Supply Chain Management Journal

Reverse Logistics Concept in Industrial Waste Management Janusz K., GRABARA Marta, STAROSTKA -PATYK Faculty of Management Czestochowa University of Technology Abstract Waste management has come to stay as one of the most controversial, well researched and analyzed subject of the modern industrial world. With production and commercial activity on an incessant rise, it is natural fallout for the quantity and the nature of waste products to change dramatically, raising a global concern. Nowadays problems connected with waste and their impacts on natural environment are very important, especially because of raising volume of industrial waste. So there is a strong need to take up activities allowing for industrial waste management, which state for proper waste managing. Industrial waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment), recycling or disposal of waste materials, in an effort to reduce their effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. A sub-focus in recent decades has been to reduce waste materials' effect on the natural world and the environment and to recover resources from them. The reverse logistics concept is modern solution using in industrial waste management. By realization of logistics processes in waste management it is organized in better way and allows for receiving materials which are going back again to the forward logistics processes as an input. This paper analyses the main definitions of waste and characteristics of industrial waste, with statistical data for Poland. Than it presents waste management conception After that the Authors show main ideas of reverse logistics and proof that proper realization of its processes support and improve industrial waste management. Problems presented in this article are quite new and modern, because logistics literature studies shows that there is lack of connections between reverse logistics and industrial waste management and such topics are taking up very rare. Key Words: reverse logistics, waste, industrial waste, . Introduction For decades, both in Poland and other European countries, is experiencing intense economic development. The growth of industrialization, diversification of activities carried out production and service, and a significant increase in consumption is not without adverse ecological effects. Therefore, the need is to create legal and organizational instruments that will be aimed at reducing the impact of civilization on environmental degradation and to control the levels of emerging contaminants in the environment. As the waste, especially industrial and hazardous wastes, are particularly harmful and detrimental to the environment, it is necessary first to take any action to reduce their negative environmental effects, and then concentrate on their correct disposition. Waste, and the consequences associated with their presence in the environment in recent years become a major problem in the environmental field. Hence, interest in the subject comes to waste management increasingly wider scale. Significant progress is observed in advanced technologies that not only enable the

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waste management, reuse resources minimization of pollutants generated, but also allow for redevelopment or disposal of waste. 1. Waste definitions Wastes are defined as products of living or dead nature, which is not used at any given stage of human development or because of their conviction of the uselessness, or lack of appropriate methods and technologies for their utilization. Substances encountered a substrate or product of the process and only the degree of willingness and human consciousness depends on whether they are classified into useful substances or waste (Wandrasz, Zielinski, 1994). With such an identification emerges waste their first feature related to their uselessness. Because the wastes are substances that are redundant with the feature of their inadequacies appears the second feature - environmental performance and for man. This is due to the dynamics of development processes that cause continuous increase in mass of waste and enrich them with hazardous ingredients by making the environment more dangerous to the environment while reducing the possibility of

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Supply Chain Management Journal natural absorption of the waste (Grabowski, 1994). In the European Union after 25 years of uniform rules on industrial waste is defined in accordance with Council Directives 91/156 and 91/692, amending Directive 75/442 on waste as substances or objects in the categories identified in Annex I which the holder discards or intends to carry out the removal or disposal is required under national law (Girczys, Sobik-Szołtysek, 2002). Waste under the Waste Act is all items, and solids, and non-sewage liquid substances resulting from business activities or human existence and unsuitable place and time in which they arise, as waste is also considered sludge (Dz. U., 2001). All the waste can be divided into three groups depending on their origin and character. Distinguished here (Przywarska, Żygadło, 1998): • Municipal waste from dwellings and households, urban and rural settlements, the market places, town squares and streets, services and small craft. • Industrial wastes from large industrial plants, waste disposed at landfills by its own means of transport and the cost of industrial plants, also allows for storage of municipal waste in landfills. • Hazardous waste from industrial plants, as well as of urban infrastructure facilities (such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants), these include: phosphogypsum, sediments, sewage treatment, the paint industry, waste, sand, and tar acids afterrefining, medical wastes, hydrocarbon contaminated soil, etc. Act defines hazardous wastes as wastes which because of their background, the composition of chemical, biological characteristics and other factors pose a risk to human life or health or environmental. In addition to this, the most popular classification of waste, it is also necessary to distinguish three levels of harmful waste to the environment (Grabowski, 1994): • Biological - the waste is greater or lesser extent infected (mostly municipal) • Chemicals - results from the ability to create harmful chemicals. The industrial waste can accumulate soluble compounds

