdf hDdf $–% hgfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cg'ejx¿ afF8\g] cj;/ lbg'xf];\ . -!) ldg]6_ s] tkfO{n] slxNo} tkfO{sf] ufpF, jf If]qdf s'g} ;fd"lxs sfo{{qmddf ;xefuL eP/ ;fyLx¿;Fu, d08nL jf c¿x¿;Fu Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd ug{] k|of; ug'{eof] < of] s:tf] cg'ej lyof] < c;n jf v/fa < / lsg <

%= ufpF jf zx/L:t/df ;xsfo{ jf Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd ug'{ ;Nnfx M #–$ hgfsf] ;d"xdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] cg'ej afF8\g nufpg'xf];\ . k"/f sIffdf k|To]s ;d"xx¿af6 Ps–PshgfnfO{ pbfx/0fx¿ afF8\g] df}sf lbg'xf];\ . -@) ldg]6_ 7

s] tkfO{sf] u[xIf]qdf Pp6} nIosf] lglDt dflg;x¿n] ;xsfo{df sfd u/]sf s'g} To:tf pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ < To; ;d"xsf] p2]Zo s] xf] < ;d"x slt k|efjzfnL eP t < s] tkfO{sf] u[xIf]qdf To:tf ;d:ofx¿ jf ;jfnx¿ 5g\ hf] ;xsfo{ u/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .

cEof; M

sIffnfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'[{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ afOandf pNn]lvt tLg ¿vx¿dWo] PsPsj6f v08 dfq lbg'xf];\ -pTklt #M@@–@$Ù n"sf @#M@^–$(Ù k|sfz @M!–%,!@–!$_ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ syfdf k9]h:t} Tof] syfdf s] 36gf 36]sf] 5 eGg] ljifodf ;fgf] gf6s agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . 5f]6f] gf6sdf s]lGb|t x'g'xf];\ h;sf nflu ;do @–# ldg]6 dfq x'g]5 . ;d"xnfO{ gf6ssf] tof/L ug{ @) ldg]6sf] ;do lbg'xf];\ . of] cEof;sf] nflu hDdf ;do #) ldg]6sf] x'g'kg]{5 .

8

P]lR5s kf7 cjnf]sg

tkfO{n] o;nfO{ lgoldt sIffdf k"/f ug}{k5{ eGg] 5}g . sIff ;do ;lsPkl5 tkfO{n] k|To]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s]xL ;fgf] ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L s;}nfO{ k9\g nufpg ;Sg''x'G5 .

d'Vo ljrf/ !=cbgsf] aFu}rfdf ha dflg;n] v/fa / c;nsf] 1fg lbg] kmn vfP/ kfk u¥of], ta dflg;n] hLjgsf] ¿vsf] kmnsf] pkef]u ug{ kfPg -pTklt #M@@–@$_ . @=snj/Lsf] qm";df ePsf] o]z"sf] d[To' / k'g?Tyfgn] xfd|f] ;DaGw k/d]Zj/;Fu, c¿x¿;Fu / cgGttf;Fu k"g:y{{flkt ul/lbPsf] 5 -n"sf @#M@^–$(_ . #=xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls v|Li6 o]z";Fu ePsf] xfd|f] ;DaGwsf] sf/0f km]l/ PskN6 :ju{df xfd|f] ;DaGw hLjgsf] ¿v;Fu x'g]5 -k|sfz @@M!–%,!@–!$_ . xfdL o; ;+;f/df ljZjf;LePsf] gftfn] o]z"sf] zlQmn] cfTdfåf/f xfdLdf kmn kmnfpFb5—pxfF g} hLjgsf] ¿v x'g'x'G5 . of] kf7 df}lvs ;d'bfosf nflu ;~rf/sf ;fF3'x¿ eGg] kf7df cfwfl/t 5 . tfklg :yfgLo d08nL cfTdf lge{/ /xg / kl/kSjtf / c;n sfddf a9\gsf nflu k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿vaf6 pTkGg x'g] oL kmnx¿af/] a'‰g c¿nfO{ klg tflnd lbg'kg]{5 M kmn M d]/f] ljifodf, c¿x¿ / d]/f jl/kl/ ePsf ;[li6x¿k|lt k/d]Zj/sf] b[li6 . kmn M :j:y d08nLsf] ljifodf k/d]Zj/sf] b[li6sf]0f . kmn M xfd|f] ;xsfo{df k/d]Zj/sf] b[li6sf]0f . kmn M xfd|f] j/k/sf] hLjg / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf k/d]Zj/sf] b[li6sf]0f . oL ljifox¿af/] c¿x¿nfO{{ tflnd lbFbf To;n] xfd|f :yfgLo ;ª\ultx¿ -d08nLx¿_nfO{ alnof] agfpg'sf ;fy} xfd|f] ;fdflhs hLjg cem k|efjzfnL agfpg]5 / xfd|f ufpF, zx/ / xfd|f jl/kl/ ePsf If]qx¿df hLjg, :jfYo, cfly{s, z}lIfs tyf cGo jftfj/0f dha't agfpg]5 .

afOan kb MpTklQ !M#! s=

æcfk"mn] agfpg'ePsf] x/]s s'/f k/d]Zj/n] x]g'{eof] / Tof] ;f¥x} /fd|f] lyof] .Æ

klxnf] lbg M k/d]Zj/sf] 9fFrf÷jgfj6 — xfdL s] ljZjf; u5f}{+ .

!=@ 306f M kl/ro @=^ 306f M kmn M :j:y, / alnof] ljZjb[li6sf]0f xfdL pxfFsf] :j¿kdf agfOPsf xf}+ . xfdL k/d]Zj/ / xfd|f] ;d'bfo;Fu ;fdGh:otfdf /xg agfOPsf xf}+ . pxfF JolQmut k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . ;a} s'/fdfly xfd|f] clwsf/ 5 . xfdLn] k"0f{ ;DaGw /fVg'k5{ . xfdL kmnbfoL aGg'k5{+ / xfdLdf dxfg k|z:ttf x'g'kb{5 . xfdL nfh/lxtsf] caf]w cj:yfdf /x]em}+ lgZrotf x'g'k{b5 .

bf]>f] lbgM k/d]Zj/sf] /fHodf ;xsfo{ u/L Ps;fy xfdL s;/L sfd u5f}{+ .

#= * 306f M kmn M ;xsfo{df k|efjzfnL¿kdf sfd ug'{ . xfdL ;DaGwx¿df lhpg / Ps;fy sfd ug{ ;[li6 ul/Psf xf}+ . Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd ubf{ Ps ljlzi6 zlQm x'G5 . Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd ubf{ k/d]Zj/ / Pscfk;df e/f]zf ug'{ clt cfjZos x'G5 . dxfg bz{gn] xfd|f] ;xsfo{df ;zlQms/0f NofpF5 . k|efjzfnL¿kdf Ps cfk;df sfd ubf{{ k|fy{gf cToGt h?/L x'G5 . 9

ha xfdL Ps;fy sfd u5f}+, ta xfdL;Fu :ki6 p2]Zo x'g' clt cfjZos x'G5 / To;nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps cfk;df sfd ubf{ xfdLnfO{ ;xfotf ug]{ / pT;fx lbg] c¿ sf]xL x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ha xfdLn] p2]ZonfO{ Ps;fy k|fKt u5f}{+, ta Ps;fy pT;j dgfpg'kb{5 .

t]>f] lbg M ¿kfGt/0f M Ps ;fy ldn]/ sfd ubf{sf] kl/0ffd

$= % 306f M kmn M xfd|f ;d'bfox¿sf] cflTds, cfly{s, / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f, / lg8/ tyf ;tfj6/lxt ;xsfo{df ;';dfrf/÷d08nL :yfkgf . ;xsfo{df cfly{s :jfjnDag . ;xsfo{df ;fd'bflos ljsf; . ;xsfo{df ;tfj6sf] ;dfwfg . %= @ 306f M ;fd"lxs sfo{ ^= ! 306f M ;dfkg ;df/f]x

10

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v ;]ldgf/ xfdL ljZjf; u5f}+

klxnf] lbg — kf7 !

kf7 ;do M $ 306f

z'¿sf] k|fy{gf !=afOan kbx¿ M

æta ltgn] dnfO{ :kml6sh:t} rxlsnf] hLjgsf kfgLsf] gbL b]vfP . Tof] gbL k/d]Zj/sf] / y'dfsf] l;+xf;gaf6 lg:sL To; zx/sf ;8ssf] aLraf6 alu/x]sf] lyof] . To; gbLsf lsgf/fdf hLjgsf] j[If lyof], h;n] x/]s dlxgf af¥x} lsl;dsf kmnx¿ lbO/xGYof] . To;sf kftx¿rflxF hflthfltx¿nfO{ lgsf] kfg{sf lglDt . cab]lv p;f] ToxfF slxNo} ;/fk x'g]5}g . k/d]Zj/ / y'dfsf] l;+xf;g ToxfF x'g]5, / pxfFsf bf;x¿n] pxfFsf] cf/fwgf ug]{5g\ . ltgLx¿n] pxfFsf] d'xf/ b]Vg]5g\,/ pxfFsf] gfpF ltgLx¿sf lgwf/df /xg]5g\ . ToxfF km]l/ /ft x'g]5}g, ltgLx¿nfO{ aQL jf 3fdsf] pHofnf] rflxg]5}g, lsgls k/dk|e' k/d]Zj/g} ltgLx¿sf] pHofnf] x'g'x'g]5, / ltgLx¿n] ;bf;j{b} /fHo ug]{5g\Æ -k|sfz @@M!–%_ . æx]/, d rfF8} cfpb}5' . x/]s dflg;nfO{ p;n] u/]cg';f/ lbg] k|ltkmn d;Fu 5 . d cNkmf / cf]d]uf, klxnf] / kl5Nnf], cflb / cGTo x'F . hLjgsf] j[Ifsf] xs kfpg / zx/sf 9f]sfx¿af6 leq k:g kfpFm egL cfˆgf j:qx¿ w'g]x¿ wGosf x'g\, aflx/rflxF s's'/x¿, dGqtGq ug]{x¿, Jolerf/Lx¿, xTof/fx¿, d"lt{k"hsx¿ / c;To dg k/fpg] / To;}d'tfljs rNg]x¿ /xG5g\ .Æ-k|sfz @@M !@–!$_ .

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro -!) ldg]6_

of] cGtsf] lbgx¿sf] nflu k/d]Zj/sf] bz{gsf] cfs[lt xf] M /fi6«x¿sf] r+ufO{, eljiosf] nflu cfzfsf] bz{g / wGojfb ;fy} dxfg v'zLofnLsf] ;do .

#= l;sfOsf] p2]Zo k|To]s ljBfyL{÷;xefuLx¿n] syfnfO{ s07:y ug]{5g\ / To;nfO{ x/]s % efudf cfGtl/s k|of]u ug]{5g\ . o;nfO{ xfdLn] s07 u/]/ bf]xf]¥ofOåf/f k"/f ug{;S5f}+ . syf s07 ul/;s]kl5 k|To]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cGt/lqmof ug]{ / afF8r'F8 ug]{ ;do lbg'xf];\ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ljZjb[li6sf]0fnfO{ dx;'; ug{ / Åbo kl/jt{g ug{ syfjfrgsf] dfWoodåf/f / ^ j6f ;Djfbsf ljifox¿åf/f k|:t't ug{ k|z:t cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

$= ;fgf e'm08df cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg' -() ldg]6_ s= syf l;Sg' -#) ldg]6_

Ps ;d"xdf #–$ hgf x'g]u/L ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ c+s lbg'xf];\ . lbPsf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ pTklQ !–$ cWofoaf6 syf l;Sg] & j6f sbdx¿åf/f k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ syfsf c+zx¿ s07 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . ;d"x g+= ! pTklQ !M!–@^ ;d"x g+= @ pTklQ !M@&–#!Ù @M!–# ;d"x g+= # pTklQ @M$–@% ;d"x g+= $ pTklQ #M!–@$ ;d"x g+= % pTklQ $M!–!^

-gf]6 M olb sIffdf yf]/} ;xefuLx¿ ePdf ;d"x @ / # sf] ;fd"lxs u[xsfo{ Pp6} ;d"xdf ufEg'xf];\ . _ olb If]qLo ;+:s[ltdf uLt jf ;ª\uLtx¿ klg k|of]udf cfpF5g\ eg] ;d"xnfO{ pgLx¿sf] syfdf To;nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ :jtGqtf lbg'xf];\ . ;Dej ePdf Ps b'O{ kbx¿af6 cfPsf] syfnfO{ syfjfrgsf] ;dodf uLt jf ;ª\uLtdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sljtfsf] ¿kdf klg k|:t't ug{ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cj;/ lbg;lsG5 . 11

;d'x g+= ! – pTklQ !M!–@^

syf l;Sg] & j6f sbdx¿ k|of]u u/L pTklQ !M!–@^ ;Ddsf] syf s07 ug{ ;d"x g+ ! nfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . x/]s ;xefuLn] of] syf s07 ug{ h?/L 5 / ;d"xsf k|To]s ;xefuLn] syf eGg] cEof; ug'{kb{5. k"/f sIffdf syf jfrg ug{ ;d"xn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ r'Gg]5 / afFsL ;xefuLx¿rflxF p;n] eg]sf] syf 7Ls h:tfsf] t:t} eof] jf ePg egL hfFRgnfO{ ;'Gg]5g\ . P]lR5s ;fd"lxs bf]xf]¥ofO M pTklQ !M!),!@,!*,@!,@%,#! æ/ k/d]Zj/n] x]g'{eof] of] c;n lyof] .Æ

;d"x g+= @ pTklQ !M@&–#!—pTklQ @M!–#

syf l;Sgsf] nflu & sbdx¿sf] k|of]u u/L pTklQ !M@&–#! / pTklQ @M!–# ;Ddsf syf cEof; ug{ ;d"x g+= @ nfO{ nufpg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿n] syf s07 ug'{kg]{5 / eGg] cEof; u/f];\ . k"/} sIffdf syfjfrg ug{sf nflu ;d"xn] s'g} Ps JolQmnfO{ r'Gg nufpg'xf];\ . afFsL ;xefuLx¿n] syfjfrsn]] x'–ax' syfjfrg u¥of] jf u/]g eg]/ syf ;'Gg]5g\ . P]lR5s ;fd'lxs bf]xf]¥ofO M pTklQ !M@& æo;}sf/0f k/d]Zj/n] dflg;nfO{ cfˆg} :j¿kdf ;[li6 ug'{eof] .

k/d]Zj/s} k|lt¿kdf pxfFn] ltgnfO{ ;[li6 ug'{eof], g/ / gf/L g} u/L pxfFn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;[li6 ug'{eof] .Æ

;d'x g+= #—pTklQ @M$–@%

syf l;Sg] & sbdx¿sf] k|of]u u/L pTklQ @M$–@% df ePsf syf l;Sg ;d"x g= # nfO{ eGg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;xefuLx¿n] syf s07 ug'{kg]{5 / jfrg ug]{ cEof; ug'{kg]{5 . k"/f syfjfrg ug{ ;d"xn] s'g} Ps JolQmnfO{ r'Gg]5 / afFsL ;xefuLx¿dfem syfjfrsn] x'–ax' syfjfrg ug'{kg]{5 . P]lR5s ;fd"lxs bf]xf]¥ofO M-pTklQ @M!^,!&_ æclg pxfFn] eGg'eof], ;a} ¿vsf kmn t}+n] ;+Íf]r gdfgL vfP

x'G5 ,t/ c;n / v/fasf] 1fg lbg] ¿vsf] kmnrflxF gvfg", lsgeg] h'g lbg t}+n] Tof] vfG5;\ tF lgZrog} dg]{5;\ .Æ

;d"x g+=$– pTklQ #M!–@$

syf l;Sg] & sbdx¿sf] k|of]u u/L pTklQ #M!–@$ df ePsf syf l;Sg ;d"x g+= $ nfO{ eGg'xf];\ .

k|To]s ;xefuLx¿n] syf s07 ug'{kg]{5 / jfrg ug]{ cEof; ug'{kg]{5 . ;a}sf] ;fd" Pshgf syfjfrsn] x'–ax' syfjfrg ug'{kg]{5 / c¿x¿n] syf ;'Gg]5g\ . P]lR5s ;fd"lxs bf]xf]¥ofO M-pTklQ #M@#–@$_ æo;}sf/0f h'g e"ldaf6 pgL agfOPsf lyP, To;}sf] v]tL ls;fgL ug{ k/dk|e' k/d]Zj/n] pgnfO{ cbgsf] aFu}rfaf6 lgsflnlbg'eof] . pxfFn] dflg;nfO{ wkfOlbg'ePkl5 hLjgsf] ¿vtkm{sf] af6f] kx/f ug{nfO{ pxfFn] cbgsf aFu}rfsf] k"j{kl§ s¿ax¿ / rf/}lt/ 3'ld/xg] Hjfnfdo t/jf/ /flvlbg'eof] .Æ

;d"x g+= %— pTklQ $M!–!^

syf l;Sg] & sbdx¿sf] k|of]u u/L pTklQ $M!–!^ df ePsf syf l;Sg ;d"x g+= % nfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s ;xefuLx¿n] syf s07 ug'{kg]{5 / jfrg ug]{ cEof; ug'{kg]{5 . k"/f syfjfrg ug{ ;d"xn] s'g} Ps JolQmnfO{ r'Gg]5 / afFsL ;xefuLx¿dfem syfjfrsn] x' –ax' syfjfrg ug'{kg]{5 . P]lR5s ;fd'"lxs bf]xf]¥ofO M-pTklQ $M!^_ Æta slog k/dk|e'sf] pkl:yltaf6 lg:s]/ cbgsf] k"j{kl§

ePsf] gf]b eGg] b]zdf a:g nfu] .Æ

v= syfjfrg k|lqmof -^) ldg]6_

ca k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ sIffsf] cufl8 hfg nufpg'xf];\ . c¿x¿ Ps;fy cufl8 ple/x]sf]÷al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf syfjfrs syfjfrgsf] nflu ;d"xsf] cufl8 plePsf] x'G5 . ;d"xn] P]lR5s ;fd"lxs bf]xf]¥ofOnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpF5 -olb k|of]u ePdf_ . 12

u= 5nkmn

k|To]s syfsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ ls s] syfjfrsn] syf c;n k|sf/n] jfrg u/]sf lyP t < olb ;fd"lxs bf]xf]¥ofO{ k|of]u ePsf] lyof] eg] syfaf6 bf]xf]¥ofP/ syfjfrg ug]{ k|0ffnL k|of]u ul/Pdf s:tf] ;xof]u ldNg]5 egL 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

%= k|ltj]bg M -%) ldg]6_

ca k|To]s sIffdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;d"xdf hfg cg'/f]w ug'{xf];\ h'g lglZrt ;dosf] nflu ;Djfb / 5nkmn ug{sf] nflu x'g]5 / k|To]s ;d"xn] tn lbOPsf ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ !) ldg]6 ;do lng ;Sg]5g\ .

s= xfdL k/d]Zj/sf] :j¿kdf agfOPsf xf}+

pxfFs} :j¿kdf pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ agfpg'eof] . xfdL pxfFs} :j¿k / k|lt¿kdf ;[li6 ul/Psf xf}+ . xfdL k/d]Zj/sf] :j¿k / k|lt¿kdf agfOPsf xf}+ egL ljZjf; ug'{x'G5 < dflg; k/d]Zj/sf] :j¿k / k|lt¿kdf agfOPsf] xf] egL s] tkfO{+sf] ufpFsf] ;d'bfon] ljZjf; u5{ t < s] afOansf] k/d]Zj/n] pxfFsf] ;[li6nfO{ k|]d ug'{x'G5 < xfdL s;/L yfxf ug{;S5f}+ <

v= ;dGjodf /xg''sf] lj¿¢ cd]n / km"6sf] ;DaGwdf /xg'

cfbd / xJjfn] kfk gu/];Dd, xfdLx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] pxfF;Fu, Pscfk;df, ;a} ;[li6x¿;Fu / cgGttf;Fu ;dGjodf /xg ;[li7 ug'{ePsf] lyof]] . cbgsf] aFu}rfdf s] 36gf 36\of] < s] unt eof] < hLjgsf] ¿vdf k/d]Zj/n] lsg :ju{b"tnfO{ kx/]bf/ /fVg'eof] < k/d]Zj/;Fu xfd|f] 6'6]sf] ;DaGw eg]sf] cy{ s] xf] <

u= xfdLnfO{ ;a}dfly clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 / xfdL kLl8t xf]Ogf}+

xfdLnfO{ ;a}dfly clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 o;sf] lj¿¢ kfksf] ;/fk / kfkaf6 kLl8t k/d]Zj/n] dflg;nfO{ ;a} ;[li6dfly clwsf/ u/ egL cf1f lbg'ePsf] lyof] < s;/L ;k{n] cfbd / xJjfnfO{ 5n u¥of]] < cfbd / xJjfsf] hLjg >fk s] lyof] <

