IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014, Pg: 74-81

International Journal of Research in Information Technology (IJRIT) www.ijrit.com

ISSN 2001-5569

Underwater Image Enhancement Techniques: A Survey 1

Akshay Wandhekar1 Student, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, University of Pune Pune, Maharashtra, India [email protected]

Abstract The underwater image processing area has received great attention since last decades because of it’s important achievements. The underwater images are generally poor to visible because of light which was incident on object is attenuated as it travels in the water and the result of image obtained is poorly contrasted and hazy in nature. When we go deeper, colors drop off one by one depending on their wave- length, blue color travels the longest in the water because it has shortest wavelength which makes the underwater images to be dominated by blue color. In short, the underwater images which are generally suffers from limited range visibility, low contrast, non-uniform lighting, blurring, bluish appearance of image i.e. color diminished. There are two main reasons which causes distortion in underwater images .They are Light scattering and color change. In This Paper We discussed about different techniques used to recover the obtained hazy and distorted underwater image. There are many methods developed to recover the distorted underwater image. A significant amount of literature is available on underwater image processing. This paper describes survey on various techniques and methods for underwater image enhancement.

Keywords: Underwater image, color change, light scattering, hazy image.

1. Introduction For the last few years, a successful achievement has been there for the improvement of underwater image processing techniques and methods because Underwater vision is one of the scientific fields of investigation for researchers. For detail study of underwater activities of images have large importance since the last few years. Today, scientists are interested to explore the mysterious underwater world. But the underwater area, sea area is still behind in image processing analysis techniques and methods that could be used to improve the quality of underwater images. The underwater images usually suffers from non-uniform lighting, low contrast, blur and diminished colors i.e. bluish appearance of image. There are two main reasons which causes distortion in underwater images .They are Light scattering and color change. Light scattering is caused by light incident on objects and then it reflected and deflected multiple times by particles present in the water before reaching the camera[21], This degrade the visibility and contrast of the image captured. Attenuation of light Causes change in color of underwater image. Light consist of different wavelength . Different wavelength of light are attenuated by different degree in water. Underwater images are looks like bluish in color because blue color travels long in the water because of it’s shortest wavelength.[28]. In this paper we discussed about many methods that we can use to reconstruct obtained underwater image. We described Survey in this paper on the different techniques which are used in past few years for underwater image enhancement. The existing research shows that underwater images gives new challenges and significant problems because of light absorption and light scattering effects of the light and inherent structure less environment present in the water. In the past, research in image processing was mainly limited to ordinary images with the exception of few approaches that have been applied to underwater images. Details can be Akshay Wandhekar,IJRIT

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found in [28]-[32]. For the last few years, a growing interest in marine research has encouraged researchers from different disciplines to explore the mysterious underwater world. A significant amount of literature is available on image processing. This paper describes the development work on the techniques and methods for image enhancement. The research on underwater image processing have two different types such as an image restoration or an image enhancement method. In The image restoration Methods it recovers a distorted image using a model of the degradation and of the original image formation; it is essentially an inverse problem. These methods are rigorous, but they require many model parameters like attenuation and diffusion coefficients that characterize the water turbidity and can be extremely variable [26]. While image enhancement uses qualitative subjective criteria to produce a more visually pleasing image and they do not rely on any physical model for the image formation. These kinds of approaches are usually simpler and faster than de-convolution methods. Recently, many researchers have developed preprocessing techniques for underwater images using image enhancement methods.

