5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling factor

0_1

Enablers

 

 

 

1

Political Economic and Social Environment

 

 

 

1_1

Political Environment

 

 

 

1_1_1

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism

Index that captures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically motivated violence and terrorism. Scores are standardized.

Composite Index

None

1_1_2

Rule of Law Index (Order and Security)

Combination of qualitative assessment of questions around: Crime is effectively controlled, Civil conflict is effectively limited, People do not resort to violence to redress personal grievances

Composite Index

None

1_1_3

Government Effectiveness

Index that captures perceptions of the quality of public and civil services Composite and the degree of their independence from political pressures, the Index quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. Scores are standardized.

None

1_2

Economic Growth

 

 

 

1_2_1

Rate of Real GDP Annual Growth for Cities

Annual percentage growth rate of GDP for cities at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

Hard Data

None - Done by Cities

1_2_2

GDP per Capita Change (%)

Change in GDP per capita from 2013-2014

Hard Data

None - Done by Cities

1_2_3

Unemployment, total (% total labor force)

Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Hard Data

Population ratio

1_3

People

 

 

 

1_3_1

Happy Planet Index

The HPI measures the extent to which countries deliver long, happy, sustainable lives for the people that live in them. The iindex uses global data on life expectancy, experienced well-being and ecological footprint to calculate this.

Composite Index

None

1_3_2

Human Development Index (HDI)

The HDI is a measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.

Composite Index

None

1_3_3

Population ages 15-64

Total population between the ages 15 to 64 is the number of people who Hard Data could potentially be economically active. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin.

Population ratio

2

Infrastructure

 

 

 

2_1

ICT

 

 

 

2_1_1

Computer Software Spending

Computer software spending includes the total value of purchased or leased packaged software such as operating systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and applications. It excludes expenditures for internal software development and outsourced custom software development. The data are a combination of actual figures and estimates. Data are reported as a percentage of GDP.

Hard Data

GDP ratio

239

5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling factor

2_1_2

ICT Goods Import (% total goods imports)

Information and communication technology goods imports include telecommunications, audio and video, computer and related equipment; electronic components; and other information and communication technology goods. Software is excluded.

Hard Data

None

2_2

Institutions

 

 

 

2_2_1

GERD Financed by Abroad

Total domestic intramural expenditure on R&D during a given period as Hard Data a percentage of GDP. Intramural R&D expenditure is all expenditure for R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of the economy during a specific period, whatever the source of funds.

GDP ratio

2_2_2

GERD: Performed by Business Enterprise

Gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise as a percentage of GDP.

GDP ratio

Hard Data

2_3

Environmental Stability

 

 

 

2_3_1

GDP (PPP) per kg of oil equivalent (Energy Use)

Purchasing power parity gross domestic product (PPP$ GDP) per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. Energy use or total primary energy supply (TPES) is calculated as the production of fuels + inputs from other sources + imports – exports – international marine bunkers +/– stock changes. It includes coal, crude oil, natural gas liquids, refinery feedstocks, additives, petroleum products, gases, combustible renewables and waste, electricity, and heat. Domestic supply (also called ‘energy apparent consumption’) differs from final consumption in that it does not take account of distribution losses. The supply (or use) of energy commodities is converted to kilograms or tons of oil equivalent (koe, toe) using standard coefficients for each energy source.

Hard Data

None

2_3_2

Energy Sustainability Index (Energy Performance)

Energy performance indicators consider supply and demand, the affordability of and access to energy, and the environmental impact of a country’s energy use. Measures 3 dimensions: Energy Security, Energy Equity and Environmental Sustainability

Composite Index

SAME

2_3_3

Environmental Performance

Environmental Performance Index measures across: Is the average Health Composite Impacts, Air Quality, Water and Sanitation, Water Resources, Agriculture, Index Forests, Fisheries, Biodiversity and Habitat and Climate and Energy

SAME

3

Government

 

 

 

3_1

Policies

 

 

 

3_1_1

Total Tax Rate, % profits

Total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by businesses after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions as a share of commercial profits. Taxes withheld (such as personal income tax) or collected and remitted to tax authorities (such as value added taxes, sales taxes or goods and service taxes) are excluded.