3= dxfg k|z:ttfsf] lj¿¢ ul/aL / d[To'

k/d]Zj/n] dflg;sf] hLjg k|z:t;Fu h'6fpg'ePsf] lyof], To;sf] lj¿¢ kfksf] kl/0ffd:j¿k e"lddfly ;/fk, ul/aL / d[To' k/d]Zj/n] sltcf}+ lbgdf k[YjLdf ;a} lsl;dsf hgfj/x¿ / kmnx¿n] el/of];\ eGg'eof] ;fy} dflg;nfO{ k|To]s xl/of] ag:klt vfgsf] nflu cf1f lbg'ePsf] lyof] < -pTklQ !M@^–#!_ v/fa / c;nsf] 1fg lbg]] ¿vsf] kmn vfg]af/]df k/d]Zj/n] s] eGg'ePsf] lyof] < s] Tof] ¿v hLjgsf] ¿vh:t} xf]] t <-pTklQ @M(_

%= zd{/lxt eP/ cjf]w cj:yfdf /xg'sf] lj¿¢ 8/ / /L;df lhpg'

k/d]Zj/n] cfbd / xJjfnfO{ Pstf / k|]ddf afFRgsf] nflu agfpg'ePsf] lyof] o;sf] lj¿¢ 8/ / /L;df afFRg' . ha slogn] xflannfO{ df¥of], slog k/d]Zj/sf] pkl:yltb]lv aflxl/of] . k/d]Zj/n] cbgsf] aFu}rfdf s] /f]Kg'ePsf] lyof] <-pTklt @M$–(_ c;n / v/fasf] 1fg lbg] ¿vsf] ljifodf k/d]Zj/n] s] cf1f ug'{ePsf] lyof] -pTklQ @M!)– !&_ < k/d]Zj/n] dflg; PSnf] /xg'k5{ egL ;f]Rg'ePsf] lyof] < s] of] ;To xf] ls cfbd / xJjf gfË} lyP pgLx¿n] zd{ dfg]gg\ -pTklQ @M!*–@%_ < 13

slog / xfljnn] k/d]Zj/nfO{ s] r9fP -pTklQ $M#–$_ < sf] l/;fPsf lyP < xfljnnfO{ s] eof] -pTklQ$M!–*_ < slognfO{ s] eof] -pTklQ $M(–!^_ <

k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ gf]6

s]xL 5f]6f k|Zgx¿ u/]/ k|ltlqmof lnFb} lbgsf] cGt ug'{xf];\ . oL dflysf kfFrj6f ljifoj:t'x¿ -!–%_ n] k/d]Zj/df dfq lge{/ /xg] ljifodf s] eG5g\ < dflysf ljifoj:t'x¿n] Pscfk;df sfd ubf{ :yfgLo ;d:ofx¿ s;/L xn ug]{ eGg] ljifodf s] atfpF5 < tkfOF{sf] nflu cfhsf] ljifo s'g cˆ7\of/f] aGof] < tkfOF{n] cfh l;Sg'ePsf] Pp6f gofF pkfo s] xf] < cfhsf] lqmofsnfkx¿dWo] tkfO{sf] nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'g aGof] < bf]>f] lbgsf] kf7sf] hLjg wd{zf:qLo s07 ug{ u[xsfo{ lbg gla;{g'xf];\ M ;xsfo{sf l;¢fGt ! M e/f]zfsf ;DaGwx¿ pTklQ !M@^–#! pTklQ #M*–!# pTklQ o"xGgf !&M!#–@^ ;xsfo{sf l;¢fGt @ M ;Fu} ldlnh'nL sfd ug'{ bflgPn #M@^–@* k|fy{gfåf/f lbgnfO{ cGt ug'{xf];\ .

14

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v ;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt !— e/f]zfof]Uo ;DaGw lbg @ —kf7 @

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!= afOan kbx¿ M pTklQ !M@^—#!Ù pTklQ #M*—!#Ù o"xGgf !&M!#—@^ pTklQ !M@^—#!

km]l/ k/d]Zj/n] eGg'eof], ædflg;nfO{ cfˆg} :j¿kdf, xfd}| k|lt¿kdf agfcf}+ . ltgLx¿n] ;a} hGt'x¿dfly clwsf/ u¿g ===Æ . pTklQ #M*—!#

æd}n] tkfO{sf] :j/ au}Frfdf ;'g]+ / d 8/fPF, lsgeg] d gfË} lyFP, / d n's]+ ===.Æ o"xGgf !&M!#—@^

æd k|fy{gf u5'{====ls ltgLx¿ ;a} Ps} xf]pmg . x] lktf h;/L tkfO{+ ddf x'g'x'G5 / d tkfO{+df, To;/L ltgLx¿ klg xfdLdf Ps xf]pmg , / tkfO{+n] dnfO{ k7fpg'eof] egL ;+;f/n] ljZjf; u/f];\ .Æ

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro M -% ldg]6_

;xsfo{df ;Fu} sfd ug{ xfdLdf v'Nnf / e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGw x'g'kb{5 . of] xfdLx¿sf nflu k/d]Zj/sf] :jefj / agfj6 xf] . dflg;sf] kfksf] sf/0fn] k/d]Zj/ / dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿aLrsf] v'Nnf / e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwnfO{ gfz agfof] / o]z"sf] d[To' / k'g?Tyfgn] xfdLnfO{ k/d]Zj/ / c¿x¿;Fu ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] . ljZjf;Lx¿dfem v'Nnf / e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwsf] k|bz{g / cEof;rflxF xfd|f] nflu leqL cfgGb, kljq cfTdfsf] zlQm;Fu xfd|f] ;DaGw / xfdLx¿sf] ;dfhdf ePsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu xfd|f] ujfxL xf] . o;n]], cflTds nugzLntf / cfk;df ;xsfo{df sfd ug{ cltg} k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgefpFb5 .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ M xfdL k/d]Zj/h:t} eP/ e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwdf lhpg / Jojxf/ ug{ ;[lhPsf xf}+ . oxL g}] o]z"n] xfdLnfO{ JolQmut tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6nfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5'6sf/fsf] d'Vo sf/0f xf]] . ha xfdLn] v'Nnf / e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwnfO{ lgdf{0f u/L To;cg';f/ rN5f}+, ta xfdL ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;an x'G5f}+ . ha xfdLn] v'Nnf / e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwnfO{ lgdf{0f u/L To;cg';f/ rN5f}+, ta xfd|f] jl/kl/ ePsf] ;+;f/n] o]z"sf] hLjgsf] zlQm, d[To' / k'g¿Tyfgsf] k|df0f b]V5g\ . xfd|f] hLjg Ps};fy eP/ pxfFsf] zlQm, k|]d / cg'u|xsf] ujfxL aGghfG5 . dflg; / k/d]Zj/aLrsf] 6'6]sf]] ;DaGw / v|Li6sf] sfo{n] s;/L To; ;DaGwnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ub{5eGg] af/] gf6s ug{ l;Sg]5f} .

$= cGt/lqmofTds t/Lsfdf ;fgf ;d"xdf l;Sg] ;do -&) ldg]6_ s= syf M ;xefuLx¿nfO{ #–% hgfsf] ;d"xdf ljeflht ug{'xf];\ syf lbg'xf];\ . k|To]s ;d"xn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] syfaf6 5f]6f5f]6f gf6s agfpg]5g\ . -@) ldg]6_ ;d'x ! M pTklQ !M@^–#! ;d'x @ M pTklQ #M*–!# ;d'x # M o"xGgf !&M!#–@^ k|lzIf0f gf]6 M cfjZos ePdf syf l;Sg] ;ftj6f sbdx¿ / ;+jfbsf ;ftj6f sbdx¿ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . 15

v= syfjfrg M k|To]s ;d'xn] pgLx¿sf] gf6s ;Dk"0f{ sIffnfO{ k|bz{g ug]{5g\\ . -#) ldg]6_ u= 5nkmn M ca ;Dk"0f{ sIffdf oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ -@) ldg]6_ cbgsf] aFu}rfdf ;DaGw 6'6\gs ' f] sf/0f s] lyof] < ha ljZjf;Lx¿n] Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd ub}{gg\, ta o]z"sf] gfdsf] abgfd x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < 6'6]sf] ;DaGwn] xfd|f] hLjg, sfd / ;]jsfOnfO{ s;/L k|efj kfb{5 < 6'6]sf] ;DaGwnfO{ xfdLn] k'gM s;/L k|fKt ug{;S5f}+ < s;/L xfd|f] 3/fo;L kl/j]zdf oL syfx¿sf l;4fGtx¿ nfu' x'G5g\ <

16

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt @— ldlnh'nL sfd ug'{ lbg—@ kf7 #

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!= afOan kbx¿ M bflgPn #M@^—@*

ta ga'sbg];/n] blGsPsf] cfuf]sf] e§Lsf] 9f]sf glhs uP/ lrRRofP, x] zb«s, d]zs / ca]b\guf], ;jf]{Rr k/d]Zj/sf ;]js xf], aflx/ lg:s]/ cfcf] . ta ;b«s, d]zs / ca]b\guf] aflx/ lg:s]/ cfP . clg k|fGtsf a8f xflsdx¿, Onfsf clwsf/Lx¿, /fHokfnx¿ / ;Nnfxsf/x¿ ltgLx¿sf jl/kl/ eL8\ nfu] . g t ltgLx¿sf] z/L/df xflg k'¥ofOPsf] lyof], g t ltgLx¿sf lz/sf] /f}F g} vxl/Psf] lyof], ltgLx¿sf n'ufnfO{ cfuf]n] 5f]Psf] lyPg / ltgLx¿df cfuf]sf] s'g} uGw;d]t lyPg . To;kl5 ga"sb\g];/n] eg], zb«s, d]zs / ca]b\guf]sf k/d]Zj/nfO{ k|z+;f xf];\, h;n] cfˆgf b"tnfO{ k7fP/ cfˆgf ;]jsx¿nfO{ 5'6sf/f lbg'eof] . ltgLx¿n] pxfFdfly ljZjf; u/], / /fhfsf] sfdnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L cfˆgf k/d]Zj/nfO{ 5f]8]/ s'g} b]jtfnfO{ ;]jf ug'{ jf b08jt ug'{eGbf a? cfˆgf hLjg lbg tof/ eP .

k|lzIf0f gf]6

klxnf] lbgsf] cGtdf tkfO{n] s;}nfO{ o; v08 s07 ug{ nufpg'eof] . o; kf7sf] kl/rokl5 pxfFnfO{ s07 ul/Psf] To; v08 ;a}sf] cufl8 eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

d'Vo syf M bflgPn #M$—#)

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro

v'Nnf / e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwdf Ps;fy ;xsfo{ u/L ;]jsfO ubf{, ljZjf;Lx¿n] PSn}n] slxNo} klg ug{ g;Sg] sfdx¿ ug{ ;S5g\ .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ PSn} sfd u/]sf] eGbf kf/bzL{ eP/ v'Nnf¿kdf e/f]zfbfoL ;DaGwdf Ps;fy sfd ubf{ a9L pTkfbgzLn x'G5 . k/d]Zj/sf] sfd ;xsfo{ u/L Ps;fy ubf{, Ps cfk;df / k/d]Zj/df xfd|f] ljZjf; alnof] / pT;fxk|b x'G5 . k/d]Zj/df e/f]zf ub}{ h;/L xfdL ;xsfo{ u/L Ps;fy sfd u5f}+, ta xfd|f] j/k/ ePsf dflg;x¿ / k|efjzfnL 7"nfj8fx¿nfO{ klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{;S5f}+ . ;xsfo{ u/L Ps;fy sfd ug]{;DaGwdf s;/L xfdL uLt lgdf{0f ug{] ;f] l;Sg ;S5f}+ .

$= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M -$% ldg]6_

s= syf M k|To]s ;fgf ;d"xn] d"n syf l;Sg]5g\, bflgPn #M$–#) -@) ldg]6_ v= syfjfrg MtLg ;d'xx¿n] syf afF8\g ;Sg]5g\ . -k|To]snfO{ % ldg]6 ÷ hDdf !% ldg]6_ u= 5nkkmn M 7"nf] ;d"xdf oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ olb zb|s, d]zs / ca]bguf] Ps};fy gePsf] eP s] x'g]lyof] < tL tLghgf Ps;fy a;]sf] x'gfn] /fhfnfO{ s] c;/ k¥of] / kl5 s:tf] 36gf 36\of] < e/f]zfn] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Nof] — Pscfk;df e/f]zf / k/d]Zj/df e/f]zf < ljZjf;L ePsf] sf/0fn] ;xsfo{ u/L Ps;fy sfd ugf{n] xfd|f] ;d'bfo / ufpFx¿df o;n] s] lzIff lbG5 < o; syfaf6 xfd|f] 3/fo;L cj:yfdf x'g;Sg] k|of]u tyf l;4fGtx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . 17

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v ;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt #—bz{g lbg—@ kf7 $

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!=afOan kbx¿ M gx]Dofx @M!&–!*

To;kl5 d}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ eg]+, æltdLx¿ xfd|f] b'b{zf hfGb5f} . o¿zn]d phf8 ePsf] 5 To;sf d"n 9f]sfx¿ cfuf]df e:d ePsf 5g\ . cfcf], xfdL o¿zn]dsf] kvf{nsf] k'glg{df{0f u/]/ xfd|f] lgGbf x6fcf}+ .Æ k/d]Zj/sf] s[kfn' xft s;/L ddfly k/]sf] lyof], / /fhfn] dnfO{ s] eGg'ePsf] lyof], ;f] d}+n] ltgLx¿nfO{ atfOlbpFm . ltgLx¿n] hjfkm lbP, æxfdL k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd z'¿ u/f}+ .Æ o;}n] ltgLx¿n] pT;fxk"j{s of] c;n sfd z'¿ u/] .

k|lzIf0f ;fdu|L M ;xefuLx¿dWo] PshgfnfO{ oL kbx¿ k9\g nufpg'xf];\ . d'Vo syf M gx]Dofx !M!—@M@)

@= l;4fGt kl/ro -% ldg]6_

k|efjzfnL ;]jsfOsf] ;'?jft dxfg bz{gåf/f z'¿ x'G5, xfdL ;a} cfk"meGbf jf ;+u7geGbf klg of] dxfg x'G5 ls xfdLn] sfd u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq of] ;Dej 5 . kl/jt{gn] bz{sx¿df cu'jfO{ ub{5 . k|To]s bz{g kQf nufpg ;do nfUb5 . ha tkfO{n] t/sf/L /f]Kg'x'G5, ta To;sf] kl/0ffd # dlxgfdf b]Vg'x'G5, gl/jnsf] af]6 /f]Kg'xf];\ / h;sf] kl/0ffd !) jif{df b]Vg'x'G5 .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ s]xL dxfg cfjZostfsf] dx;';n] ;xsfo{ u/L Ps};fy sfd ug]{ hfFu/ a9fpF5 . To; dxfg cfjZostf k"lt{n] bz{gsf] ;xsfo{sf] nflu 9f]sf vf]Nb5 . bz{g Pp6f o:tf] ;femf ;jfn xf] h;n] xfdL ;a}df a/fa/ ;dk{0ftf pTkGg u/fpF5 . o; dxfg bz{g k"lt{sf nflu xfdLn] ;'?df k|fKt ug{;lsg], jf:tljs ;fgf;fgf nIox¿ agfpg;S5f}+ . cGTodf ;a}hgfn] ;xsfo{ u/L Ps;fy sfdubf{sf] kmfObf b]Vg]5g\ .

$= ;fgf] e'm08df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M-%) ldg]6_

s= syf M syf s07 ug'{xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ ;d"x ! M gx]Dofx !M!—!! ;d"x @ M gx]Dofx @M!—* ;d"x # M gx]Dofx @M(—@) v= syfjfrg M k|To]s ;d"xsf] Pshgfn] syfjfrg ug]{5 . -!% ldg]6_ u= 5nkmn M oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . -@) ldg]6_ g]x]Dofxsf] ÅbonfO{ s]n] clek]|l/t u/fof] < o¿zn]daf6 cfPsf] ;dfrf/n] pgsf] bz{g s;/L clek]|l/t u¥of] < of] bz{g slt 7"nf] lyof] < s] of] gx]Dofx PSn}n] k"/f ug{ ;Sg]lyof] < bz{g s] sf] ljifodf lyof] h;sf] sf/0fn] ;a} o¿zn]djf;Lx¿sf] Åbodf k|efj k¥of] / pmgLx¿ kvf{n lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu h'6] < xfd|f] 3/ l5d]sdf s:tf lsl;dsf bz{gsf pbfx/0fx¿sf] cfjZostf 5 < 18

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt $—bz{gsf] sfof{Gjog lbg @— kf7 %

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

! afOan kbx¿ M gx]Dofx #M!–#

!= k|wfg k"hfxf/L PNof;La / ltgsf ;ËL–k'hfxf/Lx¿n] sfd z'¿ u/]/ e]+8f 9f]sfsf] k'glg{df{0f u/] . ltgLx¿n] To;sf 9f]sfx¿ v8f u/] . ltgLx¿n] of] sfd ;osf] a'hf{ / xgg]nsf] a'hf{;Dd} ;s] / To;nfO{ ck{0f u/] . @= ol/xf]sf dlg;x¿n] To;};Fu hf]l8Psf] efu agfP, / Od|Lsf 5f]/f hSs'/n] csf]{ efu agfP . #= df5f 9f]sfrflxF x:;]gfsf 5f]/fx¿n] k'glg{df{0f u/] . ltgLx¿n] To;sf ;Q/Lx¿ a;fn], / To;sf 5]l:sgL / cfUnfx¿ nufP/ 9f]sfx¿ v8f u/] .

k|lzIf0f ;fdu|L

M k"/f cWofosf] pbfx/0f:j¿k s;}nfO{ oL kbx¿ kf7 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . elTsPsf] kvf{nsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] 7"nf] sfd k|To]s ;d"xsf k|To]s JolQmn] Ps efu agfpFbf k"/f x'G5eGg] o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 . Ps;fy sfd u/]sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿n] c;Dej sfdnfO{ klg k"/f u/]/} 5f8] .

d'Vo syf M gx]Dofx #M!—#@

@= l;¢fGtsf] kl/ro -% ldg]6_

pbfx/0fsf] nflu gx]Dofx # nfO{ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . ;xsfo{df Ps;fy sfd ubf{ ;kmn eOG5, ha, k|To]s JolQm jf ;d"xn] cfˆgf] nflu ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] nflu o; sfo{sf]] 7"nf] d"No 5 eg]/ b]Vb5, dxfg nIo k|flKt s]jn ;xsfo{af6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 eg]/ xfdL b]Vb5f}, k|To]s JolQm jf ;d"xsf] :ki6 e"ldsf x'G5,

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ x/]s JolQmn] jf ;d'bfon] o; dxfg bz{gnfO{ 7"nf] dxTjsf] ¿kdf a'‰g / b]Vg ;Sg]5g\ o; dxfg bz{g k"/f ug{sf nflu agfOPsf nIox¿ k"/f ug{ k|To]s JolQm jf ;d"xn] cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 of]ubfg lbg]]5g\ / ;a}n] cfˆgf] e"ldsf a'e\mg]5g\ . k|To]s JolQm jf ;d'xsf] :ki6 e"ldsf ePsf]n] o; bz{gnfO{ xfdLn] slxn] k'/f ub}{5f}+ eGg] yfxf x'G5.

