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Describe your location by landmark or area of town.

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Revitalizing Food Production and Nutrition in the Salt River Valley Phone: 555-555-5555 Fax: 555-555-5555 E-mail: [email protected]

This project was completed by Trevor Findley as part of the Fall 2014 Urban Agriculture class in the LLM Program in Agricultural and Food Law at the University of Arkansas School of Law. Trevor can be reached at [email protected].

© 2015

Table of Contents I.

Food Shed.................................................................................................................................. 2

II.

Types and Scales of Agricultural Production....................................................................... 2

III.

Food Access Points ............................................................................................................ 3 Farmer’s Markets CSA/Farm Box Food Hubs Local Farms and Gardens

IV.

Food Insecurity .................................................................................................................. 5 Rates of Food Insecurity Drivers of Food Insecurity Food Access Points and Problems

V.

Food System Assets ........................................................................................................... 8

VI.

Urban Land Available for Agriculture ................................................................................. 8

VII.

Food Culture .................................................................................................................... 10

VIII.

City Authority to Regulate Urban Agriculture ................................................................... 11 Overview Phoenix Home Rule Authority

IX.

Comprehensive Plan ........................................................................................................ 12 Background Urban Agriculture Potential

X.

Zoning Inventory ............................................................................................................. 16 Gardening Animal Rearing Beekeeping Slaughter

XI.

Policy Recommendations................................................................................................. 19 Recommendations Other Considerations

XII.

Right to Farm ................................................................................................................... 22 Statutory Authority Application to Urban Agriculture

XIII.

Environmental Considerations ......................................................................................... 24

Appendix A .................................................................................................................................. 25

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I.

Food Shed Boundaries

Phoenix is located in the Valley of the Sun (historically called the Salt River Valley) and is the anchor of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. Generally, the metropolitan area includes Tempe, Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, Scottsdale , Gilbert and 20 other smaller municipalities. In rough geographic terms, the perimeter of the food shed can be defined as the area south of Lake Pleasant; west of Apache Lake; north of Tucson, Arizona; and east of the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge.

II.

Types and Scales of Agricultural Production

The climate in the Phoenix area affords farmers the ability to grow a number of crops year round. As a result, many farmer’s markets operate 12 months out of the year, although hours may be limited in nonpeak seasons. The variety of food produced and sold in the community is vast, including fruits, vegetables, herbs, beans, nuts, pork, beef, chickens, goats, fish, salsas, dairy products, baked goods, local honey, local jams and jellies, artisan bread and pasta with locally grown grains, traditional foods such as nopales and mesquite flour, nursery stock, and ornamental flowers. Fruits include, apples, pears, oranges, tangelos, lemons, grapefruit, jujube, watermelon, and tomatoes, among others. Vegetables include, peas, cucumber, a variety of salad greens, green beans, peppers, onions, carrots, radishes, and many more.

Retrieved from Arizona Farm Bureau www.azfb.org

Production methods include conventional, pesticide free, antibiotic free, natural, sustainable, organic, and the unique operation at Sunizona Farms – a previously certified organic farm that created a vegan growing system which functions completely free of animal products. The farm ethos is as varied as the 2

production systems, including traditional family farms; community gardens staffed by a variety of community groups including high school students, veterans, and former inmates; designer heirloom vegetable gardens; and Gila Farms – a cooperative of refugee farmers. Three refugee farmers working at Gila Farms Cooperative (images retrieved from www.gilafarm.org/meet-our-farmers/)

Husseain Alhamka, Iraq

Sian Liam Tluangneh, Burma

Fatuma Mahat, Somalia

Most farms exist in the areas surrounding the City of Phoenix, although rampant growth in the early 2000s caused urban and rural areas to be much closer. In addition, recent projects such as PHX Renew have shifted agricultural activity into urban areas. As discussed below, current policies make increased food production in the city a priority and readily accessible. III.

Food Access Points Additional information about each access point can be found in Appendix A including, where available, days and hours, specific features, address, and website information.

Farmer’s Markets 

Ahwatukee Farmer’s Market East Warner Road



Arcadia Farmer’s Market North 44th Street



Biltmore Union Farmer’s Market East Camelback Road



Central Farmer’s Market CrossRoad United Methodist Church Southeast corner of Central and Northern

Retrieved from www.phoenix.org



The Farm at South Mountain South 32nd Street Home to both Maya’s Farmer’s Market and Botanica Open Air Market.



Open Air Market: Phoenix Public Market Central and McKinley

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

Roadrunner Park Farmer’s Market East Cactus Road



Town and Country Farmer’s Market East Camelback Road



Uptown Farmer’s Market North 2nd Street



Vincent’s Saturday Market East Camelback Road

CSA/Farm Box     

Photo by Natalie Maynor Retrieved from www.phoenix.org

Best Farmer’s Market Crooked Sky Farm Farmyard Gila Farm Maya’s Farm

Food Hub 

Chow Locally, a local food hub, provides food from a number of farms and gardens listed in Appendix A, all of which are local, sustainable food access points.

Image retrieved from www.mayasfarm.com

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IV.

Food Insecurity

Rates of Food Insecurity Phoenix is located in Maricopa County. In Maricopa County, the food insecurity rate is 15.7%, or roughly 601,540 people.1 The following map shows the location of those who are food insecure in Phoenix. The USDA Economic Research Service classifies the areas in green as food deserts.

Retrieved from the United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service www.ers.usda.gov

Drivers of Food Insecurity A variety of factors contribute to food insecurity in Phoenix. Like other food insecure areas, the primary driver is poverty. Those with limited incomes continue to have a difficult time finding culturally appropriate, nutritionally substantive, economically accessible food.2 In 2011, the Arizona Health Survey identified 37% of Arizonans as low income, and of those, 40% were food insecure.3 The survey defines 1

Map the Meal Gap 2014: Overall Food Insecurity in Arizona by County in 2012. Feeding America. (Accessed on Nov. 29, 2014), available at www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/our-research/map-the-mealgap/2012/az_allcountiesmmg_2012.pdf. 2 Gary Nabhan, PhD. Arizona’s Food Security, Safety and Sustainability: Weighing the Risks of Bioterrorism, Contamination, Drought, and Farmland Loss to Urban Growth, 4. Northern Arizona University Center for Sustainable Environments (2003). [hereinafter Nabhan Food Security] 3 Arizona Health Survey 2010 Survey Date: Food, Housing Insecurity and Health. Southwest Interdisciplinary Research Center, Arizona State University, 3 (Nov. 2011), available at http://www.arizonahealthsurvey.org/wp-

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food insecurity using the definitions provided by the USDA Economic Research Service, which defines food insecurity as: Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.4

Image retrieved from Arizona Health Survey, 2010 Survey Data: Food, Housing Insecurity and Health.

As an urban area, residents of Maricopa County are more likely to be food insecure.5 Because of Phoenix’s proximity to the border and rapid growth, a sizable immigrant population exists in the city. Many of these individuals arrive with limited resources, and are more likely to be food insecure.6 In Maricopa County, 43% of low income households are food insecure.7 Immigrant and non-immigrant Hispanics/Latinos are 129 percent more likely to be food insecure than non-Hispanic Whites.8 Native Americans/American Indians are 64 percent more likely to be food insecure than non-Hispanic Whites.9 Between 2008 and 2010, participation by Arizonans in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program increased by 70%.10 The Arizona Healthy Survey identified that those who are most likely to be food insecure as: between the ages of 29 and 59; without education beyond high school; and of Hispanic/Latino, Native American/American Indian, or Black/African-American descent.11 Additionally, households with children under age 18 are more likely to be food insecure.12 Another factor contributing to decreased availability of local food options is a decrease in farm land as a result of rapid, urban growth in metropolitan areas—primarily Phoenix. Between 1950 and 2000,

content/uploads/2011/11/AHS-EconDwntrn-Nov11.pdf. [hereinafter Arizona Health Survey] The survey identifies individuals with an annual household income of less than 200% of the federal poverty line as low income. Id. at 7. 4 Arizona Health Survey at 17. 5 Id. at 18. 6 Nabhan Food Security at 4. 7 Arizona Health Survey at 18. 8 Id. at 3. 9 Id. 10 Id. at 5. 11 Id. at 18. 12 Id.