such as nitrates, arsenic compounds, zinc, manganese, which, without the use of appropriate protection measures are spreading into the environment, • Physical - causes environmental pollution due to solid and are persistent components of the waste - put into the environment of changing its structure and may deprive the general characteristics. Industrial wastes contaminate the soil, water and air. The diversity of their biological, chemical and physical properties of industrial waste causes the need for individual choice of method for removal and disposal of various wastes (Grabowski 1994). 2. Characteristics of Industrial Waste Industrial waste is waste that is byproducts resulting from the business. They are formed in each, even the organizational structure of small industrial, manufacturing or service. The amount of industrial waste produced depends primarily on the degree of civilization, the industrial structure, the types used in the production techniques and technologies, and ultimately the development of waste management, which can ensure the development of the formation of markets for recyclable materials and processes through the use of logistics management waste streams, the proper functioning of the activities related to waste management. Industrial waste accounts for over 90% of the total amount of waste generated in Poland. Over 80% of industrial waste in Poland is produced by the mining industry, mainly mining and energy industry and iron and steel, and therefore in the regions of Silesia, Lower Silesia and Lesser Poland, which is located in the mining, metals and energy, generates the largest quantity of waste (Szołtysek, 2009). In Poland in 2007 has produced 134,500,000 tonnes of waste (GUS, 2008), of which 124.4 million tonnes of industrial waste. Comparing these figures with previous years (Table 1) There is a noticeable small but nevertheless important from the standpoint of environmental protection, the upward trend in relation to data from 2006 and downward in relation to other data for the industrial waste volume.

Tabele 1. Total waste and industrial waste generated in Poland in 2000-2007 years. 2000 2005 2006 2007 In thousends tones Total waste 137 710 133 956 133 340 134 497 Industrial waste 125 484 124 602 123 463 124 414 Source: Own elaboration based on Polish statistic data.

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Supply Chain Management Journal In addition, there should be noted that with the declining trend in the quantities produced Polish industrial waste clearly draws the growth of industrial plants that produce the waste. In 2007, industrial waste plants were recorded in 1848, a year earlier, in 2006 there were 1686, 1596 and in 2005. Comparing these figures with the year 2000, where establishments producing industrial wastes were 1408 and 1990, when they were in 1436, can be seen that a significant increase in the number of factories took place after 2005, when these companies started to grow at a much higher rate. However, despite this upward trend for the number of establishments producing industrial wastes, as mentioned above, the amount of industrial waste has been decreasing compared to previous years. 3. Waste Management Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise or each. Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for nonhazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator. 4. Reverse Logistics In the early nineties was formulated first formally accepted definition of logistics management of waste streams by Council of Logistics Management, according to which the logistics management of waste streams is the term often used in relation to the role of logistics in recycling, waste managing and management of hazardous materials in a broader sense applies to all issues related to logistic activities undertaken in order to reduce the use of raw materials, recycling, substitution, reuse of materials and management (Council of Supply Chain Management ). This formula definition strongly emphasizes aspects of the recovery and reuse of waste as the action built in the logistics management waste streams. This definition is

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general and wide and constructed with a reference point for management (Kopicky and co., 1993). When describing in a concise manner logistics management of waste streams, while giving the full nature of this discipline is necessary to cite found that logistics management of waste streams is the way to maximize the value of waste (Sarkis, 2001). Under this definition, the determination of waste can also be applied to products in the flow of logistics management of waste streams, which in most cases are treated as defective, or waste products. 5. Reverse Logistics Usage in Industrial Waste Management Waste management in enterprises engaged in industrial waste based on a system of logistics management waste streams and consists of four main processes: • the collection of waste, • waste storage, • waste management, • waste transport. The process of collection the industrial waste involves from its collection, segregation, and the development of relevant documentation relating to them. It consists of residues of the Unification movement designed to increase their purity, together with a simultaneous reduction of their number, hence the importance of proper organization of the process. In addition, no less important are the regulations on proper identification and documenting the flow of industrial waste collected. It is essential to the pursuit by each generator of industrial waste, waste registration cards, which contain data on the types and weight of waste generated at a given time, the mass of waste and used independently provided for the utilization of appropriate individuals, data on recipients of waste, the date and location of waste reception by the public and their quantity and type of information sheets and the weight of the waste in a landfill and during their storage (records maintained at the same time that their own company managing industrial waste). In the process of storage is necessary to take into account the economic lot size for transport, since those costs are less significant due to the low value of industrial waste. Storage of industrial waste is focused on providing sufficient space for waste and the appropriate treatment of them in due time to the most efficient possible use or disposal. Warehouses in the logistics management processes of industrial waste streams are used to concentrate waste from various sources, allocate them according to