$= ;fgf ;d'xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M -$) ldg]6_

s=syf M -!% ldg]6_ k|To]s ;d'xn] gx]Dofx # cWofo :ki6 x'g]u/L @ ldg]6 ;Ddsf] gf6s k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . v= syf eGg'xf];\ -!) ldg]6_ u= 5nkmn M oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ dxfg bz{g s] lyof] / JolQmut nIox¿ s]–s] lyP < w]/} ;f–;fgf nIox¿df ljeflht u/]/ tkfO{n] s;/L 7"nf] nIo k|fKt ug{;Sg'x'G5 < s] tL ljleGg ;d'xx¿ Pscsf{sf]af/]df hfgsf/L /fVy] / To; dxfg nIo k|flKtdf x/]sn] cfˆgf] nufgLsf] dxTj 5 eg]/ hfGby] < :jfyL{ JolQmut nIo / /fHo lgdf{0fsf nIodf s] leGgtf 5 < xfd|f ;d'bfodf dxfg d"No ePsf nIox¿ s]–s] x'g;S5g\\ < o;sf] nflu JolQm jf kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf s:tf] /xG5 < k|To]s ;d"xaf6 pgLx¿sf] dxfg nIo k|flKtsf nflu x/]s JolQm jf ;d'bfon] s:tf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 / pgLx¿ s;/L ;kmn eP eg]/ yfxf kfpg;S5g\ eGg] pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

19

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v ;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt %–k|fy{gf

lbg @— kf7 ^

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!= afOan kbx¿ M gx]Dofx !M@–$

@= ta d]/f bfHo"x¿dWo]sf Pshgf xgfgL c¿ sf]xL dflg;;Fu ox"bfaf6 cfOk'u] . d}n] o¿zn]dsf] / s}baf6 c¿ afFr]sf ox"bLx¿sf] ljifodf ltgLx¿l;t ;f]wk'5 u/]+ . #= ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ eg], ælgjf{;gaf6 afFr]/ k|b]zdf cfPsfx¿n] ;fÅ} b'Mv / lgGbf ;xg'kl//x]sf] 5 . o¿zn]dsf] kvf{n eTsfOPsf] 5 / To;sf d"n 9f]sfx¿ cfuf]n] gi6 kfl/Psf 5g\ . $=of] ;dfrf/ ;'g]kl5 a;]/ d /f]PF . d s]xL lbg;Dd ljnfk ub}{+/x]F, / pkjf; a;]+ clg :ju{sf k/d]Zj/l;t k|fy{gf u/]+ .Æ

k|lzIf0f ;fdfu|L M

s;}nfO{ oL k|To]s kbx¿ k9\g nufpg'xf];\, k|To]s kbsf] cGtdf h:tfsf] t:t} lzIffx¿ eGg nufpg'xf];\ . :yfgLo efiffsf] ehgh:t}u/L h:tfsf]t:t} eGgnufpg'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu M kvf{n

elTsPsf] 5, d"n 9f]sfx¿ cfuf]n] gi6 kfl/Psf 5g\, ljnfk u/, o¿zn]dsf] nflu /f]cf] .

d'Vo syfx¿M gx]Dofx !M%–!!Ù gx]Dofx $M!–%Ùgx]Dofx $M&–(Ù^M( -oL kbx¿sf d"Vo s]Gb«rflxF k|fy{gf xf]_

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro M

dxfg bz{gdf ;xsfo{ u/L sfd ubf{ olb z'¿b]lv cGt;Dd} /0fgLlts k|fy{gfdf cfwfl/t 5 eg] dfq ;kmn x'G5 .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ s'g} klg dxfg bz{g k|fy{gfåf/f dfq ;kmn x'G5 . xfdLx¿n] lg?T;fxsf] klg cfzf ug'{kb{5, sfd / k|fy{gf b'j}af6 dfq o;df ;kmn eOG5 . k/d]Zj/sf] cflzif / zlQmdf e/ k/]/ dfq xfd|f] k|fy{gf lqmofzLn x'G5+ . ;xsfo{ u/L ldn]/ sfd ubf{ k|fy{gf xfd|f] hLjgsf] Ps cleGg cË x'g'kb{5 .

$= ;fgf ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M-$) ldg]6_ s= syf

;d'x ! M gx]Dofx !M%–!! ;d'x @ M gx]Dox @M!!–@) ;d'x # M gx]Dofx $M#–% v= syfjfrg ;do M-@) ldg]6 _ k|To]s ;d"xn] @ ldg]6sf] gf6s agfpg'kg]{5, h;n] syfnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5 .

u= 5nkmn M oL k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . -@) ldg]6_ gx]Dofxn] sfd ug'{eGbf klxn] s] sf] sf/0fn] pgnfO{ k|fy{gf ug{ s/ nfUof] < ha gx]Dofxn] k|fy{gf u/] To;kl5 s] eof] < gx]Dofx PSn}n] k|fy{gf u/] ls pgsf] k|fy{gfdf c¿ klg ;fd]n ePsf lyP < xfd|f] ;d'bfodf / Pscfk;df sfd ubf{ k|fy{gfn] xfd|f] bz{g / sfddf s;/L k|efj kfg{;S5 < s] tkfO{ cfˆgf] u[xIf]qsf cg'ejx¿af6 o:tf syfx¿ afF8\g;Sg'x'G5 < 20

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt ^—;dlk{t ;+of]hs lbg @–kf7 &

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!= afOan kbM gx]Dofx %M!^

To;sf] ;f6f] d}n] kvf{n agfpg] sfddf d]/f] ;f/f d]x]gt nufPF . d]/f ;a} dflg;x¿ sfdsf] lglDt ToxfF e]nf eP, / xfdLn] ltgLx¿af6 s'g} hUufhdLg lnPgf}+ .

d'Vo syf M gx]Dofx %M!^—^M!^

@= l;¢fGtsf] kl/ro M -% ldg]6_

gx]DofxnfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . 7"nf] nIosf] nflu ;xsfo{ ug]{ ;+of]hssf] cfjZoStf kb{5, hf]rfFlx k"0f{¿kdf nIo / ;xsfo{df ;dlk{t x'G5 . hf] ;xsfo{df /x]sf k|To]s JolQm jf ;]jsfOdf ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . h;;Fu bL3{sflng ;dk{0ftf 5 / ;a} ;fe]mbf/x¿n] e/f]zf u/]sf 5g\ .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ s'g} klg k|efjzfnL ;xsfo{df nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu Pshgf ;dlk{t ;+of]hs x'g' cfjZos x'G5, h;n]] nIo / ;fem]bf/x¿ b'j}nfO{ a/fa/ dxTj lbG5 . ;+of]hs w}o{zLn, ;a};Fu e/f]zf lgdf{0f ug]{ / bL3{sflng ;dk{0ftf ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ;+of]hsn] ;a} ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;d{lk{t / dWo:ysf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kg]{ x'G5 t/ k"0f{¿kdf ;dlk{t e"ldsf x'G5 . ;+of]hs ;d"x;Fu Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd ug]{ x'g'k5{ . ;+of]hsn] ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu lg/Gt/¿kdf ;+rf/ ul//xg'kb{5 / hfgsf/L lbg / ;fx; lbg lg/Gt/¿kdf ;+rf/sf tl/sfx¿ lgdf{0f ul//xg'kb{5 . $= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M -$) ldg]6_ s= d'Vo syfaf/] 5nkmn -!% ldg]6_ M x/]s ;d"xdf #–$ hgf x'g] u/L ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ljefhg ug{'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xn] d'Vo syfnfO{ k'glj{rf/ ug]{5 / ;xsfo{df ;kmntf kfpgsf nflu ;+of]hssf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ u'0fx¿ jf sfo{x¿af/] kQf nufpg'kg]{5 .

v= k|ltj]bg M -!) ldg]6_

k|To]s ;d"xn] ;xsfo{df ;kmntf kfpgsf nflu ;+of]hssf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ u'0fx¿ jf sfo{x¿af/] atfpg'kg]{5, Wofg lbg'xf];\ ls p:t} pQ/x¿ cfpg]5g\ .

u= 5nkmn M ;Dk"0f{ sIffdf oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ gx]Dofxsf] clek|]/0ff s] lyof] < lsg pgn] ;+of]hssf] lhDdf lnP < ;Ifd ;+of]hs aGgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ gx]Dofxsf b'O{ u'0fx¿ s]—s] lyP < ;+of]hsn] ug{'kg]{ Pp6f jf b''O{j6f clt dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ s]—s] x'g\ < ;+of]hsn] PSn}n] sfd u5{ ls ;d"xdf sfd u5{ < w]/} lsl;dsf ;d"xx¿ / rfxgfx¿sf] afah'b klg gx]Dofxn] pmgLx¿nfO{ To; sfdsf] nflu s;/L kl/rfng u/] < xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ufpF ;dfhdf ;xsfo{ ug'{kbf{ o:tf ;+of]hssf] cfjZos kbf{ xfdLn] s;/L kQf nufpg;S5f}+ < 21

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

;xsfo{sf] l;4fGt *—pT;j dgfpg' lbg @ M kf7 *

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!= afOan kb M gx]Dofx !@M@&

æo¿zn]dsf] kvf{nsf] ;dk{0f ubf{ o¿zn]ddf /dfx6 u/]/ wGojfbsf ehg ufpFb}, ‰ofnL, ;f/ËL / jL0ffsf ;fydf ;dk{0fsf] pT;j dgfpg ltgLx¿n] n]jLx¿nfO{ cfk"m a;]sf ;a} lgjf;—:yfgx¿af6 vf]h]/ NofP .Æ

d'Vo syf M gx]Dofx !@M@&—$#

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro M

-% ldg]6_

gx]Dofx / o¿zn]dsf dflg;x¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . ;xsfo{sf] ;kmntfdf pT;j dgfpg''kb{5 . To;sf] lglDt k|To]sn], To; ;kmntfdf cfˆgf] efu / ;xeflutf yfxf kfpg'kb{5 . sfdnfO{ d'Nofª\sg u/]sf] sf/0f k|ultaf/] cjut x'g'kb{5 . ;kmntfsf] nflu k/d]Zj/sf] cflzif / x/]s ;fem]bf/sf] nufgLsf] ;Åfgf ug'{kb{5 .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ ;xsfo{df k|To]s ;xefuLn] p;sf] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] / of] lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 ;f] a'‰g cfjZos 5 . ;lqmo ;+rf/n] k|efjsf/L ;xsfo{sf] lgdf{0f ub{5 / o;n] cGtdf ;kmntfaf/] ;a} afF8r'F8 ub}{ pT;j dgfpg cu'jfO ub{5 . ca xfdL s;/L cufl8 a9\5f}+eGg] lglZrt ug{ bL3{sflng jf cNksflng nIox¿af/] ;a} ;fem]bf/x¿n] yfxf kfPdf eljiodf klg o; k|sf/sf] ;xsfo{ ug{ ;a} pT;'s x'g]5g\ . xfd|f] ;kmntfsf] ;a} dlxdf k/d]Zj/nfO{ g} hfG5, clg ;xsfo{sf] ;kmntfdf ;a} Ps};fy nIodf k'Ug kfpFbf cfglGbt x'g'kb{5 .

$= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M

-$) ldg]6_

s= d'Vo syfaf/] 5nkmn M-!% ldg]6_

x/]s ;d"xdf #–$ hgf x'g] u/L ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ljefhg ug{'xf];\ . x/]s ;d"xn] d'Vo syfnfO{ k'glj{rf/ ug]{5 / Pp6f sf/0f kQf nufpg]5 ls, xfdLn] lsg M ;xsfo{df x/]sn] cfˆgf] d"No / lhDd]jf/L yfxf x'g h?/L 5 . xfd|f] ;xsfo{df xfd|f] k|ultnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug{' cfjZos 5 . xfd|f] nIodf k'Ugsf] nflu pT;j dgfpg cfjZos 5 .

v= k|ltj]bg M -!) ldg]6_

c;n k|lzIfsn] ug'{kg]{ jf p;df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿dWo] b'O{j6faf/] x/]s ;d"xn] Ps ldg]6df k|ltj]bg lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a}sf] k|ltj]bg k|foM p:t} x'g]5 .

u= 5nkmn M ;fgf ;d"xdf oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ gx]Dofx / pgsf dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿sf ;xsfo{sf] nIo k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f s;/L yfxf kfP < Tof] sfd w]/} dflg;x¿ ldn]/ u/]sfn] s] pgLx¿ ;a}n] xft]dfnf] u/]sf s'/f yfxf kfPsf lyP < Tof] pgLx¿n] s;/L yfxf kfP < 22

;xsfo{df sfd ubf{ s;n] /]s8{ /fVg'k5{, ;fy} o;sf] k|ult ePsf] 5 jf 5}g s;n] kQf nufpg'kb{5< olb Tolta]nf pT;j gdgfPsf]] eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf < s;/L pT;jn] xfd|f] PstfnfO{ c;/ kfb{5 < tkfO{n] tkfO{sf] :yfgLo If]qdf ePsf] pT;jsf] pbfx/0f afF8\g;Sg'x'G5 < ;xsfo{sf & j6f l;4fGtx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L bf]>f] lbgsf] cGt ug{'xf];\ . k|fy{gfåf/f cGt ug['xf];\ .

23

k|lzIfsnfO{ lgb]{zg M t]>f] lbg syfx¿ / ;xsfo{sf l;4fGtx¿ s;/L k|of]u ug]{eGg]df s]lGb«t x'g]5 .

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

xfd|f] jl/kl/ ;';dfrf/ k|rf/ / d08nL :yfkgf ug{ ;xsfo{sf] k|of]u lbg #—kf7 (

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

!= afOan kbx¿ M n"sf !)M!—@Ù !&—@)

!= o;kl5 k|e'n] c¿ ;Q/L hgfnfO{ lgo''Qm ug{'eof], / cfk'm hfg nfUg'ePsf] x/]s zx/ / ufpFdf cfk"meGbf cufl8 ltgLx¿nfO{ b'O{—b'O{ u/L k7fpg'eof] . @= pxfFn] ltgLx¿nfO{ eGg'eof], ækm;n t k|Z:t 5, t/ v]tfnfx¿ yf]/} 5g\ . o;sf/0f km;nsf k|e'nfO{ k|fy{gf u/, / pxfFn] cfˆgf] km;ndf v]tfnfx¿ k7fOlbpmg\ . ,“ ,

!&= ” !*= !(=

,“ ,

@)=

, ”

;DalGwt kbx¿ M dQL (M#&—#*Ù /f]dL !)M!#—!% k|lzIf0f gf]6 M s;}nfO{{ ;d"xsf] aLrdf oL dflysf kbx¿ pRr :j/df kf7 ug{ :jo+;]js 5fGg'xf];\ .

;d"xnfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ / pgLx¿af6 hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ ls, ælsg o]z"n] cfˆgf r]nfx¿nfO{ PSn} eGbf b'O{— b'O{ hgf u/L ujfxL aGg / ;]jsfOsf] nflu Ps};fy k7fpg'eof] <Æ

@= l;¢fGtsf] kl/ro M -% ldg]6_

;xsfo{df Ps};fy sfd u/]/ :yfgLo d08nLx¿n] w]/} k|efjzfnL¿kdf d08nL :yfkgf / ;';dfrf/ k|rf/ ub{5g\ . ha JolQmut¿kdf eGbf :yfgLo ;ª\ultx¿ Ps;fy e]nf x'G5g\, ;';dfrf/sf] sfd a9L k|efjzfnL x'G5 / w]/} dflg;x¿n] v|Li6nfO{ k5\ofpg]5g\ . o;f] ug{sf] nflu xfdLn] M ;d'bfo / dflg;x¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Ps;fy cg';Gwfg ug{ k|fy{gf ug{'k5{ . Ps;fy of]hgf agfpg'k5{ / tof/ x'g'k5{ . Ps;fy sfd ug{k' 5{ / Ps;fy pT;j dgfpg'k5{ .

k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M

;xefuLx¿nfO{ :d/0f u/fpg'xf];\ ls xfdLn] s'g} !)) j6f ufpFx¿sf] pbfx/0f lnPsf5f}+ . tL !)) j6fdWo] !% j6f ufpFdf dfq df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿ 5g\ clg afFsL *% j6f ufpFdf d08nLx¿ 5}gg\ . xfdL cfkm}nfO{ ;f]Wg]5f}+ ls oL !% j6f d08nLsf dflg;x¿ s;/L ;xsfo{df sfd ug{ ;S5g\ t < c¿ *%j6f ufpFx¿sf] aLrdf ;';dfrf/ k|rf/ / d08nL :yfkgf ug{ s] ug]{ < 24

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ x/]s JolQmdf, cfˆgf ufpF / cfˆgf] j/k/sf ufpFx¿sf nflu s]xL ug]{eGg] bz{g x'g]5 . olb xfdLn] ;xsfo{ u/L Ps};fy sfd u/]df x/]s dflg;n] j/k/sf ufpFx¿sf dflg;x¿ rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] v|Li6df cfP/ :yfgLo d08nLx¿ :yflkt x'G5g\eGg] ljZjf; ug]{5g\ . tflndsf ;xefuLx¿n] c¿x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ tof/ /xgsf nflu cfjZoskg]{ cflTds tyf Jofjxfl/s sbdx¿af/] 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ . df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿ ldn]/ d08nL gePsf ufpFx¿df klg oyflz3| ;xsfo{ u/L w]/} df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿ :yfkgf ug{ pT;flxt x'g]5g\ .

$= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofåf/f l;Sg] ;do M-$) ldg]6 _ k|lzIf0f gf]6 M

cab]lv p;f] ;d"x ljefhg ubf{ o; tflndkZrft\ eljiodf klg ;Fu} sfd ug]{ lx;fan] ljefhg ug{'xf];\ . ;d"xnfO{ ljefhg ubf{ ef}uf]lns :yfgsf] cfwf/df jf o;cl3sf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ug{'xf];\ . ;d"xdf ePsf ;b:ox¿n] Pscsf{]af6 lg/Gt/¿kdf l;Sg] sfd ug]{5g\ / afF8r"F8 klg ug]{5g\ / cGo ;d"xx¿;Fu cfk\mgf ljrf/ / l;s]sf s'/fx¿ afF8\g;Sg] klg x'g]5g\ . oL ;d"xx¿ klxnfsf ;d"xeGbf ;+Vofdf 7"nf x'g;S5g\ .

s= bz{g -!% ldg]6_ ;d"x ! M df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿ gePsf xfd|f] j/k/sf ufpFx¿ / c¿ 7fpFx¿df ;';dfrf/ ;'gfpg] tof/L ubf{ k|fy{gf ug'{ lsg h?/L 5 < olb k|efjzfnL¿kdf ;';dfrf/ ;'gfpg] xf]eg], lsg xfdLn] ToxfFsf dflg;x¿, ufpF / kl/l:yltaf/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L kfpg cfjZos 5 < ;d"x @ M xfd|f] glhs /x]sf df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿åf/f df}lvs afOan d08nL gePsf 7fpFx¿df ;ª\ultx¿ :yfkgf ugf{sf nflu xfd|f] of]hgf / tof/Lsf nflu s'gs'g s'/fx¿ dxTjk"0f{ xf]nfg\ < ;d"x # M xfd|f] k|fy{gf, vf]h, of]hgf / tof/Lsf] cfwf/df xfdL cfkm}n] dfq ug{ g;Sg] s:tfvfnsf ;';dfrf/Lo tyf d08nL :yfkgfsf /0fgLltx¿ cKgfpg;lsG5 < s]n] ;kmntfkl5 pT;j dgfpg clek|]l/t unf{ <

v= k|ltj]bg M -!) ldg]6_

x/]s ;d"xsf Pshgf ;xefuLn] @ ldg]6df ;a}sf] ;fd" k|ltj]bg lbg]5g\ . s;}nfO{ cfjZos k/]df $ ldg]6 lbg;lsG5 .

u= 5nkmn M -!% ldg]6_

;d"xx¿ cfk\mgf] 7fpFdf km]l/ hfg]5g\ / o;cl3 5nkmn / cEof; ul/Psf s'/fx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug]{eGg]af/] k"gM 5nkmn ug]{5g\ .

25

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

d08nLsf] cfly{s :jfjnDagsf nflu ;xsfo{sf] sfof{Gjog lbg #—kf7 !)

kf7 ;doM ! 306f

!= afOan kb M k|:yfg !^M$,%Ù @ y];nf]lgs] #M^—!@

æta k/dk|e'n] df]zfnfO{ eGg''eof], æd ltdLx¿sf lglDt :ju{af6 /f]6L j;f{pg]5 . Dfflg;x¿n] lbgxF' aflx/ uP/ Ps lbgsf] lx:;f a6'n"g\ . o;/L ltgLx¿ d]/f cfb]zdf lxF8\5g\ ls lxF8\b}gg\ ;f] d hfFr ug{ ;sF"nf . 5}6f}+ lbg ltgLx¿n] hlt a6'N5g\ Tof] tof/ kfl//fv"g\, / Tof] c¿ lbgeGbf bf]Aa/ xf];\ .Æ k|:yfg !^M$,% æca efO xf], xfd|f k|e' o]z" v|Li6sf] gfpFdf xfdL ltdLx¿nfO{ cf1f lbG5f}+, ls xfdLaf6 ltdLx¿n] kfPsf lzIffdf grNg] x/]s cN5] efOaf6 cnu a; . lsgls ltdLx¿n] s;/L xfd|f] cg's/0f ug{'k5{ ;f] ltdLx¿ cfkm} hfGb5f} . xfdL ltdLx¿;Fu 5Fbf cN5] eO{ a;]gf} +. xfdLn] s;}sf] /f]6L l;Q}df vfPgf}+ . t/ ltdLx¿ s;}nfO{ ef/ gxf];\ eg]/ xfdLn] /ftlbg kl/>d;fy v6]/ sfd u¥of}+ . ;xfotf kfpg] xfd|f] xs geP/ xf]Og, t/ xfd|f] cfr/0f ltdLx¿sf nflu Ps cfbz{ agf];\ eg]/ xfdLn] To;f] u¥of}+ . ltdLx¿sf ;fydf x'Fbf xfdLn] ltdLx¿nfO{ of] cf1f lbPsf lyof}+, æs;}n] sfd ub}{g eg] To;n] gvfcf];\ .Æ lsgls xfdL ;'Gb5f}+, ls ltdLx¿dWo] sltn] cN5] hLjg latfO/x]sf 5f} . ltdLx¿ cfk"mrflxF s]xL sfd ub}{gg\, t/ c¿sf] sfddf Joy}{ xft xfN5g\ . ca o:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ k|e' o]z" v|Li6sf] gfpFdf xfdL cf1f / ctL{ lbG5f}+, ls ltgLx¿n] r'krfk cfˆgf sfd u¿g\ / cfˆg} xftn] sdfP/ vfpmg\ . ltdLx¿rflxF efO xf], enfO ug{df ylst gxf]cf] .Æ -@ y];nf]lgs] #M^—!@_

k||lzIf0f gf]6 M ;a} ;d"xx¿sf cl3 7"nf] :j/df k9\gsf]] nflu @ hgf :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ 5gf]6 ug{'xf];\ .