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Arizona lost approximately one-third of its farmland.13 The American Farmland Trust predicts that trend will continue and Arizona will lose an additional 1.3 million acres in the first quarter of the 21st century.14 The Salt River Valley, previously home to some of Arizona’s most fertile farmland, has been rapidly developed in the last 30 years. In the first decade of the 21st century, the Phoenix Metropolitan area was one of the fastest growing areas in the United States with growth greater than 200%.15 Today, Phoenix remains the third fastest growing city in the United States.16 Food Access Points and Problems The core downtown area has numerous access points. With a walkability score of 95 and numerous grocery stores, restaurants, and produce buying options, those living and working in the core downtown area are unlikely to face serious challenges finding food. Although not technically food insecure, those in this area may not have access to the most nutritionally dense foods or locally grown/produced foods. Bigger issues arise in neighborhoods further from the core downtown area, where one is more likely to find the one in six Maricopa County residents living in poverty.17 Walkability scores in these areas range from single digits to the mid-60s.18 These areas typically contain fewer grocery stores and fewer parks. Even though the number of restaurants may stay the same, or decrease only slightly, the nutritional value of the food offered at those restaurants may be significantly less. In both food secure and insecure areas of Phoenix, there may also be information barriers regarding food and nutrition. These people may be meeting their daily caloric needs, but not necessarily their nutritional needs. Nutrition deficiencies are more likely to span socioeconomic groups than caloric deficiencies, and are more likely to depend on demographic variables such as gender and level of education than on earnings.19 For instance, the 2010 Arizona Health Survey identified the state’s “healthiest” eaters as females, between the ages of 29 and 39, who had graduated from college, and had an income greater than 300 % of the federal poverty line (an income greater than $31,140.00).20 In contrast, the “unhealthiest” eaters were men, between the ages of 29-39, with a high school diploma or less, who earned at or below 300% of the federal poverty line (income less than $31,140.00).21 Although earnings may have an impact on nutritional intake, it is not the most salient factor.22

13

Nabhan Food Security at 8. Id. at 9. 15 U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 Census Briefs: Population Distribution and Change 2000-2010 (Mar. 2011). 16 Ryan Loebe. Forbes ranks Phoenix as the third-fastest growing city in the U.S., Forbes (Feb. 14, 2014), available at http://aztechbeat.com/2014/02/forbes-ranks-phoenix-3rd-fastest-growing-city-u-s/. 17 Hunger Statistics, United Food Bank. (last accessed on Nov. 29, 2014), available at https://unitedfoodbank.org/aboutus/hungerfacts/hungerstats/. 18 See Walk Score, available at https://www.walkscore.com/apartments/search/AZ/Phoenix. 19 Arizona Health Survey at 15. Income levels greater than 300% of the federal poverty limit, however, are more closely linked with “healthy” eating. The survey considers “healthy” individuals to meet the 2010 USDA recommended daily intake for fruits and vegetables, or 2-4 servings of fruits and 3-5 servings of vegetables. 20 Id. 21 Id. 22 See generally Arizona Health Survey at 18-20. 14

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V.

Food System Assets Arcadia Edible Garden Tour Arizona State University – Phoenix Downtown Campus Art’s Fisheries Beekeepers Association of Central Arizona (BACA) Desert Botanical Garden Community Garden Establishing Roots The Farm at Agritopia Food for Phoenix Growing Together . . . a Giving Garden Human Services Campus Community Garden International Rescue Committee Maricopa County 4-H Meat & Fish “Fellas” Native Health Community Garden Palo Bello Garden Phoenix Revitalization Corporation Phoenix Urban Research Farm PHX Renews: A Keep Phoenix Beautiful Project Pisces Aqua Systems Roosevelt Row Growhouse Slow Food Phoenix Tiger Mountain Foundation Truck Farm Phoenix University of Arizona Cooperate Extension University of Arizona – Maricopa Ag Center Valley Permaculture Alliance

VI.

Urban Land Available for Agriculture

There are potentially significant amounts of land available for urban agriculture. In the early 2000s, Phoenix was the second fastest growing area in the United States. As a result of recession, the city currently has numerous lots previously slated for development but currently fallow. Vacant lots account for 43% of total land in Phoenix.23 Moreover, given the significant sprawl of the metropolitan area, there are large pockets of land between cities and developments that may be suitable for urban agriculture. Land and soil quality are unknown and as the City of Phoenix proposed comprehensive plan for 2015 indicates, a significant number of brownfields exist and should be thoroughly examined before attempting urban agriculture. Moreover, as the name Salt River Valley suggests, there may be soil salinity issues as well as problems with water availability.

23

PHX Renews. Transforming Vacant Lots into New Opportunities. (last visited Nov. 8, 2014), phxrenews.org.

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Image retrieved from www.phxrenews.org

The Mayor of Phoenix demonstrated his support for redevelopment of these areas, most notably through his creation of PHX Renews, a nonprofit supported by various public and private entities, that has successfully redeveloped four different vacant lots in Phoenix. The mayor’s vision, combined with public and private support, has turned all four areas into mixed use “community and educational spaces,” three of which include public gardening space.24 The first conversion, on land leased from a private company, includes the following: International Rescue Committee Garden–2.5 acres of land to grow food for local refugee families; University of Arizona Cooperative Extension–research on urban agriculture and organic, pesticide free agriculture, as well as part of the Master Gardener Program; Asunm Shade–solar home demonstrating sustainable living in the desert; PetSmart–launched the Pop Up Park prototype which includes a shipping container and fencing as part of a mobile dog park; City of Phoenix–using the lot to demonstrate responsible water use for sustainable living; Arizona Science Center–exhibits demonstrating sustainable living; Local High School Consortium–outdoor learning and multiple artistic/engineer installations; Madison Street Veteran’s Association–urban agriculture space for veterans to garden, and provide food for the Marine Army Navy Airforce (MANA) Home; One n Ten–outdoor learning area for LGBT youth, and artwork to increase awareness of LGBT community; Native Health–community garden that demonstrates native traditions and customs; Hayden Flour Mills–Native wheat and corn production, along with historical education.25

24

PHX Renews. About. (last visited Nov. 29, 2014). available at http://phxrenews.org/about. PHX Renews, Central and Indian School (accessed Nov. 29, 2014), available at www.phxrenews.org/locations/indian-school. 25

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VII.

Food Culture

As is the case with most regions of the United States, early settlers and the native flora and fauna largely influenced Phoenix’s traditional food culture. As a result of a large influx of immigrants from Latin America and transplants from within the United States, the Phoenix food scene today caters to a wide variety of tastes, from Mexican and Native American dishes to more stereotypical American fare.26 As the sixth largest city in the United States, options abound. Historians and anthropologists can trace corn and squash cultivation in Arizona back 4,100 years.27 The Tohono O’odham Indian tribe has used the saguaro cactus for generations and continues to produce cactus syrup used by local chefs.28 Another cactus, the prickly pear, can be used in a variety of recipes including jelly, fruit spreads, fruit bars, barbecue sauce, salsa, and margaritas.29 Arizona also has heirloom livestock breeds which are found in few other places.30 One such breed is the NavajoChurro Sheep, which today is used for both meat and fiber.31 Another native source of sustenance is the mesquite tree, which produces the mesquite pod. The pod produces a sweet flour that can replace refined sugar, and increase protein content.32

Navajo Churro Sheep

Image retrieved from www.svffoundation.org

Phoenix is also home to more contemporary flavors, including what the New York Times claimed “might be the best pizza in America” at Pizzeria Bianco.33 Access to the variety of flavors available today, however, is largely influenced by income. Because more traditional, native foods are produced in smaller quantities, many of these products may cost more than highly processed, mass produced foods that benefit from government subsidies throughout production. A number of groups listed in section V, however, are working to increase access to nutritious foods. As a result of the climate and extended growing season in Phoenix, farmer’s markets are able to run year round increasing access to fresh, nutritious produce even in winter months. As with other major cities, there is an increasing interest in urban agriculture, as demonstrated by the mayor’s formation of PHX Renew and City Council’s inclusion of a Healthy Food System section in the city’s comprehensive plan.

26

Laura Hanefeld, “Let’s Make it Official: Arizona Needs a State Food,” Phoenix New Times (Feb. 9, 2012), discussing Hilde G. Lee Taste of the States: A Food History of America (1992), available at http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2012-02-09/restaurants/let-s-make-it-official-arizona-needs-a-state-food/. 27 Dina Mishev, “A Sense of Tase; Arizona’s Food Culture,” Arizona Office of Tourism (2009), available at http://www.visitarizona.com/experience-and-share/featured-article/a-sense-of-taste-arizonas-food-culture. 28 Id. 29 Id. 30 Id. 31 Id. 32 Id. 33 Ed Levine, “The Road to Pizza Nirvana Goes Through Phoenix,” NY Times (July 7, 2004), available at http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/07/dining/the-road-to-pizza-nirvana-goes-through-phoenix.html.

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Despite the increasing availability of fresh fruits and vegetables and a longer growing season than most urban areas, only one in six Arizonans meet the USDA recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable consumption.34 VIII.

City Authority to Regulate Urban Agriculture

Overview The State of Arizona is both a home rule state, and a Dillon’s rule state. Counties are all home rule. Cities are all subject to Dillon’s rule, with a number of exceptions including a home rule option. Under the home rule option, the city of Phoenix is a home rule city. The city of Phoenix is in Maricopa County, which is also home rule. Home Rule Authority for Phoenix Arizona Constitution article 13, § 2. Arizona Revised Statute §§ 9-281—9-283.

Image retrieved from www.phoenix.gov

The most recent case discussing this authority, Union Transportes de Nogales v. City of Nogales, 195 Ariz. 166, (1999), summarizes the powers of an Arizona city as follows:     





Local government possesses only that power delegated by state law. The state constitution expressly authorizes cities of 3,500 or more inhabitants to frame a charter for [their] own government. The charter must be consistent with and subject to the Constitution and laws of the State. Once approved by a majority vote of the city’s electorate and the governor, the charter becomes the organic law of such city. As the organic law, the provisions of the charter supersede all laws of the state in conflict with such charter provisions insofar as such laws relate to purely municipal affairs. Charter cities may thus legislate in areas of local concern, even those which may involve a statewide interest, subject always to the rule that the state may preempt the legislative field either directly or by implication. Thus, a charter may reserve power to the city over local affairs not delegated to it by the legislature because a charter city is not required to look to legislative authority before exercising a power, but to look to its organic law.

