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4
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8
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10
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wkdif;&if;om; ]rGwfpfvifrf}wdkYtzdkYrSmrl taumif;twGufjzpfap?tqdk;twGufjzpfap?EkdifiHjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; tjcm;,Ofaus;rIrsm;udpk x H ;dk ae&efr[kwyf g/rdrw d YkEd ikd if ?H rdrw d Ykv d rl sKd ;? rdrdwdkYbmom0ifrsm;twGuf w&m;ppf w&m;rSefwkdif; vdkufem usiho f ;kH í wrefawmfjrwfawmfveS jf yKjyifcahJ om trsdK;orD; wdYk\ vGwv f yfrEI iS hf *kPo f u d m© &Srd ?I vlaerIzUJG pnf;yHw k iG f *kPo f u d m© &Sd&SdESifh xdkufwefonfhtqifhtwef;wGif yg0if0ifqefYEkdifrIwdkYudk &&efomta&;Bu;D ygonf/txl;ojzihf trsKd ;orD;onf trsKd ;om; ydik u f Re(f okYdr[kw)f taptyg;rsdK;omjzpfonf[al om,lqcsufrmS rSm;,Gif;aMumif;udk azmfxkwfEkdif&efom ta&;BuD;vSayonf/ vGrJ mS ;aom bmoma&;rIid ;f ESiw hf u dk í f trsdK;orD;wdYk tm; vSnfhjzm;jcif;?vdrfnmjcif;?todw&m;ray;bJrsufpdem;udkydwf xm;jcif;? xdYkaemufrS rdrw d Ykd jyKorQE&k onfb h 0odYka&mufatmif zefwD;xm;jcif;rsdK;onf tpövmrfh,Ofaus;rI? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI wdYk EiS ahf jzmifah jzmifBh uD; qefYusifonf/ tpövmrf\ &nfreS ;f csuf tjyif jrefrmhpw d "f mwfEiS v hf nf; zDvmqefYusifonfh tm;avsmfpmG wdkif;&if;om; rGwfpfvifrfwdkYteuf þokdYaom vGJrSm;onfh t,ltqrsdK;? tpGrJ sdK;? rdiI ;f rdrrI sdK;&Sad eygvQif ,if;tpGEJ iS hf tarSmifh ya,m*qdk;wdkYudk ukpm;Ekdif&ef trSeftppfjzpfaom tpövmrfh a'oem\ aq;rGefaq;jrwfESifh ukpm;ay;&ef vdktyfayonf/ þonfrQum; ... þusrf;i,fudk xkwfjyef&onfh &nf&, G cf sufjzpfayonf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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rnfonfhEdkifiH? rnfonfhvlrsdK;? rnfonfh,Ofaus;rI? rnfonfh "avhxHk;pHudkrS xdyg;ykwfcwfvkdí r[kwfay/ trSepf ifppf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w H iG f touf&iS v f suf &dSMuaom wkdif;&if;om; wkdif;&if;ol rGwfpfvifrfwdkYonf tpövmrf\,Ofaus;rI? tpövmrfEiS rhf qefYusio f nfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if \ H ,Ofaus;rIwYkd t& tpövmrht f usdK;? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH\ tusdK;udk trsm;enf;wl aqmif&GufEkdif&efrSm ta&;tBuD;qH;k jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpf&mum; þaqmif&GufEdkifrIudk tultaxmufjyK ay;aom tpövmrf\ w&m;ppf w&m;rSew f Yku d kd Ekid if jH cm;,Ofaus;rI tusdK;ESifh vlwpfpk\ udk,fusdK;twGuf xdefcsefjcif;rjyKbJ? trSet f wdik ;f azmfxw k í f vGrJ mS ;aom t,ltq tpGt J vrf;ESihf rIdif;rdrIrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef tcsdefodkY a&mufaeNyDjzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfí rGwfpfvifrf trsdK;orD;rsm;\vGwfvyfrI?*kPf odum© tqift h wef;wdYk EiS hf pyfvsOf;onfh w&m;ud, k ?f w&m;rSef rsm;udk apwemaumif;?oabm½k;d jzihf azmfxw k &f jcif;jzpfayonf/ þ]wdkif;&if;olrGwfpfvifrftrsdK;orD;rsm;vGwfvyfrI tcGifhta&;usrf;}wGif awGU&Sd&vwHhaom w&m;"r®u©E¨mwdkYrSm w&m;ppfw&m;rSefrsm;omjzpf\/ þtcsufudk uREkfyfwdkY tcdkiftrmqdkygonf/ tb,faMumihfqkdEkdifoenf;/
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
þusrf;pmudk,fwGif azmfjyxm;csuf[lorQwdkYrSm rdrd oabmtavsmuf? rdrd,lqcsuftavsmuf azmfjyxm;aom tcsurf sKd ;? ud, k yf idk Ó f Pfjzihf cefYreS ;f &&Scd surf sm;udk rlwnfa&;om; azmfjyxm;csurf sKd ; r[kwyf g/ ,if;okYdaom twåaemrwd oabm wpd;k wpdrQ ryg0if/tvGecf ikd v f í kH acwfraD om urÇmrh w G pf v f ifrf ynm&Sit f m;vH;k wdYk u vufcx H m;aom tpövmrf"h r®uE© m¨ rl&if; usrf;BuD;rsm;rS aumufEkwfí azmfjyxm;aom w&m;"r®rsm;? aumufEw k cf sufrsm;omjzpfonf/aumufEw k af zmfjy&mwGiv f nf; wpfv;kH wpfyg'rQ aoGznfjcif;? ,dr;f ,kid jf cif;? vGrJ mS ;jcif; r&Sad p &atmif tzefzef pdppfjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;rS azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí þusrf;i,fwGifygaom w&m;ukd,frsm;rSm rl&if;w&m;ppfw&m;rSerf sm;jzpfonf[k tcdik t f rmqkjd cif;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfomoema&;&maumifpXD mecsKyf?tmvifryf nm&Sirf sm; a&;&maumfrwDu pkaqmif;jyKpktyfaom þusrf;i,fonf wdik ;f &if;ol rGwpf v f ifrf trsdK;orD;wdYk\ rSeu f efaom b0opfoYdk wHcg;zGiahf y;vdu k af om tultnDrsdK;udk ay;Ekid rf nf[k ,HMk unf tyfaMumif;/
aZ,sausmfxif AkdvfrSL;BuD;b&Sif twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf (1956-1970) tpövmrfomoema&;&maumifpDXmecsKyf
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wdkif;&if;ol rGwfpfvifrf trsdK;orD;rsm; vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
tpövmrfESifh trsdK;om;-trsdK;orD; ]tpövmrf}onf obm0usí acwfwdkif; acwfwkdif;ESifh qDavsmfonfh bmom? wkid ;f jynfwidk ;f ? vlrsdK;wkid ;f usifo h ;kH Ekid í f vlavmuwk;d wufpnfyifom,mrIukd a&SU½Ionfh bmom?vlrsdK;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh wkdif;jynfudk tjrwfwEdk; ESvHk;oGif;aptyfonfh bmom omoemjzpfonf/
wm0efwltcGifhta&;wl ]tpövmrf}onf vlrsdK;\ ,Ofaus;rIukd vdu k cf iG ahf y;\/ wkid ;f jynf\ 0wfpu kH kd qif,ifciG ahf y;\/ rdrw d Ykdaexdik &f mvlrsdK;ESihf wkdif;jynfudk vdktyfu rdrd\ toufESifhvJNyD;umuG,f&rnf[k ]tpövmrf}u nTefjyonf/ trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;udk tqift h wef; cJjG cm;jcif;rjyK/ wdik ;f jynfvrl sdK;ESihf bmomomoem twGuf wm0efxrf;&GufMu&mwGif cGJjcm;jcif;rjyK/ nDwlnmwl xrf;&GufMu&ef jy|mef;ay;xm;onf/