2. Reason for Underwater Image Distortion In this section, we overlook a few problems related to underwater images, such as the inherent structure of the sea, light scatting , color change. We also discuss the effects of color in underwater images. A major difficulty in underwater images processing comes from light attenuation. Light attenuation causes the low visibility as per distance. The light attenuation process is caused by the absorption (which removes light energy) and scattering (which changes the direction of light path). Absorption and scattering effects are due to the water itself and to other particles [14][9]. Light scattering effect is due to by light incident on objects and then it get reflected and deflected multiple times by particles present in the water before reaching the camera, this results into lower visibility and contrast of the underwater image captured. Underwater images are characterized by their poor visibility because light attenuation as light is exponentially attenuated as it travels in the water, and the image being captured gets poorly contrasted and hazy in nature . Because of Light attenuation visibility distance is at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water[21][14]. The light attenuation process is caused by absorption and scattering, that make effects on the overall performance of underwater imaging systems which takes the underwater image. Forward scattering generally leads to blur of the image features and backscattering causes low contrast of the images. Absorption and scattering effects are not only due to the water itself but also due to other particles present in the water. We can increase the visibility range by using artificial illumination of light incident on the object, but using of an artificial source of light causes non-uniform of light on the surface of the object and producing a bright spot in the center of the image with poorly illuminated area surrounding it. [26][27].

Fig. 1 Light Scattering Effect

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IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2014, Pg: 74-81

Attenuation of light causes the color change in the captured image. The amount of light get reduced when we go deeper into water, colors disappears depending on their wavelengths. Different wavelength of light are attenuated by different degree in water. Underwater images are looks like bluish in color because blue color travels in the water because blue color has shortest wavelength. Thus underwater image suffers from limited range visibility, low contrast, non-uniform lighting, blurring, bright artifacts, color diminished because of Light scattering and color change due to different wavelength of light [28].

Table 1

Color Red

Estimated Visibility in Clear water Wavelength (nm) Depth(meter) 780-622 5

Orange

622-597

10

Yellow

597- 577

20

Green

577-492

30

Blue

492-455

60

3. Underwater Image Enhancement Techniques. In this section, we review existing methods, Techniques of underwater Image Enhancement. The various methods are available for enhancement of Underwater image. There are some techniques which are used to handle light scattering effect, Some Techniques can handle Color change effect(appearance of bluish color), WCID Technique can handle both light scattering and color change effect.

3.1.Techniques for Handling Light Scattering Effect These Techniques target on the removal of light scattering distortion which include exploiting the polarization effects to compensate for visibility degradation , In some techniques image de-hazing is used to restore the clarity of the underwater images, it also combines point spread functions and a modulation transfer function to reduce the blurring effect. These techniques handles the problem which are caused by light scattering phenomenon , These techniques used to remove haze of hazy image , techniques handles the color change which causes low contrast of image.

3.1.1 Recovery of Underwater Visibility and Structure by Polarization Analysis. In this Technique , focus is on a computer vision approach which is used to remove degradation effects in underwater vision. Technique analyze the physical effects of visibility degradation. It is shown that the main degradation effects is caused by partial polarization of light. Then, an algorithm is presented, which inverts the image formation process for recovering good visibility in images of scenes. The algorithm is based on a couple of images taken through a polarizer at different orientations As a by-product, a distance map of the scene is also derived. In Addition this technique analyze noise sensitivity of recovery [7]. In this Technique Authors Yoav Y. Schechner and Nir Karpel develop a physics-based approach which helps for recovery of visibility of underwater image when imaging underwater scenes in natural illumination. This technique is based on the models of image formation, that’s why it depends on the object distance and estimates a distance map of the scene as a by-product. The approach is fast and relies on raw Akshay Wandhekar,IJRIT

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images taken through different states of a polarizing filter. These raw images have slight photometric differences with respect to one another. The differences serve as initial cues for our algorithm factoring out turbidity effects. It is interesting to note that marine animals use polarization for improved vision [6], [34], [35], . This technique can handle the effect produced due to light scattering but not handle the color change effect . there is no consideration for used artificial light also.