195 Ariz. at 1028 (internal citations omitted). The Phoenix City Charter includes a broad spectrum of rights and powers, many of which would easily include the ability to regulate urban agriculture, including the ability to supersede the state legislature in matters that are purely municipal. Some specific powers germane to urban agriculture include: The right to acquire land for any public purpose;35

34 35

Arizona Health Survey at 26. City of Phoenix Charter, Chapter 2, Para. 2(e).

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The right to join together with any other government entity or political subdivision to jointly carry out any municipal or domestic purpose;36 To take all necessary steps to engage in industrial pursuits;37 To establish, maintain, and operate municipal slaughterhouses;38 To maintain and operate all departments, offices, and systems “which may be conducive to the welfare, safety, good health, convenience or improvement of the City of Phoenix” and its inhabitants.39 In addition, the Charter also guarantees the right of the people to enact legislation under the general powers of the City.40 IX.

Image retrieved from www.asunews.asu.edu

City of Phoenix Comprehensive Plan

Background The City of Phoenix comprehensive plan is mandated by state statute and must be passed by the voters every ten years, with a recently added five year extension to allow cities to incorporate 2010 census data.41 By statute, the plan must address the following: Land use plans for housing, business, industry, agriculture, recreation, education, public buildings and grounds, open space and other categories appropriate to the municipality;42 A circulation element for existing and proposed freeways, arterials, collector streets, and bicycle routes;43 Open space plans that identify existing uses, forecasted needs, and strategies for promoting a regional integrated open space plan;44 Growth plans that identify areas for additional multimodal transit, conserve natural resources, and public/private financing;45

36

City of Phoenix Charter, Chapter 2, Para. 2(i). City of Phoenix Charter, Chapter 2, Para. 2(j). 38 City of Phoenix Charter, Chapter 2, Para. 2(k). 39 City of Phoenix Charter, Chapter 2, Para. 2(l). 40 City of Phoenix Charter, Chapter 2, Para. 4. 41 Frequently Asked Questions, General Plan Update. City of Phoenix (accessed Nov. 29, 2014), available at https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/PlanPHX%20General%20Plan%202015%20FAQs.pdf. 42 ARS §9-461.05(C)(1)(a). 43 ARS §9-461.05(C)(2). 44 ARS §9-461.05(D)(1). 37

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Environmental plan that addresses potential effects of the plan on air, water, and other natural resources included in the plan;46 The costs and strategies for financing future development;47 Water resource analysis that addresses future demands and available resources for water use;48 Conservation strategies for natural resources, including: forests, soils, rivers and other waters, harbors, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, and other natural resources;49 Comprehensive system for public recreation, including: natural reservations, parks, parkways and scenic drives, beaches, playgrounds and playfields, open space, bicycle routes, and other recreation areas;50 Public services, buildings, and facilities needs;51

Image retrieved from www.archaeology.asu.edu

Program to eliminate substandard housing, and identify existing and forecasted housing needs;52 Conservation, rehabilitation, and redevelopment plan that addresses slums and blighted areas, and community redevelopment across residential, commercial, industrial, and government building sites;53 Protection of community from artificial and natural hazards;54 Bike facilities including bike routes, street crossings, and parking areas;55 Energy conservation, increased energy efficiency, and plans for renewable energy;56 and Neighborhood preservation and revitalization.57 Voters approved the current city plan in 2002. A draft general plan is currently under review and city council will refer the plan to the voters in 2015. The proposed plan highlights the notion of becoming a 45

ARS §9-461.05(D)(2). ARS §9-461.05(D)(3). 47 ARS §9-461.05(D)(4). 48 ARS §9-461.05(D)(5). 49 ARS §9-461.05(E)(1). 50 ARS §9-461.05(E)(2). 51 ARS §9-461.05(E)(4)-(5). 52 ARS §9-461.05(E) 53 ARS §9-461.05(E)(7). 54 ARS §9-461.05(E)(8). 55 ARS §9-461.05(E)(9). 56 ARS §9-461.05(E)(10). 57 ARS §9-461.05(E)(11). 46

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“Sustainable Desert City.” Once implemented, the general plan is “an aspirational guide or statement of policies and preferences.” 58 Creation of the plan is “preliminary to a legislative act” and does not require strict adherence.59 Urban Agriculture Potential in Comprehensive Plan The proposed land use map includes areas specifically designated as “mixed use agricultural” and “nurseries/flower gardens,” although both designations include an exceedingly small portion of proposed land use.60 One potential area for future growth of urban agriculture is the area designated as “future parks/open space” which appear to be currently undeveloped land.61 There are significant areas of land with this designation, particularly in the northern parts of the city. Additionally, there is currently a very small amount of land designated as “undesignated” which, depending on composition, may be suitable for urban agriculture. Last, the greatest portions of the map are designated as varying sizes of “traditional lots.” A number of these traditional lots are currently vacant and may be suitable for community gardens and other urban agricultural activities. Several of the specific goals in the 2015 comprehensive plan lend themselves to urban agricultural uses, including: Create general guidelines for identifying and redeveloping brownfield areas; Continue to implement and pursue funding for the Del Rio Area Brownfields Plan; Develop character plans for segments of the canal banks; Protect the environmental quality and integrity of wildlife and vegetation habitats that are impacted by brownfields; Utilize the city’s existing Brownfields Land Recycling Program by creating more incentives to encourage the private sector to reuse brownfields;

Del Rio Brownfield

Image retrieved from www.phoenix.gov

Defray costs of new infrastructure by pursuing Brownfield Assessment and cleanup funding (Grants, revolving loans, tax credits, and supplemental funding) through the EPA, State, and other environmental agencies; Collaborate with state and federal authorities to advance brownfield cleanup and redevelopment;

58

Fritz v. City of Kingman, 191 Ariz. 432, 434 (1998). Id. at 435. 60 City of Phoenix, Zoning Maps, General Plan Land Use Map (last accessed Dec. 16, 2014), available at https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/pdd_pz_pdf_00174.pdf. 61 Id. 59

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Educate residents and community groups about the importance of infill and redevelopment, brownfield assessment findings, and design strategies for compatible neighborhood development; [Entire section of plan dedicated to specific brownfield redevelopment items]; Develop a tree and shade management plan; Study and explore options to increase shade canopy, by developing street design standards to increase the number of trees planted along all public streets and minimize or mitigate the impacts of expansive paving; Develop and establish a comprehensive tree, shade, and landscape ordinance; and Establish an Urban Forest Infrastructure Team to oversee Implementation of the Master Plan;

Image retrieved from www.sustainability.asu.edu

Additionally, the comprehensive plan includes a Healthy Food System section, which incorporates the following: Adopt zoning, land use guidelines, and other policies that incentivize grocery stores, farmers markets, and mobile venders to locate in underserved areas; Update the zoning ordinance to remove any barriers for healthy food system infrastructure; Promote the mixed-use agricultural land use classification and zoning district as a means of preserving agricultural land; Coordinate among city departments on programs and policies affecting food system sustainability and security in order to reduce food deserts; Provide a safe, reliable, and efficient stormwater management system that protects both human health and the environment; Pursue grants and other funding opportunities that will enhance the community’s access to healthy foods; Collaborate with key partners to facilitate new opportunities for urban-scale gardens, farms, gleaning, and distribution systems; and Enhance the community’s awareness of existing requirements to start a community garden or urban farm.62 Image retrieved from www.extension.arizona.edu 62

Plan Phoenix: Draft General Plan Update, 130 (2014).

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X.

Zoning Inventory

Residents of Phoenix are allowed to grow gardens in their front and back yards, subject to all other applicable zoning requirements such as avoiding nuisance and trespass.63 Outside of residential gardens, agricultural activities are currently allowed in areas zoned residential district, commercial office – neighborhood retail, general commercial, and general commerce park. Specific details are noted below. Gardening Residential District Community gardens are allowed, in accordance with the Community Garden Policy Guidelines (discussed below), and an individual can sell produce within 10 days of harvest if they obtain a use permit.64 The city defines a community garden as “a private or public facility for the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants by more than one person.”65 Farmer’s markets are also allowed, subject to limitations on frequency and other minor administrative details.66 Commercial Office – Neighborhood Retail Community gardens are allowed, and produce can be sold within 10 days of harvest with a use permit.67 General Commercial Wholesale sale of produce is allowed in areas zoned general commercial.68

Image retrieved from www.phoenix.gov

General Commerce Park Slaughtering activities are allowed in areas zoned general commerce park.69 In areas where community gardening is allowed, gardeners must follow the specific instructions in the Community Garden Policy Guidelines. The guidelines allow, but do not require, the following: Fencing up to certain heights; Security lighting and alarms;

63

See City of Phoenix Planning and Development, Community Garden Policy Guidelines (July 3, 2013). Phoenix Zoning Ordinance. Chapter 608(F)(3). 65 City of Phoenix Planning and Development, Community Garden Policy Guidelines (July 3, 2013). 66 Phoenix Zoning Ordinance. Chapter 608(F)(4). 67 Phoenix Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 622(D)(35). 68 Phoenix Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 624(D). 69 Phoenix Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 626(F). 64

