Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS/TPS) Tyre Pressure Monitoring System is an electronic system which is designed to monitor the pressure of air in the tyres of the vehicle. TPMS checks the tyre pressure continuously and informs the driver if tyres are underinflated or overinflated. A few years ago, this system was offered only on the luxury vehicles but now it is rapidly gaining popularity among the other vehicles. Functions of Tyre Pressure Monitoring System: 1. To check the tyre pressure continuously 2. To inform the driver about the wrong tyre pressure Types of Tyre Pressure Monitoring System: TPMS are mainly classified in two different type viz. Indirect TPMS and Direct TPMS Indirect Tyre Pressure Monitoring System:
Schematic of Indirect TPMS (Courtesy‐ Toyota Motor Corporation) This system does not directly measure the pressure of air in the tyres. Instead it relies on measuring the angular speed of the tyres and from that judges the tyre pressure. Such a measurement is based on the simple principle that the under inflated tyre will have higher angular velocity due to its small size and vice versa. As direct pressure measurement is not carried out, this system does not employ the air pressure sensor. Some systems of this type may also measure the difference in the pressures of the two tyres i.e. differential pressure. Generally, Indirect Tyre Pressure Monitoring System uses the data generated by the speed sensors of ABS or ESP. Nowadays, highly specialised softwares are used to process the data generated by the speed sensors thereby increasing the accuracy of the system.
Direct Tyre Pressure Monitoring System:
Schematic of Direct TPMS (Courtesy‐ Toyota Motor Corporation) This system measures the absolute tyre pressure in each tyre of the vehicle with the help of the air pressure sensor fitted either internal or external to the tyre. These sensors then transmit the data to the central monitoring system which ultimately transfers it to the ECU of the vehicle where it is processed and a warning is given to the driver if any problem is observed. Some of the systems of this type are also capable of measuring the temperature of air in the tyres.
Tyre pressure sensor fitment
Advantages of using Tyre Pressure Monitoring System: 1. Improves safety: Under‐inflated or over‐inflated tyres severely hamper the steering accuracy and hence such a vehicle is more prone to accidents. By warning the driver about the wrong tyre pressure, TPMS improves the safety of the vehicle. 2. Improves fuel efficiency: Correct tyre pressure ensures the lower rolling resistance to tyres and hence fuel efficiency of the vehicle is improved.
Night vision camera/ radar Radar‐ and laser‐based active cruise‐control systems have been available on premium cars for several years, modulating engine power and brakes to maintain a set distance behind a vehicle. But new iterations are even more intelligent and more capable. The latest systems, such as Toyota’s adaptive cruise control, can scan for slower‐moving vehicles on roads with light or no traffic and apply the brakes while approaching. Some, like Audi’s, will warn a driver with a beep about upcoming vehicles, even in other lanes. The most active systems, however, can bring the vehicle to a full stop if they detect that the vehicle ahead is not moving. Volvo’s “city safety” system is active only at speeds less than 18 mph, but systems like Mercedes’ Pre‐Safe, which works in conjunction with the adaptive cruise control, can completely halt the vehicle from any speed. Blind‐spot monitoring systems use radar modules, usually one in each rear quarter‐panel, to scan for and detect vehicles in adjacent lanes. If a vehicle is detected, the driver receives a warning. In Ford’s application, this is as simple as flashing LEDs located on the side mirror. BMW’s “active blind spot detection” will even vibrate the steering wheel as a tactile warning to drivers who begin to change lanes when another vehicle is in the blind spot. Audi’s optional “side assist” illuminates yellow LEDs in the side mirror any time the radar system detects an approaching vehicle in an adjacent lane— even before the Audi driver has flicked on the turn signal
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