Name:________________________________________________________________ Period:_______ Due Date:____________ TISSUE (HONORS) Please staple in the following order. Make sure this cover sheet in on top. page name points grade page name points grade 1-5
Notes
+ 5points
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Tissue 5
10 points
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Part 1
5 points
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Tissue key
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Part 2
5points
14
Exocrine glands
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Part 3
5 points
15
Pathophysiology of cancer 5 points
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Part 4
5 points
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Cell differentiation
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Tissue 1
10 points
17-18 Songs
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Tissue 2
10 points
19-21 Test
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Tissue 3
10 points
22-28 Apply the Knowledge
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Tissue 4
10 points
5 points 5 points
25 points
Fill in the answers to the take-home test below. Your test will not be graded if you do not fill in this answer sheet. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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TOTAL POINTS: 148
MY POINTS:
BODY TISSUE AND MEMBRANES Body Tissues-Similarly specialized cells with common functions EPITHELIAL TISSUE Continuous layer Over entire body (skin) Lines body cavities Protects from drying, injury and bacteria May secrete mucus Can sweep (cilia), absorb, filter or secrete Bottom is the basement membrane 1. Squamous Cells Flat cells Skin is made up of many layers of squamous cells Capillaries and alveoli (lung) are made up of a single layer Allows for diffusion 2. Cuboidal Cells Cube shaped with centrally located nuclei Line kidney tubules, Found in glands Can filter, absorb ort secrete 3. Columnar Cells Columns with nuclei on bottom Found in digestive system May secrete mucus or have cilia (sweep) 4. Transitional Change shape due to tension (filling) Found in bladder Villi and Microvilli Found on columnar cells-little fingers Digestive system Increase surface area
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Other terms Simple-single layer Stratified-many layers Pseudostratified-appears layered, but is not Glandular Secretes substances Cuboidal or columnar Goblet cells secrete mucus Exocrine-secrete into ducts Salivary glands Endocrine-secrete into blood Pituitary CONNECTIVE TISSUE Binds and supports Fills space Stores fat Makes blood Helps repair tissue Middle=matrix (filled with ground substance and fibers) 1. Loose Connective Delicate membranes Fibroblast=resident cell (star shaped cells produce fibers and gel) Elastic fibers=flexible Collagen fibers=strong 2. Adipose A type of loose connective tissue Cells=adipocytes Under skin and around organs Insulates, cushions, and stores energy 3. Fibrous Connective Closely packed collagen fibers Cells=fibroblasts Found in tendons (muscle-bone), ligaments (bone-bone), and outer eye Heal slowly because of poor blood supply
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Cartilage Rigid Supports, frames and protects Model for bones (baby) No blood supply Cell=chondrocyte Found in chamber called lacuna Three types of cartilage 4. Hyaline Cartilage Most common Milky white Ends of bones, end of noes, trachea and ribs Fetal skeleton Matrix=intercellular material 5. Elastic Cartilage More flexible Many elastic fibers Ear and larynx 6. Fibrocartilage Dense collagen fibers Shock absorber in spine Cushions in knee and pelvis 7. Bone Cells=osteocytes Located in lacuna Matrix=collagen (strong) and minerals (hard) Lamella=concentric circles of matrix Osteonic or Haversian canal in middle of lamella Contains blood and nerves 8. Blood Matrix=plasma RBC (erythrocyte) carry oxygen WBC (leukocyte) fight infection Platelets (thrombocyte) for clotting (cell fragment)
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MUSCLE TISSUE Contractile Becomes shorter and thicker when contracting Cell=muscle fiber Contracts and relaxes Three types of muscles 1. Skeletal Muscle Attaches to bones Voluntary Long, thread-like fibers Cross markings=striations Multi-nucleated 2. Smooth Muscle Lacks striations Internal organs: intestines, blood vessels, bladder Involuntary Short Single nucleus 3. Cardiac Muscle Found in heart Striated Branched and interconnected Single nucleus Involuntary Cells connected via intercalated disks
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NERVOUS TISSUE Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves Two types of cells 1. Neuron Basic nervous cells Communicates with other cells Three parts: cell body, dendrite, and axon Nerves=bundles of neurons 2. Neuroglial cells Between neurons (glial=glue) Supports and protects neurons MEMBRANES Cover and line tubes, organs and cavities Made of connective and epithelial tissue Four types of membranes Mucus Membranes Line tubes that open to the outside Respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive Serous Membranes Found inside of body Produce serous fluid to lubricate and cushion PARIETAL-line cavity VISCERAL-cover organs Synovial Membrane Line joints of freely moving bones Synovial fluid lubricates Cutaneous Membrane Skin