3.1.2 Removal of Water scattering. In this Technique, an efficient and effective method is proposed by using dark channel prior which restore the original clarity of the underwater images. Images taken in the underwater environment are distorted because of attenuation of light, particles presented in the water that causes the reflection and deflection of light by multiple times. Image is also get distorted due to light scattering effect. Using dark channel prior, the depth of the turbid water can be estimated by the assumption that most local patches in water-free images contain some pixels which have very low intensities in at least one color channel. By this way the effect of water which causes haze is removed and the original clarity of images can be obtained [8]. In the underwater image, the intensity of these dark pixels in that channel is mainly contributed by the background light (e.g. from sun, optical equipment, reflection of the seabed). Therefore, these dark pixels gives accurate estimation of the waters transmission. By Combining a underwater imaging model and a soft matting interpolation method, we can obtain a hi-quality water-free (or in pure water) image and create a good depth map (up to a scale)[14]. Approach of this technique is physically feasible and can obtain distant objects even in the heavy blurry image without any reconfiguration. This technique is not count on significant variance on transmission or surface shading in the input image. This technique is independent on the users update or purchase expensive equipment either. The result contains few halo artifacts. Like any approach using a strong assumption, Approach of this technique has its own limitation. The dark channel prior may not be useful when the scene object is inherently similar to the background light over a large local region and no shadow is cast on the object [8]. This technique is good for most underwater images which we want to enhance , But in some cases it might fails.

3.1.3 Automated underwater image restoration and retrieval of related optical properties. Because of environmental conditions caused by different types of water and related to water optical properties, It is difficult tom improve the performance range and retrieve environmental information from underwater electro-optical system . This capability however is important for many civilian and military applications, including target detection (e.g. mine detection), search and rescue, and diver visibility[29]. Although traditional image enhancement techniques can still be used for imagery obtained from underwater environments, without knowledge of any processes involved or the optical properties, the effectiveness is considerably restrained. The main challenge working with underwater imagery results from the rapid decay of signals due to absorption, which leads to poor signal to noise returns, and the blurring caused by strong scattering due to water and its constituents which includes various sized particles [15]. To properly address this issue, knowledge of in-water optical properties and their relationship to the image formation can be exploited in order to restore the imagery to the best possible level. This in turn provides much needed environmental information via through-the-sensor techniques and greatly enhance current operational capabilities. establishing a framework in order to restore underwater imagery to the best possible level, working with both simulated and field measured data. Under this framework, the traditional image restoration approach is extended by incorporating underwater optical properties into the system response function, specifically the point spread function (PSF) in spatial domain and modulation transfer function (MTF) in frequency domain. Due to the intensity variations involved in underwater sensing, de-noising is carefully carried out by wavelet decompositions. This is necessary to explore different effects of restoration constrains, and especially their response to underwater environment where the effects of scattering can be easily treated as either signal or noise. The images are then restored using measured or modeled PSFs.[9].

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3.2.Techniques for Handling Color change Effect . Colors of objects observed in underwater environments are different from those in air. This is because the light intensity decreases with the distance from objects in water by light attenuation.

3.2.1. Color Registration of Underwater Images with Consideration of Light Attenuation Recognition methods in air based on image processing techniques is not suitable in in underwater because of light attenuation , light scattering effect. So , a Technique is proposed that is a color registration method of underwater images. The proposed method estimates underwater environments and images are acquired, in other words. Parameters are essential for registration of color. In this technique more than two images are used, After that parameters are estimated. color registration is takes place. While considering the color registration light attenuation and light scattering effect is considered[10] [32] . In this Technique , Author propose a color registration method of underwater images with consideration of light attenuation and light scattering effect. In recent years, there is a large demands for underwater tasks, such as digging of ocean bottom resources, exploration of aquatic environments, rescues, and salvages, have increased. So rather than human robot system is used, and technologies for observing underwater situations correctly and robustly from cameras of these systems are needed. However, it is very difficult to observe underwater environments with cameras because of the following three big problems. 1) View-disturbing noises 2) Light refraction effects 3) Light attenuation effects The first problem is about suspended matters, such as bubble noises, small fishes, and small creatures. They may disturb camera’s field of view. The second problem is about the refraction effects of light. If cameras and objects are in the different condition where the refraction index differs from each other, problems do occur and a precise measurement cannot be achieved. object when water is filled to the middle. In this case, the size and the shape of the object look different between above and below the water surface. Therefore, it becomes difficult to measure precise positions and shapes of objects when water exists because of the image distortion by the refraction of the light [28]. Therefore, this technique is proposed which gives a color registration method of underwater images. The proposed method estimates underwater environments where images are acquired, in other words, parameters essential to color registration, by using more than two images. After estimating parameters, color registration is executed with consideration of light attenuation [10].