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
trsdK;orD;wdYk onf oifa,musfm;wdYk \ 0wfpm;wefqm rsm;omjzpfí oifa,musfm;wdkYonfvnf; trsdK;orD; wdkY\ 0wfpm;wefqmrsm;om jzpfMu\/ (uk&ftmef -2;187) þrkuy© gXfawmfrmS trsdK;om;ESihf trsdK;orD;wdYk \ tajc taeudk trSet f wkid ;f xkwaf zmfjyoxm;jcif;jzpf&m? trsKd ;om;ESihf trsdK;orD;onf tjyeftvSef tumuG,fjyKMu&rnfholrsm;om jzpfMuí wm0efwt l cGit hf a&;wlrsm;tjzpfukd nTejf yjcif;jzpfonf/
]vlrsdK;xlaxmifa&;wGif trsdK;orD;onf taumif;qHk;aom Adokumjzpf\/} (wrefawmfjrwf\Mo0g') trsdK;orD;\ wefzdk;udkrodaom? trsdK;orD;ukd wefzdk; rxm;wwfaom vlrsd K;onf tqift h wef;ü edru hf saeOD;rnfom/ ]tpövmrf}tvsifu trsdK;orD;wdkYrSm acgif;azmfEdkifcGifhr&SdcJh/ ]tpövmrf}ay:xGe;f vmrSom trsdK;orD;rsm; acgif;azmfEikd ?f xlEikd ?f axmifEikd jf zpfum vlraI &;rsm;wGif 0ifqefYvmcJMh u&jcif;jzpfonf/ trsdK;om;ESit hf rsdK;orD;rSm wm0efwt l cGit hf a&;wljzpfonfom/ avsmhonf?enf;onf?ydo k nfr&S?d olUpnf;urf;ESihf ud, k phf nf;urf; [lí jy|mef;ay;um wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk OD;ESifhyJh xrf;apí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyeftvSef tusdK;jyKapjcif;om jzpfonf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
ta&mifqdk;MuyHk ZeD;onftay:wGif vifom;\ wm0ef&o dS uJo h Ykd vifom;tay:wGiv f nf;ZeD;onf\wm0ef&\ dS / (uk&t f mef -2;228) cifyeG ;f vifom;ESihf ZeD;rde;f rom;rSm taumif;qH;k aom b0\ Muifazmfrsm;jzpfí b0wGif twlwuG tqift h wef;wl? tcGifhtvrf;wl ½kef;uefcsDwufMu&efjzpfonf/ vlavmuudk pnfyifatmif? om,matmif jyKpkysdK;axmif,lMuí BuD;yGm; wkd;wufrIudk a&SU½IvkyfaqmifMu&ef jzpfonf/ ]]tpövmrhw f &m;u trsdK;orD;wdYkukd tdrw f iG ;f yke;f aexkid f aponf? tdrfjyifodkY xGufcGifhray;? trsdK;om;wdkYESifh yl;aygif; raqmif&u G &f ? trsdK;om;wdYkukd rMunh&f ? trsdK;om;wdYkEiS hf tay; t,lvnf;rvky&f ? tjyifxu G v f Qif trsdK;orD;onf rdr\ d ud, k f oºmefukd rjrif&avatmif acgif;Nr;D NcKH í xGu&f onf}} pojzifh ajymqk0d g'jzefYMujcif;rSm ]tpövmrf}udk rodíaomfvnf;aumif;? (odkYr[kwf)? em;rvnf oabmraygufí aomfvnf;aumif;? (odkYr[kwf)? tjrifrSefESifh rMunfhwwfí aomfvnf;aumif;? (odkYwnf;r[kwf)? wrifoufouf trsdK;orD;wdkYudk csKyfcs,f xm;vdkíaomf vnf;aumif;jzpfayonf/
Edik if jH cm;om;tcsKd Uonf rdrw d Ykv d rl sKd ;"avh? rdrw d Ykw d ikd ;f jynf ,Ofaus;rI? rdrw d Ykd bd;k bGm; xH;k pH"avhrsm;udk tpövmrfomoemh e,fy,ftwGi;f odYk oGyo f iG ;f xm;um rlvjyuawhtm;jzihf jzLpif oefY&iS ;f aom ]tpövmrf}udk ta&miftrsdK;rsdK;qd;k vmcJMh uonf/ xdkta&mifqdk;xm;aom ]tpövmrf}udk uREkfyfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkY rdrdwdkYESifhtwl ,lvmcJhMuonf/olwdkY\ t,lrSm;udk wpfqihfjzefYjzL;ay;chJMuonf/ ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ]tpövmrf}udk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf avhvm qnf;yl;jcif;r&Sd/ ]tpövmrf}\ rlv yHkrSefudk rodrjrifEdkifMuyJ? rd½;dk zvmolwYkd vufcx H m;&Sad om ta&miftrsdK;rsdK;qk;d xm;onfh ]tpövmrf}udkom tpGJtvrf;BuD;aeMuonf/ uREyfk w f Ykd wkid ;f &if;om; rGwpf v f ifrf trsKd ;om; trsKd ;orD; rsm;udv k nf; xdt k wkid ;f yif bkrodbrodvufc, H al pcsiMf uonf/ rdrw d Ykd "avhrmS w&m;jzpfonf[k vGrJ mS ;pGm em;vnfxm;onfukd rodEdkif&SmMuí oabm½kd;jzihf ,if;odkY aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfwef &monf/ þodYkaomEdik if jH cm;ya,m*rsm;?omoemwGif 0ifa&muf yl;uyfvmonfh tcsdefrSpívnf; wkdif;&if;ol rGwfpfvifrf trsdK;orD;rsm;\ vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;rSm wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed f vm&awmhonf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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xdYk twGuf wkid ;f &if;ol rGwpf v f ifrf trsdK;orD;rsm;onf AvD0wfausmif;rsm;ESiv hf nf;wpfpwpfpuif;uGmvmcJMh u&onf/ omoema&; todynmbufü okn tqifhodkY wjznf;jznf; usqif;vmcJh&onftxdjzpfcJhonf/ trsdK;orD;wdYk onf ]tpövmrf}udk qnf;yl;cGiv hf nf;r&/ vufawGUusifhoHk;cGifhvnf; r&&SmMu/ þodYkjzifh wpfp wpfp ]tpövmrf}ESihf uif;uGmvmcJMh u&m þya,m*qd;k onf wkid ;f &if;ol rGwpf v f ifrf trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; tpövmrfah bmiftjyifbufoYkd a&muf&o dS mG ;atmif zefw;D ay;ae ouJhodkY r&nf&G,fyJESifh jzpfvmcJh&awmhonf/ rGwpf v f ifrf trsdK;om; trsdK;orD;wkYdonf nD&if; tpfudk armif&if;ESrrsm;omjzpfMuonfqdkaom tpövmrfhtqHk;trudk xdyk a,m*&Siw f Ykdonf yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;qefYusifum trsdK;orD;wdYk udk vl&mr0ifonfh toGifodkY ydkYaqmifaeMuonfh tjzpfqdk;odkY a&mufae&&Smonf/
g
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