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro

k/d]Zj/ ;a} s'/fx¿ h'6fpg'x'g] x'g'x'G5 . :yfgLo ljZjf;+Lx¿sf] ;d'bfo g} kl/jf/x¿sf kl/jf/ xf], h;åf/f g} k/d]Zj/n] sfd ug{;Sg'x'G5 / ;d'bfosf kl/jf/x¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ rfxg''xG5 . JolQmut ¿kdf jf d08nLsf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/x¿ ;xsfo{ u/L ldn]/ sfd u/]df ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfos} cfly{s¿kdf pGglt x'G5 . ha xfdL xfd|f] df}lvs afOan d08nLsf ljZjf;Lx¿;Fu Ps;fy ldn]/ sfd u5f}{+, xfdL cem} cflTds / cfly{s¿kdf ljsl;t x'g]5f}+ . To;kl5 xfdLn] xfd|f] cfly{s kIf / hLjg :j:Yos/ aGb} :jfjnDaL aGb}uPsf] b]Vg]5f}+, === ha xfdL JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs¿kdf k/d]Zj/sf] cf1fkfngf u5f}+ . ha xfdLx¿ :jfyL{ gagL Pscfk;sf cfjZostfx¿dfly x]/larf/ ug{;Sg] x'g]5f}+ . ha xfdL xfd|f] cfly{s lxtsf] kIfdf alnof] / cfTdf lge{/ /xgsf] nflu Ps;fy sfd ug{]5f}+ .

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k/d]Zj/n] xfdL x/]s cfly{s¿kdf :j:y ePsf] rfxg'x'G5 . cfly{s¿kdf :j:y / cfTdflge{/ x'gsf] nflu k|To]s JolQmn] cflTdsL hLjg, JolQmut sfo{Jojxf/ / cf–cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f ug{'kg]{5 eGg] l;sfpF5 . ls k|To]s ;d'bfo;Fu w]/} cfGtl/s >f]t / ;fwgx¿ 5g\, t/ ha xfdL Ps;fy ;xsfo{df sfd u5f}{+ ta aflx/af6sf] ;xof]u ljgfg} cufl8 a9\g;S5f}+ . k|To]s JolQmn] a''‰g]5g\ ls df}lvs afOan d08nLdf w]/}eGbf w]/} ljZjf;Lx¿ Ps ePdf dfq pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] cfly{s cj:yf :j:y / alnof] x'g]5 / To;af6 j/k/sf ;d'bfox¿ klg nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ . 26

ha :yfgLo ;ª\ult cfly{s¿kdf :j:y x'G5, o;n] xfd|f dflg;x¿dfem pT;fx / cfzf k|bfg ub{5 / o;nfO{ xfd|f j/k/sf dflg;x¿n] b]Vg]5g\ / ;';dfrf/sf nflu o;n] c;n k|efj kfb{5 .

$= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do M -$) ldg]6_ s= M bz{g -!% ldg]6_

k|To]s ;fgf ;d"xn] tn lbOPsf ljifox¿df ;'xfpFbf] @ jf # pkfox¿ kQf nufpg]5g\ . != ;d"x ! M xfd|f ufpFx¿ / c¿ 7fpFx¿ hxfF df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿ 5g\ tL :yfgx¿sf] k|d'v cfly{s cfjZostfx¿ s]–s] xf]nfg\ < @= ;d"x @ M xfd|f glhssf] df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿, jf :yfgLo ;ª\ultx¿sf cfly{s lxtsf nflu xfdLnfO{ k/d]Zj/n] lbg'ePsf] v'aL, j/bfg / >f]tx¿ afF8\g ;Sg] pkfox¿ s]–s] x'g ;Snfg\ < #= ;d'x # M olb xfdLn] c¿ df}lvs afOan d08nLsf ljZjf;Lx¿;Fu ldn]/ pgLx¿sf] cfly{s l:ylt ;'wf/sf nflu sfd ug]{ xf]eg] s:tf] kmfO{bf x'G5 < xfd|f :yfgLo df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿sf cfly{s pGgltn] j/k/sf l5d]sLx¿nfO{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] k|efj kfb{5 <

v= k|ltj]bg M -!) ldg]6_

x/]s ;d"xn] cfkgf] ;f/f+z k|ltj]bg lbgnfO{ b'O{ ldg]6 ;do kfpg]5g\ . s;}nfO{ yk ;do rflxPdf $ ldg]6;Dd ;do lbg'xf];\ .

u= 5nkmn M ;fgf e'm08x¿ km]l/ cfkgf] ;d"xdf hfg]5g\ / df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿sf cfly{s ;DkGgtfsf nflu s] ug{;lsG5 / s;/L ;xsfo{ u/L cfly{s¿kdf :jfjnDa agfO{ j/k/sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;';dfrf/sf nflu tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 eg]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

%= k|ltj]bg M -!% ldg]6_

:yfgLo ;ª\ult jf d08nLx¿ Pscfk;df ;xsfo{ u/L ldn]/ sfd ubf{ s] s:tf cflTds tyf cfly{s kmfO{bfx¿ x'G5g\ / olb xfdLn] xfd||f] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu ;xsfo{ u¥of}+ eg] xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ;';dfrf/sf] nflu s:tf] k|efj kf5{ egL k|To]s e'm08n] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .

27

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

xfd|f] j/k/sf ;d'bfonfO{ ljsf; ug{ ;xsfo{sf] k|of]u lbg #– kf7 !!

kf7 cjlw M ! 306f

!= afOan kbx¿ M oz}of %*M(–!@

ta ltdLx¿n] k'sf/f ug{]5f} ,/ k/dk|e'n] hjfkm lbg'x'g]5 . ltdLx¿n] ;xfotfsf] lglDt lalGt ug{]5f}, / pxfFn] eGg'x'g]5, …d oxLF 5' .Ú æolb ltdLx¿n] cfˆ¥gf aLraf6 cTofrf/sf] h''jf kmflnlbof}, c¿nfO{ cfF}nf 7f8f] ug{ / O{{iof{k"0f{ s'/f af]Ng Tofuf}, clg ;Dk"0f{ Åbon] ltdLx¿n] cfkm}nfO{ ef]sfx¿sf lglDt lbof}, / cTofrf/df k/]sfx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ul/lbof} eg], ltdLx¿sf] Hof]lt cFWof/f]df rDsg]5 / ltdLx¿sf] /ft dWolbgh:t} x'g]5 . k/dk|e'n] ltdLx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ 8f]¥ofpg'x'g]5 / 3fdsf] pw'd udL{ k/]sf 7fpFx¿df klg ltdLx¿nfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{'x'g]5, / ltdLx¿sf xf8x¿nfO{ alnof kfg{'x'g]5 . ltdLx¿ k|z:t kfgLsf] d"n´} x'g]5f} . ltdLx¿sf dflg;x¿n] k'/fgf eUgfjz]if km]l/ agfpg]5g\ . w]/} k'/fgf hux¿ ltgLx¿n] p7fpg]5g\ . ltgLx¿ eTs]sf kvf{nx¿ lgdf{0f ug{] / a:g] 3/x¿sf lglDt af6f] km]l/ gofF agfpg]x¿ elgg]5f} .Æ

;DalGwt kbx¿ M k|]l/t @)M#@–#%Ùn"sf $M!*Ù oz}of %*M^–& k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M ;d'xsf] nflu oL kbx¿ k9\gsf] hLjg :jo+;]js 5fGg'xf];\ .

!= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro M -% ldg]6_

;xsfo{ u/L :yfgLo ;ª\ultx¿n] :jf:y, lzIff / cGo ;fdflhs ;jfnsf s'/fx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . xfd|f] :yfgLo ufpF jf zx/L Onfsfdf ljz]ifu/L dlxnf jf afnaflnsfx¿sf aLrdf o;sf] k|efj k|ToIf b]lvG5 . ha xfdL Ps cfk;df ;xsfo{ ub{5f}+, xfd|f ;d'bfosf] :jf:y, lzIff / cGo ;fd'bflos ;jfnsf s'/fx¿df k|ToIf k|efj kg{ uO{ xfd|f] ;dfhn] xfdLaf6 Pp6f gofF cfzf k|fKt ug]{5g\ . xfdL / xfd|f j/k/sf df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿ ldn]/ ha oL sbdx¿ rfNb5f}+, ;';dfrf/sf k|z:t 9f]sfx¿ v'Ng]5g\ . o; sfd ug{sf] nflu xfdLn] M xfd|f] JolQmut hLjg ;fy} xfd|f] ;d'bfodf k/d]Zj/ g} ;a} s'/fx¿sf] >f]t x'g'x'G5 egL ljZj:t x'g'kb{5 . k/d]Zj/n] xfd|f ;a} ;fd'bflos kl/l:yltx¿ hfGg'x'G5 / xfd|f] ;d'bfo :j:y ePsf] rfxg'x'G5, clg pxfFsf] cg'u|x / enfOsf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] rfxg'x'G5 . Pp6f :yfgLo ;ª\ultsf] x}l;otdf xfdL xfd|f] j/k/ ePsf kl/l:yltx¿sf] ljifodf ;hs /xg'kb{5, h;n] xfd|f] ;d'bfosf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x''G5 / xfdL o; ;+;f/df k/d]Zj/sf] sfd ug{ Ps cleGg c+u xf}+ egL ljZjf; ug'{kb{5 . :d/0f xf];\ ls k/d]Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ cufl8g} xfd|f] Åbodf, dl:tisdf, xfd|f] ;d'bfosf nflu cfjZos >f]tx¿ lbO;Sg'ePsf] 5, h;nfO{ xfdLn] cfjfZostfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5f} . ;dfhdf c¿x¿;Fu ldn]/ ;xsfo{ ug{;lsg] vfnsf s]xL clt cfjZos pRr, Jofjxfl/s, / ;Lldt nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ . o;f] ugf{n] xfdLn] xfd|f] ;kmntfnfO{ dfkg ug{ / xfd|f] ;kmntfdf pT;j dgfpg ;Sg]5f}+ . oL ;a}sf] nflu ;do nfUg]5 . t/ lagf ;xsfo{ xfdLn] oL sfdx¿ ug{;Sg]5}gf}+ . 28

#= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ k|To]s JolQm÷;d"x;Fu k/d]Zj/n] pgLx¿, ;fy} pgLx¿sf ufpFx¿÷zx/x¿ z/Ll/s¿kdf :j:y, lzlIft ePsf] rfxg'x'G5eGg] bz{g x'g'kb{5 . of] ¿kfGt/0frflxF afOan, k/d]Zj/sf OR5fdf cfwfl/t 5 eGg] ;a}n] hfGg'kb{5 . k|To]s JolQm÷;d'bfox¿;Fu oL ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo, lzIff, / cGo ;fdflhs k|fyldstfsf ljifodf ;xsfo{ ug]{ bz{g ePsf] xg'k5{, h;df xfdL cfkm}n] / xfd|f j/k/ ePsf cGo df}lvs afOan d08nLx¿sf ljZjf;Lx¿nfO{ klg ;fd]n u/fpg'kb{5 . k|To]s JolQm÷;d"xx¿n]] ;d'bfodf ;fFrf] kl/jt{g b]Vgsf] hLjg ;d'bfosf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x¿ kQf nufpg'kg]{5 / To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg'kg]{5 . k|To]s JolQm÷;d"xx¿n] oL sfd ubf{ cfpg;Sg] afwf cr{gx¿, kl/jt{g grfxg] lj/f]wLx¿sf] klg klxrfg /fVg'kg]{x'G5 / o:tf JolQmx¿;Fu s;/L d'sflanf ug]{eGg] /0fgLlt klg klxnf g} agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|To]s JolQm÷;d"xx¿;Fu !@ dlxgf;Ddsf] nflu ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf] nflu :ki6 bz{g x'g'kg]{5 . o; ;xsfo{df ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] e"ldsf, k|fKt x'g'kg]{ k|ltkmn, ;do tflnsf / ;xdlt ePsf ljifox¿af/] :ki6 hfgsf/L x'g clt cfjZos 5 .

$= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do -$) ldg]6_ s= bz{g M -!% ldg]6_

;d"x ! M xfd|f] ;d'bfosf d'Vo :jf:Yo, lzIff jf c¿ ;fd'bflos cfjZostfx¿ s]—s] x'g\ < xfdL;Fu klxnf g} ePsf >f]tx¿ s] s] x'g\ h;n] xfd|f] ufpF÷zx/df -jf xfd|f] If]qdf_ To:tf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ vf]Hg / k"/f ug{ d2t ub{5 . ;d"x @ M xfd|f] ;dfhdf ePsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;Defljt cj/f]wx¿ s]—s] x'g\ < xfdLn] Nofpg nfu]sf ¿kfGt/0fdf jfwf lbg;Sg] JolQmx¿ sf] sf] x'g;S5g\ < pgLx¿;Fu d'sflanf ug{ s:tf] k|sf/sf] sbd rfNg'knf{ < ;d"x #M o;k|sf/sf] ¿kfGt/0f rfxg] xfd|f] glhssf df}lvs afOan d08nL / c¿ ;]jsfOx¿sf] klxrfg s;/L ug]{ h;n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;d'bfosf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;xfotf ug{;S5g\ <

v= k|ltj]bg M - !) ldg]6 _

dflysf k|Zgdfly 5nkmn ul/Pcg';f/ pgLx¿n] kQf nufPsf sf/0fx¿÷pkfox¿ k|To]s ;d"xn] @ ldg]6df afF8\g'kg]{5 . /, olb cfjZos ePdf $ ldg]6 ;do lbg;lsg]5 .

u= 5nkmn

M -!% ldg]6_ !% ldg]6sf] 5nkmnsf] ;dodf pgLx¿n] kfPsf ljleGg pkfox¿ / ljz]if pknlAwx¿ ;fgf] ;d'xdf 5nkmn ug{ lbg'xf];\ .

%= k|ltj]bg M -!% ldg]6_

k|Zgx¿af6 kfPsf pQ/x¿ afF8\gsf] nflu k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ @ ldg]6 ;do lbg'xf];\ . c¿ yk hfgsf/L / 5nkmnsf] nflu ( ldg]6 ;do lbg'xf];\ .

29

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

xfd|f] JolQmut tyf ;fd'bflos Gofodf ;xsfo{sf] k|of]u lbg #—kf7 !@

kf7 ;do M ! 306f

afOan kbx¿ M k|:yfg #M&–!@, !#–!^ ta k/dk|e'n] eGg'eof], æld>df ePsf d]/f k|hfsf] b'Mv d}n] b]v]sf] 5', / sfdbf/x¿sf] cTofrf/df ltgLx¿n] k'sf/f u/]sf] d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' . ltgLx¿sf] b'Mv dnfO{ yfxf 5 . o;}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ ld>Lx¿sf] xftaf6 5'6sf/f lbP/ To; b]zaf6 Ps c;n / 7"nf] b]z, cyf{t\ b""w / dx aUg] b]z—sgfgL, lxQL, Pdf]/L, kl/HhL, lxJjL / oj";Lx¿sf b]zdf NofpgnfO{ d cf]ln{Psf] 5' . ca x]/\, O;|fPnLx¿sf] k'sf/f dsxfF cfOk'u]sf] 5 . ld>Lx¿n] ltgLx¿dfly u/]sf] cTofrf/ d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . o;sf/0f ca hf, d]/f k|hf, cyf{t O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ ld>af6 lgsfn]/ Nofpg d tFnfO{ kmf/f]sxfF k7fpFb]5' .Æ t/ df]zfn] k/d]Zj/nfO{ eg], ækmf/f]sxfF uP/ O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ ld>af6 Nofpg;Sg] d sf] x'F / <Æ clg k;/]Zj/n] eGg'eof], æd tFl;t x'g]5', / d}n} tFnfO{ k7fPsf] x'F eGg] s'/fsf] lrGx tFnfO{ of] x'g]5 M ha t}n] tL dflg;x¿nfO{ ld>af6 lgsfn]/ Nofpg]5;\ ,ta ltdLx¿n] oxL kj{tdf k/d]Zj/sf] cf/fwgf ug]{5f}Æ -k|:yfg #M&–!@_ . df]zfn] k/d]Zj/nfO{ eg], æx]g{'xf];\, ha d O;|fPnLx¿sxfF uP/ ltgLx¿nfO{ eGg]5', …ltdLx¿sf lktfk'vf{sf k/d]Zj/n] dnfO{ ltdLx¿sxfF k7fpg'ePsf] xf],Ú ta ltgLx¿n] pxfFsf] gfpF s] xf] t < eg]/ ;f]w] eg], d}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ s] eGg] <Æ ta k/d]Zj/n] df]zfnfO{ eGg'eof], æd x'F hf] d x'F .Æ km]l/ pxfFn] eGg'eof],æO;|fPnLx¿nfO{ t}+n] o;f] eGg", …d x'FÚ eGg]n] ltdLx¿sxfF dnfO{ k7fpg'ePsf] xf] .Æ k/d]Zj/n] df]zffnfO{ of] klg eGg'eof], æO;|fPnLx¿nfO{ eg\ …k/dk|e', ltdLx¿sf lktf–k'vf{sf k/d]Zj/, cyf{t ca|fxfdsf k/d]Zj/, O;xfssf k/d]Zj/ / ofs"jsf k/d]Zj/n] dnfO{ ltdLx¿sxfF k7fpg'ePsf] xf] .Ú d]/f] gfpF ;bf oxL /xg]5, / ;a} k':tf;Dd d]/f] gfpFsf] ;Demgf oxL x'g]5 .Æ æhf, uP/ O;|fPnsf wd{u'?x¿nfO{ hDdf u/]/ ltgLx¿nfO{ eg\ M …k/dk|e' ltdLx¿sf lktf–k'vf{sf k/d]Zj/, ca|fxfdsf k/d]Zj/, O;xfssf k/d]Zj/ / ofs"jsf k/d]Zj/ dsxfF k|s6 eP/ eGg'eof] æd}n] ltdLx¿sf] x]/–ljrf/ u/]sf] 5' / ld>df ltdLx¿n] h] ef]Ub}5f} ;f] d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . d}n] ltdLx¿nfO{ ld>sf] si6af6 lgsfn]/ sgfgL, lxQL, Pdf]/L, kl/HhL, lxJjL / oa";Lx¿sf] b]z, Pp6f b"w / dx aUg] b]zdf n}hfg] lgZro u/]sf] 5' Æ. -k|:yfg #M!#–!^_

k|lzIfsnfO{ gf]6 M ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xsf] nflu oL kbx¿ k9\g @ hgfnfO{ :jo+;]jssf] ¿kdf 5fGg'xf];\ .