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Structures no greater than 200 sq. ft., including: tool sheds, shade armadas, garden stands, barns, animal housing, hoop houses, cold frames, greenhouses, planning preparation houses or other similar structures; Garden improvements, including: benches, bike racks, raised/accessible planting beds, compost bins, picnic tables, seasonal garden stands (requires use permit), garden art, rain barrel systems, barbecue grills, kid play areas, etc.; On site storage of tractors, lawnmowers, and other machinery/equipment, as long as such items are screened from view of adjacent properties and from the street; Compost areas up to 12 feet by 12 feet, subject to location and maintenance limitations on the property; Signage up to six square feet, and up to two signs if the garden is located on a corner parcel; Educational activities for a limited number of individuals, depending on property size; and Sale of products on site with a use permit.70 The guidelines require the following: Routine maintenance to keep the parcel free of high grass, weeds, debris, trash; Mechanical equipment may only be used between 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.; Drainage that prevents water and/or fertilizer from draining onto adjacent property or right-ofway, and prevents ponding that could contribute to mosquito breeding; and If the areas is zoned residential, gardening may only occur between 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m..71 Animal Rearing Poultry and Rodents A resident of Phoenix may keep poultry and/or rodents in the backyard of their residence if they meet the following criteria: There are no residences within 80 feet of where the poultry are kept. If residences exist within 80 feet, the keeper of poultry must first obtain permission from all residences within 80 feet; Image retrieved from www.asunews.asu.edu

Poultry and rodents must be kept in an enclosure that prevents them from wandering upon property belonging to others;

70 71

City of Phoenix Planning and Development, Community Garden Policy Guidelines (July 3, 2013). Id.

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The enclosure must prevent offensive, disagreeable or noxious smell/odor from causing injury, annoyance, or inconvenience to any inhabitant of the neighborhood; Any male poultry must be incapable of making vocal noise; and No more than 20 head of poultry, 25 head of rodents, or 25 head of a combination of poultry and rodents may be kept on a parcel one-half acre or less in area. An additional one-half acre is required for each additional 20 head of poultry, 25 head of rodents, or 25 head or combination of poultry and rodents. For parcels larger than two and one-half acres, there is no limit.72 Swine No swine shall be kept in the city, except miniature Vietnamese pot belly pigs, or similar miniature pure breeds not in excess of 125 pounds.73 A person may maintain no more than three such pigs.74 Beekeeping A resident of Phoenix may not keep bees on any lot less than 6,000 Image retrieved from azcommunitypress.org square feet in an area without first having obtained written permission from all neighbors in the immediate vicinity, and filed such written permission with the Director of Neighborhood Services Department.75 A beekeeper may maintain no more than one hive or colony of bees for each 1,700 square feet of area within any lot or parcel.76 Any hive or colony must be kept more than five feet from the property line.77 Any beekeeper must keep a sufficient supply of water for all bees maintained.78 Other Animals Other animals may be kept so long as they are not likely to disturb the peace, comfort, or health of any person residing within the city.79 Manure and droppings of any animals must be removed from the enclosure at least twice weekly, and removed from the lot or parcel at least twice weekly.80 The premises upon which such animals are kept are subject to inspection by the City Health Officer and the premises must be maintained in a sanitary manner.81 Animals are not allowed to run at large.82 Slaughter Home slaughter of livestock is allowed only if the single-family residential lot or parcel of land on which the animal is being slaughtered is greater than 10,000 square feet in area.83

72

Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-7(b). Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(b). 74 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(b). 75 Phoenix City Code. Chapter 8-8(f)(1). 76 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(f)(2). 77 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(f)(3). 78 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(f)(4). 79 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-5(A). 80 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(a). 81 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(e) 82 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-8(d) 83 Phoenix City Code, Chapter 8-3.04(A)-(B). 73

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XI.

Policy Recommendations

Based on a review of relevant information, two specific policies would assist Phoenix in carrying out its goals under the Healthy Food Systems section of its 2015 Draft General Plan (the Plan). An increase in urban agriculture would, in turn, likely aid the city in its plan to reduce the amount of food deserts and increase productivity of existing, undeveloped or abandoned land. The first recommendation is to create a food systems coordinator. The second, closely related recommendation is to create a food policy council. Outside of these two recommendations, there are several considerations that both the coordinator and the council should examine, after determining the specific needs of the community. Food Systems Coordinator In the Plan, the city has specifically identified the need to “coordinate among city departments on programs and policies affecting food system sustainability and security in order to reduce food deserts.” The most effective way to coordinate such programs and policies, as well as to support local food system improvements as a whole, is to assign coordination and related tasks to a specific position. The availability of funds will likely determine whether the position is new or incorporated into an existing position. But, if the coordinator has sufficient time to focus on the food system they may be able to identify additional sources of funding for both their own position as well as other Healthy Food Systems goals under the Plan. In addition to coordinating among city programs and policies, the coordinator should: Work with the City to advance food system initiatives and Healthy Food Systems goals; Identify and pursue sources of funding and other resources to increase access to nutritious food for all Phoenicians; Identify and engage additional stakeholders in the city, including private, nonprofit, and other government entities currently providing services within the food system; Create and distribute resources and educational information to increase awareness of, and engagement in, urban agriculture opportunities among Phoenicians, in accordance with Plan goals related to helping residents understand opportunities available to them; Collaborate with existing community stakeholders to identify and address the issues of food security, public health, nutrition, and food safety regulation; Collaborate with environmental stakeholders and experts to identify soil quality concerns and opportunities to develop community-wide programs for soil remediation, access to clean fill soil, and redevelopment of brownfield sites; Work with local food producers and processors to increase markets for, and access to, locally produced foods; and Network with community members and organizational leaders to facilitate increased recognition of urban agriculture as a community priority and establish the position as a valuable resource within the community.

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The coordinator can also be responsible for taking the steps necessary to establish the food policy council and once the council is functional the coordinator can serve as a liaison to the city and perform administrative functions for the council where appropriate. Moreover, the coordinator can use information provided by the city and others to help the council determine the areas of greatest need within the city. Food Policy Council Food policy councils are typically tasked with advising different levels of government with advice on policies and programs that support local food systems.84 Generally speaking, the advice should be place based, ecologically sound, economically productive, socially cohesive, and address food security and food literacy.85 To accurately form such advice and provide recommendations that will benefit the community, council members should represent expertise from a variety of fields including government, economic development, the food industry, emergency food planning, education, hunger relief, natural resources, conventional and organic agriculture, culture and community, nutrition, and public health.86 In addition, a lawyer with experience on urban agriculture and local food systems may help the council understand ways in which existing laws enhance opportunities and ways those laws limit opportunities. The council, as a body that represents diverse interests in the city, is in the best position to determine what specific issues the council should address, how those issues should be prioritized, and what available resources may help resolve those needs. Therefore, in its initial stages the council should seek to develop a comprehensive understanding of the existing local food system. In doing so, it should consider all available resources and assets within the community, as well as the areas of greatest need and opportunity. The food policy coordinator can assist in this process, by acting on information provided by council members. Although local and regional governments have used different strategies for placing people on food policy councils, the food systems coordinator can work with government officials to determine which method best suits Phoenix. The coordinator can also help identify those who are best suited to serve as charter members of the council. Potential partners include representatives from the University of Arizona extension office in Maricopa County, organic and conventional farmers, aquaculturists, food producers, food production input suppliers, food processors, restaurants, food banks, food recovery organizations, farmer’s market directors, consumers, and distributors. Because food security includes culturally appropriate food options, it is important for the council to represent a cross section of the community, either through the individuals on the council or through the populations served by the organizations council members represent. Once both coordinator and council are in place, and have completed the initial steps described above, the council may want to consider the following:

84

Food Policy Councils. American Planning Association, 2 (2011) Id. 86 Id. 85

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Capitalize on Existing Programs Several organizations and redevelopment efforts are already underway, including PHX Renew and brownfield redevelopment at Del Rio. With PHX Renews, the city partnered with private interests to turn a vacant lot into a truly unique, mixed use 15 acre parcel of land that produces food and engages citizens through art, education, and entertainment. With 40% of Maricopa County covered in undeveloped lots, similar projects may be possible in other parts of Phoenix. With Del Rio, the City received a grant from the EPA to redevelop a previously contaminated section of town. In the Plan, the City of Phoenix has identified redevelopment of brownfield sites as a goal. The success of the Del Rio efforts may be used to attract additional revenue for similar projects at different brownfield sites throughout town. Similarly, by touting the success of Del Rio, the owners of brownfield lots that have previously been reluctant to work with city officials may be more inclined to get involved in the discussion about redevelopment if they can see the opportunity that exists. Closely Examine Areas Designated for Future Parks/Open Space The Plan includes multiple areas designated for future parks and open space. If the City prepares properly, these areas may be used to address advice provided by the council and goals addressed in the Plan while maintaining an atmosphere similar to that provided by a park or open space. For instance, the Healthy Food Systems section identifies the following goals: promote a stormwater management system that protects human health and the environment, collaborate with key partners to facilitate new opportunities for urban agriculture, and enhance awareness about the requirements for urban agriculture. By turning an area designated for future parks/open space into a basin with biking/running trails and a mix of urban agriculture, the city would be addressing multiple goals with one design. The basin can collect and store stormwater during flash floods or other periods of extensive rain. Additionally, different perennial crops (and maybe even annual crops) capable of withstanding short periods of flooding can be planted in the bowl and, depending on the grade of the slope, the basin walls. Moreover, crops planted in the basin likely will stabilize soil and reduce the amount lost to runoff. Meanwhile, trails into, out of, and around the basin provide the same environment for outdoor activity that a Phoenician might find in other parks or open space. Volunteers, local schools, and/or community groups can maintain the crops. The end product can be sold, donated, or consumed by those using the trails. Identify Ways Food Producing Trees Can be Used to Meet Shade and Urban Forest Goals In the Plan, the city identified the creation of an urban forest plan as a priority for the next ten years. While the underlying goal understandably appears to be increasing the amount of shade throughout the city, it may be possible for the urban forest to serve multiple purposes, including shade, food production, and increased soil stability. Several types of fruit and nut trees are currently producing food in the area, including lemon, orange, grapefruit, and pecan trees. Soil Quality Because of the large amount of vacant land and the likely limited understanding of soil conditions among urban agrarians, particularly as it pertains to higher salinity content and 21

