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BAHASA INGGRIS
KODE NASKAH
Feluni 2013
:007
Structurc and Written Exprrcssion 40
Qnsnorrs 25 Mnnrrrs
This section is designed ,o measure your ability tg r:pgrrize lang:r1sc that is appropriate written English' ftere tt" for standard *o of questions in ttris iection, ii,r,lp"rid dtffions for each type. 'yp"s
Stmcture Dlrccffon': Questions l-15 are incomplete sen0ences. phrases' marked (A)' (B)' (q;;l (o)' ct oor,L; Beneath
each sentence you w'r see four words or one word or phrase nat uest compreres the sentence. *t*tt''htJ'' li"a number o. question of the answer you have chosen' -d ru in the space tbat corrcsponds to the 'r'e Fill in ,h; "r so rhat the refter inside the ovar cannot be seen.
Then' on your
l"tl* l.
;;
Based on the premise that light was composed of color, the Impressionists camsto the conclusion --------:_
5. The Inbmal Revenue tax forms by
noi rcally black.
@rvtrich was that shadows (B) was shadows which p)'wene shadows aprrfcncntaryTf*err, :*r^:: must mtuster be appointed
be considercd
fril;
Ameri"*,
d)to
finish quickty (C) finishing quickly you finish quic{ty
act
P with an acid, salt, and
somedmes water, is formed.
(Q
a base will react a base reacrs (C) g base is reacting
@
of a base
1
\i
.r.*
7. To answer accurately is more importalrt than
(A) a quick finish
,\ \I\r
did
neither did mosr of his (D) most of his crew didn't also
(A) The act first @ Act one (C) Act first
Ntn"reaction
(D) makes all
lp
3. ---------- of the play Mourning Becomes Electra introduces the cart oicharacters and hints at the plot.
as -__--_-_
fi.le
(A) most of his crew didn,t too (B) neittrer most of his crew
(C) Considering (D) Considers
4. As soon
@ makes all Americans
the first circumnavigation of Ure world, and
(A) The considered
lFlfirst
their
6. Although one of his ships succeeded in sail_ ing all *tv 3p"in past the cap" 9: ?Tt 19 Hop", Mageila;nruJ. completed 1r $oa
rhe prime
on the basis of the disriburion of power in the parliament.
WTo
Service
15 every year.
@finakes all Amcricans to fije (C) makes the filing of all Gericans
(D) that shadows were
t.
April
l ,
8. Weathering the action whereby surface rock is disintegrated or decomposed.
(A)jr
ffl) (e)
is
ir tlut
13. Although Margaret Mead had scveral assistants during her long investigations of Samoa, the bulk of the research was donc by alone.
3{rrersctf
is
(B) she
(D) being
Ot"t
(D) hen
9. A telephone recording tells callers ---------.
tgfwhattime the movie starts
14. ---------- war correspondent, Hemingway used his experiences for some of his most
(n)
wnat dme starts rhe movie (C) what time does the movie start (D) the movie starts what time
powerful novels.
(A) But a (B) It is a (C) While
10. The people of Western Cbnada have been considering ---------- thernselves from the rest of the provinces.
separated
and ----------
'(9 @ separating I
l.
separate
.
(A
the another one hundred seventy-eight
@
tbe other one hundred seventy-eight as
'
It costs about sixty dollars to have a tooth
as
historical sites
historical iites
(c) seventy-eight
k^t filling '(B) to fill
plus one hundred morc as
historical sites (D) as historical sites one hundred scventy-
(o filled (D)
Thirty-eight national sites are known as parks, another eighty-two as monuments,
15.
(A) to separate
JPI
pfx
eight
fill
12. Not until a student has mastered algebra the principles of geometry, trigonomebry, and physics.
n"can begin to understand can he begin to understand (C) he begins to understand (D) begins to understand
6 ($
Written Expression Directions: In questions [6-,{0, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined pans of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one undeftined word or ptrase thu must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in ttre space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
:
16. InterEst in automatic data processing has grown
'-
(D
since the first large calculators were
(B)
inuoduced in 19J0.