wHvQyfudka&xif tuef;wkwq f cJG &H aom wkid ;f &if;om;rGwpf v f ifrt f csdKUwdYk onfvnf; ]wHvQyfuakd &xifum} Edik if jH cm;"avhrsm;udk txif tjrifBuD;í ya,m*&SifwdkYESifh oHa,mifvdkufum ]]rGwfpfvifrf trsdK;orD;rsm; tdrfwGif;ykef;aexkdif&rnf? tdrfjyifrxGuf&? a,musfm;wdkYESifh roGm;rvm&? a,musfm;tjrifrcH&? tdrfjyif xGuv f Qit f jypfi&JBu;D onf? AvDrwuf&? tdrw f iG ;f üomqGvmof 0wfjyKMu&rnf? trsdK;orD;wdkYtwGuf AvDwGif 0wfjyKcGihfr&Sd? trsdK;orD;wdYk \ b0wpfcv k ;kH onf rD;zdak csmifEiS hf tdrw f iG ;f üom wnfap&rnf}} pojzifh ,HkMunfpGm ynwfvmMuayonf/ umvMumjrihfNyDjzpfaom þtpGJrsm;udk awmfawmfESihf cRwfí&EdkiftHh rxif/ onf;cHjcif;? ZGJ&Sdjcif;? Muifemjcif;? tcsdefay;jcif;? ynmay;jcif;wdkYjzihfom cRwfEdkifayrnf/ uREyfk w f Yko d nf ]tpövmrf}\rlvyHrk eS t f wkid ;f jrifvmatmif BudK;yrf;aeMu\/ jzLpifoefY&Sif;aom]tpövmrf}wGif pGef;xif; aeaom tjyifty ta&mifprkH sm;udk cRwyf pf&ef BuKd ;yrf;aeMu\/ wdik ;f &if;ol rGwpf v f ifrt f rsdK;orD;wdYktm; ]tpövmrf}u wifxm; ay;onfah e&modYk jyefvnfyYkdaqmifwifay;Mu&efvt kd yfvo S nf/ wkid ;f &if;olrw G pf v f ifrt f rsKd ;orD;wdYkukd ]tpövmrf}u ay;tyfonfh tcGit fh a&;t&vGwv f yfr&I adS pa&;? bmoma&; omoema&;wGif udik ;f ½Iid ;f vma&;ESihf vufawGUusifo h ;kH vma&;wdYk ukd zefw;D jyKvkyf ay;Mu&ayrnf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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xko d Ykd jyKvkyaf y;&mwGif awGUEdik af om t[efYtwm;rsm;ESihf tEÅ&m,frsm;udk tjrifrSef? oabmw&m;rSefay;onfhenf;ESifh odrf;oGif;atmifjrif&ef vdktyf\/ ]tpövmrf}onf urÇmhbmomBuD; wpf&yfjzpfonf/ wdik ;f jynftoD;oD; vlrsdK;toD;oD;wkYd wiG f ta&;&aom bmom Bu;D jzpfonf/ ,if;wkid ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ;wdYkonf rdrw d Ykdjynfov l rl sKd ;? ,Ofaus;rI"avhx;kH pHt& vufcu H sio hf ;kH aexdik v f su&f MdS uonfrmS txift&Sm;jzpfonf/ w½kwEf ikd if ?H tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if ?H xdik ;f Edik if ?H tdE´d,EdkifiH?ygupöwefEdkifiHwdkYudk oufaoxlEdkifonf/ uREkfyfwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI? jrefrmh"avhxHk;pH? jrefrmh[eftrlt&m? jrefrmhenf;wdkYjzifh tpövmrft h qH;k trrsm;udk wdwu d sus vdu k ef m usiho f ;kH oGm;vm aexkdifMu&efrSm obm0usonf/ wdkif;wpfyg;om;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI? "avhx;kH pH? [eftrlt&mESihf enf;rsm;udk oGyo f iG ;f vm&ef vHk;0 vdktyfonf r[kwfay/ Oyrmqdak omf ]]jrefrmwdYk0wfpu kH ckd Rwíf Edik if jH cm;0wfpu kH kd 0wf&rnf? jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIudky,fí wkdif;wpfyg;om;wdkY ,Ofaus;rIudk vufcH,l&rnf? jrefrmhtpm;taomufudk pGefYvTwfí vlrsdK;jcm;wkdif;wpfyg;om;wkdY\ tpm;taomufudk twkcdk;pm;aomuf&rnf? jrefrmpum;udkpGefYí EdkifiHjcm;bmom pum;udkajym&rnf}} ponfrsm;um; rjzpfpaumif;aom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;? usifhoHk;rIrsm;jzpfonf/
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
]tpövmrf}onf obm0rusaomtqHk;trrsdK;udk ay;onf r[kw/f vlrsKd ;cG?J wkid ;f jynfcJG 0g'rsKd ; ]tpövmrf}wGirf &S/d ]tpövmrf}onf wkid ;f jynfwidk ;f vlrsdK;wdik ;f twGuf qDavsmfaom tqHk;trrsm;omjzpf&um;/ acwfwdkif; acwfwdkif;ESifhvnf; [yfrdí? qDavsmfonfh vrf;pOfaumif;? vrf;pOfrGefjzpfonf/ acwfwdkif; acwfwkdif;wGif rD;½SL;wefaqmif taeESifh &yfwnf aeonfb h momomoemvnf;jzpfonf/þodYkaom rGejf rwfonfh ]tpövmrf}udk tb,faMumifh wjcm;wpfyg; wkdif;jynfpGJ? tjcm; wpfyg; vlrsdK;pG?J ta&mifrsm;jzifh jc,fv, S &f ef vdt k yfygoenf;/ ]tpövmrf}udk rnfonft h a&mifEiS rhf Q jc,f&efrvdyk g/ ]tpövmrfh ta&mif}onfom taumif;qHk;ta&mifjzpfí ]rlvtpövmrhf ta&mif}jzihfom jc,fvS,f&ef vdktyfayonf/ ]tpövmrf}onf trsdK;orD;wdYk ukd tqiht f wef; jrifjh rihf ae&mwGif wifxm;ayonf/ trsdK;om;wdYk ü wpfzufapmif;eif; jyKrlwwfonfh "avhq;kd rsm;&Sad eí ¤if;wdYku csKyfcs,frI rjyKEkid &f ef twGuf tcsdKUaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk twdtusyif owfrw S f jy|mef;ay;tyfxm;onf/ tpövmrfr@dKifBuD;(5)ckrSm t"du rvkyrf ae&? wm0efjzpf&m trsKd ;om;trsKd ;orD;tm;vH;k wdYktwGuf jcm;em;csurf &S/d þrQta&;Bu;D aom vkyif ef;wdYkwiG f trsKd ;om;wdYk ESihf wpfwef;wpfpm;wnf; owfrw S af y;xm;onfukd qifjcifMu &monf/ olUpnf;urf;? ud, k phf nf;urf;t& vdu k ef maqmif&u G f apjcif;omjzpfonf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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trsdK;orD;twGuf tv’m[fudkaMumuf trsdK;om;wdkYu tEkdifusifhí trsdK;orD;wdkYudk csKyfcs,f xm;wwfonfukd pd;k &draf wmfro l jzifh wrefawmfjrwfonf ruG,fvGefrD aemufqHk;jyKawmfrlaom ][*sf}wGif trsdK;om; trsKd ;orD; wpfoed ;f ausmw f Ykd a&SUarSmufü atmufygMo0g'awmfukd rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh\/
trsdK;orD;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í toifwdkYonf tv’ m[ft&Sifhtm; aMumuf&GHUMuukefavmh/ (wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufqHk; ][*sf}rdefYcGef;awmf) þMo0g'awmfudk av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;rdMuolrsm; tzdYk ]tpövmrf}u owfrw S af y;xm;onfh tqifo h Ykad &mufatmif trsKd ;orD;wdYkukd ydYkaqmifay;Mu&efrmS tb,frQ ta&;Bu;D onfukd odomEdik o f nf/ trsKd ;orD;wdYk\ tcGit hf a&;udk csKyfcs,x f m;ydik cf iG hf vH;k 0r&SNd y/D
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
trsdK;orD;rsm;udk taMumif;rJh rcsKyfcs,f& trsdK;om;wdkYu trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; csKyfcs,fjcif; rjyK Ekid af tmif ]tpövmrf}onf trsdK;orD;wdYk EiS hf oufqidk &f m tum tuG,rf sm;udv k nf; ay;tyfxm;onf/ tvm;wlyif trsdK;orD; wkdY\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udkvnf; owfrSwfay;tyfxm;onf/ trsdK;om;wdYk EiS hf wlnaD om vlrt I cGit hf a&;rsm;udv k nf; tjynfh t0ay;tyfxm;onf/ tpövmrft h qH;k trrsm;udk oabmayguf &efomvdktyfonf/ tdrfolZeD;rSm uRef r[kwf? tdrfaxmif&Sif ocifrwpfO;D jzpfonf/ vlraI &;wdYk wiG f vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G f cGifh&Sdonf/ w&m;awmfu cGifhjyKaomtqifhodkY a&mufatmif uREkfyfwdkYu jr§ifhwifay;Mu&rnfyif/ Akcg&Dusrf;rSmyif-