appropriate ways to cultivate the desert crust, the coordinator and the council may want to consider ways to focus resources on identifying appropriate soil for cultivation, sustainable strategies for preparing the land, and training urban agriculturalists on proper soil management techniques. Because of the likely need for added topsoil in most settings, this should include an examination of the potential benefits of a municipal composting program. It is likely that the Maricopa County extension office can provide significant guidance on proper desert soil cultivation techniques and soil amendment strategies. Moreover, since some currently vacant lots are likely considered brownfield sites, procedures for soil testing and, if necessary, remediation must be considered. Beyond the structural recommendations to create a food system coordinator and a food policy council, and the four additional considerations noted above, any other recommendations or policy proposals should be made by those living and working in the community who understand both the needs and opportunities for increasing food security through a vibrant urban agriculture movement. XII.

Right to Farm

The Arizona right to farm law protects agricultural operations on farmland. Agricultural operations include “the production of crops, livestock, poultry, livestock products, or poultry products.”87 Farmland means “land devoted primarily to the production for commercial purposes of livestock or agricultural commodities.”88 The right to farm statute states: Agricultural operations conducted on farmland that are consistent with good agricultural practices and established prior to surrounding nonagricultural uses are presumed to be reasonable and do not constitute a nuisance unless the agricultural operation has a substantial adverse effect on the public health and safety.89 Where agricultural operations are conducted in conformity with federal, state and local laws and regulations, they are presumed to be good agricultural practices and do not adversely affect the public health and safety.90 Nothing in the statute explicitly excludes application of the law to urban and peri-urban areas.91 There are no Arizona cases interpreting these statutes, nor does the Arizona Department of Agriculture provide any guidance on them. For tax purposes, the Image retrieved from www.asunews.asu.edu 87

Ariz. Rev. Stat. §311-1(A) Ariz. Rev. Stat. §3-111(A)-(B). 89 Ariz. Rev. Stat. §3-112(A). 90 Ariz. Rev. Stat. §3-112(B). 91 See Ariz. Rev. Stat. §3-111, et. seq. 88

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Arizona Department of Revenue in its Agricultural Property Manual defines generally accepted agricultural practices on land used for agriculture as “*t+hose activities and practices that are used in an agricultural operation which are widely accepted and that can be supported by experts in agricultural disciplines.”92 Potential Application Whether the right to farm law applies to urban agriculture in Phoenix is likely going to depend on (1) whether the activity complained of occurs on farmland, and (2) whether the occupant established such operations on the property “prior to surrounding nonagricultural uses.” The first question, whether the activity complained of occurs on farmland, likely depends on the scale of the activity. A Phoenician living in a residential area with a backyard garden is not likely gardening on farmland. Even if such resident sells a portion of the produce and manages to meet the “for commercial purposes requirement” in the definition of “farmland,” it is unlikely that a court would consider a backyard (or frontyard) garden to be land “devoted primarily to” production. In the event of a community garden, the “land devoted primarily to” production requirement is much more likely to be satisfied. Whether an urban garden can meet the “for commercial purposes requirement” likely depends on the disposition of what is produced. A garden of primarily separate plots of land for neighborhood Phoenicians to garden for their own consumption is not likely to be for commercial purposes. A nonprofit that grows food and distributes it free of charge may come closer, and might be even more convincing if they sold some of the produce, even at a reduced price. A full scale urban farm is the most likely contender to mount a successful challenge to a nuisance complaint in the urban agriculture context. Such a farm would likely need to be larger in scale, and sell most of what it produces. The second question, whether the complained of activity occurred before the nonagricultural activity, will play out on a case by case basis. Roughly 40% of real estate in Phoenix is vacant. Some of that vacant property is located next to other vacant property, and some of it is next to developed, nonagricultural uses. Because of this variation, it is not possible to determine in any meaningful fashion the potential outcome of an urban agricultural defense asserting the right to farm. Because no cases have interpreted the right to farm statutes, it is difficult to determine how Arizona’s right to farm law may impact policy proposals for the city. Because of the uncertainty, it will be increasingly important to communicate with neighbors and community stakeholders before implementing any urban agricultural projects. Any disputes that can be worked out in the planning phase will undoubtedly result in saving time and resources later on. Because the policy recommendations included in this report are more structural in nature and do not necessarily entail specific agriculture activity, the right to farm statute is not likely to impact the policy recommendations. Several of the considerations for the food policy council do recommend agricultural activity, however, and as discussed above, will likely play out on a case by case basis depending on the scale of the agricultural activity as well as the use of surrounding real estate. 92

Agriculture Property Manual. Arizona Department of Revenue, Property Tax Division. Chapter 1.8 (2 Aug 2012), available at https://www.azdor.gov/Portals/0/Brochure/AZ-Agricultural-Property-Manual.pdf.

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XIII.

Environmental Considerations

Environmental concerns impact urban agriculture in Phoenix in primarily three different ways: (1) access to water, (2) naturally occurring soil conditions, and (3) redevelopment of brownfield sites. As a desert community, water is a precious resource. The two primary sources of water for Phoenix are the Colorado River and groundwater.93 Both are currently subject to overconsumption.94 As a result of significant population growth over the last several decades, Phoenix is now the sixth-largest city in the United States which continues to put pressure on water resources. Moreover, growth in other areas of the Southwest United States has taxed the amount of water available in the Colorado River.95 As a result of growth and scarcity, identifying crops that require minimal or no water puts less stress on an already taxed environmental resource. Soils in the Phoenix metro area, an area previously known as the Salt River Valley (and still home to Rio Salado), may be high in salinity.96 Moreover, the desert crust may make initial cultivation difficult.97 Based on information provided by the Maricopa County Extension Office, it is likely that urban soil will need to be supplemented with organic matter and fertilizers prior to planting.98 Depending on the size of production, raised beds with added, fresh, clean soil may prove more practical for front and backyard gardens. Image retrieved from www.asunews.asu.edu As noted in the city’s comprehensive plan, there are a significant number of brownfield sites with potential for redevelopment. Because most brownfields are privately owned, the city’s efforts to create an inventory of such parcels have been met with little response from property owners. Nevertheless, the city identified reducing the number of brownfields as an objective and has previously been successful in garnering grant funds from the EPA for remediation. One such example is the Del Rio neighborhood, which straddles the Rio Salado. The redevelopment of such sites is likely to require soil testing, the results of which may be used to determine if the area is suitable for urban agriculture. Additionally, there are two environmental benefits worth mentioning that urban agriculture would provide to the City of Phoenix, which may not be as applicable in other urban contexts. First, cultivated lands with crops in vacant lots may have the ability to slow down and absorb water during flash floods, which currently have the ability to shift large amounts of debris across the desert crust. Second, placing crops in the land using no till strategies is likely to decrease the amount of dust released from the surface of the desert crust in high winds and haboob season.99

93

Nabhan Food Security at 9. Id. at 10. 95 Id. 96 Id. 97 Ten Steps to a Successful Vegetable Garden. Arizona Cooperative Extension, 2 (Nov. 2008), available at http://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1435.pdf. 98 Id. 99 See Jim Armstrong, Conventional Tillage Harvests a Haboob, Unhealthy Soils, United States Department of Agriculture Blog (14 Oct. 2014), available at http://blogs.usda.gov/2014/10/14/conventional-tillage-harvests-ahaboob-unhealthy-soils/. 94

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Appendix A – Food Access Points Unless otherwise noted, all information is taken directly from the website listed and is current through October 31, 2014. Access points are listed in alphabetical order. Ahwatukee Farmer’s Market http://www.arizonafarmersmarkets.com/pageAhwatukee/ahwatukee.htm 4700 E. Warner Road, Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Sundays, 9:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Features: May include fresh, local, and seasonal produce, herbs, flowers, locally made jams, jellies, salsas, fresh baked breads, natural pork, beef and fish and a selection of local arts and crafts. Free admission, free adjacent parking. We accept AZFMNP, WIC and EBT/SNAP. Arcadia Farmer’s Market http://www.arcadiafarmersmarkets.com/ 3811 North 44th Street, Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Sundays 9:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Our Commitment: To have certified farmers and quality vendors directly selling local produce, freshly prepared foods, and crafted works by local artisans to the community. To teach kids/teens in the Arcadia community about healthy living, and to give Arcadia parents access to positive alternatives in the home. List of vendors: http://www.arcadiafarmersmarkets.com/#!vendors/c24f1 Best Farmer’s Market http://www.bestfarmersmarket.com/index.html 4825 North 27th Avenue, Phoenix, AZ; with multiple pick up locations around the valley Best Farmer’s Market has been providing quality produce for over twenty years. Family owned and operated to provide you excellent customer service. Mission Statement Our mission is to provide you with more nutritious meals at affordable prices. We always strive to obtain the freshest local and seasonal produce available. Unlike our competitors we obtain multiple shipments during the week to save you money for fresher and tastier produce. Community Partnership More than ever, we have to find ways to save money and time. Enjoy the convenience and bargains of our Healthy Harvest Program featuring fruit and vegetables packages. You will also receive excellent customer service and the satisfaction of your own personal produce shopper. 25