17' vaslav Nijinsky acjrieved world recognition
(A)
(D)
ggtstr
,m
a dqrlcer as
well
as a chorcographer.
1q-*:-v"v'vv
l8.Airporamust"tr*ffi'majorpopulationcentersfortheadvantageofgl@ to be
t9'
L-'
rctained.
qffig
that Einstein felt
(c)
ryg (B)ryJ,
EP
&^rof war.
about the apptication of his theories to rhe crearion
of
(D)
20. Thc plants tl,u,ffirythefamilyoffernsggquitevaried"#sizeandstructure.
2
t.
%A{ 72 Nl
"1
the increase in air fares, mosr peopi
ot:u must
tr
''#F5pbvprane'
an identification carcl in order ro check books
ffi,n"
ribrary.
23. Columbus Day is celebrated on the twelve of October begUg on that day in lilg2,Christopher (D)
(B)
colurnbusfirstffi Americas.g
24. otre of the most influence newspapers in the ^
-iA)
rc-
u's'
throughout the worldl
The New york rimes which is widely
€ (c)
-*-W
4istributed
25' An unexpected raise in the cost of living
(c)i!
resulted
6
as well as a decline in employment opportunities has "ffsswrrrtr'rl
the rapid creation by congress of new govemrnent programs for the unemployed.
-_rDr
26' lt is irnperative that a graduate student maintains =m)-
(A)
rvr"a
a grade point average
d,.8,,
6
in his major field.
(D)
17. Coa-qtal and inland waters are inhabited ngt only by fish but also bV gU! sea creatqre as shrimps I
(/r)-(B)*
lo7-
and clams.
28. Economists have ried to discourage the use of the phrase "underdeveloped nation" and
(A)
Jsr
encou-rag.inq the more accurate phrase "developing nation" in order to suggest an ongoing process.
f,
(D)
29. Agas like propaoe will comPination with water molecules in a saline solution to fog a solid
'(B)
(A)
Icl
called a hydrate.
(D)
(A) -7f '-(il-
30. Although l! cannot be proven, presulnable the expansion of the universe will slow down as
it approaches a critical radius. (D) 31. Regardless of your teaching method, the objective of any conversation class should be for the
,.+K)
students
G)
6-Ttr
lqgactice
speaking-words.
32. ACity University professor reported that he 4iscovers a vaccine that has been 80 percent effective
@-
r')
in redugiag the instances of tooth decay among small children.
-F-
to)
33. American baseball teams, once_the only contenders for the world championship, are now Ellg
wG)
challenged !y either Japanese teams and Venezuelan teams.
(c)'(q)
34. When they have beeq ftigltglgg, as, for example, by an electrical storm, dairy cows may refuse
giving milk.
JbY
(B)
(c)
(E 35. Miami, Florida is
-8
glglg the lew cities in the Unitcd States
bilingual municipalities. (D) as
6'
that has been arvarded official status
#r
36' No-other quality is more important for a scientist to acquire observe car-eirlly. rylo vuDwr"=,o) (A)
6)
6
37' After the policg had tried unsuccpssfutly to determine to who the car belonged, they towed it intr (A) ---{E,-+s' the station. rDl
'P
38. Fertilizers
-r?g
&
prillarirt
(B)
ro enrich soil and increasing yield. '
tcl
tqD-*'
39' If the ozone gases of the atmosphere Cid not fi4zug! the ultraviolet rays of the sun, life as we --tgl"' know it wourd not have evorved on earth. IH/
ret
40' The rcgulation requires that everyone
ryl^g
qS (B)t
(A)
federal govemment in January of each year.