;d"xx¿nfO{ oL k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf]; . -pQ/ kfpgsf] hLjg ;do % ldg]6 dfq_ ld>Lx¿ / O;|fPnLx¿ Pp6} zx/df a;f]af; u/]sf lyP . s] Tof] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf Pp6f ;d"xrflxF a9L df}sf kfPsf] ;d"x lyof] < k/d]Zj/n] JolQmut ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] ÅbonfO{ x]g'{x'G5 . ld>Lx¿n] w]/} df}sf kfPsf] sf/0f k/d]Zj/n] pgLx¿nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fGg'eof] t < O;|fPnLx¿nfO{ 5'6sf/f lbgsf] nflu kmf/f]nfO{ k|efj kfg{ df]zfnfO{ lsg uf¥xf] nfUof] <

@= l;4fGtsf] kl/ro

k/d]Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;DaGwdf, ;fy} xfd|f] ;d'bfodf k"0f{ x'g ;[hg'eof] . k|To]s JolQm clåtLo eP tfklg pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ a/fa/ dxTjdf ;[hg'eof] . To;}n] o]z"n] eGg'eof], æcfˆgf] l5d]sLnfO{ cfkm}nfO{ em}+ k|]d u/Æ-n"sf !)M@&_ . ha xfdL xfd|f] j/k/sf ljZjf;L jf df}lvs afOan d08nL;Fu Ps;fy sfd u5f}+, ta b'j} kIfdf x/]s JolQmsf]] dxTjsf] ljifodf bzf{pg ;S5f}+ . t/ ha xfd|f] j/k/sf ;dfhsf dflg;x¿n] k/d]Zj/n] lbg'ePsf] d"No / dfGotfNffO{ a'‰g]5g\, ta pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs Gofo / :jtGqtfsf] ljifodf a'‰g]5g\ . 30

xfdLn] xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs GofonfO{ Ps;fy ;'wfg{, xfdL k|To]sn] v|Li6df x/]s JolQmsf] ;dfg d"No 5 eGg] hfGg'k5{ . o;nfO{ xfd|f] b}lgs kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf, ;d'bfodf clg xfd|f] j/k/sf ;d'bfodf b]vfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . hxfF JolQmut dfGotfnfO{ j]jf:tf ul/G5 jf 8/ b]vfOG5, o:tf] cj:yfdf Ps};fy sfd ug{'xf];\ .

$= l;sfOsf p2]Zox¿ M k|To]s JolQmn] of] a'‰g'kb{5 ls aflx/L¿kdf xfdL hlt g} leGg¿kdf ;[li6 ul/Psf eP tfklg o;n] vf;} km/s kfb}{g, lsgeg] k/d]Zj/n] k|To]s dflg;nfO{ Ps;dfg d"No / dfGotfdf agfpg'ePsf] xf] . pxfFn]g} xfdL ;a}nfO{ agfpg'ePsf] xf] / xfdLnfO{ Ps} lsl;dn] xfd|f] kfkaf6 p4f/ ug{sf] nflu o]z" dg{'eof] . k|To]s JolQmn] a'‰g'kb{5 ls k|foh;f] kfk / 6'6]sf] ;DaGwn] k|efj kf/]sf] ;dfhdf, k/d]Zj/n] x/]s JolQmnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf agfpg'ePsf] xf] egL a'emfpg clg k/d]Zj/sf] k|]d / bofaf/] a'emfpg slxn]sfxLF s8f kl/>d / k|fy{gfk"0f{ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] h:tf] ;dfhdf k/d]Zj/n] x/]s JolQmnfO{ lbg'ePsf] ;dfg d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;+rf/ ug{ k|To]s ljZjf;Lx¿ Ps};fy sfd ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

$= ;fgf] ;d"xdf cGt/lqmofTds¿kdf l;Sg] ;do -$) ldg]6_

s= syf M tLg ;d'xdf ljeflht x'g'xf];\ / oL k|Zgx¿sf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ k|:yfg %M%–!@ M olb k/d]Zj/ O;|fPnLx¿;Fu x'g'ePsf] eP pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs Gofo kfpg lsg uf¥xf] eof] < o;af6 xfdLn] s] lzIff k|fKt u5f}{+ < n"sf !*M!–% M v'/Gwf/ nfu]sL lawjfsf] kf7n] xfd|f] ;d'bfo jf j/k/sf] If]qdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] ljrf/z}nL lbPsf] 5 < k|]l/t !@M!–!( M ;dflhs Gofosf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ kq';n] ulDe/k|sf/sf] ;hfoF ef]Ub}5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo ljZjf;Lx¿n] s:tf] lsl;dsf] sbd p7fP < To;kl5 s] eof] < ha kq'; 3/leq cfP, ta ;a} ljZjf;Lx¿ lsg crlDdt eP < o;af6 xfdLn] s] l;S5f}+ < o;;DaGwL k|To]s ;d"xaf6 ! jf @ k|ltlqmofx¿ lng'xf];\ .

v=bz{g M tn lbOPsf ljifodf k|To]s ;d"xn] @ jf # wf/0ffx¿ lbg'xf];\ . -!% ldg]6_ ;d"x ! M olb xfdLn] k/d]Zj/sf] gh/df xfdL ;a} Ps ;dfg 5f}+ eGg] ljZjf; u/s]f eP / xfd|f] dfGotfnfO{ Jofjxf/df ptfg{ ;+u} ldn]/ sfd u/]sf]] eP, xfd|f] nflu xfd|f] kl/jf/df s;/L km/s x'GYof] xf]nf < ;d"x @ M olb xfd|f] ;ª\ultsf ;Dk"0f{ ljZjf;Lx¿n] ;lqmo¿kdf ;xsfo{ u/L k|efjsf/L¿kdf cfˆgf] ;d'bfo / cGo ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L sfd ug]{ xf] eg] xfd|f ;dfhx¿ s;/L km/s x'g]lyP xf]nfg\ < ;d"x #M olb xfd|f] ;ª\ultsf ;Dk"0f{ ljZjf;Lx¿ / glhssf cGo ;ª\ultsf ;Dk"0f{ ljZjf;Lx¿n] ;lqmo¿kdf ;xsfo{ u/L k|efjsf/L¿kdf cfˆgf] ;d'bfo / cGo ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ xf] eg] xfd|f] j/k/sf ;dfhx¿ s;/L km/s x'g]lyP xf]nfg\ <

u= 5nkmn M x/]s ;d"xn] ;f/fz+ k|ltj]bg lbg @ ldg]6sf] ;do kfpg]5g\ . yk hfgsf/L÷5nkmnsf nflu cfjZos k/]df $ ldg]6 ;do lbg'xf];\ .

31

%= 5nkmn / k|ltj]bg M -@) ldg]6_

oL syfx¿df k/d]Zj/sf dfGotfx¿af/] tLgj6f ljrf/x¿ af/Daf/ k|s6 x'G5g\ . != k/d]Zj/sf dfGotfx¿ ;To x'g\ egL ljZjf; ug{ ;fFrf] ljZjf; rfFlxG5 . @= oL dfGotfx¿nfO{ cfTdf;ft\ ug{ cj/f]wx¿ cfpF5g\ egL dx;'; ug{ ;fFrf] w}o{tf rflxG5 . #= ha;Dd kljq cfTdf k/d]Zj/n] dflg;x¿sf] hLjgdf sfd ug{'x'Gg, ta;Dd dflg;x¿n] kl/jt{gx¿ b]Vg rfxFb}gg\, To;}n] ;fFrf] k|fy{gf rflxG5 .

oL tLg l;4fGtx¿nfO{ dgdf /fvL, k|To]s ;d"xn] pgLx¿sf] ;d'bfodf jf If]qdf ePsf ;fdflhs Gofosf] ljifodf pgLx¿ / j/k/sf df}lvs d08nLx¿n] ;xsfo{ u/L sbd rfn]df s] s:tf ;kmntfx¿ xfl;n ug{;S5g\ eGg] 5nkmn u/L k|ltj]bg k]; ug{{ nufpg'xf];\ . -!) ldg]6 5nkmnsf nflu /, !) ldg]6 k|ltj]bgsf nflu lbg'xf];\ . _

32

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v ;fd"lxs of]hgf / ;dfkg

kf7 !#

kf7 ;doM # 306f

!= ;+lIfKt ¿kdf tLg j6f ¿vsf] syf / ;xsfo{sf k|d'v l;4fGtx¿ k'g PskN6 bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . @= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{–;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug{'xf];\ . cfk"mn] ug{nfu]sf of]hgfdf ;xefuL x'g;Sg] ;xefuLnfO{ ;dfj]; u/L ;d"x ljefhg u/]df w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf/0fn] ubf{ ;d"xdf Pp6} ;]jsfO jf d08nLaf6 cfPsf ;xefuLx¿ x'G5g\, h;n] jl/kl/ k}mlnPsf d08nLx¿÷ufpFx¿df sfd ug]{5g\ . cyjf h;n] pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] ;xsfo{nfO{ a9fpg / ljsf; ug{ rfxg]x¿nfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf ;dfj]; ug{ ;lsG5.

#= ;fd"lxs sfo{M -() ldg]6_ k|To]s ;d"xn] sfd ug]{ rf/j6f If]qdWo]af6 s'g} Pp6f If]q 5fGg' nufpg'xf];\ .

;';dfrf/ / d08nL :yfkgf

cfly{s ljsf;

;fdflhs cj:yf

;fdflhs Gofo

cfˆgf] sfo{–If]qsf] lglDt k|To]s ;d"xn] lgDg sfd ug{]5g\, s= pgLx¿n] sfd ug]{ If]qaf6 5fg]sf ljz]if cfzf ul/Psf kl/0ffdx¿ / bz{gsf] lglDt ljsf; ug{]5g\ . v= s'g ef}uf]lns If]qdf of] of]hgf nfu" ug]{ olsg ug]{5g\\ . u= of] sfddf ;xsfo{ ug{ s;s;nfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ ;"lr agfpg']5g\\ . hf] k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v eGg] tflnddf ;xefuL ePsf 5}gg\, tL dflg;÷d08nLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . pgLx¿sf] If]qdf c¿ d08nLx¿;Fu ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ug]{ ljifonfO{ dxTj lbO{ hf]8 lbg'xf];\ . 3= pgLx¿sf] bz{g k"/f ug{nfO{ csf]{ ^ dlxgfsf] nflu sfd ug]{ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug{'xf];\ . ª= pgLx¿;Fu ePsf oL bz{g k"/f ug{ s;/L pgLx¿n] ;fwgx¿nfO{ afF8r"F8 ug]{5g\ xf]nf / s]xL ;fwgx¿ ;fob ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kg{;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] hnflu pgLx¿sf] 3/]n' d08nLx¿ / c¿x¿;Fu o; kf7df l;s]sf tLgj6f ¿vsf] syf afF8\g ;lsG5 . r= 7"nf] ;d"xnfO{ k|ltj]bg ;'gfpgsf] lglDt s;}nfO{ 5fGg'xf];\ .

gf]6 M o; kf7sf] cGtdf lbOPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\M ætkfO{sf] ;xsfo{sf] yfngL M Jojxfl/s–sfo sbdx¿’ / pgLx¿sf] sfo{ of]hgfx¿df oL s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;d"xx¿nfO{ nufpg'xf];\ .

33

$= ;fd"lxs k|ltj]bg -!% ldg]6_

k|To]s ;d"xaf6 PshgfnfO{ 7"nf] ;d"xdf k|ltj]bg lbg nufpg'xf];\ . ltgLx¿n] dflysf s—ª ;Ddsf ljleGg ljifox¿sf] ljj/0fx¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf ;dfj]z ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

%=cg'udg / pQ/bfloTjsf nflu ;fd"lxs of]hgf lglZrt ug{'xf];\ k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v tflndsf ;xefuLx¿sf] ;fd"lxs sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg ;'Gg tyf k'gMtfhuLsf nflu ^—!) dlxgfaLrsf] ;do ldnfP/ Psk6s k]ml/ ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf e]nf ug{'xf];\ .

^= ;dfkg 6Lsfl6Kk0fL, pT;j dgfpg], k|fy{gf / ;dk{0fsf;fy sfo{qmdnfO{ cGt ug]{ .

34

d08nL—d08nLaLr ;xsfo{ ;'¿ ug{' Jojxfl/s sfo{–sbdx¿sf nflu ;'emfjx¿

sbd ! M

tkfO{sf] ;d'bfodf dflg;x¿n] s] s:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ 7"nf r'gf}tLsf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

oL s'/fx¿sf] af/]df xfdLn] sf];Fu s'/f ug'k5{ <

;Defjgfx¿

ufpF÷;d'bfosf kfsf] pd]/sf JolQmx¿ jf dfggLo cu'jfx¿, xfdLnfO{ ;dy{g lbg] ;/sf/ kIfsf JolQmTjx¿, ;d'bflos ;+u7gx¿sf cu'jfx¿ clg ofb ug{'xf];\ ls ;d'bfosf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿, hf] :yfgLo kl/l:yltx¿df lbg k|ltlbg lhO{/x]sf 5g\ pgLx¿;Fu klg s'/f ug{'kb{5 . ;fd"bflos cu'jfx¿ lrGgnfO{ Ps ljz]if k|of; ug{'xf];\ jf o:tf] JolQm r'Gg'xf];\ h'g JolQmn] ;d'bfonfO{ Pp6f c;n 7fpFdf /x]/ lhpg;Sg] agfpF5, hf];Fu jf:tljs ;dk{0ftf / ;]jfsf] Åbo 5 . ;fob ltgLx¿ lxGb', d'l:nd cyjf cGo wd{df ljZjf; ug]{x¿ x'g;S5g\ . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ c;n OR5f ePsf dflg;x¿ eg]/ ;f]Rg'xf];\ -h:t} ha o]z"n] cfˆgf r]nfx¿nfO{ aflx/ k7fpg'eof], pxfFn] pgLx¿nfO{ …zflGtsf dflg;Ú eGg'eof]_ . To;kl5 tkfO{x¿sf] cfˆgf] If]q -:yfgLo d08nLx¿_ df :yfgLo ljZjf;Lx¿sf] ;]jf;+ultx¿sf cu'jfx¿;Fu JolQut ¿kdf s'/fsfgL ug{ Ps ljz]if k|of; ug{'xf];\ . ofb /fVg'xf];\ ls

tkfO{x¿sf] Tof] ;xsfo{sf] bz{gsf] cfzfrflxF tkfO{sf] If]qdf ;fdflhs, cflTdsL k|efj / ¿kfGt/0f Nofpg :yfgLo d08nLx¿sf ljZjf;Lx¿ ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf] kfpg' xf] .

;kmntfsf] nflu ;Nnfxx¿

dflg;x¿n] ;f]Wg ;S5g\, ætkfO{x¿ sf] x'g'x'G5 / tkfO{x¿n] oL k|Zgx¿ lsg ;f]Wb} x'g'x'G5 <Æ O{dfgbfl/tfsf;fy hlxn] klg ;Lwf pQ/ atfpFbf clt pQd x'G5 . h:t} o:tf s]xL s'/fx¿df ljrf/ ug{' M æo]z" v|Li6sf cg'ofoLx¿ ePsfn] / xfd|f] ;]jf;+ult ljZjf;Lx¿sf ;d'bfodf x'g]ePsf]n], xfdL xfd|f] ;d'bfo / 5/l5d]sdf ;a} ;fyLefOx¿sf] sNof0f rfxG5f}+ . pgLx¿;Fu;Fu}, xfdLx¿ clxn] xfd|f] hLjg / eljiodf xfd|f jfnjRrfx¿sf] hLjg c;n ePsf] b]VgrfxG5f}+ . xfdL cg'ej u5f}+ olb xfdLx¿ O{dfGbf/ eof}+ / ;Fu} ldn]/ sfd ubf{ cfpg;Sg] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ a'‰of}+ eg] oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] d'sflanf ug'{rflxF 7"nf] s'/f xf] .

xfdLn] s] ;f]Wg'kb{5 < ;Defljt k|Zgx¿ olb xfdLx¿n] xfd|f] ;d'bfodf Pp6f kl/jt{g b]Vg;Sof}+ eg] s;nfO{ nfe x'G5 < tkfO{n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cfjZostf s] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < olb xfdLn] xfd|f ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs cj:yf jf cfly{s cj:yfx¿ -:jf:Yo, lzIff, cflb_ df k|ult ePsf] b]VgrfxG5f}+ eg] tkfO{nfO{ s'grflxF s'/f ;a}eGbf a9L dxTjk"0f{ 5 h:tf] nfU5 <

;kmntfsf] nflu ;Nnfxx¿M ;fwf/0f efiff k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . tkfO{n] cGt/{jftf lng] k|To]s JolQmx¿nfO{

hlxn] klg pxL k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . dflg;x¿sf] egfOnfO{ xf]l;of/L;fy /]s8{ u/]/ /fVg'xf];\ . oL dflg;x¿af6 k|fKt u/]sf oL pQ/x¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf ;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ / yfxf ug{'xf];\ ls s'g s'g ljifox¿ ;a}eGbf a9L af/Daf/ pNn]lvt ePsf 5g\ .

35

sbd @= tkfO{sf] ;d'bfodf pknAw jf:tljs >f]t;fwgx¿ lgwf] ug{nfO{ Ps ljz]if k|of; ug{'xf];\ . o:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5M

;xsfo{df k|of]u ug{sf] nflu ;lqmo ;fwgx¿ s]—s] x'g ;S5g\ h:t}M k|ltef, cg'ej, ;Lkx¿, dflg;x¿sf cg'ej hUuf, hdLg ;/sf/n] k|of]u gu/]sf ejgx¿ k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ -kfgL, hdLg cflb_ ljsf; / kl/jt{g ug{lt/ ;d'bfosf cu'jfx¿ v'Nnf eljiodf ;d'bfosf] lglDt c¿ dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgx¿ s]—s] x'g ;S5g\, h:t} d08nL ;xsfo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;/sf/af6 C0f lng] sfo{qmdx¿ . :yfgLo a}+sx¿sxfF uO{ a'e]m/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ ls pgLx¿n] :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ s] s:tf] lsl;dsf :jfjnDaL sfo{qmdx¿ pknAw u/fpg;S5g\ . ;/sf/L tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ jf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf ljz]if1x¿, ;fob pgLx¿ pknAw x'g;S5g\ . If]qLo v|Lli6og jf u}/;/sf/L d'gfkmf/lxt ;+3;+u7gx¿ h;n] ;fd'bflos ljsf; tflnd, ;fgf Joj;fo, n3' C0f sfo{qmdx¿, cflb pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\ .

sbd #=

tkfO{n] ;d'bfodf tL dflg;x¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{x'Fbf tkfO{Fn] ;'Gg'ePsf Psbd} dxTjk"0f{

s'/fx¿nfO{ kQf nufO{ ;+If]k eGg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] kQf nufPsf ;Dk"0f{ ;jfnx¿, ljrf/x¿, / cfjZoStfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\, . oL ljrf/x¿dWo] jf:tjdf s'grfFlx p:t} 5g\ cyjf s'g k|sf/n] Pscsf{df ;DalGwt 5g\ < tkfO{n] tof/ ug{'ePsf] ;f/f+;sf] ;"rLsf] af/]df :yfgLo d08nLsf cu'jfx¿, ;d'bfosf cu'jfx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\ . ltgLx¿n] h:t}, olb xfd|f] ;d'bfon] oL ;d:ofx¿÷r'gf}tLx¿dWo] Pp6fnfO{ dfq ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg]eP tkfO{sf] ljrf/df s'grflxF ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ 5 <

gf]6M

;DejtM oL dflg;x¿;Fu JolQmut¿kdf g} e]6\g' plrt x'G5, Psk6sdf Pshgf;Fu . tL ;a} dflg;¿nfO{ Ps};fy j}7sdf af]nfpg' / ToxL k|Zg ;a}nfO{ Ps;fy ;f]Wbf dtdtfGt/ cfpg;Sb5 / s]rflxF a9L dxTjk"0f{ xf]eGg] s'/fdf jfbljjfb k}bf x'g;Sb5 . :yfgLo dflg;x¿nfO{ yfxf ePsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ k"gM ljrf/ ug{ / :yfgLojf;Lx¿n] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf ;d:ofaf/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ tkfO{sf] :yfgLo If]qsf d08nLsf cu'jfx¿nfO{ af]nfpg'xf];\ . k|fy{gfdf ;do latfpg'xf];\, 5nkmn u/L cfk}mnfO{ k|Zg ug{'xf];\ / k|e';Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\, oL kl/of]hgfx¿dWo] s'grfFlxnfO{ ljZjf;Lx¿n] k|fyldStf lbg] < ha k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{sf cu'jfx¿aLr ;xdlt lbg'x'G5, csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ Jofjxfl/s sbd rfNg] ljrf/ ub}{ubf{ wGojfb lbg] ;do lgsfNg gla;{g'xf];\ . klxn] s'g kl/of]hgfdf tkfO{ sfd ug{ hfFb}x'g'x'G5eGg] tkfO{n] cfˆgf] k|fyldstf :yfkgf ul/;s]]kl5, tkfO{n] lglZrt¿kdf ;d'bfosf k|efjzfnL cu'jfx¿nfO{ e]6\g'xf];\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ of] yfxfxf];\ -!_ tkfO{sf] lg0f{o / -@_ tkfO{n] pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'g]5 / pgLx¿af6 lg/Gt/ ;Nnfx lnOg]5 36

sbd $= sfo{ lbzflt/ pGd'v s'g s'g d08nLsf cu'jfx¿ of] kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug{ tof/ u/]sf 5g\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . grfnL gx'g] clt dxTjk"0f{ sbdx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ / k|To]s sfdsf] ljifoj:t' s;n] lhDdf lng]eGg] lg0f{o ug{'xf];\ . ofb ug{'xf];\ M ha tkfO{;Fu dxTjk"0f{ bz{g x'G5 eg] To;sf] 7"nf] p2]Zo

tTsfn k"/f ug{ hl6n x'G5 . 7"nf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu ;fgf;fgf t/ dxTjk"0f{ nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\ . lgwf{l/t / ;Lldt p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]/ tkfO{n] ;kmntf kfpg] ;Defjgf a9fpg'x'G5 . ha tkfO{n] ;kmntf kfpg'x'G5, tkfO{n] tkfO{;Fu sfd ug]{x¿nfO{ ;xsfo{n] s;/L sfd u5{eGg] ;fx; lbg'x'G5 .