]cifyeG ;f onf a,musfm;rSm rdrt d rd o f m;pkukd xde;f ausmif; oljzpfí wm0efaus rausudk tppftaq;cH&rnf/ ZeD;rde;f rom;rSmvnf; rdrv d ifom;? rdrt d rd u f kd uGyu f x J ed ;f odrf;&oljzpfí wm0efaus - rausudk tppftaq; cH&rnf/ (Akcg&Dusrf;-'kwd,tapmif) ZeD;rde;f rom;rsm;tay:wGif txift&Sm; vGeu f sL;aom jypfrrI sm; rSwyg; xdrk ed ;f rom;rsm;udk wpfpw kH pf&m csKyfcs,f ydkifcGifh? BuD;pdk;ydkifcGihfr&Sd/ (tdAfEkrm*sm[fusrf;) txufygMo0g'awmfrsm;udk axmuf½Iojzihfvnf; rdef;rom;rsm;tm; taMumif;rJh csKyfcs,fydkifcGifhESihf BuD;pkd;ydkifcGifh r&SdaMumif; odomEkdifMuygonf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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omoema&;wm0efwlnDrI wpfcgaomf tGÿpd vfrmocifruwrefawmfjrwf xH þodkYavQmufxm;\/ ]]tdk ... wrefawmfjrwfusrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í trdefYynwfrsm;? trsm;tjym;yg&Sd ouJhodkY uRefrwdkY trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&SdonfrSm taMumif; b,fodkY &Sdygoenf;/ odyg&ap/}} xdt k cg wrefawmfjrwfonf wpfpw kH pf&mrdeYfMum; jcif;rjyKbJqdwfqdwfaeawmfrlonf/xdkYaemuf rsm;rMumrDaeY wpfaeYwGif wrefawmfjrwfonf w&m;yv’ifxufodkY
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsdK;om;wdYkEiS hf rGwpf v f ifrt f rsdK;orD;wdYkonf vnf;aumif;? rktrf ifet f rsKd ;om;wdYkEiS hf rktrf ifet f rsKd ;orD;
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
,if;odYk xifvif;pGm jyefMum;onfh rkuy© gXfawmfrsm;tjyif atmufygrku©ygXfawmfrsm;vnf; &Sdayao;onf/
wkYdonfvnf;aumif;? vdu k ef musifah qmifaomtrsdK;om; wdYkEiS v hf u kd ef musiahf qmifot l rsKd ;orD;wkYdonfvnf;aumif;? trSet f wkid ;f ajymqko d t l rsdK;om;wdYk EiS hf trSet f wdik ;f ajym qdo k t l rsKd ;orD;wdYkonfvnf;aumif;?rdru d , kd u f Ekd rdS chf saom trsdK;om;wdkYESifh rdrdudk,fudk ESdrfhcsol trsdK;orD;wdkYonf vnf;aumif;? aumif;rIrsm;jyKaomtrsKd ;om;wdYkEiS fh aumif; rIrsm;jyKol trsdK;orD;wdYk onfvnf;aumif;? Oykof oDv
1rnforl qdk a,musfm;jzpfap? rde;f rjzpfap? rktrf ifef tjzpfEiS ahf umif;jrwfaomtusifo h v D udak qmufwnf ygu igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkoltm; aumif;jrwfaom touf&iS jf cif;udk csD;jri§ ahf wmfrrl nf/ (uk&t f mef-16;97)
aqmufwnfaomtrsdK;om;wdkYESifh OykofoDvaqmuf wnfol trsdK;orD;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY umr t&Suu f kd xde;f odr;f aom trsdK;om;wdYk EiS hf trsdK;orD;wdYk onfvnf;aumif;?tv’ m[ft&Sifudkrsm;pGmwoaexkdif
2¤if;jyifvckd sifpw d f jyif;jyrI r&SMd uavESi/hf tv’ m[f
aom trsdK;om;wdYk EiS hf trsdK;orD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
t&Sio f nf oifwYkt d euf tcsKd Uudk tcsKd Uxuf tomtydk jyKawmfrlxm;onf/ trsdK;om;wdkYtzdkY olwdkY&SmazG qnf;yl;cJhonfESifhtrQ a0pkonf&Sd\/ trsdK;orD;wdkY tzdkYvnf; olrwdkY &SmazG qnf;yl;cJhMuonfESifhtrQ a0pkonf&\ dS / (uk&t f mef-4;32)
,if;wdYk tjypfwYkd rS vGwNf ird ;f csrf;omcGirhf sm;ESihf ,if;wdYk vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf rGefjrwfvSonfh qkvmbf awmfrsm;udk tv’ m[ft&Sijf rwfxw H iG f toihx f m;&S\ d / (uk&ftmef -33;35)
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh 0wfpm;qif,ifrI 3rnfolrqdk a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap? rktfrifef ,HkMunfoltjzpfaumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvrsm;udk aqmufwnfu *sEéoo f ck bHo k Ykd0if&rnfomjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef-4 ; 124)
4rnforl qdt k rsKd ;om;jzpfap ? trsKd ;orD;jzpfap ? tMuif olonf aumif;rIudk jyKtHh? ,HkMunfolvnf;jzpftHh? ,if;olwYdktm; *sEo é Of ,smOfoYkd 0ifa&mufaprnfjzpf\/ ,if;olwdkYtm; ta&twGufr&Sdaom pm;eyf&du©mwdkY udv k nf; xd*k sEéot f wGi;f ü ay;awmfrrl nfjzpfonf/ (uk&t f mef-40;40) þrkuy© gXfawmfrsm;rSm trsdK;om;wdYEk iS hf trsdK;orD;wdYk\ *kPft*FgwlnDrIudk yl;wGJínTefjyxm;aom rku©ygXfawmfrsm; jzpfonf/ bmom omoema&;wGif jcm;em;csufr&SdaMumif;? tqifhtwef;wl? tcGifhtvrf;wljzpfí omoemhvkyfief;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYtpGrf;&SdorQ vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufcGifhjyKxm;aMumif; tpövmrftqHk;trrsm;onf trsdK;om;wdkYtwGuf wpfrsdK;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdYk twGuf wpfrsdK; cGjJ cm;owfrw S jf cif; r&Sad Mumif;udk azmfjyxm;aomrku©ygXfawmfrsm;jzpfonf/