It is our privilege to help your organization and our community save money while encouraging good nutrition without sacrificing the quality. We know how important it is to save time and money. Our efforts give you a stress free way of shopping for essential foods as one more part of your pursuit for a healthy lifestyle. Our ultimate goal is to give back to our community. We will make every attempt to purchase produce from local vendors and growers. We will donate a portion of your total purchases to selected charitable organizations. Biltmore Union Farmer’s Market http://mommasorganicmarket.com/biltmore/ Biltmore Fashion Park, 2502 E. Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Sundays October - April, 11:00 a.m. – 4:00 pm Vendors with wonderful and unique local foods. You can find things like fresh Arizona produce, salsa, beans, spiced nuts, fresh baked breads, oils, pickles, pasta, raw honey, mixes, specialty salts, baked goods, dips, jams and much more! All from small, local companies! Botanica Open Air Market http://www.thefarmatsouthmountain.com/events/botanica-open-air-market-2014-10-25/ Come celebrate our growing family with us here at The Farm every Saturday. Our new Open Air Market is located conveniently on the Botanica patio area. Pick up artisan breads and spreads, salsas, gourmet treats like Tracey Dempsey marshmallows and brittle, and of course new items in our shop. Quiessence at The Farm also has chutneys, compound butters made with dill and honey, as well as vegetable soups straight from the garden. The Camelback Esplanade Friday Market (May be closed) 2425 E. Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Friday, 10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Central Farmer’s Market http://centralfarmersmarket.com/ CrossRoads United Methodist Church Southeast corner of Central & Northern 7901 N Central Ave Days and Hours: Saturdays, 9:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. (Winter Hours) About: The Central Farmer’s Market is owned and operated by CrossRoads United Methodist Church. We decided to open this market with many hopes in mind: we hope to provide an outlet for fresh, local, healthy food in the community; we hope to feed the poor and needy in our neighborhood through farm-donated goods; we hope to assist the mission of local food banks; 26

we hope to raise additional funds for the mission and ministry of the church; we hope to support our local vendors and promote their products; and we hope to bring the neighborhood together every Saturday to celebrate clean food and love. We strive to be a true farmer’s market, and take care to ensure that the majority of our 80+ vendors are food vendors. In order to be here every week our vendors must fall into one of the following categories: food, plant, kitchen, health or wellness. We have an indoor fridge and freezer which gives us the capability to offer a full dairy selection: milk, cream, half & half, buttermilk, ice cream & more. For this, we are indebted to our local (and favorite!) dairy farm, Superstition Farm, Mesa AZ. Farmer Casey himself hand delivers every Wednesday to guarantee freshness. Please join us in the support of your local farms and neighbors. List of vendors: http://centralfarmersmarket.com/vendors/ Crooked Sky Farm www.crookedskyfarms.com 2134 S. 16th Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85007 Crooked Sky Farms, located in Phoenix, is owed by Frank Martin. Frank, like so many, started with a simple dream, a garden right in his own back yard. In 1999 he took that tiny garden, expanded and started doing farmer’s markets. Now, Crooked Sky Farms grows and supplies fresh produce for several Farmer’s Markets and CSAs through subscriptions throughout the state of Arizona. We’re based in South Phoenix near the I-17 freeway and 19th Ave exit, but we also farm in plots around the Phoenix Metro area. During summertime, we grow most of our food in and around Duncan, Arizona. Crooked Sky Farms is Certified Naturally Grown, meaning that there is absolutely no use of synthetic chemical insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers on our crops. We care for our soil, water and air quality with crop rotations, cover crops, protective buffer crops and ecologically sustainable farming practices. Read more about being Certified Naturally Grown at the bottom of this page, or go to naturallygrown.org. Come visit us at Crooked Sky, where our motto is “Naturally Grown, Naturally Yours” The Farm at South Mountain (Maya’s Farmer’s Market and Botanica Open Air Market) http://www.thefarmatsouthmountain.com/ 6106 S 32nd St. Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Saturday and Sunday, 9:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Maya’s Farmer’s Market Discover fresh locally, organically grown fruits and vegetables, seasonal flowers and eggs from Maya’s Garden at her farmer’s market every Sunday. The beautiful produce 27

from Maya’s Garden help us create that farm to table experience here at our Seasonally Fresh Culinary Family restaurants. Maya also offers her produce through a Community Support Agricultural Program (CSA). Check out her website for further information on this initiative: www.mayasfarm.com. Botanica Open Air Market Come celebrate our growing family with us here at The Farm every Saturday. Our new Open Air Market is located conveniently on the Botanica patio area. Pick up artisan breads and spreads, salsas, gourmet treats like Tracey Dempsey marshmallows and brittle, and of course new items in our shop. Quiessence at The Farm also has chutneys, compound butters made with dill and honey, as well as vegetable soups straight from the garden. Farmyard www.myfarmyard.com Founded in 2009 by two sisters, Rebecca and Sarah Kidwell, Farmyard stands for the principles of self-reliant food production. They recognized that the current methodology of conventional commercial agriculture toward pesticide usage, genetically modified foods¸ and ‘food miles’, was a growing concern to themselves and their surrounding community. They knew that educated consumers, like themselves, were more frequently asking, “Where and how was this grown?” and “What is the time from farm to market?” In order to feed their two families, they expanded Rebecca’s existing backyard organic produce garden to utilize her front yard. The excitement expressed by the surrounding neighbors and local community members passing by planted the seed for the mission of Farmyard. Our philosophy is simple. Grow locally. Produce organically. Eat well. Gila Farm www.gilafarm.org 5025 N Central Ave. Suite 113 Phoenix, Arizona 85012 Gila Farm Cooperative is a group of refugee farmers resettled in Central Arizona. The 27-acre farm where Gila Farm Cooperative primarily raises crops is located in Pinal County, just south of Phoenix Gila Farm Cooperative was founded in 2011 with support from the International Rescue Committee (IRC) in Phoenix. The IRC has been working with refugee farmers in Arizona since 2007 through the New Roots Farm and Food Security program, which promotes economic empowerment, household food security, and self-sufficiency of refugee and asylee farmers. Gila Farm Cooperative’s farmers hail from Bhutan, Burma, Congo, Cuba, Eritrea, Iraq, Liberia, Sudan, Somalia, Togo, and Uzbekistan; bringing with them decades of experience working with the land and growing diverse crops. The farmers have left behind countries torn by war,

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oppression, political upheaval, and natural disaster to pursue life in the United States. Many of them find peace and joy in farming, an activity that provides continuity with their former lives. Gila Farm Cooperative is committed to sustainable, local agriculture and does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides on crops. The Market on High Street (May be closed) 5415 E. High Street, Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Third Sunday, 10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Maya’s Farm (Included in Farm at South Mountain) www.mayasfarm.com 6106 S. 32nd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85042 Maya’s Farm is a small, sustainable operation which produces high-quality specialty vegetables, herbs, flowers and eggs for local markets, restaurants and schools. A community-supported agriculture (CSA) program gives subscribers a weekly supply of produce that is cut by hand in the field daily. Maya's Farm is situated on nearly seven acres and nestles up to South Mountain Park in Phoenix, Arizona. The site is an ancient river bed, where sandy soils and natural Artesian wells create a perfect growing environment. Consciously augmented through biodynamic techniques, this rich earth produces some of the healthiest produce available. Open Air Market: Phoenix Public Market http://phxpublicmarket.com/openair/ 721 N Central Avenue (Central and McKinley), Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Wednesdays, 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.; Saturdays (May-Sep): 8:00 a.m. – Noon; Saturdays (Oct-Apr): 8:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. About: As a program of Community Food Connections, a 501c3 non-profit organization, the Open Air Markets at the Phoenix Public Market take place on Wednesday nights and Saturday mornings, and we also host Food Truck Fridays. Open since February 2005, our Open-Air Market is a natural gathering place that celebrates neighborhoods and the neighbors. We accept cash, Visa, Mastercard, Discover, Diners Club, JCB, American Express, SNAP (EBT/Foods Stamps), AZ FMNP and WIC cash value vouchers. Stop by the information booth at the Wednesday or Saturday Market if you have any questions. List of vendors: http://phxpublicmarket.com/openair/our-vendors Roadrunner Park Farmer’s Market http://www.arizonacommunityfarmersmarkets.com/FM_Roadrunner.html 3502 E. Cactus Rd. Phoenix, Arizona 29