;Demg'xf];\ ls tkfO{;Fu ePsf] 7"nf] bz{g / of]hgf ul/Psf lgbL{i6 sfo{–sbdx¿n] ;w}F tLgj6f dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'kb{5 . s= s] of] 7"nf] p2]Zo k"/f xf];\eg]/ k/d]Zj/n] rfxg'x'G5 < -olb ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ v|Lli6og geP tfklg pgLx¿sf] k/d]Zj/sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5_ . v= s] of] bz{g :ki6¿kdf s'g} Ps dflg; cyjf ;d'bfosf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/ 5 < s] of] k|To]s JolQmn] :jtGqk"j{s PSn} ug'{eGbf ;a}n] ;FË} ldn]/ ug{'kg]{ sfd xf] < u= olb 7"nf] bz{gnfO{ dx;'; ul/of] / klxnf lnOPsf v'7\lsnfx¿ ;kmn ePeg] s] ;d'bfosf ;fwf/0f JolQmx¿n] kmfO{bf kfPsf] cg'ej ug{ ;Snfg\ < pgLx¿n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf of] kl/of]hgfsf] slt dxTj 5 eg]/ hfGg;S5g\ < c¿ JolQmx¿;Fu ldn]/ lgwf{fl/t ;do tf]Sg'xf];\ === k|fylds ;do tflnsfcg';f/ tkfO{n] slxn] s] xf];\ eGg] cfzf /fVg'ePsf] 5 < ;Demg'xf];\ ls tkfO{ cfˆgf] k|ultsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ rfxg'x'G5 / af]nfPsf] avt pT;j dgfpg rfxg'x'G5 cyjf ha o;sf] :kli6s/0fsf] cfjZos k5{ Tolt a]nf of]hgfx¿ ;dfof]hg ug{ rfxg'x'G5 . To;}n] tkfO{;Fu lgwf{fl/t p2]Zox¿ / of]hgf ul/Psf]] ;do ;"lr x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ¿lr /fVg] ;a} ;fgf ;d"xx¿;Fu ;xdt x'g'xf];\====Pp6f ;d"x h;n] ;xh l6dsf] ¿kdf ;a} s'/fx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u5{ / ¿lr ePsf] ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L lbG5 . ;~rf/ of]hgf;Fu ;xdt x'g'xf];\ . tkfO{n] slxn] / s;/L ;d'bfosf ;a}nfO{ pGgltsf] va/ lbg'x'g]5 h'g of]hgf alg;s]sf] 5 . ha dflg;x¿n] w]/} hfGg] / a'‰g] df}sf kfpFg]5g\ ta ltgLx¿n] cfk"m klg of] of]hgfsf] Ps lx:;]bf/ xf] eg]/ cg'ej ug]{5g\ ==== ;kmntfsf] nflu tkfO{;Fu sfd ug{ / kfPsf] ;kmntfsf] pT;j dgfpg tof/ x'G5g\\ . lgoldt ¿kdf of] kl/of]hgfsf] nflu k|fy{gf ug]{ ljz]if ;d"x;Fu ;xdt\ x'g'xf];\ . ;Demg'xf];\, z}tfg hlxn] klg k/d]Zj/sf hgx¿ Ps;fy sfd u/]sf] b]Vg rfxFb}g . z}tfgn] tkfO{nfO{ lg/fz agfpg, ljefhg Nofpg / unt cy{x¿ nufpg'sf ;fy} w]/} bz{g ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ lg/fz kfg{ cfˆgf] zlQmdf ;a} yf]s ug{;Sg]5 . To;}n] k|fy{gf ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ xf] h'g xfdLx¿;Fu 5 .

37

P]ltxfl;s ;kmntfx¿

ef/tLo tyf g]kfnL ;d'bfox¿df hLjgsf] ¿v kl/of]hgfsf syf / pbfx/0fx¿ gf/L/fd n'xf/, v|Li6 dlxdf d08nL a|Þx\db]j, sGrgk'/ ha d hLjgsf] ¿v tflndaf6 3/ kms]{F, d}n] d]/f] ufpF ax\db]jsf] nflu af]em p7fpg] lg0f{o u/F] . of] ufpF g]kfnsf] clt ljs6 If]qdf kb{5 . k|fy{gfsf ;fy d}n] d]/f] ufpFsf] nflu s] ug{ ;lsG5 / s'grfFlx tl/sfaf6 w]/} dflg;x¿dfem k'Ug c;n xf]nf eg]/ ;j]{If0f ;'¿ u/]F . t/ k/d]Zj/n] dnfO{ Pp6f crDdsf] s'/f b]vfpg'eof] . jiff{ofddf kxf8af6 w]/} ;f—;fgf gbLgfnfx¿ aUg] ub{5g\ . oL gbLgfnfx¿n] w]/} /fd|f sf7x¿ xfd|f] ufpF xF'b} aufP/ ef/tlt/ n}hfg] ub{5g\, t/ xfd|f] ufpFsf] nflu s'g} kmfO{bf xF'b}g . hª\unaf6 w]/} sf7x¿ rf]/L x'g] ub{5, h;sf] sf/0f hª\unsf w]/} /fd|f ¿vx¿ 3l6/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ s]xL ug{'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] . d}n] d]/f] ufpFsf dflg;x¿;Fu e]63f6 ;'¿ u/F], ljz]ifu/L pRrtxsf JolQmx¿;Fu e]6 u/F] . d}n] ufpFsf] ;d:of ;a} dflg;x¿;Fu afF8] / ufpFn]x¿n] eg] ls of] clt /fd|f] ljrf/ xf], t/ o;af/] s]xL ug{sf] Hofb}} vr{ nfUg;S5 . o;sf/0f d}n] k/d]Zj/;Fu pkfo dfu]F . of] sfd xfdL cfk}mn] ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] cfjZos s'/fx¿sf] nflu k|fy{gf u/F] / k/d]Zj/n] ufpFsf cu'jfx¿sf] dfWodåf/f xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{'eof] / xfdLn] pxfFx¿sf] cg'dlt lng'kg]{eof] . d ufpFsf] cu'jfnfO{ e]6\g ufpF kms]F{ / g]kfnsf] sf7 ljb]l;Psf] / hª\un gfz eO{/x]sf], ;a} ;d:of ufpFsf cu'jfnfO{ atfO{lbP . ufpFsf cu'jf d;Fu ;xdt x'g'eof] / ;f]Wg'eof], To;f] xf] eg] ltdL s] ug{ rfxG5f}+ < d}n] egF], xfdL c;n ¿vx¿ sf6]/ g]]kfnsf] ufpF / ahf/df ljqmL ug{ ;S5f}+ . xfdLn] k};f klg kfpg]5f}+, ;fy} hª\unsf] ;'/Iff ug{ klg ;Sg]5f}+ . pxfFn] eGg'eof], olb ltdLn] ;ldlt / ;F:yf :yfkgf ug{;Sof}+ eg] of] sfd ug{ ;Sg]5f}+ . ha ;ldlt u7g ul/g] 5 To;kl5 Joj;flos xflsdn] ¿v sf6\g / a]Rg cg'dlt lbg'x'g]5 . To;kl5 xfdLn] a|xdb]j jg ;+/If0f ;ldlt eGg] Jofj;flos ;F:yf u7g u¥of}+ . lgb]{zs aL/axfb'/ v8\sfsf ;fy c¿ yk cf7 hgf :yfgLojf;Lx¿sf] Pp6f ;ldlt tof/ u¥of}+ . To;kl5 ufpFsf] cu'jfn] xfdLnfO{ ¿v sf6]/ ahf/df /fd|f] d"Nodf a]Rg] cg'dlt lbg'eof] . ;ldltn] a|db]j jg ;+/If0f ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|lt ju{ lkm6 ¿ !)) -! cd]l/sL 8n/_ df a]Rg] / ;ldlteGbf aflx/sf] dflg;x¿nfO{ k|lt ju{ lkm6 ¿ #)) -# cd]l/sL 8n/_ df a]Rg] lg0f{o u¥of] . o;sf/0f w]/} dflg;x¿ xfd|f] ;ldltsf] ;b:o aGgsf] nflu cfP / clxn] ufpFdf g} tLg;o hgf ;b:ox¿sf] Pp6f ;F:yf :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|xn] ubf{ xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf] cfDbfgLsf] @) k|ltzt ;/sf/nfO{ lbg] / afFsL k};f ufpFsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|of]u ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . ^ dlxgfleq} xfdLn] ahf/df c;n af6f] lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn eof}+ . of] af6f] lgdf{0f ug{ ^ nfv ¿k}of -*,@)) cd]l/sL 8n/_ a|xdb]j jg ;+/If0f ;ldltaf6 g} k|fKt eof] . a|db]j jg ;+/If0f ;ldltsf] ;kmntfsf] kmn:j¿k ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ dsxfF cfpg'eof] / eGg'eof], æefO tkfO{n] c;n sfd ug{'eof], of] 7"nf] / c;n pkfo tkfO{;Fu lyof] t;y{ xfdL tkfO{nfO{ lagf d"Nodf tkfO{sf] d08nL lgdf{0f ug{ sf7 pknKw u/fpF5f}+’ . o;sf/0f k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|xn] of] crDdsf] sfd eof] . xfn #) b]lv $) hgf dflg;x¿nfO{ a|db]j jg ;+/If0f ;ldltn] /f]huf/ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 / w]/} dflg;x¿n] o;af6 kmfO{bf kfPsf5g\ . jf:tjdf a|xdb]j jg ;+/If0f ;ldltn] xfn ufpFsf ul/a dflg;x¿sf] nflu zf}+rfno agfpg] / UofF;sf] nflu ;xof]u lbO{/x]sf] 5 . oxL sfdaf6 k/d]Zj/n] dnfO{ dflg;x¿sf aLrdf dfg / O{Hht lbg'ePsf] 5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k xfd|f] ufpFsf] #—$ kl/jf/n] k|e' o]z"nfO{ k|e' / d'lQmbftf egL u|x0f u/]sf] xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}+ . xfdL;Fu c¿ klg @ ;lqmo If]qx¿df ;/;kmfO / jrtsf] nflu dlxnf ;d'"x klg ;'¿ xF'b}5 . ;dfhsf] ;/;kmfO{ ug{ xfdLn] d08nLsf o"jfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/]sf lyof}+ . ;dfhsf] ;/;kmfO ug{ o"jfx¿n] xft]dfnf] u/] . o;sf/0f d08nLn] ;dfhdf c;n gfd / Voflt sdfof] . xfdLn] k};f arfpgsf] nflu dlxnf ;d"x / ;fgf] ;fx;L sf]if :yfkgf ug{ !) hgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u¥of}+ . k|To]s dlxnfn] ¿ !%) hDdf ug{ yfn] . of] sf]ifafx]s pgLx¿n] Poultry Chicken Project -s'v'/f kfng Joj;fo_ sf] :yfkgf u/] . o;n] c;n glthf NofpFb} 5 . !) hgfdWo] % 38

hgfn] k"0f{ ¿kdf o]z" v|Li6nfO{ u|x0f u/] . o:tf s'/fx¿df v|Lli6ogx¿ / cv|Lli6ogx¿sf] ;xeflutf / kl/rfng ;fe]mbf/L ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] . clxn] #% j6f 3/]n' e'm08x¿ d]/f] ;+/If0fdf 5g\ / tL ;a} e'm08x¿n] tflnd k|fKt u/]/ ;dfhnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu d}n] kl/rflnt ub}{5' .

k|sfz kfyL, a]y]n ldlgli6«h, r08Lu9 ufpFx¿ / ;d'bfox¿leqsf] xfd|f] jf:tljs cg'ejn] xfdLnfO{ of] b]vfpF5 ls ToxfF w]/} dflg;x¿sf] hLjg kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 / ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] ;d'bfo klg kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ToxfF w]/} rfl/lqs, efjgfTds / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf5g\ h:t} dlxnf lxF;f, jfn lxF;f / jfn dhb'/ aGb ePsf] 5, dlxnfx¿n] :j–;xof]u sfo{qmd ;'¿jft u/]sf5g\, efjL ;Gtltsf] nflu, cfly{s of]hgf / w]/} :j–;xof]uL sfo{x¿ ;lqmo ePsf5g\ h:t} efG;f 3/df k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿, d}g jQL agfpg] cflb . xfdLn] hLjgsf] ¿vsf] dfWodåf/f ;fd'bflos ljsf;, cfly{s ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofosf sfo{x¿ ;lqmo¿kdf ;Grfng u¥of}+ . o;sf] kmn:j¿k ;d'bfon] :jf:Yo / :j:y hLjgaf/] xf]l;of/L cKgfP . clxn] pgLx¿ gofF zf}rfnox¿sf] k|of]u ug{'sf ;fy} ufpFdf g} g'xfpGf] sf]7fsf] ;'–Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . /, pgLx¿ clxn] zf}rfnosf] nflu v'Nnf 7fpF / hª\undf hfFb}gg\ . dflg;x¿ d'2f dfldnfsf] nflu k|x/L rf}sL jf cbfnt hfFb}gg\ t/ ;a} s'/f ufpFdfg} ldnfpF5g\ . o:tf] k|sf/sf] kl/jlt{t hLjg z}nL k|ltlalDat ug]{ xfd|f] kl/of]hgfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsb}g, lsgls o;sf ;xefuLx¿sf] ;+Vof / cj;/x¿ jlKt;dfeGbf yf]/} dfqfdf sd 5g\ . t/ klg ev{/ d08nL ;'¿jft ug]{ JolQmx¿ / gofF ljZjf;Lx¿sf] aLrdf k|ToIf ;DaGw 5 . o]z" v|Li6sf] ¿kfGtl/s zlQmaf6 dfq hLjg kl/jt{g xF'b5 . d08nL :yfkgf ug{ hLjgsf] ¿vsf] lzIffn] k'nsf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5, ;d'bfox¿ kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ . o;af6 xfdLnfO{ eljiodf tflndsf of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{ xf};nf ldNg] 5, oL s'/fx¿ a'e]m/ pgLx¿n] ;dfhdf k|ToIf ¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg]5g\ .

8f= ;fn]d /fh'÷d]l/ Plnhfj]y ;/f]lhlg, Planters India, cfGw |f k|b]z kmn kmn]sf] ¿v / gkmn]sf] ¿vsf] t'ngfTds hLjg rqm

…klgdlgl;Ú of] zAbnfO{ pRrf/0f ug]{ k|of; ug{'xf];\, ;'¿=== k—lg—d—lg—l; . of] blIf0f ef/tsf] t]n]u' efiffsf] xf], o;sf] cy{, …3/]n' sfdbf/ dlxnfÚ eGg] x'G5, h;n] laxfg} 3/sf] ;/;kmfO / 3/df s'rf] nufP/ k|lt dlxgf #)) b]lv ^)) ;Dd hDdf u5{, . eGg' kbf{ ljxfg & ah] b]lv &M#) ;Dd sfd u5{ . of] cfwf 306fsf] ;do sfd lbg] / sfd ug]{ b'j}sf] nflu clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf] sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] af/]df ;f]lw/xg] eg]sf] ;w} ;do latfpgsf] nflu ef/tsf] dWodjuL{o kl/jf/x¿n] ;f]Wg] k|Zg dfq xf] . o:tf] k|sf/sf] 3/sf] sfdrfFlx …cgfjZosÚ xf] . o:tf] k|sf/sf sd{bf/x¿ /fVbf k|To]s 3/sf] nflu ;'/Iff / c;'/Iff b'j} x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6f 3/af6 csf]{ 3/df tf]lsPsf] sfd k"/f ug{, k|To]s ljxfg bf}l8/x]sf b]Vg ;lsG5 . oL dlxnfx¿ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf dflg;x¿ eg]/ lrlgG5g\ . pgLx¿n] sdfpgk5{, pgLx¿sf >Ldfgx¿n] sdfpgk5{ / ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/nfO{ kfngkf]if0f ug{'k5{ . ogflb (Uenadi) elgg] ;d"xaf6 Planters India n] o:tf klgdlgl;x¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf hDdf u/]sf lyP . xfd|f] Ps ;];gsf] e]63f6 lyof] / xfdLn] o:tf klgdlgl;x¿af/] tn pNn]lvt Hofb} rfvnfUbf] lg/LIf0f u¥of}+ . hLjgsf] ¿vdf, xfdLn] ;dfhdf /x]sf k|To]s JolQmsf] nflu kl/jlt{t hLjgsf] ljz]iftf, dxTj / cfjZostfaf/] 5nkmn u/]sf lyof}+ . hLjgsf] k|To]s bf}8fOdf of] Pp6f hLjgsf] af6f] xf] . xfdLn] Pp6f ¿vsf] hLjg rqmaf/] JofVof u¥of}+ . xfdLn] dgkg]{, :j:y, sfd gnfUg] / w]/} kmnkmnfpg] ¿vx¿, kmnkmNg] / gkmNg] ¿vsf] t'ngf, d'gf sfl6Psf], ;'g;fg / hª\unL, ljleGg ¿vx¿af/] Wofg cfsif{0f u/fof}+ . x/]s JolQm, @) b]lv ^) jif{sf dlxnfx¿ o:tf] kl/jt{gzLn pd]/ ;d"xaf6 cfPsf x"g\ . ;a} dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg ¿vsf] hLjg rqm kl/j{tgsf Ps k|lts x'g\ . xfdL af6f]df, 3/df, xfd|f] ofqf ug]{ qmddf htf;'s} ¿vx¿ b]V5f}+ . ¿v k/d]Zj/sf] Pp6f cgf}7f] ;[li6 xf] . dflg;x¿ ¿vnfO{ dg k/fpF5g\ lsgls ¿vx¿ xl/of], tfhf, zfGt / s'g} vf]6/lxt x'G5g\ . /ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/n] eg]sf 5g\, …df}gtf d]/f] cfTdf, oL ¿vx¿ d]/f] k|fy{gf x'g\Ú . k|jrgkZrft xfdLn] dL7f] lrof / vfhf vfof}+, of] Hofb} ld7f] lyof] .

39

k|ltlglwx¿n] @ j6f k|:tfjx¿ NofP / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;j{;Ddltn] kfl/t u¥of] . != k|To]s ‘klgdlgl;’ -3/]n' sfdbf/ dlxnf_ n] hLjg kl/jt{gsf] nflu lg0f{o lng'k5{ . xfdL l:y/ /xg'xF'b}g t/ k|ultzLn x'g'k5{ . k|ultzLn x'g'eg]sf] kl/jt{g x'g' xf] . sf] xfd|f] k|]/s x'g;S5 < ;fdfGotoM, hLjgsf] ¿vsf] wf/0ff xfd|f] k|]/s xf] . clg kl/jlt{t x'gsf] nflu ¿kfGt/0f / ljsf;lt/ cl3 a9\g w}o{ x'g'k5{ .

@= k|To]s ‘klgdlgl;’ -3/]n' sfdbf/ dlxnf_ n] kl/jt{gsf] ult lng sf]if lgdf{0f ug]{, k|To]s dlxgf ¿ @% sf]ifdf xfd|f] cfˆg} kl/jt{gsf] nflu hDdf ug]{, h'g sf]ifnfO{ ;d'bfo kl/jt{g ug]{ sf]if elgg]5 . !% d] @)!! dxfg lbg xf] . Planters India n] ;d'bfo kl/jt{g sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sdnfO{ s]lGb|s/0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] k|of; eO{/x]sf] 5, xfdL ljZjf; u5f}{ ;a} sfd c;n} x'g]5 .