tpövmrfonf [D&dMowåyÜw&m;udk tajccHxm;\/ trsKd ;om;rsm;jzpfap? trsKd ;orD;rsm;jzpfap? tdrt f jyifxu G Mf u&mü pnf;rJhurf;rJh 0wfpm;qif,ifí oGm;vmcGifhray;/um,da`E´&Sd&Sd oGm;vmMu&ef ynwfxm;onf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;udk trsdK;om;rsm; uJo h Ykdyif oGm;vmcGijfh yKonf/ a&mif;0,fciG jhf yKonf/ pD;yGm;&SmcGihf ay;onf/vdi\ f jcm;em;csurf w S pfyg; vlUb0wnfaqmufa&;wGif vdt k yfaomudp&ö yfrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG zefw;D cGijfh yKonf/ aetdrrf S tjyifoYkdxu G &f mwGif um,da`E´rjhJ cif;r&Sad pbJ? *kPo f u d m© &S&d EdS iS hf wnfwnfMunfMunfomG ;vm&ef ynwfxm;onfukd usrf;jrwf uk&t f mefwiG f vm&Sad omrkuy© gXfawmfrsm;wGif awGU&SEd ikd af yonf/ þodYk [D&Md owåy&Ü pdS mG 0wfpm;qif,if&ef? jyKrl? ajymqdk qufq&H ef ynwfjcif;rSm obm0us½Ho k mru? olprd ;f wpf&q H H a,musfm;wdYku aemufajymifjcif;?usDp,fjcif; ponfrsm; rjyKvkyf Edik af tmiftumtuG,af y;tyfaomynwfcsufrsm;omjzpfonf/ wm0efrahJ om a,musfm;wdYk tm; aoG;aqmifr?I qGaJ qmifrrI jzpf apvQif xkdolwkdY\ aESmifh,Sufjcif;udk cH&rnf r[kwfay/ yef;yefjcif;? eHYomvdrf;jcif;? cs,fojcif;? EIwfcrf;eDyg;eD qdk;jcif;? qHyifudk tvStyjyKjyifjcif; ponfwdkYudk rdrdwdkYtdrf twGi;f ü jyKvkycf iG &hf o dS nf/ tdrt f jyifürl þjyifqifrrI sm;onf tvSjytoGio f Ykd ajymif;vJvmojzihf avmfvq D ef;jym;í azmufjyef aom jyifqifrrI sdK; jzpfEikd zf , G &f m taMumif;&So d nf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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odYkjzpfí aetdrjf yifwiG f tvSjyjcif;rsm;rjyKvky&f ef ynwf jcif;jzpfonf/ tpövmrfray:rDacwfu þjyifqifrIrsdK;aMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm; ysufpD;cJh&onfh om"ursm;yif &SdcJhayonf/ tjyifxu G íf toufarG;0rf;aMumif;&ol? tvkyt f udik f vky&f ol trsdK;orD;rsm;tzdYk um,da`E´&&dS ?dS odum© &S&d ?dS wnfwnf MunfMunf 0wfpm;qif,ifMu&efEiS hf olprd ;f wpf&q H H a,musfm; rsm;ESifh £a`E´rJhpGm qef;jym;pGm qufqHjcif;rjyK&ef atmufyg rku©ygXfawmfrsm;udk csrSwfawmfrlxm;onf/
(1)td-k wrefawmf?oif\MuifzufZeD;rsm;? toif\ orD; rsm;? ,HMk unfow l Ykd \ ZeD;rsm;udk ajymavmh/ tjyifoYkd xGufMuonfhtcgwGif rdrdwdkY\ udk,ftay:ydkif;wGif t0wfyikd ;f tenf;i,fpu D kd wifMu/ þodYk jyKjcif;jzifh um,da`E´&ídS odum© &S&d adS eolrsm;tjzpf vG,u f pl mG odjrif MuNy;D (olprd ;f wpf&q H w H Ykdu) taESmiht f ,Sut f EÅ&m,f rjyKvkyMf u&efjzpfonf/ tv’ m[ft&Sio f nf tjypfrsm;udk vGwu f if;csrf;omcGiahf y;awmfral om r[m u½kPm&Sif jzpfawmfral omt&Sio f mwnf;/ (uk&t f mef -33;59)
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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(2)tdw k refawmf?,HMk unfot l rsdK;orD;rsm;udak jymjyavmh/ tjyifoYkdxu G Mf uonft h cg olrwdYk \ rsufprd sufvmT udk atmufoYkdcsíum,da`E´&MdS u/ rdrw d Ykdt&Sut f *Fgudk xde;f odr;f Mu??tvdt k avsmufay:vGiaf eonft h pdwt f ydik ;f rsm; rSwpfyg;rdrdwdkY\tvStyrsm;udkxkwfazmfjyojcif;r&Sd MuapESi?hf ?(tvSrjyESi)hf rdrw d Ykd\&ifom;rsm;udt k 0wfEiS hf zH;k xm;Mu??olrwdY\ k tvStyrsm;udo k rl wkY\ d vifom;rsm;? bcifrsm;? vifom;\zcifrsm;? om;rsm;? vifygom;rsm;? tpfuEkd iS ahf rmifrsm;? tpfuEkd iS ahf rmif\om;rsm;? trESihf nDr\om;rsm;? rde;f rom;tcsif;csif;? tcdik ;f tapvuf atmufcrH sm;?tEÅ&m,fr&Sad omtwlae a,musfm;rsm;? rde;f rom;wdY\ k vQKd U0Sucf su(f umrrI)rsm;udrk odaomuav; rsm;rSwpfyg;olprd ;f wpf&q H w H Ykdtm;xkwaf zmfrjyoMuESi/hf xkrd w S pfyg;ajcwGiq f if,ifxm;onfah jc0wfwefqmrsm; odomxif&mS ;ap&efrrd w d Ykd\ajcudak qmifíh roGm;MuESi/hf td.k .,HMk unfot l aygi;f wdY?k toifwYt k d m;vH;k onftv’m[f t&SifbufodkYvSnfhMuukef/ (aomif0fA[fjyKMuukef/) odYkro S mvQif toifwYko d nf atmifjrifru I kd &&SMd uaytH/h (uk&ftmef -24;31)
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
þrkuy© gXfawmf\ a&SUtyd'k w f iG t f rsKd ;om;rsm;tzdYktvm; wlyif ynwfxm;\/usrf;jrwfu&k t f mefwiG Mf unf½h EI ikd yf gonf/ wrefawmfjrwfvufxufawmfü vGefcJhaomESpf (1400)cefYu t&AftrsdK;orD;wdkYonf wpfudk,fvHk;udk t0wf vHkvHkNcHKNcHK0wfqifxm;jcif; r&SdMu/ cg;0wfxnfavmufudkom 0wfí ud, k af tmufyikd ;f udk zH;k tky0f wfqifxm;olu ydík rsm;onf/ udk,ftay:ydkif;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzihf vGwfvyfpGm xm;Mu\/ udk,fvHk;wD;aeMuolrsm;onhf t0wftpm; &Sm;yg;aomacwf vnf;jzpfonf/ omrefvw l Ykd twGuv f nf; 0wfpm;qif,ifrw I iG f jynfph kH vHkavmufjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ trsdK;orD;rsm; tjyifodkYxGufvQif acgif;ESifh&ifom;rsm; zHk;tkyfí xGufMu&ef rku©ygXfawmfusa&muf aomtcgrS tpövmrfudk vufcHolrsm; acgif;wGif t0wfwifjcif;? &ifom; rsm;udk zHk;tkyfjcif;jyKvkyfí tjyifodkY xGufMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkacwfu aemufaz; tdrfomrsm;vnf; r&Sdao;í trsKd ;orD;wdYkonf r'De[fNrKd UjyifoYkd xGuíf awmxkid cf MhJ u&onf/ rdpäm0g'Da,musfm;rsm;onf ,if;odkY trsdK;orD;rsm; tjyifodkY xGufwkdif; xGufwkdif; aemufrS vdkufí aemufajymifMuonf/ usDp,fMuonf/ pMuonf/ þuJo h Ykdaom "avhq;kd rsm; vTr;f rd;k aeonfah cwfwiG f trsdK;orD;wdYk taESmift h ,Suf rcH&avatmif þrkuy© gXfaf wmfuckd say;jcif;jzpfonf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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,HkMunfol trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; omoemytrsdK;orD; wdYk EiS fh uGjJ ym;apjcif;? um,da`E´ rrJb h ?J *kPo f u d m© &S&d EdS iS hf rdrw d Ykd ud, k u f kd xde;f odr;f apmihaf &Smufaexkid o f mG ;vmolrsm;jzpfaMumif;udk odomapjcif;? ud, k v f ;kH wD;aecJah om"avhupkd eG Yf í vQKd U0Sux f m; oifhonfh tvStyrsm;udk rormolwdkYtm; jrifawGUcGifhray; jcif;jzifh olwdkY\tEÅ&m,fjyKjcif;rS uif;vGwfap&ef pDrHay;jcif; jzpfonf/ txufyg rku©ygXfawmfrSwpfyg; trsdK;orD;rsm;onf b,fyHk b,fenf; 0wfpm;&rnf? qif,if xHk;zGJU&rnf [laom tpövmrf\ ynwfcsufrsm; r&Sday/ trsdK;orD;wdk Y\ um,da`E´xdef;odrf;rIrSm t"du S pfyg; ud, k t f ay:ydik ;f udk zH;k tkycf jhJ cif; vdt k yfcsufjzpf&m cg;0wfrw r&Sad om trsdK;orD;avmuudk um,da`E´&&dS ?dS wefb;kd &S&d dS 0wfpm; qif,ifvmatmif jyKjyifay;tyfjcif;jzpfí ]tpövmrf}\ ynwf csuaf y:wGif tajcwnfum rdrw d Ykdwidk ;f jynf? rdrw d Ykdvrl sdK;? rdrw d Ykd "avhxHk;pHrsm;t& [D&dMowåyÜw&m;ruif;&atmif avhvm qifjcifí 0wfpm;qif,if&efom ta&;BuD;qHk; jzpfayonf/