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Cell Differentiation
1. What does the drawing represent? Explain.
2. What are the implications of being able to control this process? Explain.
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AGING, CANCER, AND CELL DEATH
Cellular senescence is the phenomenon by which normal cells cease to divide. Fibroblasts can reach a maximum of 50 cell divisions before becoming senescent and this is the result of telomere shortening. Cellular senescence represents a change in "cell state" rather than a cell becoming "aged" as the name confusingly suggests. Although senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain metabolically active, but commonly adopt a pro-inflammatory action. Senescent cells affect tumor suppression, wound healing and possibly embryonic/placental development and a play a pathological role in age-related diseases. The elimination of senescent cells from mice led to greater resistance against agerelated diseases. In 2015, a report demonstrated that treating mice with the substance AP20187 alleviates age-related metabolic dysfunction. A 2016 report confirmed this finding and extended it to suggest that the same intervention may extend average lifespan of the same type of by 25%.
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Cellular Senescence
1 What is a telomere? 2 What happens to telomeres during each cell division? 3 About how many times can a cell divide?
4 What is a senescent cell? 5 As senescent cells accumulate in the body, what occurs?
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AGING, CANCER, AND CELL DEATH
6 What is cancer? 7 What makes a cell abnormal?
CANCER ONLY DEVELOPS AFTER A CELL EXPERIENCES 6 KEY MUTATIONS -UNLIMITED GROWTH -TURNS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES -ESCAPES APOPTOSIS -IMMORTALITY=UNLIMITED DIVISIONS -PROMOTES BLOOD VESSEL GROWTH -OVERCOMES ANCHOR AND DENSITY DEPENDENCE 8 Describe cancer cells including all 6 of the above key mutations.
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HOW DOES CANCER DEVELOP?
9 Examine the diagram above. Match up the explanations below. Write in the number next to each explanation. (plasia = formation, situ=site)
______ANGIOGENESIS ______IN SITU CANCER ______CELL WITH GENETIC MUTATION ______DYSPLASIA ______INVASIVE CANCER ______HYPERPLASIA
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AGING, CANCER, AND CELL DEATH
There are two ways that a cell can die: necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by an external force, such as poison, a bodily injury, an infection or getting cut off from the blood supply. When cells die from necrosis, it's a rather messy affair. The death causes inflammation that can cause further distress or injury within the body. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is relatively civil, even though it may not sound so at first -- it's when a cell commits suicide. How is that better than necrosis? For one thing, the cleanup is much easier. It's sometimes referred to as programmed cell death, and indeed, the process of apoptosis follows a controlled, predictable routine. When a cell is compelled to die, proteins break down the cellular components and they spur production of enzymes which destroy the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. It's like roadies breaking down the stage in an arena after a major band has been through town. The cell shrinks and sends out distress signals, which are answered by vacuum cleaners known as macrophages. The macrophages clean away the shrunken cells, leaving no trace, so these cells have no chance to cause the damage that necrotic cells do. Apoptosis also differs from necrosis in that it's essential to human development. For example, in the womb, our fingers and toes are connected to one another by a sort of webbing. Apoptosis is what causes that webbing to disappear, leaving us with 10 separate digits. That's not to say that apoptosis is a perfect process. Sometimes, the wrong cells kill themselves off, and sometimes, the ones that should say "auf Wiedersehen" stick around instead. Cells that go through apoptosis die in response to signals within the body. When cells recognize viruses and gene mutations, they may induce death to prevent the damage from spreading. When cells are under stress, apoptosis can occur. But there are also signals within the body that send the message that a cell should continue living. All cells have varying level of sensitivity to the positive and negative triggers, so sometimes the wrong cells live and die. Scientists are trying to learn how they can modulate apoptosis, so that they can control which cells live and which undergo programmed cell death. Anti-cancer drugs and radiation, for example, work by triggering apoptosis in diseased cells. Many diseases and disorders are linked with the life and death of cells. Understanding how to regulate apoptosis could be the first step to treating some of these conditions.
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10 Explain three differences between necrosis and apoptosis. 1 2 3
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11 Now that scientists better understand what causes cells to age and mutate, they are working on extending the human lifespan. Would you like to live 25% longer? Explain.
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