3.2.2. Enhancing The Low Quality Images Using Unsupervised Color Correction Method Underwater images are affected by reduced contrast and non-uniform color cast due to the absorption and scattering of light in the aquatic environment, color change due to different wavelength of light which attenuate at different degree under the water. This results into low quality and less reliability of image so there is necessary of color correction pre-processing stage. In the proposed technique , Author propose an Unsupervised Color Correction Method (UCM) for underwater image enhancement. UCM is based on color balancing, contrast correction of RGB color model and contrast correction of HSI color model. First the color cast is reduced by equalizing the color values , after that an enhancement to a contrast correction method is applied to increase the Red color by stretching red histogram towards the maximum (i.e., right side). Similarly the Blue color is reduced by stretching the blue histogram towards the minimum (i.e., left side). After second stage , the Saturation and Intensity components of the HSI color model have been applied for contrast correction which increase the to true color using Saturation and to address the illumination problem through Intensity. The results are compared by three methods, which are Gray World, White Patch and Histogram Equalization using Adobe Photoshop. The proposed method has produced better results than the existing methods [11]. While handling the issue of light absorption, underwater vehicles are used which emit artificial light, but , this source of light introduces anther problems. Artificial illumination tends to illuminate the scene in a non-uniform fashion. Furthermore, the movement of vehicles generates shadows in the scene . Some algorithms require high computational cost in terms of time and resources[28] . Physics based Akshay Wandhekar,IJRIT

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methods have also been used with lens filters. Filters cannot color correct while shooting at depth in ambient light, where red and yellow wavelengths of light have significantly almost disappeared . Physics based approaches are not suitable for color correction. In order to come over these issues, it is important to develop an image enhancement technique that can improve the quality of the underwater images by reducing color cast and improving the contrast .In this Technique, it is propose That UCM for underwater image enhancement. The proposed approach is based on color balancing, contrast correction of RGB color model and contrast correction of HSI color model.

3.3 WCID Technique (Wavelength Compensation and Image de-hazing) Light scattering and color change are two main sources as we discussed above. There is no technique from above discussed techniques of underwater processing Which can handle light scattering and color change distortions effect suffered by underwater images, and the possible presence of artificial lighting simultaneously. A Technique is developed which has novel systematic approach to enhance underwater images by a de- hazing algorithm , it also compensate the attenuation discrepancy along the propagation path of light , it also take care of the influence of the possible presence of an artificial light source into consideration. The performance of the proposed algorithm for wave- length compensation and image dehazing (WCID) is evaluated both objectively and subjectively[25]. The quality of underwater images plays a pivotal role in scientific missions such as monitoring sea life, taking census of populations, and assessing geological or biological environments. Capturing images underwater is challenging, mostly due to haze caused by light that is reflected from a surface and is deflected and scattered by water particles, and color change due to varying degrees of light attenuation for different wavelengths. Light scattering and color change result in contrast loss and color deviation in images acquired underwater. The algorithm for wavelength compensation and image de-hazing (WCID) proposed in this project combines techniques of WCID to remove distortions caused by light scattering and color change[34][35]. The algorithm for wavelength compensation and image de-hazing (WCID) proposed in technique combines techniques of WCID to remove distortions caused by light scattering and color change. An existing scene-depth derivation method is used first to estimate the distances of the scene objects to the camera. The low intensities in the dark channel are mainly due to three factors: 1) shadows, e.g., the shadows of creatures, plankton, plants, or rocks in seabed images 2) colorful objects or surfaces, e.g., green plants, red or yellow sands, and colorful rocks/minerals, deficient in certain color channels 3) dark objects or surfaces. Based on the depth map derived, the foreground and background areas within the image are segmented. The light intensities of foreground and background are then compared to determine whether an artificial light source is employed during the image acquiring process. If an artificial light source is detected, the luminance introduced by the auxiliary lighting is removed from the foreground area to avoid overcompensation in the stages followed. Next, the de-hazing algorithm and wavelength compensation are utilized to remove the haze effect and color change along the underwater propagation path to the camera. The residual energy ratio among different color channels in the background light is employed to estimate the water depth within an underwater scene. Energy compensation for each color channel is carried out subsequently to adjust the bluish tone to a natural color[25][28]. With WCID, expensive optical instruments or stereo image pairs are no longer required. WCID can effectively enhance visibility and restore the color balance of underwater images, rendering high visual clarity and color fidelity[29][9].