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
rGwfpfvifrf trsdK;orD; tdrfjyifxGufonfhudpö ]]rGwpf v f ifrt f rsdK;orD;rsm;tdrjf yifrxGu&f ? tdrw f iG ;f yke;f ae&rnf? tdrfjyifxGufvQif (bG&fum)ajcqHk;acgif;qHk;zHk;tkyfí xGu&f rnf}}ponft h csufrsm;onf w&m;awmf\ynwfcsufrsm; r[kwfay/ EkdifiHjcm;om;wdkY\ "avhxHk;pHt& vdkufemusihfoHk; onft h csufrsm;om jzpfonf/ rdrw d Ykdaexkid &f mwkid ;f jynf\"avh xHk;pHt& odu©m&Sd&Sd [D&dMowåyÜw&m; apmihfxdef;0wfqifí tjyifodkY xGuf&rnfomjzpf\/ twkdif;wkdif; tjynfjynfwGif rGwpf v f ifrt f rsdK;orD;rsm; tjyifoYkd xGuv f suf&o dS nf/ wdik ;f jynf 0efuv kd nf;xrf;aeMuonf/ tpd;k &vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv f nf; yg0if vkyu f ikd v f su&f MdS uonf/aps;a&mif;aps;0,fjyKvkyv f su&f MdS uonf/ wrefawmfjrwf\ vufxufawmfüvnf; rGwfpfvifrf trsdK;orD;rsm;tjyifoYkd xGucf MhJ uonf/ AvDoYkd ig;Budrf 0wfjyK cJhMuonf/ wkdufyGJrsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifcJhMuonf/ udpöBuD;i,f &Sv d mvQif NrKd UESiahf 0;vHaom a'orsm;odYkyif c&D;xGucf MhJ uonf/
td-k rde;f rom;taygif;wdYk ? toifwYkdwiG f udprö sm;&Syd gu tjyifoYkdxu G cf iG hf tv’ m[ft&Sijf rwfu ay;awmfr\ l [k wrefawmfjrwfu rdeYf Mum;awmfr\ l / (Akcg&Dusrf;?tapmif-3)
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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txufazmfjyygMo0g'awmfrSm apmif'[fonf udk,fa&;udk,fwmudpöjzifh tjyifodkYxGufcJh&mü wrefawmfjrwf u rdefYMum;cJhaomMo0g'awmfjzpfayonf/
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37
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td-k wrefawmf? vGeu f sL;cJo h nfh 'kp½ku d rf rI sm;rS vGwNf ird ;f csrf;omcGi&hf &Sad &;tvdYk imS oift h wGuf vnf;aumif;? ,HkMunfaom a,musfm;rsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? ,HkMunfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? igt&Six hf H qkyefavmh/ (uk&ftmef-47;19) þae&mwGif trsdK;orD;wkdYtwGufyg qkyefMum;&ef wrefawmfjrwftm; tv’m[ft&Sifu wdkufwGef;xm;\/ trsdK;orD;wdYktm; vspfvsL½Ixm;aeMuonfh tmvifryf nm&Siw f Ykd txl;owdjyKoifah omtcsufjzpfonf/ tpövmrfah bmiftjyifoYkd a&mufvq k J trsdK;orD;rsm;ta&;udak wG;awmarQmaf c:oiho f nf/ AvDwiG f trsdK;orD;0wfjyKa&;udk jyóemvkyíf yHBk uD;csJU cJMh uojzifh wkid ;f &if;olrw G pf v f ifrt f rsdK;orD;rsm;AvDEiS hf uif;a0; cJhMu&NyD; bmoma&;todynmbufüvnf; okntqifhodkY a&mufcMhJ u&olrsm;vnf;&Sad eNy/D omoemhynm qnf;yl;cGirhf & Muolrsm;rSm trsm;pkjzpfaeNyD/ vufawGUusifhoHk;cGifhudkum; qdkzG,fr&Sdawmh/ tpövmrfhabmiftjyifodkY a&muf&Sdatmif wGef;ydkYjcif; cHae&ouJhodkYyif &SdaeayNyD/
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
tpövmrfukd yHrk eS t f wkid ;f rjrifEidk ?f r½IwwfMuonft h wGuf ]]trsdK;orD;wdYk onf AvDwufciG rhf &S?d trsdK;orD;wdYk onf pkaygif; 0wfjyK&efrvd}k } ponfjzifh zof0grsm;udk ay;í tdE, d´ ,Ofaus;rI jzpfaom ]tdrfwGif;ykef;0g'}udk oGif;aeMujcif;om jzpfonfudk em;vnfMu&onf/ EkdifiHjcm;,Ofaus;rI rIdif;rdaomolwdkY\ ]a,mif0g;0g;0g'}jzihf tuef;udw k w k q f v JG mcJMh ujcif;ESifh omoem wdraf umyaysmufru I kd zefw;D aeonfrmS oem;zG,af umif;aom xkdolwdkY rodem;rvnfMuay/ xdak ,mif0g;0g;orm;wdYk onf atmufygrkuy© gXfawmfEiS hf Mo0g'awmfrsm;udak v;av;eufeufMunh½f u I m ESv;kH oGi;f Muygu Ekid if jH cm; ,Ofaus;rIridI ;f rS uif;vGwzf , G &f m&So d nf[k xifonf/ c&pfawmf\r,fawmfar&D(r&f,rf)ocifrudk tv’m[f t&Sifu qGvmof0wfjyK&eftwGuf atmufyg rku©ygXfawmfudk csay;awmfro l nf/
tdk - r&f,rf? toifrudk arG;jrLawmfrlaom t&Sif\ trdefYudkem,lavmh? OD;cs0wfjyKavmh? udkif;ñGwf½kdusdK; olrsm;ESihf twlwuG udik ;f ñGw½f u dk sdK;avmh/ (uk&t f mef-3;43) þrku©yg|fawmfrSm r&f,rfocifrudk taMumif;jyKí rdefYMum;xm;onfjzpfaomfvnf; trsdK;orD;xkwpf&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaeonfudk tvG,fwul odem;vnfEdkifygonf/
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trsdK;orD;wOD;udk udkif;nTwf½kdusdK;olwkdYESifh twlwuG qdkxm;onfudkaxmufí trsdK;orD;wOD;jzpfaom r&f,rf ocifrudk trsdK;om;wdYkEiS hf twlwuG Adik o f v k rf u k '´w ´ pf f ausmif; awmfü 0wfjyK&efynwfjcif;jzpfonfuv kd nf; em;vnfEidk yf gonf/
tv’ m[ft&Sijf rwf\ uRerf rsm; (trsdK;orD;rsm;)udk AvDoYkd oGm;vmjcif;rS rwm;jrpfMuukeEf iS /hf (Akcg&Dusrf;?yxrtapmif) nOhftcgwGifyif oif\ZeD;u AvDodkYoGm;cGifh awmif;vQif olrtm;cGiahf y;avmh[k wrefawmfjrwf
u uREkfyftm; rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhaMumif; or®wBuD; tkr&f\ om;uajymMum;onf/ (Akcg&Dusrf;?'kw, d tapmif) wrefawmfjrwf z*s&fqv G mof 0wfjyK&mwGif tcsdKUtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf olwdkYudk,fwGif NcHKxnf wpfcpk o D mNcKH í 0wfjyKvmMuonf/ olrwdYk tdro f Ykd jyefMu&mwGif rnfol rnf0g[lí cGjJ cm;rodaMumif; tmtd&[ S f ocifru trdeYf &\ dS / (Akcg&Dusrf;?yxrtapmif)