Hard Data

SAME

3_1_2

Trade tariffs, %duty

Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2013

Hard Data

SAME

An applied tariff is a customs duty that is levied on imports of merchandise goods. This indicator is calculated as a weighted average of all the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The weights are the trade patterns of the importing country’s reference group (2012 data). 3_2

Regulation

 

 

 

3_2_1

Regulatory Enforcement

Combination of qualitative assessment of questions around: government regulations are effectively enforced, Government regulations are applied and enforced without improper influence, Administrative proceedings are conducted without unreasonable delay, Due process is respected in administrative proceedings, The Government does not expropriate without adequate compensation

Composite Index

SAME

3_2_2

Regulatory Quality

Index that captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private-sector development. Scores are standardized.

Composite Index

SAME

240 2016 Dubai Innovation Index

5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling Factor

3_3

Business Environment

 

 

 

3_3_1

Logistics Performance

A multidimensional assessment of logistics performance, the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) compares the trade logistics profiles of 160 countries and rates them on a scale of 1 (worst) to 5 (best). The ratings are based on 6,000 individual country assessments by nearly 1,000 international freight forwarders, who rated the eight foreign countries their company serves most frequently. The LPI’s six components include: (1) the efficiency of the clearance process (speed, simplicity, and predictability of formalities) by border control agencies, including customs; (2) the quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure (ports, railroads, roads, information technology); (3) the ease of arranging competitively priced shipments; (4) the competence and quality of logistics services (transport operators, customs brokers); (5) the ability to track and trace consignments; and (6) the frequency with which shipments reach the consignee within the scheduled or expected delivery time. Details of the survey methodology are in Arvis et al.’s Connecting to Compete 2014: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy (2014). Scores are averaged across all respondents.

Composite Index

None

3_3_2

Ease of Doing Business Index

Ease of doing business ranks economies from 1 to 189, with first place being the best. A high ranking (a low numerical rank) means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation. The index averages the country’s percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in the World Bank’s Doing Business. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators. 1=most business-friendly regulations)

Composite Index

None

4

Skills and Talent

 

 

 

4_1

Education

 

 

 

4_1_1

Literacy Rate, Adult total (% of Adult (15+) Literacy Rate (%) Total is the percentage of the population people ages 15+) age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the result by 100.

Hard Data

None

4_1_2

Government Expenditure on Education per Pupil, Secondary, % GDP per capita

Government spending on education divided by the total number of secondary students, as a percentage of GDP per capita. Government expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and subsidies for private entities (students/households and other private entities).

Hard Data

None

4_1_3

School Life Expectancy, years

Total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age.

Hard Data

None

4_1_4

Number of Libraries/1000 population

The total number of libraries in a country/1000 population (it represents administrative units and not service points, since not all sources report service points consistently).

Hard Data

Population ratio

4_2

Higher Education

 

 

 

4_2_1

School Enrollment, Tertiary (% gross)

Gross enrolment ratio. Tertiary (ISCED 5 and 6). Total is the total enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving.

Hard Data

None

4_2_2

Graduates in Science and Engineering, %

The share of all tertiary graduates in manufacturing, engineering, and construction over all tertiary graduates.

Hard Data

None

4_2_3

No. of Universities in Top 200 World University Rankings

No. of universities in top 200 world university rankings - ranked using six indicators i.e., academic reputation, employer reputation, studentto-faculty ratio, citations per faculty, international faculty ratio and international student ratio.

Hard Data

None - Done by Cities

241

5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling Factor

4_2_4

Assessment in Reading, Mathematics & Science

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) develops threeyearly surveys that examine 15-yearold students’ performance in reading, mathematics, and science. The scores are calculated in each year so that the mean is 500 and the standard deviation 100. The scores for China come from Shanghai; those for India from Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (average); those for the United Arab Emirates from Dubai; and those for the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from Miranda.

Hard Data

None Scores of UAE are from Dubai and others from specific Cities (SAME)

5

Funding

 

 

 

 

5_1

Public

 

 

5_1_1

Claims on Central Government, Claims on central government (IFS line 52AN or 32AN) include loans to etc. (%GDP) central government institutions net of deposits.

Hard Data

None

5_1_2

Central government debt, total Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual (% of GDP) obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.

Hard Data

None

5_1_3

GERD Financed by Gross expenditure on R&D finance by government as a percentage of Government (% of total GERD) GDP.