4. Conclusions In this Paper, we discuss an overview of recent image enhancement and restoration techniques for underwater images. We introduce our approach to enhance the quality of degraded underwater images using well known image pre- processing techniques. We categorized the techniques depending upon the problem handling wise. The WCID algorithm based technique discussed in this paper can effectively and efficiently restore image color balance and remove haze . It also consider the effect of presence of artificial light. No existing techniques can handle light scattering and color change distortions suffered by underwater images simultaneously as per the above techniques which are discussed. This survey results that wavelength compensation and image de-hazing algorithm based technique is most effective and efficient as it handles all possible problems regarding with underwater image enhancement. Akshay Wandhekar,IJRIT

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Acknowledgments I would like to my sincere thanks the Prof. Siddharth Bhorge dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication, Viswakarma Institute of Technology, for there valuable suggestions.

References [1] K. Lebart, C. Smith, E. Trucco, and D. M. Lane, “Automatic indexing of underwater survey video: algorithm and benchmarking method", IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 673686, Oct. 2003. [2] J. Yuh and M. West,” Underwater robotics", Adv. Robot., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 609639, 2001. [3] J. R. Zaneveld and W. Pegau, “Robust underwater visibility parameter", Opt. Exp., vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 29973009, 2003. [4] E. Trucco and A. T. Olmos-Antillon, “Self-tuning underwater image restoration", IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 511519, Apr. 2006. [5] J. S. Ja_e, “Computer modeling and the design of optimal underwater imaging systems", IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 101111, Apr. 1990. [6] M. C.W. van Rossum and T. M. Nieuwenhuizen, “Multiple scattering of classical waves: Microscopy, microscopy and diffusion", Rev. Modern Phys., vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 313371, Jan. 1999. [7] Y. Y. Schechner and N. Karpel, “Recovery of underwater visibility and structure by polarization analysis", IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 570587, Jul. 2005. [8] L. Chao and M. Wang, \Removal of water scattering", in Proc. Int. Conf. Com- put. Eng. Technol., 2010, vol. 2, pp. 3539. [9] W.Hou,D. J.Gray,A.D.Weidemann,G. R. Fournier, and J. L. Forand, \Automated underwater image restoration and retrieval of related optical properties", in Proc. IGARSS, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 18891892 [10] A. Yamashita, M. Fujii, and T. Kaneko, “Color registration of underwater image for underwater sensing with consideration of light attenuation", in Proc. Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 2007, pp. 45704575. [11] K. Iqbal, R. Abdul Salam, A. Osman, and A. Zawawi Talib, “Underwater image enhancement using an integrated color model ", Int. J. Comput. Sci., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 212, 2007. [12] S. Shwartz, E. Namer, and Y. Y. Schechner, “Blind haze separation", in Proc. IEEE CVPR, 2006, vol.2, pp. 19841991. [13] J. T. Houghton, The Physics of Atmospheres, 2nd ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cam- bridge Univ. Press, 2001, ch. 2. [14] W. N. McFarland, “Light in the seaCorrelations with behaviors of _shes and invertebrates", Amer. Sci. Zoology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 389401, 1986. [15] S. Q. Duntley, “Light in the sea", J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 214233, 1963. [16] L. A. Torres-Mndez and G. Dudek, “Color correction of underwater images for aquatic robot inspection", in Proc. EMMCVPR, 2005, vol. image matting, in Proc. IEEE CVPR, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 6168. [17] Y. Y. Schechner and N. Karpel, “Clean Underwater Vision", in Proc. IEEE CVPR, 2004, vol. 1, pp.536543. [18] N. Carlevaris-Bianco, A. Mohan, and R. M. Eustice, “Initial results in under- water single image dehazing", in Proc. IEEE OCEANS, 2010. [19] R. Tan, “Visibility in bad weather from a single image", in Proc. IEEE CVPR, 2008, vol. 1, pp. 18.CEANS, 2010. [20] R. Fattal, “Single image dehazing", in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Graph. Inter- act. Tech., 2008, pp. 19. Akshay Wandhekar,IJRIT