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Supply Chain Management Journal their land use decisions, facilitate the formation of transport chains, as well as provide security for the disposal of waste, taking into account the requirements of the law. Waste management is the process of having a close connection with the types of waste held. The decision about how their management is not dependent on the holder of the waste, because all the issues involved are governed by the law. At the discretion of the holder of waste in this regard is only to decide the ultimate point to which he would send the waste that has, or decide what to plant and equipment provide industrial waste suitable for recycling, and waste transfer to landfill for disposal of this type. In addition, the management of industrial waste holder is obliged to provide for recovery or disposal of hazardous waste, or any hazardous wastes must first be subject to processes that remove their hazardous properties, as well as pretreatment processes to effectively reduce weight and density of waste above all those that provide storage, which is aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the environment. Specificity of transport processes in the system of logistics management of waste streams is the heterogeneity of transport facilities, high risk of environmental pollution in case of failure and eliminating empty carriage. These features cause a high degree of complexity of transport services for the industrial waste, which has a significant impact on transport costs. In addition, the transport of waste requires appropriate marking of vehicles, training drivers in the safe transport of waste and methods of action in case of accident. When transportation of industrial waste is also required, relevant documents as evidence of such destruction or evidence of hazardous waste market have to be made. Conclusions Taking into account the economic conditions of the logistics management processes, waste streams should be noted that their use can bring direct benefits to the organization by reducing consumption of raw materials for production, adding value to the process of recovery or disposal cost savings. Even if these benefits is not very clear and known not to be achieved in a short time, organizations engaged in the pursuit of logistics management of waste streams because of marketing issues, strategic and competitive, which are indirect benefits expected. For example, can be implemented a strategy to recover the value of adapting to future changes in legislation. Engaging in recovery, the organization also protects

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against competition that could not take over the technology and did not reach a better position in the market. Therefore, the strategy for implementation of recovery processes may also be part of building the image of the organization and improve relationships with customers and suppliers. Thus, the economic impact oscillates around other direct and indirect goals of the organization, streamlining its operations comprehensively and functioning of the market. References Council of Supply Chain Management, http://cscmp.org/, 28.05.2008 Girczys J., Sobik-Szołtysek J., (2002), Odpady przemysłu cynkowo-ołowiowego. seria monografie nr 87, wyd. Politechniki Częstochowskiej, Częstochowa Grabowski J., (1994), Problemy ochrony środowiska. Politechnika Świętokrzyska, Nr 116, Kielce Kopicky R. J., Berg M. J., Legg L., Dasappa V., Maggioni C., (1993), Reuse and recycling: reverse logistics opportunities. Council of Logistics Management, Oak Brook, IL Przywarska R., Żygadło M., (1998), Odpady, źródła powstawania i zagrożenia. [w] Planowanie, Zarządzanie i Ochrona Środowiska, red. A. Kowalkowski, M. Żygadło, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej, Kielce Sarkis J., (2001), Greener manufacturing and operations. From design to delivery and back. Greenleaf Publishing, Sheffield UK Statistical data from report of GUS Ochrona Środowiska 2008, Warszawa 2008. Szołtysek J., (2009), Logistyka zwrotna. Reverse logistics. Instytut Logistyki i Magazynowania, Poznań Ustawa o odpadach Dz. U. z 2001, nr 62, poz.628. Wandrasz J., Zieliński J., (1994), Procesy fluidalne utylizacji odpadów. cz. I, podstawy teoretyczne; wyd. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, PAN – Katowice – Komisja ochrony środowiska człowieka regionów przemysłowych; Wrocław

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