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rdrd\zcif tAf'kv’ m[fu ajymcJhaMumif;ESifh om;jzpfol pmvifu þodkY ajymjyygonf/]toifwkdYwGif wpfOD;OD;\ ZeD;u AvDodkY oGm;cGifh awmif;aomf olrudk rydwyf ifavESi[ hf k wrefawmf jrwfu rdeYf Mum;awmfrcl ahJ Mumif;}/ (Akcg&Dusrf;?yxrtapmif) or®wBuD; tkr&f\ om;u ajymjyonfrmS tkr&focifü ZeD;wpfO;D &S&d m olronf z*s&Ef iS hf td&SmqGvmwfrsm;udk AvDodkYoGm;í *srmtofESifh 0wfjyKavh&Sdonf/ om0uwpfOD;u toifr tb,faMumifh tjyifoYkd xGu&f oenf;/ tkr&focif rESpfcsdKufonfudk rodíavm [kqkd&m? tb,f taMumif;aMumifh uREyfk t f m; rwm;jrpf&oenf;[k ajymvQif ]tv’ m [f t &S i f j rwf \ uRef r rsm; (trsdK;orD;rsm;)udk AvDoYkd oGm;vmjcif;rS rwm;jrpf MuESi}hf [k wrefawmfjrwfu rdeYfMum;xm;awmf rlonft h wGuaf Mumih[ f k jyefMum;aMumif;/ (Akcg&Dusrf;?'kw, d tapmif) þMo0g'awmfrsm;udk Munh½f aI vhvmygu trsdK;orD;rsm; AvDoYkdomG ;vmjcif;udk rnfoYkdaom taMumif;ESirhf Q wm;jrpfyidk cf iG hf r&SdaMumif; uREkfyfwdkY em;vnf&ayrnf/
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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rdrw d Ykdvrl sdK;"avhx;kH pHukd bmoma&;wGio f yG o f iG ;f xm;vkd olwYku d þMo0g'rsm;udk vspv f sL½Ií tdrw f iG ;f yke;f pepfukd touf oGif;&ef trsdK;orD;wkdY txl;ojzifh vGwfvyfaom uREkfyfwdkY Edik if w H iG jf yKvmMuonf/ omoema&; usifo h ;kH &mwGif vGwv f yfrI ay;xm;cJah om Mo0g'awmfrsm;udyk if olwYkd onf wdrjf rKyfatmif jyKvkyv f Mkd uonf/ bmoma&;? omoema&;rsm;udk rl&if;tajccH oabmudk rxdyg;apbJ rdrw d Ykd vrl sdK;,Ofaus;rIt& aqmif&u G f Ekdifygonf/ t,loD;0g'rsdK;[lonf tpövmrfwGif ryg&Sdyg/ odkYjzpfygí vlrsdK;,Ofaus;rIu omoemusihfpOfudk vTrf;rdk;um w&m;udk,frsm;udk y,fzsufonfh tqifhodkY ra&muf&Sdap&efudk txl;owdjyKMu&rnfyif/ wdik ;f &if;ol trsdK;orD;wdYk ukd bmoma&;? omoema&; bufwGif pdwf0ifpm;vmap&efESifh ,cifxufydkrdk udkif;½Idif;vm atmif vufawGU usiho f ;kH cGirhf sm;udk ay;&ygrnf/ þvkyif ef;udk uREyfk w f Ykd BudK;yrf;vsuf&adS eygonf/ trsdK;orD; vGwv f yfa&;udk w&m;rJq h w d o f Ok ;f aponfh t,lo;fD 0g'pGu J kd cRwyf pfMu&ef tcsdef wefayNy/D olUwkid ;f jynfoUl ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk uREyfk w f Ykd rnfoYkdrrS qdk vdyk g/ olUwkid ;f jynfEiS hf olU"avh udu k n f aD umif; udu k n f yD grnf/ uREyfk w f Ykd wkid ;f jynfEiS hf uREyfk w f Ykd vlrsKd ;,Ofaus;rIt& trsKd ;orD;rsm; AvDoYkd wufa&muf0wfjyKa&;rSm rnfoYkd rS tEÅ&m,f r&So d nfukd Munfhwwfolwkdif; jrifEkdifygonf/ tus,f&Sif;vif;&efvnf; rvdkyg/
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tpövmrf\ rl&if;tqH;k trrsm;t& AvDwiG f trsdK;orD; rsm; oGm;vm0ifxu G Nf y;D &onht f csdew f iG f ig;Budrq f v G mof 0wfjyK Ekid cf iG &hf o dS nf/ þ tcGit hf a&;udk tpövmrfu trsdK;orD;wdYktm; rlvuwnf;u ay;tyfxm;onf/ tdrw f iG ;f rIupd rö sm;ESihf rtm; rvyforl sm; twGuf tdrw f iG f 0wfjyKcGi&hf adS Mumif;? tm;vyfygu AvDoYkdomG ;a&muf0wfjyKMu&efomjzpfaMumif; uREyfk w f Ykd oabm aygufMu&ayrnf/ wrefawmfjrwfvufxufawmfrS taxmuftxm; rsm;udk uREyfk w f Ykd rSjD irf;jyKvdu k ef mMu&rnf/ pHerlemxm;&rnfom jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwfukd,fwkdifu cGifhjyKxm;aom trsdK;orD;wdYk \ þomoemusiho f ;kH Edik cf iG u hf kd csKyfcs,fjcif; rjyK Ekid af y/ jyKydik cf iG v hf nf; r&Sad y/ trsdK;om;wdYk EiS hf trsdK;orD;wdYk rmS ud, k 0hf efux kd rf;í omoemhwm0efukd ausyGepf mG aqmif&u G Mf u &rnfholrsm;omjzpfMuonfudkvnf; owdrarhoifhay/ tpövmrf pwifay:aygufcsdeu f þqGvmof0wfjyKrIukd rGwfpfvifrfwdkYwdwfwqdwfom usifhoHk;cJh&onf/ odkYygvsuf wrefawmfjrwf? vli,f tvDESihf c'D*s[f ocifr wdYk utfA[fausmif;awmfü 0wfjyKavh&cdS o hJ nf/ trsdK;orD;rsm; 0wfjyKrIut kd ayghwap[k,q l olrsm;þom"uudt k av;teuf ESv;kH oGi;f Mu&rnf/wpfoufywfv;kH t&Siu hf 0kd wfjyKaomtm;jzihf ezl;ajrodYkrcscJb h ;l bJ aoqH;k oGm;Muonfh wkid ;f &if;ol rGwpf v f ifrf trsdK;orD;trsm;udkn§mwmpGmxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhvSayonf/
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trsdK;orD;wdkYudk csKyfcs,fxm;cJhMuonfholrsm;onf tv’m[ft&Sijf rwfxaH wmfwiG f tajzay;Mu&ef toifjh yKvkyx f m; Mu&rnfyif/ rdrw d Ykt d ,lo;D rIukd omoemhusio hf ;kH rIwiG f tb,faMumifh oGyo f iG ;f vdMk uoenf;/ vlrsdK;,Ofaus;rIt,lo;D rIEiS hf omoemh tqH;k trwdYk ut kd b,faMumifch jJG cm;em;rvnfEikd Mf uavoenf;/
toifwdkYonf omoema&;wGif t,loD;rIudk a&SmifMuOfMuavmh/ xkdt,loD;rIonf oifwdkY tvsifu vlrsm;udk ysufpD;apcJhNyD/ (wrefawmfjrwf\ aemufq;kH ][*s}f rdeYfceG ;f awmf) rSefygonf/ trsm;tjym;yif ysufpD;cJh&ygNyD/ orkdif; taxmuftxm;rsm;ESi&hf ydS gonf/ wkid ;f &if;olrsm;trsm;tjym;yif þt,lo;D rI'Pfukd cHomG ;cJ&h &SmayNyD/ omoemu trsdK;orD; wdYk tm; ay;tyfxm;aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf trsdK;om;wdYk \ tEkid u f sifrh aI Mumifh qH;k ½I;H cJMh u&ygNyD/ ½k;d ½d;k ig;Burd 0f wfjyKrIuo kd m rGwpf v f ifrf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; AvDwiG 0f wfjyKcGiahf y;cJo h nfr[kwaf o;/tD;'fEiS ahf omMumqGvmof 0wfjyKcGifhwdkYudkvnf; wrefawmfjrwf vufxufawmfESifh om0uBuD;rsm;vufxufrsm;wGiaf y;xm;onfukd txift&Sm; awGUMu&onf/cdik rf maomtaxmuftxm;ajrmufjrm;pGm&So d nf/ atmufyg Mo0g'awmfrsm;udk avhvmMunhf½IMuygavmh/