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[21] A. Levin, D. Lischinski, and Y.Weiss, “A closed form solution to natural image matting", in Proc. IEEE CVPR, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 6168. [22] Y. Y. Schechner and N. Karpel, “Clean Underwater Vision", in Proc. IEEE CVPR, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 536543. [23] N. Carlevaris-Bianco, A. Mohan, and R. M. Eustice, “Initial results in under- water single image dehazing", in Proc. IEEE OCEANS, 2010, pp. 18. [24] C. Perer and H. Richard, “Improved Single Image Dehazing Using Geometry", in Proc. IEEE DICTA 2009, pp. 103110. [25] Jonh Y. Chiang, Ying-Ching Chen “underwater image enhancement by Wavelength Compensation and Image de-hazing”In IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 21, NO. 4, APRIL2012. [26] L. B.Wolff, “Polarization vision: A new sensory approach to image understanding,” Image Vis. Comput., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 81–93, 1997. [27] PRABHAKAR C.J., PRAVEEN KUMAR P.U., “AN IMAGE BASED TECHNIQUE FOR ENHANCEMENT OF UNDERWATER IMAGES”, In International Journal of Machine Intelligence,ISSN: 0975– 2927 & E-ISSN: 0975–9166, Volume 3, Issue 4, 2011, pp-217-224 [28] M. Chambah, A. Renouf, D. Semani, P. Courtellemont A. Rizzi, “Underwater colour constancy: enhancement of automatic live fish recognition” 2004, In Electronic Imaging. [29] Andreas Arnold-Bos, Jean-Philippe Malkasse and illes Kervern: “Towards a model-free denoising of underwater optical images” In IEEE Conference on Oceans, 2005. [30] A J R Fairweather, M A Hodgetts, A R Greig, “Robust scene interpretation of underwater image sequences”, In 6th International Conference on Image Processing and its Applications, 1997, pp. 660 – 664, ISBN: 0 85296 692 X [31] Andreas Arnold-Bos, Jean-Philippe Malkasse and Gilles Kervern, March, “A pre-processing Framework for automatic underwater images denoising”, In European Conference on Propagation and Systems, 2005, pp. 15-18. [32]Kashif Iqbal, Rosalina Abdul Salam, Azam Osman and Abdullah Zawawi Talib “Underwater Image Enhancement Using an Integrated Colour Model”,In IAENG International Journal of Computer Science,34:2, IJCS_34_2_12. [33] J. Åhlén and D. Sundgren, “Bottom reflectance influence on a color correction algorithm for underwater images,” in Proc. Scandinavian Conf. Image Analysis, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2003, pp. 922–926. \ [34] G. Horváth and D. Varjú, “Underwater refraction-polarization patterns of skylight perceived by aquatic animals through Snell’s window of the flat water surface,” Vis. Res., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1651– 1666, 1995. [35] N. Shashar and T. W. Cronin, “Polarization contrast vision in octopus,” J. Exp. Biol., vol. 199, no. 4, pp. 999– 1004, 1996. [36] St´ephane Bazeille, Isabelle Quidu, Luc Jaulin, Jean-PhillipeMalkasse”Automatic Underwater Image PreProcessing” In "CMM'06, Brest : France (2006)"

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Underwater Image Enhancement Techniques: A Survey - International ...

blurry image without any reconfiguration. This technique is not count on significant variance on transmission or surface shading in the input image. This technique is independent on the users update or purchase expensive equipment either. The result contains few halo artifacts. Like any approach using a strong assumption ...

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