8f= cle;]lyof÷cgt dgf]af]w, hfO/] ldlgl:6«h, pl/;f ;g\ @))(, pl/;f /fHo hxfF xfdL sfd uYof}{=, lxGb" ;]gfx¿sf] lx+;fTds ;tfj6af6 bzf}+ xhf/ v|Lli6ogx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] 3/af6 hª\un / z/0ffyL{ SofDkdf lj:tflkt u/fO{Psf lyP . !& hgfnfO{ v|Lli6ofg dfl/Psf lyP, sltkonfO{ t 8/nfUbf] 9ª\un] . s'g} klg d08nLsf] ;]jsfO ;'rf¿ ePgÙ / ;of}+ 3/x¿ / d08nLx¿ hnfOPsf lyP . d]/f] jt{dfg bz{g l;ghL{ tflnddf ;xsfo{ ePsf] sf/0f, o:tf] sl7g cj:yfdf w]/} k|fy{gf / pkjf;kl5 d}n] 3/ kms{g] lg0f{o u/]F . ===jf:tjdf d]/f] 3/ aL; xhf/ hgf j;f]jf; ug]{ zx/sf] glhs lyof] . d ToxL ufpF / l5d]sL ufpFsf * hgf kf:6/x¿nfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;Ifd ePF . s;}n] klg pgLx¿sf] cg'xf/ b]vfpg ;s]gg\, sf/0f ltgLx¿ Hofb} 8/fPsf lyP . xfdL s;}af6 kLl8t 5}gf}+, k/d]Zj/sf] ;[li6 / k|]dsf] sf/0f d}n] d]/f] bz{g pgLx¿;Fu afF8] . olb xfdL;Fu} sfd u¥of}+ eg] PSn}n] ug{ g;lsg] sfd klg ug{ ;S5f}+ . o;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ pT;fx ldn]sf] lyof] / eg] ls xfdL s] u/f}+ < d}n] egF] ls klxn] xfdL If]qLo k|+x/L sfof{nodf ;Fu} hfcf}+ . ha xfdL ( hgf ;Fu} k|x/L sfof{nodf cfO{k'Uof}+, ta pgLx¿ Hofb} k|efljt eP . pxfFx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg] k|lt1f u/] . Ps hgf kf:6/n] eGg'eof], …d PSn} uPsf] a]nf pgLx¿ dnfO{ b]v]/ xfF;]sf lyPÚ . o:tf] cg'ejsf sf/0f kf:6/x¿nfO{ Hofb} pT;fx ldn]sf] lyof] / ;f]w], æca xfdL s] ug{ ;S5f}+} <Æ d]/f] ufpFdf ;/sf/L ljBfnosf] ejg dd{t k"/f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf lyof] . of] s'g} klg afnaRrfx¿nfO{ lzIff glbO{ Jojl:yt uf}r/g agfPsf lyP . kf:6/x¿ ljBfno ;kmf ug{ / sd;]sd cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd;Fu} ;+rfng ug{ ;xdlt ePsf lyP . ^ dlxgfkl5 of] ufpF / j/k/sf ufpFsf dflg;x¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ Jojxf/df kl/jt{g x'g yfNof] . ufpFn]x¿ kf:6/x¿sxfF cfP/ eg], æs[kof tkfO{x¿n] c;n cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd xfd|f aRrfx¿sf] nflu ;'¿ ul/lbg'x'G5 ls <Æ o;sf/0f ljZjf;sf ;fy xfdLx¿n] of] sfd u¥of} . clxn] ToxfF pknAw /x]sf $ sf]7fdf $ hgf lzIfsx¿n] k9fO/x]sf 5g\ . # lbgdf g} !)) hgf afnaRrfx¿ egf{ ug{sf nflu cfP, t/ ;a}nfO{ egf{ lng g;s]sf] sf/0f xfdLn] bh{gf} cleefjsx¿;Fu dfkm dfUg'k¥of] . xfdLn] k|lt1f u¥of}+} ls csf]{ jif{ w]/} ;'ljwfx¿ x'g]5g\ / tL ;a} afnaRrfx¿nfO{ egf{ lng ;Ifd x'g]5f}+ . To;kl5 kf:6/x¿n] eGg'eof], csf]{ clt cfjZos s'/f eg]sf] #) dfO{n j/k/ Pp6f klg :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ;'ljwf 5}g . w]/} ;dosf] 5nkmn / k|fy{gfkl5 pRr:t/sf] tflnd lnPsf] d]l8snsf] k]z]j/ 8fS6/nfO{ Pp6f If]qLo zx/df e]6\of}+, h;;Fu dfl;s ¿kdf ToxfF cfpg] ;xdlt eof] . clxn] kf:6/x¿ v'ndv'Nnf ufpFdf lx8\8'n ug{ kfPsf 5g\, d08nLx¿ ylkb}5g\ . of] ;';dfrf/sf] 7"nf], gofF / rfvnfUbf] kIf xf] . dflg;x¿ h;n] xfdLnfO{ ;tfj6 u/]sf lyP, ltgLx¿g} cfh xfdLnfO{ wGojfb lbFb}5g\ .

40

;xsfo{sf] syf

clk|msfdf ¿kfGt/0f lkmn a6n/, lehg l;glh{

d tkfO{nfO{ Pp6f syf eGg rfxG5' . of] syf ;fwf/0f dflg;x¿n] ljlzi6 sfd u/]sf] af/]df 5 . of] syf ;fwf/0f dflg;x¿n] ljlzi6 sfd w]/} nfdf] ;do cjlwdf u/]sf] af/]df 5 . of] syfrfFlx o:tf dflg;x¿sf] af/]df xf], h;n] w]/} ;fgf] ;kmntfaf6 ;'¿jft u/]] / & jif{kl5, ltgLx¿sf] hLjg k"0f{¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t eof] . of] syf o;/L ;'¿ x'G5 . clk|msfdf, ToxfF Pp6f ufpFx¿sf] ;d"x lyof] . tL ufpFx¿df ;';dfrf/ k}mlng yfNof] / v|Lli6ogx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b} hfgyfNof] . ztflAbof}+;Dd tL ufpFx¿ k"0f{¿kdf PlSnP/ afFRg'k/]sf] lyof] . oL ufpFx¿sf] glhssf] ahf/ If]q !% ls=ld= 6f9f lyof], ;fy} d'Vo ;8sdf ahf/ If]q;Dd k'Ug, pgLx¿;Fu hª\un leqaf6 hfg] ;fgf] af6f] lyof], h'g %—^ ls=ld 6f9f lyof] . ToxfF a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s l:ylt lgs} sdhf]/ lyof] . pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] Pp6} dfq s'/f eg]sf] s]xL dfqfdf cGg afnL pdfg{] v'aL, kz'kfng ug]{, / hª\undf uP/ hª\unL hgfj/x¿sf] l;sf/ ug]{ v'aL lyof] . ha ufpFdf v|Lli6ogx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b}uof], pgLx¿ s;}sf] l;sf/ gePsf] b]Vg yfn] . lsgls ha o]z" v|Li6 pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf cfpg'eof], pgLx¿df 5'6\sf/f x'g] ;Defjgf lyof] . pgLx¿ Pscsf{;Fu jftlrt ug{ yfn], lsgeg] ToxfF Psk|sf/sf] hftLo kl/ifb lyof], hf] x/]s ufpFsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]/ cfPsf] lyof] / w]/}eGbf w}/} ufpFsf cu'jfx¿ v|Lli6og eP . lj:tf/} oL dflg;x¿df cfˆgf] ul/akgsf] af/]df 1fg a9\b} uof] . pgLx¿n] cfk"m;Fu ;kmf lkpg] kfgL gePsf] dx;'; u/], lsgls pgLx¿ @ jf # 306f nufP/ gbLaf6 kfgL cf];fg{'kYof{] . pgLx¿;Fu :jf:Yo ;'ljwfx¿ lyPgg\, ;a}eGbf glhssf] :jf:Yo rf}sL !% ls=ld 69f lyof], / ToxfF hfgsf] nflu b'Mv;fy 306f+} nufP/ lx8\gk' Yof{] . pgLx¿ lg/If/ lyP, cfˆgf] afnaRrf;lxt ;a} hgf lg/If/ lyP . pgLx¿ ;a}n] eg], æxfdL;Fu ulx/f], ;fFrf] ;d:of 5, ca xfdL s] ug{ ;S5f} < ca xfdLn] s;/L yfxf kfpg] / s;f] ug]{ <Æ k|To]s dlxgf s]xL dflg;x¿ glhssf] ahf/df hfg] u5{g\Ù lsgls pgLx¿nfO{ ufpFdf pTkfbg ug'k{ g]{ t/sf/Lx¿sf] lsga]r ug{'k¥Yof] . To;sf/0f, ;a}eGbf klxnf] pkfonfO{ pgLx¿n] o;/L ljrf/ u/], æca xfdL ;a} ufpFn]x¿ ldnf}+ / ;a}n] ;fgf] hdLg sf] 6's|f 5'6\ofcf}+, clg o; hdLgdf k|To]s ufpFsf dflg;x¿ ;Fu;Fu} ldn]/ v]tL u/f}+} . xfdLx¿dWo] s;}n] klg oxfFaf6 ePsf] pTkfbg nfg] 5}gf}+ . of] hdLgaf6 pTkfbg ePsf] cGg afnL s]an ahf/df dfq a]Rg nfg]5f}+ .’ To;kl5 pgLx¿n] ToxfF t/sf/L, kmnk"mn tyf cGos'/fx¿ pTkfbg ug{ yfn] . ltgLx¿n] eg], æca xfdL of] t/sf/Lx¿nfO{ s;/L ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg] <’ To;kl5 ltgLx¿n] alnof hjfg dflg;x¿nfO{ t/sf/Lx¿ ahf/df af]s]/ n}hfg cg'/f]w u/] . a"9f], 1fgL dflg;x¿ ltgLx¿;Fu ofqf u/], t/ hjfg / tGg]/L dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] lk7\oF"df ef/L af]s] . lsgeg] zx/;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu w]/} ;do nfUYof], a"9f / hjfg dflg;x¿n] /flt g} cfˆgf] nflu vfgf kf]sf] kfg{'kYof{] / ;"of]{boeGbf cufl8g} lx8\g'kYof{] . ;'¿sf] ^ jf & ls= ld af6f] ;fx|} cK7\of/f] lyof] . lsgls of] af6f] psfnL, cf]/fnL, / afª\uf]l6ª\uf] hª\un xF'b} hfg'kYof{] . pgLx¿ ahf/ k'Ug'cufj} ahf/ v'ln;s]sf] x'GYof] . ha pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] cGg a]Rg ;'¿ u/], cfwfeGbf a9L t/sf/Lx¿ af6f]df xlNnP/, lylrP/, udL{ tyf nfdf] ;do;Dd /fv]sf] sf/0f lalu|Psf] x'GYof] . To;}n] ha pgLx¿n] a]Rg NofPsf] t/sf/Lx¿ aflx/ lgsfNy], ta dflg;x¿n] x]/]/ eGgyfn], æcfwfeGbf a9L ;8]]un]sf] b]lvG5 .’ To;kl5 pgLx¿n] s]xL t/sf/Lx¿ dfq a]Rg kfP . yf]/} dfq cfDbfgL ePsf] sf/0f pgLx¿ lgs} lg/fzxF'b} kms]{ / ;a} s''/fsf] ljj/0f ufpFdf ;'gfP . o;/L g} @ jf # dlxgf;Dd sfd ub}{ uPkl5 pgLx¿n] eGgyfn], æxfdLn] o;/L ef/L af]s]/ rNb}g, ca c¿ g} pkfo ;f]Rg'k5{ . xfdL;Fu s:tf] k|sf/sf] v'aL 5 t’ < pgLx¿n] k]ml/ cfk;df eGgyfn], ætkfO{ xfdLnfO{ yfx} 5, ;/sf/L af6f];Fu hf]8\g] of] xfd|f] ufpFsf] af6f] klxn]b]lv g} 5 . of] af6f] ca !)) jif{eGbf a9L eO{;Sof] . xfdLn] slxNo} of] af6f] dd{t ug]{ ;f]r agfPgf}+ . xfdLn] of] af6f]nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf kl/jt{g u/]/ leGb} dfu{ tof/ ug{'k5{ . o;nfO{ cem a9L km/flsnf], ;Lwf 41

agfpg'k5{, h;af6 xfd|f hjfgx¿nfO{ psfnLcf]/fnL ub}{ ¿v / emf8Lx¿sf aLraf6 lx8\g gk/f];’ . To;kl5 ;a} ufpFsf dflg;x¿ ldn]/ Ps;fy e]nf eP / xKtfsf] Ps lbg af6f] lgdf0f{ ug]{ sfo{df h'6] . nueu @ jf # dlxgf nfu]kl5 pgLx¿n] k"0f{¿kdf gofF af6f] geO{ uf8f u'8\g ldNg] dfu{ tof/ kf/] . of] dfu{ klxn]sf] eGbf w]/} ;Lwf, ldn]sf], / km/flsnf] eof], h;n] ubf{ ufpFaf6 zx/ k'Ug cfwf ;dosf] jrt eof] . clxn] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg klxn]eGbf cln l56f] k'¥ofpg ;Sg] eP . pgLx¿n] klxn]sf] t'ngfdf emg a9L a]Rg yfn] / w]/} cfly{s nfe p7fP . pgLx¿n] of] /sd s]Gb|Lo sf]ifdf NofP/ hDdf u/] . of] /sd s;}sf] JolQmut vNtLdf uPg, lsgls pgLx¿n] ;xsfo{df ;fgf] hUuf 5'6\ofP/ ToxLF Ps;fy h'6]/ v]tL u/]sf lyP . w]/} dlxgf;Dd ufpFdf pTkflbt t/sf/L 7]nfdf nu]kl5, hjfg dflg;x¿n] eGgnfu], æxfdL ahf/df s]xL s'/fx¿ b]V5f}+ . zx/df w]/} t/sf/L a]Rg]x¿ / ;kmntfk"j{s t/sf/L a]Rg]x¿;Fu df]6/ uf8L 5 . xfdLnfO{ nfU5 xfdLn] klg df]6/ uf8L lsGg] k|of; ug{'k5{ . olb xfdL;Fu uf8L eof] eg] xfdLn] w]/} pTkfbg af]Sg ;Sg]5f}+ . o;sf] ;xfotfn] ! 306fdfg} ufpFsf] dfn zx/ k'¥ofpg ;lsg] 5 . clxn] xfdLn] @ j6f ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf 5f}+ . 7]nfuf8fsf] s'/f ug{'kbf{, of] klxn]sf] pkfoeGbf w]/} ;lhnf] eP klg uf8Lsf] cufl8 of] Hofb} l9nf] b]lvG5 . bf]>f]], xfdL;Fu clxn] df]6/ lsGg k|z:t k};f 5}g, of] sf]ifdf j[l4 eO{/x]sf] /sd ce}+m klg w]/} sd 5 .’ a"9fkfsfx¿n] eg], æufpFsf cu'jfx¿ zx/ uP/ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu e]6 u/f];\ / egf];\, xfdL;Fu olt /sd xfd|f] s]fifdf 5, xfdL;Fu o:tf] ;fd"lxs of]hgf 5 / xfdLnfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;xfotf rflxG5 . xfdL k]ml/ Psrf]l6 ;Fu} cfP/ uf8f lx8\g] af6f] cem km/flsnf] agfP/ uf8L lx8\g ;Sg]agfpg]5f}+ . xfdL ;/sf/;Fu C0f dfUg]5f}+ / To;df xfdLn] hDdf u/]sf] yf]/} /sd klg ldnfpg]5f}+’ . To;kl5 of] of]hgf pgLx¿n] ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z u/] / ;/sf/n] pgLx¿nfO{ C0fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbP . clg ltgLx¿n] # j6f df]6/ v/Lb u/]. l5§} ltgLx¿n] tLgrf/ k6s;Dd ;fdfg af]Sg ;kmn ePÙ hxfF ls hjfgx¿n] lbgdf Ps ef/L dfq af]s]/ nfg / Nofpg ;Sy] . df]6/n] leFm;ld;] pHofnf]df Psk6s ;fdfg nfg] / kms]{/ k]ml/ b'O{ tLg k6s;Dd k'¥ofpg ;Sy] . To;sf/0f t'¿Gt} pTkfbg lgof{t ug]{ Ifdtf j[lb eof], u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgdf j[lb eof] / ¿k}ofF k};fsf] sf/f]af/df klg j[l¢ eof] . To;}n], ufpFsf cu'jf tyf a"9fkfsf / dflg;x¿n] o;/L ;xsfo{df sfd u/]/ pgLx¿sf] of]hgf ;kmn kf/], / k]ml/ klg ;a} t xf]O{gg\ t/ w]/} hgf ljZjf;L eP . ;a} hgf ldn]/ eg], æxfdL c¿ yf]snfO{ eGbf klg a9L k};fnfO{ hf]8 lbO{/x]sf5f}+ . xfdL of] k};fn] s]xL ug{ uO{/x]sf 5f}+ < xfdLnfO{ ;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] vfFrf] 5 . olb xfdLn] xfd|f] kl/of]hgfnfO{ a9fpg] xf] eg], xfdL ;Fw} gbLaf6 kfgL af]s]/ u'hf/f rnfpg ;Sb}gf}+, ;fy} xfd|f] :jf:Yosf] nflu xfdLnfO{ ;kmf kfgL rflxG5 . xfdLnfO{ nfU5 ls xfdL ;/sf/sxfF hfg'k5{ / eGg'k5{, æxfdL s]xL /sd xfN5f}+, s] tkfO{ xfdLnfO{ O{gf/ vGg bIf JolQmx¿ k7fP/ ;xfotf ug{x' 'G5 ls <’ ltgLx¿ ;/sf/sxfF uP / eg], æxfdL;Fu s]xL /sd 5, xfdL k};f ltg{ tof/ 5f}+, t/ xfdLnfO{ k|fljlwssf] ;xfotf rflxG5 . s] tkfO{ k|To]s ufpFdf O{gf/ vGgsf] nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf / pks/0fx¿ h'6fO{lbg'x'G5’ < ltgLx¿sf] k|ltj]bg;Fu ;/sf/ ;xdt eof] . To;}n] sl/a # jif{ lalt;s]sf] 5, clxn] pgLx¿;Fu /sd 5, tLgj6f df]6/, / ;kmf lkpg] kfgL klg 5 . To;/L g} lg/Gt/¿kdf ltgLx¿ ufpFaf6 zx/ hfg] uy]{ / # jif{kl5, hjfgx¿n] o;/L eg], ætkfO{x¿nfO{ klg yfxf 5, ;do;Fu} ;a} s'/fx¿ kl/jt{g eO{/x]sf] xfdL b]Vb5f}+ . w]/} dflg;x¿sf] ;fy;fy} zx/ ahf/ klg j[l4 eO{/x]sf] 5 . clxn] ahf/ emg a9\b} 5 . ;fy} c¿ 7fpFx¿sf ls;fgx¿sf e'm08 klg ;xsfo{df h'6]/ sfd u/]sf] xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}+ . pgLx¿;Fu ;fgf] 6«s 5, t/ df]6/ 5}g . # j6f df]6/n] @ k6s nufP/ cf];fg'{kg]{ ;fdfg 6«sn] Ps}k6sdf To;sf] $ u'0ff cf];fg{;S5 . t/ ce}+m klg xfdL;Fu csf]{ ;d:of 5, of] df]6/sf] nflu agfPsf] af6f] 6«s u'8fpgsf] nflu kof{Kt 5}g . xfdL;Fu s]xL /sd eP klg, of] /sd 6«s lsGgsf] nflu kof{Kt 5}g, lsgeg] xfdLn] sf]ifsf] /sd s[lifdf, O{gf/ ;kmf ug{ nufgL u/]sf 5f}+ . ;fy} # j6f df]6/sf] C0f klg ltg{'k5{ To;f] eP xfdL s] u/f}+ <’ k]ml/ ltgLx¿n] eg], æxfdL;Fu Ifdtf 5, af6f] kl/jt{g ug{;S5f}+ . xfdL ;/sf/sxfF uP/ eGg]5f}+, xfdL xfd|f] ufpFb]lv ;/sf/L ;8s hf]8\g] ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{5f}+ . xfdL;Fu ePsf] /sd klg To;df nufpg]5f}+ 42

t/ xfdLnfO{ 6«s lsGgsf] nflu C0fsf] cfjZos kb{5 .’ To;}n] ltgLx¿n] ;/sf/;Fu uP/ k|:tfj k]z u/] . tj ;/sf/n] hjfkm lbP, æ7Ls 5, tkfO{x¿n] df]6/sf] nflu dfu]sf] ;a} C0f r'Stf ug{'eof] / clxn] tkfO{sf] ufpFdf ;kmf kfgLsf] O{gf/ 5 . To;sf/0f lsg gx'g' . To;kl5 ;/sf/n] ltgLx¿nfO{ C0f lbof] / pgLx¿n] 6«s lsg]/ NMofP . ca oL ufpFx¿df pgLx¿;Fu # j6f df]6/, Pp6f 6«s, k|To]s ufpFdf O{gf/sf ;fy ;kmf kfgL 5 / clxn] s[lif kl/of]hgfnfO{ ljsf; ub}{5g\ . To;sf/0f clxn] pgLx¿sf] cfly{s l:ylt j[l4 x'Fb}5 / w]/} /sd hDdf ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] eg], æxfdLnfO{ lzIffsf] vfrf] 5 . xfdLdWo] sf]xL klg ;fIf/ 5}gf}+ . xfdLdWo] s;}nfO{ klg yfxf 5}g ls s;/L xfd|f] afnaRrfx¿nfO{ l;sfpFg] < oxfF xfdLnfO{ k|fylds :t/sf] Pp6f ljBfnosf] cfjZos 5’ . To;kl5 zx/ ahf/df pgLx¿n] Pp6f u}/;/sf/L ;F:yf cyjf ljsf;d"ns ;F:yf e]6fP . pgLx¿ ;/sf/ ;dIf uPgg,\ t/ u};/sf/L ;F:yfsxfF uP, h;n] lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lbGYof] . s] tkfO{ Pp6f lzIfs xfd|f] nflu k7fpg ;Sg'x'G5 < xfdL lzIfsnfO{ a:gsf] nflu 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg]5f}+ . xfdL cfk}m lzIfsnfO{ v'jfpg]5f} / yf]/} tnasf] klg Joj:yf ug]{5f}+ . ltgLx¿n] @ jif{sf] ;Demf}+tf kq agfP . To;sf/0f, clxn] k~r jifL{o kl/of]hgf cGtu{t, s[lif ;xsf/L ;F:yfsf] k|f/De ePsf] 5, ltgLx¿;Fu ufpF3/b]lv ;/sf/L ;8s hf]8\g] ;8s 5, # j6f df]6/ / Pp6f 6«s 5, pgLx¿;Fu ljsf;d"ns sf]ifsf] Joj:yf 5 . pgLx¿;Fu k|To]s ufpFdf O{gf/ 5, / clxn] pgLx¿sf] nflu lzIffsf] 9f]sf vf]lnPsf] 5 . cGtdf, & jif{kl5 ltgLx¿n] cf}+iflw pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf klg yk] . Ps k|sf/sf] ;fd"lxs s]Gb| 5, hxfF x/]s xKtf 8fS6/ tyf g;{ zx/ ahf/af6 To; ;fd'bflos s]Gb|df cfP/ ufpFn]x¿sf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofnfO{ hfFr ug]{ / To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . /, Ps ufpFkl5 csf]{ ufpF, emg csf]{ ufpF, ce}+m csf]{ ufpF ub}{ w]/} ls=dL= 6f9fsf ufpFn]x¿n] oL ufpFn]x¿n] b]vfPsf] pbfx/0fnfO{ lgofn]/ x]g{ yfn] . tL w]/} ufpFx¿n] eGgyfn], æs:tf] crDd, o:tf] s;/L eof] / ToxfF k]ml/ s] xF'b}5 <’ / oL ufpFx¿df w]/} ;ª\Vofdf ljZjf;Lx¿ lg/Gt/¿kdf cl3 a9\g yfn] .