Days and Hours: Saturdays, 8:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. (Winter Hours) Features: Local farm produce including fresh vegetables & fruit, baked goods, honey, jams and jellies, nursery stock, natural pork, beef and fish, hand crafted items. Roadrunner Park includes children's playground with play equipment, a fishing pond, ducks and geese on premises, swimming pool, soccer fields, and all kinds of special events. Canine "Good Citizens" always welcome! Free admission, free parking. Accepts AZ Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program vouchers and EBT/SNAP. Also available at this market: Easy credit card shopping! One credit card charge can pay for all your purchases from the vendors! Find out more at the information booth! Town and Country Farmer’s Market http://www.townandcountryshops.com/farmers-market/ 2021 East Camelback Road Phoenix, Arizona 85016 Days and Hours: Wednesday, 10:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Uptown Farmer’s Market www.uptownmarketaz.com N. 2nd Street, Phoenix, Arizona; SE Corner of Central and Bethany Home Rd. Days and Hours: Saturdays, 9:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. Oct.-Apr.; 8:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m. May-Sep. We are a food-based farmer’s market and gathering place dedicated to inspiring and educating home cooks through Arizona local produce, handmade foods and handcrafted goods. It is a market run by two friends and North Central Phoenix residents (Bo Mostow and Jennifer Woods) who have a desire to make a difference in their neighborhood. They named their business Gather Arizona out of this desire to foster this sense of community through food. Vincent’s Saturday Market www.vincentsoncamelback.com 3930 E. Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona Days and Hours: Saturdays, 9:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. The Camelback Market is designed to have a truly "European" flare with customers urged to take their time in wandering the stalls filled with the freshest local produce available, plus imported exotic fruits and vegetables. It also features warm, crusty breads, buttery croissants, homemade jams, exotic mustards. A wide array of mouthwatering imported cheeses plus Vincent's signature dressings, fresh pasta and pestos are also available. Patrons can purchase wines by the glass, bottle, or case, and enjoy omelets, and crêpes made to order as well as Vincent's grilled panini sandwiches. In addition, the market features grilled items like grilled chicken and potatoes, our thin-crust pizzas from our wood-fired pizza oven, and seafood & meat paella from our 52" and 44" paella pans. It's also a terrific place to find gifts imported directly from the south of France, like honey, olive oil, and French soaps. 30

Local assets that engage in business to business transactions, but may not necessarily sell retail directly to the public. Unless otherwise noted, all information about each asset is taken directly from www.chowlocally.com/farms, a local food hub dealing directly with local farms. 7A Family Farms 7A Family Farms is located near South Mountain. Salt River water irrigates our orchards as 1000 years ago it flowed to the Hohokam through canals that remain on the property even today. Farming as a family began as both a hobby and an exercise in sustainability. Abundant harvests have produced an excess of excellent crops that we are now pleased to share with others in our community. Our family is dedicated to producing delicious high quality locally grown fruit using NO pesticides. Absolutely Delightful Arizona Honey - www.absolutelydelightfulazhoney.com When you purchase honey from Absolutely Delightful you are supporting our Arizona bee keepers. Our honey is raw. This means it is strained, not filtered. The natural pollen grains remain in the honey instead of being filtered out, and because is not processed, it retains all of the natural enzymes. Honey is an all-natural product that is good for your health as well as delicious to use. Honey remains edible for centuries. Several of our customers have told us they believe eating local honey or pollen helps manage their seasonal allergies. If you suffer from allergies, you might find that frequent and consistent consumption brings “sweet” relief . Agritopia – www.agritopia.com Agritopia is not like a country farm in that it will be in the heart of a fairly dense urban area. This farm is an "urban farm" designed to flourish in the urban setting. Instead of a huge field of one crop, you find a patchwork of numerous specialty crops. The farm has pathways which allow residents and visitors to easily view the crops. The harvest is sold at the Farm Stand, as well as being served at Joe's Farm Grill and The Coffee Shop. All of the produce grown on the farm is grown under the USDA organic protocol. Within Agritopia, there are nearly 15 acres of urban farm. Urban farms are very different from farms you currently see in the rural areas. For instance, an urban farm must create more value per acre. That means specialized crops that people are willing to pay more for. These include specialty greens, heirloom tomatoes, and fresh herbs. This implies a mosaic of diverse crops, rather than a standard crop. Make sure and stop by Joe's Farm Grill and The Coffee Shop to get a sample of the great local products Agritopia is bringing to the local community. Arizona Mesquite Company – www.arizonamesquitecompany.com Mark Moody purchased acreage near Bouse, Arizona to start a small farm and nursery. During the early years of the farm he unearthed several manos and mutates (stones used by Native Americans to grind corn and mesquite pods) buried at his farm. This discovery planted the seed for the idea that would become the Arizona Mesquite Company. 31

Mesquite grows natively in the Arizona wilderness. Arizona Mesquite Company is blazing new territory by treating the tree as a sustainable crop at their farm. Due to its low water usage, ability to produce flour, high quality honey (with help from bees), high quality woodworking lumber, and firewood this is truly an incredible tree. Milling the pods from the Mesquite tree makes Mesquite Flour. Since the whole pods, including the beans are milled, the flour is high in protein content (11 to 17%). It isn’t wheat based allowing it to be gluten-free. However, the most desirable trait is its taste. Mesquite Flour has a very distinct sweet nutty taste, which has uses in baking, seasoning, or just adding to drinks for that extra wow! Blue Sky Organic Farms We are a certified organic farm growing a wide variety of vegetables and melons. We are family farm dedicated to hard work in order to bring the best quality produce to the public that is possible. Located in Litchfield Park, Arizona since 1995, we are proud to be able to produce fresh food that people can enjoy. With a chef's background, owner David Vose, is able to grow vegetables that harness all the qualities that a top restaurant would be searching for. Briggs and Eggers – www.briggs-eggers.com The Briggs Family began cultivating the Bonita Springs Valley of Southern Arizona in 1968. This is truly a family operation from top to bottom: started by Joe and Jean, joined first by daughter Melissa, and subsequently her husband and partner Lance Eggers. The fruit produced from this orchard glows with the family imbued "tender, love, and care." First and foremost, this is an apple orchard. The Briggs-Eggers orchard currently produces seven types of apple varietals including: Pink Lady, Sundowner, Fuji, Gala, Granny Smith, Red Delicious, and Gold Delicious. Apples aren’t the only fruit. Briggs-Eggers also produces Arizona Peaches and Bartlett Pears. At Briggs-Eggers, quality is not just a goal; it's a way of life. From the first moments of planting to the triple checking of shipping crates and boxes on the way out, the fruit is followed around the clock. You are encouraged to stop by the orchard. You are like to see a member of the BriggsEggers team standing amongst the trees, fruit in hand. To further ensure quality, the sugar content is closely monitored to determine the flavor and maturity of the fruit. Handpicking is the only option. The packing facility is state-of-the-art. More so, Briggs-Eggers has a commitment to the organic ethos. The fruit is only washed with natural well water. There is less than a 30 minute gap between removing the fruit from the tree to relocating it to the cooler, ready to ship. Almost all fruit is shipped within 48 hours of removal from tree. The family even has a tree consultant, Dr. G.T. Bohmfalk, Ph.D. on staff. His skills, techniques, and knowledge provide an excellent model for those growing fruit in the fickle climate of the American Southwest. Dr. Bohmfalk's methods have assisted Briggs-Eggers in avoiding chemical pesticides, herbicides, and non-organic fertilizers. This enables Briggs-Eggers to deliver a premium product. 32

The idea behind this farm’s wonderful succulent fruit is simple: combine family tradition, quality and freshness, attention to detail, and tireless commitment to creating fruit that will be both memorable and exciting. Brown’s Orchard – www.youpickapples.com The first trees were planted in 1963. The orchard is a pristine and balanced ecosystem. No chemicals, fungicides, herbicides, etc. have been applied in the orchard for the past 20 years. We have 4 varieties of pears and 12 varieties of apples. Cami’s Farm Our Farm has been a part of our four-generation family for over 25 years. We have raised beef, show cattle, hogs, and chickens. At one point we were heavily active in 4-H and FFA and competed among other ranches and young showman on a County and State level. Recently, we proudly began producing natural fresh farm eggs that go fresh right to your home from our nests. Here at Cami's Farm, we pride ourselves and have a commitment to our clients in providing quality eggs. Although, we currently are not "Organic certified", our hens are pesticide, hormone, and antibiotic free and are raised as nature intended. However, we do intend to transition and become "Organic" in the future as our operation expands. In addition, when you purchase eggs from Cami’s not only are you supporting our operation, we are also sharing a piece of our pride and joy of our farm. My vision is to encourage good eating practices and living healthy for a better lifestyle. Not only for my family, but for you too. City Center Farms – www.citycenterfarms.com City Center Farms goes "beyond all organic farms" and offers produce that is grown locally in an urban "clean room" environment. All produce is grown in a purified mineral solution with no pesticides or fungicides. The air and water is filtered and purified with all variables controlled including use of energy saving LED lights. This offers optimum light for our plants which can be traced from seed to table. All workers are suited and wear surgical gloves eliminating the need to wash our produce before using. Crops come to you still living in our proprietary growth matt which is made of natural materials and is biodegradable. Crooked Sky Farms – www.crookedskyfarms.com “Farmer Frank” Martin started farming in his back yard and selling his produce at the Prescott Farmers' Market in 2002. Today Crooked Sky Farms has expanded and grows fresh produce for several Farmers' Markets and CSAs throughout the state of Arizona. Crooked Sky Farms produce is “Certified Naturally Grown”, meaning that there is absolutely no use of synthetic chemical insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers on our crops. We care for our soil, water and air quality with crop rotations, cover crops, protective buffer crops, and ecologically sustainable farming practices. We grow this way because we care about our families’ and workers’ health, the health of our friends and customers purchasing and enjoying our food, and because we want to be good, 33