Hard Data

None

5_2

Private Investment

 

 

 

5_2_1

Inward FDI Flow (US$ Million)

Amount of Total Foreign investment inflows

Hard Data

GDP ratio

5_2_2

Value of Greenfield Investments by Destination (US$ Million)

A form of foreign direct investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up. In addition to building new facilities, most parent companies also create new long-term jobs in the foreign country by hiring new employees

Hard Data

GDP ratio

5_2_3

Number of Venture Capital Deals (fractional counting)

Thomson Reuters data on private equity deals, per deal, with information on the location of investment, investment company, investor firms, and funds, among other details. The series corresponds to a query on venture capital deals from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, with the data collected by investment location, for a total of 19,309 deals in 73 countries in 2014. The data are reported per trillion PPP$ GDP.

Hard Data

GDP ratio

5_3

Banking

 

 

 

5_3_1

Ease of Getting Credit

The ranking is the simple average of the percentile rankings on the component indicators of the ease of getting credit index: strength of legal rights index (range 0–10); and depth of credit information index (range 0–6).

Composite Index

None

5_3_2

Domestic Credit to Private Sector

Financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries, these claims include credit to public enterprises.

Hard Data

GDP ratio

242 2016 Dubai Innovation Index

5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling Factor

6

Culture

 

 

 

6_1

Entrepreneurial

 

 

 

6_1_1

The Global Entrepreneurship & The main contribution of the GEDI Institute is the GEI index, a Development Index breakthrough advance in measuring the quality and dynamics of entrepreneurship ecosystems at a national, regional and local level.

Composite Index

None

6_1_2

Number of Days to Start a Business

Time required to start a business is the number of calendar days needed Hard Data to complete the procedures to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, independent of cost, is chosen

None

6_2

Incentives

 

 

 

6_2_1

Maximum Working Days per Week

Maximum working days per week

Hard Data

None

6_2_2

Paid Annual Leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in working days)

Paid annual leave in working days (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure)

Hard Data

None

6_2_3

Cost of Redundancy Dismissal, The redundancy cost indicator is the sum of the cost of advance notice Hard Data salary weeks requirements added to severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years of tenure, and a worker with 10 years of tenure is used to assign the score.

None

0_2

Performance

 

 

 

1

Tangible Output

 

 

 

 

1_1

New Products and Services

 

1_1_1

Manufacturing Value Added (annual % growth)

Annual growth rate for manufacturing value added based on constant Hard Data local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3.

None

1_1_2

Services etc., Value Added (annual % growth)

Annual growth rate for value added in services based on constant Hard Data local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99. They include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3.

None

1_2

Growth and Revenue Generation

 

 

1_2_1

Market Capitalization

Market capitalization (also known as ‘market value’) is the share price Hard Data times the number of shares outstanding. Listed domestic companies are the domestically incorporated companies listed on the country’s stock exchanges at the end of the year. Listed companies do not include investment companies, mutual funds, or other collective investment vehicles.

GDP ratio

1_2_2

Total Value of Stocks Traded

Total value of shares traded during the period. This indicator complements the market capitalization ratio by showing whether market size is matched by trading.

GDP ratio

 

Hard Data

 

243

5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling Factor

1_2_3

New Business Density

Number of new firms, defined as firms registered in the current year of reporting, per thousand population aged 15–64 years old.

Hard Data

Population ratio

1_2_4

Gross Value Added at Factor Cost (current US$)

Gross value added at factor cost (formerly GDP at factor cost) is derived as the sum of the value added in the agriculture, industry and services sectors. If the value added of these sectors is calculated at purchaser values, gross value added at factor cost is derived by subtracting net product taxes from GDP. Data are in current U.S. dollars

Hard Data

GDP ratio

1_3

Technology Readiness

 

 

 

1_3_1

ICT Access

The ICT access index is a composite index that weights five ICT indicators (20% each): (1) Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; (2) Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; (3) International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user; (4) Percentage of households with a computer; and (5) Percentage of households with Internet access. It is the first sub-index in ITU’s ICT Development Index (IDI).