ca, of] kl/of]hgfdf xfdL s] b]V5f}+ < k|f/Dedf ;a} yf]s s'g} klg aflx/L ;xfotflagf ufpFx¿leqaf6} k|fKt eof] . O;fO{x¿ b'j}, lhDd]jf/ axg ug{ / s'g} klg sfd ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ eGg] ljifodf ljZj:t lyP . ltgLx¿;Fu Ifdtf ePsf] s'/f pgLx¿n] b]v], pgLx¿ s;}sf] l;sf/ aGg k/]g . ltgLx¿n] hdLg pknAw u/fpg ;Ifd eP / ;fd'bflos s[lif kl/of]hgf ;'¿ ug{ ;kmn eP . ltgLx¿n] ;a} s'/f cfˆg} kl/jf/sf] nflu dfq ;f]r]gg\ . ltgLx¿n] k|f/Dedf uf]/]6f] af6f]nfO{ df]6/ u'8\g] agfpg] Ifdtf cfk'm;Fu ePsf] ltgLx¿n] b]v] . k|f/Dedf ltgLx¿;Fu o:tf hjfgx¿ lyP, hf] uÅf}+ ef/L af]Sg tof/ lyP . ltgLx¿ l;Sgsf] nflu ;Ifd / O{R5's lyP . t/ ;'Gotfaf6 k"0f{¿kdf kl/jlt{t ufpF / kl/jlt{t hLjg agfpg & jif{ nfUof] . ;xsfo{ eGg] s'/f /fte/df x'bF }g . To;sf/0f, d tkfO{nfO{ tkfO{sf] cfˆgf] l:yltsf] af/]df ;f]Rg cg'/f]w ub{5' . xfdL xfd|f] ufpFdf s] ug{ hfFb}5f}+ jf xfdL a:g] 7fpF hxfF xfdL csf]{ ^ dlxgf;Dd a:g]5f}+ . xfdL;Fu s:tf] k|sf/sf] Ifdtf 5 < xfd|f ufpFx¿df s:tf] k|sf/sf] Ifdtf 5 hxfF xfdL j;f]jf; jf sfd u5f}+ < ufpF3/df j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf cfjZostfx¿ s]—s] 5g\ < oL s'/fx¿sf ljifodf s'/f /fVg ldNg] cu'jfx¿ cyjf k|efjzfnL JolQmx¿ sf]—sf] x'g\ < 43

Pp6f ;fgf] 7fpFdf ;'¿jft ug{, ;kmn JolQm aGg / nuftf/ o;df sfd ug{ O{R5's JolQm agfpg s;/L xfdL dflg;x¿nfO{ pT;fx lbg;S5f}+ < gf]6M clk|msfsf ufpFx¿sf dflg;x¿;Fu Hofb} lg/fzkg lyof] . of] s'g} ;lhnf] s'/f lyPg, ;fy} ;fwf/0f s'/f klg lyPg, t/ ltgLx¿ w}o{ / d]xgtL lyP, h;n] ubf{ ltgLx¿sf] nfdf] ;dosf] k|of;kl5 k/d]Zj/n] k|z:t cflzif lbg'eof] . To;sf/0f, tkfO{n] cfˆgf] csf]{ ^ dlxgfsf] af/]df ljrf/ ug{'xf];\ / s:tf] k|sf/sf] kl/of]hgf agfP/ sfd ug]{eGg]af/]df s'/fsfgL ug{nfO{ tof/ x'g'xf];\ . ;fy} s:tf] k|sf/sf] cEof;, ;fwf/0f, csf]{ kfO{nf rfNg hfFb}x'g'x'G5 — PsPs v'8\lsnf — h;åf/f sfd aGg ;sf];\ <

syf l;Sg] ;ftj6f sbdx¿

!= ;xL syfsf] 5gf}6 ug{' . @= syfsf] ;+/rgf l;Sg' . #= syfsf] 9fFrfnfO{ dgdf sNkgf ug{' . $= syfn] s;/L >f]tfsf] dfemdf sfd ub}{hfG5, sNkgf ug{' . %= tkfO{n] sNkgf ug{'ePsf] syfnfO{ k|efjzfnL9Ëdf k|:t't x'g]u/L :j/nfO{ k|of]u ug{' . ^= s07:y u/]/ syf l;Sg' . &= :jefljs ¿kdf gcfP;Dd syf eGg] cEof; ug{' .

;Djfbsf nflu ;ft sbdx¿

!= tkfO{n] cl3Nnf] sIffdf eGg'ePsf] syf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ . @= syf 5nkmnsf] qmddf :jfefljs ;fF:s[lts t/Lsfx¿sf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . #= tkfO{n] eg]h:t} ;'Gg]x¿nfO{ klg syf bf]xf]¥ofpg pT;fx lbP/ ;xfotf ug{'xf];\ . syfdf oyfy{tf x'g' clt g} h¿/L 5 . $= k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ h;n] syf ;'Gg]x¿nfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ gu/L jf JofVof gu/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;xfotf u5{ . %= ;'Gg]x¿n] s;/L syfsf] 36gfsf] af/]df a'lem/x]sf 5g\ eGg] hfGg k|Zg ug{'xf];\ . To;n] tkfO{nfO{ ;xfotf u5{ . ^= uNtL pQ/x¿ cfpFbf / k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ;Dj]bgzLn x'g'xf];\ . &= l;Sg]x¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;DaGwdf Nofpg 5nkmn ug]{ ;dosf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflnd cGtsf] ;do -@—# 306f _

!= ;xsfo{sf k|d'v l;¢fGtx¿nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . @= df}lvs afOjn d08nLx¿ cfˆgf ljZjf;Lx¿;Fu / glhssf l5d]sL d08nLx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L sfd ug{;Sg] pkfox¿af/] k"g/fjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . x'g;Sg] pknAwLx¿ / r'gf}tLx¿sf ljifodf klg 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . #= k|To]s df}lvs tflnd s]Gb|x¿n] of]hgf th{'df ug'{kg]{5 Ms:tf] k|sf/sf] tflnd xf] k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f xf] jf ;fwf/0f tflnd xf] cflb cfufdL !@ dlxgfdf sltj6f cfof]hgf ug{rfxG5g\ k|ltj]bg lng'xf];\ . $= ;fd'lxs lxt / ljsf;sf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+rf/, xf};nf / e]63f6sf] sfo{qmd th{'df ug{'xf];\ . Pp6f tflnd s]Gb«n] csf]{nfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug{;Sb5 ;Nnfx / of]hgf ug'{xf];\, h:t} tflnd ;fdu|L sxfFaf6 kfpg] < k|lzIfsx¿ cfbgk|bfg ug{;lsG5 ls < %= ;dfkg ;df/f]x, wGojfb pT;j, k|fy{gf / ;d{k0f cflb .

44

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

tflnd d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg

tkfO{sf] k|ltlqmof Psbd dxTjk"0f{ 5 / tkfO{sf cfjZostfx¿ yfxf kfpg / ;F:yfnfO{ clt cfjZos hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . tkfO{sf] k|ltlqmofsf] nflu wGojfb . s[kof hLjgsf] ¿v kl/of]hgfsf of]hgfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng o; ;F:yf;Fu cfj4 x'g'xf];\ / o; 7]ufgfdf O{d]n ug{'xf];\ . rGbgs'df/ zfx, O{d]n 7]ufgf M [email protected] != o; k|ltj]bgsf] cflwsfl/s JolQmM =================================================== @= o; k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt

M =====================================================

#= o; tflndnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ /fli6«o—:yfgLo ;F:yfsf] gfd M========================================================= $= s] o; tflndsf] nflu s'g} c¿ ;+3;F:yfx¿n] cfly{s ;xfotf k'¥ofPsf5g\ < olb 5 eg], -s_ s[kof ;F:yfx¿sf] gfd n]Vg''xf];\ M============================================================================== -v_ k|To]s ;+3;F:yfn] s] slt cfly{s ;xfotf lbP ======================================================= %= tflnd cfof]hgf ePsf] ljj/0f != o; tflnd ;+rfng u/]sf] ldlt M =================================================== @= o; tflnd jf ;]ldgf/ ;+rfng ePsf]] 7fpFsf] gfd -b]z, zx/, ufpF cflb_================================== ========================================================================================================================= #= o; tflnddf tflnd lbg] JolQmx¿sf] gfd v'nfpg'xf]; M==================================================== =====================================================\ $= o; tflnddf s'g s'g efiffx¿ k|of]u ug{'eof] < M =================================================== %= o; tflnddf slt hgf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tflnd lbg'eof] < M ================================================== ^= k'¿ifx¿sf] ;+Vof ==============, dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof ================== &= :yfgLo tj/sf lzIfsx¿sf] ;+Vof======================, bIf lzIfsx¿sf] ;+Vof ============================ *= s:tf] k|sf/sf] d08nLsf ;xefuLx¿n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf lyP ============================================== ^= s;/L k/d]Zj/n] hLjgsf] ¿v tflndsf] dfWodåf/f sfd ub}{ x'g'x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg{, o; tflndsf Ps ;xefuL ljBfyL{af6 tkfO{n] ;'Gg'ePsf] s'/fnfO{ s[kof Ps jfSodf atfpg'xf];\ . ======================================================================================================================================= ======================================================================================================================================= ======================================================================================================================================= &= s'g s'g kf7x¿ ;xefuLx¿sf nflu ;a}eGbf a9L ;xof]uL eP < ======================================================================================================================================= ======================================================================================================================================= *= s;/L o; tflndnfO{ ce}m ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 < ======================================================================================================================================= ====================================================================================================================================

45

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

kl/of]hgf of]hgf k|ltj]bg tkfO{sf] k|ltlqmof Psbd dxTjk"0f{ 5 / tkfO{sf cfjZostfx¿ yfxf kfpg / ;F:yfnfO{ clt cfjZos hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . tkfO{sf] k|ltlqmofsf] nflu wGojfb . s[kof hLjgsf] ¿v kl/of]hgfsf of]hgfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng o; ;F:yf;Fu cfj4 x'g'xf];\ / o; 7]ufgfdf O{d]n ug{'xf];\ . rGbgs'df/ zfx, O{d]n 7]ufgf M [email protected] != o; k|ltj]bgsf] cflwsfl/s JolQm M =============================================================================== @= o; k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt

M ===============================================================================

#= o; kl/of]hgfdf ;+nUg :yfgLo d08nLx¿sf] gfd M===========================================================

$= kl/of]hgfsf] lsl;d

 d08nL :yfkgf M  cfly{s ljsf; M  ;fdflhs Gofo M  ;fd'bflos ljsf; M

%= kl/of]hgf If]q M b]z, zx/, ufpF cflb M=============================================================================== =============================================================================== ^= kl/of]hgfsf] k|d'v k|lzIfs s'zn JolQmsf] gfd / ;Dk{s 7]ufgf M============================================ ============================================ &= kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo s] xf] < o;sf] d'Vo ljifo j:t' tyf cfzf ul/Psf] kl/0ffd s] xf] < =============================================================================================================================== =============================================================================== *= of] of]hgfaf6 s'g s'g JolQmnfO{ ;]jf tyf c;/ kg]{5 < s;—s;nfO{ k|ToIf kmfO{bf k'U5 < =============================================================================================================================== (= of]hgfsf d'Vo tTjx¿ s]—s] x'g\ < -;+nUg dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof, sfd ubf{ cKgfO{Psf] ljlw, slt ;dosf] dfu eof] O{Toflb_ . ================================================================================================ ===================================================================================================================================== !)= of]hgfsf] af/]df ufpFn]x¿n] u/]sf cg'ejdf tkfO{ s:tf] dx;'; ug{'x'G5 < ===================================================================================================================================== ======================================================================================================================================= !!= ;'¿ ePsf] ldlt M ========================================== !@= ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf] sf]z] 9'Ëfx¿sf] ;"rL / oL sf]z] 9'Ëfx¿;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu ldlt to ug{'xf];\ . ===================================================================================================================================

46

k/d]Zj/sf] hLjgsf] ¿v

kl/of]hgf d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg tkfO{sf] k|lts[of Psbd dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of] tkfO{sf] cfjZostfx¿ yfxf kfpg / ;F:yfnfO{ clt cfj:os hfgsf/L k|wfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] 5 . tkfO{sf] k|lts[ofsf] nflu wGojfb . s[kof hLjgsf] ¿v kl/of]hgfsf of]hgfx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng o; ;F:yf;Fu cfj4 x'g'xf];\ / o; 7]ufgfdf O{d]n ug{'xf];\ . rGbg s'df/ zfx, O{d]n 7]ufgf M [email protected] != o; k|ltj]bgsf] cflwsfl/s JolQm M =============================================================================== @= o; k|ltj]bgsf] ldlt

M ===============================================================================

#= o; kl/of]hgfdf ;+nUg :yfgLo d08nLx¿sf] gfd M===========================================================

$= kl/of]hgfsf] lsl;d

 d08nL :yfkgf M  cfly{s ljsf; M  ;fdflhs Gofo M  ;fd'bflos ljsf; M

%= kl/of]hgf If]q M b]z, zx/, ufpF cflb M=============================================================================== =============================================================================== ^= kl/of]hgfsf] k|d'v k|lzIfs s'zn JolQmsf] gfd / ;Dk{s 7]ufgf M============================================ ============================================ &= of] k|of; s;/L ;lqmo eO{/x]sf] 5 <================================================================================ ======================================================================================== s= s] s'/f /fd|f] x'Fb}5 < ===============================================================================

v= ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu s]—s] cfjZostfx¿ 5g\ M================================================================= *= of]hgfsf] k|sf/;Fu ;+alGwt jf ldlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if kl/0ffdx¿ s]—s] x'Fb}5g\ < ======================================================================================================================================

(= cltl/Qm ;Nnfxx¿sf] nflu :jfut 5 .

===================================================================================================================================

47

k|lzIfsx¿sf nflu s]xL hfgsf/L tyf ;'emfjx¿ of] ljifo k|lzIf0f u/fpg'ePsf]df tkfO{nfO{ wGojfb 5 . h;} tkfOn] of] ljifonfO{ cu'jfO{ ub}{x'g'x'G5, xfd|f] k|fy{gf oxL 5 ls tkfO{nfO{ kljq cfTdf k/d]Zj/n] cu'jfO{ u¿g\ . tkfO{sf] ;kmntfsf]] nflu s]xL l;kmfl/;x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ . != of] kf7 k|efjsf/L¿kdf Ps}hgf k|lzIfsn] l;sfpg ;Sg]5 . tfklg of] ljifo l;sfpg k|lzIfsx¿sf] Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"x klg v8f ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . k|lzIfsx¿sf] ;d"xn] l;sfpFbfrflxF ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿sf e"m08x¿nfO lgb]{zg lbg / /]vb]v ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]5 . o;f] ubf{ tflndsf ;xefuLx¿n] ;xsfo{sf] gd"gf klg b]Vg]5g\ . @= olb k|lzIfsx¿sf ;d"xn] k|lzIf0f lbFb}5eg] k|To]s lbg sIffsf] cGtdf e]6 ug{' h?/L x'G5 tf ls k|To]s lbgsf] kf7nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{;lsg]5 . olb cfjZostf k/]df k|To]s laxfg sIff ;'¿ x'g' cufj} klg e]6\g;lsG5 clg u[xsfo{ u/]gu/]sf] lglZrt x'g'xf];\ . #= of] kf7df ;kmntfsf] nflu k|fy{gf cltg} cfjZos 5 . xfdL of] l;kmfl/; u5f}{+ ls kf7sf] ;dodf k|To]s ;d'xx¿n] k|fy{gf ug{'kg]{5 -ufpFaf6 ;xefuL ePsfx¿n] klg_ . xfdL of] l;kmfl/; u5f}{+ ls kf7sf] z'¿df k|To]s ;xefuLx¿n] @)–#) ldg]6 cf/fwgf / k|fy{gfsf] nflu ;do latfPsf] x'g'k5{ . $= k|To]s a]n'sL ;xefuLx¿nfO{ u[xsfo{ lbg' c;n x'G5, t/ u[xsfo{ yf]/} x'g'kg]{5 . ljBfyLx¿nfO{ a]n'sf cf/fd rflxG5, ;fy} pgLx¿n] lbgel/sf] kf7 Psk6s k9f];\ . %= x/]s sIff cGtdf ;xsfo{;DaGwL l;4fGtsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ syfx¿ ;dfj]; 5g\ ltgLx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfpg pT;fx lbg'xf];\ ^= ha kf7 l;sfOG5, of] clt dxTjk""0f{ 5 ls tkfO{ / tkfO{sf] ;d"xn] ;a} ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xsfo{sf] af6f]df z'¿b]lv cGt;Dd 8f]¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . tkfO{n] kf7 z'¿ ug{'eGbf klxnf k|To]s cl3Nnf] kf7sf ljifodf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x¿ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{' cltg} cfjZos x'G5 . To;kl5 tkfO{n] tLgj6f ¿vx¿sf] pbfx/0fx¿ klg k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ / o;n] ubf{ of] kf7sf] hu lgdf{0f ub{5 . &= kf7sf] cGtdf k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cfˆgf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . tkfO{n] klg sIffdf of]hgfåf/f e]63f6 ug]{ of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug{'xf];\ . xfdL tkfO{nfO{ ^ dlxgfsf] of]hgfsf] l;kmfl/; ub{5f}{+, h;df M s= pgLx¿sf] tTsflng of]hgfsf] ljifodf pQ/bfloTj / k|ltj]bgaf/] ;fx; lbg'xf];\ v= pgLx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] af/]df afF8\r"F8 ug{ Ps;fy e]nf u/fpg] of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ . *= o; tflndsf] d'Vo ljifoj:t'sf] ¿kdf tflnd cjlwel/g} k|To]s ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tLgj6f ¿vx¿sf] pbfx/0fx¿ gla;{g ;xfotf ug{'xf];\ .

48

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