sustainable stewards of the small portion of this earth that has temporarily been put under our care. Duncan Family Farms – www.duncanfamilyfarmslocal.com Duncan Family Farms - Taking Care of the People. Taking Care of the Land. Arnott Duncan, a 4th generation Arizona farmer, and his wife Kathleen have been farming the land in Goodyear, AZ for 22 years. They believe that for their farm to be a sustainable member of the community their agricultural practices must support long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of community sustainability. Their farm has grown and changed during the years but their mission has remained the same since day one. "At Duncan Family Farms we believe that our primary responsibility is to produce healthy lifegiving food. We are also committed to making a strong contribution to an improved environment and giving back to our community." Duncan Family Farms grows a wide variety of certified organic lettuces, greens, vegetables and herbs. Many times Arnott will refer to himself as a “dirt farmer” first and then a vegetable grower second. His meticulous attention to building healthy soil is the foundation for growing beautiful and healthy produce. An integral part of their organic farming practices is with their on-farm composting operation. Annually, their compost yard diverts 35,000 to 40,000 tons of green waste from our local landfills. The more green waste they divert to high quality compost the stronger their fields get. In applying the compost to the fields it acts like a giant sponge that increases moisture retention which in turn reduces the amount of water usage. They are always seeking ways to improve their farming methods and seek new ways of growing food. Fresh and Local TJ Farms – tffarmsaz.wordpress.com Tonia started growing when she was young in a village in Mexico in Zacatecas. She remembers the corn, tomatillos, summer squash, winter squash and different varieties of beans grown near her home. Her family also raised pigs, chickens, cattle, donkeys and horses. “It was the way people live in the village. We’d grab armfuls of amaranth greens and throw it to pigs. We had good clean water, and clean corrals,” recalls Tonia. She met Frank Martin in 2002 and began selling produce at his farm stand on Northern and 59th Ave. She managed the harvesting for Crooked Sky Farms (where Jesus also harvested and worked) until 2012. They’d always wanted to have her own farm and decided to jump into the farming business after a leap of faith. “We must be doing something good because it’s working out,” says Tonia. Hendell Orchards Hendell Orchards is a small backyard farm that grows Jujube fruit. A unique Asian delicacy. 34

Justice Brothers Ranch The Justice Brothers Ranch, a working cattle ranch located in the Waddell and Surprise, Arizona area and established in 1929, is proud to offer Arizona Horseback Riding Adventures™ at the ranch hosted by Anita, the Black Horse Woman. Once considered way out west of the valley, the Justice Brothers Ranch has been a site for cattle grazing for more than 80 years, as well as other agricultural uses including various crops such as cotton, alfalfa, peas, lettuce, watermelon, and citrus. In fact, the citrus orchards on the ranch continue to yield the best tasting navel oranges and red grapefruit one could ever eat, along with valencias, tangelos, and lemons. Things haven't changed much on the ranch since its early days. DeWayne Justice continues the tradition of farming and ranching that was started by his grandfather and uncle. Cattle ranging from Brangus to Charolais and Hereford crosses, as well as numerous horses, continue to feed on the lush green pastures to this day. You will also find a small herd of longhorns grazing on the desert pastures. Lucky Chicken Farms – www.luckychickenfarms.com Simply put we are on a mission to get eggs from pastured, organic fed chicks and high quality meat to families! You deserve it! They deserve it! Lucky Nickel Ranch, Inc. – www.luckynickelranch.com Lucky Nickel Ranch Inc. is USDA Certified Organic by CCOF and is in the process of becoming USDA GHP/GAP Certified in food safety. Nopales Nopalitos Waddell Hanny Ortega had farmed Nopales for 20 years. His farm is on the west side of town out in Waddell AZ. Nopales are a vegetable made from the young cladode (pad) segments of prickly pear cactus. They are carefully peeled to remove the spines. These fleshy pads are flat and about hand-sized. Nopales and the smaller Nopalitos is the one item that Hanny grows on his farm and he knows how to do this very well. He sells his Nopales and or Nopalitos at many different markets around town. On The Vine – www.on-the-vine.com On The Vine, LLC is a small sustainable farm just outside of Casa Grande, Arizona. All of our produce is grown pesticide-free using sustainable farming practices. We focus on specialty produce and grow varieties that are not commonly found in your local marketplace. Our privately-owned farm consists of 3.24 acres and an 1800 sq. ft greenhouse. All of our produce is vine-ripened and picked fresh. Our produce is not only colorful but healthy and full of wonderful flavor. Customer feedback is very important to us and has greatly increased in the development of our business. We are always looking to grow new specialty varieties based on consumer suggestions and growing trends. Pinnacle Farms – www.phoenixpinnaclefarms.com

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Pinnacle Farms is a local, naturally grown farm comprised of three locations. In central Phoenix, where the citrus orchard is, we offer Arizona Sweets and Ana Apples during the spring and summer season. The main 40 acre farm is in Waddell in the west valley at Citrus Lane and Glendale Rd with our new 6.5 acre orchard located in Laveen, that is not ready for production yet, but that is open to the public for a market and a farm walk every other Sunday as posted. Ramona Farms Seacat Gardens – seacatgardens.com "This is way too beautiful to eat!" That is one of the most frequent remarks we hear about farmer Carl Seacat's artistic vegetables. Lettuce that looks hand painted, new color twists on old favorites such as purple tomatoes...these are just some of the creations that brighten up your salads courtesy of the gentlemen commonly referred to as The Gucci Gardener. These colorful, flavorful greens, herbs, and heirloom vegetables will have you never looking at a salad as anything less than a fine work of art. Sleeping Frog Farms – www.sleepingfromfarms.com Sleeping Frog Farms is a beautiful 75-acre farm nestled in the Cascabel corridor of the San Pedro River Valley. Founded on permaculture design and biodynamic growing principles, this farm is dedicated to providing the Arizona community with seasonal heirloom fruits and vegetables through farmer’s markets, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), Farm to School, Food Coops, restaurants, and Chow Locally. Sleeping Frog maintains laying hens, dairy goats, honey bees, and earthworms, all of which are integral to pollination, soil-building, and recycling crop waste into food and fertilizer. These dedicated farmers harvest their diverse selection of produce daily and at its peak ripeness, meaning you get some of the freshest, tastiest, and nutrient-dense produce available in Southern Arizona. Sleeping Frog Farms believes that food can be a dynamic center for any community, and the farmers envision a desert Southwest community that overwhelmingly chooses healthy foods, values small-scale diversified farming, and supports the growing local foods market. In addition to growing food for its community, the farm strives to support and educate community members through seasonal farm-based educational opportunities: -The farm is co-founder of the Farm Education Resource Network (FERN), which aims to inspire and educate a new generation of growers in the desert Southwest. -It accepts short-term volunteers. -It offers workshops and tours. -It hosts long-term interns who live and work with farmers on-site. Sunizona Family Farms – www.sunizonafamilyfarms.com Our family farm was born from our passion for good food, agriculture & working together as a family. It all started in 1996 when we moved to Arizona from northern British Columbia with two purposes: first, to find a quiet country location to raise our four children, and second, to find a great place to grow an agricultural business that our whole family could be involved in. We started out as a conventional greenhouse growing long-English cucumbers that we sold to distributors across North America. In 2002, we were inspired to begin growing and distributing as much of our produce as possible within Arizona. We went out on a limb and switched from cucumber production to growing tomatoes, micro greens, salads & herbs. We weren't sure how 36

much we'd be able to sell locally when we started, but we're so happy that we can say that we now sell about 95% of our produce locally! From that little step that we've taken many more - here's a few of the highlights along the journey: In 2008, we switched from the traditional heating methods of natural gas & installed a biomass boiler system in which we burn local waste pecan shell. This was the first step in us becoming more sustainable. In 2009, we were able to switch from growing pesticide free as we had been doing, to being certified organic. This was a dream that we had been looking forward to fulfilling for a long time. However, we didn't want to follow the traditional organic growing methods which use animal products (manures, blood, bone & fish meals, etc). Finally, after much research, we developed a vegan organic growing system that is free from the use of animal products & uses strictly plantbased materials for fertilizing. This growing system allows us to re-use our very own waste tomato leaves, ash from our biomass boiler, and to use local waste plant materials. We call this Veganic. Think of it as Vegan-Organic. This type of growing decreases the potential risk of contamination from animal-related diseases & doesn't introduce the hormones & other things fed animals that could have negative impacts to the environment & our health. Our journey to veganic growing has been a long one. We had always dreamed of the day we could be certified organic. However, because we didn't want to follow the traditional animal-based organic growing methods, it took years of researching just what combinations of plant materials would achieve the proper balance of nutrients in the soil. The system that we have developed involves growing plants in a more natural manner than most traditional greenhouse organic methods and uses plant fertilizers that we have created using local waste plant materials. We use our own plant waste products along with other local waste plant materials, & ash from our Bio-mass boiler. We can truly say that we love living in Arizona, and it is home to us. We are proud to share our homegrown produce with our neighbors across Arizona and are thankful to have a superb closeknit extended family of employees who make our family business a successful and fun place to work. Taylor’s Herb Gardens Certified organic herb grower in Congress, AZ.

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