D
a nonimmigrant visa reports an address ro the
I
(D)
Reading Comprehenslon
fl
Qunsnons 55 Mrm.rns
Ilirectioru: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a number of quesrions about it. For questions l-50, you are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each gtcstion. Then, on your snswer sheet, find the nurnber of the question and fill in the $pa€ that corrcryonds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. -{nswer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of whal is stated or implied in that Fssage. Questions
l-10
hecipitation, commonly referred to as rainfall, is a measure of the quantity of water in the form of either rain, hail, or snow which reaches the ground. The average annual precipitation over the whole of the United States is thirty-six inches. It should be understood horveve& that Line a foot of snow is not equal to a foot of precipitation. A gcneral formula for computing the pret 5) cipitation of snowfall is that ten inches of snow is equal to one inch of prccipitation. In New York State, for example, twenty inches of snow in one year would be rccorded as only two inches of precipitation, Forty inches of rain would be recorded as forty inches of precipitation. The total annual precipitation would be recorded as forty+wo inches. The amount of precipitation is a combined result of several factors, including location, alrc) drude, proximiry to the sea, and the direction of prevailing winds. Most of the precipitation in the United States is brought originally by prevailing winds from the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Great Lakes. Because these prevailing winds generally come from the West, the Pacific Coast rcceives more annual precipitation than the Atlantic Coast. Along the Pacific Coast itself, however, altitude causes some diversity in rainfall. The I5l rnountain ranges of the United States, especially the Rocky Mountain Range and the Appalachian Mountain Range, influence the amount of precipitation in their areas. East of the Rocky Mountains, the annual precipitation decreases substantially from that west of:.the Rocky Mountains. The precipiution north of the Appalachian Mountains is about 40 percent less than that south of the Appalachian Mountains.
l.
What does this passage mainly discuss?
N
kecipitation
- (g) Snowfall
(C) New York $tate (D) A general formula
l. Which of the following is another word that is often used in place of precipitation?
(A) Flumidity (B) Wetness (C./-fainfalt
4U Rain-snow
3. The terrn precipitarion includes (A) onlv rainfall rain, hail, and snow (C) rain, snow, and hurnidity (D) rain, hail, and humidity
rt
4. What is the average annual rainfall in inches in the United States?
rni"y-six f,S (B)
inches
Thiny-eight inches (C) Forty inches Forty-two inches
,m
5. If a state has 40 inches of snow ln a year, by how much does this increase the annual precipitation?
(A) By two feet ;(B) By four inches (C) By four feet
(D) By 40 inches
8. Which of the following was NOT menrioned as a factor in determifrg the amount of precipitation that an areiwill receive? ,^ (A') Mounrains
(B) tatitude (C) The sea (D) Wind
9. The word "substantially" in line t7 could besr be rcplaced by
($) fundamentally (B) slightly (C)- completely
tZT
^ppirently
10. The word "that', in line 19 refers to
6. The phrase "proximity to" in line l0 is closest in meaning to (A) communication wirh (B) dependence on
(A) (B) (C) (D)
decreases
precipitation areas
mountain ranges
.,(C) nearness to
(D) similarity to
7. Where is the annual precipitation highest? (A) The Atlantic Coast (B) The Great l-akes (C) The Gulf of Mexico e Pacific Coasr Questions
Iine (5)
(
I0)
1l-20
Course numbers arie an indication of which courses are open to various categories of students at the university. IJndergraduate courses with the nurnberc ioo or 200 are genlrally inroductory courses appropriate for fr'eshmen or sophomores, whereas courses with the numbers 300 or 400 often have prerequisites and iue open io juniors and seniors
only. courses with the numben 800 or above are open only to graduate students. Certain graduate courses, generally those devoted to introductory rnaterial, are numbered 400 for uriclergraduare srudents who qualify to take them and 600 for graduate students. courses designed ior students seeking a professional degree car'ry a 500 number for undergraduate students and a 700 number for graduate students' courses numbered 99 or below a-re special interest courses that do not carry academic crcdit' If students elect to take a special inteLst course, it will not count toward the number of hours needed to comprete graduation requirements. A full-tirne undergraduate student is expected to take courses that total twelve to eighteen credit hours' A full-time graduate sturdent is expected to take courses that total ten to sixteen credit hours' Students holding assistantships are expected to enroll
for proportionately fewer (15) hours' A part-time graduate student *uy registei for a minimum of three credit hours.
4. What is the average annual rainfall in inches in the United States? (A) Thirty-six inches (B) Thiny-cight inches (C) Forty inches (D) Forty-two inches 5. If a state has 4O inches of snow in a year, by how much does this increase the annual precipitation?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
By two feet By four inches By four feet By 40 inches
6. The phrase "proximity to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) communication with (B) dependence on (C) nearness to (D) similarity ro
8. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor in determining the amount of precipitation that an area will receive?