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trsdK;orD;rsm; tD;'fqGvmof 0wfjyKa&; tGr®dtoGD,[focifru ]uRefrwdkYonf tD;'faeY rsm;wGif trsdK;om;rsm;ESit hf wl trsdK;orD;rsm; (oufA&D )f *kPaf wmfrrT ;f &efEiS hf qkreG af wmif;Edik &f eftwGuf &moDqif; aeaom trsdK;orD;rsm;udyk if (tD'*f g[foYkd) xkwaf qmif vm&eftrdeYaf wmfay;jcif;cHcMh u J &ygonf}[kajymjycJah vonf/ (Akcg&Dusrf;? tapmif-1? pmrsufESm-64) wrefawmfjrwfonf (tD;'faeYwGif trsdK;om; rsm;bufrS trsdK;orD;rsm;&S&d modYk )
rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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*smAd&f ocifxrH S Mum;od&onfrmS wrefawmfjrwf onf tD;'faeYwGif qGvmof 0wfjyK&ef &yfawmfrlygonf/ qGvmof0wfjyKtNyD;wGif w&m;yv’ iaf y:rS a'oemrsm; a[mMum;awmfryl gonf/ w&m;yv’ ix f ufrS qif;oufNy;D trsKd ;orD;rsm;&S&d mbufoYkd
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rdkifrle[focifronf uk&fAmeD&ufrsm;twGif; oufA&D q f akd vh&cdS o hJ nf/ trsdK;orD;rsm; uk&Af meD&ufrsm; (o&S&;D uf)twGi;f tkqrf mef\om; tkAmefEiS hf tAf'v k t f ZDZf \om; tkr&focifwYkd\ aemufrv S u kd íf nOht f cgrsm;wGif AvDü trsdK;om;wdYk EiS t hf wlwuG oufA&D u f kd qdMk u\/ (Akcg&Dusrf;?'kw, d tapmif) h nfrmS tGrt d® oG, D [focifr ajymjycJo uRerf wdYkonf tD;'faeYrsm;wGif (trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; tD'f*g[fodkY)ac:aqmifvm&ef trdefYay;jcif;cHcJhMu& ygonf/ uRerf wdYk onf rde;f rysdKuav;rsm;udk ¤if;wdYk \ taqmifrsm; twGif;rSyif ac:aqmifvmcJhMuygonf/ xdkrQru &moDqif;aeaom trsdK;orD;rsm;udkvnf; ac:aqmifvmcJhMuygonf/ xdktrsdK;orD;rsm;onf trsdK;om;rsm;\ aemufwGif oD;jcm; xdkifaeMuNyD;? trsdK;om;rsm;ESit hf wl oufA&D q f Mkd uygonf/ *kPaf wmf rTrf;Muygonf/ trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhtwl qkyefMum; Muygonf/ tD;'faeY\ r*Fvmudk cH,Ml uygonf/ (Akcg&Dusrf;? tapmif-2? pmrsufESm -20)
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
trsdK;orD;wdkY\ vGwfvyfrIudktodtrSwfjyK ]ruú[Nf rKd UwGif &Sad epOfu rde;f rom;wdYk\ tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwfvyfrIudk vHk;0 todtrSwfrjyK/ vdkufavsmjcif; vnf;r&Scd ahJ y/ r'De[fNrKd UodYka&TUajymif;a&muf&cdS NhJ y;D aemuf rdef;rom;rsm;udk tenf;i,fvdkufavsmrIjyKcJhonfudk awUG&onf/ tv’ m[ft&Sifjrwfu trsdK;orD;wkdYESifh pyfvsOf;aom rku©ygXfawmfrsm;udk csrSwfay;aom tcgrSom rde;f rom;wdYk\ wefz;kd ESihf *kPjf 'yfrsm;udk rlv yHrk eS t f wkid ;f awGUjrifem;vnfMu&ayonf/} txufygwdkYrSm tkr&focif\ ajymjycsufrsm; jzpf\/ ,if;wkYdukd tdrmrfAck g&Duwpfqifh azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,cifu rde;f rom;wdYk rmS vH;k 0wefz;kd r&S?d t,kwn f q hH ;kH [k ,lq xm;Muí xkdpOfu trsdK;orD;jzpf&onfrSm uHqdk;vSonf/ orD;rde;f uav;zGm;vmu tdraf xmif&iS f a,musfm;tcsdKUwdYkonf &ufpufpmG owfypfavh&cdS o hJ nf/ tpm;tae qif;&Jojzifv h nf; wefzkd;r&Sdaom orD;i,ftm; wrifowfypfavh&SdcJhonf/ þ"avhxHk;pHudk taMumif;jyKí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu usrf;jrwf uk&t f mefwiG f atmufygtwkid ;f rdeYf awmfrx l m;onf/
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umr*kPfrIwGif aomif;usrf;aomtjzpfum; tcsdKU rdef;rom;rsm;wGif uav;rsufESm jrifaomtcgü xdkuav;ESifh wlot l m; uav;\ zcif[k pGypf íJG trnfwwfcMhJ u&onftxd jzpfcahJ yonf/ tarSmifacwfu þodYk aom jzpf&yfrsm;udk oH;k oyfygu tkr&focif\ txufu ajymMum;csufrsm;udk oabm aygufMurnf jzpfonf/ xkrd w S pfyg; trsdK;orD;rsm;udk vdu k af vsm cGifhjyKí vGwfvyfrI? aysmf&TifrIESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmaea&;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKcJhonfrsm;rSm atmufygMo0g'awmfrsm; avhvm EdkifMuygu txift&Sm; awGUjrifvm&ayrnf/
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
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tdk..... vlom;taygif;wdkY-? igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdkYtm; a,musfm;wpfOD;?rdef;rwpfOD;rSyif pwifzefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef-49;13)
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igt&Sijf rwfonf toifwYkdteuf a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap? rnfol\ tusifhoDvudkrQ tcsnf;ESD; jzpfapawmfrrl nfr[kw/f toifwdkYonf tcsif;csif; jzpfMuayonf/(tnrnjzpfMuayonf/) (uk&ftmef - 3 ;195)
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rGwpf v f ifrt f rsKd;orD;vGwv f yfrt I cGit hf a&;
rnforl qdk a,musfm;jzpfap? rde;f rjzpfap? rktrf ifef tjzpfESifh aumif;jrwfaom tusifhoDvudk aqmuf wnfyguigt&Sijf rwfonfxo kd t l m;aumif;jrwfaom touf&Sifjcif;udk csD;jr§ifhawmfrlrnf/ (uk&ftmef-16;97) 'D-rkuy© gXfawmfawGukd Munfjh cif;tm;jzihf vlom;tm;vH;k wkdY[m wpfrd? wpfzwnf;rS qif;oufaygufzGm;vmaMumif;? armif&if;ESrrsm;jzpfaMumif; aumif;pGm od&Sd&ygw,f/ ]tpövmrf}[m trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tcsdKU tcGit hf a&; rsm;udo k m owfrw S af y;cJw h mr[kw/f trsdK;orD;wdYktm; rdrw d Ykd&UJ abmifwGif aexdkifapí trsdK;om;wdkYESifh wef;wl tcGifhta&; ay;um vlUtaqmuftODMuD;tm; jynf0h pHv k if cefYnm;xnf0g apcJw h ,f/ tESrd cf aH ecJMh u&&Smaom trsKd ;orD;wdYktm; txGwt f xdyf odkY ydkYaqmifay;cJhw,f/
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81
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85
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86
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88
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