Composite Index

None

1_3_2

ICT Goods Exports (% total goods exports)

Information and communication technology goods exports include telecommunications, audio and video, computer and related equipment; electronic components; and other information and communication technology goods. Software is excluded

Hard Data

None

 

1_4

Creative Outputs

 

1_4_1

Cultural & Creative Services Exports., % total trade

Creative services exports (% of total exports) according to the Extended Hard Data Balance of Payments Services Classification EBOPS 2002—that is, EBOPS code 264 Information services; code 278 Advertising, market research and public opinion polling; code 288 Audiovisual and related services; and code 897 Other, personal, cultural and recreational services as a percentage of total trade. The score for the United States of America (USA) includes the category Film and TV tape distribution in the absence of available data for code 288 Audiovisual and related services. The category Film and tape distribution is specific to the USA and does not have a code. However, these transactions have been classified by the USA under the EBOPS item 266 (Royalties and licence fees).

None

1_4_2

Global Entertainment & Media Output

The Global entertainment and media outlook (the Outlook) provides global analysis for consumer and advertising spend with like-for-like, five-year historical and forecast data across 13 industry segments in 59 countries. The Outlook allows one to compare and contrast regional growth rates and consumer and advertising spend. The segments covered by the Outlook are: TV subscriptions and license fees; TV advertising; Internet access; radio; out-of-home advertising; video games; filmed entertainment; newspaper publishing; consumer magazine publishing; business-to-business markets; Internet advertising; and consumer and educational book publishing and music. The score and rankings for the Global Media Expenditures for the 59 countries considered in this report are based on advertising and consumer digital and non-digital data in US$ millions at average 2012 exchange rates for the year 2012. These results are reported normalized per thousand population, 15–69 years old, for the year 2013.

GDP ratio

244 2016 Dubai Innovation Index

Hard Data

 

5.4 APPENDIX 4: DATA TYPES AND SCALING FACTORS Data Type and Scaling Factor

Ref. No

Data measure

Description

Type

Scaling Factor

1_4_3

Creative Goods Exports, %

Total value of creative goods exports, net of re-exports (current US$) over total trade. ‘Total trade’ is defined as the sum of total imports code G100 goods and code S200CS commercial services (excluding government services) plus total exports of code G100 goods and code S200CS commercial services (excluding government services), divided by 2. According to the fifth edition of the International Monetary Fund’s Balance of Payments Manual, the category ‘goods’ covers general merchandise, goods for processing, repairs on goods, goods procured in ports by carriers, and nonmonetary gold. The ‘commercial services’ category is defined as being equal to ‘services’ minus ‘government services, not included elsewhere’.

Hard Data

None

2

Intangible Outputs

 

 

 

2_1

Intellectual Capital

 

 

 

2_1_1

PCT Patents, Applications/ million pop

The capacity of firms to develop new products will determine their competitive advantage. One indicator of the rate of new product innovation is the number of patents. This indicator measures the number of PCT patent applications

Hard Data

None

2_1_2

Number of Trademark Applications Issued to Residents by the National Office

Number of trademark applications at the national trademark office, based on equivalent class counts. ‘Class count’ refers to the number of classes specified in a trademark application or registration. Data are scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).

Hard Data

GDP ratio

2_2

Creation of Culture

 

 

 

2_2_1

Knowledge-intensive Jobs

Knowledge-intensive jobs correspond to the International Labour Organization (ILO) aggregate category “Managers, professionals, and technicians,” as provided in the ILOSTAT Database. For a few countries, when aggregate data were not available, authors have manually calculated the share of knowledge-intensive jobs (as a percentage of total employment) summing the following ISCO- 88 categories: (1) Legislators, senior officials and managers; (2) Professionals; and (3) Technicians and associate professionals.

Hard Data

Population ratio

2_2_2

Researchers headcount

Researchers per million population, fulltime equivalence. Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

Hard Data

Population ratio

2_2_3

Labor Force Participation Rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) World Bank 2013

Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Hard Data

None

2_3

Collaboration

 

 

 

2_3_1

Scientific & Technical Articles

Number of scientific and technical journal articles (per billion PPP$ GDP)

Hard Data

None

2_3_2

No. of JV-Strategic Alliance Deals (fractional counting)

Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures/strategic alliances deals, per deal, with details on the country of origin of partnerfirms, among others. The series corresponds to a query on joint venture/strategic alliance deals from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014, for a totalof 1,623 deals announced in 2014, with firms headquartered in 104 participating economies. Each participating nation of each company in a deal (n countries per deal) gets, per deal, a score equivalent to 1/n (with the effect that all country scores add up to 1,623). The data are reported per trillion PPP$ GDP.

Hard Data

GDP ratio

245