'
(A) Mountains (B) L,atitude (C) The sea (D) Wind
:
9. The word "subslantially" in line 17 could best be rcplaced by
(A) fundamcntally (B) slightly (C) cornpletely (D) apparently 10. The word "that" in line 19 refers to
(A) decreases (B) precipitation (C) areas (D) mountain ranges
7. Where is the annual precipitation highest? (A) the Atlantic Coast (B) The Great l-akes (C) The Gulf of Mexico (D) The Pacific Coast
Questions
Une (5)
(
I0)
(15)
1l-20
Course numbers are an indication of which courses are open to various categories of students at the University. Undergraduate courses with the nurnbers 100 or 200 are generally inHoductory courses appropriate for freshmen or sophomorcs, whereas courses with the numbers 300 or 400 often have prerequisites,and are open to juniors and seniors only. Courses with the numbers 800 or above are open only to graduate students. Certain graduate .ourr.r, generally those devoted to introductory material, are numbered 400 for undergraduate students who qualify to take them and 600 for graduate students. Courses designed for students seeking a professional degree carry a 500 number for undergraduate'students and a 700 number for graduate students. Courses numbered 99 or below are special interest courses that do not carry academic credit. If students elect to take a special interest course, it will not count toward the number of hours needed to complete graduation requirements. A full-time undergraduate student is expected to take courses that total twelve to eighteen crcdit hours. A full-time graduate student is expected to take courses that total ten to sixteen credit hours. Students holding assistantships are expected to enroll for proportionately fewer hours. A part-tirne graduate student may register for a minimum of three credit hours.
I An overload, that is, morc than ttre maximum number of hours, may be hken with the approval of an academic advisor. To rcgister for an overload, students must submit the appropti.t .f proval form when registering. Overloads above 24 houn will not be approved undii any circurnstanccs.
I
l.
Where would this passage most likely be found?
(A) In a syllabus (B) In a college catalog K> ln an undergraduate course
16. If an undergraduate student uses the number 520 to register for an accounting course, what number would a graduate student proF ably use to register for the same course?
a graduate course
(A) Accounting 520 (B) Accounting 620
12. What is the purpos€ of the passage?
(D) Accounting 820
(D) In
(C) Accounting 720
J1rf'roinform (B) To persuade (C) To criticize (D) lio apologize 13. The word "prerequisites" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) (B)
courses required before enrolling courses needed for graduation
(C) courses that include additional charges
(D)
courses that do not carry academic credit
14. The woed"l'those" in line 5 rcfers to
(A) graduate students (B) graduate courses (C) introductory courses
,*Uf
course numbers
15. Which classification of students would be eligible to enroll in Mechanical Engineering 850?
Wf
ngraduate student
(B) A paft-time srudent
(Q n
tull-time student
(D) An undergraduate student
17. How is a student who registers for eighr credit hours c lassi fied?
1ffi
Full-time student
(B) Graduate student (C) Pan-time srudent (D) Non-degree student
18. Which of ttre following courses would not be included in the list of courses for graduation?
Engtish 90 94 (B)
English 100 (C) English 300 (D) English 4O0
19. A graduate student may NOT
(A) enroll in a course numbered 610 (B) register for only one one-hour course (C) register for courses if he has an assistantship
(D) enroll in an introductory course
20. Thc phrase "under any circumstances" in lines l8-19 is closest in meaning to
(A) without cause (B) without pennission
JE) -(D)
withour exception
without a good rcason
Questions
Une (5)
2l-30
During the nineteenth century, women in the United States organized and participated in a large number of reform movements, including movements to reorlganizc the pnron system, improve education, ban Ore sale of alcohol, and, most importantly, to free thi slaves. Some women saw similarities in the social status of women and slaves. Women tike Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were feminists and abolitionists who supported the rights of both women and blacks. A riumber of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Philips, also supported the rights of women to speak and participate equally:with men
in antislavery activities. Probably more than any other movement, abolitionism offered
women a previously denied entry into politics. They became involved primarily in order to ( I0) better their living conditions and the conditions of others. When the Civil War ended in 1865, the Fourtecnth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to blacks but not to women. Discouraged but resolved, feminists influenced more and more women to demand the right to vote. In 1869 the Wyoming Territory had yielded to demands by feminists, but eastern ( 15) states resisted more stubbornly than before. A women's suffrage bill had been presented to every Congress since t 878 but it continually failed to pass until 1920, when thi Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.
21. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
24. According to the passage, why did women become active in politics?
(A) The Wyorning Tenitory (B) The Fotrteenttr and Fifteenttr Amendments (C) Abolitionists F W"rnen's suftage 22. The word "ban" in line 3 most nearly means to
To improve the conditions of life thu existed at the time (B) To support Elizaberh Cady Stanton for president (C) To be elccted to public office (D) To amend the Declaration of Independene
25. The word "primarily" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) encourage (B) publisH (C) prohibit JE) timit
(A) above all (B) somewhat (P finallY
23. The word "supported" in line 5 could best be replaced by
(A) disregarded (B) acknowledged (C) contested vto*oted
fi
10
-(o)
always
26. What had occurred shortly after the Civil War?
(A) The Wyoming Territory was admined to the Union.
(B) A women's suffrage bill was introduced in Congrcss. (C) The eastern states resisted the end of the war.
(D) Black people were granted the right to vote. 27. The word "suffrage" in
line l2 could best be
replaced by which of the following?
29. The word
(A) (B) (C) (D)
to
bill Congress
Nineteenth Amendment vote
30. When were women allowed to vote throughout the United States?
(A) After 1866 (B) After 1870 (C)-After 1878
6
(A) pain (B) citizenship (C) freedom from bondage right to vote
"it" in line 16 refen
ntwqzo
V^,
28. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?
(A) Voting rights for blacks (B) Citizenship for blacks Votng rights for women Jfi (D) Citizenship for women
Questions
Une (5)
(
rc)
3l-40
The Acacia is a genus of trees and shrubs of the Mimosa family. Although nearly five hundred species of Acacia have been identified, only about a dozen of the three hundred Australian varieties gmw well in the southem United States, and of these, only ttpee are flowering. The Bailey Acacia has fernlike silver leaves and small, fragranr fllwers arranged in rounded clusters. The,Silve rWattle,although very similar to the Baitqt Acacia,grows twice as high. The sydney Goldcn wanle is squat and bushy with broa4 flat leaver *d sharp spined twigs. Named for its bright" yellow flowers, the Golden Wattle is the most showy and-fuairant of the Acacias.'Another variety, the Black Acacia or Blackwood,hasdark green leaves and unobtrusive blossoms. Besides being a iopular tree for ornamenhl purposes , U" AUtf Acacia is valuable for its dark wood, which is used in making cabinets ana furniture, including highty
prized pianos. The Acacta's unusual custom of blossoming in February has been commonly anributed to its Australian origins. In the Southem Hemisphere, of courre, the scasons are reversed, and
February which is wintertime in the United-States, is summertime in Australia. Actually, (15) however, the pale, yellow blossoms appe.ar in August in Australia. Whether growing in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere, the Acacia will bloom in winter.
1t
3l . With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?
(A) The Black Acacia (pu€hancteristics and varieties of the Acacia 1C) Austratian varieties of the Acacia (D) The use of Acacia wood in ornarnental furniturc 32. How many species of [cacia grow well in the southern United States?
36. The word "showy" in line ? could best be replaccd by
;[*fsttange
(B) etaborate (C) huge (D) fragile
37. Which of ttre following Acacias has the least colorful blossoms? (Ft) Bailey Acacia SPsldney Golden Wanle (C) Srtver Wanle (D) Black Acacia
(A) Five hundred (B) Three hundred
J$flwelve (D) Three
38. Which of the following would most probably be made from a Black Acacia tree?
33. The word "these" in line 3 refers to
(A) United States -6) u-reries (C) species (D) trees and shrubs
(A) A flower arrangement
Vl.etable (O n pie (D) Paper
34. According to this passage, the Sf/ver Wattle
(A) is squat and bushy (B) has unobtrusive blossoms lEf is taller than the Bailq Acacia (D) is used for making furniture
39. The phrase "highly prized" in lines is closest in meaning to
(A) (B) (C) (D)
lf
lI
valuable unique
stylish attractive
35. In line 6, the word'flat" most nearly means 40. \ilhen do Acacia trees bloom in Australia?
smooth )fif (B) pretty
(C) pointcd
(A) February (B) Summer
(D) short
(pf
August
(D) Spring
ase$'gnslLIq ln
Line
(5)
Minuit, governor of the Dutch settlements in North America known as New Amsterdam, negotiated with Canarsee Indian chiefs for the purchase of Manhattan Island for merchandise valued at sixty guilders or about $24.12, He purchased the island for the Dutch 1626, Peter
West India Company. The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by the company at the extreme southem tip of the island. Because attempt$ to encourage Dutch irnmigration were not immediately successful, offers, generous by the standards of the era, were extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the
I2
(
rc)
settlement became tbe most heterogeneous of the Ncirth American colonies. By 1637, the fort had expanded into the village of Ncw Amsrcrdam, and other small communities had grom up anrund it, including New Haadem and Stuyvesant's Bouwery and New Amsterdam began
to prosper, developing characteristics of religious and linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643, it was reported ttrat eighteen differcnt language.s werc heard in New Amsterdam
alone.
I
Among the multilingual settlers was a large group of English colonists from Connecticut ( 15) and Massachusetts who supported the English King's claim to all of New Netherlands set out in a charter that gave the territory to his brother fames, the Duke of York. In 1664, when the English sent a formidable fleet of warships into tlie New Amsterdam harbor, Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendercd without resistance. When the English acquircd the island, the village of New Arnsterdam was rcnamed New (20) York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the Revolution, New York City was already a bustling commercial center. After the war, it was selecrcd as the first capital of the United States. Although the government was eventually moved, first to Philadelphia and then to Washington, D.C., New York City has remained the unofhcial commercial capital. During the 1690s, New York became a haven for pirates who conspired with leading mer(25) chants to exchange supplies for their ships in return for a share in the plunder. As a colony, New York exchanged many agricultural products for English manufactured goods. In addition,
rade with the West Indies prospued. Three centuries after his initial trade with the Indians, Minuit's tiny investment was worth more than seven billion dollars. 41. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
,t6
A History of New York City (B) An Account of the Dutch Colonies (C) A Biography of Peter Minuit (D) The Fint Capital of the Unitcd States
42. What did the Indians receive in exchange for
214.
The word "heterogeneous" in line 8 could best be replaccd by
(A) liberal (B) renowned (C) divene (D) prosperous
45. Why were so many languages spoken in
their island?
New Amsterdam?
(A) Sixty Dutch guilders
(A) The Dutch West India Company
'F)
$Za,.l2 U.S. (C) Goods and supplies
(D) t
wa.s
anA in New Amstcrdam
(C) The Dutch West India Company recruited settlers from many different countries in Europe. (tr) The lndians who lived ttrcre before the Dutch West tndia Company
43. Where was New Amsterdam located?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
owned by England.
(B) The Dutch West India Company allowed freedom of speech.
In Holland In North America On the island of Manhattan In India
purchase spoke many languages.
13
,.11
46. The word "formidible,' in line 17 is closest in meaning to
49. Which city was the first capital of the new United States?
(A) powertul (B) modern (C) expensive (D) unexpected
(A) New Amsterdam (B) New York (C) Philadetphia (D) Washington
47. The name of New Arnsterdam was changed (A) to avoid a war with England (B) to honor rhe Duke of york (C) to artrirct more English colonists from Connecticut and Massachusetts
50. On what date was Manhattan valued at $7 billion?
(A) t626 (B) t726
(c)
(D) to encourage trade during the 1690s
1656
(D) le26
48. The word "it" in line 2l rbfers to (A) Revolution (B) New York City (C) the island (D) the first capital
14
f-.,
